Datasets:

BrightData
/

Wikipedia-Articles

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 140k rows

url stringlengths 31 184	title stringlengths 1 146 ⌀	table_of_contents stringlengths 2 24.4k	raw_text stringlengths 16 424k ⌀	cataloged_text stringlengths 2 1.2M	images stringlengths 2 86.9k	see_also stringlengths 2 149k ⌀	references stringlengths 2 542k	external_links stringlengths 2 292k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapelo_River	Sapelo River	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 31°32′11″N 81°16′37″W / 31.53633°N 81.27704°W / 31.53633; -81.27704River in the United StatesSapelo RiverThe Sapelo River in McIntosh CountyLocation of mouthLocationCountryUnited StatesPhysical characteristicsSource • locationGeorgia Mouth • locationAtlantic Ocean • coordinates31°32′11″N 81°16′37″W / 31.53633°N 81.27704°W / 31.53633; -81.27704 • elevation0 ft (0 m) The Sapelo River is a 23-mile-long (37 km) primarily tidal river in McIntosh County in the U.S. state of Georgia. It forms between Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 17 near the community of Eulonia and winds generally east through salt marshes into Sapelo Sound, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates St. Catherines Island to the north from Sapelo Island to the south. See also List of rivers of Georgia References ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed April 26, 2011 ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Sapelo River ^ USGS Hydrologic Unit Map - State of Georgia (1974) vteSignificant waterways of GeorgiaLarger rivers Alapaha Alcovy Altamaha Apalachee Aucilla Broad Chattahoochee Chattooga (Coosa River) Chattooga (Tugaloo River) Canoochee Conasauga Coosa Etowah Flint Hiwassee Little (Oconee River) Little (Savannah River) Little (Withlacoochee River) Little Tallapoosa Little Tennessee Nottely Ochlockonee Ocmulgee Oconee Ogeechee River Ohoopee Satilla Savannah South (Ocmulgee River) St. Marys Suwannee Tallapoosa Toccoa/Ocoee Towaliga Withlacoochee Yellow Lakes Allatoona Banks Lake Blackshear Burton Carters Chatuge Chehaw George W. Andrews Goat Rock Harding Hartwell Jackson Lanier Nottely Oconee Oliver Rabun Richard B. Russell Seminole Sinclair Strom Thurmond Tugalo Walter F. George West Point Smaller rivers Alabaha Alapahoochee Black (Okefenokee Swamp) Cartecay Coleman Coosawattee Dog Ellijay Hudson Jacks Jerico Little (Etowah River) Little Ochlockonee Little Ogeechee (Hancock County) Little Satilla (Satilla River) Mulberry River New (Chattahoochee River) New (Withlacoochee River) Oostanaula Soque South Newport Tallulah Tugaloo Willacoochee Tidal rivers Bear Belfast Broro Brunswick Buffalo Bull Chestatee Crescent Crooked Cumberland Darien Duplin Frederica Halfmoon Hampton Herb Laurel View Little Ogechee (Chatham County) Little Satilla (Atlantic Ocean) Mackay Medway Mud North River (Darien River) North (St. Marys River) North Newport Odingsell Sapelo Shad Skidaway Sope Tivoli Turtle Vernon Wilmington Creeks andstreams Alligator (Little Ocmulgee River) Big Satilla Brasstown Ebenezer Euchee Ichawaynochaway Kettle Kinchafoonee Little Satilla Muckalee Noonday Okapilco Peachtree Rocky Comfort Spring (Flint River) Suwannoochee Sweetwater (Chattahoochee River) Tobesofkee Toccoa Walnut (South River) Walnut (Ocmulgee River) Williamson Swamp Canals Augusta Canal Brunswick–Altamaha Canal Savannah–Ogeechee Canal Suwannee Canal See also Grand Bay Intracoastal Waterway Okefenokee Swamp List of Georgia rivers This article related to a river in the US state of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-1"},{"link_name":"McIntosh County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntosh_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17"},{"link_name":"Eulonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulonia,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"St. Catherines Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catherines_Island"},{"link_name":"Sapelo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapelo_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"River in the United StatesThe Sapelo River is a 23-mile-long (37 km)[1] primarily tidal river in McIntosh County in the U.S. state of Georgia. It forms between Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 17 near the community of Eulonia and winds generally east through salt marshes into Sapelo Sound, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates St. Catherines Island to the north from Sapelo Island to the south.[2][3]","title":"Sapelo River"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of rivers of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sapelo_River&params=31.53633_N_81.27704_W_source:GNIStemplate_region:US-GA_type:river","external_links_name":"31°32′11″N 81°16′37″W / 31.53633°N 81.27704°W / 31.53633; -81.27704"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sapelo_River&params=31.53633_N_81.27704_W_source:GNIStemplate_region:US-GA_type:river","external_links_name":"31°32′11″N 81°16′37″W / 31.53633°N 81.27704°W / 31.53633; -81.27704"},{"Link":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","external_links_name":"The National Map"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/322511","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Sapelo River"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sapelo_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Castro	Martim Afonso de Castro	["1 References","2 Further reading"]	Portuguese colonial administrator This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Martim Afonso de Castro" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Martim Afonso de CastroMartim Afonso de Castro in Ásia Portuguesa of Manuel de Faria e Sousa, 1675.Viceroy of Portuguese IndiaIn office1605–1607MonarchSebastian of PortugalPreceded byAires de SaldanhaSucceeded byAleixo de Meneses Personal detailsBorn1560 (1560)Kingdom of PortugalDied3 June 1607(1607-06-03) (aged 46–47)Portuguese MalaccaMilitary serviceAllegiancePortuguese EmpireBattles/warsAceh expedition (1606)Dutch-Portuguese War Siege of Malacca Battle of Cape Rachado Martim Afonso de Castro (died 3 June 1607 in Malacca) was a Portuguese Viceroy of India. He commanded the Portuguese Navy in the Battle of Cape Rachado and fought over the present day Malaccan exclave of Tanjung Tuan in 1606. References ^ History of the rise of the Mahomedan power in India, till the year ..., Volume 3 By Muḥammad Q¿asim Hind¿u-Š¿ah Astar¿ab¿ad¿i Firišta, John Briggs ^ The Portuguese missions in Malacca and Singapore (1511-1958) Further reading Borschberg, Peter (2016). Admiral Matelieff's Singapore and Johor, 1606-1616. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 9789814722186. Borschberg, Peter (2015). Journal, Memorials and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 9789971697983. This biographical article related to the European military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cape Rachado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Rachado"},{"link_name":"Malaccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca"},{"link_name":"exclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclave"},{"link_name":"Tanjung Tuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Tuan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Martim Afonso de Castro (died 3 June 1607 in Malacca) was a Portuguese Viceroy of India. He commanded the Portuguese Navy in the Battle of Cape Rachado and fought over the present day Malaccan exclave of Tanjung Tuan in 1606.[1][2]","title":"Martim Afonso de Castro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789814722186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814722186"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789971697983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971697983"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martim_Afonso_de_Castro&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe-mil-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe-mil-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe-mil-bio-stub"}],"text":"Borschberg, Peter (2016). Admiral Matelieff's Singapore and Johor, 1606-1616. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 9789814722186.\nBorschberg, Peter (2015). Journal, Memorials and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 9789971697983.This biographical article related to the European military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Borschberg, Peter (2016). Admiral Matelieff's Singapore and Johor, 1606-1616. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 9789814722186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814722186","url_text":"9789814722186"}]},{"reference":"Borschberg, Peter (2015). Journal, Memorials and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 9789971697983.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971697983","url_text":"9789971697983"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Martim+Afonso+de+Castro%22","external_links_name":"\"Martim Afonso de Castro\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Martim+Afonso+de+Castro%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Martim+Afonso+de+Castro%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Martim+Afonso+de+Castro%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Martim+Afonso+de+Castro%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Martim+Afonso+de+Castro%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D20-AAAAcAAJ&dq=Martim+Afonso+de+Castro+died&pg=PA527","external_links_name":"History of the rise of the Mahomedan power in India, till the year ..., Volume 3 By Muḥammad Q¿asim Hind¿u-Š¿ah Astar¿ab¿ad¿i Firišta, John Briggs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BVVBAAAAIAAJ&q=Martim+Afonso+de+Castro+malacca","external_links_name":"The Portuguese missions in Malacca and Singapore (1511-1958)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martim_Afonso_de_Castro&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilutensin	Etifelmine	["1 Synthesis","2 See also","3 References"]	Stimulant drug used to treat hypotension EtifelmineClinical dataATC codenoneIdentifiers IUPAC name 2-(Diphenylmethylidene)butan-1-amine CAS Number341-00-4PubChem CID68840ChemSpider62073 YUNII1ZFB1FR98EChEMBLChEMBL2104621CompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID70187690 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC17H19NMolar mass237.346 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES C(=C(/c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2)(\CN)CC InChI InChI=1S/C17H19N/c1-2-14(13-18)17(15-9-5-3-6-10-15)16-11-7-4-8-12-16/h3-12H,2,13,18H2,1H3 YKey:WNKCJOWTKXGERE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y (verify) Etifelmine (INN; also known as gilutensin) is a stimulant drug. It was used for the treatment of hypotension (low blood pressure). Synthesis The base-catalyzed reaction between benzophenone (1) and butyronitrile (2) gives 2-butanenitrile (3). Catalytic hydrogenation reduces the nitrile group to a primary amine giving 1,1-diphenyl-2-ethyl-3-aminopropanol (4). The tertiary hydroxyl group is dehydrated by treatment with anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas, completing the synthesis of etifelmine (5). Synthesis of etifelmine See also 2-MDP Pridefine References ^ Poepelmann H (August 1964). "The treatment of hypotensive circulatory disorders with gilutensin". Therapie der Gegenwart (in German). 103: 1007–12. PMID 14254672. ^ Etifelmine, Thieme ^ Dr Werner Heinrich & Dr Walter Heigel, DE 1122514 (1962 to Giulini Gmbh Geb). vteStimulantsAdamantanes Adapromine Amantadine Bromantane Memantine Rimantadine Adenosine antagonists 8-Chlorotheophylline 8-Cyclopentyltheophylline 8-Phenyltheophylline Aminophylline Caffeine CGS-15943 Dimethazan Istradefylline Paraxanthine SCH-58261 Theobromine Theophylline Alkylamines Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Heptaminol Isometheptene Levopropylhexedrine Methylhexaneamine Octodrine Propylhexedrine Tuaminoheptane Ampakines CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 CX-691 CX-717 IDRA-21 LY-404,187 LY-503,430 Nooglutyl Org 26576 PEPA S-18986 Sunifiram Unifiram Arylcyclohexylamines Benocyclidine Dieticyclidine Esketamine Eticyclidine Gacyclidine Ketamine Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Rolicyclidine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Benzazepines 6-Br-APB SKF-77434 SKF-81297 SKF-82958 Cathinones 3-Fluoromethcathinone 3,4-DMMC 4-BMC 4-CMC 4-Methylbuphedrone 4-Methylcathinone 4-MEAP 4-Methylpentedrone Amfepramone Benzedrone Buphedrone Bupropion Butylone Cathinone Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Ethylone Flephedrone Hexedrone Isoethcathinone Mephedrone Methcathinone Methedrone Methylenedioxycathinone Methylone Mexedrone N-Ethylbuphedrone N-Ethylhexedrone Pentedrone Pentylone Phthalimidopropiophenone Cholinergics A-84,543 A-366,833 ABT-202 ABT-418 AR-R17779 Altinicline Anabasine Arecoline Bradanicline Cotinine Cytisine Dianicline Epibatidine Epiboxidine GTS-21 Ispronicline Nicotine PHA-543,613 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Rivanicline Sazetidine A SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 TC-1698 TC-1827 TC-2216 Tebanicline UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538 Convulsants Anatoxin-a Bicuculline DMCM Flurothyl Gabazine Pentetrazol Picrotoxin Strychnine Thujone Eugeroics Adrafinil Armodafinil CRL-40,940 CRL-40,941 Fluorenol Modafinil Oxazolines 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Phenethylamines 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane 1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane 2-Fluoroamphetamine 2-Fluoromethamphetamine 2-OH-PEA 2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane 2,3-MDA 3-Fluoroamphetamine 3-Fluoroethamphetamine 3-Methoxyamphetamine 3-Methylamphetamine 4-Fluoroamphetamine 4-Fluoromethamphetamine 4-MA 4-MMA 4-MTA 6-FNE AL-1095 Alfetamine a-Ethylphenethylamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amidephrine 2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene 2-Aminoindane 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole 2-Aminotetralin Acridorex Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil Arbutamine β-Methylphenethylamine β-Phenylmethamphetamine Benfluorex Benzphetamine BDB BOH 3-Benzhydrylmorpholine BPAP Camfetamine Cathine Chlorphentermine Cilobamine Cinnamedrine Clenbuterol Clobenzorex Cloforex Clortermine Cypenamine D-Deprenyl Denopamine Dimethoxyamphetamine Dimethylamphetamine Dobutamine DOPA (Dextrodopa, Levodopa) Dopamine Dopexamine Droxidopa EBDB Ephedrine Epinephrine Epinine Etafedrine Ethylnorepinephrine Etilamfetamine Etilefrine Famprofazone Fencamfamin Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine) Fenproporex Feprosidnine Fludorex Formetorex Furfenorex Gepefrine Hexapradol HMMA Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 5-Iodo-2-aminoindane Ibopamine Indanylamphetamine Iofetamine Isoetarine Isoprenaline L-Deprenyl (Selegiline) Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDBU MDEA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDMPEA MDOH MDPR MDPEA Mefenorex Mephentermine Metanephrine Metaraminol Mesocarb Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) Methoxamine Methoxyphenamine MMA Methoxyphenamine MMDA MMDMA MMMA Morforex N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine Naphthylamphetamine Nisoxetine Norepinephrine Norfenefrine Norfenfluramine Normetanephrine L-Norpseudoephedrine Octopamine Orciprenaline Ortetamine Oxifentorex Oxilofrine PBA PCA PCMA PHA Pentorex Phenatine Phenpromethamine Phentermine Phenylalanine Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine PIA PMA PMEA PMMA PPAP Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Ropinirole Salbutamol (Levosalbutamol) Sibutramine Solriamfetol Synephrine Theodrenaline Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Tyramine Tyrosine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Phenylmorpholines 3-Fluorophenmetrazine Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide G-130 Manifaxine Morazone Morforex Oxaflozane PD-128,907 Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine 2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine Pseudophenmetrazine Radafaxine Piperazines 2C-B-BZP 3C-PEP BZP CM156 DBL-583 GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 GBR-13119 MeOPP MBZP oMPP Vanoxerine Piperidines 1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine 2-Benzylpiperidine 2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate 4-Benzylpiperidine 4-Fluoromethylphenidate 4-Methylmethylphenidate Desoxypipradrol Difemetorex Diphenylpyraline Ethylnaphthidate Ethylphenidate Methylnaphthidate Isopropylphenidate JZ-IV-10 Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate) Nocaine Phacetoperane Pipradrol Propylphenidate Serdexmethylphenidate SCH-5472 Pyrrolidines 2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine 4-Cl-PVP 5-DBFPV α-PPP α-PBP α-PCYP α-PHiP α-PHP α-PHPP α-PVP α-PVT Diphenylprolinol DMPVP FPOP FPVP MDPPP MDPBP MPBP MPHP MPPP MOPVP MOPPP Indapyrophenidone MDPV Naphyrone PEP Picilorex Prolintane Pyrovalerone Racetams Oxiracetam Phenylpiracetam Phenylpiracetam hydrazide Tropanes 4-fluorotropacocaine 4'-Fluorococaine Altropane (IACFT) Brasofensine CFT (WIN 35,428) β-CIT (RTI-55) Cocaethylene Cocaine Dichloropane (RTI-111) Difluoropine FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT Ioflupane (123I) Norcocaine PIT PTT RTI-31 RTI-32 RTI-51 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-120 RTI-121 (IPCIT) RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-177 RTI-229 RTI-336 RTI-354 RTI-371 RTI-386 Salicylmethylecgonine Tesofensine Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2) Tropoxane WF-23 WF-33 Tryptamines 4-HO-αMT 4-Methyl-αET 4-Methyl-αMT 5-Chloro-αMT 5-Fluoro-αMT 5-MeO-αET 5-MeO-αMT 5-MeO-DIPT 6-Fluoro-αMT 7-Methyl-αET αET αMT Others 2-MDP 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amfonelic acid Amineptine Amiphenazole Atipamezole Atomoxetine Bemegride Benzydamine BTQ BTS 74,398 Centanafadine Ciclazindol Clofenciclan Cropropamide Crotetamide D-161 Desipramine Diclofensine Dimethocaine Efaroxan Etamivan Fenisorex Fenpentadiol Gamfexine Gilutensin GSK1360707F GYKI-52895 Hexacyclonate Idazoxan Indanorex Indatraline JNJ-7925476 Lazabemide Leptacline Lomevactone LR-5182 Mazindol Meclofenoxate Medifoxamine Mefexamide Methamnetamine Methastyridone Methiopropamine Naphthylaminopropane Nefopam Nikethamide Nomifensine O-2172 Oxaprotiline PNU-99,194 PRC200-SS Rasagiline Rauwolscine Rubidium chloride Setazindol Tametraline Tandamine Thiopropamine Thiothinone Trazium UH-232 Yohimbine ATC code: N06B vteMonoamine releasing agentsDRAsTooltip Dopamine releasing agents Morpholines: Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Morforex Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine Oxazolines: 4-MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Phenethylamines: 2-OH-PEA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil β-Me-PEA BDB BOH Benzphetamine Buphedrone Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine D-Deprenyl DMA DMMA Dimethylamphetamine Ephedrine Ethcathinone EBDB Ethylone Etilamfetamine Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine (123I) Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine Mefenorex Mephedrone Metamfepramone Methamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine Methcathinone Methedrone MMDA MMDMA MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDEA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Methylone Morforex Ortetamine pBA pCA pIA Pholedrine Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP BZP MBZP MDBZP MeOPP oMPP Others: 2-ADN 2-AI 2-AT 4-BP 5-APDI 5-IAI Amineptine Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Naphthylaminopropane Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Phenylbiguanide Propylhexedrine Levopropylhexedrine NRAsTooltip Norepinephrine releasing agents Morpholines: Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Morforex Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine Oxazolines: 4-MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Phenethylamines: 2-OH-PEA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine Amphetaminil β-Me-PEA BDB Benzphetamine BOH Buphedrone Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine Dimethylamphetamine DMA DMMA EBDB Ephedrine Ethcathinone Ethylone Etilamfetamine Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 5-APDI (IAP) Iofetamine (123I) Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDEA MDMA (midomafetamine) Metamfepramone MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mefenorex Mephedrone Mephentermine Methamphetamine Dextromethamphetamine Levomethamphetamine Methcathinone Methedrone Methylone Morforex Naphthylaminopropane Ortetamine pBA pCA Pentorex Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Phentermine Phenylpropanolamine pIA Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Selegiline (also D-Deprenyl) Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP BZP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP oMPP pFPP Others: 2-ADN 2-AI 2-AT 2-BP 4-BP 5-IAI Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Propylhexedrine (Levopropylhexedrine) Tuaminoheptane SRAsTooltip Serotonin releasing agents Aminoindanes: 5-IAI AMMI ETAI MDAI MDMAI MMAI TAI Aminotetralins: 6-CAT 8-OH-DPAT MDAT MDMAT Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Fluminorex Phenethylamines: 2-Methyl-MDA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-HA 4-MTA 5-APDB 5-Methyl-MDA 6-APDB 6-Methyl-MDA AEMMA Amiflamine BDB BOH Brephedrone Butylone Chlorphentermine Cloforex Amfepramone Metamfepramone DCA Dexfenfluramine DFMDA DMA DMMA EBDB EDMA Ethylone Etolorex Fenfluramine Flephedrone Flucetorex IAP Iofetamine Levofenfluramine Lophophine MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDEA MDHMA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mephedrone Methedrone Methylone MMA MMDA MMDMA MMMA NAP Norfenfluramine 4-TFMA pBA pCA pIA PMA PMEA PMMA TAP Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP 3-MeOPP BZP DCPP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP Mepiprazole oMPP pCPP pFPP pTFMPP TFMPP Tryptamines: 4-Methyl-αET 4-Methyl-αMT 5-CT 5-MeO-αET 5-MeO-αMT 5-MT αET αMT DMT Tryptamine Others: Indeloxazine Viqualine Others Monoamine activity enhancers: BPAP PPAP DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804 SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041 Adrenergic release blockers: Bethanidine Bretylium Guanadrel Guanazodine Guanethidine Guanoxan See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine reuptake inhibitors • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name"},{"link_name":"stimulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant"},{"link_name":"hypotension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Etifelmine (INN; also known as gilutensin) is a stimulant drug. It was used for the treatment of hypotension (low blood pressure).[1]","title":"Etifelmine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"benzophenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzophenone"},{"link_name":"butyronitrile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyronitrile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Catalytic hydrogenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_hydrogenation"},{"link_name":"dehydrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration_reaction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etifelmine_synthesis.svg"}],"text":"The base-catalyzed reaction between benzophenone (1) and butyronitrile (2) gives 2-[hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl]butanenitrile (3).[2][3] Catalytic hydrogenation reduces the nitrile group to a primary amine giving 1,1-diphenyl-2-ethyl-3-aminopropanol (4). The tertiary hydroxyl group is dehydrated by treatment with anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas, completing the synthesis of etifelmine (5).Synthesis of etifelmine","title":"Synthesis"}]	[{"image_text":"Synthesis of etifelmine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Etifelmine_synthesis.svg/500px-Etifelmine_synthesis.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"2-MDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-MDP"},{"title":"Pridefine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridefine"}]	[{"reference":"Poepelmann H (August 1964). \"The treatment of hypotensive circulatory disorders with gilutensin\". Therapie der Gegenwart (in German). 103: 1007–12. PMID 14254672.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14254672","url_text":"14254672"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=341-00-4","external_links_name":"341-00-4"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68840","external_links_name":"68840"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.62073.html","external_links_name":"62073"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/1ZFB1FR98E","external_links_name":"1ZFB1FR98E"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL2104621","external_links_name":"ChEMBL2104621"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID70187690","external_links_name":"DTXSID70187690"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%28%3DC%28%2Fc1ccccc1%29c2ccccc2%29%28%5CCN%29CC","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=447989297&page2=Etifelmine","external_links_name":"(verify)"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14254672","external_links_name":"14254672"},{"Link":"https://pharmaceutical-substances.thieme.com/ps/search-results?docUri=KD-05-0097","external_links_name":"Etifelmine"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=DE1122514","external_links_name":"DE 1122514"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etifelmine&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_bowls_in_Australia	Women's bowls in Australia	["1 References","2 Bibliography"]	Women's sport in Australia Women's bowls in AustraliaLawn bowls, Maryborough, ca. 1907CountryAustraliaNational team(s)Australia Pauline Chaill and Australian bowler Clark at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games The first women's bowls match played in Australia took place in Stawell, Victoria, in October 1881. The first women's only bowls club was not created for another seventeen years, when the Rainsford Bowls Club was created on 16 December 1898 at the home of J. Rainsford Needham, who lived in Glenferrie, Victoria. The first women's bowls association was created in September 1907. The association was called the Victorian Ladies' Bowling Association, and was created by six Melbourne-based clubs. It was the first women's bowling association created the world. In 1902, a women's bowling club was created in Ashfield, New South Wales, by daughters, wives, and sisters of a men's club in the region. Lawn bowls was a popular women's sport in Australia during the 1900s. It was viewed as fashionable for women to play. The game was acceptable for women to play because men did not perceive the game as strenuous for women to play. Uniforms of the time were similar to other sports of the era: Large hats, long multilayered skirts, tight belts, and long sleeved blouses. One place the sport was being played was in Maryborough, Queensland by 1907. In 1922, the New South Wales Ladies' Bowling Association was created. That same year, the Kenningston Gardens Bowling and Tennis Club was created in South Australia. This was the first women's bowls club formed in the state. In 1926, a women's only bowls club was created in Loton Park, Western Australia. This was the first women's only bowls club created in the state. In 1922, the Riverview Ladies' Bowling Club was created. It was the first women's only bowling club to be formed in Queensland. In 1934, the Victorian Women's Centennial Sports Carnival was held. The event was organised by the Victorian Women's Amateur Sports Council and held at the Melbourne Cricket Grounds. The purpose was to increase women's interest in sport by providing them opportunities to play. Sports that were included on the programme included cricket, field hockey, women's basketball, bowls, rowing, swimming, athletics, rifle shooting, baseball, golf, tennis and badminton. There were over 1,000 bowlers involved over the course a week. Cricket featured a match versus a visiting English side. Women's basketball featured a Victorian side playing against a representative all Australian side. There was a day for watersports such as swimming and rowing. A tennis tournament was held. A field hockey tournament featuring Australian, Kiwi and Fijian teams was played. Australian women's sports had an advantage over many other women's sport organisations around the world in the period after World War II. Women's sport organisations had largely remained intact and were holding competitions during the war period. This structure survived in the post war period. Women's sport were not hurt because of food rationing, petrol rationing, population disbursement, and other issues facing post-war Europe. In 1949, the first national women's bowls championship took place in the country. It was held in Sydney and took place two years after the creation of a national women's bowls association, the Australian Women's Bowling Council. This first championship was won by Mrs. R. Cranley, who represented the Coorparoo Club in Queensland. At the 1982 Commonwealth Games held in Brisbane, Australia, new women's sports were included on the programming including archery and lawn bowls. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Pollard 1968, p. 167 ^ Howell, Howell & Brown 1989, p. 86 ^ Stell 1991, p. 59 ^ Stell 1991, p. 100 ^ Stell 1991, p. 135 Bibliography Howell, Max; Howell, Reet; Brown, David W. (1989). The Sporting Image, A pictorial history of Queenslanders at play. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-2206-2. Pollard, Jack (1968). AMPOL book of Australian Sporting Records. Sydney: The Pollard Publishing Co. OCLC 71140. Stell, Marion K. (1991). Half the Race, A history of Australian women in sport. North Ryde, Australia: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-207-16971-3. vte Women's sport in AustraliaIndividual sports Archery Athletics Badminton Bowls Boxing Chess Croquet Cue sports Cycling Fencing Fishing Golf Gymnastics Horse racing Kickboxing Powerlifting Rifle shooting sport Rock climbing Roller derby Rowing Squash Surfing Swimming Table tennis Tennis Team sports Australian football Baseball Basketball Cricket Field hockey Ice hockey Lacrosse Netball Rugby league Soccer Softball Vigoro	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pauline_Cahill_and_Jonie_Clark_-_Bowls.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stawell, Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stawell,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jack-Pollard-167-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jack-Pollard-167-1"},{"link_name":"Victorian Ladies' Bowling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victorian_Ladies%27_Bowling_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jack-Pollard-167-1"},{"link_name":"Ashfield, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashfield,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jack-Pollard-167-1"},{"link_name":"Maryborough, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryborough,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howell-Howell-86-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jack-Pollard-167-1"},{"link_name":"Kenningston Gardens Bowling and Tennis Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenningston_Gardens_Bowling_and_Tennis_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jack-Pollard-167-1"},{"link_name":"Loton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loton_Park"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jack-Pollard-167-1"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jack-Pollard-167-1"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Cricket Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Women's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stell-59-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stell-100-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jack-Pollard-167-1"},{"link_name":"1982 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stell-135-5"}],"text":"Pauline Chaill and Australian bowler Clark at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic GamesThe first women's bowls match played in Australia took place in Stawell, Victoria, in October 1881.[1] The first women's only bowls club was not created for another seventeen years, when the Rainsford Bowls Club was created on 16 December 1898 at the home of J. Rainsford Needham, who lived in Glenferrie, Victoria.[1] The first women's bowls association was created in September 1907. The association was called the Victorian Ladies' Bowling Association, and was created by six Melbourne-based clubs. It was the first women's bowling association created the world.[1]In 1902, a women's bowling club was created in Ashfield, New South Wales, by daughters, wives, and sisters of a men's club in the region.[1]Lawn bowls was a popular women's sport in Australia during the 1900s. It was viewed as fashionable for women to play. The game was acceptable for women to play because men did not perceive the game as strenuous for women to play. Uniforms of the time were similar to other sports of the era: Large hats, long multilayered skirts, tight belts, and long sleeved blouses. One place the sport was being played was in Maryborough, Queensland by 1907.[2]In 1922, the New South Wales Ladies' Bowling Association was created.[1] That same year, the Kenningston Gardens Bowling and Tennis Club was created in South Australia. This was the first women's bowls club formed in the state.[1] In 1926, a women's only bowls club was created in Loton Park, Western Australia. This was the first women's only bowls club created in the state.[1]In 1922, the Riverview Ladies' Bowling Club was created. It was the first women's only bowling club to be formed in Queensland.[1]In 1934, the Victorian Women's Centennial Sports Carnival was held. The event was organised by the Victorian Women's Amateur Sports Council and held at the Melbourne Cricket Grounds. The purpose was to increase women's interest in sport by providing them opportunities to play. Sports that were included on the programme included cricket, field hockey, women's basketball, bowls, rowing, swimming, athletics, rifle shooting, baseball, golf, tennis and badminton. There were over 1,000 bowlers involved over the course a week. Cricket featured a match versus a visiting English side. Women's basketball featured a Victorian side playing against a representative all Australian side. There was a day for watersports such as swimming and rowing. A tennis tournament was held. A field hockey tournament featuring Australian, Kiwi and Fijian teams was played.[3]Australian women's sports had an advantage over many other women's sport organisations around the world in the period after World War II. Women's sport organisations had largely remained intact and were holding competitions during the war period. This structure survived in the post war period. Women's sport were not hurt because of food rationing, petrol rationing, population disbursement, and other issues facing post-war Europe.[4]In 1949, the first national women's bowls championship took place in the country. It was held in Sydney and took place two years after the creation of a national women's bowls association, the Australian Women's Bowling Council. This first championship was won by Mrs. R. Cranley, who represented the Coorparoo Club in Queensland.[1]At the 1982 Commonwealth Games held in Brisbane, Australia, new women's sports were included on the programming including archery and lawn bowls.[5]","title":"Women's bowls in Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7022-2206-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-2206-2"},{"link_name":"Pollard, Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Pollard"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"71140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/71140"},{"link_name":"HarperCollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-207-16971-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-207-16971-3"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Women%27s_sport_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Women%27s_sport_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women%27s_sport_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Women's sport in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_sport_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_archery_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_athletics_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_badminton_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_boxing_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_chess_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Croquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_croquet_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Cue sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_cue_sports_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_cycling_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_fencing_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_fishing_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_golf_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_gymnastics_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_horse_racing_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kickboxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_kickboxing_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Powerlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_powerlifting_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Rifle shooting sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rifle_shooting_sport_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Rock climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rock_climbing_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Roller derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_derby_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rowing_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Squash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_squash_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_surfing_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_swimming_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_table_tennis_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_tennis_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_baseball_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_basketball_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_cricket_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_field_hockey_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_ice_hockey_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Netball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rugby_league_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_soccer_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Vigoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigoro"}],"text":"Howell, Max; Howell, Reet; Brown, David W. (1989). The Sporting Image, A pictorial history of Queenslanders at play. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-2206-2.\nPollard, Jack (1968). AMPOL book of Australian Sporting Records. Sydney: The Pollard Publishing Co. OCLC 71140.\nStell, Marion K. (1991). Half the Race, A history of Australian women in sport. North Ryde, Australia: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-207-16971-3.vte Women's sport in AustraliaIndividual sports\nArchery\nAthletics\nBadminton\nBowls\nBoxing\nChess\nCroquet\nCue sports\nCycling\nFencing\nFishing\nGolf\nGymnastics\nHorse racing\nKickboxing\nPowerlifting\nRifle shooting sport\nRock climbing\nRoller derby\nRowing\nSquash\nSurfing\nSwimming\nTable tennis\nTennis\nTeam sports\nAustralian football\nBaseball\nBasketball\nCricket\nField hockey\nIce hockey\nLacrosse\nNetball\nRugby league\nSoccer\nSoftball\nVigoro","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Pauline Chaill and Australian bowler Clark at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pauline_Cahill_and_Jonie_Clark_-_Bowls.jpg/220px-Pauline_Cahill_and_Jonie_Clark_-_Bowls.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Howell, Max; Howell, Reet; Brown, David W. (1989). The Sporting Image, A pictorial history of Queenslanders at play. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-2206-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-2206-2","url_text":"0-7022-2206-2"}]},{"reference":"Pollard, Jack (1968). AMPOL book of Australian Sporting Records. Sydney: The Pollard Publishing Co. OCLC 71140.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Pollard","url_text":"Pollard, Jack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71140","url_text":"71140"}]},{"reference":"Stell, Marion K. (1991). Half the Race, A history of Australian women in sport. North Ryde, Australia: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-207-16971-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-207-16971-3","url_text":"0-207-16971-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71140","external_links_name":"71140"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Oman	List of cities in Oman	["1 See also"]	Map of Oman Al Hamra Muscat, capital of Oman Downtown Nizwa This is a list of cities and towns in Oman. Adam As Sib Al Ashkharah Al Buraimi Al Hamra Al Jazer Al Madina A'Zarqa (formerly known as Blue City) Al Suwaiq Bahla Barka Bidbid Bidiya Duqm Haima Ibra Ibri Izki Jabrin Jalan Bani Bu Hassan Khasab Mahooth Manah Masirah Mudhaybi Mudhaireb Muscat Muttrah Nizwa Quriyat Raysut Rustaq Ruwi Saham Shinas Saiq Salalah Samail Sohar Sur Tan`am Thumrait See also Oman portal Governorates of Oman Provinces of Oman Media related to Cities in Oman at Wikimedia Commons vteList of cities in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal vteLists of cities in the Middle East Bahrain Cyprus Northern Cyprus1 Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Gaza2 Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen 1 The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is not officially recognized by the United Nations, recognized only by Turkey; see Cyprus dispute. 2 The Hamas government in Gaza is not officially recognized by the United Nations, though is recognized as legitimate Palestinian entity by several states.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oman_Map_FBOI.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al_Hamra_(5).jpg"},{"link_name":"Al Hamra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hamra,_Oman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruwi_quarter_in_Mascat,_Oman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Muscat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_Nizwa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nizwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizwa"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam,_Oman"},{"link_name":"As Sib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeb,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Al Ashkharah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ashkharah"},{"link_name":"Al Buraimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Buraimi"},{"link_name":"Al Hamra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hamra,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Al Jazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazer"},{"link_name":"Al Madina A'Zarqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_City,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Al Suwaiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Suwaiq"},{"link_name":"Bahla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahla"},{"link_name":"Barka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barka,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Bidbid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidbid"},{"link_name":"Bidiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidiya"},{"link_name":"Duqm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duqm"},{"link_name":"Haima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haima,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Ibra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibra"},{"link_name":"Ibri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibri"},{"link_name":"Izki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izki"},{"link_name":"Jabrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabrin"},{"link_name":"Jalan Bani Bu Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_Bani_Bu_Hassan"},{"link_name":"Khasab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasab"},{"link_name":"Mahooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahooth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manah,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Masirah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masirah"},{"link_name":"Mudhaybi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mudhaybi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mudhaireb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mudhaireb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muscat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Muttrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttrah"},{"link_name":"Nizwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizwa"},{"link_name":"Quriyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Raysut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raysut"},{"link_name":"Rustaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustaq"},{"link_name":"Ruwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwi"},{"link_name":"Saham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saham"},{"link_name":"Shinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinas"},{"link_name":"Saiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiq"},{"link_name":"Salalah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salalah"},{"link_name":"Samail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samail"},{"link_name":"Sohar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohar"},{"link_name":"Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Tan`am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%60am"},{"link_name":"Thumrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumrait"}],"text":"Map of OmanAl HamraMuscat, capital of OmanDowntown NizwaThis is a list of cities and towns in Oman.Adam\nAs Sib\nAl Ashkharah\nAl Buraimi\nAl Hamra\nAl Jazer\nAl Madina A'Zarqa (formerly known as Blue City)\nAl Suwaiq\nBahla\nBarka\nBidbid\nBidiya\nDuqm\nHaima\nIbra\nIbri\nIzki\nJabrin\nJalan Bani Bu Hassan\nKhasab\nMahooth\nManah\nMasirah\nMudhaybi\nMudhaireb\nMuscat\nMuttrah\nNizwa\nQuriyat\nRaysut\nRustaq\nRuwi\nSaham\nShinas\nSaiq\nSalalah\nSamail\nSohar\nSur\nTan`am\nThumrait","title":"List of cities in Oman"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Oman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Oman_Map_FBOI.gif/220px-Oman_Map_FBOI.gif"},{"image_text":"Al Hamra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Al_Hamra_%285%29.jpg/220px-Al_Hamra_%285%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Muscat, capital of Oman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ruwi_quarter_in_Mascat%2C_Oman.jpg/220px-Ruwi_quarter_in_Mascat%2C_Oman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Downtown Nizwa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Downtown_Nizwa.jpg/220px-Downtown_Nizwa.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Oman portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Oman"},{"title":"Governorates of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Oman"},{"title":"Provinces of Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Oman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"title":"Cities in Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Oman"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic"},{"title":"List of cities in Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Asia"},{"title":"Sovereign states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states"},{"title":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Afghanistan"},{"title":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Armenia"},{"title":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Azerbaijan"},{"title":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bahrain"},{"title":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bhutan"},{"title":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brunei"},{"title":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Cambodia"},{"title":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China"},{"title":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Cyprus"},{"title":"East Timor (Timor-Leste)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_East_Timor"},{"title":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Egypt"},{"title":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Georgia_(country)"},{"title":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India"},{"title":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Indonesia"},{"title":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran"},{"title":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq"},{"title":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel"},{"title":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Japan"},{"title":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jordan"},{"title":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea"},{"title":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea"},{"title":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kuwait"},{"title":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kyrgyzstan"},{"title":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Laos"},{"title":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Lebanon"},{"title":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Malaysia"},{"title":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Maldives"},{"title":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mongolia"},{"title":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Myanmar"},{"title":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal"},{"title":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pakistan"},{"title":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Qatar"},{"title":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Russia"},{"title":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Singapore"},{"title":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka"},{"title":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria"},{"title":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tajikistan"},{"title":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand"},{"title":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey"},{"title":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkmenistan"},{"title":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"title":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uzbekistan"},{"title":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam"},{"title":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Yemen"},{"title":"States withlimited recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition"},{"title":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Abkhazia"},{"title":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Northern_Cyprus"},{"title":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_State_of_Palestine"},{"title":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Ossetia"},{"title":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Taiwan"},{"title":"Dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"title":"British Indian Ocean Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory"},{"title":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Christmas_Island"},{"title":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"title":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Hong_Kong"},{"title":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Macau"},{"title":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"title":"Asia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lists_of_cities_in_the_Middle_East"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lists_of_cities_in_the_Middle_East"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lists_of_cities_in_the_Middle_East"},{"title":"Lists of cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_cities"},{"title":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"title":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bahrain"},{"title":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Cyprus"},{"title":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Northern_Cyprus"},{"title":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt"},{"title":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province"},{"title":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq"},{"title":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel"},{"title":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jordan"},{"title":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Kuwait"},{"title":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon"},{"title":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_Palestinian_Authority"},{"title":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Gaza_Strip"},{"title":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Qatar"},{"title":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"title":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria"},{"title":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey"},{"title":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"title":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Yemen"},{"title":"Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus"},{"title":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"title":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"title":"Cyprus dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_dispute"},{"title":"Hamas government in Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance_of_the_Gaza_Strip"},{"title":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"}]	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Winer_Malone	Thomas Winer Malone	["1 Notes","2 Additional references"]	Bahamian wooden boat builder Thomas Winer MaloneBorn(1929-11-01)November 1, 1929Hope Town, Elbow Cay, BahamasDiedJanuary 22, 2018(2018-01-22) (aged 88)NationalityBahamianOther namesWiner MaloneKnown forProminent Bahamian boat builder, having built more than 200 Abaco dinghiesSpouse Joanne Malone (m. 1962)Children3 Thomas Winer Malone (November 1, 1929 – January 22, 2018) was a Bahamian wooden boat builder who single-handedly crafted over 200 dinghies in his lifetime. Ranging 10–14 ft (3.0–4.3 m), his boats were hewn from memory without the use of power tools, jigs, or templates. Malone used wood from trees he cut himself on the Abaco Islands. Malone's Abaco dinghy is open-hulled and single-masted with a small "banana board" supporting the top of the sail. Before the advent of outboard motors in the 1950s, Bahamian dinghies often provided the sole means of transportation for fishermen, farmers, and visiting families, as well as the occasional smuggler (or rum runner). If the wind died, a boat could be propelled with a single, long sculling oar off the transom. When fiberglass hulls finally supplanted wood construction in the 1960s, Malone's Abaco dinghies remained in strong demand, primarily from American sailing enthusiasts. Notes ^ Collins, E. (2005). Winer Malone and the Abaco Dinghy. Maple City, Michigan: Good Harbor Publications. ^ Malone, Thomas Winer (March–April 1997). "". Wooden Boat Magazine. No. 135. Brooklin, Maine. ^ Dodge, S (2005). Abaco: The History of an Out Island and Its Cays (3rd ed.). New Smyrna Beach, Florida: White Sound Press. ISBN 0-932265-76-6. Additional references Baker, Christopher P. (2001). Bahamas, Turks & Caicos. Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd. ISBN 9781864501995.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bahamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat"},{"link_name":"dinghies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinghy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins-1"},{"link_name":"Abaco Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaco_Islands"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wooden-Boat-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dodge-3"},{"link_name":"fishermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman"},{"link_name":"rum runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_runner"}],"text":"Thomas Winer Malone (November 1, 1929 – January 22, 2018) was a Bahamian wooden boat builder who single-handedly crafted over 200 dinghies in his lifetime.[1] Ranging 10–14 ft (3.0–4.3 m), his boats were hewn from memory without the use of power tools, jigs, or templates. Malone used wood from trees he cut himself on the Abaco Islands.[2]Malone's Abaco dinghy is open-hulled and single-masted with a small \"banana board\" supporting the top of the sail.[3]Before the advent of outboard motors in the 1950s, Bahamian dinghies often provided the sole means of transportation for fishermen, farmers, and visiting families, as well as the occasional smuggler (or rum runner). If the wind died, a boat could be propelled with a single, long sculling oar off the transom. When fiberglass hulls finally supplanted wood construction in the 1960s, Malone's Abaco dinghies remained in strong demand, primarily from American sailing enthusiasts.","title":"Thomas Winer Malone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Collins_1-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wooden-Boat_2-0"},{"link_name":"Wooden Boat Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wooden_Boat_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dodge_3-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-932265-76-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932265-76-6"}],"text":"^ Collins, E. (2005). Winer Malone and the Abaco Dinghy. Maple City, Michigan: Good Harbor Publications.\n\n^ Malone, Thomas Winer (March–April 1997). \"[Cover Story]\". Wooden Boat Magazine. No. 135. Brooklin, Maine.\n\n^ Dodge, S (2005). Abaco: The History of an Out Island and Its Cays (3rd ed.). New Smyrna Beach, Florida: White Sound Press. ISBN 0-932265-76-6.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781864501995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781864501995"}],"text":"Baker, Christopher P. (2001). Bahamas, Turks & Caicos. Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd. ISBN 9781864501995.","title":"Additional references"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Collins, E. (2005). Winer Malone and the Abaco Dinghy. Maple City, Michigan: Good Harbor Publications.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Malone, Thomas Winer (March–April 1997). \"[Cover Story]\". Wooden Boat Magazine. No. 135. Brooklin, Maine.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wooden_Boat_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Wooden Boat Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Dodge, S (2005). Abaco: The History of an Out Island and Its Cays (3rd ed.). New Smyrna Beach, Florida: White Sound Press. ISBN 0-932265-76-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932265-76-6","url_text":"0-932265-76-6"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Christopher P. (2001). Bahamas, Turks & Caicos. Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd. ISBN 9781864501995.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781864501995","url_text":"9781864501995"}]}]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_version	Acoustic music	["1 Types of acoustic instruments","2 History","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	Non-electric music created through acoustics "Acoustic Songs" redirects here. For the EP by Real Friends, see Real Friends (band). "International Acoustic Music Awards" redirects here. For IAMA, see IAMA. Acoustic musicA Spanish guitarStylistic originsFolkCultural originsAncientTypical instrumentsAcoustic guitarOther topicsFolk rocksoft rock Music portal Acoustic music is music that solely or primarily uses instruments that produce sound through acoustic means, as opposed to electric or electronic means. While all music was once acoustic, the retronym "acoustic music" appeared after the advent of electric instruments, such as the electric guitar, electric violin, electric organ and synthesizer. Acoustic string instrumentations had long been a subset of popular music, particularly in folk. It stood in contrast to various other types of music in various eras, including big band music in the pre-rock era, and electric music in the rock era. Music reviewer Craig Conley suggests, "When music is labeled acoustic, unplugged, or unwired, the assumption seems to be that other types of music are cluttered by technology and overproduction and therefore aren't as pure." Types of acoustic instruments Acoustic instruments can be split into six groups: string instruments, wind instruments, percussion, other instruments, ensemble instruments, and unclassified instruments. String instruments have a tightly stretched string that, when set in motion, creates energy at (almost) harmonically related frequencies. Wind instruments are in the shape of a pipe and energy is supplied as an air stream into the pipe. Percussion instruments make sound when they are struck, as with a hand or a stick. History The original acoustic instrument was the human voice, which produces sound by funneling air across the vocal cords. The first constructed acoustic instrument is believed to be the flute. The oldest surviving flute is as much as 43,000 years old. The flute is believed to have originated in Central Europe. By 1800, the most popular acoustic plucked-string instruments closely resembled the modern-day guitar, but with a smaller body. As the century continued, Spanish luthier Antonio de Torres Jurado took these smaller instruments and expanded the bodies to create guitars. Guitar use and popularity grew in Europe throughout the late 18th century and more acoustic instruments were crafted, such as the double bass. Its popularity later spread to cities and towns in the new United States. In the 19th century, the guitar became a recognized instrument played in grand galas and concerts. As electric instruments took hold during the 20th century, many stringed instruments were redefined as acoustic. Instruments that involve striking or vibrating the strings, such as the violin, viola and cello, fall under the acoustic category. The violin became popular during the 16th and 17th centuries, due to technological advancements in building them, brought on by luthiers such as Antonio Stradivari and Andrea Amati. The modern version of the instrument developed gradually from older European acoustic stringed instruments such as the lira. Following the birth of rock in the 1960s, some rock bands began to experiment with acoustic songs. This would be known as acoustic rock, and many well-known artists such as Eric Clapton and Nirvana performed acoustic versions of their well-known songs in the early 1990s, which were collected on the MTV Unplugged series. Pop music artists have also experimented with acoustic music as well, with this variant sometimes being called acoustic pop. Like acoustic rock, some acoustic pop songs have also made their way to MTV Unplugged as well. Some notable acoustic pop songs include "True" by Ryan Cabrera and "Exile" by Taylor Swift featuring Bon Iver. By the 2000s, popular indie musicians began to identify their genre as "contemporary acoustic", in opposition to being classified as "folk music". Daniel Trilling wrote, "Folk is a word that strikes fear into the hearts of many aspiring pop musicians. Not only does it conjure up images of the terminally naff — woolly jumpers, beards, and so on — but it is also the journalist's catch-all term for legions of singer-songwriters too bland to merit a better definition." Some music interest groups in the United States use the term "acoustic music" alongside the genres of folk and Americana music, like the Ogden Friends of Acoustic Music. The International Acoustic Music Awards hosts an annual competition for original songs. Their rules state that a song can be considered acoustic as long as an acoustic instrument, including voices, can be clearly heard. Acoustic music is often easier for business owners to host because there is less need for amplification and the level of volume is less intrusive. In June 2021, the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, allowed small businesses to host acoustic concerts without applying for a live entertainment permit. Cambridge defined an acoustic performance as having no amplification of sound except for one microphone, and having no more than five acoustic performers or musicians at a single venue at one time. References ^ Safire 2007. ^ Conley, Craig (August 16, 1999). "Review: Unwired: Acoustic Music from around the World". Splendid. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2008. ^ "Instrument List - MusicBrainz". musicbrainz.org. Retrieved January 3, 2022. ^ Elsea, Peter. "Acoustic Instruments". artsites.ucsc.edu. University of California, Santa Cruz. Retrieved January 3, 2022. ^ Iain Morley, "The Evolutionary Origins and Archaeology of Music", PhD diss. (Cambridge: Darwin College, Cambridge University, 2003): 47–48. ^ a b "Early Southern Guitar Sounds: A Brief History of the Guitar and Its Travel South". Smithsonian Music. June 16, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2020. ^ "The History of the Classical Guitar \| Guitarras Alhambra". www.alhambraguitarras.com. Retrieved November 10, 2020. ^ "Italian musical masters took the violin from fiddle to first chair". History Magazine. January 22, 2019. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020. ^ Trilling, Daniel (January 8, 2007). "That naughty "f" word: these days "contemporary acoustic music" is all the rage--just don't call it folk, writes Daniel Trilling". No. 4826. New Statesman. Retrieved July 27, 2021. ^ "OFOAM - Ogden Friends of Acoustic Music - Home". ofoam.org. Retrieved January 3, 2022. ^ Iama (June 4, 2018). "IAMA (International Acoustic Music Awards)". Retrieved June 15, 2023. ^ "Rules and Regulations". IAMA (International Acoustic Music Awards). June 4, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2022. ^ a b "Cambridge City Policy Ordge #119". Cambridgema.gov. Retrieved July 28, 2021. Bibliography Randel, Don Michael (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01163-2. Safire, William (2007). "On Language: Retronym". New York Times Magazine (January 7): 18. External links International Acoustic Music Awards vteFolk and indigenous musicMusic on the World Register of Intangible Cultural HeritageTypes and subgenresBy subject or function Ballads Child Murder Carols Christmas carol Koliadka Children's Dance music Drinking song Love song Protest song Anti-war song Sea shanties Sporting song War songs Work song Fusions American primitive guitar Anti-folk Bluegrass Country folk Dangdut Koplo Filk music Folk baroque Folk jazz Folk-pop Folk rock Folk metal Celtic metal Medieval metal Folk punk Celtic punk Celtic rock Celtic metal Celtic punk Folktronica Indie folk Industrial folk Lu Medieval folk rock Medieval metal Muiñeira Neofolk Nerd-folk Psychedelic folk Freak folk New Weird America Progressive folk Raï Skiffle Tamang Selo Vallenato Xẩm Regional traditionsNorth America Central America Mexican Corrido Son calentano Son jarocho Son huasteco Tierra Caliente Yaqui Panamanian Indigenous NorthAmerican Canadian Arapaho Blackfeet Dene Innu Inuit Iroquois Kiowa Kwakwaka'wakw Métis Navajo Pueblo Seminole Sioux Yaqui Yuman American Appalachian Old-time Folk revival (1950s–60s) Hawaiian New Mexico Red Dirt Tejano Western African-American Blues Jazz Dixieland Jug Ragtime Spirituals Country Americana Roots rock Bluegrass Country folk Country pop Country rock Honky-tonk Rockabilly Southern soul Western swing Canadian Canadian fiddle Indigenous Dene Innu Inuit Métis by ethnocultural group Celtic French by region Prairies Québécois Quebec fiddle Néo-trad Maritime Cape Breton fiddling Caribbean Cuban Haitian Kontradans Jamaican Mento Trinidadian and Tobagonian Cariso Chutney Chutney parang Chutney soca Kaiso Parang Soca South American Brazilian Chilean Venezuelan Gaita zuliana Oceanian Australian White Australian Indigenous Australian Cook Islander Easter Islander Maori Marshallese Papua New Guinean Samoan Solomon Islander Tahitian Tongan Tuvaluan Asian Bangladeshi Bhawaiya Bhutanese Central Asian Chinese Cantonese Hakka Jingnan Lâm-kóan Pak-kóan Teochew Zhongguo feng Filipino Bodabil Kundiman Manila sound Indian Kamrupi Lokgeet Rasiya Sanedo Indonesian Japanese Min'yō Korean Trot Mongolian Nepalese Pakistani Vietnamese Quan họ European Alpine Austrian Balkan Albanian Tallava Bosnian and Herzegovinan Sevdalinka Starogradska muzika Bulgarian Chalga Starogradska muzika Croatian Starogradska muzika Greek Laïko Rebetiko Tsifteteli Italian Kosovan Tallava Montenegrin Macedonian Čalgija Starogradska muzika Romani Romanian Manele Serbian Balkan brass Starogradska muzika Turbo-folk Slovenian Turkish Anatolian blues Anatolian rock Arabesque Fantezi Tsifteteli Belarusian Breton Celtic Celtic fusion Celtic metal Celtic punk Celtic rock Czech Moravian Polka Danish Dutch English Hornpipe Jigs Morris dance Estonian Finnish French German Hungarian Icelandic Irish Gaelic folk music Hornpipe Latvian Lithuanian Maltese Norwegian Polish Pontic Greek Portuguese Russian Scottish Gaelic Slovenian Spanish Swedish Swiss Ukrainian Cossack Dumka Welsh Middle Eastern andNorth African Armenian Assyrian Azerbaijani Egyptian Fantezi Iranian Israeli Klezmer Mizrahi music Pontic Greek Turkish Anatolian blues Anatolian rock Arabesque Tsifteteli Related articles 20th-century Western folk music Acoustic music Filk music Festivals Folk clubs Folk dance Instruments List Collections Roud number Child Laws numbers Outlaw country Progressive rock Pub session Record labels Roots revival World music Worldbeat History of music	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Friends (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Friends_(band)"},{"link_name":"IAMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAMA_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Music"},{"link_name":"instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument"},{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_acoustics"},{"link_name":"electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_instrument"},{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"retronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retronym"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"electric violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_violin"},{"link_name":"electric organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_organ"},{"link_name":"synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafire2007-1"},{"link_name":"popular music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"big band music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band_music"},{"link_name":"pre-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_pop"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_technology"},{"link_name":"overproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overproduction_(music)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Acoustic Songs\" redirects here. For the EP by Real Friends, see Real Friends (band).\"International Acoustic Music Awards\" redirects here. For IAMA, see IAMA.Music portalAcoustic music is music that solely or primarily uses instruments that produce sound through acoustic means, as opposed to electric or electronic means. While all music was once acoustic, the retronym \"acoustic music\" appeared after the advent of electric instruments, such as the electric guitar, electric violin, electric organ and synthesizer.[1] Acoustic string instrumentations had long been a subset of popular music, particularly in folk. It stood in contrast to various other types of music in various eras, including big band music in the pre-rock era, and electric music in the rock era.Music reviewer Craig Conley suggests, \"When music is labeled acoustic, unplugged, or unwired, the assumption seems to be that other types of music are cluttered by technology and overproduction and therefore aren't as pure.\"[2]","title":"Acoustic music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"string instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrument"},{"link_name":"wind instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Acoustic instruments can be split into six groups: string instruments, wind instruments, percussion, other instruments, ensemble instruments, and unclassified instruments.[3]String instruments have a tightly stretched string that, when set in motion, creates energy at (almost) harmonically related frequencies.Wind instruments are in the shape of a pipe and energy is supplied as an air stream into the pipe.Percussion instruments make sound when they are struck, as with a hand or a stick.[4]","title":"Types of acoustic instruments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_voice"},{"link_name":"vocal cords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_cords"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"plucked-string instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plucked_string_instrument"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Torres Jurado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Torres_Jurado"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"double bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"viola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"technological advancements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation"},{"link_name":"luthiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luthier"},{"link_name":"Antonio Stradivari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Stradivari"},{"link_name":"Andrea Amati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Amati"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"lira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lira_(Ukrainian_instrument)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"MTV Unplugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Unplugged"},{"link_name":"Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_(Ryan_Cabrera_song)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Cabrera"},{"link_name":"Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile_(song)"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"link_name":"Bon Iver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Iver"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americana_(music)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge-13"},{"link_name":"amplification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_amplifier"},{"link_name":"microphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge-13"}],"text":"The original acoustic instrument was the human voice, which produces sound by funneling air across the vocal cords. The first constructed acoustic instrument is believed to be the flute. The oldest surviving flute is as much as 43,000 years old. The flute is believed to have originated in Central Europe.[5]By 1800, the most popular acoustic plucked-string instruments closely resembled the modern-day guitar, but with a smaller body. As the century continued, Spanish luthier Antonio de Torres Jurado took these smaller instruments and expanded the bodies to create guitars. Guitar use and popularity grew in Europe throughout the late 18th century[6] and more acoustic instruments were crafted, such as the double bass. Its popularity later spread to cities and towns in the new United States.[6] In the 19th century, the guitar became a recognized instrument played in grand galas and concerts.[7]As electric instruments took hold during the 20th century, many stringed instruments were redefined as acoustic. Instruments that involve striking or vibrating the strings, such as the violin, viola and cello, fall under the acoustic category. The violin became popular during the 16th and 17th centuries, due to technological advancements in building them, brought on by luthiers such as Antonio Stradivari and Andrea Amati.[8] The modern version of the instrument developed gradually from older European acoustic stringed instruments such as the lira.[citation needed]Following the birth of rock in the 1960s, some rock bands began to experiment with acoustic songs. This would be known as acoustic rock, and many well-known artists such as Eric Clapton and Nirvana performed acoustic versions of their well-known songs in the early 1990s, which were collected on the MTV Unplugged series.Pop music artists have also experimented with acoustic music as well, with this variant sometimes being called acoustic pop. Like acoustic rock, some acoustic pop songs have also made their way to MTV Unplugged as well. Some notable acoustic pop songs include \"True\" by Ryan Cabrera and \"Exile\" by Taylor Swift featuring Bon Iver.By the 2000s, popular indie musicians began to identify their genre as \"contemporary acoustic\", in opposition to being classified as \"folk music\". Daniel Trilling wrote, \"Folk is a word that strikes fear into the hearts of many aspiring pop musicians. Not only does it conjure up images of the terminally naff — woolly jumpers, beards, and so on — but it is also the journalist's catch-all term for legions of singer-songwriters too bland to merit a better definition.\"[9]Some music interest groups in the United States use the term \"acoustic music\" alongside the genres of folk and Americana music, like the Ogden Friends of Acoustic Music.[10]The International Acoustic Music Awards[11] hosts an annual competition for original songs. Their rules state that a song can be considered acoustic as long as an acoustic instrument, including voices, can be clearly heard.[12]Acoustic music is often easier for business owners to host because there is less need for amplification and the level of volume is less intrusive. In June 2021, the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, allowed small businesses to host acoustic concerts without applying for a live entertainment permit.[13] Cambridge defined an acoustic performance as having no amplification of sound except for one microphone, and having no more than five acoustic performers or musicians at a single venue at one time.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Harvard Dictionary of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&pg=PA289"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-01163-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2"}],"text":"Randel, Don Michael (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01163-2.\nSafire, William (2007). \"On Language: Retronym\". New York Times Magazine (January 7): 18.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Conley, Craig (August 16, 1999). \"Review: Unwired: Acoustic Music from around the World\". Splendid. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.splendidezine.com/reviews/aug-16-99/unwired.html","url_text":"\"Review: Unwired: Acoustic Music from around the World\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081225091421/http://www.splendidezine.com/reviews/aug-16-99/unwired.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Instrument List - MusicBrainz\". musicbrainz.org. Retrieved January 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicbrainz.org/instruments","url_text":"\"Instrument List - MusicBrainz\""}]},{"reference":"Elsea, Peter. \"Acoustic Instruments\". artsites.ucsc.edu. University of California, Santa Cruz. Retrieved January 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://artsites.ucsc.edu/EMS/music/tech_background/te-13/teces_13.html","url_text":"\"Acoustic Instruments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Early Southern Guitar Sounds: A Brief History of the Guitar and Its Travel South\". Smithsonian Music. June 16, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.si.edu/story/early-southern-guitar-sounds-brief-history-guitar-and-its-travel-south","url_text":"\"Early Southern Guitar Sounds: A Brief History of the Guitar and Its Travel South\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of the Classical Guitar \| Guitarras Alhambra\". www.alhambraguitarras.com. Retrieved November 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alhambraguitarras.com/en/the-history-of-the-classical-guitar","url_text":"\"The History of the Classical Guitar \| Guitarras Alhambra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Italian musical masters took the violin from fiddle to first chair\". History Magazine. January 22, 2019. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200215095226/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2019/01-02/invention-of-musical-string-instrument-violin/","url_text":"\"Italian musical masters took the violin from fiddle to first chair\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2019/01-02/invention-of-musical-string-instrument-violin/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trilling, Daniel (January 8, 2007). \"That naughty \"f\" word: these days \"contemporary acoustic music\" is all the rage--just don't call it folk, writes Daniel Trilling\". No. 4826. New Statesman. Retrieved July 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=159&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=4&docId=GALE%7CA158725661&docType=Article&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZNEW-FullText&prodId=STND&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA158725661&searchId=R1&userGroupName=nysl_ce_ocpl&inPS=true","url_text":"\"That naughty \"f\" word: these days \"contemporary acoustic music\" is all the rage--just don't call it folk, writes Daniel Trilling\""}]},{"reference":"\"OFOAM - Ogden Friends of Acoustic Music - Home\". ofoam.org. Retrieved January 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ofoam.org/","url_text":"\"OFOAM - Ogden Friends of Acoustic Music - Home\""}]},{"reference":"Iama (June 4, 2018). \"IAMA (International Acoustic Music Awards)\". Retrieved June 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://inacoustic.com/","url_text":"\"IAMA (International Acoustic Music Awards)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rules and Regulations\". IAMA (International Acoustic Music Awards). June 4, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://inacoustic.com/rules-prizes/","url_text":"\"Rules and Regulations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cambridge City Policy Ordge #119\". Cambridgema.gov. Retrieved July 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cambridgema.iqm2.com/Citizens/Detail_LegiFile.aspx?Frame=&MeetingID=2807&MediaPosition=&ID=14211&CssClass=","url_text":"\"Cambridge City Policy Ordge #119\""}]},{"reference":"Randel, Don Michael (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01163-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&pg=PA289","url_text":"The Harvard Dictionary of Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2","url_text":"978-0-674-01163-2"}]},{"reference":"Safire, William (2007). \"On Language: Retronym\". New York Times Magazine (January 7): 18.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.splendidezine.com/reviews/aug-16-99/unwired.html","external_links_name":"\"Review: Unwired: Acoustic Music from around the World\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081225091421/http://www.splendidezine.com/reviews/aug-16-99/unwired.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/instruments","external_links_name":"\"Instrument List - MusicBrainz\""},{"Link":"http://artsites.ucsc.edu/EMS/music/tech_background/te-13/teces_13.html","external_links_name":"\"Acoustic Instruments\""},{"Link":"https://music.si.edu/story/early-southern-guitar-sounds-brief-history-guitar-and-its-travel-south","external_links_name":"\"Early Southern Guitar Sounds: A Brief History of the Guitar and Its Travel South\""},{"Link":"https://www.alhambraguitarras.com/en/the-history-of-the-classical-guitar","external_links_name":"\"The History of the Classical Guitar \| Guitarras Alhambra\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200215095226/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2019/01-02/invention-of-musical-string-instrument-violin/","external_links_name":"\"Italian musical masters took the violin from fiddle to first chair\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2019/01-02/invention-of-musical-string-instrument-violin/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=159&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=4&docId=GALE%7CA158725661&docType=Article&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZNEW-FullText&prodId=STND&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA158725661&searchId=R1&userGroupName=nysl_ce_ocpl&inPS=true","external_links_name":"\"That naughty \"f\" word: these days \"contemporary acoustic music\" is all the rage--just don't call it folk, writes Daniel Trilling\""},{"Link":"https://ofoam.org/","external_links_name":"\"OFOAM - Ogden Friends of Acoustic Music - Home\""},{"Link":"https://inacoustic.com/","external_links_name":"\"IAMA (International Acoustic Music Awards)\""},{"Link":"https://inacoustic.com/rules-prizes/","external_links_name":"\"Rules and Regulations\""},{"Link":"https://cambridgema.iqm2.com/Citizens/Detail_LegiFile.aspx?Frame=&MeetingID=2807&MediaPosition=&ID=14211&CssClass=","external_links_name":"\"Cambridge City Policy Ordge #119\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&pg=PA289","external_links_name":"The Harvard Dictionary of Music"},{"Link":"http://www.inacoustic.com/","external_links_name":"International Acoustic Music Awards"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovena_Fox	Lovena Fox	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References"]	Canadian singer Lovena Fox is a singer from Vancouver, British Columbia. She was a member of the hiphop/pop duo Love and Sas. Early life Fox was born in Vancouver, the daughter of a jazz club owner. Career Fox was a member of the Black and Gold Review at the Arts Club Theatre, and was part of the cast of Ain't Misbehavin' in Vancouver. She participated in the show Star Search in Los Angeles. Fox worked as a backup singer in several musical groups until in 1991 she came together with Toronto singer Saskia Garel to form the pop duo Love and Sas. The duo won two Juno awards for their albums Call My Name and Once In A Lifetime. Fox continued to perform in musical theatre. She played the role of Sarah on the national tour of Ragtime and later released a solo album, Holdin' Out. References ^ a b Dawn P. Williams (2006). Who's who in Black Canada 2: Black Success and Black Excellence in Canada : a Contemporary Directory. Who's Who in Black Canada. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-0-9731384-2-9. ^ "Arts Burst Forth in City's Heart", Georgia Straight, by Tony Montague on October 7th, 2004 ^ a b Facey, Tonya and Graham, Terry & Judy, "Artist: Love and Sas", Jam! Showbiz: The Canadian Pop Encyclopedia, December 5, 2004, Retrieved March 2, 2016. ^ a b "Candus Churchill Shines the Light". The Afro News, June 7th, 2011 ^ "Love and Sas". AllMusic, Biography by John Bush ^ "New rap hits originate in England, U.S. and Canada" Archived 2017-12-31 at the Wayback Machine. The Hamilton Spectator - Hamilton, Ont. Krewen, Nick. Dec 2, 1991 Page: D.10 ^ "Rhythm and Blues". The Canadian Encyclopedia, Jude Kelly, Daniel Caudeiron 05/08/2011 ^ "Juno those award-winning ladies are hot?". Scott McKay. The Chilliwack Progress Chilliwack, Canada March 26, 1993. Page 34 ^ The Michigan Journal. Vol. 30, Issue 27. University of Michigan-Dearborn. 2001. p. 6. ^ "Ragtime Tour's Lovena Fox and Stephen Zinnato Sing on Solo Discs". PlayBill, Mar 20, 2000 ^ "`Ragtime' On The Road With Satisfactory Show". Hartford Courant, March 20, 2001. MALCOLM JOHNSON; Courant Theater Critic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Love and Sas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Sas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2006-1"}],"text":"Lovena Fox is a singer from Vancouver, British Columbia. She was a member of the hiphop/pop duo Love and Sas.[1]","title":"Lovena Fox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams2006-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Fox was born in Vancouver,[1] the daughter of a jazz club owner.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jam-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afro-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afro-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Saskia Garel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskia_Garel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Juno awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jam-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ragtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Fox was a member of the Black and Gold Review at the Arts Club Theatre, and was part of the cast of Ain't Misbehavin' in Vancouver.[3][4] She participated in the show Star Search in Los Angeles.[4]Fox worked as a backup singer in several musical groups[5] until in 1991 she came together with Toronto singer Saskia Garel to form the pop duo Love and Sas.[6] The duo won two Juno awards for their albums Call My Name and Once In A Lifetime.[3][7][8]Fox continued to perform in musical theatre.[9] She played the role of Sarah on the national tour of Ragtime and later released a solo album, Holdin' Out.[10][11]","title":"Career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dawn P. Williams (2006). Who's who in Black Canada 2: Black Success and Black Excellence in Canada : a Contemporary Directory. Who's Who in Black Canada. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-0-9731384-2-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_UtdQ6NsvYkC&pg=PA144","url_text":"Who's who in Black Canada 2: Black Success and Black Excellence in Canada : a Contemporary Directory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9731384-2-9","url_text":"978-0-9731384-2-9"}]},{"reference":"The Michigan Journal. Vol. 30, Issue 27. University of Michigan-Dearborn. 2001. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GJOFdpmNgskC","url_text":"The Michigan Journal"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_UtdQ6NsvYkC&pg=PA144","external_links_name":"Who's who in Black Canada 2: Black Success and Black Excellence in Canada : a Contemporary Directory"},{"Link":"https://www.straight.com/article/arts-burst-forth-in-citys-heart","external_links_name":"\"Arts Burst Forth in City's Heart\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307205730/http://jam.canoe.com/Music/Pop_Encyclopedia/L/Love_And_Sas.html","external_links_name":"\"Artist: Love and Sas\""},{"Link":"http://www.theafronews.com/candus-churchill-shines-the-light/","external_links_name":"\"Candus Churchill Shines the Light\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/love-and-sas-mn0000247939/biography","external_links_name":"\"Love and Sas\""},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/therecord/doc/269628997.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+2%2C+1991&author=Krewen%2C+Nick&pub=The+Hamilton+Spectator&edition=&startpage=D.10&desc=New+rap+hits+originate+in+England%2C+U.S.+and+Canada","external_links_name":"\"New rap hits originate in England, U.S. and Canada\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103741/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/therecord/doc/269628997.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+2%2C+1991&author=Krewen%2C+Nick&pub=The+Hamilton+Spectator&edition=&startpage=D.10&desc=New+rap+hits+originate+in+England%2C+U.S.+and+Canada","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/rhythm-and-blues-emc/","external_links_name":"\"Rhythm and Blues\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/80543716/","external_links_name":"\"Juno those award-winning ladies are hot?\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GJOFdpmNgskC","external_links_name":"The Michigan Journal"},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/ragtime-tours-lovena-fox-and-stephen-zinnato-sing-on-solo-discs-com-87904","external_links_name":"\"Ragtime Tour's Lovena Fox and Stephen Zinnato Sing on Solo Discs\""},{"Link":"http://articles.courant.com/2001-03-20/features/0103201356_1_family-from-new-rochelle-doctorow-ragtime","external_links_name":"\"`Ragtime' On The Road With Satisfactory Show\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millie_Goldsholl	Millie Goldsholl	["1 References"]	American film producer Millie GoldshollBorn(1920-05-22)May 22, 1920DiedMay 23, 2012(2012-05-23) (aged 92)Lincolnshire, Illinois, U.S.NationalityAmericanOccupationFilm producerNotable workUp is Down Millie Goldsholl (May 22, 1920 - May 23, 2012) is most well known for running the film division of the Chicago graphic design firm, Morton Goldsholl Associates (Goldsholl Design & Film Associates). She also made her own films and animations, including the award-winning Up is Down from 1969. Millie Goldsholl grew up in Freeport, New York on the south shores of Long Island. As a child she developed a love for pastoral life and art, creating elaborate chalk drawings of her family and grandparents' farm animals outside her family's home. Millie moved from the sidewalk to the easel when she entered high school. Here, encouraging art teachers inspired Millie to make a career out of her passion for art. Millie moved to Chicago, Illinois when she was sixteen with her sister and widowed mother. They moved in with Millie's brother, who had recently acquired a factory job and needed help around the house. After failing to enroll in art classes that required too many prerequisites, Millie joined her brother in the factory. Millie entered the design world through her husband, Morton (Mort) Goldsholl, who invited Millie to enter the world of advertising alongside him. The two met at work, a paper box manufacturer where Millie did accounting and Mort designed packaging. Mort kept his day job as a freelance designer and encouraged Millie to enter the newly formed IIT Institute of Design, the first school in Chicago to offer a design degree. Millie ultimately studied architecture, but the school's Bauhaus inspired environment encouraged her to experiment with different materials, mediums and machines. It is here where she was first introduced to filmmaking, and where she developed a lifelong connection to László Moholy-Nagy's vision of industry, art and design. In 1955, Mort and Millie Goldsholl established Goldsholl Design & Film Associates. Mort took responsibility for the design division, while Millie took charge of building a film division. Their Northfield, Illinois studio reflected the flexibility and freedom of the Bauhaus tradition, combining traditional graphic design work alongside a filmmaking studio. Millie compared the studio to a beehive, but noted the proximity led to collaborations and experiments that wouldn't have happened any other way. “We are involved here in every step of the film process, from idea to imagery,” Millie told Rhodes Patterson shortly after moving in, “and we find this maintains the integrity of the concept. Phonics can be manipulated with the same freedom as image. The auditory is mobilized to create mood. Images may be heard, and sound seen. It is not so much in the components of the film structure that its art resides, but rather in relationships, interaction and transitions that it assumes its significance. The pulse or rhythm of a film can produce tension, excitement and release,” she continued. “In editing, the filmmaker gives wings to the parts . . . cleaving them from their place in time and space . . . releasing them into a designer's stratosphere––there to be juggled, taken, rejected, extended, clipped, superimposed and recomposed.” In addition to her Goldsholl Design Associates firm work, Millie made a handful of films on her own, including the award-winning animation, Up is Down (1969). This short film looks at a study of an unconventional, young boy who is temporarily persuaded to accept others' viewpoints as his own. Millie, who dedicated the film to Martin Luther King, considered herself a maverick like the young boy who walks on his hands in the animated film. She once stated, "It is better to be utopic than myopic – even if you're not a designer – and especially if you are. It's not so much a matter of thinking big as thinking deep." Millie died in May 2012, preceded by Mort in 1995. Mort and Millie are survived by their two children, Harry Goldsholl, and Gleda Dreke, as well as their grandchildren: Jesse Goldsholl, Jake Goldsholl, Rebecca Dreke, RD Dreke, and Emily Dreke. Since 2006, Millie and Mort Goldsholl's films have been in the care of Chicago Film Archives (CFA). CFA's Mort & Millie Goldsholl Collection contains commercials and industrial films that Goldsholl Design & Film Associates made for their clients as well as experimental films and animations made by both Morton and Millie, unedited travel films shot by Morton and Millie and films that the two collected over the years. References ^ "Mildred Goldsholl Obituary - Skokie, IL". Dignity Memorial. Retrieved 25 January 2021. ^ "Up is Down (Short 1969) - IMDb". IMDb. ^ Mort and Millie Goldsholl Collection, 1942-1980. ^ "Meet Mort & Millie". 27 February 2013. ^ Up is Down. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2015-03-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Mort and Millie Goldsholl Collection, 1942-1980.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Morton Goldsholl Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Goldsholl_Associates"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Freeport, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"IIT Institute of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIT_Institute_of_Design"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"László Moholy-Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Moholy-Nagy"},{"link_name":"Northfield, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfield,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chicago Film Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Film_Archives"},{"link_name":"Mort & Millie Goldsholl Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chicagofilmarchives.org/collections/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Millie Goldsholl (May 22, 1920 - May 23, 2012[1]) is most well known for running the film division of the Chicago graphic design firm, Morton Goldsholl Associates (Goldsholl Design & Film Associates). She also made her own films and animations, including the award-winning Up is Down from 1969.[2]Millie Goldsholl grew up in Freeport, New York on the south shores of Long Island. As a child she developed a love for pastoral life and art, creating elaborate chalk drawings of her family and grandparents' farm animals outside her family's home. Millie moved from the sidewalk to the easel when she entered high school. Here, encouraging art teachers inspired Millie to make a career out of her passion for art. Millie moved to Chicago, Illinois when she was sixteen with her sister and widowed mother. They moved in with Millie's brother, who had recently acquired a factory job and needed help around the house. After failing to enroll in art classes that required too many prerequisites, Millie joined her brother in the factory.[3]Millie entered the design world through her husband, Morton (Mort) Goldsholl, who invited Millie to enter the world of advertising alongside him. The two met at work, a paper box manufacturer where Millie did accounting and Mort designed packaging. Mort kept his day job as a freelance designer and encouraged Millie to enter the newly formed IIT Institute of Design, the first school in Chicago to offer a design degree. Millie ultimately studied architecture, but the school's Bauhaus inspired environment encouraged her to experiment with different materials, mediums and machines. It is here where she was first introduced to filmmaking, and where she developed a lifelong connection to László Moholy-Nagy's vision of industry, art and design.In 1955, Mort and Millie Goldsholl established Goldsholl Design & Film Associates. Mort took responsibility for the design division, while Millie took charge of building a film division. Their Northfield, Illinois studio reflected the flexibility and freedom of the Bauhaus tradition, combining traditional graphic design work alongside a filmmaking studio. Millie compared the studio to a beehive, but noted the proximity led to collaborations and experiments that wouldn't have happened any other way. “We are involved here in every step of the film process, from idea to imagery,” Millie told Rhodes Patterson shortly after moving in, “and we find this maintains the integrity of the concept. Phonics can be manipulated with the same freedom as image. The auditory is mobilized to create mood. Images may be heard, and sound seen. It is not so much in the components of the film structure that its art resides, but rather in relationships, interaction and transitions that it assumes its significance. The pulse or rhythm of a film can produce tension, excitement and release,” she continued. “In editing, the filmmaker gives wings to the parts . . . cleaving them from their place in time and space . . . releasing them into a designer's stratosphere––there to be juggled, taken, rejected, extended, clipped, superimposed and recomposed.”[4]In addition to her Goldsholl Design Associates firm work, Millie made a handful of films on her own, including the award-winning animation, Up is Down (1969). This short film looks at a study of an unconventional, young boy who is temporarily persuaded to accept others' viewpoints as his own.[5] Millie, who dedicated the film to Martin Luther King, considered herself a maverick like the young boy who walks on his hands in the animated film. She once stated, \"It is better to be utopic than myopic – even if you're not a designer – and especially if you are. It's not so much a matter of thinking big as thinking deep.\"[6]Millie died in May 2012, preceded by Mort in 1995. Mort and Millie are survived by their two children, Harry Goldsholl, and Gleda Dreke, as well as their grandchildren: Jesse Goldsholl, Jake Goldsholl, Rebecca Dreke, RD Dreke, and Emily Dreke.Since 2006, Millie and Mort Goldsholl's films have been in the care of Chicago Film Archives (CFA). CFA's Mort & Millie Goldsholl Collection contains commercials and industrial films that Goldsholl Design & Film Associates made for their clients as well as experimental films and animations made by both Morton and Millie, unedited travel films shot by Morton and Millie and films that the two collected over the years.[7]","title":"Millie Goldsholl"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mildred Goldsholl Obituary - Skokie, IL\". Dignity Memorial. Retrieved 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dignitymemorial.com/en-ca/obituaries/skokie-il/mildred-goldsholl-5114403","url_text":"\"Mildred Goldsholl Obituary - Skokie, IL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Up is Down (Short 1969) - IMDb\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1401252/","url_text":"\"Up is Down (Short 1969) - IMDb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Mort and Millie Goldsholl Collection, 1942-1980.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagofilmarchives.org/collections/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/17","url_text":"Mort and Millie Goldsholl Collection, 1942-1980"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Mort & Millie\". 27 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theweekbehind.com/2013/02/27/meet-mort-millie/","url_text":"\"Meet Mort & Millie\""}]},{"reference":"Up is Down.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagofilmarchives.org/collections/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/14240","url_text":"Up is Down"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2015-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160422101028/http://www.chicagodesignarchive.org/pdfs/comarts_mortgoldsholl.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagodesignarchive.org/pdfs/comarts_mortgoldsholl.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mort and Millie Goldsholl Collection, 1942-1980.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagofilmarchives.org/collections/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/17","url_text":"Mort and Millie Goldsholl Collection, 1942-1980"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.chicagofilmarchives.org/collections/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/17","external_links_name":"Mort & Millie Goldsholl Collection"},{"Link":"https://www.dignitymemorial.com/en-ca/obituaries/skokie-il/mildred-goldsholl-5114403","external_links_name":"\"Mildred Goldsholl Obituary - Skokie, IL\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1401252/","external_links_name":"\"Up is Down (Short 1969) - IMDb\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagofilmarchives.org/collections/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/17","external_links_name":"Mort and Millie Goldsholl Collection, 1942-1980"},{"Link":"http://www.theweekbehind.com/2013/02/27/meet-mort-millie/","external_links_name":"\"Meet Mort & Millie\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagofilmarchives.org/collections/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/14240","external_links_name":"Up is Down"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160422101028/http://www.chicagodesignarchive.org/pdfs/comarts_mortgoldsholl.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagodesignarchive.org/pdfs/comarts_mortgoldsholl.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagofilmarchives.org/collections/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/17","external_links_name":"Mort and Millie Goldsholl Collection, 1942-1980"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Spence	Terry R. Spence	["1 Early life and career","2 Political career","2.1 Speaker of the House","2.2 2000 gubernatorial race","3 Electoral history","3.1 Terms in public office","4 Personal life","5 References"]	American politician This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Terry R. Spence" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Terry R. SpenceSpeaker of the Delaware House of RepresentativesIn officeJanuary 13, 1987 – January 13, 2009Preceded byB. Bradford BarnesSucceeded byRobert GilliganMember of the Delaware House of Representativesfrom the 18th districtIn officeJanuary 11, 1983 – January 13, 2009Preceded byRichard C. CathcartSucceeded byMichael A. BarbieriMember of the Delaware House of Representativesfrom the 20th districtIn officeJanuary 13, 1981 – January 11, 1983Preceded byJohn P. FergusonSucceeded byRoger P. Roy Personal detailsBorn (1941-11-30) November 30, 1941 (age 82)Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseNancyChildren4ResidenceNew Castle, DelawareAlma materGoldey–Beacom College (AS)Wilmington College (BS) Terry R. Spence (born November 30, 1941) is an American politician from New Castle, Delaware. He is a member of the Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Speaker of the Delaware House of Representatives. He was defeated in the 2008 election by Democrat Michael A. Barbieri and lost an attempt to regain his seat in 2010. Though a social conservative, Spence's representation of his middle class and union voters in his district often put him at odds with other Republican Party leaders. He qualified and received votes for the Working Families Party in 2008 and 2010 in addition to the Republican Party. Early life and career Spence was born in Wilmington, Delaware and grew up in New Castle. His father, Ernest Spence Jr., was a state trooper who had run for the 6th district seat on the New Castle County Council in 1972. Spence received an associate degree in business from Goldey–Beacom College and later a bachelor's degree from Wilmington College. He served in the Delaware Air National Guard and later became a state trooper with the Delaware State Police like his father. Political career Upon the retirement of four-term Democratic state representative John P. Ferguson in 1980, Spence ran as a Republican for Ferguson's seat in the 20th representative district. Despite the district's Democratic leaning, the nationwide Republican tide led by presidential candidate Ronald Reagan helped propel Spence to a six-point victory over Democrat John Zimath. In 1982, redistricting caused by the United States Census changed his district number from 20 to 18. He was reelected to the House over Democrat Ronald Queen with 63 percent of the vote. He was unopposed in seven of his thirteen reelection campaigns and often won reelection with large margins. In 2006, Spence faced a tough reelection due to the increasing percentage of Democrats in his district, with 49 percent of voters registered as Democrats and only 26% registered as Republicans, and with the unpopularity of Republican president George W. Bush. Spence was viewed as vulnerable by the Democratic Party of Delaware, who recruited Michael Barbieri to run against him. It was his closest race since he initially won election in 1980, but he still defeated Barbieri by over 12 points. Barbieri challenged him again in the 2008 election. This time, owing to long coattails from the presidential race (with Senator Joe Biden as Barack Obama's running mate), Barbieri winning the election by six points. Spence sought a rematch in 2010 and lost by 13 points. Speaker of the House In 1987, the Republicans in the Delaware House elected B. Bradford Barnes from Bridgeville as Speaker of the House. However, Barnes died in office shortly thereafter, and Spence, who was elected in the same year as Barnes, was then chosen to succeed him as Speaker. He served as speaker until he lost his reelection in 2008, eventually becoming the longest serving Speaker of the House in the history of the Delaware General Assembly. He has also held the position of Speaker longer than any other Speaker of a state legislature in the history of the United States. In 2006, Spence and Majority Leader Wayne Smith were opposed for their leadership positions in the Republican Caucus by Joseph W. Booth and Richard C. Cathcart, respectively. However, Republicans retained their majority in the Delaware House and lost only two seats in the 2006 elections that saw large Republican losses throughout the country. House Republicans voted to keep the leadership that had led them through the tumultuous election. After being reelected Speaker, Spence appointed Booth and Cathcartto the powerful appropriations and joint finance committees. 2000 gubernatorial race In 1991 and 1995, Spence explored the possibility of running for governor, but in both cases decided not to challenge popular Democrat Tom Carper. In 2000, however, he decided to run and entered the Republican gubernatorial primary. Unfortunately, his past record of support for labor worked against him as the support of the party's hierarchy and the state's business leaders quickly coalesced around chairman of the state Chamber of Commerce and former state house majority leader John M. Burris. Due to an inability to raise campaign funds, Spence withdrew from the race before the September primary election in order to run for reelection to the House and endorsed Burris, the eventual Republican nominee who went on to lose the general election to then Lieutenant Governor Ruth Ann Minner. Electoral history Year Office Election Winner Party Votes % Opponent Party Votes % Source 1980 Delaware State Representative, District 20 General Terry R. Spence Republican 3,035 53.1% John H. Zimath Democratic 2,683 46.9% 1982 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 2,485 62.5% Ronald E. Queen Democratic 1,488 37.5% 1984 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 4,082 73.7% Samuel R. Richeon Democratic 1,453 26.3% 1986 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 2,290 77.2% William H. Hartzel Democratic 676 22.8% 1988 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 3,797 100% unopposed - - - 1990 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 2,468 100% unopposed - - - 1992 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 4,484 100% unopposed - - - 1994 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 2,718 71.4% Susan N. Mangini Democratic 1,088 28.6% 1996 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 4,551 100% unopposed - - - 1998 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 2,245 100% unopposed - - - 2000 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 3,931 58.2% Frances Anglin Democratic 2,823 41.8% 2002 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 3,221 100% unopposed - - - 2004 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 5,118 100% unopposed - - - 2006 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Terry R. Spence Republican 2,724 56.2 Michael A. Barbieri Democratic 2,083 43.8% 2008 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Michael A. Barbieri Democratic 4,164 52.0% Terry R. Spence Republican 3,760 46.9 2010 Delaware State Representative, District 18 General Michael A. Barbieri Democratic 3,115 53.0% Terry R. Spence Republican 2,766 47.0 Terms in public office Office Type Location Election Year Term Start Term Ended State House Legislature Dover 1980 January 13, 1981 January 11, 1983 State House Legislature Dover 1982 January 11, 1983 January 15, 1985 State House Legislature Dover 1984 January 15, 1985 January 13, 1987 State House Legislature Dover 1986 January 13, 1987 January 10, 1989 State House Legislature Dover 1988 January 10, 1989 January 8, 1991 State House Legislature Dover 1990 January 8, 1991 January 12, 1993 State House Legislature Dover 1992 January 12, 1993 January 10, 1995 State House Legislature Dover 1994 January 10, 1995 January 14, 1997 State House Legislature Dover 1996 January 14, 1997 January 12, 1999 State House Legislature Dover 1998 January 12, 1999 January 9, 2001 State House Legislature Dover 2000 January 9, 2001 January 14, 2003 State House Legislature Dover 2002 January 14, 2003 January 11, 2005 State House Legislature Dover 2004 January 11, 2005 January 9, 2007 State House Legislature Dover 2006 January 9, 2007 January 13, 2009 Personal life Spence and his wife, Nancy, have four children—Terry, Greg, Mark, and Laura. His sons Greg and Mark also became Delaware State Troopers. References ^ "Former Representative Terry Spence (R)". Dover, Delaware: Delaware General Assembly. Retrieved January 20, 2019. ^ "Our Campaigns - New Castle County Council 06 Race - Nov 07, 1972". ^ "The Voter's Self Defense System". ^ "State of Delaware General Election Official Results". Office of the State Election Commissioner. Department of Elections. November 7, 2006. Retrieved January 20, 2019. ^ "State of Delaware General Election Official Results". Office of the State Election Commissioner. Department of Elections. November 4, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2019. ^ "State of Delaware General Election Official Results". Office of the State Election Commissioner. Department of Elections. November 2, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Election Results Archive". Office of the State Election Commissioner. Department of Elections. Delaware House of Representatives Preceded byJohn P. Ferguson Member of the Delaware House of Representativesfrom the 20th district 1981–1983 Succeeded byRoger P. Roy Preceded byRichard C. Cathcart Member of the Delaware House of Representativesfrom the 18th district 1983–2009 Succeeded byMichael Barbieri Preceded byB. Bradford Barnes Speaker of the Delaware House of Representatives 1987–2009 Succeeded byRobert Gilligan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Castle, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Delaware General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Delaware House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DL-1"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Michael A. Barbieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Barbieri_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Working Families Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Families_Party"}],"text":"Terry R. Spence (born November 30, 1941) is an American politician from New Castle, Delaware. He is a member of the Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Speaker of the Delaware House of Representatives.[1] He was defeated in the 2008 election by Democrat Michael A. Barbieri and lost an attempt to regain his seat in 2010. Though a social conservative, Spence's representation of his middle class and union voters in his district often put him at odds with other Republican Party leaders. He qualified and received votes for the Working Families Party in 2008 and 2010 in addition to the Republican Party.","title":"Terry R. Spence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilmington, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"New Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"state trooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_State_Police"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Goldey–Beacom College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldey%E2%80%93Beacom_College"},{"link_name":"Wilmington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Delaware Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Air_National_Guard"}],"text":"Spence was born in Wilmington, Delaware and grew up in New Castle. His father, Ernest Spence Jr., was a state trooper who had run for the 6th district seat on the New Castle County Council in 1972.[2]Spence received an associate degree in business from Goldey–Beacom College and later a bachelor's degree from Wilmington College.[3] He served in the Delaware Air National Guard and later became a state trooper with the Delaware State Police like his father.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Upon the retirement of four-term Democratic state representative John P. Ferguson in 1980, Spence ran as a Republican for Ferguson's seat in the 20th representative district. Despite the district's Democratic leaning, the nationwide Republican tide led by presidential candidate Ronald Reagan helped propel Spence to a six-point victory over Democrat John Zimath. In 1982, redistricting caused by the United States Census changed his district number from 20 to 18. He was reelected to the House over Democrat Ronald Queen with 63 percent of the vote. He was unopposed in seven of his thirteen reelection campaigns and often won reelection with large margins.In 2006, Spence faced a tough reelection due to the increasing percentage of Democrats in his district, with 49 percent of voters registered as Democrats and only 26% registered as Republicans, and with the unpopularity of Republican president George W. Bush. Spence was viewed as vulnerable by the Democratic Party of Delaware, who recruited Michael Barbieri to run against him. It was his closest race since he initially won election in 1980, but he still defeated Barbieri by over 12 points.[4] Barbieri challenged him again in the 2008 election. This time, owing to long coattails from the presidential race (with Senator Joe Biden as Barack Obama's running mate), Barbieri winning the election by six points.[5] Spence sought a rematch in 2010 and lost by 13 points.[6]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bridgeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeville,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Delaware General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"state legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Majority Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_Leader"},{"link_name":"Republican Caucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Caucus"},{"link_name":"Richard C. Cathcart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Cathcart"},{"link_name":"2006 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_general_elections,_2006"}],"sub_title":"Speaker of the House","text":"In 1987, the Republicans in the Delaware House elected B. Bradford Barnes from Bridgeville as Speaker of the House. However, Barnes died in office shortly thereafter, and Spence, who was elected in the same year as Barnes, was then chosen to succeed him as Speaker. He served as speaker until he lost his reelection in 2008, eventually becoming the longest serving Speaker of the House in the history of the Delaware General Assembly. He has also held the position of Speaker longer than any other Speaker of a state legislature in the history of the United States.In 2006, Spence and Majority Leader Wayne Smith were opposed for their leadership positions in the Republican Caucus by Joseph W. Booth and Richard C. Cathcart, respectively. However, Republicans retained their majority in the Delaware House and lost only two seats in the 2006 elections that saw large Republican losses throughout the country. House Republicans voted to keep the leadership that had led them through the tumultuous election. After being reelected Speaker, Spence appointed Booth and Cathcartto the powerful appropriations and joint finance committees.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Carper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Carper"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Ruth Ann Minner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Ann_Minner"}],"sub_title":"2000 gubernatorial race","text":"In 1991 and 1995, Spence explored the possibility of running for governor, but in both cases decided not to challenge popular Democrat Tom Carper. In 2000, however, he decided to run and entered the Republican gubernatorial primary. Unfortunately, his past record of support for labor worked against him as the support of the party's hierarchy and the state's business leaders quickly coalesced around chairman of the state Chamber of Commerce and former state house majority leader John M. Burris. Due to an inability to raise campaign funds, Spence withdrew from the race before the September primary election in order to run for reelection to the House and endorsed Burris, the eventual Republican nominee who went on to lose the general election to then Lieutenant Governor Ruth Ann Minner.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Terms in public office","title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Spence and his wife, Nancy, have four children—Terry, Greg, Mark, and Laura. His sons Greg and Mark also became Delaware State Troopers.","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Former Representative Terry Spence (R)\". Dover, Delaware: Delaware General Assembly. Retrieved January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legis.delaware.gov/AssemblyMember/144/Spence","url_text":"\"Former Representative Terry Spence (R)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_Delaware","url_text":"Dover, Delaware"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Assembly","url_text":"Delaware General Assembly"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - New Castle County Council 06 Race - Nov 07, 1972\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?SetNow=Y&RaceID=872775","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - New Castle County Council 06 Race - Nov 07, 1972\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Voter's Self Defense System\".","urls":[{"url":"https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/5779/terry-spence","url_text":"\"The Voter's Self Defense System\""}]},{"reference":"\"State of Delaware General Election Official Results\". Office of the State Election Commissioner. Department of Elections. November 7, 2006. Retrieved January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://elections.delaware.gov/archive/elect06/elect06_general/html/elect06_general_office.shtml","url_text":"\"State of Delaware General Election Official Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"State of Delaware General Election Official Results\". Office of the State Election Commissioner. Department of Elections. November 4, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://elections.delaware.gov/archive/elect08/elect08_general_election/html/elect08_gen_office.shtml","url_text":"\"State of Delaware General Election Official Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"State of Delaware General Election Official Results\". Office of the State Election Commissioner. Department of Elections. November 2, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://elections.delaware.gov/archive/elect10/elect10_General/html/election.shtml","url_text":"\"State of Delaware General Election Official Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Results Archive\". Office of the State Election Commissioner. Department of Elections.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.delaware.gov/electionresults/election_archive.shtml","url_text":"\"Election Results Archive\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Terry+R.+Spence%22","external_links_name":"\"Terry R. Spence\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Terry+R.+Spence%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Terry+R.+Spence%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Terry+R.+Spence%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Terry+R.+Spence%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Terry+R.+Spence%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.legis.delaware.gov/AssemblyMember/144/Spence","external_links_name":"\"Former Representative Terry Spence (R)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?SetNow=Y&RaceID=872775","external_links_name":"\"Our Campaigns - New Castle County Council 06 Race - Nov 07, 1972\""},{"Link":"https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/5779/terry-spence","external_links_name":"\"The Voter's Self Defense System\""},{"Link":"http://elections.delaware.gov/archive/elect06/elect06_general/html/elect06_general_office.shtml","external_links_name":"\"State of Delaware General Election Official Results\""},{"Link":"http://elections.delaware.gov/archive/elect08/elect08_general_election/html/elect08_gen_office.shtml","external_links_name":"\"State of Delaware General Election Official Results\""},{"Link":"http://elections.delaware.gov/archive/elect10/elect10_General/html/election.shtml","external_links_name":"\"State of Delaware General Election Official Results\""},{"Link":"https://elections.delaware.gov/electionresults/election_archive.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Election Results Archive\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Sourdel	Dominique Sourdel	["1 Books","2 References"]	Dominique Sourdel (31 January 1921, Pont-Sainte-Maxence – 4 March 2014, Neuilly-sur-Seine) was a French historian who specialized in Medieval Islam. He was professor of the Paris-Sorbonne University. Books L'Islam (1949), PUF, Que sais-je? nº355, 2002, 21ª ed. aggiornata Sourdel, D. (1962). Islam. Translated by Scott, Douglas. New York: Walker. OCLC 17805950. Le vizirat abbasside de 749 à 936 (132 à 324 de l'Hégire), Damas, PIFD, 1959 La civilisation de l'islam classique, Arthaud « Les Grandes Civilisations », I ediz. 1968, con Janine Sourdel L'État impérial des califes abbassides, PUF, "Islamiques", 1999 Histoire des arabes (1976), PUF, « Que sais-je? », nº 1627, 2003 L'islam médiéval (1979), PUF, "Quadrige", 2005 Sourdel, D. (1983). Medieval Islam. Translated by Watt, Montgomery W. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-710-09453-7 – via the Internet Archive. Sourdel, Janine; Sourdel, Dominique (2004). Dictionnaire historique de l’islam. Quadrige dicos poche. Paris: PUF. p. 1056. ISBN 978-2-13-054536-1. Vocabulaire de l'islam (2002), PUF, « Que sais-je? » nº3653, 2002 con Janine Sourdel Certificats de pèlerinage d'époque ayyoubide. Contribution à l'histoire de l'idéologie de l'islam au temps des Croisades, Paris, AIBL, 2006 Sourdel, D.; Sourdel, J. (2007). A glossary of Islam. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-748-62138-5 – via Internet Archive. References ^ "Sourdel Dominique et Janine". IESR. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Latvia Australia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris-Sorbonne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"He was professor of the Paris-Sorbonne University.[1]","title":"Dominique Sourdel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Que sais-je?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Que_sais-je%3F"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17805950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17805950"},{"link_name":"Medieval Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/medievalislam0000sour"},{"link_name":"Watt, Montgomery W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt"},{"link_name":"Routledge & Kegan Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge_%26_Kegan_Paul"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-710-09453-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-710-09453-7"},{"link_name":"Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"PUF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_France"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-13-054536-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-054536-1"},{"link_name":"A glossary of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/glossaryofislam0000sour"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-748-62138-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-748-62138-5"}],"text":"L'Islam (1949), PUF, Que sais-je? nº355, 2002, 21ª ed. aggiornataSourdel, D. (1962). Islam. Translated by Scott, Douglas. New York: Walker. OCLC 17805950.Le vizirat abbasside de 749 à 936 (132 à 324 de l'Hégire), Damas, PIFD, 1959\nLa civilisation de l'islam classique, Arthaud « Les Grandes Civilisations », I ediz. 1968, con Janine Sourdel\nL'État impérial des califes abbassides, PUF, \"Islamiques\", 1999\nHistoire des arabes (1976), PUF, « Que sais-je? », nº 1627, 2003\nL'islam médiéval (1979), PUF, \"Quadrige\", 2005\nSourdel, D. (1983). Medieval Islam. Translated by Watt, Montgomery W. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-710-09453-7 – via the Internet Archive.\nSourdel, Janine; Sourdel, Dominique (2004). Dictionnaire historique de l’islam. Quadrige dicos poche. Paris: PUF. p. 1056. ISBN 978-2-13-054536-1.\nVocabulaire de l'islam (2002), PUF, « Que sais-je? » nº3653, 2002 con Janine Sourdel\nCertificats de pèlerinage d'époque ayyoubide. Contribution à l'histoire de l'idéologie de l'islam au temps des Croisades, Paris, AIBL, 2006\nSourdel, D.; Sourdel, J. (2007). A glossary of Islam. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-748-62138-5 – via Internet Archive.","title":"Books"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sourdel, D. (1962). Islam. Translated by Scott, Douglas. New York: Walker. OCLC 17805950.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17805950","url_text":"17805950"}]},{"reference":"Sourdel, D. (1983). Medieval Islam. Translated by Watt, Montgomery W. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-710-09453-7 – via the Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/medievalislam0000sour","url_text":"Medieval Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt","url_text":"Watt, Montgomery W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge_%26_Kegan_Paul","url_text":"Routledge & Kegan Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-710-09453-7","url_text":"978-0-710-09453-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Sourdel, Janine; Sourdel, Dominique (2004). Dictionnaire historique de l’islam. Quadrige dicos poche. Paris: PUF. p. 1056. ISBN 978-2-13-054536-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_France","url_text":"PUF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-054536-1","url_text":"978-2-13-054536-1"}]},{"reference":"Sourdel, D.; Sourdel, J. (2007). A glossary of Islam. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-748-62138-5 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/glossaryofislam0000sour","url_text":"A glossary of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press","url_text":"Edinburgh University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-748-62138-5","url_text":"978-0-748-62138-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Sourdel Dominique et Janine\". IESR. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208072019/http://www.iesr.ephe.sorbonne.fr/index.html?id=3696","url_text":"\"Sourdel Dominique et Janine\""},{"url":"http://www.iesr.ephe.sorbonne.fr/index.html?id=3696","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17805950","external_links_name":"17805950"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/medievalislam0000sour","external_links_name":"Medieval Islam"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/glossaryofislam0000sour","external_links_name":"A glossary of Islam"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208072019/http://www.iesr.ephe.sorbonne.fr/index.html?id=3696","external_links_name":"\"Sourdel Dominique et Janine\""},{"Link":"http://www.iesr.ephe.sorbonne.fr/index.html?id=3696","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/99059/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121400511","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/76323065","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvt7kBGXTfvXwkpHffpfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90316770","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1127277","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11925256n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11925256n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/135810221","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268384705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14835154","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82125230","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000087534&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35690690","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07081757X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810695805405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/33074","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/344259","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00898180?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd135810221.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1044214","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027145077","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_State_School	Hamilton State School	["1 History","2 Description","2.1 Block A, urban brick school building","2.2 Grounds","3 Heritage listing","4 References","4.1 Attribution","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 27°25′58″S 153°04′27″E / 27.4327°S 153.0741°E / -27.4327; 153.0741 Historic site in Queensland, AustraliaHamilton State SchoolBlock A and its garden forecourtLocationOxford Street, Hamilton, City of Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaCoordinates27°25′58″S 153°04′27″E / 27.4327°S 153.0741°E / -27.4327; 153.0741Design period1900–1914 (Early 20th century)Built1907 Queensland Heritage RegisterOfficial nameHamilton State SchoolTypestate heritageDesignated30 November 2018Reference no.650088TypeEducation, Research, Scientific Facility: School – state (primary)ThemeEducating Queenslanders: Providing primary schooling Location of Hamilton State School in Queensland Hamilton State School is a heritage-listed state school at Oxford Street, Hamilton, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1907. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 November 2018. History Hamilton State School, opened in 1907, is located in the riverside residential suburb of Hamilton, 6.3 kilometres (3.9 mi) north-east of Brisbane's central business district (CBD). The school is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture. It comprises an attractive urban brick school building (1907), set in landscaped grounds with mature trees, assembly and play areas, and sporting facilities. The school has a strong and ongoing association with the Hamilton community. Located within the traditional lands of the Turrbal people, the school site was part of more than 65 acres (26 ha) purchased from the New South Wales government in 1843 by Captain John Clements Wickham, the Government Resident in Brisbane until 1859. Subsequent to his death in 1864, his trustees subdivided the land and a "monster land sale" of the Wickham Estate at Hamilton was announced in the press in April 1885. Between December 1886 and March 1889, the 20 residential allotments that later formed the school site, totalling 2 acres (0.81 ha), were purchased by Henry Charles Cleeve, a commission agent. He was declared insolvent in 1891 and the property was transferred to Mary Jane Hampstead in 1892. The suburb of Hamilton, initially accessed via Eagle Farm Road (later Hamilton Road and now Kingsford Smith Drive) from the convict-built Breakfast Creek Bridge, was noted by the 1860s for its fine villas and gentlemen's estates sited on elevated land. The Queensland Turf Club established its racecourse nearby from 1863, and the Hamilton Hotel, which gave its name to the suburb, opened around that time. The availability of transport from the city made the area attractive for residential development, with much of it subdivided by 1895. The railway to Eagle Farm Racecourse opened on 3 September 1882. Horse-drawn bus and tram services to the city were also available, and in 1899 were replaced by an electric tram service terminating at the end of Racecourse Road. Hamilton was managed by the Toombul Divisional Board from 1883, but by 1890 became a separate division. With a population of 2660 by 1891, it became the Town of Hamilton by 1904. The closest state school for Hamilton residents was the Eagle Farm State School on Nudgee Road, which had operated since 1864. It was considered too distant from the growing population in the new subdivisions, and in poor condition. A request for a new school in the Eagle Farm-Hamilton area was made in 1899. Hampstead's land was purchased by the Department of Public Instruction in January 1900. Representatives of the Eagle Farm School Committee met with the Minister for Education to request a new school be built on this Hamilton property, financed by the sale of the existing Eagle Farm School. However, the Education Act 1875 required the community to provide one fifth of the cost of the school. By 1905, the committee had raised the required funds and plans for a brick building had been produced by the Department of Public Works (DPW); but construction did not proceed. In 1906, the head teacher at Eagle Farm State School advised that 70 per cent of students lived on the south side of the railway line and were walking long distances to school. When the government finally agreed to proceed with a school at Hamilton in May 1906, it was on the proviso that the Eagle Farm State School be closed. This did not occur and the latter remains operational as the Hendra State School, having been renamed in 1908. Tenders were called for a new brick school at Hamilton in July 1906. The successful tenderer was Alfred Henry Barltrop, a local builder who was on the Eagle Farm State School committee and had recently repaired that school. Barltrop's tender was for £1531. His brother William, also a builder, was secretary of the Hamilton School Committee, which organised local member Andrew Petrie, M.L.A. to officially open the new school and hoist the Union Jack on the school flagpole on 16 March 1907. The urban brick school building (now called Block A) constructed at Hamilton State School was individually designed by the DPW. Brick school buildings were built far less frequently than timber ones, only being provided in prosperous urban or suburban areas with stable or rapidly increasing populations. All brick school buildings were individually designed with variations in style, size, and form, but generally retained similar classroom sizes, layouts and window arrangements to timber schools, to facilitate natural light and ventilation. However, compared to contemporary standard education buildings, these buildings had a grander character and greater landmark attributes. Block A and the rear parade ground Block A provided accommodation for 243 pupils in two classrooms. The building was 80 by 25 feet (24.4 by 7.6 m) and built 7 feet (2.1 m) above the ground, with the area under the school asphalted as a play space. The brick walls were arched on the lower level allowing access to the undercroft. Verandahs on the east and west sides of the building were 10 feet (3.0 m) wide. Exterior walls were rough-cast rendered on the upper level, and plastered internally. The classrooms were separated by a glazed partition. The school grounds were fenced and there were four water tanks, one located beneath each corner of the building. The design of the school was described as combining the latest ideas in state schools and responding to the climate better than any other school in the state. It had an excellent system of lighting and ventilation, incorporating dormer windows and a prominent ventilation fleche. Teaching commenced at Hamilton State School on 19 March 1907 with 190 students enrolled. However, an inspection in 1916 showed that it was overcrowded, with children being taught on the verandahs and underneath the school building in a makeshift classroom. This was due to population growth. In the Hamilton Town Council area, the population increased by 81 per cent between 1911 and 1921. The school inspector suggested that the temporary classroom be converted into a permanent one by inserting windows into the walls to allow more light and provide shelter from westerly winds. Subsequently, in 1917 the southern end of the undercroft was partially enclosed to create a classroom for infants. Plans for an extension to the school were made, but never executed. Prior to 1940 the north end of the east verandah was enclosed to create a teachers room. Evidence for this teachers room is on a plan dated 1940, which shows that a partition to the "existing Teachers Room" in this location was to be removed to create a new hat room. Toilet blocks had been added to the site by 1930 with a girls block on the northern boundary and a boys block on the southern boundary. An important component of Queensland state schools was their grounds. The early and continuing commitment to play-based education, particularly in primary school, resulted in the provision of outdoor play space and sporting facilities, such as playing fields and tennis courts. Also, trees and gardens were planted to shade and beautify schools. Arbor Day celebrations began in Queensland in 1890. Aesthetically designed gardens were encouraged by regional inspectors, and educators believed gardening and Arbor Days instilled in young minds the value of hard work and activity, improved classroom discipline, developed aesthetic tastes, and inspired people to stay on the land. Mature trees on the eastern (Windsor Street) boundary Arbor Day was celebrated at Hamilton State School from at least 1912. By 1925 there were 39 trees planted in the school grounds including: Weeping figs (Ficus benjamina), Moreton Bay chestnuts (Castanospermum australe), Cocos or Queen palms (Syagrus romanzoffiana), Macadamia nut trees (Macadamia integrifolia), Camphor laurels (Cinnamomum camphora) and Candlenut trees (Aleurites moluccanus). Aerial photography dating from 1936 shows extensive tree planting along all boundary fences, except along the eastern half of the southern boundary. In July 1941 a pergola over the front steps of the school building was completed at a cost of £4. The commencement of the Pacific theatre of World War II (WWII) in December 1941, with its threat to Australia, resulted in the Queensland Government closing all coastal state schools in January 1942. Most schools, including Hamilton State School, reopened on 2 March 1942, but student attendance was optional until the war ended. Typically, schools were a focus for civilian duty during wartime. Students and staff members grew produce and flowers for donation to local hospitals and organised fundraising and the donation of useful items to Australian soldiers on active service. During 1943, male pupils at Hamilton State School cultivated vegetables and flowers in the school grounds, which were sold to raise money for the war effort, while female pupils knitted socks, mittens, and rugs for the Red Cross. Changes to the school were planned at the end of World War II. In February 1945, it was announced that sewerage would be installed and the classrooms remodelled. This work was funded during the 1945-46 financial year, at a cost of £4,046. It included dividing the two classrooms to create four; new hat room enclosures at the verandah ends; changes to the size and location of windows; and the construction of a new brick teachers room off the centre of the rear verandah, with a concrete floor underneath. Gas and electric lights were to be installed. A new male teachers lavatory and store room were built beneath the 1907 teachers room, and toilets for girls and female staff in the undercroft. The c. 1930 girls toilet block was demolished by May 1946, and the boys toilet block was replaced in the same location by May 1946. The Department of Public Instruction was largely unprepared for the enormous demand for state education between the late 1940s and the 1960s. This was a nation-wide occurrence resulting from immigration and the unprecedented population growth now termed the "baby boom". Queensland schools were overcrowded and, to cope, many new buildings were constructed and existing buildings were extended. A temporary building of two classrooms was constructed for the school during the 1949-50 financial year. A series of other temporary buildings were constructed on the school site, and later removed, as enrolments changed. A number of changes were made to the undercroft of the school building in the late 1970s, including enclosing beneath the east teachers room to create a health room (now a tuck shop), and the construction of a store room. Also in the 1970s, the native tree garden on the west (Oxford Street) side of the school building was planned and planted by students. In 2018, the boundary planting scheme from pre-1936 are largely retained along the eastern and western boundaries, and a mature leopard tree (Flindersia maculosa), planted by c. 1960 is located northeast of the interwar boys toilets. Throughout the school's existence, it has been the focus and site of community events. The school became the home of the Hamilton Progress Association, inaugurated in September 1907. The school grounds hosted a variety of carnivals and fetes to raise money for the School of Arts, St Augustine's Church and for the school, as well as school break-ups. Other early fundraising events held included a moonlight boat trip to the river mouth in 1908, and a fancy dress ball in 1913. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, fancy dress balls were held annually. This tradition recommenced c. 1949 and was maintained until the 1970s when they were suspended. Multipurpose court Other additions to the site have been made. Hamilton State School showed a strong interest in sport from early in its history, with a netball court on-site by July 1925 and a tennis court in situ by May 1930, both on the north side of the school building. Although sporting facilities were limited by the small size of the school's grounds, venues outside the school were used, for instance, in 1953 the school used the Hamilton Shift-workers Rugby League Club Oval at Hamilton. A parade ground was created east of the school building by 1967. The tennis court was converted to a multipurpose court by 1998. The site of the netball court gained a new purpose in 2012 when a federally funded library-administration block was constructed in the northwest corner of the site, adjacent to the tennis court. A preschool building has been added in the southwest of the grounds. Alterations to the classrooms and east verandah of Block A were carried out after October 1998. Two of the 1945 partitions were replaced with concertina screen doors; large openings were cut into the eastern classroom wall; and most of the east verandah was enclosed, however, in order to preserve the original timber balustrade, the walls were stepped back. The undercroft toilets were renovated and reconfigured in 2006. The infill walls enclosing the 1917 undercroft classroom (used as the Outside School Hours Care room in 2018) have been removed and replaced with new partitions and roller doors. In 2018, Hamilton State School continues to operate from its original site and has an enrolment of about 117 pupils. It retains an urban brick school building with beautiful attributes and streetscape presence; set in landscaped grounds with assembly and play areas, sporting facilities, and mature trees. The school is important to Hamilton, as a key social focus for the community, as generations of students have been taught there and many social events held in the school's grounds and buildings since its establishment. Description Hamilton State School is located at the eastern end of the Brisbane suburb of Hamilton, approximately 6.3 kilometres (3.9 mi) northeast of the city centre. It occupies a rectangular, 0.81-hectare (2.0-acre) site bounded by Oxford Street to the west and Windsor Street to the east, within a residential area on the south side of Doomben railway station. The site, accessed from Oxford Street, is beautified by mature trees lining the street boundaries, and the grounds include a forecourt, tennis court and rear parade ground. Block A (1907, urban brick school building) faces Oxford Street and is centrally located on the site. It is the only building at the school protected by the heritage listing. It includes the 1945 additions and alterations. Block A, urban brick school building Block A is a highset, brick and timber building with an undercroft. It contains four classrooms on the first floor linked by verandahs along the length of the east and west sides. Both verandahs have a centrally-located teachers room, and are accessed by two sets of timber stairs, positioned on either side of each teachers room. Parts of the undercroft are enclosed and contain store rooms, toilets, an Outside School Hours Care room, and a tuck shop. Grounds Mature Leopard tree in the southeast corner of the grounds The school has a tradition of boundary tree plantings and the grounds retain numerous mature trees, including weeping figs (Ficus benjamina) and camphor laurels (Cinnamomum camphora) along the Oxford Street boundary; and weeping figs, a Moreton Bay fig (Ficus macrophylla) and Moreton Bay chestnuts (Castanospermum australe) along the Windsor Street boundary. A mature leopard tree (Flindersia maculosa) stands in the south-eastern corner of the grounds. A multi-purpose sports court on the site of the original tennis court lies to the north of Block A. An open parade ground extends from the east (rear) side of Block A. On the west (front) side of Block A is a forecourt area that is landscaped with an established, 1970s scheme of gardens, trees and paths. The flat and largely open site allows attractive views of Block A from Oxford and Windsor streets, framed by trees. Heritage listing Hamilton State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 November 2018 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. Hamilton State School (established in 1907) is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture in Queensland. The place retains an excellent example of a Department of Public Works-designed school building that was an architectural response to prevailing government educational philosophies, set in landscaped grounds with provision of assembly and play areas, sporting facilities, and mature trees. The urban brick school building (Block A, 1907) represents years of experimentation with natural light, classroom size and ventilation by the Department of Public Works. It also demonstrates a growing preference in the early 20th century for constructing brick school buildings at metropolitan schools in developing suburbs. The suburban site with mature trees, and play and sporting facilities, demonstrates the importance of play and aesthetics in the education of children. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places. Hamilton State School is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a Queensland state school. These include: purpose-designed teaching buildings by the Department of Public Works that incorporate undercroft play areas, verandahs, and classrooms with high levels of natural light and ventilation; and landscaped sites with mature shade trees and assembly and play areas. Block A (1907) is an excellent, intact example of a purpose-designed urban brick school building in Queensland. It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type, which include: its highset form; linear layout, with classrooms and teachers rooms accessed by verandahs; undercrofts used as open play spaces; loadbearing, masonry construction, with face brick piers and arches to undercroft spaces; and stylistic features characteristic of its era of construction, which determined its roof form, decorative treatment and joinery. Typical of urban brick school buildings, it was built in a suburban area that was growing at the time of its construction. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. Block A (1907) is highly intact and has aesthetic significance for its beautiful attributes, through its symmetrical layout, elegant composition, decorative treatment, and high quality materials including face brick and roughcast render. The school is an attractive feature of the area and is significant for its streetscape contribution. Set back from the street behind a forecourt, Block A's setting is beautified by mature trees, which frame views of the school from Oxford and Windsor streets. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. Hamilton State School has a strong and ongoing association with former pupils, parents, staff members and the surrounding Hamilton community. Operating since 1907, generations of students have been taught at the school. The place is important for its contribution to the educational development of Hamilton and as a focus for the community. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al "Hamilton State School (entry 650088)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ Telegraph, 8 Apr 1885, p. 8. ^ "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cultural Heritage Map". Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships. Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018. ^ "Newstead House and Park (entry 600265)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ Telegraph, 18 Apr 1891, p. 2 ^ Land purchases: #19549007, #19549004,(to JC Wickham, 1843), Certificates of Title: #86000, #86001, Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy (DNRME), Certificates of Titles: #10636060, #10575241, #10743171, #10743168 ^ North Queensland Register, 13 Jul 1898, p. 21. ^ John Kerr, Triumph of Narrow Gauge, A History of Queensland Railways, Brisbane: Boolarong Publications, 1990, p. 75. ^ a b c "Hamilton". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ "Eagle Farm Racecourse and Ascot Railway Station (entry 602195)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ A.R. McKellar, McKellar's Official Map of Brisbane & suburbs, Surveyor-General's Office, Brisbane, 1895, sheet 3 ^ Kerr, Triumph of Narrow Gauge, p. 75 ^ "Hamilton Town Hall (entry 602444)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ Daily Mail, 3 Feb 1925, p. 12 ^ "Item ID14824, Hamilton No.1130 State School". Queensland State Archives. ^ DNRME, Certificate of Tile 86000, #10636060 ^ Brisbane Courier: 23 Jan 1900, p. 4 ^ 'Eagle Farm State School', Telegraph, 25 Jan 1902, p. 8 ^ Telegraph, 9 Nov 1905, p. 4 ^ Telegraph, 1 May 1906, p. 6 ^ Telegraph, 31 May 1906, p. 4 ^ Telegraph, 8 Nov 1924, p. 7. ^ Brisbane Courier, 9 Jul 1906, p. 5 ^ Telegraph: 15 Jul 1904, p. 16 ^ Telegraph, 25 Jan 1902, p.8 ^ Brisbane Courier, 8 Sep 1906, p. 4 ^ Brisbane Courier, 14 Mar 1907, p. 2 ^ Brisbane Courier, 18 March 1907, p. 9 ^ Paul Burmester, Margaret Pullar and Michael Kennedy, Queensland Schools A Heritage Conservation Study, a report for the Department of Education, 1996, pp. 18, 99 ^ "Item ID13693, Deputy Govt Architect, "Preliminary Estimate of Modified Plan - New State School Ascot", 9 May 1919". Queensland State Archives. ^ Burmester et al, Queensland Schools A Heritage Conservation Study, p. 103. ^ Brisbane Courier: 18 Mar 1907, p. 9, 25 Mar 1907, p. 4 ^ Department of Public Works (DPW) Annual Report to 30 Jun 1907, p. 4 ^ DPW plan, barcode 13149114, "Hamilton State School", site plan and first floor plan, c. 1906 (incorrectly dated 1944) ^ DPW plan, barcode 13149147, "Hamilton State School", elevations and sections, c. 1906 (incorrectly dated 1926). ^ Newitt, Hamilton State School Centenary, p. 8 ^ Project Services, p. 6 ^ DPW plan, barcode 13149092, "Proposed windows and flooring in basement", c. 1917 (incorrectly dated 1942). ^ DPW plan, barcode 13149136, "Remodelling and sewerage installation", Sheet no. 1, July 1940. ^ BCC, Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board, Detail Plan No 473, 1930. ^ Burmester et al, Queensland Schools: A Heritage Conservation Study, pp. 4, 48-9. ^ Newitt, Hamilton SS Centenary, p. 9. ^ QImagery, aerial photograph, Apr 1936, QAPADA00055725. ^ Newitt, Hamilton State School Centenary, p. 8. (since demolished) ^ Ronald Wood, Civil Defence In Queensland During World War II, 1993, p. 79 ^ 'Schools reopen some await shelter survey', The Courier Mail, 2 March 1942, p. 3 ^ Burmester et al, Queensland Schools A Heritage Conservation Study, pp. 64-5. ^ Brisbane Courier, 5 Oct 1927, p. 20 ^ Brisbane Courier, 16 Dec 1929, p. 15 ^ Courier Mail, 10 Jun 1943, p. 4. ^ DPW plan, barcode 13149136, "Remodelling and sewerage installation", Sheet no.1, July 1940 ^ Telegraph, 28 Feb 1945, p. 1 ^ Courier Mail, 29 Jul 1949, p. 6 ^ DPW, Annual Report to 30 Jun 1946, p. 11. ^ DPW plan, barcode 13149103, "Sewerage installation", June 1940, plan amended June 1944 ^ DPW plan barcode 13149048, "Remodelling and sewerage installation", Sheet no.2, July 1940 ^ Aerials: QImagery ADA00055725, 20 Apr1936-04-20 ^ QImagery, BCC000134898, 31 May 1946. ^ Project Services, Queensland Schools Heritage Study Part II Report, for Education Queensland, Jan 2008, pp. 28-31. ^ DPW, Annual Report to 30 Jun 1950, p.15 ^ Newitt, Hamilton State School Centenary, p. 8. ^ Project Services, Hamilton State School Report, p. 6 ^ DPW plan, barcode 11248281, "New health room under staff room", November 1977 ^ DPW plan, barcode 11248292, "New store under", October 1979. ^ Newitt, Hamilton SS Centenary, p. 46. ^ QImagery, aerial photograph, Dec 1960, QAP1090042. ^ Brisbane Courier, 17 Dec 1910, p. 2 ^ Brisbane Courier, 25 Oct 1912, p. 2 ^ 'Hamilton', Brisbane Courier, 16 Dec 1907, p. 5 ^ 'Hamilton State School', Daily Standard, 13 Dec 1915, p. 6 ^ 'Hamilton State School', The Daily Stardard, 15 Dec 1923, p.10 ^ 'Hamilton State School', Brisbane Courier, 17 Dec 1928, p.3 ^ 'Hamilton State School', Brisbane Courier, 16 Dec 1929, p.15 ^ 'Free Milk', Telegraph, 14 Dec 1935, p. 23. ^ 'Moonlight River Trip', Telegraph, 11 Apr 1908, p. 13 ^ 'Social and personal', Telegraph, 28 Jul 1913, p. 8. ^ 'Children's Ball Hamilton State School', Telegraph, 15 Sep 1927, p. 14 ^ Hamilton School Dance, Brisbane Courier, 14 Jun 1930, p. 25 ^ 'Hamilton School', Brisbane Courier, 27 Jun 1931, p. 20 ^ 'Children's Ball, Telegraph, 26 Jul 1932, p. 5 ^ 'Parties in Brief', The Courier-Mail, 31 May 1934, p. 19 ^ 'Hamilton SS Ball', Telegraph, 5 Jun 1936, p. 3 ^ 'Gay Fancy Costumes at School Balls', The Courier-Mail, 30 Oct 1937, p. 21. ^ Newitt, Hamilton SS Centenary, pp. 10-11. ^ 'Hamilton State School', Brisbane Courier, 16 Dec 1929, p. 15 ^ "Basketball", Brisbane Courier, 25 Jul 1925, p. 11 ^ Brisbane City Council, Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board, Detail Plan No 473, May 1930 ^ "Shiftworkers" Club Working hard on ground', The Courier-Mail, 17 Feb 1953, p. 7 ^ QImagery, aerial 5 Apr 1967, QAP182916. ^ QImagery, aerial 1998, QAP5500045. ^ pdArchitect in assoc. Niche Environment and Heritage, Hamilton SS Heritage Conservation Management Plan, 2018, p. 11. ^ DPW plan, barcode 15128916, "Classroom upgrade Block A", 9 October 1998 ^ DPW plan, barcode 21573959, "Toilet Alterations", "Existing/Demolition Plan", March 2006 ^ DPW plan, barcode 21573970, "Toilet Alterations", "Proposed Renovations", March 2006. Attribution This Wikipedia article was originally based on Hamilton State School, an entry in the Queensland Heritage Register published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 4.0 AU licence, accessed on 16 August 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hamilton State School. Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"City of Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Historic site in Queensland, AustraliaHamilton State School is a heritage-listed state school at Oxford Street, Hamilton, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1907. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 November 2018.[1]","title":"Hamilton State School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane's central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"evolution of state education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_state_education_in_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Turrbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turrbal"},{"link_name":"New South Wales government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government"},{"link_name":"John Clements Wickham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clements_Wickham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QHR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Kingsford Smith Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsford_Smith_Drive,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Breakfast Creek Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_Creek_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-3-8"},{"link_name":"Queensland Turf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Turf_Club"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Eagle Farm Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Farm_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"tram services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Racecourse Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racecourse_Road,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Toombul Divisional Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toombul_Divisional_Board"},{"link_name":"Town of Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_of_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr3-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Department of Public Instruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Public_Instruction_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"Department of Public Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_(Queensland)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-7-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Andrew Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Petrie"},{"link_name":"Union Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Jack"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-8-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-9-31"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamilton_State_School,_Block_A_and_the_rear_parade_ground,_from_the_southeast.jpg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-10-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-11-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-13-40"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Arbor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_Day"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-14-41"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamilton_State_School,_Mature_trees_on_the_eastern_(Windsor_Street)_boundary,_looking_south.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ficus benjamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_benjamina"},{"link_name":"Castanospermum australe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanospermum_australe"},{"link_name":"Syagrus romanzoffiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syagrus_romanzoffiana"},{"link_name":"Macadamia integrifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadamia_integrifolia"},{"link_name":"Cinnamomum camphora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora"},{"link_name":"Aleurites moluccanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-15-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-16-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-17-44"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"Pacific theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Queensland Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-18-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-19-47"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-20-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-21-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-22-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"baby boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_boomers"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-23-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-24-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"tuck shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuck_shop"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-25-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-26-65"},{"link_name":"Flindersia maculosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flindersia_maculosa"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-27-66"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-28-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-29-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-30-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-31-84"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamilton_State_School,_Multipurpose_court_looking_south.jpg"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-32-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-33-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-34-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-35-91"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-36-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Hamilton State School, opened in 1907, is located in the riverside residential suburb of Hamilton, 6.3 kilometres (3.9 mi) north-east of Brisbane's central business district (CBD). The school is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture. It comprises an attractive urban brick school building (1907), set in landscaped grounds with mature trees, assembly and play areas, and sporting facilities. The school has a strong and ongoing association with the Hamilton community.[1]Located within the traditional lands of the Turrbal people, the school site was part of more than 65 acres (26 ha) purchased from the New South Wales government in 1843 by Captain John Clements Wickham, the Government Resident in Brisbane until 1859. Subsequent to his death in 1864, his trustees subdivided the land and a \"monster land sale\" of the Wickham Estate at Hamilton was announced in the press in April 1885.[2] Between December 1886 and March 1889, the 20 residential allotments that later formed the school site, totalling 2 acres (0.81 ha), were purchased by Henry Charles Cleeve, a commission agent. He was declared insolvent in 1891 and the property was transferred to Mary Jane Hampstead in 1892.[3][4][5][6][7][1]The suburb of Hamilton, initially accessed via Eagle Farm Road (later Hamilton Road and now Kingsford Smith Drive) from the convict-built Breakfast Creek Bridge, was noted by the 1860s for its fine villas and gentlemen's estates sited on elevated land.[8] The Queensland Turf Club established its racecourse nearby from 1863, and the Hamilton Hotel, which gave its name to the suburb, opened around that time.[9][1]The availability of transport from the city made the area attractive for residential development, with much of it subdivided by 1895. The railway to Eagle Farm Racecourse opened on 3 September 1882. Horse-drawn bus and tram services to the city were also available, and in 1899 were replaced by an electric tram service terminating at the end of Racecourse Road.[10][11][12] Hamilton was managed by the Toombul Divisional Board from 1883, but by 1890 became a separate division. With a population of 2660 by 1891, it became the Town of Hamilton by 1904.[13][9][14][1]The closest state school for Hamilton residents was the Eagle Farm State School on Nudgee Road, which had operated since 1864. It was considered too distant from the growing population in the new subdivisions, and in poor condition. A request for a new school in the Eagle Farm-Hamilton area was made in 1899. Hampstead's land was purchased by the Department of Public Instruction in January 1900. Representatives of the Eagle Farm School Committee met with the Minister for Education to request a new school be built on this Hamilton property, financed by the sale of the existing Eagle Farm School. However, the Education Act 1875 required the community to provide one fifth of the cost of the school. By 1905, the committee had raised the required funds and plans for a brick building had been produced by the Department of Public Works (DPW); but construction did not proceed. In 1906, the head teacher at Eagle Farm State School advised that 70 per cent of students lived on the south side of the railway line and were walking long distances to school. When the government finally agreed to proceed with a school at Hamilton in May 1906, it was on the proviso that the Eagle Farm State School be closed. This did not occur and the latter remains operational as the Hendra State School, having been renamed in 1908.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][1]Tenders were called for a new brick school at Hamilton in July 1906. The successful tenderer was Alfred Henry Barltrop, a local builder who was on the Eagle Farm State School committee and had recently repaired that school. Barltrop's tender was for £1531. His brother William, also a builder, was secretary of the Hamilton School Committee, which organised local member Andrew Petrie, M.L.A. to officially open the new school and hoist the Union Jack on the school flagpole on 16 March 1907.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][1]The urban brick school building (now called Block A) constructed at Hamilton State School was individually designed by the DPW. Brick school buildings were built far less frequently than timber ones, only being provided in prosperous urban or suburban areas with stable or rapidly increasing populations. All brick school buildings were individually designed with variations in style, size, and form, but generally retained similar classroom sizes, layouts and window arrangements to timber schools, to facilitate natural light and ventilation. However, compared to contemporary standard education buildings, these buildings had a grander character and greater landmark attributes.[31][1]Block A and the rear parade groundBlock A provided accommodation for 243 pupils in two classrooms. The building was 80 by 25 feet (24.4 by 7.6 m) and built 7 feet (2.1 m) above the ground, with the area under the school asphalted as a play space. The brick walls were arched on the lower level allowing access to the undercroft. Verandahs on the east and west sides of the building were 10 feet (3.0 m) wide. Exterior walls were rough-cast rendered on the upper level, and plastered internally. The classrooms were separated by a glazed partition. The school grounds were fenced and there were four water tanks, one located beneath each corner of the building. The design of the school was described as combining the latest ideas in state schools and responding to the climate better than any other school in the state. It had an excellent system of lighting and ventilation, incorporating dormer windows and a prominent ventilation fleche.[32][33][34][35][1]Teaching commenced at Hamilton State School on 19 March 1907 with 190 students enrolled. However, an inspection in 1916 showed that it was overcrowded, with children being taught on the verandahs and underneath the school building in a makeshift classroom. This was due to population growth. In the Hamilton Town Council area, the population increased by 81 per cent between 1911 and 1921. The school inspector suggested that the temporary classroom be converted into a permanent one by inserting windows into the walls to allow more light and provide shelter from westerly winds. Subsequently, in 1917 the southern end of the undercroft was partially enclosed to create a classroom for infants. Plans for an extension to the school were made, but never executed.[36][37][9][38] Prior to 1940 the north end of the east verandah was enclosed to create a teachers room. Evidence for this teachers room is on a plan dated 1940, which shows that a partition to the \"existing Teachers Room\" in this location was to be removed to create a new hat room.[39][1]Toilet blocks had been added to the site by 1930 with a girls block on the northern boundary and a boys block on the southern boundary.[40][1]An important component of Queensland state schools was their grounds. The early and continuing commitment to play-based education, particularly in primary school, resulted in the provision of outdoor play space and sporting facilities, such as playing fields and tennis courts. Also, trees and gardens were planted to shade and beautify schools. Arbor Day celebrations began in Queensland in 1890. Aesthetically designed gardens were encouraged by regional inspectors, and educators believed gardening and Arbor Days instilled in young minds the value of hard work and activity, improved classroom discipline, developed aesthetic tastes, and inspired people to stay on the land.[41][1]Mature trees on the eastern (Windsor Street) boundaryArbor Day was celebrated at Hamilton State School from at least 1912. By 1925 there were 39 trees planted in the school grounds including: Weeping figs (Ficus benjamina), Moreton Bay chestnuts (Castanospermum australe), Cocos or Queen palms (Syagrus romanzoffiana), Macadamia nut trees (Macadamia integrifolia), Camphor laurels (Cinnamomum camphora) and Candlenut trees (Aleurites moluccanus).[42] Aerial photography dating from 1936 shows extensive tree planting along all boundary fences, except along the eastern half of the southern boundary.[43] In July 1941 a pergola over the front steps of the school building was completed at a cost of £4.[44][1]The commencement of the Pacific theatre of World War II (WWII) in December 1941, with its threat to Australia, resulted in the Queensland Government closing all coastal state schools in January 1942. Most schools, including Hamilton State School, reopened on 2 March 1942, but student attendance was optional until the war ended.[45][46][1]Typically, schools were a focus for civilian duty during wartime. Students and staff members grew produce and flowers for donation to local hospitals and organised fundraising and the donation of useful items to Australian soldiers on active service.[47] During 1943, male pupils at Hamilton State School cultivated vegetables and flowers in the school grounds, which were sold to raise money for the war effort, while female pupils knitted socks, mittens, and rugs for the Red Cross.[48][49][50][1]Changes to the school were planned at the end of World War II. In February 1945, it was announced that sewerage would be installed and the classrooms remodelled. This work was funded during the 1945-46 financial year, at a cost of £4,046. It included dividing the two classrooms to create four; new hat room enclosures at the verandah ends; changes to the size and location of windows; and the construction of a new brick teachers room off the centre of the rear verandah, with a concrete floor underneath. Gas and electric lights were to be installed.[51][52][53][54] A new male teachers lavatory and store room were built beneath the 1907 teachers room, and toilets for girls and female staff in the undercroft. The c. 1930 girls toilet block was demolished by May 1946, and the boys toilet block was replaced in the same location by May 1946.[55][56][57][58][1]The Department of Public Instruction was largely unprepared for the enormous demand for state education between the late 1940s and the 1960s. This was a nation-wide occurrence resulting from immigration and the unprecedented population growth now termed the \"baby boom\". Queensland schools were overcrowded and, to cope, many new buildings were constructed and existing buildings were extended.[59] A temporary building of two classrooms was constructed for the school during the 1949-50 financial year. A series of other temporary buildings were constructed on the school site, and later removed, as enrolments changed.[60][61][1]A number of changes were made to the undercroft of the school building in the late 1970s, including enclosing beneath the east teachers room to create a health room (now a tuck shop), and the construction of a store room.[62][63][64][1]Also in the 1970s, the native tree garden on the west (Oxford Street) side of the school building was planned and planted by students.[65] In 2018, the boundary planting scheme from pre-1936 are largely retained along the eastern and western boundaries, and a mature leopard tree (Flindersia maculosa), planted by c. 1960 is located northeast of the interwar boys toilets.[66][1]Throughout the school's existence, it has been the focus and site of community events. The school became the home of the Hamilton Progress Association, inaugurated in September 1907. The school grounds hosted a variety of carnivals and fetes to raise money for the School of Arts, St Augustine's Church and for the school, as well as school break-ups.[67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74] Other early fundraising events held included a moonlight boat trip to the river mouth in 1908, and a fancy dress ball in 1913.[75][76] Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, fancy dress balls were held annually.[77][78][79][80][81][82][83] This tradition recommenced c. 1949 and was maintained until the 1970s when they were suspended.[84][1]Multipurpose courtOther additions to the site have been made. Hamilton State School showed a strong interest in sport from early in its history, with a netball court on-site by July 1925 and a tennis court in situ by May 1930, both on the north side of the school building.[85][86][87] Although sporting facilities were limited by the small size of the school's grounds, venues outside the school were used, for instance, in 1953 the school used the Hamilton Shift-workers Rugby League Club Oval at Hamilton.[88] A parade ground was created east of the school building by 1967.[89] The tennis court was converted to a multipurpose court by 1998.[90] The site of the netball court gained a new purpose in 2012 when a federally funded library-administration block was constructed in the northwest corner of the site, adjacent to the tennis court.[91] A preschool building has been added in the southwest of the grounds.[1]Alterations to the classrooms and east verandah of Block A were carried out after October 1998. Two of the 1945 partitions were replaced with concertina screen doors; large openings were cut into the eastern classroom wall; and most of the east verandah was enclosed, however, in order to preserve the original timber balustrade, the walls were stepped back. The undercroft toilets were renovated and reconfigured in 2006. The infill walls enclosing the 1917 undercroft classroom (used as the Outside School Hours Care room in 2018) have been removed and replaced with new partitions and roller doors.[92][93][94][1]In 2018, Hamilton State School continues to operate from its original site and has an enrolment of about 117 pupils. It retains an urban brick school building with beautiful attributes and streetscape presence; set in landscaped grounds with assembly and play areas, sporting facilities, and mature trees. The school is important to Hamilton, as a key social focus for the community, as generations of students have been taught there and many social events held in the school's grounds and buildings since its establishment.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doomben railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomben_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Hamilton State School is located at the eastern end of the Brisbane suburb of Hamilton, approximately 6.3 kilometres (3.9 mi) northeast of the city centre. It occupies a rectangular, 0.81-hectare (2.0-acre) site bounded by Oxford Street to the west and Windsor Street to the east, within a residential area on the south side of Doomben railway station. The site, accessed from Oxford Street, is beautified by mature trees lining the street boundaries, and the grounds include a forecourt, tennis court and rear parade ground.[1]Block A (1907, urban brick school building) faces Oxford Street and is centrally located on the site. It is the only building at the school protected by the heritage listing. It includes the 1945 additions and alterations.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"undercroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercroft"},{"link_name":"verandahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranda"},{"link_name":"stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"sub_title":"Block A, urban brick school building","text":"Block A is a highset, brick and timber building with an undercroft. It contains four classrooms on the first floor linked by verandahs along the length of the east and west sides. Both verandahs have a centrally-located teachers room, and are accessed by two sets of timber stairs, positioned on either side of each teachers room. Parts of the undercroft are enclosed and contain store rooms, toilets, an Outside School Hours Care room, and a tuck shop.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamilton_State_School,_Mature_Leopard_tree_in_the_southeast_corner_of_the_grounds.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ficus macrophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_macrophylla"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"sub_title":"Grounds","text":"Mature Leopard tree in the southeast corner of the groundsThe school has a tradition of boundary tree plantings and the grounds retain numerous mature trees, including weeping figs (Ficus benjamina) and camphor laurels (Cinnamomum camphora) along the Oxford Street boundary; and weeping figs, a Moreton Bay fig (Ficus macrophylla) and Moreton Bay chestnuts (Castanospermum australe) along the Windsor Street boundary. A mature leopard tree (Flindersia maculosa) stands in the south-eastern corner of the grounds.[1]A multi-purpose sports court on the site of the original tennis court lies to the north of Block A. An open parade ground extends from the east (rear) side of Block A. On the west (front) side of Block A is a forecourt area that is landscaped with an established, 1970s scheme of gardens, trees and paths.[1]The flat and largely open site allows attractive views of Block A from Oxford and Windsor streets, framed by trees.[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-1"}],"text":"Hamilton State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 November 2018 having satisfied the following criteria.[1]The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.Hamilton State School (established in 1907) is important in demonstrating the evolution of state education and its associated architecture in Queensland. The place retains an excellent example of a Department of Public Works-designed school building that was an architectural response to prevailing government educational philosophies, set in landscaped grounds with provision of assembly and play areas, sporting facilities, and mature trees.[1]The urban brick school building (Block A, 1907) represents years of experimentation with natural light, classroom size and ventilation by the Department of Public Works. It also demonstrates a growing preference in the early 20th century for constructing brick school buildings at metropolitan schools in developing suburbs.[1]The suburban site with mature trees, and play and sporting facilities, demonstrates the importance of play and aesthetics in the education of children.[1]The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.Hamilton State School is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a Queensland state school. These include: purpose-designed teaching buildings by the Department of Public Works that incorporate undercroft play areas, verandahs, and classrooms with high levels of natural light and ventilation; and landscaped sites with mature shade trees and assembly and play areas.[1]Block A (1907) is an excellent, intact example of a purpose-designed urban brick school building in Queensland. It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type, which include: its highset form; linear layout, with classrooms and teachers rooms accessed by verandahs; undercrofts used as open play spaces; loadbearing, masonry construction, with face brick piers and arches to undercroft spaces; and stylistic features characteristic of its era of construction, which determined its roof form, decorative treatment and joinery. Typical of urban brick school buildings, it was built in a suburban area that was growing at the time of its construction.[1]The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.Block A (1907) is highly intact and has aesthetic significance for its beautiful attributes, through its symmetrical layout, elegant composition, decorative treatment, and high quality materials including face brick and roughcast render.[1]The school is an attractive feature of the area and is significant for its streetscape contribution. Set back from the street behind a forecourt, Block A's setting is beautified by mature trees, which frame views of the school from Oxford and Windsor streets.[1]The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.Hamilton State School has a strong and ongoing association with former pupils, parents, staff members and the surrounding Hamilton community. Operating since 1907, generations of students have been taught at the school. The place is important for its contribution to the educational development of Hamilton and as a focus for the community.[1]","title":"Heritage listing"}]	[{"image_text":"Block A and the rear parade ground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hamilton_State_School%2C_Block_A_and_the_rear_parade_ground%2C_from_the_southeast.jpg/220px-Hamilton_State_School%2C_Block_A_and_the_rear_parade_ground%2C_from_the_southeast.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mature trees on the eastern (Windsor Street) boundary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Hamilton_State_School%2C_Mature_trees_on_the_eastern_%28Windsor_Street%29_boundary%2C_looking_south.jpg/220px-Hamilton_State_School%2C_Mature_trees_on_the_eastern_%28Windsor_Street%29_boundary%2C_looking_south.jpg"},{"image_text":"Multipurpose court","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hamilton_State_School%2C_Multipurpose_court_looking_south.jpg/220px-Hamilton_State_School%2C_Multipurpose_court_looking_south.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mature Leopard tree in the southeast corner of the grounds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hamilton_State_School%2C_Mature_Leopard_tree_in_the_southeast_corner_of_the_grounds.jpg/220px-Hamilton_State_School%2C_Mature_Leopard_tree_in_the_southeast_corner_of_the_grounds.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Hamilton State School (entry 650088)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=650088","url_text":"\"Hamilton State School (entry 650088)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cultural Heritage Map\". Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships. Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://culturalheritage.datsip.qld.gov.au/achris/public/public-registry/home","url_text":"\"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cultural Heritage Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180319052747/https://culturalheritage.datsip.qld.gov.au/achris/public/public-registry/home","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Newstead House and Park (entry 600265)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600265","url_text":"\"Newstead House and Park (entry 600265)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Hamilton\". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://queenslandplaces.com.au/hamilton","url_text":"\"Hamilton\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210315231901/https://queenslandplaces.com.au/hamilton","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eagle Farm Racecourse and Ascot Railway Station (entry 602195)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=602195","url_text":"\"Eagle Farm Racecourse and Ascot Railway Station (entry 602195)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Hamilton Town Hall (entry 602444)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=602444","url_text":"\"Hamilton Town Hall (entry 602444)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Item ID14824, Hamilton No.1130 State School\". Queensland State Archives.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/Search/ItemDetails.aspx?ItemId=14824","url_text":"\"Item ID14824, Hamilton No.1130 State School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_State_Archives","url_text":"Queensland State Archives"}]},{"reference":"\"Item ID13693, Deputy Govt Architect, \"Preliminary Estimate of Modified Plan - New State School Ascot\", 9 May 1919\". Queensland State Archives.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/Search/ItemDetails.aspx?ItemId=13693","url_text":"\"Item ID13693, Deputy Govt Architect, \"Preliminary Estimate of Modified Plan - New State School Ascot\", 9 May 1919\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_State_Archives","url_text":"Queensland State Archives"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamilton_State_School&params=27.4327_S_153.0741_E_region:AU-QLD_type:edu","external_links_name":"27°25′58″S 153°04′27″E / 27.4327°S 153.0741°E / -27.4327; 153.0741"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hamilton_State_School&params=27.4327_S_153.0741_E_region:AU-QLD_type:edu","external_links_name":"27°25′58″S 153°04′27″E / 27.4327°S 153.0741°E / -27.4327; 153.0741"},{"Link":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=650088","external_links_name":"\"Hamilton State School (entry 650088)\""},{"Link":"https://culturalheritage.datsip.qld.gov.au/achris/public/public-registry/home","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cultural Heritage Map\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180319052747/https://culturalheritage.datsip.qld.gov.au/achris/public/public-registry/home","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600265","external_links_name":"\"Newstead House and Park (entry 600265)\""},{"Link":"http://queenslandplaces.com.au/hamilton","external_links_name":"\"Hamilton\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210315231901/https://queenslandplaces.com.au/hamilton","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=602195","external_links_name":"\"Eagle Farm Racecourse and Ascot Railway Station (entry 602195)\""},{"Link":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=602444","external_links_name":"\"Hamilton Town Hall (entry 602444)\""},{"Link":"http://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/Search/ItemDetails.aspx?ItemId=14824","external_links_name":"\"Item ID14824, Hamilton No.1130 State School\""},{"Link":"http://www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/Search/ItemDetails.aspx?ItemId=13693","external_links_name":"\"Item ID13693, Deputy Govt Architect, \"Preliminary Estimate of Modified Plan - New State School Ascot\", 9 May 1919\""},{"Link":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=650088","external_links_name":"Hamilton State School"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/au/","external_links_name":"CC-BY 4.0 AU"},{"Link":"https://hamiltonss.eq.edu.au/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_E._Silverman	Mark E. Silverman	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Emory University Hospital","2.2 Piedmont Hospital","2.3 Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine","3 Honors and awards","4 Personal and family","5 Death and legacy","6 Selected publications","6.1 Books","6.2 Articles","7 References"]	American cardiologist Mark Edwin SilvermanMD MACP FRCP FACCBornJune 21, 1939Springfield, Ohio, USDiedNovember 12, 2008(2008-11-12) (aged 69)NationalityAmericanOccupationPhysicianKnown for Founding cardiology program at Piedmont Hospital President of the American Osler Society (2000-2001) medical photography Medical careerProfession Cardiologist Medical historian InstitutionsPiedmont HospitalSub-specialtiesCardiology Mark Edwin Silverman MD MACP FRCP FACC (June 21, 1939 – November 12, 2008), was an American cardiologist, medical historian, medical educator and author of more than 200 medical articles and a number of books, who founded the cardiology program at Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. Between 1966 and 1968, at the request of John Willis Hurst, he became a cardiology fellow at the Emory University in Atlanta. His interest in medical photographs led him to produce more than 24 articles on the value of images in the diagnosis of a number of diseases. In 1968, he co-authored an article with Hurst, titled The Hand and the Heart, illustrated with clinical pictures of findings in the hands of people with cardiovascular disease. They demonstrated, using a "Sherlock Holmesian approach", how the condition of the heart might be revealed by clues in the hands. The article made international headlines. In 1970, a faculty position at Piedmont Hospital was created for him by Hurst, and Silverman subsequently established its first cardiology program. Eight years later, he was made professor at Emory. At Piedmont, he also created one of America's earliest patient education libraries, started programs to help people learn about heart disease and its prevention, and for over 25 years directed Piedmont's coronary care unit. He made significant contributions to a number of books including British Cardiology in the 20th Century (2000), a collection of 867 quotations by Sir William Osler in The Quotable Osler (2002) and J. Willis Hurst: His Life and Teachings (2007). In 1979, Silverman became president of the Georgia Chapter of the American Heart Association. In 2000 he was elected president of the American Osler Society, and in 2001 his work in British medical history was rewarded with a fellowship of the Royal Society of Medicine. The Mark E. Silverman Endowed Chair in Cardiology and Education was established in his name. Early life and education Mark Silverman was born on June 21, 1939, in Springfield, Ohio. His father was a grocer. In 1959, he graduated from Ohio State University and then gained admission to the School of Medicine at the University of Chicago. In between his junior and senior years at medical school, during one summer, he attended Guy's Hospital in London, where he became interested in both clinical signs and the history of medicine. He received his MD in 1963 and returned to Ohio State to complete his internship and residency. Here, he was inspired to pursue a career in the specialty of cardiology by cardiac catheterisation pioneer James V. Warren and academic cardiologist John Willis Hurst, who was a visiting professor at Ohio State and the chief of medicine at Emory University in Atlanta. Career Emory University Hospital Emory University Hospital Front Entrance Silverman became interested in medical photography and produced a collection which drove him to publish more than 24 articles on the value of images in the diagnosis of a number of diseases. Between 1966 and 1968, at the request of Hurst, he became a cardiology fellow at the Emory University in Atlanta. In 1968, he wrote two articles with Hurst, one called "The mitral complex: Interaction of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the mitral annulus, mitral valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles" and the other titled "The Hand and the Heart", a topic Silverman also presented to the Laennec Society of the American Heart Association. The article was illustrated with 24 pictures of findings in the hands of people with cardiovascular disease. They demonstrated, using what they described as a "Sherlock Holmesian approach", how the condition of the heart might be revealed by clues in the hands. He begins with a quote from Arthur Conan Doyle's A Study in Scarlet (1887): Let him, on meeting a fellow-mortal, learn at a glance to distinguish the history of the man, and the trade or profession to which he belongs. Puerile as such an exercise may seem, it sharpens the faculties of observation, and teaches one where to look and what to look for. By a man's finger-nails, by his coat-sleeve, by his boots, by his trouser-knees, by the callosities of his forefinger and thumb, by his expression, by his shirt-cuffs – by each of these things a man's calling is plainly revealed. That all united should fail to enlighten the competent inquirer in any case is almost inconceivable. It made international headlines. Subsequently, Silverman co-authored a section on inspection in the second edition (1970) of Hurst's classic cardiology textbook The Heart. He remained affiliated with the Emory for the rest of his medical career, teaching students, nurses and residents. Piedmont Hospital After spending two years in the United States Air Force, Silverman returned to a faculty position in 1970, which was created for him by Hurst, and Silverman subsequently founded the cardiology programme at Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. Hurst later recounted: We rotated cardiology fellows through Piedmont Hospital for twenty-five years. The experience they gained there was rewarding, as they learned a great deal from Silverman and other physicians. I never had a trainee who did not think more of the subject and the profession after working with Silverman. He was the only consultant cardiologist at the Piedmont for eight years, during which time he was responsible for the cardiac stress test, echocardiography and electrophysiology units, and the cardiac rehabilitation and exercise centre. By 1978, he was a full professor at the Emory and became involved in the founding of a number cardiology services at Piedmont. He was an advocate of preventive medicine and founded the Nicholas E. Davies Community Health Information Center, one of America's first libraries for patient education. In 1980, he published Heart attack, what's ahead? A manual for patient/consumer health education, a booklet for people with coronary heart disease that sold millions of copies, the royalties from which went to the American Heart Association. In 1991, he was appointed founding chief of the Fuqua Heart Center at Piedmont. He directed Piedmont's coronary care unit for over 25 years. Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine Wellcome Building In 1998, Silverman became an academic fellow at the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine in London, where he spent six months researching and writing a book titled British Cardiology in the 20th Century, for which he was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians. Silverman authored a number of articles, chapters and five books. These included papers on British cardiologists, such as Paul Wood, inspired by his time at the Wellcome in London. In 2003, he co-authored a collection of 867 quotations by Sir William Osler in The Quotable Osler. The influence of history also meant that when teaching new medical students, he would incorporate history of medicine by dressing as William Harvey and then read from De Motu Cordis. Honors and awards In 1979, he became president of the Georgia Chapter of the American Heart Association and in 1986, received the Georgia Governor's Award in the Humanities. Silverman was governor of the Georgia Chapter of the American College of Physicians (ACP) between 1995 and 1999 and was elected president of the American Osler Society for 2000–2001, and for both these organisations, he designed their ties. In 2001, his work in British medical history was rewarded with a fellowship of the Royal Society of Medicine. In Atlanta, Silverman founded its Forum of Cardiology, Medical History Society and its Echocardiographic Society. Personal and family In 1969, Silverman married Diana Howard. They have two sons, Joel and Adam. Death and legacy In his final years, Silverman had been suffering with a rare disease of nerves, which caused him disturbing nerve sensations including the feelings of excessive heat and electric impulses. He described these symptoms as "like being in a vat of boiling oil, plus electric shocks" and found it notable that he "who had such an interest in teaching about rare diseases, would have such a rare disease that no neurologist had ever seen". He died unexpectedly on November 12, 2008. The Mark E. Silverman Endowed Chair in Cardiology and Education was established in his name, and a tribute is held at Piedmont Heart every year. The Mark Silverman award is presented to a physician involved in the Georgia Chapter of the ACP who "has demonstrated excellence in bedside skills and teaching" and "served as an inspiration for younger physicians to advance their knowledge and training in medicine." Selected publications Silverman authored more than 200 medical articles and a number of books. Books Electrocardiography, basic concepts and clinical application. Co-authored with Robert J Myerburg and J Willis Hurst. New York : McGraw-Hill, (1983). OCLC 558440712 Clinical skills for adult primary care. Co-authored with J Willis Hurst. Philadelphia : Lippincott-Raven (1996). ISBN 9780781703277 British Cardiology in the 20th Century. Co-edited with Peter R. Fleming, Arthur Hollman, Desmond G. Julian and Dennis M. Krikler. Springer (2000). ISBN 9781447111993 The quotable Osler. William Osler. Co-authored with Charles S. Bryan and T. J. Murray. Philadelphia : American College of Physicians (2002). ISBN 9781930513341 J. Willis Hurst: His Life and Teachings. Co-authored with W. Bruce Fye and N. J. Mahwah, (2007). Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science. ISBN 978-0-615-13546-5 Articles "The hand and the heart". Co-authored with J. Willis Hurst. The American Journal of Cardiology. November 1968 Vol.22, Issue 5, Pages 718–728. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(68)90211-7 "The mitral complex. Interaction of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the mitral annulus, mitral valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles". Co-authored with Hurst. American Heart Journal (1968) Sep;76(3):399-418. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(68)90237-8 "Profiles in Cardiology; Charles J. B. Williams: English Pioneer in Auscultation". Clinical Cardiology (2007). Vol.30, pp. 532–534. doi:10.1002/clc.20148. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cantwell, John D (2008). "Munks Roll Details for Mark Edwin Silverman". munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk. Retrieved August 9, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Fye, W. Bruce (2009). "Mark E. Silverman, MD, MACP, FRCP, FACC". Clinical Cardiology. 32 (4): 226–228. doi:10.1002/clc.20485. ISSN 1932-8737. PMC 6653325. PMID 19353706. ^ "Cardiology: The Heart & the Hand". Time. March 8, 1968. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved August 9, 2019. ^ Silverman, Mark E., "The Hand and the Heart". The American Journal of Cardiology November 1968, Vol.22 ^ Woods, David (February 1, 2003). "The Quotable Osler". British Medical Journal. 326 (7383): 289. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7383.289. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1125152. ^ Cooper, S M (August 8, 2003). "The Quotable Osler". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 96 (8): 419. doi:10.1177/014107680309600822. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 539583. ^ Graner, John L. (September 1, 2003). "The Quotable Osler". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 78 (9): 1192. doi:10.4065/78.9.1190-a. ISSN 0025-6196. ^ "History of the American Osler Society \| American Osler Society". www.americanosler.org. Retrieved August 2, 2019. ^ "Silverman Visiting Professorship". www.piedmont.org. Retrieved August 2, 2019. ^ "Description of Awards - Mark Silverman Award" (PDF). acponline. Retrieved August 7, 2019. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_medicine"},{"link_name":"MACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"FRCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"FACC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_American_College_of_Cardiology"},{"link_name":"cardiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiologist"},{"link_name":"medical historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_historian"},{"link_name":"Piedmont Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"John Willis Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Willis_Hurst"},{"link_name":"Emory University in Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"medical photographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_photography"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmesian approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Piedmont Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Sir William Osler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Osler"},{"link_name":"American Heart Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association"},{"link_name":"American Osler Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Osler_Society"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Medicine"}],"text":"Mark Edwin Silverman MD MACP FRCP FACC (June 21, 1939 – November 12, 2008), was an American cardiologist, medical historian, medical educator and author of more than 200 medical articles and a number of books, who founded the cardiology program at Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia.Between 1966 and 1968, at the request of John Willis Hurst, he became a cardiology fellow at the Emory University in Atlanta. His interest in medical photographs led him to produce more than 24 articles on the value of images in the diagnosis of a number of diseases. In 1968, he co-authored an article with Hurst, titled The Hand and the Heart, illustrated with clinical pictures of findings in the hands of people with cardiovascular disease. They demonstrated, using a \"Sherlock Holmesian approach\", how the condition of the heart might be revealed by clues in the hands. The article made international headlines.In 1970, a faculty position at Piedmont Hospital was created for him by Hurst, and Silverman subsequently established its first cardiology program. Eight years later, he was made professor at Emory. At Piedmont, he also created one of America's earliest patient education libraries, started programs to help people learn about heart disease and its prevention, and for over 25 years directed Piedmont's coronary care unit.He made significant contributions to a number of books including British Cardiology in the 20th Century (2000), a collection of 867 quotations by Sir William Osler in The Quotable Osler (2002) and J. Willis Hurst: His Life and Teachings (2007).In 1979, Silverman became president of the Georgia Chapter of the American Heart Association. In 2000 he was elected president of the American Osler Society, and in 2001 his work in British medical history was rewarded with a fellowship of the Royal Society of Medicine. The Mark E. Silverman Endowed Chair in Cardiology and Education was established in his name.","title":"Mark E. Silverman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Springfield, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Guy's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"history of medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine"},{"link_name":"MD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"cardiac catheterisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_catheterisation"},{"link_name":"James V. Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_V._Warren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Willis Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Willis_Hurst"},{"link_name":"Emory University in Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"}],"text":"Mark Silverman was born on June 21, 1939, in Springfield, Ohio.[1] His father was a grocer. In 1959, he graduated from Ohio State University and then gained admission to the School of Medicine at the University of Chicago. In between his junior and senior years at medical school, during one summer, he attended Guy's Hospital in London, where he became interested in both clinical signs and the history of medicine. He received his MD in 1963 and returned to Ohio State to complete his internship and residency. Here, he was inspired to pursue a career in the specialty of cardiology by cardiac catheterisation pioneer James V. Warren and academic cardiologist John Willis Hurst, who was a visiting professor at Ohio State and the chief of medicine at Emory University in Atlanta.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emory_University_Hospital_Front_Entrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"medical photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_photography"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"},{"link_name":"American Heart Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmesian approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time1968-3"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"A Study in Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Study_in_Scarlet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"},{"link_name":"The Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurst%27s_the_Heart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"}],"sub_title":"Emory University Hospital","text":"Emory University Hospital Front EntranceSilverman became interested in medical photography and produced a collection which drove him to publish more than 24 articles on the value of images in the diagnosis of a number of diseases. Between 1966 and 1968, at the request of Hurst, he became a cardiology fellow at the Emory University in Atlanta.[2]In 1968, he wrote two articles with Hurst, one called \"The mitral complex: Interaction of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the mitral annulus, mitral valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles\" and the other titled \"The Hand and the Heart\", a topic Silverman also presented to the Laennec Society of the American Heart Association.[2] The article was illustrated with 24 pictures of findings in the hands of people with cardiovascular disease.[2] They demonstrated, using what they described as a \"Sherlock Holmesian approach\",[1] how the condition of the heart might be revealed by clues in the hands.[3] He begins with a quote from Arthur Conan Doyle's A Study in Scarlet (1887):Let him, on meeting a fellow-mortal, learn at a glance to distinguish the history of the man, and the trade or profession to which he belongs. Puerile as such an exercise may seem, it sharpens the faculties of observation, and teaches one where to look and what to look for. By a man's finger-nails, by his coat-sleeve, by his boots, by his trouser-knees, by the callosities of his forefinger and thumb, by his expression, by his shirt-cuffs – by each of these things a man's calling is plainly revealed. That all united should fail to enlighten the competent inquirer in any case is almost inconceivable.[4]It made international headlines.[1] Subsequently, Silverman co-authored a section on inspection in the second edition (1970) of Hurst's classic cardiology textbook The Heart. He remained affiliated with the Emory for the rest of his medical career, teaching students, nurses and residents.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"},{"link_name":"Piedmont Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"},{"link_name":"cardiac stress test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test"},{"link_name":"echocardiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echocardiography"},{"link_name":"electrophysiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_electrophysiology"},{"link_name":"cardiac rehabilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_rehabilitation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"},{"link_name":"preventive medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_medicine"},{"link_name":"coronary heart disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease"},{"link_name":"American Heart Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"}],"sub_title":"Piedmont Hospital","text":"After spending two years in the United States Air Force,[1] Silverman returned to a faculty position in 1970, which was created for him by Hurst, and Silverman subsequently founded the cardiology programme at Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia.[1][2] Hurst later recounted:We rotated cardiology fellows through Piedmont Hospital for twenty-five years. The experience they gained there was rewarding, as they learned a great deal from Silverman and other physicians. I never had a trainee who did not think more of the subject and the profession after working with Silverman.[2]He was the only consultant cardiologist at the Piedmont for eight years, during which time he was responsible for the cardiac stress test, echocardiography and electrophysiology units, and the cardiac rehabilitation and exercise centre.[1]By 1978, he was a full professor at the Emory and became involved in the founding of a number cardiology services at Piedmont. He was an advocate of preventive medicine and founded the Nicholas E. Davies Community Health Information Center, one of America's first libraries for patient education. In 1980, he published Heart attack, what's ahead? A manual for patient/consumer health education, a booklet for people with coronary heart disease that sold millions of copies, the royalties from which went to the American Heart Association. In 1991, he was appointed founding chief of the Fuqua Heart Center at Piedmont. He directed Piedmont's coronary care unit for over 25 years.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wellcome_Building.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Library"},{"link_name":"fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"},{"link_name":"Paul Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_Wood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"},{"link_name":"Sir William Osler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Osler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods2003-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper2003-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"William Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harvey"},{"link_name":"De Motu Cordis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Motu_Cordis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"}],"sub_title":"Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine","text":"Wellcome BuildingIn 1998, Silverman became an academic fellow at the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine in London, where he spent six months researching and writing a book titled British Cardiology in the 20th Century, for which he was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians.[1]Silverman authored a number of articles, chapters and five books. These included papers on British cardiologists, such as Paul Wood, inspired by his time at the Wellcome in London.[1] In 2003, he co-authored a collection of 867 quotations[2] by Sir William Osler in The Quotable Osler.[5][6][7]The influence of history also meant that when teaching new medical students, he would incorporate history of medicine by dressing as William Harvey and then read from De Motu Cordis.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Heart Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"},{"link_name":"American College of Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"},{"link_name":"American Osler Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Osler_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOS-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"}],"text":"In 1979, he became president of the Georgia Chapter of the American Heart Association and in 1986, received the Georgia Governor's Award in the Humanities.[2]Silverman was governor of the Georgia Chapter of the American College of Physicians (ACP) between 1995 and 1999[2] and was elected president of the American Osler Society for 2000–2001,[8] and for both these organisations, he designed their ties.[1]In 2001, his work in British medical history was rewarded with a fellowship of the Royal Society of Medicine.[1] In Atlanta, Silverman founded its Forum of Cardiology, Medical History Society and its Echocardiographic Society.[2]","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"}],"text":"In 1969, Silverman married Diana Howard.[2] They have two sons,[2] Joel and Adam.[1]","title":"Personal and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disease of nerves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cantwell2008-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piedmont-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acponline-10"}],"text":"In his final years, Silverman had been suffering with a rare disease of nerves, which caused him disturbing nerve sensations including the feelings of excessive heat and electric impulses. He described these symptoms as \"like being in a vat of boiling oil, plus electric shocks\"[1] and found it notable that he \"who had such an interest in teaching about rare diseases, would have such a rare disease that no neurologist had ever seen\".[1] He died unexpectedly on November 12, 2008.[2]The Mark E. Silverman Endowed Chair in Cardiology and Education was established in his name, and a tribute is held at Piedmont Heart every year.[9] The Mark Silverman award is presented to a physician involved in the Georgia Chapter of the ACP who \"has demonstrated excellence in bedside skills and teaching\" and \"served as an inspiration for younger physicians to advance their knowledge and training in medicine.\"[10]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fye2008-2"}],"text":"Silverman authored more than 200 medical articles and a number of books.[2]","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electrocardiography, basic concepts and clinical application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/558440712"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"558440712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/558440712"},{"link_name":"Clinical skills for adult primary care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/70420759"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780781703277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781703277"},{"link_name":"British Cardiology in the 20th Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eNrRBgAAQBAJ&dq=Mark+E.+Silverman+echo&pg=PT259"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781447111993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447111993"},{"link_name":"The quotable Osler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50477294"},{"link_name":"Charles S. Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_S._Bryan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781930513341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930513341"},{"link_name":"J. Willis Hurst: His Life and Teachings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/137340731"},{"link_name":"W. Bruce Fye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Bruce_Fye"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-615-13546-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-13546-5"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Electrocardiography, basic concepts and clinical application. Co-authored with Robert J Myerburg and J Willis Hurst. New York : McGraw-Hill, (1983). OCLC 558440712\nClinical skills for adult primary care. Co-authored with J Willis Hurst. Philadelphia : Lippincott-Raven (1996). ISBN 9780781703277\nBritish Cardiology in the 20th Century. Co-edited with Peter R. Fleming, Arthur Hollman, Desmond G. Julian and Dennis M. Krikler. Springer (2000). ISBN 9781447111993\nThe quotable Osler. William Osler. Co-authored with Charles S. Bryan and T. J. Murray. Philadelphia : American College of Physicians (2002). ISBN 9781930513341\nJ. Willis Hurst: His Life and Teachings. Co-authored with W. Bruce Fye and N. J. Mahwah, (2007). Foundation for Advances in Medicine and Science. ISBN 978-0-615-13546-5","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The hand and the heart\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ajconline.org/article/0002-9149(68)90211-7/fulltext"},{"link_name":"The American Journal of Cardiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Cardiology"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0002-9149(68)90211-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9149%2868%2990211-7"},{"link_name":"\"The mitral complex. Interaction of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the mitral annulus, mitral valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4952735"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0002-8703(68)90237-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-8703%2868%2990237-8"},{"link_name":"\"Profiles in Cardiology; Charles J. B. Williams: English Pioneer in Auscultation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/clc.20148"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/clc.20148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fclc.20148"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"\"The hand and the heart\". Co-authored with J. Willis Hurst. The American Journal of Cardiology. November 1968 Vol.22, Issue 5, Pages 718–728. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(68)90211-7\n\"The mitral complex. Interaction of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the mitral annulus, mitral valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles\". Co-authored with Hurst. American Heart Journal (1968) Sep;76(3):399-418. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(68)90237-8\n\"Profiles in Cardiology; Charles J. B. Williams: English Pioneer in Auscultation\". Clinical Cardiology (2007). Vol.30, pp. 532–534. doi:10.1002/clc.20148.","title":"Selected publications"}]	[{"image_text":"Emory University Hospital Front Entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emory_University_Hospital_Front_Entrance.jpg/220px-Emory_University_Hospital_Front_Entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wellcome Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wellcome_Building.JPG/220px-Wellcome_Building.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cantwell, John D (2008). \"Munks Roll Details for Mark Edwin Silverman\". munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk. Retrieved August 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/6065","url_text":"\"Munks Roll Details for Mark Edwin Silverman\""}]},{"reference":"Fye, W. Bruce (2009). \"Mark E. Silverman, MD, MACP, FRCP, FACC\". Clinical Cardiology. 32 (4): 226–228. doi:10.1002/clc.20485. ISSN 1932-8737. PMC 6653325. PMID 19353706.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6653325","url_text":"\"Mark E. Silverman, MD, MACP, FRCP, FACC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fclc.20485","url_text":"10.1002/clc.20485"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-8737","url_text":"1932-8737"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6653325","url_text":"6653325"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19353706","url_text":"19353706"}]},{"reference":"\"Cardiology: The Heart & the Hand\". Time. March 8, 1968. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved August 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899990,00.html","url_text":"\"Cardiology: The Heart & the Hand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","url_text":"0040-781X"}]},{"reference":"Woods, David (February 1, 2003). \"The Quotable Osler\". British Medical Journal. 326 (7383): 289. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7383.289. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1125152.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1125152","url_text":"\"The Quotable Osler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.326.7383.289","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.326.7383.289"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138","url_text":"0959-8138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1125152","url_text":"1125152"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, S M (August 8, 2003). \"The Quotable Osler\". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 96 (8): 419. doi:10.1177/014107680309600822. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 539583.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539583","url_text":"\"The Quotable Osler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Medicine","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107680309600822","url_text":"10.1177/014107680309600822"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0141-0768","url_text":"0141-0768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539583","url_text":"539583"}]},{"reference":"Graner, John L. (September 1, 2003). \"The Quotable Osler\". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 78 (9): 1192. doi:10.4065/78.9.1190-a. ISSN 0025-6196.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)62946-7/abstract","url_text":"\"The Quotable Osler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4065%2F78.9.1190-a","url_text":"10.4065/78.9.1190-a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-6196","url_text":"0025-6196"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the American Osler Society \| American Osler Society\". www.americanosler.org. Retrieved August 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanosler.org/about/history-of-the-aos.php","url_text":"\"History of the American Osler Society \| American Osler Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silverman Visiting Professorship\". www.piedmont.org. Retrieved August 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.piedmont.org/heart/healthcare-professionals/education-and-training/silverman-visiting-professorship","url_text":"\"Silverman Visiting Professorship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Description of Awards - Mark Silverman Award\" (PDF). acponline. Retrieved August 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acponline.org/system/files/documents/about_acp/chapters/ga/awards_description.pdf","url_text":"\"Description of Awards - Mark Silverman Award\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/558440712","external_links_name":"Electrocardiography, basic concepts and clinical application"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/558440712","external_links_name":"558440712"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70420759","external_links_name":"Clinical skills for adult primary care"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eNrRBgAAQBAJ&dq=Mark+E.+Silverman+echo&pg=PT259","external_links_name":"British Cardiology in the 20th Century"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50477294","external_links_name":"The quotable Osler"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/137340731","external_links_name":"J. Willis Hurst: His Life and Teachings"},{"Link":"https://www.ajconline.org/article/0002-9149(68)90211-7/fulltext","external_links_name":"\"The hand and the heart\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9149%2868%2990211-7","external_links_name":"10.1016/0002-9149(68)90211-7"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4952735","external_links_name":"\"The mitral complex. Interaction of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the mitral annulus, mitral valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-8703%2868%2990237-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/0002-8703(68)90237-8"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/clc.20148","external_links_name":"\"Profiles in Cardiology; Charles J. B. Williams: English Pioneer in Auscultation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fclc.20148","external_links_name":"10.1002/clc.20148"},{"Link":"http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/6065","external_links_name":"\"Munks Roll Details for Mark Edwin Silverman\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6653325","external_links_name":"\"Mark E. Silverman, MD, MACP, FRCP, FACC\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fclc.20485","external_links_name":"10.1002/clc.20485"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-8737","external_links_name":"1932-8737"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6653325","external_links_name":"6653325"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19353706","external_links_name":"19353706"},{"Link":"http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899990,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Cardiology: The Heart & the Hand\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X","external_links_name":"0040-781X"},{"Link":"https://www.ajconline.org/article/0002-9149(68)90211-7/fulltext","external_links_name":"\"The Hand and the Heart\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1125152","external_links_name":"\"The Quotable Osler\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.326.7383.289","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmj.326.7383.289"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8138","external_links_name":"0959-8138"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1125152","external_links_name":"1125152"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539583","external_links_name":"\"The Quotable Osler\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107680309600822","external_links_name":"10.1177/014107680309600822"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0141-0768","external_links_name":"0141-0768"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC539583","external_links_name":"539583"},{"Link":"https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)62946-7/abstract","external_links_name":"\"The Quotable Osler\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4065%2F78.9.1190-a","external_links_name":"10.4065/78.9.1190-a"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-6196","external_links_name":"0025-6196"},{"Link":"http://www.americanosler.org/about/history-of-the-aos.php","external_links_name":"\"History of the American Osler Society \| American Osler Society\""},{"Link":"https://www.piedmont.org/heart/healthcare-professionals/education-and-training/silverman-visiting-professorship","external_links_name":"\"Silverman Visiting Professorship\""},{"Link":"https://www.acponline.org/system/files/documents/about_acp/chapters/ga/awards_description.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Description of Awards - Mark Silverman Award\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066848654","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/199303234","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdgTmVy6tvFg9MFmw6xjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/121897141","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007323766805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83050712","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0225902&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p253701538","external_links_name":"Netherlands"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_Ruth_Judd	Winnie Ruth Judd	["1 Background","2 Murders","2.1 Flight to Los Angeles","3 Original police investigation","4 Trial and conviction","5 Jack Halloran","6 Escapes and parole","7 Subsequent investigations","7.1 Jana Bommersbach investigation","7.2 1933 \"confession letter\"","8 In popular culture","9 See also","10 Further reading","11 References","12 External links"]	Convicted American murderer (1905–1998) Winnie Ruth JuddWinnie Ruth McKinnell at her 1932 trial.BornWinnie Ruth McKinnell(1905-01-29)January 29, 1905Oxford, Indiana, U.S.DiedOctober 23, 1998(1998-10-23) (aged 93)Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.NationalityAmericanOther names"The Trunk Murderess","The Tiger Woman","The Blonde Butcher"OccupationMedical SecretarySpouse(s)Dr. William C. Judd(m. Apr 1924 – Oct 1945)Parent(s)Rev. HJ McKinnell and Carrie McKinnellConviction(s)MurderCriminal penaltyDeath; later commuted to incarceration Winnie Ruth Judd (January 29, 1905 – October 23, 1998), born Winnie Ruth McKinnell, also known as Marian Lane, was a medical secretary in Phoenix, Arizona, who was accused of murdering her friends, Agnes Anne LeRoi and Hedvig Samuelson, in October 1931. The murders were discovered when Judd transported the victims' bodies, one of which had been dismembered, from Phoenix to Los Angeles, California, by train in trunks and other luggage, causing the press to name the case the "Trunk Murders". Judd allegedly committed the murders to win over the affections of Jack Halloran, a prominent Phoenix businessman. Judd was tried for LeRoi's murder, found guilty, and sentenced to death. However, the sentence was later repealed after she was found mentally incompetent, and she was committed to the Arizona State Asylum for the Insane (later renamed the Arizona State Hospital). Over the next three decades, Judd escaped from the asylum six times; after her final escape during the 1960s, she remained at large for over six years and worked under an assumed name for a wealthy family. She was ultimately paroled in 1971 and discharged from parole in 1983. Judd's murder investigation and trial were marked by sensationalized newspaper coverage and suspicious circumstances suggesting that at least one other person might have been involved in the crimes. Her sentence also raised debate about capital punishment in the United States. Background Winnie Ruth McKinnell was born on January 29, 1905, to the Reverend H.J. McKinnell, a Methodist minister, and his wife, Carrie, in Oxford, Indiana. At age 17, she married Dr. William C. Judd, a World War I veteran more than twenty years her senior, and moved to Mexico with him. William was reportedly a morphine addict as a result of war injuries and had difficulty keeping a job, forcing the couple to move frequently and live on an uncertain income. The marriage was further strained by Winnie Ruth Judd's health problems and inability to bear children. The Grunow Medical Clinic By 1930, the couple were mostly living separately, although they remained in constant communication. Judd, called by her middle name of "Ruth", moved to Phoenix, Arizona, where she worked as governess to a wealthy family. During this time, she met John J. "Happy Jack" Halloran, a 44-year-old Phoenix businessman who was active in the city's political and social circles. Although married, Halloran was a known playboy and philanderer. Judd and Halloran became friendly and eventually had an extramarital affair. After a few months, Judd began working as a secretary at the Grunow Medical Clinic in Phoenix. There, she met Agnes Anne LeRoi, an X-ray technician, and her roommate, Hedvig Samuelson, who had moved together from Alaska after Samuelson contracted tuberculosis. The two women were also friendly with Halloran. Judd became friends with LeRoi and Samuelson, and even moved in with them for a couple of months in 1931, but differences developed between the women and Judd soon returned to her own apartment, located a short distance away from the rented bungalow shared by LeRoi and Samuelson. At the time of the murders, Judd was 26 years old, LeRoi 27, and Samuelson 24. Murders 2010 photo of the bungalow where Samuelson and LeRoi were killed According to police, on the night of October 16, 1931, LeRoi and Samuelson were murdered by Judd after an alleged fight among the three women over Halloran's affections. The prosecution at Judd's murder trial would suggest that quarrels over men and the relationship between LeRoi and Samuelson broke up the friendship of the three women, and that jealousy was the motive for the killings. The two victims were killed with a .25 caliber handgun in their bungalow, located at 2929 (now 2947) N. 2nd Street. According to prosecutors, Judd and an accomplice then dismembered Samuelson's body and put the head, torso, and lower legs into a black shipping trunk, placing the upper legs in a beige valise and hatbox. LeRoi's body was stuffed intact into a second black shipping trunk. Flight to Los Angeles 2010 photo of Phoenix's Union Station, where Judd departed with the trunks for Los Angeles Two days after the murders, on Sunday, October 18, 1931, Judd, with her left hand bandaged from a gunshot wound, boarded the overnight Golden State Limited passenger train from Phoenix's Union Station to Los Angeles, California, along with the trunks and luggage containing the bodies. En route to Los Angeles Central Station, Judd's trunks came under suspicion from baggage handler H. J. Mapes due to their foul odor, as well as the fluids escaping from them. Mapes alerted the district baggage agent in Los Angeles, Arthur V. Anderson, that the trunks may have contained contraband deer meat. In those days, deer meat was frequently smuggled aboard trains running to the West Coast. Anderson tagged the trunks to be held until they could be opened for inspection. He asked Judd for the key, but she stated she didn't have it with her. Burton McKinnell, Judd's brother and a junior at the University of Southern California, picked her up from the train station unaware of the murders or the bodies. Judd departed with her brother, leaving her trunks behind. At around 4:30 pm that afternoon, Anderson called the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) to report the suspicious trunks. After picking the locks of each trunk, the police discovered the bodies. Meanwhile, Burton had dropped his sister off somewhere in Los Angeles, where she proceeded to disappear. Judd hid out for several days until she surrendered to police in a funeral home the following Friday, October 23, 1931. The murder became headline news across the country, with the press calling Judd the "Tiger Woman" and the "Blonde Butcher". Eventually, the case came to be known in the media as the "Trunk Murders", and Judd as the "Trunk Murderess". Original police investigation On the evening of Monday, October 19, 1931, Phoenix police first entered the bungalow where LeRoi and Samuelson had resided; neighbors and reporters were also allowed in and destroyed the original integrity of the crime scene. The following day, the bungalow's landlord placed newspaper ads in The Arizona Republic and The Phoenix Evening Gazette offering tours of the three-room bungalow for ten cents per person, attracting hundreds of curiosity seekers. During the trial, Judd's defense protested, stating, "By the advertisements in the newspapers, the entire population of Maricopa County visited that place." The police maintained that Judd's victims were shot while asleep in their beds. The mattresses from the two beds were missing the night the police entered. One mattress was later found with no blood stains on it miles away in a vacant lot; the other remained missing. No explanation was ever offered as to why one was found so far away, nor what became of the other mattress. Trial and conviction The old Maricopa County Courthouse, where Judd was imprisoned and her trial held. Judd's trial began on January 19, 1932, at the Maricopa County Courthouse, with Judge Howard C. Speakman presiding. The dismemberment aspect of the double slaying was never addressed in court because Judd was tried only for the murder of LeRoi, whose body was not dismembered; she was never tried for the murder of Samuelson. The state argued that Judd acted with premeditation; that the relations between the three women had deteriorated over some weeks; and that they had argued over the affections of Halloran, all of which culminated in the murders. The prosecution maintained that Judd had herself inflicted the gunshot wound to her left hand to try to bolster her claim of self-defense. Judd's defense contended that she was innocent because she was insane, but did not introduce the self-defense argument for the record. Judd did not take the stand in her own defense. The jury found Judd guilty of the first-degree murder of LeRoi on February 8. An appeal was unsuccessful. Judd was sentenced by Judge Speakman to be hanged February 17, 1933, and sent to Arizona State Prison in Florence, Arizona. This came despite sworn affidavits from four of the jurors claiming they only voted to recommend death after one of their fellow jurors, former Mesa mayor Dan Kleinman, persuaded them that it was the best way to get Judd to give up any accomplices in the murder. They urged Speakman to commute the sentence to life imprisonment. Judd's attorneys uncovered evidence that Kleinman had already made up his mind that he would vote to convict Judd and send her to the gallows had he been on the jury. They lodged two appeals on this basis, arguing that Kleinman's behavior amounted to juror misconduct. However, neither of these appeals were successful. Judd's death sentence was overturned after a ten-day hearing found her mentally incompetent. Judd was then sent to Arizona State Asylum for the Insane on April 24, 1933. Jack Halloran When it was discovered during the course of the trial that Halloran and Judd had been involved in an illicit affair, Halloran came under suspicion of complicity in the killings. He was indicted by a grand jury as an accomplice to murder on December 30, 1932, following new testimony from Judd. A preliminary hearing on the charge against Halloran was held in mid-January 1933, with Judd appearing as the star witness. In testimony that lasted almost three days, an emotional Judd told her story, saying I am going to be hanged for something Jack Halloran is responsible for ... I was convicted of murder, but I shot in self-defense. Jack Halloran removed every bit of evidence. He is responsible for me going through all this. He is guilty of anything I am guilty of. J.J. "Jack" Halloran's home as seen in 2010 Judd testified she had gone to LeRoi and Samuelson's bungalow on an invitation to play bridge, and a fourth woman who had also been invited had already left. She testified that there was an argument about Judd's introduction of Halloran to another woman, and that she killed LeRoi and Samuelson in self-defense after they physically attacked her. According to Judd, she met up with Halloran shortly after the killings and returned with him to the bungalow. After seeing the bodies, he went out to the garage, returned with a "great, heavy trunk" and told her not to tell anyone. Under cross-examination, Judd admitted repacking Samuelson's dismembered body in a trunk and other luggage two days after the murders. Halloran did not take the stand in his own defense. His attorney told the court that Judd's story was nothing more "than the story of an insane person" and argued that since she had testified that the two women were killed in self-defense, there was, in fact, no crime committed; therefore Halloran could not be tried for anything. Halloran's attorney then asked for the charges against his client to be dismissed. On January 25, 1933, the judge freed Halloran, saying that the state's case was inconsistent, and that trying him would be "an idle gesture". Although officially exonerated, Halloran eventually fell out of favor in Phoenix, losing his business associates and social status. He died in Tucson in 1939. Escapes and parole The Arizona State Hospital Building is where Judd was committed. It is located at 2500 E. Van Buren St. The hospital was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on July 15, 2009, reference#09000510. After her death sentence was overturned, Judd was committed to the Arizona State Asylum for the Insane (later renamed the Arizona State Hospital) in Phoenix, the state's only mental institution. Judd escaped from the institution six times between 1933 and 1963, in one instance walking all the way to Yuma, along the old Southern Pacific railroad tracks. Judd escaped for the final time on October 8, 1963, using a key to the front door of the hospital that a friend had given her. She ended up in the San Francisco Bay Area, where she became a live-in maid for a wealthy family living in a mansion overlooking the bay, using the name "Marian Kane". After six years, her identity in California was eventually discovered and she was taken back to Arizona on August 18, 1969. Judd hired famed San Francisco defense attorney Melvin Belli, who in turn hired Larry Debus to handle her case. Governor Jack Williams of Arizona agreed to sign for Judd's release as long as the meeting was kept "hush, hush". However, in the following days, Belli called a press conference calling for Judd's immediate release, forcing Debus to fire Belli. Judd was paroled and released on December 22, 1971, after two years of legal wrangling. In 1983, the state of Arizona issued her an "absolute discharge," meaning she was no longer a parolee. Judd returned to California to work for the family that had previously employed her, later lived in Stockton, California, and then went back to Phoenix a few years before her death where she died on October 23, 1998, at the age of 93, sixty-seven years to the day from her surrender to the LAPD in 1931. Subsequent investigations Doll made by Winnie Ruth Judd while imprisoned in the Arizona State Prison. Jana Bommersbach investigation Investigative journalist Jana Bommersbach re-examined Judd's case for a series of articles in the Phoenix New Times and a later book, The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd (Simon & Schuster, 1992). As part of her investigation, Bommersbach interviewed Judd herself. Bommersbach concluded that the police and prosecution were biased against Judd, and uncovered evidence that suggested she was innocent. She also faulted the press for its coverage of the trial. Noting that crime reporters of the day covered high-profile trials in a way that would be considered "supermarket sleaze" today, she argued that the press helped create such an atmosphere of prejudice that Judd could not have possibly gotten a fair trial. According to Bommersbach, due to Phoenix's small population in 1931 (just over 48,000 people), members of the Phoenix police knew Halloran well, and were aware of his associates, friends, and girlfriends. Some police officers also knew the victims. Some even believed that Judd hadn't killed anyone, even in self-defense, but was only covering up for Halloran and possibly others. Halloran's release was considered by some to be a miscarriage of justice, and his exoneration a political cover-up. His gray Packard had been spotted at the crime scene the night of the murders and again the next day, suggesting that he might have been an accomplice. External videos You can watch and listen to a 2007 documentary about Winnie Ruth Judd titled Winnie Ruth Judd – Arizona Stories Full Version featuring Jana Bommersbach here According to Bommersbach, there were indications that Judd was not capable of dismembering Samuelson's body – a task that, according to autopsy photos, was performed with surgical skills that Judd did not possess – and that Judd was not even physically capable of lifting the bodies. Bommersbach also suggested that a second gun might have been involved, based on early newspaper reports that LeRoi was shot with a larger caliber bullet. Addressing the possibility that a person who possessed surgical skills dissected Samuelson's body, Bommersbach wrote about a nurse named Ann Miller, whom she interviewed for her book. Miller said that, while she was working at the Arizona State Hospital in 1936, Judd had confided to her that a Dr. Brown had come to see her while she was in prison and told her he was going to confess everything. Later, after Miller told a Phoenix attorney of Judd's story, he stated, "I'm sure she told you that. Dr. Brown came up to my office and wanted to tell the whole story. He made an appointment for the next week, but he died the day before the appointment." Brown died in June 1932 of heart disease at the age of 44. According to Bommersbach, some speculate he might have been contemplating suicide, writing, "As the New York Mirror reported the day Halloran's indictment was announced: 'A second man would probably have been indicted, according to widespread rumor, if death had not intervened. Mrs. Judd's story included the declaration that a physician, who has since committed suicide, was summoned to the murder bungalow to aid in the disposal of the bodies.'" Bommersbach also asked former Arizona Supreme Court Chief Justice Jack D. H. Hays to review the trial and appeals process. Hays believed that the trial testimony didn't reveal nearly enough evidence of premeditation on Judd's part, leading him to conclude that if not for Kleinman, Judd would have been convicted of no worse than second-degree murder. He also believed Speakman should have given the jury the option of finding that Judd acted in self-defense, citing "evidence presented at the trial to support self-defense." According to Hays, even if the defense doesn't argue self-defense, "there's an obligation on the judge's part" to leave that option open to the jury when evidence of self-defense is presented. Even without this to consider, Hays believed that Judd should have gotten a new trial because of Kleinman's behavior, which he believed amounted to juror misconduct and jury tampering. However, Bommersbach's conclusions and her objectivity in view of the personal relationship she formed with Judd, have been questioned by others who have studied the case. 1933 "confession letter" The 2014 discovery of a so-called "confession letter", written in April 1933 in Judd's own hand to her attorney H.G. Richardson, raised new questions about her case. In the letter, which Judd called her "first and only confession," she stated that she alone planned and carried out the murder of LeRoi, with whom she was allegedly competing for Halloran's affections. She further stated that she had not planned to kill Samuelson, but did so after Samuelson, alerted by the gunshot that killed LeRoi, walked in on the murder scene and began fighting with Judd. Judd wrote that she also acted alone in handling and transporting the bodies. According to a New Times article by Robert Pela, Richardson suppressed the letter because it contradicted the substance of an appeal he had just filed in her case. After Richardson's death, Judd wrote to his widow repeatedly asking for return of the letter, for fear it would jeopardize hearings on her sanity and potential release from Arizona State Hospital, but Richardson's widow refused. In 2002, a few years after Judd's death, the letter was anonymously donated to the Arizona state archives. Those who have studied or been involved in the Judd case differ in their interpretation of the letter. While some believe it is a true confession, it has also been interpreted as an attempt by Judd to bolster her insanity defense, clear Halloran, or even incriminate Halloran by admitting to a crime to which he could then be named an accessory – a strategy not possible if Judd contended that she had killed in self-defense. J. Dwight Dobkins, the co-author of the first book written about the Judd case (J. Dwight Dobkins and Robert J. Hendricks, Winnie Ruth Judd: The Trunk Murders (Grosset & Dunlap, 1973)), dismissed the letter as "just another of her many confessions, the one attempt to have Halloran named as an accomplice." In popular culture In 1934 radio producer-director William Robson created a dramatic rendering of the crime for an episode of Calling all Cars entitled the Ruth Judd Case, which was introduced by then LAPD chief James E. Davis. The 32 minute program aired on the Don Lee network on September 9 and was sponsored by the Rio Grande oil company. Tobe Hooper and Kim Henkel – director and writer of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, respectively – wrote a fictionalized account of the Judd story in 1975 in a screenplay titled Bleeding Hearts. The project, however, never came to fruition. In 2007, a feature-length film about the case, entitled Murderess: The Winnie Ruth Judd Story, was released. It was written and directed by Los Angeles filmmaker Scott Coblio, and featured an all-marionette cast. Since its debut, the film has played annually at Phoenix's Trunk Space theater on October 16, the date of the original crime. While there are a number of fictitious films and books in existence which model themselves loosely upon the Judd's story, to date, Murderess remains the only feature-length film to tell it in a non-fiction framework. The Trunk Murders were featured in a 2009 episode of the true crime television series Deadly Women entitled "Hearts of Darkness" (Season 3, Episode 6). The 2009 novel Bury Me Deep by Megan Abbott is based on the Judd case. The 2015 art installation "Tiger Lady", by Darren Clark and Gary Patch, is a shadow cast kinetic projection on permanent display at the Valley Bar in Phoenix. It features select milestones from the Judd saga. In February 2024 a stage play titled, The Truth About Winnie Ruth Judd will be produced by The Phoenix Theatre Company. This play looks at the case from the public's point of view and the exploitation of the case by the media. Radio station KOY turns the trial into a radio drama, spearheaded by then radio announcer, Jack Williams. The radio program became an early manifestation of what would later become, "True Crime Podcasts." See also Biography portal List of United States death row inmates Further reading Bommersbach, Jana (1992). The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-74007-8. Dobkins, J. Dwight; Hendricks, Robert J. (1973). Winnie Ruth Judd: the Trunk Murders. Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 0-448-02187-0. References ^ Goldstein, Richard (October 27, 1998). "Winnie R. Judd, 93, Infamous As 1930's 'Trunk Murderess'". The New York Times. Retrieved January 12, 2010. Winnie Ruth Judd, who spent three decades in an Arizona state mental hospital as the notorious trunk murderess in one of the most sensational criminal cases of 1930s, died in Phoenix on Friday. She was 93. ^ Sharp, Harold S., Footnotes To American History. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, NJ. 1977 ISBN 9780810809949 ^ a b Geringer, Joseph. "Winnie Ruth Judd: 'The Trunk Murderess' In Perspective". Women Who Kill. truTV. Retrieved 2010-01-12. ^ "Ruth Judd Is Declared Sane: Reveal Love and Jealousy Over Friend of Trunk Murder Victims". The Gettysburg Times. February 5, 1932. Retrieved June 30, 2010. Mrs. Judd, the witness said, named Jack Halloran, Phoenix lumber dealer and sportsman, as a man 'I love with all my heart and soul more passionately than I ever loved my husband.' ^ www.warbassedesign.com. "Winnie Ruth Judd Murder Scene in Phoenix, Arizona. From Paper Hearts the Life and Trial of Winnie Ruth Judd by Philip Warbasse". www.winnieruthjudd.com. ^ Wanted poster ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bommersbach, Jana (1992). 9781590580646/Bommersbach-Jana/The-Trunk-Murderess The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd (2003 ed.). Poisoned Pen Press. ISBN 978-1-59058-064-6. 9781590580646/Bommersbach-Jana/The-Trunk-Murderess Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021. {{cite book}}: Check \|archive-url= value (help); Check \|url= value (help) ^ Winnie Ruth Judd Sentenced to Hang, Lewiston Daily Sun, February 25, 1932, retrieved September 8, 2016 ^ Arizona State Hospital History http://www.azdhs.gov/azsh/history.htm ^ "Business Man of Phoenix Indicted in Ruth Judd Case". Ellensburg Daily Record. December 30, 1932. Retrieved June 29, 2010. ^ Winnie Ruth Judd Sobs As Witness in Halloran Trial, Associated Press ^ Mrs. Ruth Judd Accuses Halloran in Trunk Murders, Gettysburg Times, Jan 18, 1933 ^ "Murder Trunk Shift Admitted", Los Angeles Times ^ Halloran Is Freed Of Charges Made By Mrs. Ruth Judd, Ludington Gaily News, Jan 22, 1933 ^ "LDs family Search record". FamilySearch. ^ "Winnie Judd Near Collapse After Capture". Harrisburg Telegraph. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 31 Oct 1939. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Jana Bommersbach. "Mr. Big-Shot Attorney". ^ "Mysteries at the Museum". TVGuide.com. ^ "Hedvig Samuelson autopsy photos". Retrieved 2010-07-05. ^ a b c Pela, Robrt (2014-09-24). "Ruthless: A Long-Lost Confession Letter May Finally Tell the Real Story of Winnie Ruth Judd". ^ IMDB article Murderess External links Arizona Memory Project – Large collection of Winnie Ruth Judd photos, including her 1933 confession letter. Winnie Ruth Judd's Phoenix – Photos of people and places involved Arizona Stories, PBS – Winnie Ruth Judd on YouTube – KAET-TV PBS television segment featuring interviews with defense attorney's son, author Jana Bommersbach, and Hedvig Samuelson's great niece. 'Tiger Woman' Of '30s Seized - 1969 newspaper article documenting the connection with KOY radio announcer Jack Williams, and other details Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Japan Other SNAC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"dismembered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismembered"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"sentenced to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenced_to_death"},{"link_name":"mentally incompetent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentally_incompetent"},{"link_name":"paroled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole"},{"link_name":"sensationalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensationalized"},{"link_name":"capital punishment in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_1998-10-27-1"}],"text":"Winnie Ruth Judd (January 29, 1905 – October 23, 1998), born Winnie Ruth McKinnell, also known as Marian Lane, was a medical secretary in Phoenix, Arizona, who was accused of murdering her friends, Agnes Anne LeRoi and Hedvig Samuelson, in October 1931. The murders were discovered when Judd transported the victims' bodies, one of which had been dismembered, from Phoenix to Los Angeles, California, by train in trunks and other luggage, causing the press to name the case the \"Trunk Murders\". Judd allegedly committed the murders to win over the affections of Jack Halloran, a prominent Phoenix businessman.Judd was tried for LeRoi's murder, found guilty, and sentenced to death. However, the sentence was later repealed after she was found mentally incompetent, and she was committed to the Arizona State Asylum for the Insane (later renamed the Arizona State Hospital). Over the next three decades, Judd escaped from the asylum six times; after her final escape during the 1960s, she remained at large for over six years and worked under an assumed name for a wealthy family. She was ultimately paroled in 1971 and discharged from parole in 1983.Judd's murder investigation and trial were marked by sensationalized newspaper coverage and suspicious circumstances suggesting that at least one other person might have been involved in the crimes. Her sentence also raised debate about capital punishment in the United States.[1]","title":"Winnie Ruth Judd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"morphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrunowClinicWinnieRuthJudd.jpg"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"governess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governess"},{"link_name":"playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_(lifestyle)"},{"link_name":"philanderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanderer"},{"link_name":"extramarital affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extramarital_affair"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"bungalow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungalow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Winnie Ruth McKinnell was born on January 29, 1905, to the Reverend H.J. McKinnell, a Methodist minister, and his wife, Carrie, in Oxford, Indiana. At age 17, she married Dr. William C. Judd, a World War I veteran more than twenty years her senior, and moved to Mexico with him. William was reportedly a morphine addict as a result of war injuries and had difficulty keeping a job, forcing the couple to move frequently and live on an uncertain income. The marriage was further strained by Winnie Ruth Judd's health problems and inability to bear children.The Grunow Medical ClinicBy 1930, the couple were mostly living separately, although they remained in constant communication. Judd, called by her middle name of \"Ruth\", moved to Phoenix, Arizona, where she worked as governess to a wealthy family. During this time, she met John J. \"Happy Jack\" Halloran, a 44-year-old Phoenix businessman who was active in the city's political and social circles. Although married, Halloran was a known playboy and philanderer. Judd and Halloran became friendly and eventually had an extramarital affair.After a few months, Judd began working as a secretary at the Grunow Medical Clinic in Phoenix. There, she met Agnes Anne LeRoi, an X-ray technician, and her roommate, Hedvig Samuelson, who had moved together from Alaska after Samuelson contracted tuberculosis. The two women were also friendly with Halloran. Judd became friends with LeRoi and Samuelson, and even moved in with them for a couple of months in 1931, but differences developed between the women and Judd soon returned to her own apartment, located a short distance away from the rented bungalow shared by LeRoi and Samuelson.[2] At the time of the murders, Judd was 26 years old, LeRoi 27, and Samuelson 24.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RuthJuddBungalowFrontView.JPG"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geringer-3"},{"link_name":"prosecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":".25 caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.25_caliber"},{"link_name":"handgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handgun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"accomplice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accomplice"},{"link_name":"dismembered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismemberment"},{"link_name":"valise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valise"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geringer-3"}],"text":"2010 photo of the bungalow where Samuelson and LeRoi were killedAccording to police, on the night of October 16, 1931, LeRoi and Samuelson were murdered by Judd after an alleged fight among the three women over Halloran's affections.[3] The prosecution at Judd's murder trial would suggest that quarrels over men and the relationship between LeRoi and Samuelson broke up the friendship of the three women, and that jealousy was the motive for the killings.[4]The two victims were killed with a .25 caliber handgun in their bungalow, located at 2929 (now 2947) N. 2nd Street.[5] According to prosecutors, Judd and an accomplice then dismembered Samuelson's body and put the head, torso, and lower legs into a black shipping trunk, placing the upper legs in a beige valise and hatbox. LeRoi's body was stuffed intact into a second black shipping trunk.[3]","title":"Murders"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PhoenixTrainStation.JPG"},{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Phoenix,_Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Golden State Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_State_(train)"},{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Phoenix,_Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Station_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"contraband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraband"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"funeral home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_home"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bommersbach-7"}],"sub_title":"Flight to Los Angeles","text":"2010 photo of Phoenix's Union Station, where Judd departed with the trunks for Los AngelesTwo days after the murders, on Sunday, October 18, 1931, Judd, with her left hand bandaged from a gunshot wound, boarded the overnight Golden State Limited passenger train from Phoenix's Union Station to Los Angeles, California, along with the trunks and luggage containing the bodies. En route to Los Angeles Central Station, Judd's trunks came under suspicion from baggage handler H. J. Mapes due to their foul odor, as well as the fluids escaping from them. Mapes alerted the district baggage agent in Los Angeles, Arthur V. Anderson, that the trunks may have contained contraband deer meat. In those days, deer meat was frequently smuggled aboard trains running to the West Coast. Anderson tagged the trunks to be held until they could be opened for inspection. He asked Judd for the key, but she stated she didn't have it with her.Burton McKinnell, Judd's brother and a junior at the University of Southern California, picked her up from the train station unaware of the murders or the bodies. Judd departed with her brother, leaving her trunks behind. At around 4:30 pm that afternoon, Anderson called the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) to report the suspicious trunks. After picking the locks of each trunk, the police discovered the bodies. Meanwhile, Burton had dropped his sister off somewhere in Los Angeles, where she proceeded to disappear.[6] Judd hid out for several days until she surrendered to police in a funeral home the following Friday, October 23, 1931.[7]The murder became headline news across the country, with the press calling Judd the \"Tiger Woman\" and the \"Blonde Butcher\". Eventually, the case came to be known in the media as the \"Trunk Murders\", and Judd as the \"Trunk Murderess\".","title":"Murders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenix police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"The Arizona Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic"},{"link_name":"The Phoenix Evening Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phoenix_Gazette"},{"link_name":"defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_(law)"},{"link_name":"Maricopa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bommersbach-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bommersbach-7"}],"text":"On the evening of Monday, October 19, 1931, Phoenix police first entered the bungalow where LeRoi and Samuelson had resided; neighbors and reporters were also allowed in and destroyed the original integrity of the crime scene. The following day, the bungalow's landlord placed newspaper ads in The Arizona Republic and The Phoenix Evening Gazette offering tours of the three-room bungalow for ten cents per person, attracting hundreds of curiosity seekers. During the trial, Judd's defense protested, stating, \"By the advertisements in the newspapers, the entire population of Maricopa County visited that place.\"[7]The police maintained that Judd's victims were shot while asleep in their beds. The mattresses from the two beds were missing the night the police entered. One mattress was later found with no blood stains on it miles away in a vacant lot; the other remained missing. No explanation was ever offered as to why one was found so far away, nor what became of the other mattress.[7]","title":"Original police investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maricopa_County_Courthouse.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix-Building-Maricopa_County_Courthouse_Jail-1929-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maricopa County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Howard C. Speakman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_C._Speakman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"premeditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premeditation"},{"link_name":"self-defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-defense"},{"link_name":"first-degree murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-degree_murder"},{"link_name":"appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"hanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Prison"},{"link_name":"Florence, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"affidavits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affidavit"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty"},{"link_name":"Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"life imprisonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bommersbach-7"},{"link_name":"juror misconduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juror_misconduct"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bommersbach-7"},{"link_name":"mentally incompetent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentally_incompetent"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The old Maricopa County Courthouse, where Judd was imprisoned and her trial held.Judd's trial began on January 19, 1932, at the Maricopa County Courthouse, with Judge Howard C. Speakman presiding.[8] The dismemberment aspect of the double slaying was never addressed in court because Judd was tried only for the murder of LeRoi, whose body was not dismembered; she was never tried for the murder of Samuelson. The state argued that Judd acted with premeditation; that the relations between the three women had deteriorated over some weeks; and that they had argued over the affections of Halloran, all of which culminated in the murders. The prosecution maintained that Judd had herself inflicted the gunshot wound to her left hand to try to bolster her claim of self-defense. Judd's defense contended that she was innocent because she was insane, but did not introduce the self-defense argument for the record. Judd did not take the stand in her own defense.The jury found Judd guilty of the first-degree murder of LeRoi on February 8. An appeal was unsuccessful. Judd was sentenced by Judge Speakman to be hanged February 17, 1933, and sent to Arizona State Prison in Florence, Arizona. This came despite sworn affidavits from four of the jurors claiming they only voted to recommend death after one of their fellow jurors, former Mesa mayor Dan Kleinman, persuaded them that it was the best way to get Judd to give up any accomplices in the murder. They urged Speakman to commute the sentence to life imprisonment.[7]Judd's attorneys uncovered evidence that Kleinman had already made up his mind that he would vote to convict Judd and send her to the gallows had he been on the jury. They lodged two appeals on this basis, arguing that Kleinman's behavior amounted to juror misconduct. However, neither of these appeals were successful.[7]Judd's death sentence was overturned after a ten-day hearing found her mentally incompetent. Judd was then sent to Arizona State Asylum for the Insane [9] on April 24, 1933.","title":"Trial and conviction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indicted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment"},{"link_name":"grand jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"preliminary hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preliminary_hearing"},{"link_name":"self-defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-defense"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bommersbach-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JackHalloranHouseWinnieRuthJudd.jpg"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_bridge"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"cross-examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-examination"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bommersbach-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tucson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"When it was discovered during the course of the trial that Halloran and Judd had been involved in an illicit affair, Halloran came under suspicion of complicity in the killings. He was indicted by a grand jury as an accomplice to murder on December 30, 1932, following new testimony from Judd.[10] A preliminary hearing on the charge against Halloran was held in mid-January 1933, with Judd appearing as the star witness. In testimony that lasted almost three days, an emotional Judd told her story, sayingI am going to be hanged for something Jack Halloran is responsible for ... I was convicted of murder, but I shot in self-defense. Jack Halloran removed every bit of evidence. He is responsible for me going through all this. He is guilty of anything I am guilty of.[7]J.J. \"Jack\" Halloran's home as seen in 2010Judd testified she had gone to LeRoi and Samuelson's bungalow on an invitation to play bridge, and a fourth woman who had also been invited had already left. She testified that there was an argument about Judd's introduction of Halloran to another woman, and that she killed LeRoi and Samuelson in self-defense after they physically attacked her.[11] According to Judd, she met up with Halloran shortly after the killings and returned with him to the bungalow. After seeing the bodies, he went out to the garage, returned with a \"great, heavy trunk\" and told her not to tell anyone.[12] Under cross-examination, Judd admitted repacking Samuelson's dismembered body in a trunk and other luggage two days after the murders.[13]Halloran did not take the stand in his own defense. His attorney told the court that Judd's story was nothing more \"than the story of an insane person\" and argued that since she had testified that the two women were killed in self-defense, there was, in fact, no crime committed; therefore Halloran could not be tried for anything. Halloran's attorney then asked for the charges against his client to be dismissed.[7] On January 25, 1933, the judge freed Halloran, saying that the state's case was inconsistent, and that trying him would be \"an idle gesture\".[14] Although officially exonerated, Halloran eventually fell out of favor in Phoenix, losing his business associates and social status. He died in Tucson in 1939.[15]","title":"Jack Halloran"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix-Arizona_State_Hospital_Building-1900.JPG"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bommersbach-7"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Melvin Belli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Belli"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Jack Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Williams_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"press conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_conference"},{"link_name":"paroled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole"},{"link_name":"Stockton, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton,_California"}],"text":"The Arizona State Hospital Building is where Judd was committed. It is located at 2500 E. Van Buren St. The hospital was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on July 15, 2009, reference#09000510.After her death sentence was overturned, Judd was committed to the Arizona State Asylum for the Insane (later renamed the Arizona State Hospital) in Phoenix, the state's only mental institution. Judd escaped from the institution six times between[16] 1933 and 1963, in one instance walking all the way to Yuma, along the old Southern Pacific railroad tracks.Judd escaped for the final time on October 8, 1963, using a key to the front door of the hospital that a friend had given her.[7] She ended up in the San Francisco Bay Area, where she became a live-in maid for a wealthy family living in a mansion overlooking the bay, using the name \"Marian Kane\". After six years, her identity in California was eventually discovered and she was taken back to Arizona on August 18, 1969.Judd hired famed San Francisco defense attorney Melvin Belli, who in turn hired Larry Debus to handle her case.[17] Governor Jack Williams of Arizona agreed to sign for Judd's release as long as the meeting was kept \"hush, hush\". However, in the following days, Belli called a press conference calling for Judd's immediate release, forcing Debus to fire Belli. Judd was paroled and released on December 22, 1971, after two years of legal wrangling. In 1983, the state of Arizona issued her an \"absolute discharge,\" meaning she was no longer a parolee.Judd returned to California to work for the family that had previously employed her, later lived in Stockton, California, and then went back to Phoenix a few years before her death where she died on October 23, 1998, at the age of 93, sixty-seven years to the day from her surrender to the LAPD in 1931.","title":"Escapes and parole"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florence-Pinal_County_Historic_Society_%26_Museum_%E2%80%93_3.JPG"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Doll made by Winnie Ruth Judd while imprisoned in the Arizona State Prison.[18]","title":"Subsequent investigations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenix New Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_New_Times"},{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"miscarriage of justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice"},{"link_name":"Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bommersbach-7"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"New York Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Arizona Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Jack D. H. Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_D._H._Hays"},{"link_name":"jury tampering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_tampering"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bommersbach-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pela-20"}],"sub_title":"Jana Bommersbach investigation","text":"Investigative journalist Jana Bommersbach re-examined Judd's case for a series of articles in the Phoenix New Times and a later book, The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd (Simon & Schuster, 1992). As part of her investigation, Bommersbach interviewed Judd herself. Bommersbach concluded that the police and prosecution were biased against Judd, and uncovered evidence that suggested she was innocent. She also faulted the press for its coverage of the trial. Noting that crime reporters of the day covered high-profile trials in a way that would be considered \"supermarket sleaze\" today, she argued that the press helped create such an atmosphere of prejudice that Judd could not have possibly gotten a fair trial.According to Bommersbach, due to Phoenix's small population in 1931 (just over 48,000 people), members of the Phoenix police knew Halloran well, and were aware of his associates, friends, and girlfriends. Some police officers also knew the victims. Some even believed that Judd hadn't killed anyone, even in self-defense, but was only covering up for Halloran and possibly others. Halloran's release was considered by some to be a miscarriage of justice, and his exoneration a political cover-up. His gray Packard had been spotted at the crime scene the night of the murders and again the next day, suggesting that he might have been an accomplice.According to Bommersbach, there were indications that Judd was not capable of dismembering Samuelson's body – a task that, according to autopsy photos,[19] was performed with surgical skills that Judd did not possess – and that Judd was not even physically capable of lifting the bodies. Bommersbach also suggested that a second gun might have been involved, based on early newspaper reports that LeRoi was shot with a larger caliber bullet.Addressing the possibility that a person who possessed surgical skills dissected Samuelson's body, Bommersbach wrote about a nurse named Ann Miller, whom she interviewed for her book. Miller said that, while she was working at the Arizona State Hospital in 1936, Judd had confided to her that a Dr. Brown had come to see her while she was in prison and told her he was going to confess everything. Later, after Miller told a Phoenix attorney of Judd's story, he stated, \"I'm sure she told you that. Dr. Brown came up to my office and wanted to tell the whole story. He made an appointment for the next week, but he died the day before the appointment.\" Brown died in June 1932 of heart disease at the age of 44.[7] According to Bommersbach, some speculate he might have been contemplating suicide, writing, \"As the New York Mirror reported the day Halloran's indictment was announced: 'A second man would probably have been indicted, according to widespread rumor, if death had not intervened. Mrs. Judd's story included the declaration that a physician, who has since committed suicide, was summoned to the murder bungalow to aid in the disposal of the bodies.'\"Bommersbach also asked former Arizona Supreme Court Chief Justice Jack D. H. Hays to review the trial and appeals process. Hays believed that the trial testimony didn't reveal nearly enough evidence of premeditation on Judd's part, leading him to conclude that if not for Kleinman, Judd would have been convicted of no worse than second-degree murder. He also believed Speakman should have given the jury the option of finding that Judd acted in self-defense, citing \"evidence presented at the trial to support self-defense.\" According to Hays, even if the defense doesn't argue self-defense, \"there's an obligation on the judge's part\" to leave that option open to the jury when evidence of self-defense is presented. Even without this to consider, Hays believed that Judd should have gotten a new trial because of Kleinman's behavior, which he believed amounted to juror misconduct and jury tampering.[7]However, Bommersbach's conclusions and her objectivity in view of the personal relationship she formed with Judd, have been questioned by others who have studied the case.[20]","title":"Subsequent investigations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pela-20"},{"link_name":"insanity defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity_defense"},{"link_name":"Grosset & Dunlap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosset_%26_Dunlap"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pela-20"}],"sub_title":"1933 \"confession letter\"","text":"The 2014 discovery of a so-called \"confession letter\", written in April 1933 in Judd's own hand to her attorney H.G. Richardson, raised new questions about her case. In the letter, which Judd called her \"first and only confession,\" she stated that she alone planned and carried out the murder of LeRoi, with whom she was allegedly competing for Halloran's affections. She further stated that she had not planned to kill Samuelson, but did so after Samuelson, alerted by the gunshot that killed LeRoi, walked in on the murder scene and began fighting with Judd. Judd wrote that she also acted alone in handling and transporting the bodies. According to a New Times article by Robert Pela, Richardson suppressed the letter because it contradicted the substance of an appeal he had just filed in her case. After Richardson's death, Judd wrote to his widow repeatedly asking for return of the letter, for fear it would jeopardize hearings on her sanity and potential release from Arizona State Hospital, but Richardson's widow refused. In 2002, a few years after Judd's death, the letter was anonymously donated to the Arizona state archives.[20]Those who have studied or been involved in the Judd case differ in their interpretation of the letter. While some believe it is a true confession, it has also been interpreted as an attempt by Judd to bolster her insanity defense, clear Halloran, or even incriminate Halloran by admitting to a crime to which he could then be named an accessory – a strategy not possible if Judd contended that she had killed in self-defense. J. Dwight Dobkins, the co-author of the first book written about the Judd case (J. Dwight Dobkins and Robert J. Hendricks, Winnie Ruth Judd: The Trunk Murders (Grosset & Dunlap, 1973)), dismissed the letter as \"just another of her many confessions, the one attempt to have Halloran named as an accomplice.\"[20]","title":"Subsequent investigations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tobe Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobe_Hooper"},{"link_name":"Kim Henkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Henkel"},{"link_name":"The Texas Chainsaw Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Texas_Chainsaw_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Murderess: The Winnie Ruth Judd Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderess:_The_Winnie_Ruth_Judd_Story"},{"link_name":"marionette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marionette"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"true crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_crime"},{"link_name":"Deadly Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_Women"},{"link_name":"Hearts of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Deadly_Women_episodes#Season_3_(2009%E2%80%9310)"},{"link_name":"Bury Me Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_Me_Deep"},{"link_name":"Megan Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Jack Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Williams_(American_politician)"}],"text":"In 1934 radio producer-director William Robson created a dramatic rendering of the crime for an episode of Calling all Cars entitled the Ruth Judd Case, which was introduced by then LAPD chief James E. Davis. The 32 minute program aired on the Don Lee network on September 9 and was sponsored by the Rio Grande oil company. Tobe Hooper and Kim Henkel – director and writer of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, respectively – wrote a fictionalized account of the Judd story in 1975 in a screenplay titled Bleeding Hearts. The project, however, never came to fruition. In 2007, a feature-length film about the case, entitled Murderess: The Winnie Ruth Judd Story, was released. It was written and directed by Los Angeles filmmaker Scott Coblio, and featured an all-marionette cast.[21] Since its debut, the film has played annually at Phoenix's Trunk Space theater on October 16, the date of the original crime. While there are a number of fictitious films and books in existence which model themselves loosely upon the Judd's story, to date, Murderess remains the only feature-length film to tell it in a non-fiction framework.The Trunk Murders were featured in a 2009 episode of the true crime television series Deadly Women entitled \"Hearts of Darkness\" (Season 3, Episode 6).The 2009 novel Bury Me Deep by Megan Abbott is based on the Judd case.The 2015 art installation \"Tiger Lady\", by Darren Clark and Gary Patch, is a shadow cast kinetic projection on permanent display at the Valley Bar in Phoenix. It features select milestones from the Judd saga.In February 2024 a stage play titled, The Truth About Winnie Ruth Judd will be produced by The Phoenix Theatre Company. This play looks at the case from the public's point of view and the exploitation of the case by the media. Radio station KOY turns the trial into a radio drama, spearheaded by then radio announcer, Jack Williams. The radio program became an early manifestation of what would later become, \"True Crime Podcasts.\"","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/trunkmurderesswi00bomm"},{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-671-74007-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-74007-8"},{"link_name":"Winnie Ruth Judd: the Trunk Murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/winnieruthjuddtr00dobk"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-448-02187-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-448-02187-0"}],"text":"Bommersbach, Jana (1992). The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-74007-8.\nDobkins, J. Dwight; Hendricks, Robert J. (1973). Winnie Ruth Judd: the Trunk Murders. Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 0-448-02187-0.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Grunow Medical Clinic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GrunowClinicWinnieRuthJudd.jpg/250px-GrunowClinicWinnieRuthJudd.jpg"},{"image_text":"2010 photo of the bungalow where Samuelson and LeRoi were killed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RuthJuddBungalowFrontView.JPG/250px-RuthJuddBungalowFrontView.JPG"},{"image_text":"2010 photo of Phoenix's Union Station, where Judd departed with the trunks for Los Angeles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PhoenixTrainStation.JPG/225px-PhoenixTrainStation.JPG"},{"image_text":"J.J. \"Jack\" Halloran's home as seen in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/JackHalloranHouseWinnieRuthJudd.jpg/250px-JackHalloranHouseWinnieRuthJudd.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Arizona State Hospital Building is where Judd was committed. It is located at 2500 E. Van Buren St. The hospital was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on July 15, 2009, reference#09000510.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Phoenix-Arizona_State_Hospital_Building-1900.JPG/200px-Phoenix-Arizona_State_Hospital_Building-1900.JPG"},{"image_text":"Doll made by Winnie Ruth Judd while imprisoned in the Arizona State Prison.[18]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Florence-Pinal_County_Historic_Society_%26_Museum_%E2%80%93_3.JPG/250px-Florence-Pinal_County_Historic_Society_%26_Museum_%E2%80%93_3.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of United States death row inmates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_death_row_inmates"}]	[{"reference":"Bommersbach, Jana (1992). The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-74007-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/trunkmurderesswi00bomm","url_text":"The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-74007-8","url_text":"978-0-671-74007-8"}]},{"reference":"Dobkins, J. Dwight; Hendricks, Robert J. (1973). Winnie Ruth Judd: the Trunk Murders. Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 0-448-02187-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/winnieruthjuddtr00dobk","url_text":"Winnie Ruth Judd: the Trunk Murders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-448-02187-0","url_text":"0-448-02187-0"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Richard (October 27, 1998). \"Winnie R. Judd, 93, Infamous As 1930's 'Trunk Murderess'\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 12, 2010. Winnie Ruth Judd, who spent three decades in an Arizona state mental hospital as the notorious trunk murderess in one of the most sensational criminal cases of 1930s, died in Phoenix on Friday. She was 93.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/27/us/winnie-r-judd-93-infamous-as-1930-s-trunk-murderess.html","url_text":"\"Winnie R. Judd, 93, Infamous As 1930's 'Trunk Murderess'\""}]},{"reference":"Geringer, Joseph. \"Winnie Ruth Judd: 'The Trunk Murderess' In Perspective\". Women Who Kill. truTV. Retrieved 2010-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/judd/5.html","url_text":"\"Winnie Ruth Judd: 'The Trunk Murderess' In Perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TruTV","url_text":"truTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Ruth Judd Is Declared Sane: Reveal Love and Jealousy Over Friend of Trunk Murder Victims\". The Gettysburg Times. February 5, 1932. Retrieved June 30, 2010. Mrs. Judd, the witness said, named Jack Halloran, Phoenix lumber dealer and sportsman, as a man 'I love with all my heart and soul more passionately than I ever loved my husband.'","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tMQlAAAAIBAJ&pg=7051,1636133&dq=ruth+judd+halloran+jealousy&hl=en","url_text":"\"Ruth Judd Is Declared Sane: Reveal Love and Jealousy Over Friend of Trunk Murder Victims\""}]},{"reference":"www.warbassedesign.com. \"Winnie Ruth Judd Murder Scene in Phoenix, Arizona. From Paper Hearts the Life and Trial of Winnie Ruth Judd by Philip Warbasse\". www.winnieruthjudd.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.winnieruthjudd.com/house1.html","url_text":"\"Winnie Ruth Judd Murder Scene in Phoenix, Arizona. From Paper Hearts the Life and Trial of Winnie Ruth Judd by Philip Warbasse\""}]},{"reference":"Bommersbach, Jana (1992). 9781590580646/Bommersbach-Jana/The-Trunk-Murderess The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd (2003 ed.). Poisoned Pen Press. ISBN 978-1-59058-064-6. 9781590580646/Bommersbach-Jana/The-Trunk-Murderess Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hugendubel.info/detail/ISBN","url_text":"9781590580646/Bommersbach-Jana/The-Trunk-Murderess The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoned_Pen_Press","url_text":"Poisoned Pen Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59058-064-6","url_text":"978-1-59058-064-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225121201/https://www.hugendubel.info/detail/ISBN","url_text":"9781590580646/Bommersbach-Jana/The-Trunk-Murderess Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Business Man of Phoenix Indicted in Ruth Judd Case\". Ellensburg Daily Record. December 30, 1932. Retrieved June 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uNArAAAAIBAJ&pg=5951,3989309&dq=winnie+ruth+judd+halloran+indicted&hl=en","url_text":"\"Business Man of Phoenix Indicted in Ruth Judd Case\""}]},{"reference":"\"LDs family Search record\". FamilySearch.","urls":[{"url":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FLVS-F9P","url_text":"\"LDs family Search record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FamilySearch","url_text":"FamilySearch"}]},{"reference":"\"Winnie Judd Near Collapse After Capture\". Harrisburg Telegraph. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 31 Oct 1939. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1914341/winnie_judd_near_collapse/","url_text":"\"Winnie Judd Near Collapse After Capture\""}]},{"reference":"Jana Bommersbach. \"Mr. Big-Shot Attorney\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.janabommersbach.com/pm-fea-may05.php","url_text":"\"Mr. Big-Shot Attorney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mysteries at the Museum\". TVGuide.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/mysteries-at-the-museum/episode-7-season-6/the-blonde-butcher-charley-ross-kidnapping-southern-sasquatch/307750/","url_text":"\"Mysteries at the Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hedvig Samuelson autopsy photos\". Retrieved 2010-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://laws.justsickshit.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/ruth-judd-killing.jpg","url_text":"\"Hedvig Samuelson autopsy photos\""}]},{"reference":"Pela, Robrt (2014-09-24). \"Ruthless: A Long-Lost Confession Letter May Finally Tell the Real Story of Winnie Ruth Judd\".","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/09/ruthless_a_long-lost_confession_letter_may_finally_tell_the_real_story_of_w.php","url_text":"\"Ruthless: A Long-Lost Confession Letter May Finally Tell the Real Story of Winnie Ruth Judd\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P38_Kim1b84","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/trunkmurderesswi00bomm","external_links_name":"The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/winnieruthjuddtr00dobk","external_links_name":"Winnie Ruth Judd: the Trunk Murders"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/27/us/winnie-r-judd-93-infamous-as-1930-s-trunk-murderess.html","external_links_name":"\"Winnie R. Judd, 93, Infamous As 1930's 'Trunk Murderess'\""},{"Link":"http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/judd/5.html","external_links_name":"\"Winnie Ruth Judd: 'The Trunk Murderess' In Perspective\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tMQlAAAAIBAJ&pg=7051,1636133&dq=ruth+judd+halloran+jealousy&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Ruth Judd Is Declared Sane: Reveal Love and Jealousy Over Friend of Trunk Murder Victims\""},{"Link":"http://www.winnieruthjudd.com/house1.html","external_links_name":"\"Winnie Ruth Judd Murder Scene in Phoenix, Arizona. From Paper Hearts the Life and Trial of Winnie Ruth Judd by Philip Warbasse\""},{"Link":"http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/digital/collection/ahfmur/id/59/rec/18","external_links_name":"Wanted poster"},{"Link":"https://www.hugendubel.info/detail/ISBN","external_links_name":"9781590580646/Bommersbach-Jana/The-Trunk-Murderess The Trunk Murderess: Winnie Ruth Judd"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225121201/https://www.hugendubel.info/detail/ISBN","external_links_name":"9781590580646/Bommersbach-Jana/The-Trunk-Murderess Archived"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19320225&id=4Ko0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=6GoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1153,4255395","external_links_name":"Winnie Ruth Judd Sentenced to Hang"},{"Link":"http://www.azdhs.gov/azsh/history.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.azdhs.gov/azsh/history.htm"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uNArAAAAIBAJ&pg=5951,3989309&dq=winnie+ruth+judd+halloran+indicted&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Business Man of Phoenix Indicted in Ruth Judd Case\""},{"Link":"http://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/illinois?a=d&d=DIL19330119.2.28&dliv=none&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------","external_links_name":"Winnie Ruth Judd Sobs As Witness in Halloran Trial"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CpolAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kvUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2458,564401&dq=winnie+ruth+judd+halloran+angeles&hl=en","external_links_name":"Mrs. Ruth Judd Accuses Halloran in Trunk Murders"},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/388588071.html?dids=388588071:388588071&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jan+22%2C+1933&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=MURDER+TRUNK+SHIFT+ADMITTED&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"\"Murder Trunk Shift Admitted\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JIIwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fTsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2540,784768&dq=winnie+ruth+judd+halloran&hl=en","external_links_name":"Halloran Is Freed Of Charges Made By Mrs. Ruth Judd"},{"Link":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:FLVS-F9P","external_links_name":"\"LDs family Search record\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1914341/winnie_judd_near_collapse/","external_links_name":"\"Winnie Judd Near Collapse After Capture\""},{"Link":"http://www.janabommersbach.com/pm-fea-may05.php","external_links_name":"\"Mr. Big-Shot Attorney\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/mysteries-at-the-museum/episode-7-season-6/the-blonde-butcher-charley-ross-kidnapping-southern-sasquatch/307750/","external_links_name":"\"Mysteries at the Museum\""},{"Link":"http://laws.justsickshit.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/ruth-judd-killing.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Hedvig Samuelson autopsy photos\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/valleyfever/2014/09/ruthless_a_long-lost_confession_letter_may_finally_tell_the_real_story_of_w.php","external_links_name":"\"Ruthless: A Long-Lost Confession Letter May Finally Tell the Real Story of Winnie Ruth Judd\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1129429/","external_links_name":"IMDB article Murderess"},{"Link":"http://azmemory.lib.az.us/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=/ahfmur&CISOSTART=1,1","external_links_name":"Arizona Memory Project"},{"Link":"http://www.plasticliving.com/WRJ/wrj.html","external_links_name":"Winnie Ruth Judd's Phoenix"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLM-6a1bp0c","external_links_name":"Arizona Stories, PBS – Winnie Ruth Judd"},{"Link":"https://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/221499","external_links_name":"'Tiger Woman' Of '30s Seized"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/306820/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000031761153","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63205363","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrm7HjM3bRj73hrTW4Xh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92071818","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00649135","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f77ncq","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_a_Minute	Take a Minute	["1 Track listing","1.1 CD: Take a Minute","1.2 Bonus DVD: Live in South Africa","2 Credits","2.1 Smokie","2.2 Additional musicians","2.3 Production","3 Charts","4 References"]	2010 studio album by SmokieTake a MinuteStudio album by SmokieReleased9 August 2010RecordedChairworks Studio in West YorkshireGenrePop rock, country rockLength42:36LabelBlack PelicanProducerLars Pedersen, SmokieSmokie chronology Eclipse(2008) Take a Minute(2010) Take a Minute is the twenty-first studio album by British rock band Smokie, released in 2010. The album arrived in stores initially in Denmark on 9 August 2010 and went straight up to No. 6 in the charts. It finally reached No. 3 and spent eight weeks there. The album was also successful in Norway, where it peaked at No. 6 during a six weeks chart run. Take a Minute was released in Germany on 15 October 2010 and internationally in February 2011. The first single from the album is "Sally's Song (The Legacy Goes On)". It can be downloaded on iTunes since 10 September 2010. The song is a continuation of the story of the other character, Sally, in "Living Next Door to Alice". The second single is "Nothing Hurts Like a Broken Heart". Track listing CD: Take a Minute "Take a Minute" (Martin Hansen / Mikael Nord-Andersson / Wayne Hector / Lee McDougall) – 3:55 "Sally's Song (The Legacy Goes On)" (Ole Evenrud) – 3:50 "If I Can't Love You" (Jan Lysdahl / Peter Malmrup) – 3:40 "Let's Do It Again (The Hangover Song)" (Lars Pedersen / Nikolaj Christensen) – 3:31 "Nothing Hurts Like a Broken Heart" (Amir Aly / Maciel Numhauser / Robin Abrahamsson) – 3:21 "Celtic Days" (Mick McConnell) – 2:56 "Friends Will Be Friends" (Nikolaj Christensen / Mads Haugaard) – 3:24 "The Biggest Lie" (Terry Uttley / Mick McConnell) – 4:18 "I Don't Want to Lose You" (Billy Cross / Mick McConnell) – 3:03 "Can't Change the Past" (Miqael Persson / Eric Mårtensson / Peter Karlsson) – 3:37 "This is Wot I Did" (Mike Craft) – 3:32 "'Til the Grass Grows over Me" (John Davis / Mick McConnell / Conor McGuire) – 3:29 Bonus DVD: Live in South Africa "Something's Been Making Me Blue" "Lay Back in the Arms of Someone" "Tomorrow" "Medley: It's Your Life, Take Good Care of My Baby, Mexican Girl, Few Dollars More" "Wild Angels" "If You Think You Know How to Love Me" "Home is Anywhere You Are" "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" "Baby It's You" "And the Night Stood Still" "Don't Give Me That" "I'll Meet You at Midnight" "Oh Carol" "Needles and Pins" "Have You Ever Seen the Rain" "Don't Play Your Rock 'n' Roll to Me" "Living Next Door to Alice" Credits Smokie Mike Craft – lead vocals, backing vocals and acoustic guitar Terry Uttley – Fender bass and backing vocals Martin Bullard – Rhodes, piano, organ and Mellotron Mick McConnell – electric and acoustic guitars, mandolin and backing vocals Steve Pinnell – drums and percussion Additional musicians Pat McManus – fiddle on "Celtic Days" Production Recorded at The Chairworks\|Chairworks Studio in West Yorkshire Engineer – James Mottershead Edited and cleaned up at Chiefment Studio in Vanløse, Denmark by Lars Pedersen Mixed at Hansa Mix Room in Berlin, Germany by Michael Ilbert Mastered at Cutting Room in Stockholm, Sweden by Björn Engelmann Producer – Lars Pedersen Co-produced by Smokie Executive producer – Jakob Deichmann Photography – Mike & Julie Artwork – Martin B. Dennis Charts Chart (2010) Peak position Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 3 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 6 References ^ ""Take a Minute" - Out Now!!!". Smokie online. 11 August 2010. ^ "Smokie "Take a Minute"". RoastingHouse. 20 August 2010. ^ "Take a Minute chart position in Denmark". IFPI Denmark. ^ "Take a Minute chart position in Norway". Nielsen SoundScan. ^ "At 15.10. "Take a minute" will be released in Germany". Smokie online. 14 October 2010. p. 10. ^ a b "Smokie - Take a Minute CD Release: February 2011". www.smokie.co.za. ^ ""Sally's song"-the first single of the new cd here in Germany". Smokie online. 10 September 2010. p. 10. ^ "Nothing Hurts Like A Broken Heart - single (2010)". Black Pelican Entertainment. ^ "Danishcharts.dk – Smokie – Take a Minute". Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 November 2023. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Smokie – Take a Minute". Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 November 2023. vteSmokie Terry Uttley Martin Bullard Steve Pinnell Mike Craft Mick McConnell Alan Silson Chris Norman Clarence Dawson Ron Kelly Arthur Higgins Pete Spencer Alan Barton Studio albums Pass It Around Changing All the Time Midnight Café Bright Lights & Back Alleys The Montreux Album The Other Side of the Road Solid Ground Boulevard of Broken Dreams Wild Horses – The Nashville Album Take a Minute Compilation albums Greatest Hits Singles "Pass It Around" "If You Think You Know How to Love Me" "Don't Play Your Rock 'n' Roll to Me" "Something's Been Making Me Blue" "Wild Wild Angels" "I'll Meet You at Midnight" "Living Next Door to Alice" "Lay Back in the Arms of Someone" "It's Your Life" "Needles and Pins" "For a Few Dollars More" "Oh Carol" "Mexican Girl" "Do to Me" "Babe It's Up to You" "San Francisco Bay" "Take Good Care of My Baby" "Run to Me" "Little Town Flirt" "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" Related articles Smokie discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Smokie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokie_(band)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Danish_charts-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Norwegian_charts-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.smokie.co.za-6"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Living Next Door to Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Next_Door_to_Alice"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.smokie.co.za-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"2010 studio album by SmokieTake a Minute is the twenty-first studio album by British rock band Smokie, released in 2010.The album arrived in stores initially in Denmark on 9 August 2010 and went straight up to No. 6 in the charts.[2] It finally reached No. 3 and spent eight weeks there.[3] The album was also successful in Norway, where it peaked at No. 6 during a six weeks chart run.[4] Take a Minute was released in Germany on 15 October 2010[5] and internationally in February 2011.[6]The first single from the album is \"Sally's Song (The Legacy Goes On)\". It can be downloaded on iTunes since 10 September 2010.[7] The song is a continuation of the story of the other character, Sally, in \"Living Next Door to Alice\".[6] The second single is \"Nothing Hurts Like a Broken Heart\".[8]","title":"Take a Minute"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"CD: Take a Minute","text":"\"Take a Minute\" (Martin Hansen / Mikael Nord-Andersson / Wayne Hector / Lee McDougall) – 3:55\n\"Sally's Song (The Legacy Goes On)\" (Ole Evenrud) – 3:50\n\"If I Can't Love You\" (Jan Lysdahl / Peter Malmrup) – 3:40\n\"Let's Do It Again (The Hangover Song)\" (Lars Pedersen / Nikolaj Christensen) – 3:31\n\"Nothing Hurts Like a Broken Heart\" (Amir Aly / Maciel Numhauser / Robin Abrahamsson) – 3:21\n\"Celtic Days\" (Mick McConnell) – 2:56\n\"Friends Will Be Friends\" (Nikolaj Christensen / Mads Haugaard) – 3:24\n\"The Biggest Lie\" (Terry Uttley / Mick McConnell) – 4:18\n\"I Don't Want to Lose You\" (Billy Cross / Mick McConnell) – 3:03\n\"Can't Change the Past\" (Miqael Persson / Eric Mårtensson / Peter Karlsson) – 3:37\n\"This is Wot I Did\" (Mike Craft) – 3:32\n\"'Til the Grass Grows over Me\" (John Davis / Mick McConnell / Conor McGuire) – 3:29","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Something's Been Making Me Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something%27s_Been_Making_Me_Blue"},{"link_name":"Lay Back in the Arms of Someone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_Back_in_the_Arms_of_Someone"},{"link_name":"It's Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Your_Life_(Smokie_song)"},{"link_name":"Take Good Care of My Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Good_Care_of_My_Baby"},{"link_name":"Mexican Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Girl"},{"link_name":"Few Dollars More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_a_Few_Dollars_More_(song)"},{"link_name":"Wild Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Wild_Angels"},{"link_name":"If You Think You Know How to Love Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Think_You_Know_How_to_Love_Me"},{"link_name":"And the Night Stood Still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_the_Night_Stood_Still"},{"link_name":"I'll Meet You at Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Meet_You_at_Midnight"},{"link_name":"Oh Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Carol_(Smokie_song)"},{"link_name":"Needles and Pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needles_and_Pins_(song)"},{"link_name":"Have You Ever Seen the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_You_Ever_Seen_the_Rain%3F"},{"link_name":"Don't Play Your Rock 'n' Roll to Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Play_Your_Rock_%27n%27_Roll_to_Me"},{"link_name":"Living Next Door to Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Next_Door_to_Alice"}],"sub_title":"Bonus DVD: Live in South Africa","text":"\"Something's Been Making Me Blue\"\n\"Lay Back in the Arms of Someone\"\n\"Tomorrow\"\n\"Medley: It's Your Life, Take Good Care of My Baby, Mexican Girl, Few Dollars More\"\n\"Wild Angels\"\n\"If You Think You Know How to Love Me\"\n\"Home is Anywhere You Are\"\n\"Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow\"\n\"Baby It's You\"\n\"And the Night Stood Still\"\n\"Don't Give Me That\"\n\"I'll Meet You at Midnight\"\n\"Oh Carol\"\n\"Needles and Pins\"\n\"Have You Ever Seen the Rain\"\n\"Don't Play Your Rock 'n' Roll to Me\"\n\"Living Next Door to Alice\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocalist"},{"link_name":"acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"Fender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_piano"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"Mellotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellotron"},{"link_name":"electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"}],"sub_title":"Smokie","text":"Mike Craft – lead vocals, backing vocals and acoustic guitar\nTerry Uttley – Fender bass and backing vocals\nMartin Bullard – Rhodes, piano, organ and Mellotron\nMick McConnell – electric and acoustic guitars, mandolin and backing vocals\nSteve Pinnell – drums and percussion","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"}],"sub_title":"Additional musicians","text":"Pat McManus – fiddle on \"Celtic Days\"","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Vanløse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanl%C3%B8se"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Smokie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokie_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Recorded at The Chairworks\|Chairworks Studio in West Yorkshire\nEngineer – James Mottershead\nEdited and cleaned up at Chiefment Studio in Vanløse, Denmark by Lars Pedersen\nMixed at Hansa Mix Room in Berlin, Germany by Michael Ilbert\nMastered at Cutting Room in Stockholm, Sweden by Björn Engelmann\nProducer – Lars Pedersen\nCo-produced by Smokie\nExecutive producer – Jakob Deichmann\nPhotography – Mike & Julie\nArtwork – Martin B. Dennis","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"\"Take a Minute\" - Out Now!!!\". Smokie online. 11 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smokie-online.de/index.php/en/news/463-take-a-minute-out-now","url_text":"\"\"Take a Minute\" - Out Now!!!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smokie \"Take a Minute\"\". RoastingHouse. 20 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://roastinghouse.com/2010/08/20/smokie-take-a-minute/","url_text":"\"Smokie \"Take a Minute\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Take a Minute chart position in Denmark\". IFPI Denmark.","urls":[{"url":"https://danishcharts.dk/showitem.asp?interpret=Smokie&titel=Take+A+Minute&cat=a","url_text":"\"Take a Minute chart position in Denmark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"Take a Minute chart position in Norway\". Nielsen SoundScan.","urls":[{"url":"http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Smokie&titel=Take+A+Minute&cat=a","url_text":"\"Take a Minute chart position in Norway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan","url_text":"Nielsen SoundScan"}]},{"reference":"\"At 15.10. \"Take a minute\" will be released in Germany\". Smokie online. 14 October 2010. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smokie-online.de/index.php/en/news?start=90","url_text":"\"At 15.10. \"Take a minute\" will be released in Germany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smokie - Take a Minute CD Release: February 2011\". www.smokie.co.za.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smokie.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=130","url_text":"\"Smokie - Take a Minute CD Release: February 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Sally's song\"-the first single of the new cd here in Germany\". Smokie online. 10 September 2010. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smokie-online.de/index.php/en/news?start=90","url_text":"\"\"Sally's song\"-the first single of the new cd here in Germany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nothing Hurts Like A Broken Heart - single (2010)\". Black Pelican Entertainment.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blackpelican.dk/da/black-pelican-entertainment/black-pelican/artister/smokie-(uk)/nothing-hurts-like-a-broken-heart---single","url_text":"\"Nothing Hurts Like A Broken Heart - single (2010)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.smokie-online.de/index.php/en/news/463-take-a-minute-out-now","external_links_name":"\"\"Take a Minute\" - Out Now!!!\""},{"Link":"http://roastinghouse.com/2010/08/20/smokie-take-a-minute/","external_links_name":"\"Smokie \"Take a Minute\"\""},{"Link":"https://danishcharts.dk/showitem.asp?interpret=Smokie&titel=Take+A+Minute&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Take a Minute chart position in Denmark\""},{"Link":"http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Smokie&titel=Take+A+Minute&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Take a Minute chart position in Norway\""},{"Link":"http://www.smokie-online.de/index.php/en/news?start=90","external_links_name":"\"At 15.10. \"Take a minute\" will be released in Germany\""},{"Link":"http://www.smokie.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=82&Itemid=130","external_links_name":"\"Smokie - Take a Minute CD Release: February 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.smokie-online.de/index.php/en/news?start=90","external_links_name":"\"\"Sally's song\"-the first single of the new cd here in Germany\""},{"Link":"http://www.blackpelican.dk/da/black-pelican-entertainment/black-pelican/artister/smokie-(uk)/nothing-hurts-like-a-broken-heart---single","external_links_name":"\"Nothing Hurts Like A Broken Heart - single (2010)\""},{"Link":"https://danishcharts.dk/showitem.asp?interpret=Smokie&titel=Take+a+Minute&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Danishcharts.dk – Smokie – Take a Minute\""},{"Link":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Smokie&titel=Take+a+Minute&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Norwegiancharts.com – Smokie – Take a Minute\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/8f41cd46-0c56-4bd0-92d6-b9004260ab16","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cyama_Masutatsu	Mas Oyama	["1 Early life","2 Post-World War II","3 Founding Kyokushin","4 Notable students","5 Public demonstrations","6 Later years","7 Final years and death","8 In popular culture","9 Books","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]	Zainichi Korean karateka (1923–1994) Masutatsu Oyama (Choi Bae-dal)Oyama in 1954BornChoi Yeong-eui(1923-07-27)July 27, 1923Kintei, Zenrahoku-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan(now Gimje, North Jeolla Province, South Korea)DiedApril 26, 1994(1994-04-26) (aged 70)Tokyo, JapanHeight173 cm (5 ft 8 in)StyleKyokushinTeacher(s)Gigō Funakoshi, Gōgen Yamaguchi, Nei-Chu So Rank 10th Dan Black Belt in Kyokushin KarateSpouseChiyako Oyama (1946–1994)Children3Notable students(see below) Choi Bae-dalHangul최배달Hanja崔倍達Revised RomanizationChoe BaedalMcCune–ReischauerCh'oe Paetal KyokushinHangul극진Hanja極眞Revised RomanizationGeukjinMcCune–ReischauerKŭkchin Masutatsu Ōyama (大山倍達, Ōyama Masutatsu, July 27, 1923 – April 26, 1994), more commonly known as Mas Oyama, was a South Korean karate master who founded Kyokushin Karate, considered the first and most influential style of full contact karate. Oyama was an ethnic Korean; he was born Choi Yeong-eui (Korean: 최영의; Hanja: 崔永宜) and spent most of his life in Japan. He acquired Japanese citizenship in 1968. Early life Mas Oyama was born as Choi Yeong-eui (최영의) in Kintei, Korea, Empire of Japan. At a young age, he was sent to Manchukuo to live on his sister's farm. Oyama began studying Chinese martial arts at age 9 from a Chinese farmer who was working on the farm. His family name was Lee and Oyama said he was his very first teacher. The story of the young Oyama's life is written in his earlier books. His family was of the landed-gentry class, and his father, Choi Seung-hyun, writing under the pen name of "Hakheon," was a noted composer of classical Chinese poetry. In March 1938, Oyama left for Japan following his brother who enrolled in the Imperial Japanese Army’s Yamanashi Aviation School. Sometime during his time in Japan, Choi Yeong-eui chose his Japanese name, Oyama Masutatsu (大山倍達), which is a transliteration of Baedal (倍達). Baedal was an ancient Korean kingdom known in Japan during Oyama's time as "Ancient Joseon". One story of Oyama's youth involves Lee giving young Oyama a seed which he was to plant; when it sprouted, he was to jump over it one hundred times every day. As the seed grew and became a plant, Oyama later said, "I was able to jump between walls back and forth easily." The writer, Ikki Kajiwara, and the publisher of the comics based the story on the life experience Oyama spoke to them about – thus the title became "Karate Baka Ichidai" (Karate Fanatic). In 1963, Oyama wrote What is Karate, which became a best-seller. It was translated into Hungarian, French, and English. Post-World War II In 1945 after the war ended, Oyama left the aviation school. He finally found a place to live in Tokyo. This is where he met his future wife Oyama Chiyako (大山置弥子) whose mother ran a dormitory for university students. In 1946, Oyama enrolled in Waseda University School of Education to study sports science. Wanting the best in instruction, he contacted the Shotokan dojo (Karate school) operated by Gigō Funakoshi, the third son of karate master and Shotokan founder Gichin Funakoshi. He became a student, and began his lifelong career in karate. To stay focused he remained isolated and trained in solitude. Oyama later attended Takushoku University in Tokyo and was accepted as a student at the dojo of Gichin Funakoshi where he trained for two years. Oyama then studied Gōjū-ryū karate for several years with Nei-chu So (소 나이 추 / 曺（曹）寧柱, 1908–1996) who was a fellow Korean from Oyama's native province and a senior student of the system's founder, Chojun Miyagi. At sometime between 1946 and 1950, Mas Oyama trained at Kanbukan, a dojo founded by high ranking students of Kanken Toyama known for its large degree of Zainichi Korean membership. Nei-chu So was also an active trainee at Kanbukan and likely taught Goju-Ryu to Oyama there. In Kanbukan, Karate was practised with Bōgu/protective gear (Bogutsuki Karate), which allowed for delivering strikes with full force, and may have influenced Oyama's full contact fighting mentality. However, sources say that Oyama had little interest in Bogutsuki Karate as a sport. Oyama did consider using protective equipment at some point though. During this time he also went around Tokyo getting in fights with the U.S. Military Police. He later reminisced those times in a television interview, "Itsumitemo Haran Banjyo" (Nihon Television), "I lost many friends during the war- the very morning of their departure as Kamikaze pilots, we had breakfast together and in the evening their seats were empty. After the war ended, I was angry- so I fought as many U.S. military as I could, until my portrait was all over the police station." Oyama retreated to a lone mountain for solace to train his mind and body. He set out to spend three years on Mt. Minobu in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. Oyama built a shack on the side of the mountain. One of his students named Yashiro accompanied him, but after the rigors of this isolated training, with no modern conveniences, the student snuck away one night, and left Oyama alone. With only monthly visits from a friend in the town of Tateyama in Chiba Prefecture, the loneliness and harsh training became grueling. Oyama remained on the mountain for fourteen months, and returned to Tokyo a much stronger and fiercer karateka. Oyama greatly credited his reading of The Book of Five Rings by Miyamoto Musashi (a famous Japanese swordsman) for changing his life completely. He recounts this book as being his only reading material during his mountain training years. He was forced to leave his mountain retreat after his sponsor had stopped supporting him. Months later, after he had won the Karate Section of Japanese National Martial Arts Championships, he was distraught that he had not reached his original goal to train in the mountains for three years, so he went into solitude again, this time on Mt. Kiyosumi in Chiba Prefecture, where he trained for 18 months. Founding Kyokushin Mas Oyama karate practice in 1954 In 1953, Oyama opened his own karate dojo, named Oyama Dojo (form of Gōjū-ryū), in Tokyo but continued to travel around Japan and the world giving martial arts demonstrations, which included knocking live bulls unconscious with his bare hands (sometimes grabbing them by the horn, and snapping the horn off). His dojo was first located outside in an empty lot but eventually moved into a ballet school in 1956. The senior instructors under him were T. Nakamura, K. Mizushima, E. Yasuda, M. Ishibashi, and T. Minamimoto. Oyama's own curriculum soon developed a reputation as a tough, intense, hard-hitting but practical style which was finally named Kyokushinkai (Japan Karate-Do Kyokushinkai), which means 'the ultimate truth', in a ceremony in 1957. He also developed a reputation for being 'rough' with his students, as the training sessions were grueling and students injuring themselves in practice fighting (kumite) was quite common. Along with practice fighting that distinguished Oyama's teaching style from other karate schools, emphasis on breaking objects such as boards, tiles, or bricks to measure one's offensive ability became Kyokushin's trademark. Oyama believed in the practical application of karate and declared that ignoring 'breaking practice is no more useful than a fruit tree that bears no fruit.' As the reputation of the dojo grew, students were attracted to come to train there from inside and outside Japan and the number of students grew. Many of the eventual senior leaders of today's various Kyokushin-based organisations began training in the style during this time. In 1964, Oyama moved the dojo into the building that would, from then on’ serve as the Kyokushin home dojo and world headquarters. In connection with this, he also formally founded the 'International Karate Organization Kyokushin kaikan' (commonly abbreviated to IKO or IKOK) to organise the many schools that were by then teaching the kyokushin style. In 1961, at the All-Japan Student Open Karate Championship, one of Oyama's students, Tadashi Nakamura, at 19 years old (1961) made his first tournament appearance, where he was placed first. Nakamura later became Mas Oyama's Chief Instructor as referenced in Mas Oyama's book, "This is Karate." In 1969, Oyama staged the first All-Japan Full Contact Karate Open Championships which took Japan by storm and Terutomo Yamazaki became the first champion, which have been held every year since. In 1975, the first World Full Contact Karate Open Championships were held in Tokyo. World championships have been held at four-yearly intervals since. After formally establishing Kyokushin-kai, Oyama directed the organization through a period of expansion. Oyama and his staff of hand-picked instructors displayed great ability in marketing the style and gaining new members. Oyama would choose an instructor to open a dojo in another town or city in Japan, whereupon the instructor would move to that town, and, typically demonstrate his karate skills in public places, such as at the civic gymnasium, the local police gym (where many judo students would practice), a local park, or conduct martial arts demonstrations at local festivals or school events. In this way, the instructor would soon gain a few students for his new dojo. After that, word of mouth would spread through the local area until the dojo had a dedicated core of students. Oyama also sent instructors to other countries such as the United States, Netherlands, England, Australia and Brazil to spread Kyokushin in the same way. Oyama also promoted Kyokushin by holding The All-Japan Full Contact Karate Open Championships every year and World Full Contact Karate Open Championships once every four years in which anyone could enter from any style. Notable students Further information: List of Kyokushin practitioners § Oyama's direct students Public demonstrations Oyama devised the 100-man kumite which he went on to complete three times in a row over the course of three days. He was also known for fighting bulls bare-handed. He battled 52 bulls over the course of his lifetime, supposedly cutting off the horns of several and killing three instantly with one strike, earning him the nickname of "Godhand". Oyama is said to have had many matches with professional wrestlers during his travels through the United States. Later years In 1946, Oyama married a Japanese woman, Oyako Chiyako (1926-2006) and had three children with her. In the late 1960s, Oyama and Chiyako were having marital problems and decided to separate, and Chiyako, who did not want her husband to start seeing other women, arranged for a Korean woman and family friend named Sun-ho Hong to become Oyama's companion for some time. With Hong, Oyama had three more children and he would remain romantically involved with both Hong and Chiyako until the end of his life. Later in life, Oyama suffered from osteoarthritis. Despite his illness, he never gave up training. He held demonstrations of his karate, which included breaking objects. Oyama wrote over 80 books in Japanese and some were translated into other languages. Final years and death Oyama built his Tokyo-based International Karate Organization, Kyokushinkaikan, into one of the world's foremost martial arts associations, with branches in more than 100 countries boasting over 12 million registered members. In Japan, books were written by and about him, feature-length films splashed his colourful life across the big screen, and manga recounted his many adventures. Oyama died at the age of 70 in Tokyo, Japan on April 26, 1994, due to lung cancer. His widow, Chiyako Oyama, created a foundation to honor his legacy. In popular culture Ryu from Street Fighter was inspired by Mas Oyama as game designer Takashi Nishiyama was a fan of his. The character originates from the kung fu series Karate Master by Ikki Kajiwara. As a child, Nishiyama enjoyed watching Ichidai's animated series, which was influenced by Oyama's life. Nishiyama was impressed by Oyama's martial arts skill and philosophies, which inspired him to create the first Street Fighter game. A manga about Oyama's legacy, Karate Baka Ichidai (literal title: "A Karate-Crazy Life"), was published in Weekly Shonen Magazine in 1971, written by Ikki Kajiwara with art by Jirō Tsunoda and Jōya Kagemaru. A 47-episode anime adaptation was released in 1973 which featured several changes to the plot, including the renaming of the Mas Oyama character to "Ken Asuka" (voiced by Nobuo Tanaka). A trilogy of live-action films based on the manga was also produced: Champion of Death (1975), Karate Bearfighter (1975), and Karate for Life (1977). The films featured Oyama's pupil, Japanese actor and martial artist Sonny Chiba, in the main role. Oyama himself appeared in the first two films. Another film adaptation, Fighter in the Wind, was released in 2004, starring Yang Dong-geun. During the 1970s, Oyama and some of his top students were featured in a documentary film The Strongest Karate (released as Fighting Black Kings in the US market) followed by two sequels, all having Ikki Kajiwara as executive producer. Takuma Sakazaki (a.k.a. "Mr. Karate"), a character from SNK's King of Fighters and Art of Fighting video game franchises, was inspired by Mas Oyama. Within the mythology, Sakazaki is the founder and grandmaster of the fictional Kyokugenryu Karate, which is a nod to Oyama's own Kyokushinkaikan. The works of manga author Keisuke Itagaki feature at least two characters inspired by Oyama: Doppo Orochi from Grappler Baki and Shozan Matsuo from Garouden. The Pokémon Sawk was inspired by Mas Oyama. Sawk's single eyebrow is also a remnant of its beta design, which included horns. Due to this, Sawk, alongside Throh, Tornadus and Thundurus, were all intended to be designed after oni. However, the designer of Throh and Sawk, Ken Sugimori, felt their colors made their design too similar to that of Tornadus and Thundurus, so the colors of Tornadus and Thundurus were changed, as well as Throh and Sawk's horns to eyebrows. Books What is Karate?, 1958. ISBN 0-87040-147-5 This is Karate!, 1965. ISBN 0-87040-254-4 Mastering karate, 1966. ISBN 9780448017471 Vital Karate, 1967. ISBN 2-901551-53-X Advanced Karate, 1970. ASIN B000BQYRBQ ISBN 9780870400018 Essential Karate, 1978. ISBN 978-0-8069-8844-3 The Kyokushin way : Mas. Oyama's karate philosophy, 1979. ISBN 9780870404603 Mas Oyama's complete karate course, 1998. ISBN 9780806988450 Notes ^ Lived 1908-1996. References ^ a b Goshi Yamaguchi on Mas Oyama and Kyokushin Karate. The-Martial-Way.com. Retrieved on 2020-08-15. ^ a b Jinsoku Kakan. (1956). Interview with Gogen Yamaguchi about karate-do. Tokyo Maiyu. ^ a b Kinjo Hiroshi from "Overview of Kenpo" by Nisaburo Miki and Mizuho Takada "Commentary on Reprint of "Overview of Kenpo" p. 265 ISBN 978-4947667717 ^ "Black Belt Summer 1963". Active Interest Media. 1963. Retrieved 19 January 2015. ^ Lowe, Bobby. Mas Oyama's karate as practiced in Japan (Arco Pub. Co., 1964). ^ "Black Belt Jul 1987". Active Interest Media. July 1987. Retrieved 19 January 2015. ^ "Black Belt Apr 1994". Active Interest Media. April 1994. Retrieved 19 January 2015. ^ Christina Choi Martin, From Gimje to Red Oak: A Woman's Journey through Changing Times, DCD Publishers, 2021, pp. 37-38, p. 55. ^ a b c d Oyama, 1963, What is Karate, Japan Publications Trading Company. ^ "Black Belt Black Belt Oct 1971". Active Interest Media. October 1971. Retrieved 19 January 2015. ^ Ōyama, Masutatsu (1984) . "25. Karate Future's Progress". This is Karate! (4th ed.). Japan Publications. p. 328. ISBN 0-87040-254-4. ^ Ōyama, Masutatsu (1974) . "11. New Directions in Karate". What is Karate? (8th ed.). Japan Publications. p. 169. ISBN 0-87040-147-5. ^ Have Gi. Will Travel. (12 July 2013). "Mas Oyama vs Bull". Archived from the original on 2021-12-14 – via YouTube. ^ Oyama, Masutatsu (December 1, 1982). Entrance Guide for Kyokushin Karate. Tokyo, Japan: International Karate Organization/Kyokushin Kaikan. p. 91. ^ "The Empty Hand \| FIGHT! Magazine – Archives". Fightmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-05-21. ^ Oyama, Masutatsu (1967). Vital Karate (First ed.). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Publications Trading Co., Ltd. p. 13. ^ Oyama, Masutatsu (May 10, 1979). Challenge to the Limits. Tokyo, Japan: Hoyu Publishing. pp. 66–70. ^ Sosai Masutatsu Oyama – 100 Man Kumite. Masutatsuoyama.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-30. ^ Lorden, Michael L. (2000). Mas Oyama: The Legend, the Legacy. Multi-Media Books. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-892515-24-7. ^ Sosai Masutatsu Oyama – Sosai's History Archived 2011-07-14 at the Wayback Machine. Masutatsuoyama.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-30. ^ "DVD Review: The Masutatsu Oyama Trilogy". Trades. Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2011-01-18. ^ "Sonny Chiba – Masutatsu Oyama Trilogy". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2011-01-19. ^ "Sonny Chiba Collection: Karate For Life". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2011-01-19. ^ Dr Lava (21 May 2019). "Gen 5 Historia: Pokemon Origin Stories (Part 3) Lost Pokemon, beta Pokemon, and design origins". LavaCutContent. Retrieved 22 February 2022. External links Mas Oyama Kyokushin Site Kyokushin Karate Legends Reunite! Stories of Ikki Kajiwara and Masutatsu Oyama Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Japan Czech Republic Korea Poland Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"Kyokushin Karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyokushin_kaikan"},{"link_name":"full contact karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_contact_karate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"Japanese citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_nationality_law"}],"text":"Masutatsu Ōyama (大山倍達, Ōyama Masutatsu, July 27, 1923 – April 26, 1994), more commonly known as Mas Oyama, was a South Korean karate master who founded Kyokushin Karate, considered the first and most influential style of full contact karate.[4][5] Oyama was an ethnic Korean; he was born Choi Yeong-eui (Korean: 최영의; Hanja: 崔永宜) and spent most of his life in Japan. He acquired Japanese citizenship in 1968.","title":"Mas Oyama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kintei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimje"},{"link_name":"Korea, Empire of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo"},{"link_name":"Chinese martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chinese poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_poetry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oyama-10"},{"link_name":"Ancient Joseon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojoseon"},{"link_name":"Ikki Kajiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikki_Kajiwara"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"}],"text":"Mas Oyama was born as Choi Yeong-eui (최영의) in Kintei, Korea, Empire of Japan. At a young age, he was sent to Manchukuo to live on his sister's farm. Oyama began studying Chinese martial arts at age 9 from a Chinese farmer who was working on the farm. His family name was Lee and Oyama said he was his very first teacher. The story of the young Oyama's life is written in his earlier books.[6][7] His family was of the landed-gentry class, and his father, Choi Seung-hyun, writing under the pen name of \"Hakheon,\" was a noted composer of classical Chinese poetry.[8]In March 1938, Oyama left for Japan following his brother who enrolled in the Imperial Japanese Army’s Yamanashi Aviation School.[9] Sometime during his time in Japan, Choi Yeong-eui chose his Japanese name, Oyama Masutatsu (大山倍達), which is a transliteration of Baedal (倍達). Baedal was an ancient Korean kingdom known in Japan during Oyama's time as \"Ancient Joseon\".One story of Oyama's youth involves Lee giving young Oyama a seed which he was to plant; when it sprouted, he was to jump over it one hundred times every day. As the seed grew and became a plant, Oyama later said, \"I was able to jump between walls back and forth easily.\" The writer, Ikki Kajiwara, and the publisher of the comics based the story on the life experience Oyama spoke to them about – thus the title became \"Karate Baka Ichidai\" (Karate Fanatic).In 1963, Oyama wrote What is Karate, which became a best-seller. It was translated into Hungarian, French, and English.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Waseda University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waseda_University"},{"link_name":"Shotokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotokan"},{"link_name":"dojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojo"},{"link_name":"Gigō Funakoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gig%C5%8D_Funakoshi"},{"link_name":"karate master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate_master"},{"link_name":"Shotokan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotokan"},{"link_name":"Gichin Funakoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gichin_Funakoshi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Belt-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oyama-10"},{"link_name":"Takushoku University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takushoku_University"},{"link_name":"Gichin Funakoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gichin_Funakoshi"},{"link_name":"Gōjū-ryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-ry%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Nei-chu So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BA%E5%AF%A7%E6%9F%B1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seinenkai.com-2"},{"link_name":"Chojun Miyagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chojun_Miyagi"},{"link_name":"Kanbukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanbukan"},{"link_name":"Kanken Toyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanken_Toyama"},{"link_name":"Bōgu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%8Dgu"},{"link_name":"Bogutsuki Karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogutsuki_Karate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jinsoku_Kakan_1956-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"U.S. Military Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USFJ"},{"link_name":"Kamikaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze"},{"link_name":"Minobu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minobu"},{"link_name":"Yamanashi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Chiba Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oyama-10"},{"link_name":"The Book of Five Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings"},{"link_name":"Miyamoto Musashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi"},{"link_name":"Chiba Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture"}],"text":"In 1945 after the war ended, Oyama left the aviation school. He finally found a place to live in Tokyo. This is where he met his future wife Oyama Chiyako (大山置弥子) whose mother ran a dormitory for university students.In 1946, Oyama enrolled in Waseda University School of Education to study sports science.Wanting the best in instruction, he contacted the Shotokan dojo (Karate school) operated by Gigō Funakoshi, the third son of karate master and Shotokan founder Gichin Funakoshi.[10] He became a student, and began his lifelong career in karate. To stay focused he remained isolated and trained in solitude.[9]Oyama later attended Takushoku University in Tokyo and was accepted as a student at the dojo of Gichin Funakoshi where he trained for two years. Oyama then studied Gōjū-ryū karate for several years with Nei-chu So (소 나이 추 / 曺（曹）寧柱, 1908–1996)[1] who was a fellow Korean from Oyama's native province and a senior student of the system's founder, Chojun Miyagi.At sometime between 1946 and 1950, Mas Oyama trained at Kanbukan, a dojo founded by high ranking students of Kanken Toyama known for its large degree of Zainichi Korean membership. Nei-chu So was also an active trainee at Kanbukan and likely taught Goju-Ryu to Oyama there. In Kanbukan, Karate was practised with Bōgu/protective gear (Bogutsuki Karate), which allowed for delivering strikes with full force, and may have influenced Oyama's full contact fighting mentality. However, sources say that Oyama had little interest in Bogutsuki Karate as a sport.[2][3][11] Oyama did consider using protective equipment at some point though.[12]During this time he also went around Tokyo getting in fights with the U.S. Military Police. He later reminisced those times in a television interview, \"Itsumitemo Haran Banjyo\" (Nihon Television), \"I lost many friends during the war- the very morning of their departure as Kamikaze pilots, we had breakfast together and in the evening their seats were empty. After the war ended, I was angry- so I fought as many U.S. military as I could, until my portrait was all over the police station.\" Oyama retreated to a lone mountain for solace to train his mind and body. He set out to spend three years on Mt. Minobu in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. Oyama built a shack on the side of the mountain. One of his students named Yashiro accompanied him, but after the rigors of this isolated training, with no modern conveniences, the student snuck away one night, and left Oyama alone. With only monthly visits from a friend in the town of Tateyama in Chiba Prefecture, the loneliness and harsh training became grueling. Oyama remained on the mountain for fourteen months, and returned to Tokyo a much stronger and fiercer karateka.[9]Oyama greatly credited his reading of The Book of Five Rings by Miyamoto Musashi (a famous Japanese swordsman) for changing his life completely. He recounts this book as being his only reading material during his mountain training years.He was forced to leave his mountain retreat after his sponsor had stopped supporting him. Months later, after he had won the Karate Section of Japanese National Martial Arts Championships, he was distraught that he had not reached his original goal to train in the mountains for three years, so he went into solitude again, this time on Mt. Kiyosumi in Chiba Prefecture, where he trained for 18 months.","title":"Post-World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masutatsu_Oyama_karate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oyama Dojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%93%E5%A0%B4"},{"link_name":"Gōjū-ryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-ry%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"M. Ishibashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masashi_Ishibashi_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kyokushinkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyokushinkai"},{"link_name":"kumite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumite"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kyokushin kaikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyokushin_kaikan"},{"link_name":"Terutomo Yamazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terutomo_Yamazaki"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Mas Oyama karate practice in 1954In 1953, Oyama opened his own karate dojo, named Oyama Dojo (form of Gōjū-ryū), in Tokyo but continued to travel around Japan and the world giving martial arts demonstrations, which included knocking live bulls unconscious with his bare hands (sometimes grabbing them by the horn, and snapping the horn off).[13] His dojo was first located outside in an empty lot but eventually moved into a ballet school in 1956. The senior instructors under him were T. Nakamura, K. Mizushima, E. Yasuda, M. Ishibashi, and T. Minamimoto.[14] Oyama's own curriculum soon developed a reputation as a tough, intense, hard-hitting but practical style which was finally named Kyokushinkai (Japan Karate-Do Kyokushinkai), which means 'the ultimate truth', in a ceremony in 1957. He also developed a reputation for being 'rough' with his students, as the training sessions were grueling and students injuring themselves in practice fighting (kumite) was quite common.[15] Along with practice fighting that distinguished Oyama's teaching style from other karate schools, emphasis on breaking objects such as boards, tiles, or bricks to measure one's offensive ability became Kyokushin's trademark. Oyama believed in the practical application of karate and declared that ignoring 'breaking practice is no more useful than a fruit tree that bears no fruit.'[16] As the reputation of the dojo grew, students were attracted to come to train there from inside and outside Japan and the number of students grew. Many of the eventual senior leaders of today's various Kyokushin-based organisations began training in the style during this time. In 1964, Oyama moved the dojo into the building that would, from then on’ serve as the Kyokushin home dojo and world headquarters. In connection with this, he also formally founded the 'International Karate Organization Kyokushin kaikan' (commonly abbreviated to IKO or IKOK) to organise the many schools that were by then teaching the kyokushin style.In 1961, at the All-Japan Student Open Karate Championship, one of Oyama's students, Tadashi Nakamura, at 19 years old (1961) made his first tournament appearance, where he was placed first. Nakamura later became Mas Oyama's Chief Instructor as referenced in Mas Oyama's book, \"This is Karate.\" In 1969, Oyama staged the first All-Japan Full Contact Karate Open Championships which took Japan by storm and Terutomo Yamazaki became the first champion, which have been held every year since. In 1975, the first World Full Contact Karate Open Championships were held in Tokyo. World championships have been held at four-yearly intervals since. After formally establishing Kyokushin-kai, Oyama directed the organization through a period of expansion. Oyama and his staff of hand-picked instructors displayed great ability in marketing the style and gaining new members.[17] Oyama would choose an instructor to open a dojo in another town or city in Japan, whereupon the instructor would move to that town, and, typically demonstrate his karate skills in public places, such as at the civic gymnasium, the local police gym (where many judo students would practice), a local park, or conduct martial arts demonstrations at local festivals or school events. In this way, the instructor would soon gain a few students for his new dojo. After that, word of mouth would spread through the local area until the dojo had a dedicated core of students. Oyama also sent instructors to other countries such as the United States, Netherlands, England, Australia and Brazil to spread Kyokushin in the same way. Oyama also promoted Kyokushin by holding The All-Japan Full Contact Karate Open Championships every year and World Full Contact Karate Open Championships once every four years in which anyone could enter from any style.","title":"Founding Kyokushin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Kyokushin practitioners § Oyama's direct students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kyokushin_practitioners#Oyama's_direct_students"}],"text":"Further information: List of Kyokushin practitioners § Oyama's direct students","title":"Notable students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"100-man kumite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100-man_kumite"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"professional wrestlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestler"}],"text":"Oyama devised the 100-man kumite which he went on to complete three times in a row over the course of three days.[18]He was also known for fighting bulls bare-handed. He battled 52 bulls over the course of his lifetime, supposedly cutting off the horns of several and killing three instantly with one strike, earning him the nickname of \"Godhand\".[19]Oyama is said to have had many matches with professional wrestlers during his travels through the United States.","title":"Public demonstrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"osteoarthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoarthritis"}],"text":"In 1946, Oyama married a Japanese woman, Oyako Chiyako (1926-2006) and had three children with her. In the late 1960s, Oyama and Chiyako were having marital problems and decided to separate, and Chiyako, who did not want her husband to start seeing other women, arranged for a Korean woman and family friend named Sun-ho Hong to become Oyama's companion for some time. With Hong, Oyama had three more children and he would remain romantically involved with both Hong and Chiyako until the end of his life.Later in life, Oyama suffered from osteoarthritis. Despite his illness, he never gave up training. He held demonstrations of his karate, which included breaking objects.Oyama wrote over 80 books in Japanese and some were translated into other languages.","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyokushinkaikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyokushinkaikan"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Oyama built his Tokyo-based International Karate Organization, Kyokushinkaikan, into one of the world's foremost martial arts associations, with branches in more than 100 countries boasting over 12 million registered members. In Japan, books were written by and about him, feature-length films splashed his colourful life across the big screen, and manga recounted his many adventures.Oyama died at the age of 70 in Tokyo, Japan on April 26, 1994, due to lung cancer.[20]His widow, Chiyako Oyama, created a foundation to honor his legacy.","title":"Final years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryu_(Street_Fighter)"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Karate Baka Ichidai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate_Baka_Ichidai"},{"link_name":"Weekly Shonen Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Shonen_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Ikki Kajiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikki_Kajiwara"},{"link_name":"Jirō Tsunoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jir%C5%8D_Tsunoda"},{"link_name":"Nobuo Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobuo_Tanaka_(voice_actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Champion of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_of_Death"},{"link_name":"Karate Bearfighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate_Bearfighter"},{"link_name":"Karate for Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate_for_Life"},{"link_name":"Sonny Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Chiba"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Fighter in the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_in_the_Wind"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film"},{"link_name":"Yang Dong-geun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Dong-geun"},{"link_name":"Takuma Sakazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuma_Sakazaki"},{"link_name":"SNK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNK"},{"link_name":"King of Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Fighters"},{"link_name":"Art of Fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Fighting"},{"link_name":"Kyokushinkaikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyokushinkaikan"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Keisuke Itagaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keisuke_Itagaki"},{"link_name":"Grappler Baki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grappler_Baki"},{"link_name":"Garouden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garouden"},{"link_name":"Pokémon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"Sawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawk"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oyama-10"},{"link_name":"Throh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throh"},{"link_name":"Tornadus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadus"},{"link_name":"Thundurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thundurus"},{"link_name":"oni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni"},{"link_name":"Ken Sugimori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Sugimori"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Ryu from Street Fighter was inspired by Mas Oyama as game designer Takashi Nishiyama was a fan of his. The character originates from the kung fu series Karate Master by Ikki Kajiwara. As a child, Nishiyama enjoyed watching Ichidai's animated series, which was influenced by Oyama's life. Nishiyama was impressed by Oyama's martial arts skill and philosophies, which inspired him to create the first Street Fighter game.\nA manga about Oyama's legacy, Karate Baka Ichidai (literal title: \"A Karate-Crazy Life\"), was published in Weekly Shonen Magazine in 1971, written by Ikki Kajiwara with art by Jirō Tsunoda and Jōya Kagemaru. A 47-episode anime adaptation was released in 1973 which featured several changes to the plot, including the renaming of the Mas Oyama character to \"Ken Asuka\" (voiced by Nobuo Tanaka). A trilogy of live-action films based on the manga was also produced: Champion of Death (1975), Karate Bearfighter (1975), and Karate for Life (1977). The films featured Oyama's pupil, Japanese actor and martial artist Sonny Chiba, in the main role. Oyama himself appeared in the first two films.[21][22][23] Another film adaptation, Fighter in the Wind, was released in 2004, starring Yang Dong-geun.\nDuring the 1970s, Oyama and some of his top students were featured in a documentary film The Strongest Karate (released as Fighting Black Kings in the US market) followed by two sequels, all having Ikki Kajiwara as executive producer.\nTakuma Sakazaki (a.k.a. \"Mr. Karate\"), a character from SNK's King of Fighters and Art of Fighting video game franchises, was inspired by Mas Oyama. Within the mythology, Sakazaki is the founder and grandmaster of the fictional Kyokugenryu Karate, which is a nod to Oyama's own Kyokushinkaikan.\nThe works of manga author Keisuke Itagaki feature at least two characters inspired by Oyama: Doppo Orochi from Grappler Baki and Shozan Matsuo from Garouden.\nThe Pokémon Sawk was inspired by Mas Oyama.[9] Sawk's single eyebrow is also a remnant of its beta design, which included horns. Due to this, Sawk, alongside Throh, Tornadus and Thundurus, were all intended to be designed after oni. However, the designer of Throh and Sawk, Ken Sugimori, felt their colors made their design too similar to that of Tornadus and Thundurus, so the colors of Tornadus and Thundurus were changed, as well as Throh and Sawk's horns to eyebrows.[24]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87040-147-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87040-147-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87040-254-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87040-254-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780448017471","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780448017471"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-901551-53-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-901551-53-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780870400018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870400018"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8069-8844-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-8844-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780870404603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870404603"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780806988450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806988450"}],"text":"What is Karate?, 1958. ISBN 0-87040-147-5\nThis is Karate!, 1965. ISBN 0-87040-254-4\nMastering karate, 1966. ISBN 9780448017471\nVital Karate, 1967. ISBN 2-901551-53-X\nAdvanced Karate, 1970. ASIN B000BQYRBQ ISBN 9780870400018\nEssential Karate, 1978. ISBN 978-0-8069-8844-3\nThe Kyokushin way : Mas. Oyama's karate philosophy, 1979. ISBN 9780870404603\nMas Oyama's complete karate course, 1998. ISBN 9780806988450","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Nei-Chu_1-0"}],"text":"^ Lived 1908-1996.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Mas Oyama karate practice in 1954","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Masutatsu_Oyama_karate.jpg/220px-Masutatsu_Oyama_karate.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Black Belt Summer 1963\". Active Interest Media. 1963. Retrieved 19 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OtkDAAAAMBAJ&q=mas+oyama&pg=PA42","url_text":"\"Black Belt Summer 1963\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Belt Jul 1987\". Active Interest Media. July 1987. Retrieved 19 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=39oDAAAAMBAJ&q=mas+oyama&pg=PA66","url_text":"\"Black Belt Jul 1987\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Belt Apr 1994\". Active Interest Media. April 1994. Retrieved 19 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FtADAAAAMBAJ&q=mas+oyama+international+karate+organization&pg=PA45","url_text":"\"Black Belt Apr 1994\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Belt Black Belt Oct 1971\". Active Interest Media. October 1971. Retrieved 19 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sdcDAAAAMBAJ&q=mas+oyama&pg=PA46","url_text":"\"Black Belt Black Belt Oct 1971\""}]},{"reference":"Ōyama, Masutatsu (1984) [1965]. \"25. Karate Future's Progress\". This is Karate! (4th ed.). Japan Publications. p. 328. ISBN 0-87040-254-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/MasutatsuOyamaThisIsKarate/page/n331/mode/2up","url_text":"This is Karate!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87040-254-4","url_text":"0-87040-254-4"}]},{"reference":"Ōyama, Masutatsu (1974) [1958]. \"11. New Directions in Karate\". What is Karate? (8th ed.). Japan Publications. p. 169. ISBN 0-87040-147-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/karatekyokushinmasutatsuoyamawhatiskarate1966/page/n85/mode/2up","url_text":"What is Karate?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87040-147-5","url_text":"0-87040-147-5"}]},{"reference":"Have Gi. Will Travel. (12 July 2013). \"Mas Oyama vs Bull\". Archived from the original on 2021-12-14 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brHuxeV029E","url_text":"\"Mas Oyama vs Bull\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/brHuxeV029E","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oyama, Masutatsu (December 1, 1982). Entrance Guide for Kyokushin Karate. Tokyo, Japan: International Karate Organization/Kyokushin Kaikan. p. 91.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Empty Hand \| FIGHT! Magazine – Archives\". Fightmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194708/http://www.fightmagazine.com/mma-magazine/the-empty-hand-585/","url_text":"\"The Empty Hand \| FIGHT! Magazine – Archives\""},{"url":"http://www.fightmagazine.com/mma-magazine/the-empty-hand-585/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oyama, Masutatsu (1967). Vital Karate (First ed.). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Publications Trading Co., Ltd. p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Oyama, Masutatsu (May 10, 1979). Challenge to the Limits. Tokyo, Japan: Hoyu Publishing. pp. 66–70.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lorden, Michael L. (2000). Mas Oyama: The Legend, the Legacy. Multi-Media Books. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-892515-24-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-892515-24-7","url_text":"978-1-892515-24-7"}]},{"reference":"\"DVD Review: The Masutatsu Oyama Trilogy\". Trades. Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2011-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120321192752/http://www.the-trades.com/article.php?id=5674","url_text":"\"DVD Review: The Masutatsu Oyama Trilogy\""},{"url":"http://www.the-trades.com/article.php?id=5674","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sonny Chiba – Masutatsu Oyama Trilogy\". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2011-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/29462/sonny-chiba-masutatsu-oyama-trilogy/","url_text":"\"Sonny Chiba – Masutatsu Oyama Trilogy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Talk","url_text":"DVD Talk"}]},{"reference":"\"Sonny Chiba Collection: Karate For Life\". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2011-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/14168/sonny-chiba-collection-karate-for-life/","url_text":"\"Sonny Chiba Collection: Karate For Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Talk","url_text":"DVD Talk"}]},{"reference":"Dr Lava (21 May 2019). \"Gen 5 Historia: Pokemon Origin Stories (Part 3) Lost Pokemon, beta Pokemon, and design origins\". LavaCutContent. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://lavacutcontent.com/ken-sugimori-nintendo-dream/","url_text":"\"Gen 5 Historia: Pokemon Origin Stories (Part 3) Lost Pokemon, beta Pokemon, and design origins\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://the-martial-way.com/goshi-yamaguchi-on-mas-oyama-and-kyokushin-karate/","external_links_name":"Goshi Yamaguchi on Mas Oyama and Kyokushin Karate"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OtkDAAAAMBAJ&q=mas+oyama&pg=PA42","external_links_name":"\"Black Belt Summer 1963\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Mas_Oyama_s_karate_as_practiced_in_Japan.html?id=raB9QgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Mas Oyama's karate as practiced in Japan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=39oDAAAAMBAJ&q=mas+oyama&pg=PA66","external_links_name":"\"Black Belt Jul 1987\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FtADAAAAMBAJ&q=mas+oyama+international+karate+organization&pg=PA45","external_links_name":"\"Black Belt Apr 1994\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sdcDAAAAMBAJ&q=mas+oyama&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"\"Black Belt Black Belt Oct 1971\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/MasutatsuOyamaThisIsKarate/page/n331/mode/2up","external_links_name":"This is Karate!"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/karatekyokushinmasutatsuoyamawhatiskarate1966/page/n85/mode/2up","external_links_name":"What is Karate?"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brHuxeV029E","external_links_name":"\"Mas Oyama vs Bull\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/brHuxeV029E","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194708/http://www.fightmagazine.com/mma-magazine/the-empty-hand-585/","external_links_name":"\"The Empty Hand \| FIGHT! Magazine – Archives\""},{"Link":"http://www.fightmagazine.com/mma-magazine/the-empty-hand-585/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061026101513/http://www.masutatsuoyama.com/100mankumite.htm#300","external_links_name":"Sosai Masutatsu Oyama – 100 Man Kumite"},{"Link":"http://www.masutatsuoyama.com/masoyama.htm","external_links_name":"Sosai Masutatsu Oyama – Sosai's History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714044623/http://www.masutatsuoyama.com/masoyama.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120321192752/http://www.the-trades.com/article.php?id=5674","external_links_name":"\"DVD Review: The Masutatsu Oyama Trilogy\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-trades.com/article.php?id=5674","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/29462/sonny-chiba-masutatsu-oyama-trilogy/","external_links_name":"\"Sonny Chiba – Masutatsu Oyama Trilogy\""},{"Link":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/14168/sonny-chiba-collection-karate-for-life/","external_links_name":"\"Sonny Chiba Collection: Karate For Life\""},{"Link":"http://lavacutcontent.com/ken-sugimori-nintendo-dream/","external_links_name":"\"Gen 5 Historia: Pokemon Origin Stories (Part 3) Lost Pokemon, beta Pokemon, and design origins\""},{"Link":"http://www.mas-oyama.com/","external_links_name":"Mas Oyama Kyokushin Site"},{"Link":"https://www.wko.or.jp/news/info20210907/","external_links_name":"Kyokushin Karate Legends Reunite! Stories of Ikki Kajiwara and Masutatsu Oyama"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/17911/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000010918617X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/79032474","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwtrxH794Bt84MmgcCRKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11918323g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11918323g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1024337561","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50053662","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00063958","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990006317&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200409686","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810576818105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00842914?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027054837","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_loa	Petwo lwa	["1 Description","2 History","3 Examples","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Citations","4.3 Sources","5 External links","6 See also"]	The Petwo (Haitian Creole: Petwo), also spelled Petro and alternatively known as dompete, are a family of lwa (loa) spirits in the religion of Haitian Vodou. They are regarded as being volatile and "hot", in this contrasting with the Rada lwa, which are regarded as sweet-tempered and "cool." Description The Petwo are also known as the Dompete. They are considered one of the nanchons ('nations') of lwa spirits in the religion. Various commentators have described the Petwo as a "pantheon" of deities. Along with the Rada, they are one of the two main groups of lwa worshipped by practitioners in Port-au-Prince. The Petwo spirits are considered to be volatile and hot-tempered, exhibiting bitter, aggressive, and forceful characteristics. In this they contrast with the Rada lwa, who are deemed sweet-natured and dependable. The Petwo lwa are kept separate from the Rada lwa, both spatially, by placing their altars in different parts of the ounfo (temple), and temporally, by invoking them at different stages in a ritual. The anthropologist Karen McCarthy Brown suggested that the contrast between the Rada and the Petwo reflected that between "two archetypal social groups", namely family members and foreigners or insiders and outsiders. Due to their nature, Petwo lwa are treated carefully by Vodouists. They are deemed especially effective at getting things done, particularly when it comes to matters linked to money. A common offering to the Petwo lwa is rum that has been mixed with coffee, spicy pepper, blood, and gunpowder. The drum rhythms selected for Petwo rites are typified by their rapid and harsh sound. Also involved in Petwo rites are small explosions of gunpowder, cracking whips, and shrieking police whistles. History Desmangles thought that the Petwo lwa were not deities brought to the Caribbean by enslaved Africans but rather emerged on the island of Hispaniola amid the conditions of slavery. Later research instead suggested that they derived from the spirit pantheons of the Kongo people of West Central Africa. As spirits associated with anger and rage, they came to be linked to the Haitian Revolution. The mythology of the Petwo lwas is a uniquely Dominican-Haitian phenomenon, not something inherited from Africa. Examples Ezili Dantò is a Petwo lwa. Ogun is a lwa who does not fit neatly into either the Petwo or Rada nanchon. Although he carries weaponry, which is associated with the Petwo, he is seen as the defender of Rada values. References Notes ^ Scholars who have used the spelling "petro" include Leslie Desmangles (1992). More recent sources using the spelling "petwo" include those of the anthropologist Karen McCarthy Brown (1991), and the historian Kate Ramsey (2011). Citations ^ Desmangles 1992, p. 187. ^ a b c d e f g h Brown 1991, p. 101. ^ a b Ramsey 2011, p. 8. ^ a b c d Desmangles 1992, p. 36. ^ a b Desmangles 1992, p. 15. ^ Brown 1991, p. 385; Desmangles 1992, p. 187; Ramsey 2011, p. 8. ^ Brown 1991, p. 385. ^ Brown 1991, p. 100. ^ Brown 1991, p. 101; Ramsey 2011, p. 9. ^ Ramsey 2011, p. 9. ^ Brown 1991, p. 246. Sources Brown, Karen McCarthy (1991). Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22475-2. Desmangles, Leslie (1992). The Faces of the Gods: Vodou and Roman Catholicism in Haiti. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807843932. Métraux, Alfred (1972) . Voodoo in Haiti. Translated by Hugo Charteris. New York: Schocken Books. Ramsey, Kate (2011). The Spirits and the Law: Vodou and Power in Haiti. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70379-4. External links Ezili Danto: Single Mother with a Knife by Kevin Filan petwo song video Archived 2014-06-05 at the Wayback Machine See also Rada loa Paquet congo vteAfrican diaspora religionsReligions Abakuá Arará Atheism Black church Catholicism Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Dominican Vudú Haitian Vodou in Cuba Islam Judaism Kumina Louisiana Voodoo María Lionza Maroon Palo Quimbanda Santería Spiritual Baptist Tambor de Mina Trinidadian Vodunu Umbanda Winti Practices and concepts Animal sacrifice Fetish priest Bokor Houngan Mambo Hoodoo Kongo Hot foot powder Jazz funeral Kromanti dance Macumba Michari Mojo bag Myal Nine nights Obeah Spirituals Veve Voodoo doll Zombie Diverse roots Alusi Igbo Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Western occultism European witchcraft folklore Ifá Kongo Nkisi Bantu Loa Fon and Ewe Orisha Yoruba Rastafari Winti Akan Zemi Native American religions	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Petwo lwa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmangles199236-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmangles199215-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991385Desmangles1992187Ramsey20118-7"},{"link_name":"Port-au-Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991385-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991101-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmangles199236-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991100-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20118-3"},{"link_name":"Karen McCarthy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_McCarthy_Brown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991101-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991101-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991101-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991101-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991101-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991101Ramsey20119-10"}],"text":"The Petwo are also known as the Dompete.[4] They are considered one of the nanchons ('nations') of lwa spirits in the religion.[5]\nVarious commentators have described the Petwo as a \"pantheon\" of deities.[6] Along with the Rada, they are one of the two main groups of lwa worshipped by practitioners in Port-au-Prince.[7]The Petwo spirits are considered to be volatile and hot-tempered,[2] exhibiting bitter, aggressive, and forceful characteristics.[4] In this they contrast with the Rada lwa, who are deemed sweet-natured and dependable.[8]\nThe Petwo lwa are kept separate from the Rada lwa, both spatially, by placing their altars in different parts of the ounfo (temple), and temporally, by invoking them at different stages in a ritual.[3]\nThe anthropologist Karen McCarthy Brown suggested that the contrast between the Rada and the Petwo reflected that between \"two archetypal social groups\", namely family members and foreigners or insiders and outsiders.[2]Due to their nature, Petwo lwa are treated carefully by Vodouists.[2]\nThey are deemed especially effective at getting things done, particularly when it comes to matters linked to money.[2]A common offering to the Petwo lwa is rum that has been mixed with coffee, spicy pepper, blood, and gunpowder.[2]\nThe drum rhythms selected for Petwo rites are typified by their rapid and harsh sound.[2] Also involved in Petwo rites are small explosions of gunpowder, cracking whips, and shrieking police whistles.[9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmangles199236-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey20119-11"},{"link_name":"Haitian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmangles199215-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmangles199236-5"}],"text":"Desmangles thought that the Petwo lwa were not deities brought to the Caribbean by enslaved Africans but rather emerged on the island of Hispaniola amid the conditions of slavery.[4] Later research instead suggested that they derived from the spirit pantheons of the Kongo people of West Central Africa.[10]As spirits associated with anger and rage, they came to be linked to the Haitian Revolution.[5]\nThe mythology of the Petwo lwas is a uniquely Dominican-Haitian phenomenon, not something inherited from Africa.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ezili Dantò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezili_Dantor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991246-12"},{"link_name":"Ogun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991101-2"}],"text":"Ezili Dantò is a Petwo lwa.[11]Ogun is a lwa who does not fit neatly into either the Petwo or Rada nanchon. Although he carries weaponry, which is associated with the Petwo, he is seen as the defender of Rada values.[2]","title":"Examples"}]	[]	[{"title":"Rada loa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_loa"},{"title":"Paquet congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paquet_congo"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Afro-American_Religions"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Afro-American_Religions"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American_Religions"},{"title":"African diaspora religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora_religions"},{"title":"Abakuá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1"},{"title":"Arará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arar%C3%A1_(religion)"},{"title":"Atheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism_in_the_African_diaspora"},{"title":"Black church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church"},{"title":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Catholicism"},{"title":"Candomblé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9"},{"title":"Bantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu"},{"title":"Jejé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9"},{"title":"Ketu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu"},{"title":"Comfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfa"},{"title":"Convince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convince"},{"title":"Dominican Vudú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Vud%C3%BA"},{"title":"Haitian Vodou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou"},{"title":"in Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_in_Cuba"},{"title":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_African_diaspora"},{"title":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_Jews"},{"title":"Kumina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumina"},{"title":"Louisiana Voodoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo"},{"title":"María Lionza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Lionza"},{"title":"Maroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion"},{"title":"Palo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_(religion)"},{"title":"Quimbanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimbanda"},{"title":"Santería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa"},{"title":"Spiritual Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist"},{"title":"Tambor de Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina"},{"title":"Trinidadian Vodunu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadian_Vodunu"},{"title":"Umbanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbanda"},{"title":"Winti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chiwara_male_drawing.png"},{"title":"Animal sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Traditional_African_and_Afro-American_religions"},{"title":"Fetish priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_priest"},{"title":"Bokor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokor"},{"title":"Houngan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houngan"},{"title":"Mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambo_(Vodou)"},{"title":"Hoodoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)"},{"title":"Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_religion"},{"title":"Hot foot powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_foot_powder"},{"title":"Jazz funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_funeral"},{"title":"Kromanti dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromanti_dance"},{"title":"Macumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macumba"},{"title":"Michari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michari"},{"title":"Mojo bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)"},{"title":"Myal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myal"},{"title":"Nine nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_nights"},{"title":"Obeah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeah"},{"title":"Spirituals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituals"},{"title":"Veve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veve"},{"title":"Voodoo doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_doll"},{"title":"Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie"},{"title":"Diverse roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_syncretism"},{"title":"Alusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alusi"},{"title":"Igbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odinala"},{"title":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Americas"},{"title":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"title":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"title":"Western occultism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultism"},{"title":"European witchcraft folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_witchcraft"},{"title":"Ifá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1"},{"title":"Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_religion"},{"title":"Nkisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkisi"},{"title":"Bantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_spirituality"},{"title":"Loa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loa"},{"title":"Fon and Ewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomean_religion"},{"title":"Orisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orisha"},{"title":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_religion"},{"title":"Rastafari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari"},{"title":"Winti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winti"},{"title":"Akan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_religion"},{"title":"Zemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemi"},{"title":"Native American religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_religions"}]	[{"reference":"Brown, Karen McCarthy (1991). Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22475-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22475-2","url_text":"0-520-22475-2"}]},{"reference":"Desmangles, Leslie (1992). The Faces of the Gods: Vodou and Roman Catholicism in Haiti. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807843932.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807843932","url_text":"978-0807843932"}]},{"reference":"Métraux, Alfred (1972) [1959]. Voodoo in Haiti. Translated by Hugo Charteris. New York: Schocken Books.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ramsey, Kate (2011). The Spirits and the Law: Vodou and Power in Haiti. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70379-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-70379-4","url_text":"978-0-226-70379-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121113222542/http://www.widdershins.org/vol9iss5/06.htm","external_links_name":"Ezili Danto: Single Mother with a Knife"},{"Link":"http://segundaviola.com.ar/natvideos/#01","external_links_name":"petwo song video"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140605061455/http://segundaviola.com.ar/natvideos/#01","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrenheit	Charlie Farren	["1 Biography","1.1 Early years","1.2 Balloon and The Joe Perry Project","1.3 The Enemy and Farrenheit","1.4 Hiatus from music","1.5 Return to music","2 Other projects","3 Personal life","4 Discography","4.1 With Balloon","4.2 With The Joe Perry Project","4.3 With The Enemy","4.4 With Farrenheit","4.5 As Charlie Farren","4.6 With Farren Butcher Inc","5 References","6 External links"]	American singer Charlie FarrenBorn (1953-08-27) August 27, 1953 (age 70)Everett, Massachusetts, United StatesGenresRock, PopOccupation(s)Musician, singer, songwriter, band managerInstrument(s)Vocals, guitar, pianoYears active1972–presentLabelsFMan Media, Warner Bros. Records, Atlantic Records, Columbia RecordsWebsitewww.charliefarren.comMusical artist Charlie Farren is an American musician, composer and guitarist best known as the lead singer of the rock bands The Joe Perry Project and Farrenheit. Farren recently launched his 16th release, most recently on his own FMan Media label, which was established in 1999, and been dedicated to managing his CD and publishing catalog. Charlie's full-time musical career began in 1973 and continued until 1989 when he postponed his full-time music-career pursuit to raise a family. He continued to perform as a solo in top Boston-area listening room venues, and continued to write and release CD every 18 – 24 months. After a 24-year career at Hewlett Packard, Charlie retired and has resumed his full-time focus on creating original and compelling musical works. He has succeeded in re-establishing a successful career as a solo artist. Biography Early years Farren was born in the suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts to a family that regularly performed music around the home and in public. His eldest sister performed in a professional Gaelic and Jewish music band. His father played guitar, inspiring him to "dabble" with the instrument as a teenager. Balloon and The Joe Perry Project After performing in several cover and cover-plus-originals band incarnations in high school, Farren's first all-originals band Balloon formed in 1980. Just as Balloon was becoming popular and being pursued by Atlantic Records founder Ahmet Ertegun, thanks to local airplay of two of the band's songs, Farren was recruited to replace Ralph Morman as the frontman for Aerosmith lead guitarist Joe Perry's band The Joe Perry Project. The band recorded and toured for their second album I've Got the Rock'n'Rolls Again, which features a combination of Balloon songs and new tracks Farren and Perry wrote together. The Enemy and Farrenheit Farren's next band was The Enemy, a virtual rebirth of Balloon. After releasing a single and song for a compilation album, Ahmet Ertegun signed Farren. However, when Warner Bros. Records approached him, Farren and bassist David Hull (from The Joe Perry Project) signed to Warner's roster instead. Hull changed his last name to Heit and in 1986 the band took on the name Farrenheit (also written as Farren/Heit). The band had worldwide success including rotation on MTV and an opening slot on Boston's 75-stop sold-out American tour. The band's eponymous album was released in 1987 and spent 7 weeks on the Billboard 200, peaking at #179. During this time, Farren was a guest artist on Nona Hendryx's The Heat and Bad Company's Fame and Fortune. He also performed alongside his sister, Robin Farren, in a band they named Farren, though Farrenheit fans referred to the band as The Charlie Farren Group to avoid confusion with female singer Ferron. Hiatus from music Farren took a hiatus from the music business in 1989 with the birth of his first child. He worked for over 22 years in a global business development role at various information technology corporations including Digital Equipment Corporation, Compaq and Hewlett-Packard. Return to music 1995 saw the return of Farren to the music business when he founded an independent music management company to manage the career of hand-picked artists such as Jon Butcher. Over the next few years, he provided background vocals for Peter Wolf's album Long Line and Joey McIntyre's album Stay The Same. Farren returned to performing and releasing music in 1999 and has since shared stages with The Kinks, Huey Lewis, Jethro Tull, Sammy Hagar, Eddie Money, Warren Zevon among others. His return to performing has also led to occasional Farrenheit reunion shows. He also continues to release both new and old recordings. His most recent release includes his completed version of an unfinished song originally written by deceased friend Brad Delp of the band Boston. As “America’s Special Guest,” Farren has opened shows as an acoustic performer for Pat Benatar and Neil Giraldo, Three Dog Night, REO Speedwagon, Jay Leno, Foghat, The Fools!, as well as many others. Other projects In 2001, Farren designed a guitar with Dean Campbell of Campbell American Guitars. The first production model (serial number 001) was purchased by Massachusetts billionaire Ernie Boch, Jr. Since 2007, Farren has been a talent judge and mentor on the newly revived Boston-area television show Community Auditions. In 2008, Farren recorded the song "You Are The Only One" with radio personality Candy O'Terry. The duo performed the song a number of times at public events including opening slots for Jim Brickman and at the Hatch Memorial Shell in Boston as part of a Making Strides Against Breast Cancer benefit show. It was the only independently released song to appear on national radio charts in 2009. In 2014, Farren will be kicking off the 5th Season Premiere of on Stage with Mantis doing a solo set of his classic and new songs. In 2015 he joined the local television show Community Auditions as a member of the panel of three judges. The show is aired on WCVB Channel 5. Personal life Farren married in October 1981 and has three children. His daughter, Veronica Farren, is an actress and model who has sung background vocals on several of his tracks and performed on stage with him in recent years. Discography With Balloon Live Bootleg (1999) (recorded in 1980) With The Joe Perry Project I've Got The Rock'n'Rolls Again (1981) Best of Joe Perry Project: The Music Still Does The Talkin (2001) (compilation) With The Enemy "America Rocks" (1985) "Sally's Got A Poker Face" (1985) With Farrenheit Farrenheit (1987) First (1989) (band's first recording) Raise The Roof (1999) (includes songs originally recorded for the band's sophomore album) Greasetown (1999) Live At The Roxy (2003) As Charlie Farren Deja Blue (1999) World Gone Wild (2002) Four Letter World (2003) Live At Club Passim (2003) Old And Young (2007) Retrospective: Live At The Regent Theatre (2008) (CD/DVD package) Tuesday (2013) With Farren Butcher Inc FBI (2011) References ^ a b "Charlie Farren – Biography & History – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ "Where Are They Now Files: Charlie Farren". wordpress.com. September 2, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ Charlie Farren's rock & roll journey, wickedlocal.com Archived November 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Farrenheit 1987, glorydazemusic.com Archived September 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Farrenheit – Chart history – Billboard". www.billboard.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ "Charlie Farren, linkedin.com". linkedin.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ "Event Detail". www.blueoceanhall.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ "A lost Delp track makes a finishing touch for Charlie Farren – The Boston Globe". bostonglobe.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ "I Read the News Today (Oh, Boy): Charlie Farren, performermag.com". performermag.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ "Untitled Document". www.jonbutcher.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ Candy O'Terry Career as a singer, Wikipedia ^ "Charlie Farren Celebrates New DVD & CD". www.jacneed.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017. ^ "Charlie Farren: Tuesday - Bluebird Reviews". www.bluebirdreviews.com. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ Trust, Dick (April 4, 2013). "Lost Delp track makes a finishing touch for Charlie Farren - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved April 11, 2021. ^ Charlie Farren "That Kind of Girl" LIVE! on YouTube External links Official website Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Joe Perry Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joe_Perry_Project"}],"text":"Musical artistCharlie Farren is an American musician, composer and guitarist best known as the lead singer of the rock bands The Joe Perry Project and Farrenheit. Farren recently launched his 16th release, most recently on his own FMan Media label, which was established in 1999, and been dedicated to managing his CD and publishing catalog.Charlie's full-time musical career began in 1973 and continued until 1989 when he postponed his full-time music-career pursuit to raise a family. He continued to perform as a solo in top Boston-area listening room venues, and continued to write and release CD every 18 – 24 months. After a 24-year career at Hewlett Packard, Charlie retired and has resumed his full-time focus on creating original and compelling musical works. He has succeeded in re-establishing a successful career as a solo artist.","title":"Charlie Farren"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic.com-1"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Farren was born in the suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts to a family that regularly performed music around the home and in public. His eldest sister performed in a professional Gaelic and Jewish music band. His father played guitar, inspiring him to \"dabble\" with the instrument as a teenager.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_band"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"Ahmet Ertegun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"Joe Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Perry_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"I've Got the Rock'n'Rolls Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Got_the_Rock%27n%27Rolls_Again"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Balloon and The Joe Perry Project","text":"After performing in several cover and cover-plus-originals band incarnations in high school, Farren's first all-originals band Balloon formed in 1980. Just as Balloon was becoming popular and being pursued by Atlantic Records founder Ahmet Ertegun, thanks to local airplay of two of the band's songs, Farren was recruited to replace Ralph Morman as the frontman for Aerosmith lead guitarist Joe Perry's band The Joe Perry Project.[2] The band recorded and toured for their second album I've Got the Rock'n'Rolls Again, which features a combination of Balloon songs and new tracks Farren and Perry wrote together.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"David Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hull_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(band)"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nona Hendryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nona_Hendryx"},{"link_name":"Bad Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Company"},{"link_name":"Fame and Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fame_and_Fortune"},{"link_name":"Ferron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferron"}],"sub_title":"The Enemy and Farrenheit","text":"Farren's next band was The Enemy, a virtual rebirth of Balloon. After releasing a single and song for a compilation album, Ahmet Ertegun signed Farren. However, when Warner Bros. Records approached him, Farren and bassist David Hull (from The Joe Perry Project) signed to Warner's roster instead.[4] Hull changed his last name to Heit and in 1986 the band took on the name Farrenheit (also written as Farren/Heit). The band had worldwide success including rotation on MTV and an opening slot on Boston's 75-stop sold-out American tour. The band's eponymous album was released in 1987 and spent 7 weeks on the Billboard 200, peaking at #179.[5]During this time, Farren was a guest artist on Nona Hendryx's The Heat and Bad Company's Fame and Fortune. He also performed alongside his sister, Robin Farren, in a band they named Farren, though Farrenheit fans referred to the band as The Charlie Farren Group to avoid confusion with female singer Ferron.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Digital Equipment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Compaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq"},{"link_name":"Hewlett-Packard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Hiatus from music","text":"Farren took a hiatus from the music business in 1989 with the birth of his first child. He worked for over 22 years in a global business development role at various information technology corporations including Digital Equipment Corporation, Compaq and Hewlett-Packard.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Butcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Butcher"},{"link_name":"Peter Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Long Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Line"},{"link_name":"Joey McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_McIntyre"},{"link_name":"Stay The Same","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_the_Same_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Kinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kinks"},{"link_name":"Huey Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Jethro Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sammy Hagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Hagar"},{"link_name":"Eddie Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Money"},{"link_name":"Warren Zevon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Zevon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic.com-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brad Delp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Delp"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Return to music","text":"1995 saw the return of Farren to the music business when he founded an independent music management company to manage the career of hand-picked artists such as Jon Butcher. Over the next few years, he provided background vocals for Peter Wolf's album Long Line and Joey McIntyre's album Stay The Same.Farren returned to performing and releasing music in 1999 and has since shared stages with The Kinks, Huey Lewis, Jethro Tull, Sammy Hagar, Eddie Money, Warren Zevon among others.[1] His return to performing has also led to occasional Farrenheit reunion shows.[7] He also continues to release both new and old recordings. His most recent release includes his completed version of an unfinished song originally written by deceased friend Brad Delp of the band Boston.[8]As “America’s Special Guest,” Farren has opened shows as an acoustic performer for Pat Benatar and Neil Giraldo, Three Dog Night, REO Speedwagon, Jay Leno, Foghat, The Fools!, as well as many others.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campbell American Guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_American_Guitars"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ernie Boch, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Boch,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Candy O'Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_O%27Terry"},{"link_name":"Jim Brickman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brickman"},{"link_name":"Hatch Memorial Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatch_Memorial_Shell"},{"link_name":"Making Strides Against Breast Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Strides_Against_Breast_Cancer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 2001, Farren designed a guitar with Dean Campbell of Campbell American Guitars.[9] The first production model (serial number 001) was purchased by Massachusetts billionaire Ernie Boch, Jr.[10]Since 2007, Farren has been a talent judge and mentor on the newly revived Boston-area television show Community Auditions.In 2008, Farren recorded the song \"You Are The Only One\" with radio personality Candy O'Terry. The duo performed the song a number of times at public events including opening slots for Jim Brickman and at the Hatch Memorial Shell in Boston as part of a Making Strides Against Breast Cancer benefit show.[11] It was the only independently released song to appear on national radio charts in 2009.[12]In 2014, Farren will be kicking off the 5th Season Premiere of on Stage with Mantis doing a solo set of his classic and new songs.In 2015 he joined the local television show Community Auditions as a member of the panel of three judges. The show is aired on WCVB Channel 5.","title":"Other projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Farren married in October 1981 and has three children. His daughter, Veronica Farren, is an actress and model who has sung background vocals on several of his tracks[13][14] and performed on stage with him in recent years.[15]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Balloon","text":"Live Bootleg (1999) (recorded in 1980)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With The Joe Perry Project","text":"I've Got The Rock'n'Rolls Again (1981)\nBest of Joe Perry Project: The Music Still Does The Talkin (2001) (compilation)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With The Enemy","text":"\"America Rocks\" (1985)\n\"Sally's Got A Poker Face\" (1985)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Farrenheit","text":"Farrenheit (1987)\nFirst (1989) (band's first recording)\nRaise The Roof (1999) (includes songs originally recorded for the band's sophomore album)\nGreasetown (1999)\nLive At The Roxy (2003)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As Charlie Farren","text":"Deja Blue (1999)\nWorld Gone Wild (2002)\nFour Letter World (2003)\nLive At Club Passim (2003)\nOld And Young (2007)\nRetrospective: Live At The Regent Theatre (2008) (CD/DVD package)\nTuesday (2013)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"With Farren Butcher Inc","text":"FBI (2011)","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Charlie Farren – Biography & History – AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/charlie-farren-mn0000115765/biography","url_text":"\"Charlie Farren – Biography & History – AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where Are They Now Files: Charlie Farren\". wordpress.com. September 2, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://guitarvideochannel.wordpress.com/2010/09/02/where-are-they-now-files-charlie-farren/","url_text":"\"Where Are They Now Files: Charlie Farren\""}]},{"reference":"\"Farrenheit – Chart history – Billboard\". www.billboard.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/276209/farrenheit/chart","url_text":"\"Farrenheit – Chart history – Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlie Farren, linkedin.com\". linkedin.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=33697144","url_text":"\"Charlie Farren, linkedin.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Event Detail\". www.blueoceanhall.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blueoceanhall.com/news/40/74/Farrenheit.html","url_text":"\"Event Detail\""}]},{"reference":"\"A lost Delp track makes a finishing touch for Charlie Farren – The Boston Globe\". bostonglobe.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/04/04/lost-delp-track-makes-finishing-touch-for-charlie-farren/Kx4WUCh6PRXS0yASnW9VzL/story.html","url_text":"\"A lost Delp track makes a finishing touch for Charlie Farren – The Boston Globe\""}]},{"reference":"\"I Read the News Today (Oh, Boy): Charlie Farren, performermag.com\". performermag.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130928014731/http://performermag.com/16199/","url_text":"\"I Read the News Today (Oh, Boy): Charlie Farren, performermag.com\""},{"url":"http://performermag.com/16199/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Untitled Document\". www.jonbutcher.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jonbutcher.com/buzz.html","url_text":"\"Untitled Document\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlie Farren Celebrates New DVD & CD\". www.jacneed.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jacneed.com/Archives/Archives_2010/021010Farren.htm","url_text":"\"Charlie Farren Celebrates New DVD & CD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charlie Farren: Tuesday - Bluebird Reviews\". www.bluebirdreviews.com. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bluebirdreviews.com/albums/390-charlie-farren-tuesday-album-review","url_text":"\"Charlie Farren: Tuesday - Bluebird Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Dick (April 4, 2013). \"Lost Delp track makes a finishing touch for Charlie Farren - The Boston Globe\". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/04/04/lost-delp-track-makes-finishing-touch-for-charlie-farren/Kx4WUCh6PRXS0yASnW9VzL/story.html","url_text":"\"Lost Delp track makes a finishing touch for Charlie Farren - The Boston Globe\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.charliefarren.com/","external_links_name":"www.charliefarren.com"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/charlie-farren-mn0000115765/biography","external_links_name":"\"Charlie Farren – Biography & History – AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://guitarvideochannel.wordpress.com/2010/09/02/where-are-they-now-files-charlie-farren/","external_links_name":"\"Where Are They Now Files: Charlie Farren\""},{"Link":"http://www.wickedlocal.com/malden/fun/entertainment/arts/x453209817/Charlie-Farren-s-rock-roll-journey","external_links_name":"Charlie Farren's rock & roll journey, wickedlocal.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107164538/http://www.wickedlocal.com/malden/fun/entertainment/arts/x453209817/Charlie-Farren-s-rock-roll-journey","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.glorydazemusic.com/articles.php?article_id=3675","external_links_name":"Farrenheit 1987, glorydazemusic.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927070022/http://www.glorydazemusic.com/articles.php?article_id=3675","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/artist/276209/farrenheit/chart","external_links_name":"\"Farrenheit – Chart history – Billboard\""},{"Link":"http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=33697144","external_links_name":"\"Charlie Farren, linkedin.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.blueoceanhall.com/news/40/74/Farrenheit.html","external_links_name":"\"Event Detail\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/04/04/lost-delp-track-makes-finishing-touch-for-charlie-farren/Kx4WUCh6PRXS0yASnW9VzL/story.html","external_links_name":"\"A lost Delp track makes a finishing touch for Charlie Farren – The Boston Globe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130928014731/http://performermag.com/16199/","external_links_name":"\"I Read the News Today (Oh, Boy): Charlie Farren, performermag.com\""},{"Link":"http://performermag.com/16199/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jonbutcher.com/buzz.html","external_links_name":"\"Untitled Document\""},{"Link":"http://www.jacneed.com/Archives/Archives_2010/021010Farren.htm","external_links_name":"\"Charlie Farren Celebrates New DVD & CD\""},{"Link":"https://www.bluebirdreviews.com/albums/390-charlie-farren-tuesday-album-review","external_links_name":"\"Charlie Farren: Tuesday - Bluebird Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/04/04/lost-delp-track-makes-finishing-touch-for-charlie-farren/Kx4WUCh6PRXS0yASnW9VzL/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Lost Delp track makes a finishing touch for Charlie Farren - The Boston Globe\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Q36nAUzUMk","external_links_name":"Charlie Farren \"That Kind of Girl\" LIVE!"},{"Link":"http://www.charliefarren.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/81dbc4a2-e2ec-4f90-87d8-b4edc80d991b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltaspermaceae	Peltaspermales	["1 Evolutionary history","2 Families, genera, and other groupings","3 References"]	Extinct order of seed ferns PeltaspermalesTemporal range: Late Carboniferous–Early Jurassic PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Life restoration of the Lepidopteris plant, with Lepidopteris ottonis foliage and Antevsia zeilleri pollen-producing microsporophylls, from the Late Triassic of Europe Life restoration of Furcula granulifer from the Late Triassic of Greenland Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Order: †PeltaspermalesDelevoryas 1979 Families and genera See text The Peltaspermales are an extinct order of seed plants, often considered "seed ferns". They span from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Jurassic. It includes at least one valid family, Peltaspermaceae, which spans from the Permian to Early Jurassic, which is typified by a group of plants with Lepidopteris leaves, Antevsia pollen-organs, and Peltaspermum ovulate organs, though the family now also includes other genera like Peltaspermopsis , Meyenopteris and Scytophyllum. Along with these, two informal groups (the "Supaioids" and the "Comioids") of uncertain taxonomic affinities exist, each centered around a specific genus ; Supaia and Comia, known from the Early Permian of the Northern Hemisphere, especially of North America. Both the "Comioids" and the "Supaioids" are associated with the peltaspermacean ovulate organ Autunia (also known as Sandrewia). The Late Triassic-Middle Jurassic genus Pachydermophyllum may also have affinities to the peltasperms. The morphology of peltasperm leaves is highly variable, ranging from dissected pinnate (fern-like) to forked and simple morphologies. The leaves of many peltasperms have "monocyclic stomata with wedge-shaped subsidiaries ending in a beak-like papilla overarching the guard cells", something which is found among other seed plant groups. The seed-bearing organs are generally fan-shaped or peltate. It is unclear whether the broad grouping of peltasperms as a whole is monophyletic. Some authors have suggested that some peltasperms may have close affinities to corystosperms, another group of extinct seed plants. Meyen (1987) argued that Peltaspermales were ancestral to Ginkgoales, due to similarities between certain peltasperm form genera (Tatarina, Kirjamkenia, Stiphorus, Antevsia) and the extinct gingko Glossophyllum, and grouped peltasperms with Ginkgoales as part of Ginkgoopsida. Later authors have considered the position of Peltaspermales within seed plants to be uncertain. It is suggested that at least some peltasperms may have been insect pollinated, with Pemian members of the long-probiscis scorpionfly family Protomeropidae from Russia associated with peltasperm pollen. The insects are suggested to have fed on pollination drops produced by peltasperm reproductive organs. Evolutionary history During the late Paleozoic, peltasperms are primarily known from the Northern Hemisphere, with Lepidopteris first appearing in the region during the Late Permian. During the Triassic, Lepidopteris became globally distributed and was abundant, especially during the Late Triassic. Lepidopteris populations collapsed during the end-Triassic mass extinction, with small populations persisting in Patagonia into the Early Jurassic. Families, genera, and other groupings Family Peltaspermaceae Lepidopteris (leaves) Antevsia (pollen organs) Peltaspermum (ovulate organ) Peltaspermopsis (ovulate organ) Meyenopteris (ovulate organ) Kirjamkenia (leaves) Scytophyllum (leaves) Tatarina (leaves) "Supaioids" Supaia (leaves) Glenopteris (leaves) Compsopteris (leaves) Brongniartites (leaves) "Comioids" Comia (leaves) Auritifolia (leaves) Autunia (ovulate organ, formerly Sandrewia) Autuniopsis (ovulate organ) Lopadiangium (ovulate organ) Navipelta (ovulate organ) Permoxylocarpus (ovulate organ) Sporophyllites (ovulate organ) Stiphorus (ovulate organ) Tinsleya (ovulate organ) Pachydermophyllum? (leaves) Vittaephyllum (leaves) Taimyria (ovulate organ) Furcula (leaves) Matatiellaceae? (Other authors consider this family to be incertae sedis within seed plants) Dejerseya (leaves) Matatiella (ovulate organ) References ^ Peltaspermales et Fossilworks ^ a b Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Krings, Michael (2009). Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Academic Press. pp. 639–48. ISBN 9780080557830. ^ a b c d e f Elgorriaga, Andrés; Escapa, Ignacio H.; Cúneo, N. Rubén (July 2019). "Relictual Lepidopteris (Peltaspermales) from the Early Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 180 (6): 578–596. doi:10.1086/703461. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 195435840. ^ a b "Flora of the Lower Permian abo Formation Redbeds, Western Equatorial Pangea, New Mexico". ^ Anderson, Heidi M.; Barbacka, Maria; Bamford, Marion K.; Holmes, W. B. Keith; Anderson, John M. (2020-01-02). "Dicroidium (foliage) and affiliated wood Part 3 of a reassessment of Gondwana Triassic plant genera and a reclassification of some previously attributed". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 44 (1): 64–92. Bibcode:2020Alch...44...64A. doi:10.1080/03115518.2019.1622779. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 199109037. ^ a b "Auritifolia gen. nov., Probable Seed Plant Foliage with Comioid Affinities from the Early Permian of Texas, U.S.A." ^ Krings, Michael; Klavins, Sharon D.; DiMichele, William A.; Kerp, Hans; Taylor, Thomas N. (October 2005). "Epidermal anatomy of Glenopteris splendens Sellards nov. emend., an enigmatic seed plant from the Lower Permian of Kansas (U.S.A.)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 136 (3–4): 159–180. Bibcode:2005RPaPa.136..159K. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.07.002. ^ Mamay, Sergius H.; Chaney, Dan S.; DiMichele, William A. (February 2009). "Comia , a Seed Plant Possibly of Peltaspermous Affinity: A Brief Review of the Genus and Description of Two New Species from the Early Permian (Artinskian) of Texas, C. greggii sp. nov. and C. craddockii sp. nov". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 170 (2): 267–282. doi:10.1086/595294. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 85218041. ^ a b Coiro, Mario; McLoughlin, Stephen; Steinthorsdottir, Margret; Vajda, Vivi; Fabrikant, Dolev; Seyfullah, Leyla J. (2024-04-16). "Parallel evolution of angiosperm‐like venation in Peltaspermales: a reinvestigation of Furcula". New Phytologist. doi:10.1111/nph.19726. ISSN 0028-646X. ^ Meyen, Sergei V. (1987). "Evolution of Ginkgoopsida: from Peltaspermales to Ginkgoales, Leptostrobales and Caytoniales". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Actualités Botaniques. 134 (2): 67–76. doi:10.1080/01811789.1987.10826864. ISSN 0181-1789. ^ Khramov, Alexander V.; Naugolnykh, Sergey V.; Węgierek, Piotr (September 2022). "Possible long-proboscid insect pollinators from the Early Permian of Russia". Current Biology. 32 (17): 3815–3820.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.085. PMID 35858616. S2CID 250647525. ^ Zhang, Yi; Zheng, ShaoLin; Naugolnykh, Serge V. (September 2012). "A new species of Lepidopteris discovered from the Upper Permian of China with its stratigraphic and biologic implications". Chinese Science Bulletin. 57 (27): 3603–3609. Bibcode:2012ChSBu..57.3603Z. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5282-0. ISSN 1001-6538. S2CID 130050063. ^ Slodownik, Miriam; Vajda, Vivi; Steinthorsdottir, Margret (February 2021). "Fossil seed fern Lepidopteris ottonis from Sweden records increasing CO2 concentration during the end-Triassic extinction event". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 564: 110157. Bibcode:2021PPP...56410157S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110157. S2CID 230527791. ^ Vajda, Vivi; McLoughlin, Stephen; Slater, Sam M.; Gustafsson, Ola; Rasmusson, Allan G. (October 2023). "The 'seed-fern' Lepidopteris mass-produced the abnormal pollen Ricciisporites during the end-Triassic biotic crisis". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 627: 111723. Bibcode:2023PPP...62711723V. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111723. S2CID 260102119. ^ Karasev, E. V. (2009). "A new genus Navipelta (Peltaspermales, Pteridospermae) from the Permian/Triassic boundary deposits of the Moscow syneclise" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 43 (10): 1262–1271. doi:10.1134/S0031030109100086. ISSN 0031-0301. ^ Naugolnykh, Serge V.; Mogutcheva, Nina K. (2022). "Taimyria gen. nov., a new genus of evolutionary advanced gymnosperms from Triassic of the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia". Fossil Imprint. 78 (2): 432–444. doi:10.37520/fi.2022.018. ISSN 2533-4069. ^ Bomfleur, Benjamin; Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Serbet, Rudolph; Krings, Michael; Kerp, Hans (July 2011). "Systematics and Paleoecology of a New Peltaspermalean Seed Fern from the Triassic Polar Vegetation of Gondwana". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (6): 807–835. doi:10.1086/660188. hdl:1808/13686. ISSN 1058-5893. ^ Pedernera, Tomás Ezequiel; Gómez, María Angélica (2022-02-22). "Plant reproductive structures of the Agua de la Zorra and Los Rastros formations, Triassic, Argentina". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 24 (4): 336–344. doi:10.4072/rbp.2021.4.04. hdl:11336/171137. Taxon identifiersPeltaspermales Wikidata: Q1536417 Wikispecies: Peltaspermales EoL: 12160051 IRMNG: 11295 Open Tree of Life: 5279315 Paleobiology Database: 157174 This paleobotany-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"seed plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_plant"},{"link_name":"seed ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor_09-2"},{"link_name":"Lepidopteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidopteris"},{"link_name":"Antevsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antevsia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peltaspermum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peltaspermum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ovulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule"},{"link_name":"Peltaspermopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peltaspermopsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meyenopteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meyenopteris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scytophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scytophyllum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Supaioids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supaioids&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Comioids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comioids&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-researchgate_230067642-6"},{"link_name":"Supaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supaia"},{"link_name":"Comia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-researchgate_230067642-6"},{"link_name":"Autunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autunia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pachydermophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pachydermophyllum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnate"},{"link_name":"simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_leaf_morphology"},{"link_name":"stomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoma"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor_09-2"},{"link_name":"corystosperms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corystospermaceae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Ginkgoales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgoales"},{"link_name":"Tatarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatarina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kirjamkenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirjamkenia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stiphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stiphorus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glossophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossophyllum"},{"link_name":"Ginkgoopsida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgoopsida"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"insect pollinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect-pollinated"},{"link_name":"probiscis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscis"},{"link_name":"scorpionfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpionfly"},{"link_name":"Protomeropidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protomeropidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Peltaspermales are an extinct order of seed plants, often considered \"seed ferns\".[2] They span from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Jurassic. It includes at least one valid family, Peltaspermaceae, which spans from the Permian to Early Jurassic, which is typified by a group of plants with Lepidopteris leaves, Antevsia pollen-organs, and Peltaspermum ovulate organs, though the family now also includes other genera like Peltaspermopsis , Meyenopteris and Scytophyllum.[3] Along with these, two informal groups (the \"Supaioids\"[4][5] and the \"Comioids\"[6]) of uncertain taxonomic affinities exist, each centered around a specific genus ; Supaia and Comia, known from the Early Permian of the Northern Hemisphere, especially of North America.[4][6] Both the \"Comioids\" and the \"Supaioids\" are associated with the peltaspermacean ovulate organ Autunia (also known as Sandrewia).[7][8] The Late Triassic-Middle Jurassic genus Pachydermophyllum may also have affinities to the peltasperms.[3]The morphology of peltasperm leaves is highly variable, ranging from dissected pinnate (fern-like) to forked and simple morphologies. The leaves of many peltasperms have \"monocyclic stomata with wedge-shaped subsidiaries ending in a beak-like papilla overarching the guard cells\", something which is found among other seed plant groups. The seed-bearing organs are generally fan-shaped or peltate.[9]It is unclear whether the broad grouping of peltasperms as a whole is monophyletic.[2] Some authors have suggested that some peltasperms may have close affinities to corystosperms, another group of extinct seed plants.[3] Meyen (1987) argued that Peltaspermales were ancestral to Ginkgoales, due to similarities between certain peltasperm form genera (Tatarina, Kirjamkenia, Stiphorus, Antevsia) and the extinct gingko Glossophyllum, and grouped peltasperms with Ginkgoales as part of Ginkgoopsida.[10] Later authors have considered the position of Peltaspermales within seed plants to be uncertain.[9]It is suggested that at least some peltasperms may have been insect pollinated, with Pemian members of the long-probiscis scorpionfly family Protomeropidae from Russia associated with peltasperm pollen. The insects are suggested to have fed on pollination drops produced by peltasperm reproductive organs.[11]","title":"Peltaspermales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"end-Triassic mass extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-Triassic_mass_extinction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"During the late Paleozoic, peltasperms are primarily known from the Northern Hemisphere,[3] with Lepidopteris first appearing in the region during the Late Permian.[12] During the Triassic, Lepidopteris became globally distributed and was abundant, especially during the Late Triassic. Lepidopteris populations collapsed during the end-Triassic mass extinction,[3][13][14] with small populations persisting in Patagonia into the Early Jurassic.[3]","title":"Evolutionary history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lepidopteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidopteris"},{"link_name":"Antevsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antevsia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peltaspermum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peltaspermum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peltaspermopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peltaspermopsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meyenopteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meyenopteris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kirjamkenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirjamkenia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scytophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scytophyllum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tatarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatarina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Supaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supaia"},{"link_name":"Glenopteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenopteris_(plant)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Compsopteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compsopteris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brongniartites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brongniartites&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Comia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Auritifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auritifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Autunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autunia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Autuniopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autuniopsis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lopadiangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lopadiangium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Navipelta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navipelta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Permoxylocarpus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permoxylocarpus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sporophyllites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sporophyllites&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stiphorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stiphorus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tinsleya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tinsleya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pachydermophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pachydermophyllum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vittaephyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vittaephyllum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taimyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taimyria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Furcula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furcula_granulifer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dejerseya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dejerseya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matatiella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matatiella&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Family Peltaspermaceae\nLepidopteris (leaves)\nAntevsia (pollen organs)\nPeltaspermum (ovulate organ)\nPeltaspermopsis (ovulate organ)\nMeyenopteris (ovulate organ)\nKirjamkenia (leaves)\nScytophyllum (leaves)\nTatarina (leaves)\n\"Supaioids\"\nSupaia (leaves)\nGlenopteris (leaves)\nCompsopteris (leaves)\nBrongniartites (leaves)\n\"Comioids\"\nComia (leaves)\nAuritifolia (leaves)\nAutunia (ovulate organ, formerly Sandrewia)\nAutuniopsis (ovulate organ)\nLopadiangium (ovulate organ)\nNavipelta[15] (ovulate organ)\nPermoxylocarpus (ovulate organ)\nSporophyllites (ovulate organ)\nStiphorus (ovulate organ)\nTinsleya (ovulate organ)\nPachydermophyllum? (leaves)\nVittaephyllum (leaves)\nTaimyria (ovulate organ)[16]\nFurcula (leaves)\nMatatiellaceae?[17] (Other authors consider this family to be incertae sedis within seed plants[18])\nDejerseya (leaves)\nMatatiella (ovulate organ)","title":"Families, genera, and other groupings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Krings, Michael (2009). Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Academic Press. pp. 639–48. ISBN 9780080557830.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_29tNNeQKeMC&q=Peltaspermales","url_text":"Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080557830","url_text":"9780080557830"}]},{"reference":"Elgorriaga, Andrés; Escapa, Ignacio H.; Cúneo, N. Rubén (July 2019). \"Relictual Lepidopteris (Peltaspermales) from the Early Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina\". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 180 (6): 578–596. doi:10.1086/703461. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 195435840.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/703461","url_text":"\"Relictual Lepidopteris (Peltaspermales) from the Early Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F703461","url_text":"10.1086/703461"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1058-5893","url_text":"1058-5893"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195435840","url_text":"195435840"}]},{"reference":"\"Flora of the Lower Permian abo Formation Redbeds, Western Equatorial Pangea, New Mexico\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251230488","url_text":"\"Flora of the Lower Permian abo Formation Redbeds, Western Equatorial Pangea, New Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Heidi M.; Barbacka, Maria; Bamford, Marion K.; Holmes, W. B. Keith; Anderson, John M. (2020-01-02). \"Dicroidium (foliage) and affiliated wood Part 3 of a reassessment of Gondwana Triassic plant genera and a reclassification of some previously attributed\". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 44 (1): 64–92. Bibcode:2020Alch...44...64A. doi:10.1080/03115518.2019.1622779. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 199109037.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03115518.2019.1622779","url_text":"\"Dicroidium (foliage) and affiliated wood Part 3 of a reassessment of Gondwana Triassic plant genera and a reclassification of some previously attributed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Alch...44...64A","url_text":"2020Alch...44...64A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03115518.2019.1622779","url_text":"10.1080/03115518.2019.1622779"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0311-5518","url_text":"0311-5518"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199109037","url_text":"199109037"}]},{"reference":"\"Auritifolia gen. nov., Probable Seed Plant Foliage with Comioid Affinities from the Early Permian of Texas, U.S.A.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230067642","url_text":"\"Auritifolia gen. nov., Probable Seed Plant Foliage with Comioid Affinities from the Early Permian of Texas, U.S.A.\""}]},{"reference":"Krings, Michael; Klavins, Sharon D.; DiMichele, William A.; Kerp, Hans; Taylor, Thomas N. (October 2005). \"Epidermal anatomy of Glenopteris splendens Sellards nov. emend., an enigmatic seed plant from the Lower Permian of Kansas (U.S.A.)\". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 136 (3–4): 159–180. Bibcode:2005RPaPa.136..159K. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.07.002.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034666705000837","url_text":"\"Epidermal anatomy of Glenopteris splendens Sellards nov. emend., an enigmatic seed plant from the Lower Permian of Kansas (U.S.A.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005RPaPa.136..159K","url_text":"2005RPaPa.136..159K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.revpalbo.2005.07.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.07.002"}]},{"reference":"Mamay, Sergius H.; Chaney, Dan S.; DiMichele, William A. (February 2009). \"Comia , a Seed Plant Possibly of Peltaspermous Affinity: A Brief Review of the Genus and Description of Two New Species from the Early Permian (Artinskian) of Texas, C. greggii sp. nov. and C. craddockii sp. nov\". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 170 (2): 267–282. doi:10.1086/595294. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 85218041.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/595294","url_text":"\"Comia , a Seed Plant Possibly of Peltaspermous Affinity: A Brief Review of the Genus and Description of Two New Species from the Early Permian (Artinskian) of Texas, C. greggii sp. nov. and C. craddockii sp. nov\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F595294","url_text":"10.1086/595294"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1058-5893","url_text":"1058-5893"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85218041","url_text":"85218041"}]},{"reference":"Coiro, Mario; McLoughlin, Stephen; Steinthorsdottir, Margret; Vajda, Vivi; Fabrikant, Dolev; Seyfullah, Leyla J. (2024-04-16). \"Parallel evolution of angiosperm‐like venation in Peltaspermales: a reinvestigation of Furcula\". New Phytologist. doi:10.1111/nph.19726. ISSN 0028-646X.","urls":[{"url":"https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.19726","url_text":"\"Parallel evolution of angiosperm‐like venation in Peltaspermales: a reinvestigation of Furcula\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.19726","url_text":"10.1111/nph.19726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-646X","url_text":"0028-646X"}]},{"reference":"Meyen, Sergei V. (1987). \"Evolution of Ginkgoopsida: from Peltaspermales to Ginkgoales, Leptostrobales and Caytoniales\". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Actualités Botaniques. 134 (2): 67–76. doi:10.1080/01811789.1987.10826864. ISSN 0181-1789.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01811789.1987.10826864","url_text":"10.1080/01811789.1987.10826864"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0181-1789","url_text":"0181-1789"}]},{"reference":"Khramov, Alexander V.; Naugolnykh, Sergey V.; Węgierek, Piotr (September 2022). \"Possible long-proboscid insect pollinators from the Early Permian of Russia\". Current Biology. 32 (17): 3815–3820.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.085. PMID 35858616. S2CID 250647525.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982222010909","url_text":"\"Possible long-proboscid insect pollinators from the Early Permian of Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.06.085","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.085"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35858616","url_text":"35858616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250647525","url_text":"250647525"}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Yi; Zheng, ShaoLin; Naugolnykh, Serge V. (September 2012). \"A new species of Lepidopteris discovered from the Upper Permian of China with its stratigraphic and biologic implications\". Chinese Science Bulletin. 57 (27): 3603–3609. Bibcode:2012ChSBu..57.3603Z. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5282-0. ISSN 1001-6538. S2CID 130050063.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11434-012-5282-0","url_text":"\"A new species of Lepidopteris discovered from the Upper Permian of China with its stratigraphic and biologic implications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ChSBu..57.3603Z","url_text":"2012ChSBu..57.3603Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11434-012-5282-0","url_text":"10.1007/s11434-012-5282-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1001-6538","url_text":"1001-6538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130050063","url_text":"130050063"}]},{"reference":"Slodownik, Miriam; Vajda, Vivi; Steinthorsdottir, Margret (February 2021). \"Fossil seed fern Lepidopteris ottonis from Sweden records increasing CO2 concentration during the end-Triassic extinction event\". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 564: 110157. Bibcode:2021PPP...56410157S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110157. S2CID 230527791.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018220306052","url_text":"\"Fossil seed fern Lepidopteris ottonis from Sweden records increasing CO2 concentration during the end-Triassic extinction event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PPP...56410157S","url_text":"2021PPP...56410157S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2020.110157","url_text":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110157"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230527791","url_text":"230527791"}]},{"reference":"Vajda, Vivi; McLoughlin, Stephen; Slater, Sam M.; Gustafsson, Ola; Rasmusson, Allan G. (October 2023). \"The 'seed-fern' Lepidopteris mass-produced the abnormal pollen Ricciisporites during the end-Triassic biotic crisis\". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 627: 111723. Bibcode:2023PPP...62711723V. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111723. S2CID 260102119.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018223003413","url_text":"\"The 'seed-fern' Lepidopteris mass-produced the abnormal pollen Ricciisporites during the end-Triassic biotic crisis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PPP...62711723V","url_text":"2023PPP...62711723V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2023.111723","url_text":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260102119","url_text":"260102119"}]},{"reference":"Karasev, E. V. (2009). \"A new genus Navipelta (Peltaspermales, Pteridospermae) from the Permian/Triassic boundary deposits of the Moscow syneclise\" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 43 (10): 1262–1271. doi:10.1134/S0031030109100086. ISSN 0031-0301.","urls":[{"url":"https://paleobotany.ru/pdf/Karasev%202009%20-%20New%20genus%20Navipelta%20Peltaspermales.pdf","url_text":"\"A new genus Navipelta (Peltaspermales, Pteridospermae) from the Permian/Triassic boundary deposits of the Moscow syneclise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0031030109100086","url_text":"10.1134/S0031030109100086"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0301","url_text":"0031-0301"}]},{"reference":"Naugolnykh, Serge V.; Mogutcheva, Nina K. (2022). \"Taimyria gen. nov., a new genus of evolutionary advanced gymnosperms from Triassic of the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia\". Fossil Imprint. 78 (2): 432–444. doi:10.37520/fi.2022.018. ISSN 2533-4069.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.37520/fi.2022.018","url_text":"\"Taimyria gen. nov., a new genus of evolutionary advanced gymnosperms from Triassic of the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.37520%2Ffi.2022.018","url_text":"10.37520/fi.2022.018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2533-4069","url_text":"2533-4069"}]},{"reference":"Bomfleur, Benjamin; Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Serbet, Rudolph; Krings, Michael; Kerp, Hans (July 2011). \"Systematics and Paleoecology of a New Peltaspermalean Seed Fern from the Triassic Polar Vegetation of Gondwana\". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (6): 807–835. doi:10.1086/660188. hdl:1808/13686. ISSN 1058-5893.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/660188","url_text":"\"Systematics and Paleoecology of a New Peltaspermalean Seed Fern from the Triassic Polar Vegetation of Gondwana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F660188","url_text":"10.1086/660188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F13686","url_text":"1808/13686"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1058-5893","url_text":"1058-5893"}]},{"reference":"Pedernera, Tomás Ezequiel; Gómez, María Angélica (2022-02-22). \"Plant reproductive structures of the Agua de la Zorra and Los Rastros formations, Triassic, Argentina\". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 24 (4): 336–344. doi:10.4072/rbp.2021.4.04. hdl:11336/171137.","urls":[{"url":"https://sbpbrasil.org/publications/index.php/rbp/article/view/249","url_text":"\"Plant reproductive structures of the Agua de la Zorra and Los Rastros formations, Triassic, Argentina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4072%2Frbp.2021.4.04","url_text":"10.4072/rbp.2021.4.04"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F171137","url_text":"11336/171137"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=157174","external_links_name":"Peltaspermales"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_29tNNeQKeMC&q=Peltaspermales","external_links_name":"Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants"},{"Link":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/703461","external_links_name":"\"Relictual Lepidopteris (Peltaspermales) from the Early Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F703461","external_links_name":"10.1086/703461"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1058-5893","external_links_name":"1058-5893"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195435840","external_links_name":"195435840"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251230488","external_links_name":"\"Flora of the Lower Permian abo Formation Redbeds, Western Equatorial Pangea, New Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03115518.2019.1622779","external_links_name":"\"Dicroidium (foliage) and affiliated wood Part 3 of a reassessment of Gondwana Triassic plant genera and a reclassification of some previously attributed\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Alch...44...64A","external_links_name":"2020Alch...44...64A"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03115518.2019.1622779","external_links_name":"10.1080/03115518.2019.1622779"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0311-5518","external_links_name":"0311-5518"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199109037","external_links_name":"199109037"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230067642","external_links_name":"\"Auritifolia gen. nov., Probable Seed Plant Foliage with Comioid Affinities from the Early Permian of Texas, U.S.A.\""},{"Link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034666705000837","external_links_name":"\"Epidermal anatomy of Glenopteris splendens Sellards nov. emend., an enigmatic seed plant from the Lower Permian of Kansas (U.S.A.)\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005RPaPa.136..159K","external_links_name":"2005RPaPa.136..159K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.revpalbo.2005.07.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.07.002"},{"Link":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/595294","external_links_name":"\"Comia , a Seed Plant Possibly of Peltaspermous Affinity: A Brief Review of the Genus and Description of Two New Species from the Early Permian (Artinskian) of Texas, C. greggii sp. nov. and C. craddockii sp. nov\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F595294","external_links_name":"10.1086/595294"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1058-5893","external_links_name":"1058-5893"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85218041","external_links_name":"85218041"},{"Link":"https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.19726","external_links_name":"\"Parallel evolution of angiosperm‐like venation in Peltaspermales: a reinvestigation of Furcula\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.19726","external_links_name":"10.1111/nph.19726"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-646X","external_links_name":"0028-646X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01811789.1987.10826864","external_links_name":"10.1080/01811789.1987.10826864"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0181-1789","external_links_name":"0181-1789"},{"Link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982222010909","external_links_name":"\"Possible long-proboscid insect pollinators from the Early Permian of Russia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.06.085","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.085"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35858616","external_links_name":"35858616"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250647525","external_links_name":"250647525"},{"Link":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11434-012-5282-0","external_links_name":"\"A new species of Lepidopteris discovered from the Upper Permian of China with its stratigraphic and biologic implications\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ChSBu..57.3603Z","external_links_name":"2012ChSBu..57.3603Z"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11434-012-5282-0","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11434-012-5282-0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1001-6538","external_links_name":"1001-6538"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130050063","external_links_name":"130050063"},{"Link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018220306052","external_links_name":"\"Fossil seed fern Lepidopteris ottonis from Sweden records increasing CO2 concentration during the end-Triassic extinction event\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PPP...56410157S","external_links_name":"2021PPP...56410157S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2020.110157","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110157"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230527791","external_links_name":"230527791"},{"Link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018223003413","external_links_name":"\"The 'seed-fern' Lepidopteris mass-produced the abnormal pollen Ricciisporites during the end-Triassic biotic crisis\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PPP...62711723V","external_links_name":"2023PPP...62711723V"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2023.111723","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111723"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260102119","external_links_name":"260102119"},{"Link":"https://paleobotany.ru/pdf/Karasev%202009%20-%20New%20genus%20Navipelta%20Peltaspermales.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A new genus Navipelta (Peltaspermales, Pteridospermae) from the Permian/Triassic boundary deposits of the Moscow syneclise\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0031030109100086","external_links_name":"10.1134/S0031030109100086"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0301","external_links_name":"0031-0301"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.37520/fi.2022.018","external_links_name":"\"Taimyria gen. nov., a new genus of evolutionary advanced gymnosperms from Triassic of the Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.37520%2Ffi.2022.018","external_links_name":"10.37520/fi.2022.018"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2533-4069","external_links_name":"2533-4069"},{"Link":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/660188","external_links_name":"\"Systematics and Paleoecology of a New Peltaspermalean Seed Fern from the Triassic Polar Vegetation of Gondwana\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F660188","external_links_name":"10.1086/660188"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F13686","external_links_name":"1808/13686"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1058-5893","external_links_name":"1058-5893"},{"Link":"https://sbpbrasil.org/publications/index.php/rbp/article/view/249","external_links_name":"\"Plant reproductive structures of the Agua de la Zorra and Los Rastros formations, Triassic, Argentina\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4072%2Frbp.2021.4.04","external_links_name":"10.4072/rbp.2021.4.04"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F171137","external_links_name":"11336/171137"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/12160051","external_links_name":"12160051"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11295","external_links_name":"11295"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5279315","external_links_name":"5279315"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=157174","external_links_name":"157174"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peltaspermales&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywood_Rudolf_Steiner_School	Holywood Rudolf Steiner School	["1 History","2 Integration","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 54°38′20″N 5°49′01″W / 54.639°N 5.817°W / 54.639; -5.817Waldorf school located in Holywood, County Down, Northern Ireland 54°38′20″N 5°49′01″W / 54.639°N 5.817°W / 54.639; -5.817 The Holywood Rudolf Steiner School is a Waldorf school located in Holywood, County Down, Northern Ireland which teaches children using methods inspired by Rudolf Steiner. The school is co-educational, serving ages 3 to 17 with an enrollment of more than 160 students. History The school was founded in 1975 in two rooms at the Glencraig Camphill Community at Seahill, just outside Holywood. In the early days the school moved site frequently before moving to its current site at Croft Road in Holywood in 1976. In 1979 a new building which became the school hall was added. In 1993 a new block was built comprising four new classrooms. In 1997, with the help of the National Lottery, a new kindergarten was added. In 2000 another new block of classrooms was completed, again with National Lottery funding. The school was granted provisional registration as an "independent school" in 1976 and final registration in 1993. The school's application for "maintained status" was turned down in 2006 because the school did not take steps to meet certain statutory and other mandatory requirements. The department made no objections in principle to state funding. During negotiations senior civil servants acknowledged the benefits of breaking the Steiner School into the state sector, and drew parallels with the decision of the State to fund Irish language schools. Officials at the Department of Education in Northern Ireland have followed closely developments in England where the New Labour administration initiated steps to provide state funding for a number of Steiner Schools, a development that came to fruition under the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition. Integration Holywood's school website contends that it "has some claim to be the first fully integrated school in Northern Ireland since the troubles began as it has had children from different communities sharing their culture, gifts and abilities throughout the school's history." References ^ Independent Schools Directory: The Holywood Rudolf Steiner School. Accessed 2008-03-23. ^ a b Application for maintained status turned down, Department for Education News Release, 5 October 2006. Accessed on 2008-03-23. External links Official School Website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"54°38′20″N 5°49′01″W / 54.639°N 5.817°W / 54.639; -5.817","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Holywood_Rudolf_Steiner_School&params=54.639_N_5.817_W_region:GB_scale:10000"},{"link_name":"Waldorf school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_education"},{"link_name":"Holywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywood,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Down"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner"},{"link_name":"co-educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-educational"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Waldorf school located in Holywood, County Down, Northern Ireland54°38′20″N 5°49′01″W / 54.639°N 5.817°W / 54.639; -5.817\nThe Holywood Rudolf Steiner School is a Waldorf school located in Holywood, County Down, Northern Ireland which teaches children using methods inspired by Rudolf Steiner. The school is co-educational, serving ages 3 to 17 with an enrollment of more than 160 students.[1]","title":"Holywood Rudolf Steiner School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glencraig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glencraig,_County_Down&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Camphill Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphill_Movement"},{"link_name":"Seahill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahill"},{"link_name":"National Lottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-application-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-application-2"}],"text":"The school was founded in 1975 in two rooms at the Glencraig Camphill Community at Seahill, just outside Holywood. In the early days the school moved site frequently before moving to its current site at Croft Road in Holywood in 1976. In 1979 a new building which became the school hall was added. In 1993 a new block was built comprising four new classrooms. In 1997, with the help of the National Lottery, a new kindergarten was added. In 2000 another new block of classrooms was completed, again with National Lottery funding.The school was granted provisional registration as an \"independent school\" in 1976 and final registration in 1993.[2] The school's application for \"maintained status\" was turned down in 2006 because the school did not take steps to meet certain statutory and other mandatory requirements. The department made no objections in principle to state funding. During negotiations senior civil servants acknowledged the benefits of breaking the Steiner School into the state sector, and drew parallels with the decision of the State to fund Irish language schools. Officials at the Department of Education in Northern Ireland have followed closely developments in England where the New Labour administration initiated steps to provide state funding for a number of Steiner Schools, a development that came to fruition under the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"integrated school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Education"}],"text":"Holywood's school website contends that it \"has some claim to be the first fully integrated school in Northern Ireland since the troubles began as it has had children from different communities sharing their culture, gifts and abilities throughout the school's history.\"","title":"Integration"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Holywood_Rudolf_Steiner_School&params=54.639_N_5.817_W_region:GB_scale:10000","external_links_name":"54°38′20″N 5°49′01″W / 54.639°N 5.817°W / 54.639; -5.817"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Holywood_Rudolf_Steiner_School&params=54.639_N_5.817_W_region:GB_scale:10000","external_links_name":"54°38′20″N 5°49′01″W / 54.639°N 5.817°W / 54.639; -5.817"},{"Link":"http://www.independentschools.com/northern_ireland/the-holywood-rudolf-steiner-school_35610.html","external_links_name":"Independent Schools Directory: The Holywood Rudolf Steiner School"},{"Link":"http://archive.nics.gov.uk/edu/061005e-edu.htm","external_links_name":"Application for maintained status turned down"},{"Link":"http://www.holywood-steiner.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Official School Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Affairs_(1927_film)	Love Affairs (1927 film)	["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]	1927 film Love AffairsDirected byJaap SpeyerWritten byMax GlassStarringAnita DorrisAnton PointnerAlbert SteinrückCinematographyFritz Arno WagnerMusic byFelix BartschProductioncompanyTerra FilmDistributed byTerra FilmRelease date February 1927 (1927-02) CountryGermanyLanguagesSilentGerman intertitles Love Affairs (German: Liebeshandel) is a 1927 German silent film directed by Jaap Speyer and starring Anita Dorris, Anton Pointner, and Albert Steinrück. The film's sets were designed by the art director Alfred Junge. Cast Anita Dorris Anton Pointner Albert Steinrück Trude Hesterberg Traute Carlsen Hans Mierendorff Theodor Loos Hans Brausewetter Sophie Pagay Eva Speyer References ^ Parish & Canham, p. 246. Bibliography Parish, James Robert; Canham, Kingsley (1976). Film Directors Guide: Western Europe. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-0908-6. External links Love Affairs at IMDb vteFilms directed by Jaap Speyer Hedda's Revenge (1919) Lilli (1919) Lilli's Marriage (1919) The Red Night (1921) King of Women (1923) Jimmy: The Tale of a Girl and Her Bear (1923) The Almighty Dollar (1923) The Flower Woman of Potsdam Square (1925) The Doll of Luna Park (1925) The Elegant Bunch (1925) The Morals of the Alley (1925) The Three Mannequins (1926) White Slave Traffic (1926) Valencia (1927) Bigamy (1927) Hotel Rats (1927) Love Affairs (1927) The Schorrsiegel Affair (1928) Miss Chauffeur (1928) The Three Women of Urban Hell (1928) Tales from the Vienna Woods (1928) A Small Down Payment on Bliss (1929) Jenny's Stroll Through Men (1929) Retreat on the Rhine (1930) Tingel-Tangel (1930) Moritz Makes His Fortune (1931) The Tars (1934) Malle Gevallen (1934) De Familie van mijn Vrouw (1935) Kermisgasten (1936) Op een Avond in Mei (1937) A Kingdom for a House (1949) This article related to a German silent film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Jaap Speyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_Speyer"},{"link_name":"Anita Dorris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Dorris"},{"link_name":"Anton Pointner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Pointner"},{"link_name":"Albert Steinrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Steinr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParishCanham246-1"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Alfred Junge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Junge"}],"text":"Love Affairs (German: Liebeshandel) is a 1927 German silent film directed by Jaap Speyer and starring Anita Dorris, Anton Pointner, and Albert Steinrück.[1]The film's sets were designed by the art director Alfred Junge.","title":"Love Affairs (1927 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anita Dorris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Dorris"},{"link_name":"Anton Pointner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Pointner"},{"link_name":"Albert Steinrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Steinr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Trude Hesterberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trude_Hesterberg"},{"link_name":"Traute Carlsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traute_Carlsen"},{"link_name":"Hans Mierendorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Mierendorff"},{"link_name":"Theodor Loos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Loos"},{"link_name":"Hans Brausewetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Brausewetter"},{"link_name":"Sophie Pagay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Pagay"},{"link_name":"Eva Speyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Speyer"}],"text":"Anita Dorris\nAnton Pointner\nAlbert Steinrück\nTrude Hesterberg\nTraute Carlsen\nHans Mierendorff\nTheodor Loos\nHans Brausewetter\nSophie Pagay\nEva Speyer","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parish, James Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Parish"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8108-0908-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0908-6"}],"text":"Parish, James Robert; Canham, Kingsley (1976). Film Directors Guide: Western Europe. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-0908-6.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Parish, James Robert; Canham, Kingsley (1976). Film Directors Guide: Western Europe. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-0908-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Parish","url_text":"Parish, James Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0908-6","url_text":"978-0-8108-0908-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0017065/","external_links_name":"Love Affairs"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Affairs_(1927_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:AlexandreJ	User talk:AlexandreJ	[]	null	[]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kelly_(pianist)	Alexander Kelly (pianist)	["1 References"]	Alexander Kelly (30 June 1929 – 23 October 1996) was a British pianist, composer and former head of keyboard studies at the Royal Academy of Music. Kelly studied piano with Harold Craxton and composition with Sir Lennox Berkeley on a James Caird scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music. He gave his Royal Festival Hall debut under Sir Thomas Beecham and, in 1957, gave his Wigmore Hall debut: playing the Diabelli Variations by Beethoven. Later performances included works by William Sterndale Bennett, Peter Wishart, and John Maxwell Geddes, among others. As a teacher, Kelly was much sought after: beginning his teaching career at the Royal Academy of Music in 1960, and teaching there for over 30 years (until his retirement in 1992). His former pupils include, among others, Peter Jacobs, David Owen Norris, Iain Burnside, and Jonathan Plowright. He became head of the RAM's keyboard department in 1984. In addition to his teaching he also gave regular masterclasses at most of the major music colleges in the country and a series of his masterclasses were broadcast on Classic FM. He was on the judging panel of the: Scottish International Piano Competition, Caird Scholarship, and was an examiner for the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music. Also active in the field of chamber music he performed regularly with, amongst others, the violinist Jean Harvey, the tenor Duncan Robertson and the flautist William Bennett. In 1957 he married the cellist Margaret Moncrieff and they had two daughters: the cellist Alison Moncrieff Kelly, and Catriona Kelly, now a Professor of Russian Literature at New College, Oxford. He also had two grandchildren, Camilla Davan-Wetton and Alexander Davan-Wetton. As a wedding present to Kelly and Moncrieff, the composer Peter Wishart wrote a Piano Concerto which Kelly premiered in Birmingham in 1958. Wishart's piano solo, "Opheis kai klimakes" (Snakes and Ladders) was written to celebrate Catriona's birth in 1959. References ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Sterndale Bennett, Suite de Pieces No 2, Alexander Kelly Piano. YouTube. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harold Craxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Craxton"},{"link_name":"Lennox Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennox_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"James Caird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Key_Caird"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Royal Festival Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall"},{"link_name":"Thomas Beecham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Beecham"},{"link_name":"Wigmore Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigmore_Hall"},{"link_name":"Diabelli Variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabelli_Variations"},{"link_name":"Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven"},{"link_name":"William Sterndale Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Peter Wishart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wishart_(composer)"},{"link_name":"John Maxwell Geddes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maxwell_Geddes"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Peter Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jacobs_(pianist)"},{"link_name":"David Owen Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Owen_Norris"},{"link_name":"Iain Burnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Burnside"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Plowright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Plowright"},{"link_name":"Classic FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Scottish International Piano Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_International_Piano_Competition"},{"link_name":"Caird Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caird_Scholarship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Board_of_the_Royal_Schools_of_Music"},{"link_name":"chamber music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_music"},{"link_name":"Jean Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Harvey"},{"link_name":"Duncan Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Robertson"},{"link_name":"William Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Margaret Moncrieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Moncrieff"},{"link_name":"Alison Moncrieff Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alison_Moncrieff_Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Catriona Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catriona_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Russian Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Literature"},{"link_name":"New College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Camilla Davan-Wetton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camilla_Davan-Wetton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Davan-Wetton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Davan-Wetton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Wishart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wishart_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto"}],"text":"Kelly studied piano with Harold Craxton and composition with Sir Lennox Berkeley on a James Caird scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music.He gave his Royal Festival Hall debut under Sir Thomas Beecham and, in 1957, gave his Wigmore Hall debut: playing the Diabelli Variations by Beethoven. Later performances included works by William Sterndale Bennett,[1] Peter Wishart, and John Maxwell Geddes, among others.As a teacher, Kelly was much sought after: beginning his teaching career at the Royal Academy of Music in 1960, and teaching there for over 30 years (until his retirement in 1992). His former pupils include, among others, Peter Jacobs, David Owen Norris, Iain Burnside, and Jonathan Plowright. He became head of the RAM's keyboard department in 1984. In addition to his teaching he also gave regular masterclasses at most of the major music colleges in the country and a series of his masterclasses were broadcast on Classic FM. He was on the judging panel of the: Scottish International Piano Competition, Caird Scholarship, and was an examiner for the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music.Also active in the field of chamber music he performed regularly with, amongst others, the violinist Jean Harvey, the tenor Duncan Robertson and the flautist William Bennett.In 1957 he married the cellist Margaret Moncrieff and they had two daughters: the cellist Alison Moncrieff Kelly, and Catriona Kelly, now a Professor of Russian Literature at New College, Oxford. He also had two grandchildren, Camilla Davan-Wetton and Alexander Davan-Wetton. As a wedding present to Kelly and Moncrieff, the composer Peter Wishart wrote a Piano Concerto which Kelly premiered in Birmingham in 1958. Wishart's piano solo, \"Opheis kai klimakes\" (Snakes and Ladders) was written to celebrate Catriona's birth in 1959.","title":"Alexander Kelly (pianist)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sterndale Bennett, Suite de Pieces No 2, Alexander Kelly Piano. YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53hNE4fGBjc","url_text":"Sterndale Bennett, Suite de Pieces No 2, Alexander Kelly Piano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/53hNE4fGBjc","external_links_name":"Ghostarchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201209093115/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53hNE4fGBjc","external_links_name":"Wayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53hNE4fGBjc","external_links_name":"Sterndale Bennett, Suite de Pieces No 2, Alexander Kelly Piano"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9ff192b0-eb89-4592-9e68-21d157c95939","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof-number_search	Proof-number search	["1 References","2 Further reading"]	Game tree search algorithm Proof-number search (short: PN search) is a game tree search algorithm invented by Victor Allis, with applications mostly in endgame solvers, but also for sub-goals during games. Using a binary goal (e.g. first player wins the game), game trees of two-person perfect-information games can be mapped to an and–or tree. Maximizing nodes become OR-nodes, minimizing nodes are mapped to AND-nodes. For all nodes proof and disproof numbers are stored, and updated during the search. To each node of the partially expanded game tree the proof number and disproof number are associated. A proof number represents the minimum number of leaf nodes which have to be proved in order to prove the node. Analogously, a disproof number represents the minimum number of leaves which have to be disproved in order to disprove the node. Because the goal of the tree is to prove a forced win, winning nodes are regarded as proved. Therefore, they have proof number 0 and disproof number ∞. Lost or drawn nodes are regarded as disproved. They have proof number ∞ and disproof number 0. Unknown leaf nodes have a proof and disproof number of unity. The proof number of an internal AND node is equal to the sum of its children's proof numbers, since to prove an AND node all the children have to be proved. The disproof number of an AND node is equal to the minimum of its children's disproof numbers. The disproof number of an internal OR node is equal to the sum of its children's disproof numbers, since to disprove an OR node all the children have to be disproved. Its proof number is equal to the minimum of its children's proof numbers. The procedure of selecting the most-proving node to expand is the following. We start at the root. Then, at each OR node the child with the lowest proof number is selected as successor, and at each AND node the child with the lowest disproof number is selected as successor. Finally, when a leaf node is reached, it is expanded and its children are evaluated. The proof and disproof numbers represent lower bounds on the number of nodes to be evaluated to prove (or disprove) certain nodes. By always selecting the most proving (disproving) node to expand, an efficient search is generated. Some variants of proof number search like dfPN, PN2, PDS-PN have been developed to address the quite big memory requirements of the algorithm. References ^ Allis, L Victor. Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence. PhD Thesis. Ponsen & Looijen. ISBN 90-9007488-0. Archived from the original on 2004-12-04. Retrieved 24 Oct 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Mark H.M. Winands, Jos W.H.M. Uiterwijk, and H. Jaap van den Herik (2003). PDS-PN: A New Proof-Number Search Algorithm (PDF). Lecture Notes in Computer Science.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Further reading A. Kishimoto, M.H.M. Winands, M. Müller, and J-T. Saito (2012) Game-tree search using proof numbers: The first twenty years, ICGA, 35(3):131–156, pdf	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_tree"},{"link_name":"search algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_algorithm"},{"link_name":"Victor Allis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Allis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"endgame solvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endgame_solver&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"perfect-information games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect-information_game"},{"link_name":"and–or tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And%E2%80%93or_tree"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS-2"}],"text":"Proof-number search (short: PN search) is a game tree search algorithm invented by Victor Allis,[1] with applications mostly in endgame solvers, but also for sub-goals during games.Using a binary goal (e.g. first player wins the game), game trees of two-person perfect-information games can be mapped to an and–or tree. Maximizing nodes become OR-nodes, minimizing nodes are mapped to AND-nodes. For all nodes proof and disproof numbers are stored, and updated during the search.To each node of the partially expanded game tree the proof number and\ndisproof number are associated. A proof number represents the minimum number of leaf\nnodes which have to be proved in order to prove the node. Analogously, a disproof\nnumber represents the minimum number of leaves which have to be disproved\nin order to disprove the node. Because the goal of the tree is to prove a forced\nwin, winning nodes are regarded as proved. Therefore, they have proof number\n0 and disproof number ∞. Lost or drawn nodes are regarded as\ndisproved. They have proof number ∞ and disproof number\n0. Unknown leaf nodes have a proof and disproof number of unity. \nThe proof number of an internal AND node is equal to the sum of\nits children's proof numbers, since to prove an AND node all the children have\nto be proved. The disproof number of an AND node is equal to the minimum of\nits children's disproof numbers. The disproof number of an internal OR node is\nequal to the sum of its children's disproof numbers, since to disprove an OR node\nall the children have to be disproved. Its proof number is equal to the minimum\nof its children's proof numbers.The procedure of selecting the most-proving node\nto expand is the following. We start at the root. Then, at each OR node the child\nwith the lowest proof number is selected as successor, and at each AND node the\nchild with the lowest disproof number is selected as successor. Finally, when a\nleaf node is reached, it is expanded and its children are evaluated.The proof and disproof numbers represent lower bounds on the number of nodes to be evaluated to prove (or disprove) certain nodes. By always selecting the most proving (disproving) node to expand, an efficient search is generated.Some variants of proof number search like dfPN, PN2, PDS-PN[2] have been developed to address the quite big memory\nrequirements of the algorithm.","title":"Proof-number search"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~mmueller/ps/ICGA2012PNS.pdf"}],"text":"A. Kishimoto, M.H.M. Winands, M. Müller, and J-T. Saito (2012) Game-tree search using proof numbers: The first twenty years, ICGA, 35(3):131–156, pdf","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Allis, L Victor. Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence. PhD Thesis. Ponsen & Looijen. ISBN 90-9007488-0. Archived from the original on 2004-12-04. Retrieved 24 Oct 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041204235835/http://www.cs.vu.nl/~victor/thesis.html","url_text":"Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence. PhD Thesis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-9007488-0","url_text":"90-9007488-0"}]},{"reference":"Mark H.M. Winands, Jos W.H.M. Uiterwijk, and H. Jaap van den Herik (2003). PDS-PN: A New Proof-Number Search Algorithm (PDF). Lecture Notes in Computer Science.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Jaap_van_den_Herik","url_text":"H. Jaap van den Herik"},{"url":"https://dke.maastrichtuniversity.nl/m.winands/documents/PDSPNCG2002.pdf","url_text":"PDS-PN: A New Proof-Number Search Algorithm"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041204235835/http://www.cs.vu.nl/~victor/thesis.html","external_links_name":"Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence. PhD Thesis"},{"Link":"https://dke.maastrichtuniversity.nl/m.winands/documents/PDSPNCG2002.pdf","external_links_name":"PDS-PN: A New Proof-Number Search Algorithm"},{"Link":"https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~mmueller/ps/ICGA2012PNS.pdf","external_links_name":"pdf"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Party_of_Christian_Socialists_(Ukraine)	Party of Christian Socialists	["1 Ideology","2 References"]	Political party in Ukraine Party of Christian Socialists Партія "Xристиянські соціалісти"ChairmanArthur MartinFounderMykhailo DobkinFounded15 February 2018 (2018-02-15)Split fromOpposition BlocHeadquartersKyivIdeologyChristian socialismChristian leftRegionalismEuroscepticismPolitical positionLeft-wingReligionRussian OrthodoxyNational affiliationOpposition Bloc (2019)Colours Red GoldVerkhovna Rada0 / 450 Regions (2015)0 / 158,399 Politics of UkrainePolitical partiesElections The Party of Christian Socialists (Ukrainian: Партія "Християнських соціалістів" or Russian: Партия "Христианских социалистов") is a Christian-socialist party which was founded on February 15, 2018. The party was created when their founder Mykhailo Dobkin left the Opposition Bloc. In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election party members took part on the election list of Opposition Bloc (a party founded in 2019). In the 2019 election this party won 6 single-seat constituencies and its nationwide list won 3.23% of the votes, meaning it did not overcome the 5% election barrier. Before founding the party, Mykhailo Dobkin was known for its pro-Yanukovych and pro-Russian attitude. He took an ambivalent stance towards separatist republics in Eastern Ukraine and the concept of Novorossiya. Some pro-Euromaidan politicians claimed that Dobkin is a separatist. Dobkin staunchly opposed Euromaidan and posed in the uniform of Berkut, Ukrainian special police force infamous for violent measures it took against the protesters. Subsequently Dobkin would distance himself from his perceived stances, and his act of leaving the Opposition Bloc in favor of creating the Party of Christian Socialists is considered a part of his image change. The party is considered to be Russophilic, as one of the issues Christian Socialists campaign on is protection of the Russian language in Ukraine. However, the party condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Leader of the party, Mykhailo Dobkin, despite being suspected of backing Donbas separatists in 2014, stated in response to the invasion: "Much of what I believed in collapsed overnight... just burned out. May this war be damned." The party then emphasized its desire to focus on local issues and regionalism, and promote regional causes as well as regional cultures, especially those of Southern Ukraine and Eastern Ukraine. Ideology The party openly identifies as Christian socialist, and emphasizes that it sees Christian socialism as a natural part of Christian teaching, differentiating itself from "socialists whose origin traces back to communists". According to the party leader, "Christian orientation will be returning to our lives such specific human values as family, respect, relationships between people, everything without which one cannot do both in politics and in ordinary life". The Party of Christian Socialists is also regionalist and has localist roots, as the original name of the party was briefly "Bloc of Local Communities", before being changed to directly reference Christian socialism. The leader of the party, Mykhailo Dobkin, stated that Christian Socialists is a "regional project" that will emphasize regional issues, regionalism, and promote regionalist cultures. The party espouses a golden-colored logo, stylized in an Old Church Slavonic font, which displays the Easter greeting "Christ is Risen!" Despite highlighting that it represents a different kind of socialism from the Soviet one, Christian Socialists nevertheless advertise Soviet nostalgia. Ukrainian political scientists Taras Kuzio, Sergei Zhuk and Paul D'Anieri outline that the party follows the patterns of pro-Soviet patterns in Ukraine, such as socialist/left-wing identification, advocating for radical wealth redistribution, promoting Russian culture and praising the achievements of the Soviet Union. The party opposes decommunisation policies and sees the Soviet legacy of Ukraine as something that must not be rejected but embraced, and that the new, Christian form of socialism in Ukraine should learn from both the perceived achievements and failures of the Soviet Union. The party argues that decommunisation and lustration discriminate against "half of the population of Ukraine", and accused such anti-communist policies of depriving people of jobs. The party also finds it necessary to cancel language laws that limit the usage of the Russian language in Ukraine. Christian Socialists stated that they will "sew Ukraine back together" and argue that many of the problems of Ukraine can be traced back to the infiltration of Ukraine by the USA and its influence. Dobkin also stated that the Orange Revolution and the Euromaidan weakened Ukraine, and opened it up to 'exploitation' by the West. Seen as pro-Russian, the party put an emphasis on protection of the Russian language, and stated its support for the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine. However, the party stated its opposition to the Russian invasion in Ukraine in 2022. The party condemned the invasion, and Dobkin declared that "Much of what I believed in collapsed overnight... just burned out." On 17 March 2022, the party also released a statement in support of the Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy. In April 2022, Dobkin became a deacon of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, marking the party's break with Russian Orthodoxy in favour of the Ukrainian Church. However, the party remains opposed to Ukrainian membership in the European Union and NATO, and condemns the Euromaidan protests. Together with the Orange Revolution, the party considers Euromaidan a US-backed putsch that exposed Ukraine to Western dominance. References ^ "Михаил Добкин основал партию "Христианские социалисты" » Релігія в Україні. Вера и религия. Философия и религия в Украине". Religion.in.ua. Retrieved 3 November 2018. ^ "Добкин создал партию христианских социалистов". M.zn.ua. Retrieved 3 November 2018. ^ a b c Kuzio, Taras; Zhuk, Sergei I.; D'Anieri, Paul (2022). Ukraine’s Outpost: Dnipropetrovsk and the Russian-Ukrainian War. E-International Relations Publishing. pp. 172–176. ISBN 978-1-910814-60-4. ^ a b "Михаил Добкин основал партию "Христианские социалисты"" (in Ukrainian). 21 February 2018. ^ a b c "Воскрешение «динозавров». На местные выборы собрались политики эпохи Януковича". argumentua.com (in Russian). 14 September 2020. ^ Роман Малко (14 May 2018). "Брунькування лівих". tzhden.ua (in Ukrainian). ^ a b c d "Political Portrait of the Warring Kharkiv Region: Top 5 Political Transformations". ^ a b "Добкін створив партію Християнські соціалісти". Ua.korrespondent.net. Retrieved 3 November 2018. ^ Кандидати, яких обрано депутатами рад. Cvk.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 15 November 2015. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015. ^ a b "Добкин создал партию христианских социалистов". M.zn.ua. Retrieved 2018-05-03. ^ "Харьковчанин создал новую партию". Gx.net.ua. Retrieved 2018-05-03. ^ "Добкін створив партію Християнські соціалісти". Korrespondent. 2018-02-21. Retrieved 2023-12-28. ^ Корж, Антон (2018-02-21). "Добкин создал партию христианских социалистов". Dzerkalo Tyzhnia. Retrieved 2023-12-28. ^ "Новинський і ще 5 "опоблоківців" проходять у Раду, а Колесніков – ні". ^ a b Chazan, Guy (2 March 2022). "Another Stalingrad': assault on Kharkiv shatters ties that once bound two nations". Financial Times. ^ a b ""Це змова і шахрайство": Добкін обіцяє назвати винних у затягуванні виборів в Харкові після перемоги". 2day.kh.ua (in Ukrainian). 9 February 2021. ^ "Party of Regions ex-member switches to Christian Socialism". risu.ua. 21 February 2018. ^ "Почти "Христос Воскресе". Добкин создал новую партию. В сети смеются" (in Ukrainian). 21 February 2018. ^ "Добкін заявив, що домагатиметься скасування декомунізації, люстрації та закону про мову". inforesist.org (in Ukrainian). 10 June 2019. ^ a b "M. Dobkin: Shtetet e Bashkuara hynë lehtësisht në Ukrainë, sepse një brez njerëzish të vrarë këtu është rritur". sq.golos.eu (in Albanian). 1 November 2019. vteLeft-wing political parties in UkraineRegistered parties Batkivshchyna Christian Socialists Hromada Justice Party Party of Regions Peasant Party of Ukraine Radical Party of Oleh Liashko Social Democratic Party of Ukraine Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) Social Democratic Union Socialist Ukraine Spade Unregistered parties Communist Party of Ukraine Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2001) Union of Communists of Ukraine Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Social Movement Defunct parties Borotba Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) Communist Party of Workers and Peasants Jewish Communist Labour Bund Jewish Communist Party Left Socialist-Revolutionaries Ukrainian Party of Left Socialists-Revolutionaries Moldavian Progressive Party Organization of Marxists Party of Democratic Revival of Ukraine Revolutionary Ukrainian Party Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Socialist Party of Ukraine Ukraine – Forward! Ukrainian Communist Party Ukrainian Party of Communists-Borotbists Ukrainian Party of Socialists-Federalists Ukrainian Party of Socialist Independists Ukrainian Radical Party Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries Ukrainian Peasant Democratic Party Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party Ukrainian Social-Democratic League Union of Left Forces United Jewish Socialist Workers Party Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist) Workers Resistance vtePolitical parties in Ukraine (list)Official factions Servant of the People (240) European Solidarity (27) Batkivshchyna (24) Holos (20) For the Future (20) Parliamentary groups Platform for Life and Peace (25) Smart Politics (25, inside SN) Dovira (18) Restoration of Ukraine (18) Justice (11, inside Holos) Parties withoutfaction status Svoboda (1) Self Reliance (1) Andriy Baloha's Team (1) Bila Tserkva Together (1) Parties withregionalrepresentation Servant of the People (305) European Solidarity (283) Opposition Platform — For Life (230) Batkivshchyna (193) For the Future (183) Svoboda (50) Kernes Bloc — Successful Kharkiv (46) Our Land (43) Ukrainian Strategy of Groysman (40) Proposition (35) UDAR (30) Radical Party (27) Dovira (22) Native Home (19) Cherkashchany (18) Bloc Svitlychna Together! (17) Strength and Honor (16) Holos (16) Bloc Vilkul — Ukrainian Perspective (16) Unity of Oleksandr Omelchenko (14) Symchyshyn's Team (13) We Have to Live Here! (13) Agrarian Party (12) Native Zakarpattia (12) Trust the Deeds (11) Community Platform (10) For Tangible Solutions (10) Power of the People (9) Volodymyr Buryak — United (9) Self Reliance (9) Native City (9) United Alternative (9) Party of Hungarians (8) Opposition Bloc (8) Andriy Baloha's Team (7) Ukrainian Galician Party (7) People's Movement of Ukraine (6) Party of Shariy (6) People's Control (6) Volodymyr Saldo Bloc (5) Other parties 5.10 Aktsent Brotherhood Christian Democratic Union Civil Position Conscience of Ukraine Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists Democratic Alliance Democratic Axe Democratic Party DIYA European Party For Ukraine! Hromada Internet Party Justice Party Labour Ukraine Liberal Democratic Party Liberal Party of Ukraine Liberty Motherland Defenders Party Movement of New Forces National Corps New Life New Politics One Rus Our Ukraine Party of Greens Party of Free Democrats Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs Party of Pensioners People Bloc People's Democratic Party People's Front People's Party Pirate Party Political Party of Small and Medium-sized Businesses Reasonable Force Republican Christian Party Republican Platform Revival Right Sector Social-Christian Party United Social Democratic Party Solidarity of Women Spade Strong Ukraine Third Ukrainian Republic National-Democratic Association "Ukraine" Ukraine – Forward! Ukraine is Our Home Ukraine United Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform Ukrainian People's Party Ukrainian Republican Party UKROP Union of Communists Volt Ukraine Youth Party Banned Communist Party of Ukraine Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) Communist Party of Workers and Peasants Russian Bloc Russian Unity 20 March 2022 Derzhava Left Opposition Nashi Opposition Bloc Opposition Platform — For Life Party of Shariy Progressive Socialist Party Socialist Party of Ukraine Socialists Union of Left Forces Volodymyr Saldo Bloc Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist) Party of Regions Politics of Ukraine Politics portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mykhailo Dobkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo_Dobkin"},{"link_name":"Opposition Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_Bloc"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Opposition Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_Bloc_(2019)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Novorossiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novorossiya"},{"link_name":"Berkut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkut_(special_police_force)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-argumentua-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odorg-7"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft_1-15"},{"link_name":"Southern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2day-16"}],"text":"The Party of Christian Socialists (Ukrainian: Партія \"Християнських соціалістів\" or Russian: Партия \"Христианских социалистов\") is a Christian-socialist party which was founded on February 15, 2018.[10][11] The party was created when their founder Mykhailo Dobkin left the Opposition Bloc.[10] In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election party members took part on the election list of Opposition Bloc (a party founded in 2019).[12][13] In the 2019 election this party won 6 single-seat constituencies and its nationwide list won 3.23% of the votes, meaning it did not overcome the 5% election barrier.[14]Before founding the party, Mykhailo Dobkin was known for its pro-Yanukovych and pro-Russian attitude. He took an ambivalent stance towards separatist republics in Eastern Ukraine and the concept of Novorossiya. Some pro-Euromaidan politicians claimed that Dobkin is a separatist. Dobkin staunchly opposed Euromaidan and posed in the uniform of Berkut, Ukrainian special police force infamous for violent measures it took against the protesters. Subsequently Dobkin would distance himself from his perceived stances, and his act of leaving the Opposition Bloc in favor of creating the Party of Christian Socialists is considered a part of his image change.[5]The party is considered to be Russophilic, as one of the issues Christian Socialists campaign on is protection of the Russian language in Ukraine.[7] However, the party condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Leader of the party, Mykhailo Dobkin, despite being suspected of backing Donbas separatists in 2014, stated in response to the invasion: \"Much of what I believed in collapsed overnight... just burned out. May this war be damned.\"[15] The party then emphasized its desire to focus on local issues and regionalism, and promote regional causes as well as regional cultures, especially those of Southern Ukraine and Eastern Ukraine.[16]","title":"Party of Christian Socialists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-local-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2day-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taras-3"},{"link_name":"Russian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Orange Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sqgolos-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odorg-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft_1-15"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Zelenskyy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odorg-7"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-argumentua-5"},{"link_name":"Orange Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sqgolos-20"}],"text":"The party openly identifies as Christian socialist, and emphasizes that it sees Christian socialism as a natural part of Christian teaching, differentiating itself from \"socialists whose origin traces back to communists\". According to the party leader, \"Christian orientation will be returning to our lives such specific human values as family, respect, relationships between people, everything without which one cannot do both in politics and in ordinary life\".[17]The Party of Christian Socialists is also regionalist and has localist roots, as the original name of the party was briefly \"Bloc of Local Communities\", before being changed to directly reference Christian socialism.[4] The leader of the party, Mykhailo Dobkin, stated that Christian Socialists is a \"regional project\" that will emphasize regional issues, regionalism, and promote regionalist cultures.[16] The party espouses a golden-colored logo, stylized in an Old Church Slavonic font, which displays the Easter greeting \"Christ is Risen!\"[18]Despite highlighting that it represents a different kind of socialism from the Soviet one, Christian Socialists nevertheless advertise Soviet nostalgia. Ukrainian political scientists Taras Kuzio, Sergei Zhuk and Paul D'Anieri outline that the party follows the patterns of pro-Soviet patterns in Ukraine, such as socialist/left-wing identification, advocating for radical wealth redistribution, promoting Russian culture and praising the achievements of the Soviet Union. The party opposes decommunisation policies and sees the Soviet legacy of Ukraine as something that must not be rejected but embraced, and that the new, Christian form of socialism in Ukraine should learn from both the perceived achievements and failures of the Soviet Union.[3]The party argues that decommunisation and lustration discriminate against \"half of the population of Ukraine\", and accused such anti-communist policies of depriving people of jobs. The party also finds it necessary to cancel language laws that limit the usage of the Russian language in Ukraine.[19] Christian Socialists stated that they will \"sew Ukraine back together\" and argue that many of the problems of Ukraine can be traced back to the infiltration of Ukraine by the USA and its influence. Dobkin also stated that the Orange Revolution and the Euromaidan weakened Ukraine, and opened it up to 'exploitation' by the West.[20]Seen as pro-Russian, the party put an emphasis on protection of the Russian language, and stated its support for the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine.[7] However, the party stated its opposition to the Russian invasion in Ukraine in 2022. The party condemned the invasion, and Dobkin declared that \"Much of what I believed in collapsed overnight... just burned out.\"[15] On 17 March 2022, the party also released a statement in support of the Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy. In April 2022, Dobkin became a deacon of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, marking the party's break with Russian Orthodoxy in favour of the Ukrainian Church.[7] However, the party remains opposed to Ukrainian membership in the European Union and NATO, and condemns the Euromaidan protests.[5] Together with the Orange Revolution, the party considers Euromaidan a US-backed putsch that exposed Ukraine to Western dominance.[20]","title":"Ideology"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Михаил Добкин основал партию \"Христианские социалисты\" » Релігія в Україні. Вера и религия. Философия и религия в Украине\". Religion.in.ua. Retrieved 3 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.religion.in.ua/news/vazhlivo/39045-mixail-dobkin-osnoval-partiyu-xristianskie-socialisty.html","url_text":"\"Михаил Добкин основал партию \"Христианские социалисты\" » Релігія в Україні. Вера и религия. Философия и религия в Украине\""}]},{"reference":"\"Добкин создал партию христианских социалистов\". M.zn.ua. Retrieved 3 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.zn.ua/POLITICS/dobkin-sozdal-partiyu-hristianskih-socialistov-276076_.html","url_text":"\"Добкин создал партию христианских социалистов\""}]},{"reference":"Kuzio, Taras; Zhuk, Sergei I.; D'Anieri, Paul (2022). Ukraine’s Outpost: Dnipropetrovsk and the Russian-Ukrainian War. E-International Relations Publishing. pp. 172–176. ISBN 978-1-910814-60-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910814-60-4","url_text":"978-1-910814-60-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Михаил Добкин основал партию \"Христианские социалисты\"\" (in Ukrainian). 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.religion.in.ua/news/vazhlivo/39045-mixail-dobkin-osnoval-partiyu-xristianskie-socialisty.html","url_text":"\"Михаил Добкин основал партию \"Христианские социалисты\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Воскрешение «динозавров». На местные выборы собрались политики эпохи Януковича\". argumentua.com (in Russian). 14 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://argumentua.com/stati/voskreshenie-dinozavrov-na-mestnye-vybory-sobralis-politiki-epokhi-yanukovicha","url_text":"\"Воскрешение «динозавров». На местные выборы собрались политики эпохи Януковича\""}]},{"reference":"Роман Малко (14 May 2018). \"Брунькування лівих\". tzhden.ua (in Ukrainian).","urls":[{"url":"https://tyzhden.ua/brunkuvannia-livykh/","url_text":"\"Брунькування лівих\""}]},{"reference":"\"Political Portrait of the Warring Kharkiv Region: Top 5 Political Transformations\".","urls":[{"url":"https://od.org.ua/en/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%97-%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8/","url_text":"\"Political Portrait of the Warring Kharkiv Region: Top 5 Political Transformations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Добкін створив партію Християнські соціалісти\". Ua.korrespondent.net. Retrieved 3 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/3943533-dobkin-stvoryv-partiui-khrystyianski-sotsialisty","url_text":"\"Добкін створив партію Християнські соціалісти\""}]},{"reference":"Кандидати, яких обрано депутатами рад. Cvk.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 15 November 2015. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151121154502/http://www.cvk.gov.ua/wvm2015/pvm002pt001f01=100pt00_t001f01=100.html","url_text":"Кандидати, яких обрано депутатами рад"},{"url":"http://www.cvk.gov.ua/wvm2015/pvm002pt001f01=100pt00_t001f01=100.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Добкин создал партию христианских социалистов\". M.zn.ua. Retrieved 2018-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.zn.ua/POLITICS/dobkin-sozdal-partiyu-hristianskih-socialistov-276076_.html","url_text":"\"Добкин создал партию христианских социалистов\""}]},{"reference":"\"Харьковчанин создал новую партию\". Gx.net.ua. Retrieved 2018-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://gx.net.ua/politika/region/harkovskij-nardep-zajmetsya-voskresheniem.html","url_text":"\"Харьковчанин создал новую партию\""}]},{"reference":"\"Добкін створив партію Християнські соціалісти\". Korrespondent. 2018-02-21. Retrieved 2023-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/3943533-dobkin-stvoryv-partiui-khrystyianski-sotsialisty","url_text":"\"Добкін створив партію Християнські соціалісти\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrespondent","url_text":"Korrespondent"}]},{"reference":"Корж, Антон (2018-02-21). \"Добкин создал партию христианских социалистов\". Dzerkalo Tyzhnia. Retrieved 2023-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://zn.ua/POLITICS/dobkin-sozdal-partiyu-hristianskih-socialistov-276076_.html","url_text":"\"Добкин создал партию христианских социалистов\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia","url_text":"Dzerkalo Tyzhnia"}]},{"reference":"\"Новинський і ще 5 \"опоблоківців\" проходять у Раду, а Колесніков – ні\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/07/22/7221609/","url_text":"\"Новинський і ще 5 \"опоблоківців\" проходять у Раду, а Колесніков – ні\""}]},{"reference":"Chazan, Guy (2 March 2022). \"Another Stalingrad': assault on Kharkiv shatters ties that once bound two nations\". Financial Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/131068c8-5a5e-466a-a476-48de30d97760","url_text":"\"Another Stalingrad': assault on Kharkiv shatters ties that once bound two nations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Це змова і шахрайство\": Добкін обіцяє назвати винних у затягуванні виборів в Харкові після перемоги\". 2day.kh.ua (in Ukrainian). 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://2day.kh.ua/ua/news/ce-zmova-i-shakhraystvo-dobkin-obicyae-nazvati-vinnikh-u-zatyaguvanni-viboriv-v-kharkovi","url_text":"\"\"Це змова і шахрайство\": Добкін обіцяє назвати винних у затягуванні виборів в Харкові після перемоги\""}]},{"reference":"\"Party of Regions ex-member switches to Christian Socialism\". risu.ua. 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://risu.ua/en/party-of-regions-ex-member-switches-to-christian-socialism_n89349","url_text":"\"Party of Regions ex-member switches to Christian Socialism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Почти \"Христос Воскресе\". Добкин создал новую партию. В сети смеются\" (in Ukrainian). 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://rian.com.ua/politics/20180221/1032541394.html","url_text":"\"Почти \"Христос Воскресе\". Добкин создал новую партию. В сети смеются\""}]},{"reference":"\"Добкін заявив, що домагатиметься скасування декомунізації, люстрації та закону про мову\". inforesist.org (in Ukrainian). 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://inforesist.org/ua/dobkin-zayaviv-shho-domagatimetsya-skasuvannya-dekomunizacziyi-lyustracziyi-ta-zakonu-pro-movu/","url_text":"\"Добкін заявив, що домагатиметься скасування декомунізації, люстрації та закону про мову\""}]},{"reference":"\"M. Dobkin: Shtetet e Bashkuara hynë lehtësisht në Ukrainë, sepse një brez njerëzish të vrarë këtu është rritur\". sq.golos.eu (in Albanian). 1 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sq.golos.eu/m-dobkin-ssha-legko-zajshli-v-ukrainu-bo-tut-viroslo-pokolinnya-vbivc/","url_text":"\"M. Dobkin: Shtetet e Bashkuara hynë lehtësisht në Ukrainë, sepse një brez njerëzish të vrarë këtu është rritur\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.religion.in.ua/news/vazhlivo/39045-mixail-dobkin-osnoval-partiyu-xristianskie-socialisty.html","external_links_name":"\"Михаил Добкин основал партию \"Христианские социалисты\" » Релігія в Україні. Вера и религия. Философия и религия в Украине\""},{"Link":"https://m.zn.ua/POLITICS/dobkin-sozdal-partiyu-hristianskih-socialistov-276076_.html","external_links_name":"\"Добкин создал партию христианских социалистов\""},{"Link":"https://www.religion.in.ua/news/vazhlivo/39045-mixail-dobkin-osnoval-partiyu-xristianskie-socialisty.html","external_links_name":"\"Михаил Добкин основал партию \"Христианские социалисты\"\""},{"Link":"https://argumentua.com/stati/voskreshenie-dinozavrov-na-mestnye-vybory-sobralis-politiki-epokhi-yanukovicha","external_links_name":"\"Воскрешение «динозавров». На местные выборы собрались политики эпохи Януковича\""},{"Link":"https://tyzhden.ua/brunkuvannia-livykh/","external_links_name":"\"Брунькування лівих\""},{"Link":"https://od.org.ua/en/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%97-%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8/","external_links_name":"\"Political Portrait of the Warring Kharkiv Region: Top 5 Political Transformations\""},{"Link":"https://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/3943533-dobkin-stvoryv-partiui-khrystyianski-sotsialisty","external_links_name":"\"Добкін створив партію Християнські соціалісти\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151121154502/http://www.cvk.gov.ua/wvm2015/pvm002pt001f01=100pt00_t001f01=100.html","external_links_name":"Кандидати, яких обрано депутатами рад"},{"Link":"http://www.cvk.gov.ua/wvm2015/pvm002pt001f01=100pt00_t001f01=100.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://m.zn.ua/POLITICS/dobkin-sozdal-partiyu-hristianskih-socialistov-276076_.html","external_links_name":"\"Добкин создал партию христианских социалистов\""},{"Link":"http://gx.net.ua/politika/region/harkovskij-nardep-zajmetsya-voskresheniem.html","external_links_name":"\"Харьковчанин создал новую партию\""},{"Link":"https://ua.korrespondent.net/ukraine/3943533-dobkin-stvoryv-partiui-khrystyianski-sotsialisty","external_links_name":"\"Добкін створив партію Християнські соціалісти\""},{"Link":"https://zn.ua/POLITICS/dobkin-sozdal-partiyu-hristianskih-socialistov-276076_.html","external_links_name":"\"Добкин создал партию христианских социалистов\""},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/07/22/7221609/","external_links_name":"\"Новинський і ще 5 \"опоблоківців\" проходять у Раду, а Колесніков – ні\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/131068c8-5a5e-466a-a476-48de30d97760","external_links_name":"\"Another Stalingrad': assault on Kharkiv shatters ties that once bound two nations\""},{"Link":"https://2day.kh.ua/ua/news/ce-zmova-i-shakhraystvo-dobkin-obicyae-nazvati-vinnikh-u-zatyaguvanni-viboriv-v-kharkovi","external_links_name":"\"\"Це змова і шахрайство\": Добкін обіцяє назвати винних у затягуванні виборів в Харкові після перемоги\""},{"Link":"https://risu.ua/en/party-of-regions-ex-member-switches-to-christian-socialism_n89349","external_links_name":"\"Party of Regions ex-member switches to Christian Socialism\""},{"Link":"https://rian.com.ua/politics/20180221/1032541394.html","external_links_name":"\"Почти \"Христос Воскресе\". Добкин создал новую партию. В сети смеются\""},{"Link":"https://inforesist.org/ua/dobkin-zayaviv-shho-domagatimetsya-skasuvannya-dekomunizacziyi-lyustracziyi-ta-zakonu-pro-movu/","external_links_name":"\"Добкін заявив, що домагатиметься скасування декомунізації, люстрації та закону про мову\""},{"Link":"https://sq.golos.eu/m-dobkin-ssha-legko-zajshli-v-ukrainu-bo-tut-viroslo-pokolinnya-vbivc/","external_links_name":"\"M. Dobkin: Shtetet e Bashkuara hynë lehtësisht në Ukrainë, sepse një brez njerëzish të vrarë këtu është rritur\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryongchon_Station	Ryongchon station	["1 History","2 Services","3 References"]	Coordinates: 39°59′10″N 124°27′28″E / 39.9860°N 124.4578°E / 39.9860; 124.4578Railway Station in North Korea Ryongch'ŏn룡천Korean nameHangul룡천역Hanja龍川驛Revised RomanizationYongcheon-yeokMcCune–ReischauerRyongch'ŏn-yŏk General informationLocationRyongch'ŏn-ŭp,Ryongch'ŏn-gun,North P'yŏnganNorth KoreaOwned byKorean State RailwayPlatforms2 (1 island)Tracks7HistoryOpened31 October 1939ElectrifiedyesOriginal companyTasado RailwayServices Preceding station Korean State Railway Following station Ragwŏntowards Dandong (China) P'yŏngŭi Line Ryongjutowards P'yŏngyang Pukchungtowards Tasadohang Tasado Line Terminus Ryongch'ŏn station is a railway station in Ryongch'ŏn-ŭp, Ryongch'ŏn County, North P'yŏngan Province, North Korea. It is the junction point of the P'yŏngŭi and Tasado lines of the Korean State Railway. History The station, originally called Yangsi station, was opened on 31 October 1939 by the Tasado Railway, along with the rest of the Tasado Line from Sinŭiju to Tasado Port. The Sinŭiju–Yangsi section of the line was transferred to the Chosen Government Railway as the Yangsi Line on 1 April 1943, and the station received its current name in July 1945. The Ryongch'ŏn disaster was a major accident that occurred at Ryongch'ŏn station on 22 April 2004, when a train carrying flammable cargo exploded. Services There are five daily return commuter trains between Ryongch'ŏn and Tasado stations. References ^ Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), ISBN 978-4-10-303731-6 ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa Nr. 3841, 8 November 1939 ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa Nr. 4837, 19 March 1943 ^ North Korea Geographic Information: Transportation Geography – Tasado Line (in Korean) vte P'yŏngŭi LineMainline P'yŏngyang West P'yŏngyang Sŏp'o Kalli Sun'an Sŏgam Ŏp'a Sukch'ŏn Nisŏ Mundŏk Taegyo Sinanju Ch'ŏngnyŏn Ch'ŏngch'ŏn'gang Maengjungri Unjŏn Un'am Koŭp Chŏngju Ch'ŏngnyŏn Hadan Kwaksan Roha Sŏnch'ŏn Ch'ŏnggang Tongrim Yŏmju Naejung Ryongju Ryongch'ŏn Ragwŏn South Sinŭiju Sinŭiju vte Tasado LineMainline Ryongch'ŏn Pukchung Ryongamp'o Sinjŏngri Tasado Tasadohang 39°59′10″N 124°27′28″E / 39.9860°N 124.4578°E / 39.9860; 124.4578 This Korea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ryongch'ŏn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryongchon_County"},{"link_name":"North P'yŏngan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pyongan_Province"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"P'yŏngŭi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongui_Line"},{"link_name":"Tasado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasado_Line"},{"link_name":"Korean State Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_State_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayato-1"}],"text":"Railway Station in North KoreaRyongch'ŏn station is a railway station in Ryongch'ŏn-ŭp, Ryongch'ŏn County, North P'yŏngan Province, North Korea. It is the junction point of the P'yŏngŭi and Tasado lines of the Korean State Railway.[1]","title":"Ryongchon station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tasado Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasado_Railway"},{"link_name":"Sinŭiju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinuiju_Chongnyon_Station"},{"link_name":"Tasado Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasadohang_Station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chosen Government Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen_Government_Railway"},{"link_name":"Yangsi Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangsi_Line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ryongch'ŏn disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryongchon_disaster"}],"text":"The station, originally called Yangsi station, was opened on 31 October 1939 by the Tasado Railway, along with the rest of the Tasado Line from Sinŭiju to Tasado Port.[2] The Sinŭiju–Yangsi section of the line was transferred to the Chosen Government Railway as the Yangsi Line on 1 April 1943,[3] and the station received its current name in July 1945.The Ryongch'ŏn disaster was a major accident that occurred at Ryongch'ŏn station on 22 April 2004, when a train carrying flammable cargo exploded.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tasado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tasado_Station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naver-4"}],"text":"There are five daily return commuter trains between Ryongch'ŏn and Tasado stations.[4]","title":"Services"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ryongchon_station&params=39.9860_N_124.4578_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"39°59′10″N 124°27′28″E / 39.9860°N 124.4578°E / 39.9860; 124.4578"},{"Link":"http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2090766&cid=44454&categoryId=44461","external_links_name":"North Korea Geographic Information: Transportation Geography – Tasado Line (in Korean)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ryongchon_station&params=39.9860_N_124.4578_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"39°59′10″N 124°27′28″E / 39.9860°N 124.4578°E / 39.9860; 124.4578"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryongchon_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Crete	Emirate of Crete	["1 History","1.1 Conquest of Crete","1.2 Pirate emirate","1.3 Byzantine reconquest","2 Legacy","3 List of emirs","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources","7 Further reading"]	Muslim state in the eastern Mediterranean from 824-961 Emirate of Crete824/827–961Emirate of Crete c. 900StatusDe facto independent, nominally under suzerainty of the Abbasid CaliphateCapitalChandaxCommon languagesArabic, GreekReligion Sunni Islam, Chalcedonian OrthodoxyGovernmentMonarchyEmir • 820s – c. 855 Abu Hafs Umar I (first)• 949–961 Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb (last) Historical eraMiddle Ages• Andalusian exiles land on the island 824/827• Byzantine reconquest 961 CurrencyGold dinar, dirham Preceded by Succeeded by Byzantine Crete Byzantine Crete Today part ofGreece The Emirate of Crete (Arabic: إقريطش, romanized: Iqrīṭish or إقريطية, Iqrīṭiya; Greek: Κρήτη, romanized: Krētē) was an Islamic state that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete from the late 820s to the reconquest of the island by the Byzantine Empire in 961. Although the emirate recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphate and maintained close ties with Tulunid Egypt, it was de facto independent. A group of Andalusian exiles led by Abu Hafs Umar al-Iqritishi conquered Crete in either 824 or 827/828, and established an independent Islamic state. The Byzantines launched a campaign that took most of the island back in 842-43 under Theoktistos, but the reconquest was not completed and would soon be reversed. Later attempts by the Byzantine Empire to recover the island failed, and for the approximately 135 years of its existence, the emirate was one of the major foes of Byzantium. Crete commanded the sea lanes of the Eastern Mediterranean and functioned as a forward base and haven for Muslim corsair fleets that ravaged the Byzantine-controlled shores of the Aegean Sea. The emirate's internal history is less well known, but all accounts point to considerable prosperity deriving not only from piracy but also from extensive trade and agriculture. The emirate was brought to an end by Nikephoros Phokas, who successfully campaigned against it in 960–961, re-annexing the island to the Byzantine Empire. History Crete had been raided by Muslim forces since the first wave of the Muslim conquests in the mid-7th century. It first experienced a raid in 654 and then another in 674/675, and parts of the island were temporarily occupied during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705–715). However, the island at that time was not conquered and despite occasional raids in the 8th century, it remained securely in Byzantine hands; Crete was too far from the Arab naval bases in the Levant for an effective expedition to be undertaken against it. Conquest of Crete At some point in the second half of the reign of Byzantine Emperor Michael II (r. 820–829), a group of Andalusian exiles landed on Crete and began its conquest. These exiles had a long nomadic history. Traditionally they have been described as the survivors of a failed revolt against the emir al-Hakam I of Córdoba in 818. In the aftermath of the revolt's suppression, the citizens of the Córdoban suburb of al-Rabad were exiled en masse. Some settled in Fez in Morocco, but others, numbering over 10,000, took to piracy, probably joined by other Andalusians. They landed in Alexandria and took control of the city until 827, when they were besieged and expelled by the Abbasid general Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani. As W. Kubiak points out, however, the supposed origin from Córdoba is contradicted by other sources, which record the presence of Andalusian corsairs in Alexandria as early as 798/9, and their takeover is dated to 814, before the revolt took place; furthermore, the Andalusians' leader, Umar ibn Hafs ibn Shuayb ibn Isa al-Balluti, commonly known as Abu Hafs, came from a locality (Fahs al-Ballut, now Los Pedroches) that was far from Córdoba. The Saracen fleet sails towards Crete. Miniature from the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript.A monk shows the Saracens where to build Chandax. The exact chronology of the Andalusians' landing in Crete is uncertain. Following the Muslim sources, it is usually dated to 827 or 828, after the Andalusians' expulsion from Alexandria. Byzantine sources however seem to contradict this, placing their landing soon after the suppression of the large revolt of Thomas the Slav (821–823). Further considerations regarding the number and chronology of the Byzantine campaigns launched against the invaders and prosopographical questions of the Byzantine generals that headed them have led other scholars like Vassilios Christides and Christos Makrypoulias to propose an earlier date, c. 824. Under the terms of their agreement with Ibn Tahir, the Andalusians and their families left Alexandria in 40 ships. Historian Warren Treadgold estimates them at some 12,000 people, of whom about 3,000 would be fighting men. According to Byzantine historians, the Andalusians were already familiar with Crete, having raided it in the past. They also claim that the Muslim landing was initially intended as a raid, and was transformed into a bid for conquest when Abu Hafs himself set fire to their ships. However, as the Andalusian exiles had brought their families along, this is probably later invention. The Andalusians' landing-place is also unknown; some scholars think that it was at the north coast, at Suda Bay or near where their main city and fortress Chandax (Arabic: ربض الخندق, romanized: rabḍ al-kḫandaq, lit. 'Castle of the Moat', modern Heraklion) was later built, but others think that they most likely landed on the south coast of the island and then moved to the more densely populated interior and the northern coast. The Byzantines led by Krateros disembark and defeat the Cretan Saracens The Saracens chase and hang Krateros at Kos. As soon as Emperor Michael II learned of the Arab landing, and before the Andalusians had secured their control over the entire island, he reacted and sent successive expeditions to recover the island. Losses suffered during the revolt of Thomas the Slav hampered Byzantium's ability to respond, however, and if the landing occurred in 827/828, the diversion of ships and men to counter the gradual conquest of Sicily by the Tunisian Aghlabids also interfered. The first expedition, under Photeinos, strategos of the Anatolic Theme, and Damian, Count of the Stable, was defeated in open battle, where Damian was killed. The next expedition was sent a year later and comprised 70 ships under the strategos of the Cibyrrhaeots Krateros. It was initially victorious, but the overconfident Byzantines were then routed in a night attack. Krateros managed to flee to Kos, but there he was captured by the Arabs and crucified. Makrypoulias suggests that these campaigns must have taken place before the Andalusians completed their construction of Chandax, where they transferred the capital from the inland site of Gortyn. Pirate emirate Map of the Aegean Sea, with Crete in the bottom Abu Hafs repulsed the early Byzantine attacks and slowly consolidated control of the entire island. He recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphate, but ruled as a de facto independent prince. The conquest of the island was of major importance as it transformed the naval balance of power in the Eastern Mediterranean and opened the hitherto secure Aegean Sea littoral to frequent and devastating raids. The Andalusians also occupied several of the Cyclades during these early years, but Michael II organized another large-scale expedition, recruiting an entire new marine corps, the Tessarakontarioi, and building new ships. Under the admiral Ooryphas, this fleet managed to evict the Arabs from the Aegean islands but failed to retake Crete. Michael II's successor Theophilos (r. 829–842) sent an embassy to Abd ar-Rahman II of Córdoba proposing a joint action against the Andalusian exiles, but beyond Abd ar-Rahman giving his assent to any Byzantine action against Crete, this came to nothing. In October 829, those Arabs destroyed an imperial fleet off Thasos, undoing much of the work of Ooryphas and opening the Aegean and its coasts to pillage. Later they attacked Euboea (c. 835–840), Lesbos (837), and the coasts of the Thracesian Theme, where they destroyed the monastic centre of Mount Latros. They were heavily defeated, however, by the local strategos, Constantine Kontomytes. The Saracens attack at night and slay the sleeping Byzantines. After the death of Theophilos in 842, new measures to confront the Cretan threat were undertaken by the new Byzantine regime: in 843 a new maritime theme, that of the Aegean Sea, was established to better deal with the Arab raids, and another expedition to recover Crete was launched under the personal leadership of the powerful logothetes and regent Theoktistos. Although it succeeded in occupying much of the island, Theoktistos had to abandon the army due to political intrigues in Constantinople, and the troops left behind were slaughtered by the Arabs. In an effort to weaken the Arabs in 853, several Byzantine fleets engaged in coordinated operations in the Eastern Mediterranean, attacking the Egyptian naval base of Damietta and capturing weapons intended for Crete. Despite some Byzantine successes against the Arabs in the following years, the Cretans resumed their raids in the early 860s, attacking the Peloponnese, the Cyclades, and Athos. In 866, the Byzantine Caesar Bardas assembled another large-scale expeditionary force to subdue Crete, but his murder by Basil the Macedonian only two weeks after the fleet set sail from the capital spelled the end of the undertaking. Ooryphas punishes the Cretan Saracens, as depicted in the Madrid Skylitzes In the early 870s, the Cretan raids reached a new intensity: their fleets, often commanded by Byzantine renegades, ranged the Aegean and further afield, reaching the Dalmatian coasts. On one occasion c. 873 a Cretan fleet under the renegade Photios even penetrated into the Marmara Sea and unsuccessfully attacked Proconnesos, the first time since the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople in 717–718 that a Muslim fleet had come so close to the Byzantine capital. On its return, however, it suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of the new Byzantine admiral, Niketas Ooryphas, at the Battle of Kardia. Shortly after, Ooryphas once again defeated the Cretans at the Gulf of Corinth and took many prisoners, whom he tortured extensively in revenge for their raids. At about the same time, the Muslim fleet of Tarsus led by Yazaman al-Khadim was destroyed in a raid against Euripos. These Byzantine victories apparently led to a temporary truce, and it appears that the Cretan emir Saïpes (Shu'ayb ibn Umar) was obliged to pay tribute to Byzantium for about a decade. Raids resumed soon after, in which the Cretans were joined by North African and Syrian fleets. The Peloponnese in particular suffered considerably from their raids, but also Euboea and the Cyclades: the islands of Patmos, Karpathos and nearby Sokastro came under Cretan control, and Cretan rule extended as far north as Aegina in the Saronic Gulf, and to Elafonisos and Cythera off the southern coast of the Peloponnese; the great Cycladic island of Naxos, probably along with the neighbouring islands of Paros and Ios, was forced to pay them the poll-tax (jizya). As the Muslim presence left generally few material or literary traces, the list of islands at one time controlled or occupied by them could well be longer. Nevertheless, the impact of this new wave of Arab raids was felt across the Aegean, where some islands were deserted altogether, and elsewhere coastal sites were abandoned for better protected inland locations. Athens may have been occupied in c. 896–902, and in 904, a Syrian fleet led by Leo of Tripoli sacked the Byzantine Empire's second city, Thessalonica. The Arabs of Crete co-operated closely with their Syrian counterparts, who often used Crete as a base or a stop-over, as during the return of Leo of Tripoli's fleet from Thessalonica, when many of the over 20,000 Thessalonian captives were sold or gifted as slaves in Crete. Likewise, the Cretan emirate received strong support from the Tulunid emirs of Egypt (868–905), but their Ikhshidid successors neglected aid to Crete. In 911, another large-scale Byzantine expedition of well over 100 ships was launched against Crete, headed by the admiral Himerios, but it was forced to leave the island after a few months. On its return journey, Himerios' fleet was destroyed in battle off Chios by the Syrian fleet. Byzantine reconquest Main article: Siege of Chandax The siege of Chandax, the main Muslim stronghold in Crete, as depicted in the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript. Cretan piracy reached another high in the 930s and 940s, devastating southern Greece, Athos, and the western coasts of Asia Minor. As a result, Emperor Constantine VII (r. 913–959) sent another expedition in 949. This too was routed in a surprise attack, a defeat which Byzantine chroniclers ascribe to the incompetence and inexperience of its leader, the eunuch chamberlain Constantine Gongyles. Constantine VII did not give up, and during the last years of his reign he began preparing another expedition. It would be carried out under his successor, Romanos II (r. 959–963), who entrusted its leadership to the capable general Nikephoros Phokas. At the head of a huge fleet and army, Phokas sailed in June or July 960, landed on the island, and defeated the initial Muslim resistance. A long siege of Chandax followed, which dragged over the winter into 961, when the city was stormed on 6 March. The city was pillaged, and its mosques and walls were torn down. Muslim inhabitants were either killed or carried off into slavery, while the island's last emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb (Kouroupas) and his son al-Numan (Anemas) were taken captive and brought to Constantinople, where Phokas celebrated a triumph. The island was converted into a Byzantine theme, and the remaining Muslims were converted to Christianity by missionaries like Nikon "the Metanoeite". Among the converts was the prince Anemas, who entered Byzantine service and fell at Dorostolon, in the war of 970–971 against the Rus'. Legacy This early Muslim period of Crete remains relatively obscure due to a paucity of surviving evidence regarding its internal history. Furthermore, other than a few place names recalling the presence of the Arabs, no major archaeological remains from the period survive, possibly due to deliberate Byzantine destruction after 961. This has influenced the way the emirate is generally regarded: scholars, forced to rely mostly on Byzantine accounts, have traditionally viewed the Emirate of Crete through a Byzantine lens as a quintessential "corsair's nest", surviving on piracy and the slave trade. The picture painted by the few and scattered references to the Cretan emirate from the Muslim world, on the other hand, is of an ordered state with a regular monetary economy and extensive trade links, and there is evidence that Chandax was a cultural centre of some importance. The survival of numerous gold, silver, and copper coins, of almost constant weight and composition, testifies to a strong economy and a high living standard among the population. The economy was strengthened by extensive trade with the rest of the Muslim world, especially with Egypt, and by a booming agriculture: the need to sustain an independent state, as well as access to the markets of the Muslim world, led to an intensification of cultivation. It is also possible that sugar cane was introduced to Crete at the time. It is unclear what happened to the island's Christians after the Muslim conquest; the traditional view is that most were either converted or expelled. There is evidence from Muslim sources, however, for the continued survival of Christians on Crete, as a subject class, as in other Muslim conquests, although according to the same sources the Muslims, whether descendants of the Andalusians, more recent migrants, or converts (or any combination of these) formed the majority. There is also evidence of rival classes on the island as when Theodosius the Deacon reports that the rural Cretans, not rulers of the land but inhabitants of crags and caves, descended from the mountains under their leader Karamountes during the siege of Chandax by Nikephoros Phokas to assist the besieged. It seems that the Byzantine Christian population of the countryside was left relatively alone, while the Muslim element (including native converts) predominated in the cities. List of emirs The succession of the emirs of Crete has been established by Arab and Byzantine sources, but chiefly through their coinage. The dates of their reigns are therefore largely approximate: Name Name in Greek sources Reign Abu Hafs Umar (I) al-Iqritishi Apohaps/Apohapsis (Ἀπόχαψ/Ἀπόχαψις) 827/828 – c. 855 Shu'ayb (I) ibn Umar Saipes/Saet (Σαΐπης/Σαῆτ) c. 855–880 Umar (II) ibn Shu'ayb Babdel (Βαβδέλ) c. 880–895 Muhammad ibn Shu'ayb al-Zarkun Zerkounes (Ζερκουνῆς) c. 895–910 Yusuf ibn Umar c. 910–915 Ali ibn Yusuf c. 915–925 Ahmad ibn Umar c. 925–940 Shu'ayb (II) ibn Ahmad 940–943 Ali ibn Ahmad 943–949 Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb Kouroupas (Κουρουπᾶς) 949–961 See also List of Sunni Muslim dynasties Early Caliphate navy References ^ a b Canard 1971, p. 1082. ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 313, 325. ^ a b Miles 1964, p. 10. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 378. ^ a b Makrypoulias 2000, pp. 347–348. ^ Canard 1971, pp. 1082–1083. ^ Miles 1964, pp. 10–11. ^ Christides 1981, pp. 89–90. ^ Kubiak 1970, pp. 51–52, esp. note 3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Canard 1971, p. 1083. ^ Makrypoulias 2000, pp. 348–351. ^ Treadgold 1988, pp. 251, 253. ^ Treadgold 1988, p. 253. ^ Makrypoulias 2000, p. 349. ^ Miles 1964, p. 11. ^ a b Christides 1981, p. 89. ^ Treadgold 1988, pp. 250–253, 259–260. ^ Treadgold 1988, pp. 253–254. ^ Makrypoulias 2000, pp. 348, 351. ^ a b c Treadgold 1988, p. 254. ^ Makrypoulias 2000, pp. 349–350. ^ Makrypoulias 2000, pp. 347, 357ff.. ^ Makrypoulias 2000, pp. 348–349, 357. ^ Treadgold 1988, pp. 255, 257. ^ Miles 1964, p. 9. ^ a b Christides 1981, p. 92. ^ Treadgold 1988, p. 268. ^ Christides 1981, pp. 92, 93. ^ Treadgold 1988, pp. 324–325. ^ Makrypoulias 2000, p. 351. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 447. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 451. ^ Makrypoulias 2000, pp. 351–352. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 453. ^ Wortley 2010, pp. 147–148. ^ Christides 1981, p. 93. ^ Canard 1971, pp. 1083–1084. ^ Miles 1964, pp. 6–8. ^ a b c d e f Canard 1971, p. 1084. ^ Christides 1981, pp. 95–97. ^ Christides 1981, p. 82. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 467. ^ Christides 1981, p. 83. ^ Makrypoulias 2000, pp. 352–353. ^ Christides 1981, p. 94. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 470. ^ Makrypoulias 2000, pp. 353–356. ^ Treadgold 1997, p. 489. ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 493–495. ^ a b Treadgold 1997, p. 495. ^ Canard 1971, pp. 1084–1085. ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 96. ^ Miles 1964, pp. 11, 16–17. ^ Christides 1981, pp. 78–79. ^ Miles 1964, pp. 15–16. ^ a b Christides 1981, p. 98. ^ Christides 1984, pp. 33, 116–122. ^ Christides 1984, pp. 116–118. ^ Christides 1984, pp. 104–109. ^ Miles 1964, p. 15. ^ Miles 1964, pp. 11–15. ^ Canard 1971, p. 1085. Sources Canard, M. (1971). "Iḳrīṭis̲h̲". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1082–1086. OCLC 495469525. Christides, Vassilios (1981). "The Raids of the Moslems of Crete in the Aegean Sea: Piracy and Conquest". Byzantion. 51: 76–111. Christides, Vassilios (1984). The Conquest of Crete by the Arabs (ca. 824): A Turning Point in the Struggle between Byzantium and Islam. Academy of Athens. OCLC 14344967. Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). "Anemas". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. Kubiak, Władyslaw B. (1970). "The Byzantine Attack on Damietta in 853 and the Egyptian Navy in the 9th Century". Byzantion. 40: 45–66. ISSN 0378-2506. Makrypoulias, Christos G. (2000). "Byzantine Expeditions against the Emirate of Crete c. 825–949". Graeco-Arabica. 7–8: 347–362. Miles, George C. (1964). "Byzantium and the Arabs: Relations in Crete and the Aegean Area". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 18: 1–32. doi:10.2307/1291204. JSTOR 1291204. Treadgold, Warren (1988). The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1462-4. Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2. Wortley, John, ed. (2010). John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76705-7. Further reading Christodoulakis, Stavros (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). "Η Εκκλησία της Κρήτης κατά την Αραβοκρατία (824-961 μ.Χ.)" . Graeco-Arabica (in Greek). XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 51–71. ISSN 1108-4103. Gigourtakis, Nikos M. (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). "«ΑΚΡΩΤΗΡΙΩι ΤΩι ΧΑΡΑΚΙ». Αρχικές παρατηρήσεις για το σημείο απόβασης των Αράβων του Abu Hafs Omar στην Κρήτη" . Graeco-Arabica (in Greek). XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 73–95. ISSN 1108-4103. Hocker, Frederick M. (1995). "Late Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic Galleys and Fleets". In Morrison, John S.; Gardiner, Robert (eds.). The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 86–100. ISBN 0-85177-554-3. Mazarakis, Andreas D. (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). "The Coinage of the Amirs of Crete in a Private Collection". Graeco-Arabica. XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 97–104. ISSN 1108-4103. Starida, Liana (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). "Το αραβικό φρούριο της τάφρου όπως αποκαλύπτεται από τις ανασκαφικές έρευνες" . Graeco-Arabica (in Greek). XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 105–118. ISSN 1108-4103. Tibi, Amin (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). "Two Sources on Arab Crete: Al-majālis wa'l-Musāyarāt and Muʿjam al-Buldān". Graeco-Arabica. XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 119–122. ISSN 1108-4103. Yannopoulos, Panagiotis (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). "Η παρουσία των Αραβοκρητών στον ελλαδικό χώρο σύμφωνα με τις τοπωνυμικές πηγές" . Graeco-Arabica (in Greek). XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 123–134. ISSN 1108-4103. vteHistory of Crete Minoan period Mycenean period Classical and Hellenistic period Roman period Cretan League Crete and Cyrenaica First Byzantine period Arab period Second Byzantine period Venetian period Revolt of Saint Titus Cretan War Siege of Candia Ottoman period 1841 revolt Great Cretan Revolution 1878 revolt 1897–1898 revolt Cretan State Theriso revolt World War II Battle of Crete Resistance Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711082-1"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"the reconquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"suzerainty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Tulunid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulunid"},{"link_name":"Andalusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Abu Hafs Umar al-Iqritishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Iqritishi"},{"link_name":"Theoktistos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoktistos"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros Phokas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II"},{"link_name":"successfully campaigned against it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax"}],"text":"Muslim state in the eastern Mediterranean from 824-961The Emirate of Crete (Arabic: إقريطش, romanized: Iqrīṭish or إقريطية, Iqrīṭiya;[1] Greek: Κρήτη, romanized: Krētē) was an Islamic state that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete from the late 820s to the reconquest of the island by the Byzantine Empire in 961. Although the emirate recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphate and maintained close ties with Tulunid Egypt, it was de facto independent.A group of Andalusian exiles led by Abu Hafs Umar al-Iqritishi conquered Crete in either 824 or 827/828, and established an independent Islamic state. The Byzantines launched a campaign that took most of the island back in 842-43 under Theoktistos, but the reconquest was not completed and would soon be reversed. Later attempts by the Byzantine Empire to recover the island failed, and for the approximately 135 years of its existence, the emirate was one of the major foes of Byzantium. Crete commanded the sea lanes of the Eastern Mediterranean and functioned as a forward base and haven for Muslim corsair fleets that ravaged the Byzantine-controlled shores of the Aegean Sea. The emirate's internal history is less well known, but all accounts point to considerable prosperity deriving not only from piracy but also from extensive trade and agriculture. The emirate was brought to an end by Nikephoros Phokas, who successfully campaigned against it in 960–961, re-annexing the island to the Byzantine Empire.","title":"Emirate of Crete"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muslim conquests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997313,_325-2"},{"link_name":"Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad"},{"link_name":"al-Walid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711082-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196410-3"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997378-4"}],"text":"Crete had been raided by Muslim forces since the first wave of the Muslim conquests in the mid-7th century. It first experienced a raid in 654 and then another in 674/675,[2] and parts of the island were temporarily occupied during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705–715).[1] However, the island at that time was not conquered and despite occasional raids in the 8th century, it remained securely in Byzantine hands;[3] Crete was too far from the Arab naval bases in the Levant for an effective expedition to be undertaken against it.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byzantine Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Michael II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_II"},{"link_name":"Andalusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias2000347%E2%80%93348-5"},{"link_name":"failed revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Arrabal"},{"link_name":"al-Hakam I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakam_I"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba"},{"link_name":"Fez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid"},{"link_name":"Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Tahir_al-Khurasani"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711082%E2%80%931083-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196410%E2%80%9311-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198189%E2%80%9390-8"},{"link_name":"Abu Hafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_al-Iqritishi"},{"link_name":"Los Pedroches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Pedroches"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKubiak197051%E2%80%9352,_esp._note_3-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saracen_fleet_against_Crete.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madrid Skylitzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_monk_shows_the_Cretan_Saracens_where_to_build_Chandax.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711083-10"},{"link_name":"Thomas the Slav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Slav"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias2000348%E2%80%93351-11"},{"link_name":"Warren Treadgold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Treadgold"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988251,_253-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711083-10"},{"link_name":"Suda Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda_Bay"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Heraklion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklion"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711083-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988253-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias2000349-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196411-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantines_under_Krateros_defeat_the_Cretan_Saracens.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cretan_Saracens_pursue_Krateros_and_capture_and_hang_him_at_Kos.jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198189-16"},{"link_name":"conquest of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Tunisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Aghlabids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabids"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250%E2%80%93253,_259%E2%80%93260-17"},{"link_name":"Photeinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photeinos_(strategos)"},{"link_name":"strategos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos"},{"link_name":"Anatolic Theme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolic_Theme"},{"link_name":"Count of the Stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_the_Stable"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias2000347%E2%80%93348-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198189-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988253%E2%80%93254-18"},{"link_name":"Cibyrrhaeots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibyrrhaeots"},{"link_name":"Krateros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krateros_(strategos_of_the_Cibyrrhaeots)"},{"link_name":"Kos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kos"},{"link_name":"crucified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias2000348,_351-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988254-20"},{"link_name":"Gortyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gortyn"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias2000349%E2%80%93350-21"}],"sub_title":"Conquest of Crete","text":"At some point in the second half of the reign of Byzantine Emperor Michael II (r. 820–829), a group of Andalusian exiles landed on Crete and began its conquest.[5] These exiles had a long nomadic history. Traditionally they have been described as the survivors of a failed revolt against the emir al-Hakam I of Córdoba in 818. In the aftermath of the revolt's suppression, the citizens of the Córdoban suburb of al-Rabad were exiled en masse. Some settled in Fez in Morocco, but others, numbering over 10,000, took to piracy, probably joined by other Andalusians. They landed in Alexandria and took control of the city until 827, when they were besieged and expelled by the Abbasid general Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani.[6][7][8] As W. Kubiak points out, however, the supposed origin from Córdoba is contradicted by other sources, which record the presence of Andalusian corsairs in Alexandria as early as 798/9, and their takeover is dated to 814, before the revolt took place; furthermore, the Andalusians' leader, Umar ibn Hafs ibn Shuayb ibn Isa al-Balluti, commonly known as Abu Hafs, came from a locality (Fahs al-Ballut, now Los Pedroches) that was far from Córdoba.[9]The Saracen fleet sails towards Crete. Miniature from the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript.A monk shows the Saracens where to build Chandax.The exact chronology of the Andalusians' landing in Crete is uncertain. Following the Muslim sources, it is usually dated to 827 or 828, after the Andalusians' expulsion from Alexandria.[10] Byzantine sources however seem to contradict this, placing their landing soon after the suppression of the large revolt of Thomas the Slav (821–823). Further considerations regarding the number and chronology of the Byzantine campaigns launched against the invaders and prosopographical questions of the Byzantine generals that headed them have led other scholars like Vassilios Christides and Christos Makrypoulias to propose an earlier date, c. 824.[11] Under the terms of their agreement with Ibn Tahir, the Andalusians and their families left Alexandria in 40 ships. Historian Warren Treadgold estimates them at some 12,000 people, of whom about 3,000 would be fighting men.[12] According to Byzantine historians, the Andalusians were already familiar with Crete, having raided it in the past. They also claim that the Muslim landing was initially intended as a raid, and was transformed into a bid for conquest when Abu Hafs himself set fire to their ships. However, as the Andalusian exiles had brought their families along, this is probably later invention.[10] The Andalusians' landing-place is also unknown; some scholars think that it was at the north coast, at Suda Bay or near where their main city and fortress Chandax (Arabic: ربض الخندق, romanized: rabḍ al-kḫandaq, lit. 'Castle of the Moat', modern Heraklion) was later built,[10][13] but others think that they most likely landed on the south coast of the island and then moved to the more densely populated interior and the northern coast.[14][15]The Byzantines led by Krateros disembark and defeat the Cretan SaracensThe Saracens chase and hang Krateros at Kos.As soon as Emperor Michael II learned of the Arab landing, and before the Andalusians had secured their control over the entire island, he reacted and sent successive expeditions to recover the island.[16] Losses suffered during the revolt of Thomas the Slav hampered Byzantium's ability to respond, however, and if the landing occurred in 827/828, the diversion of ships and men to counter the gradual conquest of Sicily by the Tunisian Aghlabids also interfered.[17] The first expedition, under Photeinos, strategos of the Anatolic Theme, and Damian, Count of the Stable, was defeated in open battle, where Damian was killed.[5][16][18] The next expedition was sent a year later and comprised 70 ships under the strategos of the Cibyrrhaeots Krateros. It was initially victorious, but the overconfident Byzantines were then routed in a night attack. Krateros managed to flee to Kos, but there he was captured by the Arabs and crucified.[19][20] Makrypoulias suggests that these campaigns must have taken place before the Andalusians completed their construction of Chandax, where they transferred the capital from the inland site of Gortyn.[21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Aegean_Sea.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988254-20"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711083-10"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias2000347,_357ff.-22"},{"link_name":"Cyclades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclades"},{"link_name":"Ooryphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niketas_Ooryphas"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias2000348%E2%80%93349,_357-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988255,_257-24"},{"link_name":"Theophilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Abd ar-Rahman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_ar-Rahman_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711083-10"},{"link_name":"destroyed an imperial fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thasos"},{"link_name":"Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles19649-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198192-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988268-27"},{"link_name":"Euboea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea"},{"link_name":"Lesbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbos"},{"link_name":"Thracesian Theme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracesian_Theme"},{"link_name":"Mount Latros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Latros"},{"link_name":"Constantine Kontomytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Kontomytes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711083-10"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198192,_93-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988324%E2%80%93325-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Cretan_Saracens_slay_the_sleeping_Byzantines.jpg"},{"link_name":"theme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea_(theme)"},{"link_name":"logothetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logothetes"},{"link_name":"Theoktistos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoktistos"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias2000351-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997447-31"},{"link_name":"attacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Damietta_(853)"},{"link_name":"Damietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711083-10"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198192-26"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711083-10"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997451-32"},{"link_name":"Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(title)"},{"link_name":"Bardas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardas"},{"link_name":"Basil the Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_the_Macedonian"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias2000351%E2%80%93352-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997453-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romans_(Niketas_Oryphas)_punish_Cretan_Saracens.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711083-10"},{"link_name":"Photios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_(Emirate_of_Crete)"},{"link_name":"Marmara Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmara_Sea"},{"link_name":"Proconnesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconnesos"},{"link_name":"Second Arab Siege of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Arab_Siege_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Niketas Ooryphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niketas_Ooryphas"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kardia"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Corinth"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711083-10"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWortley2010147%E2%80%93148-35"},{"link_name":"Tarsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus_(city)"},{"link_name":"Yazaman al-Khadim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazaman_al-Khadim"},{"link_name":"destroyed in a raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Euripos"},{"link_name":"Euripos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcis"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198193-36"},{"link_name":"Shu'ayb ibn Umar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu%27ayb_ibn_Umar"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711083%E2%80%931084-37"},{"link_name":"North African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles19646%E2%80%938-38"},{"link_name":"Patmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patmos"},{"link_name":"Karpathos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpathos"},{"link_name":"Sokastro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sokastro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aegina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegina"},{"link_name":"Saronic Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saronic_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Elafonisos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elafonisos"},{"link_name":"Cythera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cythera_(island)"},{"link_name":"Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos"},{"link_name":"Paros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paros"},{"link_name":"Ios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ios_(island)"},{"link_name":"jizya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711084-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198195%E2%80%9397-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198182-41"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196410-3"},{"link_name":"Leo of Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_of_Tripoli"},{"link_name":"sacked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)"},{"link_name":"Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessalonica"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711084-39"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997467-42"},{"link_name":"Tulunid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulunid"},{"link_name":"Ikhshidid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhshidid"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198183-43"},{"link_name":"Himerios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himerios_(admiral)"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711084-39"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias2000352%E2%80%93353-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198194-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997470-46"}],"sub_title":"Pirate emirate","text":"Map of the Aegean Sea, with Crete in the bottomAbu Hafs repulsed the early Byzantine attacks and slowly consolidated control of the entire island.[20] He recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphate, but ruled as a de facto independent prince.[10] The conquest of the island was of major importance as it transformed the naval balance of power in the Eastern Mediterranean and opened the hitherto secure Aegean Sea littoral to frequent and devastating raids.[22]The Andalusians also occupied several of the Cyclades during these early years, but Michael II organized another large-scale expedition, recruiting an entire new marine corps, the Tessarakontarioi, and building new ships. Under the admiral Ooryphas, this fleet managed to evict the Arabs from the Aegean islands but failed to retake Crete.[23][24] Michael II's successor Theophilos (r. 829–842) sent an embassy to Abd ar-Rahman II of Córdoba proposing a joint action against the Andalusian exiles, but beyond Abd ar-Rahman giving his assent to any Byzantine action against Crete, this came to nothing.[10] In October 829, those Arabs destroyed an imperial fleet off Thasos, undoing much of the work of Ooryphas and opening the Aegean and its coasts to pillage.[25][26][27] Later they attacked Euboea (c. 835–840), Lesbos (837), and the coasts of the Thracesian Theme, where they destroyed the monastic centre of Mount Latros. They were heavily defeated, however, by the local strategos, Constantine Kontomytes.[10][28][29]The Saracens attack at night and slay the sleeping Byzantines.After the death of Theophilos in 842, new measures to confront the Cretan threat were undertaken by the new Byzantine regime: in 843 a new maritime theme, that of the Aegean Sea, was established to better deal with the Arab raids, and another expedition to recover Crete was launched under the personal leadership of the powerful logothetes and regent Theoktistos. Although it succeeded in occupying much of the island, Theoktistos had to abandon the army due to political intrigues in Constantinople, and the troops left behind were slaughtered by the Arabs.[30][31] In an effort to weaken the Arabs in 853, several Byzantine fleets engaged in coordinated operations in the Eastern Mediterranean, attacking the Egyptian naval base of Damietta and capturing weapons intended for Crete.[10][26] Despite some Byzantine successes against the Arabs in the following years, the Cretans resumed their raids in the early 860s, attacking the Peloponnese, the Cyclades, and Athos.[10][32] In 866, the Byzantine Caesar Bardas assembled another large-scale expeditionary force to subdue Crete, but his murder by Basil the Macedonian only two weeks after the fleet set sail from the capital spelled the end of the undertaking.[33][34]Ooryphas punishes the Cretan Saracens, as depicted in the Madrid SkylitzesIn the early 870s, the Cretan raids reached a new intensity: their fleets, often commanded by Byzantine renegades, ranged the Aegean and further afield, reaching the Dalmatian coasts.[10] On one occasion c. 873 a Cretan fleet under the renegade Photios even penetrated into the Marmara Sea and unsuccessfully attacked Proconnesos, the first time since the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople in 717–718 that a Muslim fleet had come so close to the Byzantine capital. On its return, however, it suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of the new Byzantine admiral, Niketas Ooryphas, at the Battle of Kardia. Shortly after, Ooryphas once again defeated the Cretans at the Gulf of Corinth and took many prisoners, whom he tortured extensively in revenge for their raids.[10][35] At about the same time, the Muslim fleet of Tarsus led by Yazaman al-Khadim was destroyed in a raid against Euripos.[36] These Byzantine victories apparently led to a temporary truce, and it appears that the Cretan emir Saïpes (Shu'ayb ibn Umar) was obliged to pay tribute to Byzantium for about a decade.[37]Raids resumed soon after, in which the Cretans were joined by North African and Syrian fleets.[38] The Peloponnese in particular suffered considerably from their raids, but also Euboea and the Cyclades: the islands of Patmos, Karpathos and nearby Sokastro came under Cretan control, and Cretan rule extended as far north as Aegina in the Saronic Gulf, and to Elafonisos and Cythera off the southern coast of the Peloponnese; the great Cycladic island of Naxos, probably along with the neighbouring islands of Paros and Ios, was forced to pay them the poll-tax (jizya). As the Muslim presence left generally few material or literary traces, the list of islands at one time controlled or occupied by them could well be longer.[39][40] Nevertheless, the impact of this new wave of Arab raids was felt across the Aegean, where some islands were deserted altogether, and elsewhere coastal sites were abandoned for better protected inland locations.[41] Athens may have been occupied in c. 896–902,[3] and in 904, a Syrian fleet led by Leo of Tripoli sacked the Byzantine Empire's second city, Thessalonica. The Arabs of Crete co-operated closely with their Syrian counterparts, who often used Crete as a base or a stop-over, as during the return of Leo of Tripoli's fleet from Thessalonica, when many of the over 20,000 Thessalonian captives were sold or gifted as slaves in Crete.[39][42] Likewise, the Cretan emirate received strong support from the Tulunid emirs of Egypt (868–905), but their Ikhshidid successors neglected aid to Crete.[43] In 911, another large-scale Byzantine expedition of well over 100 ships was launched against Crete, headed by the admiral Himerios, but it was forced to leave the island after a few months. On its return journey, Himerios' fleet was destroyed in battle off Chios by the Syrian fleet.[39][44][45][46]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantines_under_Nikephoros_Phokas_besiege_Chandax.png"},{"link_name":"Chandax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklion"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Constantine VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_VII"},{"link_name":"Constantine Gongyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Gongyles"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711084-39"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakrypoulias2000353%E2%80%93356-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997489-48"},{"link_name":"Romanos II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanos_II"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros Phokas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_Phokas"},{"link_name":"siege of Chandax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711084-39"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997493%E2%80%93495-49"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Shu%27ayb"},{"link_name":"triumph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_triumph"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711084-39"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997495-50"},{"link_name":"theme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)"},{"link_name":"Nikon \"the Metanoeite\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_the_Metanoeite"},{"link_name":"Anemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemas_(died_971)"},{"link_name":"Dorostolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dorostolon"},{"link_name":"war of 970–971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(970%E2%80%93971)"},{"link_name":"Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_(people)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997495-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711084%E2%80%931085-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan199196-52"}],"sub_title":"Byzantine reconquest","text":"The siege of Chandax, the main Muslim stronghold in Crete, as depicted in the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript.Cretan piracy reached another high in the 930s and 940s, devastating southern Greece, Athos, and the western coasts of Asia Minor. As a result, Emperor Constantine VII (r. 913–959) sent another expedition in 949. This too was routed in a surprise attack, a defeat which Byzantine chroniclers ascribe to the incompetence and inexperience of its leader, the eunuch chamberlain Constantine Gongyles.[39][47][48] Constantine VII did not give up, and during the last years of his reign he began preparing another expedition. It would be carried out under his successor, Romanos II (r. 959–963), who entrusted its leadership to the capable general Nikephoros Phokas. At the head of a huge fleet and army, Phokas sailed in June or July 960, landed on the island, and defeated the initial Muslim resistance. A long siege of Chandax followed, which dragged over the winter into 961, when the city was stormed on 6 March.[39][49]The city was pillaged, and its mosques and walls were torn down. Muslim inhabitants were either killed or carried off into slavery, while the island's last emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb (Kouroupas) and his son al-Numan (Anemas) were taken captive and brought to Constantinople, where Phokas celebrated a triumph.[39][50] The island was converted into a Byzantine theme, and the remaining Muslims were converted to Christianity by missionaries like Nikon \"the Metanoeite\". Among the converts was the prince Anemas, who entered Byzantine service and fell at Dorostolon, in the war of 970–971 against the Rus'.[50][51][52]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196411,_16%E2%80%9317-53"},{"link_name":"slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711083-10"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198178%E2%80%9379-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196415%E2%80%9316-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198198-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198433,_116%E2%80%93122-57"},{"link_name":"sugar cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_cane"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides1984116%E2%80%93118-58"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988254-20"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides1984104%E2%80%93109-59"},{"link_name":"Theodosius the Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_the_Deacon"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196415-60"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristides198198-56"}],"text":"This early Muslim period of Crete remains relatively obscure due to a paucity of surviving evidence regarding its internal history. Furthermore, other than a few place names recalling the presence of the Arabs, no major archaeological remains from the period survive, possibly due to deliberate Byzantine destruction after 961.[53] This has influenced the way the emirate is generally regarded: scholars, forced to rely mostly on Byzantine accounts, have traditionally viewed the Emirate of Crete through a Byzantine lens as a quintessential \"corsair's nest\", surviving on piracy and the slave trade.[10][54]The picture painted by the few and scattered references to the Cretan emirate from the Muslim world, on the other hand, is of an ordered state with a regular monetary economy and extensive trade links, and there is evidence that Chandax was a cultural centre of some importance.[55][56] The survival of numerous gold, silver, and copper coins, of almost constant weight and composition, testifies to a strong economy and a high living standard among the population.[57] The economy was strengthened by extensive trade with the rest of the Muslim world, especially with Egypt, and by a booming agriculture: the need to sustain an independent state, as well as access to the markets of the Muslim world, led to an intensification of cultivation. It is also possible that sugar cane was introduced to Crete at the time.[58]It is unclear what happened to the island's Christians after the Muslim conquest; the traditional view is that most were either converted or expelled.[20] There is evidence from Muslim sources, however, for the continued survival of Christians on Crete, as a subject class, as in other Muslim conquests, although according to the same sources the Muslims, whether descendants of the Andalusians, more recent migrants, or converts (or any combination of these) formed the majority.[59] There is also evidence of rival classes on the island as when Theodosius the Deacon reports that the rural Cretans, not rulers of the land but inhabitants of crags and caves, descended from the mountains under their leader Karamountes during the siege of Chandax by Nikephoros Phokas to assist the besieged.[60] It seems that the Byzantine Christian population of the countryside was left relatively alone, while the Muslim element (including native converts) predominated in the cities.[56]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles196411%E2%80%9315-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanard19711085-62"}],"text":"The succession of the emirs of Crete has been established by Arab and Byzantine sources, but chiefly through their coinage. The dates of their reigns are therefore largely approximate:[61][62]","title":"List of emirs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canard, M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Canard"},{"link_name":"\"Iḳrīṭis̲h̲\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ikritish-COM_0358"},{"link_name":"Lewis, B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Ménage, V. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage"},{"link_name":"Pellat, Ch.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat"},{"link_name":"Schacht, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"495469525","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525"},{"link_name":"Academy of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14344967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/14344967"},{"link_name":"Kazhdan, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan"},{"link_name":"Kazhdan, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-504652-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0378-2506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2506"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1291204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1291204"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1291204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1291204"},{"link_name":"Treadgold, Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Treadgold"},{"link_name":"The Byzantine Revival, 780–842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3TysAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8047-1462-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1462-4"},{"link_name":"Treadgold, Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Treadgold"},{"link_name":"A History of the Byzantine State and Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC"},{"link_name":"Stanford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8047-2630-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2"},{"link_name":"John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/skylitzes-2010"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-76705-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76705-7"}],"text":"Canard, M. (1971). \"Iḳrīṭis̲h̲\". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1082–1086. OCLC 495469525.\nChristides, Vassilios (1981). \"The Raids of the Moslems of Crete in the Aegean Sea: Piracy and Conquest\". Byzantion. 51: 76–111.\nChristides, Vassilios (1984). The Conquest of Crete by the Arabs (ca. 824): A Turning Point in the Struggle between Byzantium and Islam. Academy of Athens. OCLC 14344967.\nKazhdan, Alexander (1991). \"Anemas\". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.\nKubiak, Władyslaw B. (1970). \"The Byzantine Attack on Damietta in 853 and the Egyptian Navy in the 9th Century\". Byzantion. 40: 45–66. ISSN 0378-2506.\nMakrypoulias, Christos G. (2000). \"Byzantine Expeditions against the Emirate of Crete c. 825–949\". Graeco-Arabica. 7–8: 347–362.\nMiles, George C. (1964). \"Byzantium and the Arabs: Relations in Crete and the Aegean Area\". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 18: 1–32. doi:10.2307/1291204. JSTOR 1291204.\nTreadgold, Warren (1988). The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1462-4.\nTreadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.\nWortley, John, ed. (2010). John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76705-7.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1108-4103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1108-4103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103"},{"link_name":"Morrison, John S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison"},{"link_name":"The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ageofgalleymedit0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85177-554-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-554-3"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1108-4103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1108-4103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1108-4103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1108-4103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Minoan period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization"},{"link_name":"Mycenean period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece"},{"link_name":"Classical and Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Crete#Classical,_Hellenistic,_Roman,_Byzantine_and_Arab_Crete"},{"link_name":"Cretan League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_League"},{"link_name":"Crete and Cyrenaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"First Byzantine period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Crete"},{"link_name":"Arab period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Second Byzantine period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Crete"},{"link_name":"Venetian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia"},{"link_name":"Revolt of Saint Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Saint_Titus"},{"link_name":"Cretan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Candia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Candia"},{"link_name":"Ottoman period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Crete"},{"link_name":"1841 revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1841)"},{"link_name":"Great Cretan Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)"},{"link_name":"1878 revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)"},{"link_name":"1897–1898 revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1897%E2%80%931898)"},{"link_name":"Cretan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_State"},{"link_name":"Theriso revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theriso_revolt"},{"link_name":"Battle of Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crete"},{"link_name":"Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_resistance"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603771#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1355972/"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123040138"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123040138"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563418505171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86005865"}],"text":"Christodoulakis, Stavros (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). \"Η Εκκλησία της Κρήτης κατά την Αραβοκρατία (824-961 μ.Χ.)\" [The Church of Crete at the Time of the Arab Occupation]. Graeco-Arabica (in Greek). XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 51–71. ISSN 1108-4103.\nGigourtakis, Nikos M. (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). \"«ΑΚΡΩΤΗΡΙΩι ΤΩι ΧΑΡΑΚΙ». Αρχικές παρατηρήσεις για το σημείο απόβασης των Αράβων του Abu Hafs Omar στην Κρήτη\" [Initial Remarks on the Debarkation Point of Abu Hafs Omar's Arabs on Crete]. Graeco-Arabica (in Greek). XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 73–95. ISSN 1108-4103.\nHocker, Frederick M. (1995). \"Late Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic Galleys and Fleets\". In Morrison, John S.; Gardiner, Robert (eds.). The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 86–100. ISBN 0-85177-554-3.\nMazarakis, Andreas D. (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). \"The Coinage of the Amirs of Crete in a Private Collection\". Graeco-Arabica. XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 97–104. ISSN 1108-4103.\nStarida, Liana (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). \"Το αραβικό φρούριο της τάφρου όπως αποκαλύπτεται από τις ανασκαφικές έρευνες\" [The Arab Fortress of the Trench as Revealed by Archaeological Excavations]. Graeco-Arabica (in Greek). XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 105–118. ISSN 1108-4103.\nTibi, Amin (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). \"Two Sources on Arab Crete: Al-majālis wa'l-Musāyarāt and Muʿjam al-Buldān\". Graeco-Arabica. XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 119–122. ISSN 1108-4103.\nYannopoulos, Panagiotis (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). \"Η παρουσία των Αραβοκρητών στον ελλαδικό χώρο σύμφωνα με τις τοπωνυμικές πηγές\" [The Presence of the Cretan Arabs in the Area of Greece According to Toponymical Sources]. Graeco-Arabica (in Greek). XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 123–134. ISSN 1108-4103.vteHistory of Crete\nMinoan period\nMycenean period\nClassical and Hellenistic period\nRoman period\nCretan League\nCrete and Cyrenaica\nFirst Byzantine period\nArab period\nSecond Byzantine period\nVenetian period\nRevolt of Saint Titus\nCretan War\nSiege of Candia\nOttoman period\n1841 revolt\nGreat Cretan Revolution\n1878 revolt\n1897–1898 revolt\nCretan State\nTheriso revolt\nWorld War II\nBattle of Crete\nResistanceAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Saracen fleet sails towards Crete. Miniature from the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript.A monk shows the Saracens where to build Chandax.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Saracen_fleet_against_Crete.jpg/250px-Saracen_fleet_against_Crete.jpg"},{"image_text":"A monk shows the Saracens where to build Chandax.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_monk_shows_the_Cretan_Saracens_where_to_build_Chandax.jpg/220px-A_monk_shows_the_Cretan_Saracens_where_to_build_Chandax.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Byzantines led by Krateros disembark and defeat the Cretan Saracens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Byzantines_under_Krateros_defeat_the_Cretan_Saracens.jpg/220px-Byzantines_under_Krateros_defeat_the_Cretan_Saracens.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Saracens chase and hang Krateros at Kos.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cretan_Saracens_pursue_Krateros_and_capture_and_hang_him_at_Kos.jpg/220px-Cretan_Saracens_pursue_Krateros_and_capture_and_hang_him_at_Kos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Aegean Sea, with Crete in the bottom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_of_the_Aegean_Sea.jpg/250px-Map_of_the_Aegean_Sea.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Saracens attack at night and slay the sleeping Byzantines.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Cretan_Saracens_slay_the_sleeping_Byzantines.jpg/220px-The_Cretan_Saracens_slay_the_sleeping_Byzantines.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ooryphas punishes the Cretan Saracens, as depicted in the Madrid Skylitzes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Romans_%28Niketas_Oryphas%29_punish_Cretan_Saracens.jpg/250px-Romans_%28Niketas_Oryphas%29_punish_Cretan_Saracens.jpg"},{"image_text":"The siege of Chandax, the main Muslim stronghold in Crete, as depicted in the Madrid Skylitzes manuscript.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Byzantines_under_Nikephoros_Phokas_besiege_Chandax.png/250px-Byzantines_under_Nikephoros_Phokas_besiege_Chandax.png"}]	[{"title":"List of Sunni Muslim dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunni_Muslim_dynasties"},{"title":"Early Caliphate navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Caliphate_navy"}]	[{"reference":"Canard, M. (1971). \"Iḳrīṭis̲h̲\". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1082–1086. OCLC 495469525.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Canard","url_text":"Canard, M."},{"url":"http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ikritish-COM_0358","url_text":"\"Iḳrīṭis̲h̲\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis","url_text":"Lewis, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage","url_text":"Ménage, V. L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Pellat, Ch."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht","url_text":"Schacht, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525","url_text":"495469525"}]},{"reference":"Christides, Vassilios (1981). \"The Raids of the Moslems of Crete in the Aegean Sea: Piracy and Conquest\". Byzantion. 51: 76–111.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Christides, Vassilios (1984). The Conquest of Crete by the Arabs (ca. 824): A Turning Point in the Struggle between Byzantium and Islam. Academy of Athens. OCLC 14344967.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)","url_text":"Academy of Athens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14344967","url_text":"14344967"}]},{"reference":"Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). \"Anemas\". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan","url_text":"Kazhdan, Alexander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan","url_text":"Kazhdan, Alexander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium","url_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8","url_text":"0-19-504652-8"}]},{"reference":"Kubiak, Władyslaw B. (1970). \"The Byzantine Attack on Damietta in 853 and the Egyptian Navy in the 9th Century\". Byzantion. 40: 45–66. ISSN 0378-2506.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2506","url_text":"0378-2506"}]},{"reference":"Makrypoulias, Christos G. (2000). \"Byzantine Expeditions against the Emirate of Crete c. 825–949\". Graeco-Arabica. 7–8: 347–362.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Miles, George C. (1964). \"Byzantium and the Arabs: Relations in Crete and the Aegean Area\". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 18: 1–32. doi:10.2307/1291204. JSTOR 1291204.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291204","url_text":"10.2307/1291204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291204","url_text":"1291204"}]},{"reference":"Treadgold, Warren (1988). The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1462-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Treadgold","url_text":"Treadgold, Warren"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3TysAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Byzantine Revival, 780–842"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1462-4","url_text":"978-0-8047-1462-4"}]},{"reference":"Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Treadgold","url_text":"Treadgold, Warren"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC","url_text":"A History of the Byzantine State and Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press","url_text":"Stanford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2","url_text":"0-8047-2630-2"}]},{"reference":"Wortley, John, ed. (2010). John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76705-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/skylitzes-2010","url_text":"John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76705-7","url_text":"978-0-521-76705-7"}]},{"reference":"Christodoulakis, Stavros (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). \"Η Εκκλησία της Κρήτης κατά την Αραβοκρατία (824-961 μ.Χ.)\" [The Church of Crete at the Time of the Arab Occupation]. Graeco-Arabica (in Greek). XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 51–71. ISSN 1108-4103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103","url_text":"1108-4103"}]},{"reference":"Gigourtakis, Nikos M. (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). \"«ΑΚΡΩΤΗΡΙΩι ΤΩι ΧΑΡΑΚΙ». Αρχικές παρατηρήσεις για το σημείο απόβασης των Αράβων του Abu Hafs Omar στην Κρήτη\" [Initial Remarks on the Debarkation Point of Abu Hafs Omar's Arabs on Crete]. Graeco-Arabica (in Greek). XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 73–95. ISSN 1108-4103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103","url_text":"1108-4103"}]},{"reference":"Hocker, Frederick M. (1995). \"Late Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic Galleys and Fleets\". In Morrison, John S.; Gardiner, Robert (eds.). The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 86–100. ISBN 0-85177-554-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison","url_text":"Morrison, John S."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ageofgalleymedit0000unse","url_text":"The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-554-3","url_text":"0-85177-554-3"}]},{"reference":"Mazarakis, Andreas D. (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). \"The Coinage of the Amirs of Crete in a Private Collection\". Graeco-Arabica. XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 97–104. ISSN 1108-4103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103","url_text":"1108-4103"}]},{"reference":"Starida, Liana (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). \"Το αραβικό φρούριο της τάφρου όπως αποκαλύπτεται από τις ανασκαφικές έρευνες\" [The Arab Fortress of the Trench as Revealed by Archaeological Excavations]. Graeco-Arabica (in Greek). XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 105–118. ISSN 1108-4103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103","url_text":"1108-4103"}]},{"reference":"Tibi, Amin (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). \"Two Sources on Arab Crete: Al-majālis wa'l-Musāyarāt and Muʿjam al-Buldān\". Graeco-Arabica. XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 119–122. ISSN 1108-4103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103","url_text":"1108-4103"}]},{"reference":"Yannopoulos, Panagiotis (2011). Chatzaki, Eirini (ed.). \"Η παρουσία των Αραβοκρητών στον ελλαδικό χώρο σύμφωνα με τις τοπωνυμικές πηγές\" [The Presence of the Cretan Arabs in the Area of Greece According to Toponymical Sources]. Graeco-Arabica (in Greek). XI. Heraklion: Vikelaia Library and the institute for Graeco-Oriental and African Studies: 123–134. ISSN 1108-4103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103","url_text":"1108-4103"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ikritish-COM_0358","external_links_name":"\"Iḳrīṭis̲h̲\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525","external_links_name":"495469525"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14344967","external_links_name":"14344967"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2506","external_links_name":"0378-2506"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291204","external_links_name":"10.2307/1291204"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291204","external_links_name":"1291204"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3TysAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Byzantine Revival, 780–842"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC","external_links_name":"A History of the Byzantine State and Society"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/skylitzes-2010","external_links_name":"John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103","external_links_name":"1108-4103"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103","external_links_name":"1108-4103"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ageofgalleymedit0000unse","external_links_name":"The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103","external_links_name":"1108-4103"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103","external_links_name":"1108-4103"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103","external_links_name":"1108-4103"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1108-4103","external_links_name":"1108-4103"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1355972/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123040138","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123040138","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563418505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86005865","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_(Australian_magazine)	Alpha (Australian magazine)	["1 History and profile","2 References"]	Australian magazine AlphaCover of June 2009 issue with Phil HughesCategoriesMen'sFrequencyMonthlyPublisherNews MagazinesTotal circulation(2011)65,000Founded2005Final issue2011CompanyNews CorporationCountryAustraliaLanguageEnglish Alpha was a monthly men's magazine published in Australia between 2005 and 2011. At one point it was the "biggest-selling men's magazine in Australian publishing history". History and profile Alpha was published by News Magazines and was established in 2005. The parent company was News Corporation. The magazine was published on a monthly basis and covered articles about men's lifestyle and sports. In 2008 the magazine was redesigned. It reached a peak circulation of 113,000 in 2009, but this had fallen to 65,000 when the magazine was closed in 2011. References ^ Sharwood, Anthony (11 May 2011). "Farewell to the first and last great Aussie men's mag". The Punch. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2016. ^ a b Burrowes, Tim (5 April 2009). "Alpha magazine faces newsagents' boycott". Mumbrella. Retrieved 8 December 2016. ^ a b Ulrike Rohn (2009). Cultural Barriers to the Success of Foreign Media Content: Western Media in China, India, and Japan. Peter Lang. p. 217. ISBN 978-3-631-59430-8. Retrieved 1 February 2017. ^ "Alpha males get a makeover". Print21. 20 August 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2017. ^ Burrowes, Tim (9 May 2011). "News Mags closes Alpha magazine and hands specialist titles to Express Publications". Mumbrella. Retrieved 8 December 2016. This men's magazine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"men's magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_men%27s_magazines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Alpha was a monthly men's magazine published in Australia between 2005 and 2011. At one point it was the \"biggest-selling men's magazine in Australian publishing history\".[1]","title":"Alpha (Australian magazine)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"News Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corp_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mum-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ulr-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ulr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mum-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Alpha was published by News Magazines and was established in 2005.[2] The parent company was News Corporation.[3] The magazine was published on a monthly basis and covered articles about men's lifestyle and sports.[3] In 2008 the magazine was redesigned.[4] It reached a peak circulation of 113,000 in 2009,[2] but this had fallen to 65,000 when the magazine was closed in 2011.[5]","title":"History and profile"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sharwood, Anthony (11 May 2011). \"Farewell to the first and last great Aussie men's mag\". The Punch. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121007010209/http://www.thepunch.com.au/articles/Farewell-to-the-first-and-last-great-Aussie-mens-mag/","url_text":"\"Farewell to the first and last great Aussie men's mag\""},{"url":"http://www.thepunch.com.au/articles/Farewell-to-the-first-and-last-great-Aussie-mens-mag/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burrowes, Tim (5 April 2009). \"Alpha magazine faces newsagents' boycott\". Mumbrella. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://mumbrella.com.au/alpha-magazine-faces-newsagents-boycott-4321","url_text":"\"Alpha magazine faces newsagents' boycott\""}]},{"reference":"Ulrike Rohn (2009). Cultural Barriers to the Success of Foreign Media Content: Western Media in China, India, and Japan. Peter Lang. p. 217. ISBN 978-3-631-59430-8. Retrieved 1 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xWl7coVHCncC&pg=PA217","url_text":"Cultural Barriers to the Success of Foreign Media Content: Western Media in China, India, and Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-59430-8","url_text":"978-3-631-59430-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Alpha males get a makeover\". Print21. 20 August 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://print21.com.au/alpha-males-get-a-makeover/37603","url_text":"\"Alpha males get a makeover\""}]},{"reference":"Burrowes, Tim (9 May 2011). \"News Mags closes Alpha magazine and hands specialist titles to Express Publications\". Mumbrella. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://mumbrella.com.au/news-mags-closes-alpha-magazine-45898","url_text":"\"News Mags closes Alpha magazine and hands specialist titles to Express Publications\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121007010209/http://www.thepunch.com.au/articles/Farewell-to-the-first-and-last-great-Aussie-mens-mag/","external_links_name":"\"Farewell to the first and last great Aussie men's mag\""},{"Link":"http://www.thepunch.com.au/articles/Farewell-to-the-first-and-last-great-Aussie-mens-mag/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mumbrella.com.au/alpha-magazine-faces-newsagents-boycott-4321","external_links_name":"\"Alpha magazine faces newsagents' boycott\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xWl7coVHCncC&pg=PA217","external_links_name":"Cultural Barriers to the Success of Foreign Media Content: Western Media in China, India, and Japan"},{"Link":"http://print21.com.au/alpha-males-get-a-makeover/37603","external_links_name":"\"Alpha males get a makeover\""},{"Link":"https://mumbrella.com.au/news-mags-closes-alpha-magazine-45898","external_links_name":"\"News Mags closes Alpha magazine and hands specialist titles to Express Publications\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alpha_(Australian_magazine)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_the_Magnificent	Isma'il Pasha of Egypt	["1 Family","2 Youth and education","3 Khedive of Egypt","3.1 Reforms","3.2 War with Ethiopia","3.3 Khedive's Somali Coast","3.4 Suez Canal","3.5 Debts","4 Urabi Revolt and exile","5 Language","6 Honours","7 Further reading","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]	Khedive (viceroy) of Egypt and Sudan from 1863 to 1879 For other people with the same name, see Ismail Pasha (disambiguation). For the Hungarian-born Ottoman general and the Egyptian astronomer, see György Kmety and Ismail Mustafa al-Falaki. Isma'il Pashaإسماعيل باشاKhedive of Egypt and SudanReign19 January 1863 – 26 June 1879PredecessorSa'id (as Wāli (unrecognized Khedive) of Egypt)SuccessorTewfikBorn(1830-01-12)12 January 1830Cairo, Egypt Eyalet, Ottoman EmpireDied2 March 1895(1895-03-02) (aged 65)Istanbul, Ottoman EmpireBurialAl-Rifa'i Mosque, Cairo, EgyptSpouse Shehret Feza Hanim Jananiyar Hanim Jeshm Afet Hanim Shafaq Nur Hanim Gulhiste Hanim Gulendam Hanim Nur Felek Qadin Misl Melek Qadin Jihan Shah Qadin Bezmi Alem Qadin Hur Jenan Qadin Jamal Nur Qadin Ferial Qadin Misl Jihan Qadin Neshedil Qadin Felek Naz Qadin IssueTewfik, Khedive of EgyptHussein Kamel of EgyptFuad I of EgyptPrince Ibrahim Ilhami PashaPrince Ali Jamal PashaPrince Hassan Ismail PashaPrince Mahmud Hamdi PashaPrince Reshid Ismail BeyPrincess Tawhida HanimPrincess Fatima HanimPrincess Zainab HanimPrincess Jamila Fadila HanimPrincess Amina HanimPrincess Nimetullah HanimPrincess Amina Aziza HanimHouseAlawiyyaFatherIbrahim Pasha of EgyptMotherHoshiyar QadinReligionSunni Islam Isma'il Pasha (Egyptian Arabic: إسماعيل باشا Ismā‘īl Bāshā; 12 January 1830 – 2 March 1895), also known as 'Ismail the Magnificent, was the Khedive of Egypt and ruler of Sudan from 1863 to 1879, when he was removed at the behest of Great Britain and France. Sharing the ambitious outlook of his grandfather, Muhammad Ali Pasha, he greatly modernized Egypt and Sudan during his reign, investing heavily in industrial and economic development, urbanization, and the expansion of the country's boundaries in Africa. His philosophy can be glimpsed in a statement that he made in 1879: "My country is no longer only in Africa; we are now part of Europe, too. It is therefore natural for us to abandon our former ways and to adopt a new system adapted to our social conditions". In 1867 he also secured Ottoman and international recognition for his title of Khedive (Viceroy) in preference to Wāli (Governor) which was previously used by his predecessors in the Eyalet of Egypt and Sudan (1517–1867). However, Isma'il's policies placed the Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan (1867–1914) in severe debt, leading to the sale of the country's shares in the Suez Canal Company to the British government, and his ultimate toppling from power in 1879 under British and French pressure. The city of Ismailia is named in his honor. Family The second of the three sons of Ibrahim Pasha, and the grandson of Muhammad Ali, Isma'il, of Albanian descent, was born in Cairo at Al Musafir Khana Palace. His mother was Circassian Hoshiyar Qadin, third wife of his father. Hoshiyar Qadin (also known as Khushiyar Qadin) is reported to be the sister of Pertevniyal Sultan, mother of the Ottoman Emperor Abdulaziz, who ruled from 1861 to 1876 and who also was deposed at the behest of the western powers. Thus, Isma'il Pasha was ruling Egypt and Sudan for the entire period when his cousin, Abdulaziz, was ruling the Ottoman empire. Youth and education After receiving a European education in Paris where he attended the École d'état-major, he returned home, and on the death of his elder brother became heir to his uncle, Sa'id, the Wāli and Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. Sa'id, who apparently conceived his safety to lie in ridding himself as much as possible of the presence of his nephew, employed him in the next few years on missions abroad, notably to the Pope, the Emperor Napoleon III, and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. In 1861 he was dispatched at the head of an army of 18,000 to quell an insurrection in Sudan, a mission which he accomplished. Khedive of Egypt After the death of Sa'id, Isma'il was proclaimed Khedive on 19 January 1863, though the Ottoman Empire and the other Great Powers recognized him only as Wāli. Like all Egyptian and Sudanese rulers since his grandfather Muhammad Ali Pasha, he claimed the higher title of Khedive, which the Sublime Porte had consistently refused to sanction. Finally, in 1867, Isma'il succeeded in persuading the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz to grant a firman finally recognizing him as Khedive in exchange for an increase in the tribute, because of the Khedive's help in the Cretan Revolt between 1866 and 1869. Another firman changed the law of succession to direct descent from father to son rather than brother to brother, and a further decree in 1873 confirmed the virtual independence of the Khedivate of Egypt from the Porte. Reforms Isma'il spent heavily—some went to bribes to Constantinople to facilitate his reform projects. Much of the money went for the construction of the Suez Canal. About £46 million went to construct 8,000 miles (13,000 km) of irrigation canals to help modernize agriculture. He built over 900 miles (1,400 km) railroads, 5,000 miles (8,000 km) of telegraph lines, 400 bridges, harbor works in Alexandria, and 4,500 schools. The national debt rose from £3 million to about £90 million, in a country with 5 million population and an annual treasury revenue of about £8 million. Isma'il launched vast schemes of internal reform on the scale of his grandfather, remodeling the customs system and the post office, stimulating commercial progress, creating a sugar industry, building the cotton industry, building palaces, entertaining lavishly, and maintaining an opera and a theatre. Over one hundred thousand Europeans came to work in Cairo, where he facilitated building an entire new quarter of the city on its western edge modeled on Paris. Alexandria was also improved. He launched a vast railroad building project that saw Egypt and Sudan rise from having virtually none to the most railways per habitable kilometer of any nation in the world. Education reform increased the education budget more than tenfold. Traditional primary and secondary schools were expanded and specialized technical and vocational schools were created. Students were once again sent to Europe to study on educational missions, encouraging the formation of a Western-trained elite. A national library was founded in 1871. Isma'il Pasha Statue in Alexandria, Egypt One of his most significant achievements was to establish an assembly of delegates in November 1866. Though this was supposed to be a purely advisory body, its members eventually came to have an important influence on governmental affairs. Village headmen dominated the assembly and came to exert increasing political and economic influence over the countryside and the central government. This was shown in 1876 when the assembly persuaded Isma'il to reinstate the law (enacted by him in 1871 to raise money and later repealed) that allowed landownership and tax privileges to persons paying six years' land tax in advance. Isma'il tried to reduce slave trading and with the advice and financial backing of Yacoub Cattaui extended Egypt's rule in Africa. In 1874 he annexed Darfur, but was prevented from expanding into Ethiopia after his army was repeatedly defeated by Emperor Yohannes IV, first at Gundet on 16 November 1875, and again at Gura in March of the following year. War with Ethiopia See also: Ethiopian-Egyptian War Isma'il dreamt of expanding his realm across the entire Nile including its diverse sources, and over the whole African coast of the Red Sea. This, together with rumours about rich raw material and fertile soil, led Isma'il to expansive policies directed against Ethiopia under the Emperor Yohannes IV. In 1865 the Ottoman Sublime Porte ceded the African portion of the Habesh Eyalet (with Massawa and Suakin at the Red Sea as the main cities of that province) to Isma'il. This province, which neighboured Ethiopia, first consisted of a coastal strip only but expanded subsequently inland into territory controlled by the Ethiopian ruler. Here Isma'il occupied regions originally claimed by the Ottomans when they had established the province (eyalet) of Habesh in the 16th century. New economically promising projects, like huge cotton plantations in the Barka delta, were started. In 1872 Bogos (with the city of Keren) was annexed by the governor of the new "Province of Eastern Sudan and the Red Sea Coast", Werner Munzinger Pasha. In October 1875 Isma'il's army tried to occupy the adjacent highlands of Hamasien, which were then tributary to the Ethiopian Emperor, and suffered defeat at the Battle of Gundet. In March 1876 Isma'il's army tried again and suffered a second dramatic defeat by Yohannes's army at Gura. Isma'il's son Hassan was captured by the Ethiopians and only released after a large ransom. This was followed by a long cold war, only finishing in 1884 with the Anglo-Egyptian-Ethiopian Hewett Treaty, when Bogos was given back to Ethiopia. The Red Sea Province created by Ismail and his governor Munzinger Pasha was taken over by the Italians shortly thereafter and became the territorial basis for the Colony of Eritrea (proclaimed in 1890). Khedive's Somali Coast Main article: Khedivate's Somali Coast The jurisdiction of Isma'il Pasha from the 1870s until 1884 included the entire northern coast of Somalia, up to the eastern coast at Ras Hafun in contemporary Puntland. The Khedive's northern Somali Coast territory was reached as far inland as Harar, although it was subsequently ceded to Britain in 1884 due to internal difficulties of Egypt. Suez Canal Punch cartoon featuring Isma'il Pasha during his visit to Britain in 1867 Isma'il's khedivate is closely connected to the building of the Suez Canal. He agreed to, and oversaw, the Egyptian portion of its construction. On his accession, at the behest of Yacoub Cattaui his minister of Finance and close advisor, he refused to ratify the concessions to the Canal company made by Sa'id, and the question was referred in 1864 to the arbitration of Napoleon III, who awarded £3,800,000 to the company as compensation for the losses they would incur by the changes which Isma'il insisted upon in the original grant. Isma'il then used every available means, by his own undoubted powers of fascination and by judicious expenditure, to bring his personality before the foreign sovereigns and public, and he had much success. In 1867 he visited Paris during the Exposition Universelle (1867) with Sultan Abdülaziz, and also London, where he was received by Queen Victoria and welcomed by the Lord Mayor. While in Britain he also saw a British Royal Navy Fleet Review with the Sultan. In 1869 he again paid a visit to Britain. When the Canal finally opened, Isma'il held a festival of unprecedented scope, most of it financed by the Cattaui banking house, from whom he borrowed $1,000,000, inviting dignitaries from around the world. Debts Pavillion of the Gezirah Palace, commissioned by Khedive Isma'il to receive foreign leaders for the occasion of the inauguration of the Suez Canal. Among the events was the premiere of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida. These developments – especially the costly war with Ethiopia – left Egypt in deep debt to the European powers, and they used this position to wring concessions out of Isma'il. One of the most unpopular among Egyptians and Sudanese was the new system of mixed courts, by which Europeans were tried by judges from their own states, rather than by Egyptian and Sudanese courts. But at length the inevitable financial crisis came. A national debt of over £100 million sterling (as opposed to three millions when he acceded to the throne) had been incurred by the Khedive, whose fundamental idea of liquidating his borrowings was to borrow at increased interest. The bond-holders became restive, chief among them the House of Cattaui. Judgments were given against the Khedive in the international tribunals. When he could raise no more loans, he sold the Egyptian and Sudanese shares in the Suez Canal Company in 1875 with the assistance of Yacoub Cattaui to the British government for £3,976,582; this was immediately followed by the beginning of direct intervention by the Great Powers in Egypt and Sudan. In December 1875, Stephen Cave and John Stokes were sent out by the British government to inquire into the finances of Egypt, and in April 1876 their report was published, advising that in view of the waste and extravagance it was necessary for foreign Powers to interfere in order to restore credit. The result was the establishment of the Caisse de la Dette. A subsequent investigation in October by George Goschen and Joubert resulted in the establishment of joint Anglo-French control over most of the Egyptian government's finances. A further commission of inquiry by Major Evelyn Baring (afterwards 1st Earl of Cromer) and others in 1878 culminated in Isma'il handing over much of his personal estates' to the nation and accepting the position of a constitutional sovereign, with Nubar as premier, Charles Rivers Wilson as finance minister, and de Blignières as minister of public works. As the historian Eugene Rogan has observed, "the irony of the situation was that Egypt had embarked on its development schemes to secure independence from Ottoman and European domination. Yet with each new concession, the government of Egypt made itself more vulnerable to European encroachment." Urabi Revolt and exile "The ex-Khedive"As depicted by Théobald Chartran in Vanity Fair, May 1881 This control of the country by Europeans was unacceptable to many Egyptians, who united behind a disaffected Colonel Ahmed Urabi. The Urabi Revolt consumed Egypt. Hoping the revolt could relieve him of European control, Isma'il did little to oppose Urabi and gave into his demands to dissolve the government. Britain and France took the matter seriously, and insisted in May 1879 on the reinstatement of the British and French ministers. With the country largely in the hands of Urabi, Isma'il could not agree, and had little interest in doing so. As a result, the British, and French governments pressured the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II to depose Isma'il Pasha, and this was done on 26 June 1879. The more pliable Tewfik Pasha, Ismail's eldest son, was made his successor. Isma'il Pasha left Egypt and initially went into exile to Resina, today Ercolano near Naples, until 1885 when he was eventually permitted by Sultan Abdülhamid II to retire to his palace in Emirgan on the Bosporus in Constantinople. There he remained, more or less a state prisoner, until his death. According to TIME magazine, he died while trying to guzzle two bottles of champagne in one draft. He was later buried in Cairo. Language Although he ruled Egypt, where the common language was Arabic, Isma'il spoke Turkish best and could not speak Arabic. Nevertheless, under his reign, the use of Arabic in government gradually increased at the expense of Turkish, which had been the language of the ruling elite in the Nile delta during the hundreds of years of Ottoman rule. In the following decades, Arabic would further expand and eventually replace Turkish in the army and in administration, leaving Turkish to be used only in correspondence with the Ottoman Sultan in Constantinople. Honours Order of Glory, Nichan Iftikhar Grand Cordon (civil) of the Order of Leopold, 10 February 1863 Order of Nobility, Special Class, 1863 Order of Osmanieh, Special class, 1863 Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1864 Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Mexican Eagle, 1865 Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword, 27 July 1866 Honorary Grand Cross (civil) of the Order of the Bath, 18 December 1866 Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1866 Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, 29 January 1867 Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur, 1867 Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India, 27 August 1868 Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 30 December 1868 Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle, 3 April 1865 Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog, 3 November 1869 Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1869 Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy, 1869 Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer, 1869 Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen, 1869 Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1872 Honorary member: Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1874 Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis, with Golden Crown, 5 February 1875 Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar, 1st Class, 1875 Order of the Brilliant Star of Egypt, 1st Class, 1875 Further reading Dye, William McEntyre. Moslem Egypt and Christian Abyssinia; Or, Military Service Under the Khedive, in his Provinces and Beyond their Borders, as Experienced by the American Staff. New York: Atkin & Prout (1880). Helen Chapin Metz. Egypt: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990., Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Notes References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hassan, H.; Fernea, E.; Fernea, R. (2000). In the House of Muhammad Ali: A Family Album, 1805-1952. American University in Cairo Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-61797-241-6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Doumani, B. (2003). Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender. State University of New York Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-7914-5679-8. ^ a b c Öztürk, D. (2020). "Remembering" Egypt's Ottoman Past: Ottoman Consciousness in Egypt, 1841-1914. Ohio State University. p. 129. ^ Tugay, E.F. (1963). Three Centuries: Family Chronicles of Turkey and Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 144. ^ "Travel - Yahoo Style". Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2016. ^ "His Highness Kavalali Ibrahim Pasa". Retrieved 1 November 2016. ^ "UQconnect, The University of Queensland". Retrieved 1 November 2016. ^ a b c d e f One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Ismail". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 875. ^ William L. Langer, European alliances and alignments, 1871-1890 (1950) p 355. ^ Cleveland, William L.; Burton, Martin (2013). A history of the modern Middle East (Fifth ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 9780813348339. ^ "Moslem Egypt and Christian Abyssinia; Or, Military Service Under the Khedive, in his Provinces and Beyond their Borders, as Experienced by the American Staff". World Digital Library. 1880. Retrieved 3 June 2013. ^ The Scramble in the Horn of Africa; History of Somalia (1827-1977), M. O. Omar, p. 57 "by a Convention signed at Alexandria on 7th of September 1877, by which Her Majesty's Government recognised the Khedive's jurisdiction under the suzerainty of the Porte over the Somali Coast as far as Ras Hafun" ^ The Scramble in the Horn of Africa; History of Somalia (1827-1977), M. O. Omar, p. 57 "made over its possessions on the Somali coast to the Khedive, Ismail Pasha, who had in the previous year established himself at Harrar in the interior. In 1884, owing to internal difficulties, the Egyptian Government found it necessary to withdraw their garrisons from this region, and the Porte not being at the time prepared to make any effective assertion of its authority, Zaila came into British occupation" ^ McSweeney, Anna (March 2015). "Versions and Visions of the Alhambra in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman World". West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture. 22 (1): 44–69. doi:10.1086/683080. hdl:2262/108262. ISSN 2153-5531. S2CID 194180597. ^ "Welcome Fortune City Customers \| Dotster". Members.fortunecity.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2012. ^ Rogan, Eugene (2011). The Arabs. Penguin. p. 101. ^ Historic photo of the Khedive Ismail Pasha Palace (Hıdiv İsmail Paşa Sarayı) that once stood in the Sarıyer district of Constantinople, on the shores of the Bosporus. ^ Morrow, Lance (31 March 1986). "Essay: The Shoes of Imelda Marcos". Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2016 – via www.time.com. ^ Robert O. Collins, A History of Modern Sudan, Cambridge University Press, 2008 p.10 ^ P. M. Holt, M. W. Daly, A History of the Sudan: From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day, Routledge 2014 p.36 ^ "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1864, p. 53 – via Archives de Bruxelles ^ "Ritter-Orden: Oesterreichsch-kaiserlicher Leopold-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1883, p. 128, retrieved 5 February 2021 ^ "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), Mexico City: Imp. de J.M. Lara, 1866, p. 243 ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1877, p. 372, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 210 ^ Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1891). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54. ^ Shaw, p. 309 ^ a b "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 1, Berlin: 6, 22, 1886 ^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1889) . Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1889 (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 7–8. Retrieved 7 February 2021 – via da:DIS Danmark. ^ "Ritter-Orden: Königlich-ungarischer St. Stephan-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1883, p. 118, retrieved 5 February 2021 ^ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1890), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 45 ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: 1879. Schulze. 1879. p. 34. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isma'il Pasha. Official Presidential web site of Egypt Works by or about Isma'il Pasha of Egypt at Internet Archive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt Muhammad Ali DynastyBorn: 31 December 1830 Died: 2 March 1895 Regnal titles Preceded bySa'id Wali and Khedive of Egypt and Sudan 1863–1867 Recognized as Khedive New titlePreviously Wali and Khedive Khedive of Egypt and Sudan 1867–1879 Succeeded byTewfik Pasha vteMuhammad Ali dynasty (1805–1953)Family treeMonarchs Muhammad Ali Ibrahim Abbas Hilmi I Sa'id Isma'il Tewfik Abbas Hilmi II Hussein Kamel Ahmed Fuad I Farouk Ahmed Fuad II Consorts Amina Hanem Ayn al-Hayat Qadin Hoshiyar Qadin Mahivech Hanim Inji Hanim Melekber Hanim Jananiyar Hanim Jeshm Afet Hanim Shehret Feza Hanim Shafaq Nur Hanim Nur Felek Qadin Jamal Nur Qadin Neshedil Qadin Ferial Qadin Emina Ilhamy Ikbal Hanim Javidan Hanim Melek Tourhan Nazli Sabri Farida Narriman Sadek Heirs Ibrahim Abbas Sa'id Ahmad Rifaat Isma'il Mustafa Fazl Tewfik Abbas Hilmi Muhammad Ali Tewfik Muhammad Abdel Moneim Farouk Muhammad Ali Tewfik Ahmad Fuad Princes Muhammad Sharif Pasha al-Kabir Ali Pasha Sherif Khalil Sherif Pasha Ismail Chirine Ismail Kamel Pasha Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha Omar Toussoun Tusun Pasha Youssef Kamal Said Halim Pasha Kamal el Dine Hussein Abbas Halim Muhammad Ali Hassan Hassan Aziz Hassan Abbas Hilmi Muhammad Ali Princesses Kadria Hussein Shivakiar Ibrahim Tawhida Hanim Fazile Hanımsultan Tevhide Ilhamy Zeynab Ilhamy Nazli Fazil Fawzia (daughter of Fuad I) Faika Fathia Fawzia (daughter of Farouk) Faiza Farial Fadia Fawzia-Latifa Category Commons vte Prime ministers of Egypt (List)Khedivate of Egypt(1878–1914) Nobar Isma'il1 Tewfik Sherif Tewfik1 Riaz Sherif Elbaroudi Raghib2 Sherif Nobar Riaz Fahmi Fakhry Riaz Nobar Fahmi Ghaly Said Roshdy Sultanate of Egypt(1914–1922) Roshdy Said Wahba Naseem Yakan Kingdom of Egypt(1922–1953) Sarwat Naseem Y. Ibrahim Zaghloul Zeiwar Yakan Sarwat Nahas Mahmoud Yakan Nahas Sidky A. Yahya Naseem Aly Maher Nahas Mahmoud Aly Maher H. Sabry Sirri Nahas Ahmad Maher Nokrashy Sidky Nokrashy Hady Sirri Nahas Aly Maher Hilaly Sirri Hilaly Aly Maher Naguib3 Republic of Egypt(1953–present) Naguib3 Nasser3 Naguib3 Nasser3,4 A. Sabry4 Z. Mohieddin4 Soliman4 Nasser4 Fawzi4 A. Sedky Sadat Hegazy Salem Khalil Sadat Mubarak A. F. Mohieddin Aly Lotfy A. M. N. Sedky Ganzouri Ebeid Nazif Shafik Sharaf Ganzouri Qandil Beblawi1 Mahlab Ismail Madbouly Notes ^1 interim ^2 Urabi ^3 headed a government in rebellion, July–September 1882, beginning during Raghib's term ^4 UAR period vteSuez CanalAuthorities Suez Canal Authority (SCA) Port Said Port Authority Suez Governorate Ismailia Governorate Port Said Governorate Cities and ports Port Said Port Fuad Suez Canal Container Terminal Ismailia Suez Suez Port InfrastructureWaterworks Suezmax Lake Manzala Lake Timsah Great Bitter Lake Ismaïlia Canal Constructions Port Said Lighthouse Suez Canal Bridge El Ferdan Railway Bridge Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel Power line crossing Expansion Area Development Project New Suez Canal Marine life Lessepsian migration List History Heroopolite Gulf Canal of the Pharaohs Société d'études du Canal de Suez (1846) Obstruction by Ever Given (2021) French/UK operation Ferdinand de Lesseps Isma'il Pasha Suez Canal Company Convention of Constantinople Raid on the Suez Canal Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 Suez Crisis (1956)(Timeline) Operation Musketeer Operation Tarnegol Operation Telescope Protocol of Sèvres United Nations Security Council Resolution 118 United Nations Security Council Resolution 119 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ismail Pasha (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Pasha_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"György Kmety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kmety"},{"link_name":"Ismail Mustafa al-Falaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Mustafa_al-Falaki"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Khedive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedive"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation"},{"link_name":"economic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development"},{"link_name":"urbanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Khedive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedive"},{"link_name":"Wāli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)"},{"link_name":"Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyalet"},{"link_name":"Egypt and Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet"},{"link_name":"Khedivate of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company"},{"link_name":"Ismailia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see Ismail Pasha (disambiguation).For the Hungarian-born Ottoman general and the Egyptian astronomer, see György Kmety and Ismail Mustafa al-Falaki.Isma'il Pasha (Egyptian Arabic: إسماعيل باشا Ismā‘īl Bāshā; 12 January 1830 – 2 March 1895), also known as 'Ismail the Magnificent, was the Khedive of Egypt and ruler of Sudan from 1863 to 1879, when he was removed at the behest of Great Britain and France. Sharing the ambitious outlook of his grandfather, Muhammad Ali Pasha, he greatly modernized Egypt and Sudan during his reign, investing heavily in industrial and economic development, urbanization, and the expansion of the country's boundaries in Africa.His philosophy can be glimpsed in a statement that he made in 1879: \"My country is no longer only in Africa; we are now part of Europe, too. It is therefore natural for us to abandon our former ways and to adopt a new system adapted to our social conditions\".[citation needed]In 1867 he also secured Ottoman and international recognition for his title of Khedive (Viceroy) in preference to Wāli (Governor) which was previously used by his predecessors in the Eyalet of Egypt and Sudan (1517–1867). However, Isma'il's policies placed the Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan (1867–1914) in severe debt, leading to the sale of the country's shares in the Suez Canal Company to the British government, and his ultimate toppling from power in 1879 under British and French pressure.The city of Ismailia is named in his honor.","title":"Isma'il Pasha of Egypt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ibrahim Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Al Musafir Khana Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Musafir_Khana_Palace"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Circassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians"},{"link_name":"Hoshiyar Qadin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshiyar_Qadin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pertevniyal Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertevniyal_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Abdulaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz"},{"link_name":"Abdulaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz"}],"text":"The second of the three sons of Ibrahim Pasha, and the grandson of Muhammad Ali, Isma'il, of Albanian descent, was born in Cairo at Al Musafir Khana Palace.[5] His mother was Circassian Hoshiyar Qadin,[6] third wife of his father.[7] Hoshiyar Qadin (also known as Khushiyar Qadin) is reported to be the sister of Pertevniyal Sultan, mother of the Ottoman Emperor Abdulaziz, who ruled from 1861 to 1876 and who also was deposed at the behest of the western powers. Thus, Isma'il Pasha was ruling Egypt and Sudan for the entire period when his cousin, Abdulaziz, was ruling the Ottoman empire.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"École d'état-major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_d%27%C3%A9tat-major&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sa'id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Wāli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)"},{"link_name":"Khedive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedive"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_Sudan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-8"}],"text":"After receiving a European education in Paris where he attended the École d'état-major, he returned home, and on the death of his elder brother became heir to his uncle, Sa'id, the Wāli and Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. Sa'id, who apparently conceived his safety to lie in ridding himself as much as possible of the presence of his nephew, employed him in the next few years on missions abroad, notably to the Pope, the Emperor Napoleon III, and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. In 1861 he was dispatched at the head of an army of 18,000 to quell an insurrection in Sudan, a mission which he accomplished.[8]","title":"Youth and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Powers"},{"link_name":"Khedive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedive"},{"link_name":"Sublime Porte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublime_Porte"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Abdülaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz"},{"link_name":"firman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman"},{"link_name":"Cretan Revolt between 1866 and 1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)"}],"text":"After the death of Sa'id, Isma'il was proclaimed Khedive on 19 January 1863, though the Ottoman Empire and the other Great Powers recognized him only as Wāli. Like all Egyptian and Sudanese rulers since his grandfather Muhammad Ali Pasha, he claimed the higher title of Khedive, which the Sublime Porte had consistently refused to sanction. Finally, in 1867, Isma'il succeeded in persuading the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz to grant a firman finally recognizing him as Khedive in exchange for an increase in the tribute, because of the Khedive's help in the Cretan Revolt between 1866 and 1869. Another firman changed the law of succession to direct descent from father to son rather than brother to brother, and a further decree in 1873 confirmed the virtual independence of the Khedivate of Egypt from the Porte.","title":"Khedive of Egypt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivial_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-8"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_National_Railways"},{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_National_Library_and_Archives"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cleveland-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khedive_Ismail-_El_Raml-Alexandria1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Yohannes IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannes_IV"},{"link_name":"Gundet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gundet"},{"link_name":"Gura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gura"}],"sub_title":"Reforms","text":"Isma'il spent heavily—some went to bribes to Constantinople to facilitate his reform projects. Much of the money went for the construction of the Suez Canal. About £46 million went to construct 8,000 miles (13,000 km) of irrigation canals to help modernize agriculture. He built over 900 miles (1,400 km) railroads, 5,000 miles (8,000 km) of telegraph lines, 400 bridges, harbor works in Alexandria, and 4,500 schools. The national debt rose from £3 million to about £90 million, in a country with 5 million population and an annual treasury revenue of about £8 million.[9]Isma'il launched vast schemes of internal reform on the scale of his grandfather, remodeling the customs system and the post office, stimulating commercial progress, creating a sugar industry, building the cotton industry, building palaces, entertaining lavishly, and maintaining an opera and a theatre.[8] Over one hundred thousand Europeans came to work in Cairo, where he facilitated building an entire new quarter of the city on its western edge modeled on Paris. Alexandria was also improved. He launched a vast railroad building project that saw Egypt and Sudan rise from having virtually none to the most railways per habitable kilometer of any nation in the world.Education reform increased the education budget more than tenfold. Traditional primary and secondary schools were expanded and specialized technical and vocational schools were created. Students were once again sent to Europe to study on educational missions, encouraging the formation of a Western-trained elite. A national library was founded in 1871.[10]Isma'il Pasha Statue in Alexandria, EgyptOne of his most significant achievements was to establish an assembly of delegates in November 1866. Though this was supposed to be a purely advisory body, its members eventually came to have an important influence on governmental affairs. Village headmen dominated the assembly and came to exert increasing political and economic influence over the countryside and the central government. This was shown in 1876 when the assembly persuaded Isma'il to reinstate the law (enacted by him in 1871 to raise money and later repealed) that allowed landownership and tax privileges to persons paying six years' land tax in advance.Isma'il tried to reduce slave trading and with the advice and financial backing of Yacoub Cattaui extended Egypt's rule in Africa. In 1874 he annexed Darfur, but was prevented from expanding into Ethiopia after his army was repeatedly defeated by Emperor Yohannes IV, first at Gundet on 16 November 1875, and again at Gura in March of the following year.","title":"Khedive of Egypt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethiopian-Egyptian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian-Egyptian_War"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDL-11"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Yohannes IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannes_IV"},{"link_name":"Habesh Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet"},{"link_name":"Massawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massawa"},{"link_name":"Suakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suakin"},{"link_name":"Barka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barka_River"},{"link_name":"Bogos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogos"},{"link_name":"Keren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keren,_Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Werner Munzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Munzinger"},{"link_name":"Hamasien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamasien"},{"link_name":"Gura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gura"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Hewett Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewett_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Eritrea"}],"sub_title":"War with Ethiopia","text":"See also: Ethiopian-Egyptian WarIsma'il dreamt of expanding his realm across the entire Nile including its diverse sources, and over the whole African coast of the Red Sea.[11] This, together with rumours about rich raw material and fertile soil, led Isma'il to expansive policies directed against Ethiopia under the Emperor Yohannes IV. In 1865 the Ottoman Sublime Porte ceded the African portion of the Habesh Eyalet (with Massawa and Suakin at the Red Sea as the main cities of that province) to Isma'il. This province, which neighboured Ethiopia, first consisted of a coastal strip only but expanded subsequently inland into territory controlled by the Ethiopian ruler. Here Isma'il occupied regions originally claimed by the Ottomans when they had established the province (eyalet) of Habesh in the 16th century. New economically promising projects, like huge cotton plantations in the Barka delta, were started. In 1872 Bogos (with the city of Keren) was annexed by the governor of the new \"Province of Eastern Sudan and the Red Sea Coast\", Werner Munzinger Pasha. In October 1875 Isma'il's army tried to occupy the adjacent highlands of Hamasien, which were then tributary to the Ethiopian Emperor, and suffered defeat at the Battle of Gundet. \nIn March 1876 Isma'il's army tried again and suffered a second dramatic defeat by Yohannes's army at Gura. Isma'il's son Hassan[who?] was captured by the Ethiopians and only released after a large ransom. This was followed by a long cold war, only finishing in 1884 with the Anglo-Egyptian-Ethiopian Hewett Treaty, when Bogos was given back to Ethiopia. The Red Sea Province created by Ismail and his governor Munzinger Pasha was taken over by the Italians shortly thereafter and became the territorial basis for the Colony of Eritrea (proclaimed in 1890).","title":"Khedive of Egypt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ras Hafun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Hafun"},{"link_name":"Puntland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Harar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Khedive's Somali Coast","text":"The jurisdiction of Isma'il Pasha from the 1870s until 1884 included the entire northern coast of Somalia, up to the eastern coast at Ras Hafun in contemporary Puntland.[12] The Khedive's northern Somali Coast territory was reached as far inland as Harar, although it was subsequently ceded to Britain in 1884 due to internal difficulties of Egypt.[13]","title":"Khedive of Egypt"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_hospitalityreduced.png"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-8"},{"link_name":"Exposition Universelle (1867)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1867)"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"British Royal Navy Fleet Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Review,_Royal_Navy#Queen_Victoria"}],"sub_title":"Suez Canal","text":"Punch cartoon featuring Isma'il Pasha during his visit to Britain in 1867Isma'il's khedivate is closely connected to the building of the Suez Canal. He agreed to, and oversaw, the Egyptian portion of its construction. On his accession, at the behest of Yacoub Cattaui his minister of Finance and close advisor, he refused to ratify the concessions to the Canal company made by Sa'id, and the question was referred in 1864 to the arbitration of Napoleon III, who awarded £3,800,000 to the company as compensation for the losses they would incur by the changes which Isma'il insisted upon in the original grant. Isma'il then used every available means, by his own undoubted powers of fascination and by judicious expenditure, to bring his personality before the foreign sovereigns and public, and he had much success.[8] In 1867 he visited Paris during the Exposition Universelle (1867) with Sultan Abdülaziz, and also London, where he was received by Queen Victoria and welcomed by the Lord Mayor. While in Britain he also saw a British Royal Navy Fleet Review with the Sultan. In 1869 he again paid a visit to Britain. When the Canal finally opened, Isma'il held a festival of unprecedented scope, most of it financed by the Cattaui banking house, from whom he borrowed $1,000,000, inviting dignitaries from around the world.","title":"Khedive of Egypt"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palais_de_G%C3%A9zyret,_Pavillon_Exterieur_MET_DP109561.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gezirah Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezirah_Palace"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Verdi's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"Aida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aida"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"mixed courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mixed_Courts_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company"},{"link_name":"Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Powers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-8"},{"link_name":"Stephen Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cave"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Caisse de la Dette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisse_de_la_Dette"},{"link_name":"George Goschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Joachim_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Major Evelyn Baring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Earl_of_Cromer"},{"link_name":"Nubar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubar_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Charles Rivers Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rivers_Wilson"},{"link_name":"de Blignières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Bligni%C3%A8res&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-8"},{"link_name":"Eugene Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Rogan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Debts","text":"Pavillion of the Gezirah Palace, commissioned by Khedive Isma'il to receive foreign leaders for the occasion of the inauguration of the Suez Canal. Among the events was the premiere of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida.[14]These developments – especially the costly war with Ethiopia – left Egypt in deep debt to the European powers, and they used this position to wring concessions out of Isma'il. One of the most unpopular among Egyptians and Sudanese was the new system of mixed courts, by which Europeans were tried by judges from their own states, rather than by Egyptian and Sudanese courts. But at length the inevitable financial crisis came. A national debt of over £100 million sterling (as opposed to three millions when he acceded to the throne) had been incurred by the Khedive, whose fundamental idea of liquidating his borrowings was to borrow at increased interest. The bond-holders became restive, chief among them the House of Cattaui. Judgments were given against the Khedive in the international tribunals. When he could raise no more loans, he sold the Egyptian and Sudanese shares in the Suez Canal Company in 1875 with the assistance of Yacoub Cattaui to the British government for £3,976,582; this was immediately followed by the beginning of direct intervention by the Great Powers in Egypt and Sudan.[8]In December 1875, Stephen Cave and John Stokes were sent out by the British government to inquire into the finances of Egypt,[15] and in April 1876 their report was published, advising that in view of the waste and extravagance it was necessary for foreign Powers to interfere in order to restore credit. The result was the establishment of the Caisse de la Dette. A subsequent investigation in October by George Goschen and Joubert[who?] resulted in the establishment of joint Anglo-French control over most of the Egyptian government's finances. A further commission of inquiry by Major Evelyn Baring (afterwards 1st Earl of Cromer) and others in 1878 culminated in Isma'il handing over much of his personal estates' to the nation and accepting the position of a constitutional sovereign, with Nubar as premier, Charles Rivers Wilson as finance minister, and de Blignières as minister of public works.[8]As the historian Eugene Rogan has observed, \"the irony of the situation was that Egypt had embarked on its development schemes to secure independence from Ottoman and European domination. Yet with each new concession, the government of Egypt made itself more vulnerable to European encroachment.\"[16]","title":"Khedive of Egypt"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ismail_Pacha.jpg"},{"link_name":"Théobald Chartran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9obald_Chartran"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Urabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Urabi"},{"link_name":"Urabi Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urabi_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Abdülhamid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II"},{"link_name":"Tewfik Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewfik_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Ercolano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercolano"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Emirgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirgan_Park"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bosporus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-8"},{"link_name":"TIME magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME_magazine"},{"link_name":"champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"\"The ex-Khedive\"As depicted by Théobald Chartran in Vanity Fair, May 1881This control of the country by Europeans was unacceptable to many Egyptians, who united behind a disaffected Colonel Ahmed Urabi. The Urabi Revolt consumed Egypt. Hoping the revolt could relieve him of European control, Isma'il did little to oppose Urabi and gave into his demands to dissolve the government. Britain and France took the matter seriously, and insisted in May 1879 on the reinstatement of the British and French ministers. With the country largely in the hands of Urabi, Isma'il could not agree, and had little interest in doing so. As a result, the British, and French governments pressured the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II to depose Isma'il Pasha, and this was done on 26 June 1879. The more pliable Tewfik Pasha, Ismail's eldest son, was made his successor. Isma'il Pasha left Egypt and initially went into exile to Resina, today Ercolano near Naples, until 1885 when he was eventually permitted by Sultan Abdülhamid II to retire to his palace in Emirgan[17] on the Bosporus in Constantinople. There he remained, more or less a state prisoner, until his death.[8] According to TIME magazine, he died while trying to guzzle two bottles of champagne in one draft.[18] He was later buried in Cairo.[citation needed]","title":"Urabi Revolt and exile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Although he ruled Egypt, where the common language was Arabic, Isma'il spoke Turkish best and could not speak Arabic. Nevertheless, under his reign, the use of Arabic in government gradually increased at the expense of Turkish, which had been the language of the ruling elite in the Nile delta during the hundreds of years of Ottoman rule. In the following decades, Arabic would further expand and eventually replace Turkish in the army and in administration, leaving Turkish to be used only in correspondence with the Ottoman Sultan in Constantinople.[19][20]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Order of Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Glory_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Order of Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Order of Nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Nobility&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Order of Osmanieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-i-Osmanieh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Imperial Order of Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Austria)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire"},{"link_name":"Imperial Order of the Mexican Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Imperial_Orders#Imperial_Order_of_the_Mexican_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Order of the Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Sword"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Order of the Netherlands Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dell'interno1891-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Legion d'Honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_d%27Honneur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Order of the Star of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Order of the Black Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prus-28"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prus-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Order of the Dannebrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Order of the Crown of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Order of the Redeemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Altenburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Ernestine House Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_and_Merit_Order_of_Peter_Frederick_Louis"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar"},{"link_name":"Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Brilliant_Star_of_Zanzibar"},{"link_name":"Order of the Brilliant Star of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Brilliant_Star_of_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Order of Glory, Nichan Iftikhar\n Grand Cordon (civil) of the Order of Leopold, 10 February 1863[21]\n Order of Nobility, Special Class, 1863\n Order of Osmanieh, Special class, 1863\n Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1864[22]\n Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of the Mexican Eagle, 1865[23]\n Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword, 27 July 1866[24]\n Honorary Grand Cross (civil) of the Order of the Bath, 18 December 1866[25]\n Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, 1866\n Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, 29 January 1867[26]\n Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur, 1867\n Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India, 27 August 1868[27]\n Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 30 December 1868[28]\n Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle, 3 April 1865[28]\n Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog, 3 November 1869[29]\n Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1869\n Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy, 1869\n Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer, 1869\n Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen, 1869[30]\n Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1872[31]\n Honorary member: Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1874\n Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis, with Golden Crown, 5 February 1875[32]\n Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar, 1st Class, 1875\n Order of the Brilliant Star of Egypt, 1st Class, 1875","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dye, William McEntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McEntyre_Dye"},{"link_name":"Moslem Egypt and Christian Abyssinia; Or, Military Service Under the Khedive, in his Provinces and Beyond their Borders, as Experienced by the American Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wdl.org/en/item/2534/"},{"link_name":"Helen Chapin Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz"},{"link_name":"Egypt: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//countrystudies.us/egypt/24.htm"}],"text":"Dye, William McEntyre. Moslem Egypt and Christian Abyssinia; Or, Military Service Under the Khedive, in his Provinces and Beyond their Borders, as Experienced by the American Staff. New York: Atkin & Prout (1880).\nHelen Chapin Metz. Egypt: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990., Helen Chapin Metz, ed.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Isma'il Pasha Statue in Alexandria, Egypt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Khedive_Ismail-_El_Raml-Alexandria1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Punch cartoon featuring Isma'il Pasha during his visit to Britain in 1867","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Government_hospitalityreduced.png/220px-Government_hospitalityreduced.png"},{"image_text":"Pavillion of the Gezirah Palace, commissioned by Khedive Isma'il to receive foreign leaders for the occasion of the inauguration of the Suez Canal. Among the events was the premiere of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida.[14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palais_de_G%C3%A9zyret%2C_Pavillon_Exterieur_MET_DP109561.jpg/220px-Palais_de_G%C3%A9zyret%2C_Pavillon_Exterieur_MET_DP109561.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The ex-Khedive\"As depicted by Théobald Chartran in Vanity Fair, May 1881","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ismail_Pacha.jpg/220px-Ismail_Pacha.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/40px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281882-1922%29.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Egypt_%281922%E2%80%931952%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281922%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281952%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hassan, H.; Fernea, E.; Fernea, R. (2000). In the House of Muhammad Ali: A Family Album, 1805-1952. American University in Cairo Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-61797-241-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61797-241-6","url_text":"978-1-61797-241-6"}]},{"reference":"Doumani, B. (2003). Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender. State University of New York Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-7914-5679-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5679-8","url_text":"978-0-7914-5679-8"}]},{"reference":"Öztürk, D. (2020). \"Remembering\" Egypt's Ottoman Past: Ottoman Consciousness in Egypt, 1841-1914. Ohio State University. p. 129.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tugay, E.F. (1963). Three Centuries: Family Chronicles of Turkey and Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 144.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Travel - Yahoo Style\". Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140328044648/http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-2759257-musafirkhana_palace_cairo-i","url_text":"\"Travel - Yahoo Style\""},{"url":"http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-2759257-musafirkhana_palace_cairo-i;_ylc=X3oDMTFka28zOGNuBF9TAzI3NjY2NzkEX3MDOTY5NTUzMjUEc2VjA3NzcC1kZXN0BHNsawN0aXRsZQ--","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"His Highness Kavalali Ibrahim Pasa\". Retrieved 1 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oocities.org/hazemsakr/royal/ibrahim.html","url_text":"\"His Highness Kavalali Ibrahim Pasa\""}]},{"reference":"\"UQconnect, The University of Queensland\". Retrieved 1 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/islamic/egypt.html","url_text":"\"UQconnect, The University of Queensland\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh (1911). \"Ismail\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 875.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ismail","url_text":"Ismail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Cleveland, William L.; Burton, Martin (2013). A history of the modern Middle East (Fifth ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 9780813348339.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813348339","url_text":"9780813348339"}]},{"reference":"\"Moslem Egypt and Christian Abyssinia; Or, Military Service Under the Khedive, in his Provinces and Beyond their Borders, as Experienced by the American Staff\". World Digital Library. 1880. Retrieved 3 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2534/","url_text":"\"Moslem Egypt and Christian Abyssinia; Or, Military Service Under the Khedive, in his Provinces and Beyond their Borders, as Experienced by the American Staff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Library","url_text":"World Digital Library"}]},{"reference":"McSweeney, Anna (March 2015). \"Versions and Visions of the Alhambra in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman World\". West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture. 22 (1): 44–69. doi:10.1086/683080. hdl:2262/108262. ISSN 2153-5531. S2CID 194180597.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/683080","url_text":"\"Versions and Visions of the Alhambra in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F683080","url_text":"10.1086/683080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F108262","url_text":"2262/108262"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2153-5531","url_text":"2153-5531"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194180597","url_text":"194180597"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome Fortune City Customers \| Dotster\". Members.fortunecity.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090528200351/http://members.fortunecity.com/78blencowest/ch12.htm#cave","url_text":"\"Welcome Fortune City Customers \| Dotster\""},{"url":"http://members.fortunecity.com/78blencowest/ch12.htm#cave","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rogan, Eugene (2011). The Arabs. Penguin. p. 101.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morrow, Lance (31 March 1986). \"Essay: The Shoes of Imelda Marcos\". Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2016 – via www.time.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071121140741/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961002,00.html","url_text":"\"Essay: The Shoes of Imelda Marcos\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961002,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold\", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1864, p. 53 – via Archives de Bruxelles","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.bruxelles.be/almanach/watch/AR/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1864_R%20208/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1864_R%20208#page/26","url_text":"\"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ritter-Orden: Oesterreichsch-kaiserlicher Leopold-orden\", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1883, p. 128, retrieved 5 February 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1883&size=45&page=337","url_text":"\"Ritter-Orden: Oesterreichsch-kaiserlicher Leopold-orden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio\", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), Mexico City: Imp. de J.M. Lara, 1866, p. 243","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA243","url_text":"243"}]},{"reference":"Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1877, p. 372, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/statskal/1877/0396.html","url_text":"Sveriges statskalender"}]},{"reference":"Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1891). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RNHeXjXw80sC&pg=PP5","url_text":"Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RNHeXjXw80sC&pg=PA54","url_text":"54"}]},{"reference":"\"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste\", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 1, Berlin: 6, 22, 1886","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021","url_text":"\"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste\""},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=14&skin=2021","url_text":"6"},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=30&skin=2021","url_text":"22"}]},{"reference":"Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1889) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1889 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1889] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 7–8. Retrieved 7 February 2021 – via da:DIS Danmark.","urls":[{"url":"https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/908078.pdf#page=36","url_text":"Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1889"},{"url":"https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIS_Danmark","url_text":"da:DIS Danmark"}]},{"reference":"\"Ritter-Orden: Königlich-ungarischer St. Stephan-orden\", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1883, p. 118, retrieved 5 February 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1883&page=332&size=45","url_text":"\"Ritter-Orden: Königlich-ungarischer St. Stephan-orden\""}]},{"reference":"Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: 1879. Schulze. 1879. p. 34.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AD6sPIakAuMC&pg=PR1","url_text":"Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: 1879"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AD6sPIakAuMC&pg=PA34","url_text":"34"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2534/","external_links_name":"Moslem Egypt and Christian Abyssinia; Or, Military Service Under the Khedive, in his Provinces and Beyond their Borders, as Experienced by the American Staff"},{"Link":"http://countrystudies.us/egypt/24.htm","external_links_name":"Egypt: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1990."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140328044648/http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-2759257-musafirkhana_palace_cairo-i","external_links_name":"\"Travel - Yahoo Style\""},{"Link":"http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-2759257-musafirkhana_palace_cairo-i;_ylc=X3oDMTFka28zOGNuBF9TAzI3NjY2NzkEX3MDOTY5NTUzMjUEc2VjA3NzcC1kZXN0BHNsawN0aXRsZQ--","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.oocities.org/hazemsakr/royal/ibrahim.html","external_links_name":"\"His Highness Kavalali Ibrahim Pasa\""},{"Link":"http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/islamic/egypt.html","external_links_name":"\"UQconnect, The University of Queensland\""},{"Link":"http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2534/","external_links_name":"\"Moslem Egypt and Christian Abyssinia; Or, Military Service Under the Khedive, in his Provinces and Beyond their Borders, as Experienced by the American Staff\""},{"Link":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/683080","external_links_name":"\"Versions and Visions of the Alhambra in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman World\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F683080","external_links_name":"10.1086/683080"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F108262","external_links_name":"2262/108262"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2153-5531","external_links_name":"2153-5531"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194180597","external_links_name":"194180597"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090528200351/http://members.fortunecity.com/78blencowest/ch12.htm#cave","external_links_name":"\"Welcome Fortune City Customers \| Dotster\""},{"Link":"http://members.fortunecity.com/78blencowest/ch12.htm#cave","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.agaclar.net/galeri/showimage.php?i=25335","external_links_name":"Historic photo of the Khedive Ismail Pasha Palace (Hıdiv İsmail Paşa Sarayı)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071121140741/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961002,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Essay: The Shoes of Imelda Marcos\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961002,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archives.bruxelles.be/almanach/watch/AR/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1864_R%20208/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1864_R%20208#page/26","external_links_name":"\"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold\""},{"Link":"https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1883&size=45&page=337","external_links_name":"\"Ritter-Orden: Oesterreichsch-kaiserlicher Leopold-orden\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA243","external_links_name":"243"},{"Link":"https://runeberg.org/statskal/1877/0396.html","external_links_name":"Sveriges statskalender"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n301/mode/2up","external_links_name":"p. 210"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RNHeXjXw80sC&pg=PP5","external_links_name":"Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RNHeXjXw80sC&pg=PA54","external_links_name":"54"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n399/mode/2up","external_links_name":"p. 309"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021","external_links_name":"\"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=14&skin=2021","external_links_name":"6"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=30&skin=2021","external_links_name":"22"},{"Link":"https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/908078.pdf#page=36","external_links_name":"Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1889"},{"Link":"https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1883&page=332&size=45","external_links_name":"\"Ritter-Orden: Königlich-ungarischer St. Stephan-orden\""},{"Link":"https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00243753/Sachsen_Coburg_Gotha_166999342_1890_0056.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00484309","external_links_name":"p. 45"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AD6sPIakAuMC&pg=PR1","external_links_name":"Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: 1879"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AD6sPIakAuMC&pg=PA34","external_links_name":"34"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070625160915/http://www.presidency.gov.eg/html/e_khedive_ismail.html","external_links_name":"Official Presidential web site of Egypt"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Pasha%2C%20Isma%27il%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Isma%27il%20Pasha%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pasha%2C%20Isma%27il%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Isma%27il%20Pasha%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Pasha%2C%20I%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Isma%27il%20Pasha%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Pasha%2C%20Isma%27il%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Isma%27il%20Pasha%22%29%20OR%20%28%221831-1895%22%20AND%20Pasha%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Isma'il Pasha of Egypt"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/68112/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083869932","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/37724276","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhvTqXQTKr8wYXKCmyBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10779500c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10779500c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/11933254X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272305305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81018630","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073598283","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810585573205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/305854","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11933254X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1525077","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6513xkn","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/158519744","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ismail-pasa-hidiv","external_links_name":"İslâm Ansiklopedisi"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot-fish	Parrotfish	["1 Description","2 Mucus","3 Feeding","4 Life cycle","5 Economic importance","6 Taxonomy","7 Gallery","8 Timeline of genera","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]	Family of fishes "Scarinae" and "Scarini" redirect here. For the group of leafhoppers formerly known by these names, see Gyponini. Not to be confused with parrot cichlid. Parrotfish Scarus frenatus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Labriformes Family: ScaridaeRafinesque, 1810 Genera Bolbometopon Calotomus Cetoscarus Chlorurus Cryptotomus Hipposcarus Leptoscarus Nicholsina Scarus Sparisoma Parrotfish are a group of fish species traditionally regarded as a family (Scaridae), but now often treated as a subfamily (Scarinae) or tribe (Scarini) of the wrasses (Labridae). With roughly 95 species, this group's largest species richness is in the Indo-Pacific. They are found in coral reefs, rocky coasts, and seagrass beds, and can play a significant role in bioerosion. Description Parrotfish are named for their dentition, which is distinct from other fish, including other labrids. Their numerous teeth are arranged in a tightly packed mosaic on the external surface of their jaw bones, forming a parrot-like beak with which they rasp algae from coral and other rocky substrates (which contributes to the process of bioerosion). Maximum sizes vary within the group, with the majority of species reaching 30–50 cm (12–20 in) in length. However, a few species reach lengths in excess of 1 m (3 ft 3 in), and the green humphead parrotfish can reach up to 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in). The smallest species is the bluelip parrotfish (Cryptotomus roseus), which has a maximum size of 13 cm (5.1 in). Mucus Scarus zelindae in its mucus cocoon Some parrotfish species, including the queen parrotfish (Scarus vetula), secrete a mucus cocoon, particularly at night. Prior to going to sleep, some species extrude mucus from their mouths, forming a protective cocoon that envelops the fish, presumably hiding its scent from potential predators. This mucus envelope may also act as an early warning system, allowing the parrotfish to flee when it detects predators such as moray eels disturbing the membrane. The skin itself is covered in another mucous substance which may have antioxidant properties helpful in repairing bodily damage, or repelling parasites, in addition to providing protection from UV light. Feeding The strong beak of Bolbometopon muricatum is able to grind the sturdiest corals. Most parrotfish species are herbivores, feeding mainly on epilithic algae. A wide range of other small organisms are sometimes eaten, including invertebrates (sessile and benthic species, as well as zooplankton), bacteria and detritus. A few mostly larger species such as the green humphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) feed extensively on living coral (polyps). None of these are exclusive corallivores, but polyps can make up as much as half their diet or even more in the green humphead parrotfish. Overall it has been estimated that fewer than one percent of parrotfish bites involve live corals and all except the green humphead parrotfish prefer algae-covered surfaces over live corals. Nevertheless, when they do eat coral polyps, localized coral death can occur. Their feeding activity is important for the production and distribution of coral sands in the reef biome, and can prevent algal overgrowth of the reef structure. The teeth grow continuously, replacing material worn away by feeding. Whether they feed on coral, rock or seagrasses, the substrate is ground up between the pharyngeal teeth. After they digest the edible portions from the rock, they excrete it as sand, helping create small islands and the sandy beaches. The humphead parrotfish can produce 90 kg (200 lb) of sand each year. Or, on average (as there are so many variables i.e. size/species/location/depth etc.), almost 250 g (9 oz) per parrotfish per day. While feeding, parrotfish must be cognizant of predation by one of their main predators, the lemon shark. On Caribbean coral reefs, parrotfish are important consumers of sponges. An indirect effect of parrotfish grazing on sponges is the protection of reef-building corals that would otherwise be overgrown by fast-growing sponge species. Analysis of parrotfish feeding biology describes three functional groups: excavators, scrapers and browsers. Excavators have larger, stronger jaws that can gouge the substrate, leaving visible scars on the surface. Scrapers have less powerful jaws that can but infrequently do leave visible scraping scars on the substrate. Some of these may also feed on sand instead of hard surfaces. Browsers mainly feed on seagrasses and their epiphytes. Mature excavating species include Bolbometopon muricatum, Cetoscarus, Chlorurus and Sparisoma viride. These excavating species all feed as scrapers in early juvenile stages, but Hipposcarus and Scarus, which also feed as scrapers in early juvenile stages, retain the scraping feeding mode as adults. Browsing species are found in the genera Calotomus, Cryptotomus, Leptoscarus, Nicholsina and Sparisoma. Feeding modes reflect habitat preferences, with browsers chiefly living in the grassy seabed, and excavators and scrapers on coral reefs. Recently, the microphage feeding hypothesis challenged the prevailing paradigm of parrotfish as algal consumers by proposing that: Most parrotfishes are microphages that target cyanobacteria and other protein-rich autotrophic microorganisms that live on (epilithic) or within (endolithic) calcareous substrata, are epiphytic on algae or seagrasses, or endosymbiotic within sessile invertebrates. Microscopy and molecular barcoding of coral reef substrate bitten by scraping and excavating parrotfish suggest that coral reef cyanobacteria from the order Nostocales are important in the feeding of these parrotfish. Additional microscopy and molecular barcoding research indicates that some parrotfish may ingest microscopic biota associated with endolithic sponges. Life cycle The bicolor parrotfish (Cetoscarus bicolor) was described by Eduard Rüppell in 1829. In 1835, he mistakenly described the terminal phase, featured on this photo, as a separate species, C. pulchellus The development of parrotfishes is complex and accompanied by a series of changes in sex and colour (polychromatism). Most species are sequential hermaphrodites, starting as females (known as the initial phase) and then changing to males (the terminal phase). In many species, for example the stoplight parrotfish (Sparisoma viride), a number of individuals develop directly to males (i.e., they do not start as females). These directly developing males usually most resemble the initial phase, and often display a different mating strategy than the terminal phase males of the same species. A few species such as the Mediterranean parrotfish (S. cretense) are secondary gonochorists. This means that some females do not change sex (they remain females throughout their lives), the ones that do change from female to male do it while still immature (reproductively functioning females do not change to males) and there are no males with female-like colors (the initial phase males in other parrotfish). The marbled parrotfish (Leptoscarus vaigiensis) is the only species of parrotfish known not to change sex. In most species, the initial phase is dull red, brown, or grey, while the terminal phase is vividly green or blue with bright pink, orange or yellow patches. In a smaller number of species the phases are similar, and in the Mediterranean parrotfish the adult female is brightly colored, while the adult male is gray. In most species, juveniles have a different color pattern from adults. Juveniles of some tropical species can alter their color temporarily to mimic other species. Where the sexes and ages differ, the remarkably different phases often were first described as separate species. As a consequence early scientists recognized more than 350 parrotfish species, which is almost four times the actual number. Most tropical species form large schools when feeding and these are often grouped by size. Harems of several females presided over by a single male are normal in most species, with the males vigorously defending their position from any challenge. As pelagic spawners, parrotfish release many tiny, buoyant eggs into the water, which become part of the plankton. The eggs float freely, settling into the coral until hatching. Female Scarus psittacus (= initial phase)Male Scarus psittacus (= terminal phase) The sex change in parrotfishes is accompanied by changes in circulating steroids. Females have high levels of estradiol, moderate levels of T and undetectable levels of the major fish androgen 11-ketotestosterone. During the transition from initial to terminal coloration phases, concentrations of 11-ketotestosterone rise dramatically and estrogen levels decline. If a female is injected with 11-ketotestosterone, it will cause a precocious change in gonadal, gametic and behavioural sex. Economic importance A commercial fishery exists for some of the larger species, particularly in the Indo-Pacific, but also for a few others like the Mediterranean parrotfish. Protecting parrotfishes is proposed as a way of saving Caribbean coral reefs from being overgrown with seaweed and sponges. Despite their striking colors, their feeding behavior renders them highly unsuitable for most marine aquaria. A new study has discovered that the parrotfish is extremely important for the health of the Great Barrier Reef; it is the only one of thousands of reef fish species that regularly performs the task of scraping and cleaning inshore coral reefs. Taxonomy Traditionally, the parrotfishes have been considered to be a family level taxon, Scaridae. Although phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of parrotfishes are ongoing, they are now accepted to be a clade in the tribe Cheilini, and are now commonly referred to as scarine labrids (subfamily Scarinae, family Labridae). Some authorities have preferred to maintain the parrotfishes as a family-level taxon, resulting in Labridae not being monophyletic (unless split into several families). The World Register of Marine Species divides the group into two subfamilies as follows: subfamily Scarinae genus Bolbometopon Smith, 1956 (1 species) genus Cetoscarus Smith, 1956 (2 species) genus Chlorurus Swainson, 1839 (18 species) genus Hipposcarus Smith, 1956 (2 species) genus Scarus Forsskål, 1775 (53 species) subfamily Sparisomatinae genus Calotomus Gilbert, 1890 (5 species) genus Cryptotomus Cope, 1870 (1 species) genus Leptoscarus Swainson, 1839 (1 species) genus Nicholsina Fowler, 1915 (3 species) genus Sparisoma Swainson, 1839 (15 species) Some sources retain the Scaridae as a family, placing it alongside the wrasses of the family Labridae and the weed whitings Odacidae in the order Labriformes, part of the Percomorpha. They also do not support the division of the Scaridae into two subfamilies. Gallery Scarus globiceps (male) Chlorurus microrhinos Bolbometopon muricatum Calotomus viridescens Cetoscarus ocellatus Chlorurus sordidus Hipposcarus longiceps Scarus vetula Sparisoma viride Timeline of genera References ^ a b Westneat, MW; Alfaro, ME (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the reef fish family Labridae". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 36 (2): 370–90. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.001. PMID 15955516. ^ Streelman, J. T., Alfaro, M. E.; et al. (2002). "Evolutionary History of The Parrotfishes: Biogeography, Ecomorphology, and Comparative Diversity". Evolution. 56 (5): 961–971. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01408.x. PMID 12093031. S2CID 41840374.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Bellwood, D. R., Hoey, A. S., Choat, J. H. (2003). "Limited functional redundancy in high diversity systems: resilience and ecosystem function on coral reefs". Ecology Letters. 6 (4): 281–285. doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00432.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Lokrantz, J., Nyström, Thyresson, M., M., C. Johansson (2008). "The non-linear relationship between body size and function in parrotfishes". Coral Reefs. 27 (4): 967–974. Bibcode:2008CorRe..27..967L. doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0394-3. S2CID 37926874.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Ostéologie céphalique de deux poissons perroquets (Scaridae: Teleostei) TH Monod, JC Hureau, AE Bullock - Cybium, 1994 - Société française d'ichtyologie ^ a b Choat, J.H. & Bellwood, D.R. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 209–211. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Bolbometopon muricatum" in FishBase. December 2009 version. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Cryptotomus roseus" in FishBase. September 2015 version. ^ a b c d e f g Lieske, E., and Myers, R. (1999). Coral Reef Fishes. 2nd edition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00481-1 ^ Shah, A.K. (2016). Cryptotomus roseus (Slender Parrotfish). The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. The University of the West Indies. Accessed 11 March 2018. ^ a b c Cerny-Chipman, E. "Distribution of Ultraviolet-Absorbing Sunscreen Compounds Across the Body Surface of Two Species of Scaridae." DigitalCollections@SIT 2007. Accessed 2009-06-21. ^ Langerhans, R.B. "Evolutionary consequences of predation: avoidance, escape, reproduction, and diversification. Archived 14 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine" pp. 177–220 in Elewa, A.M.T. ed. Predation in organisms: a distinct phenomenon. Heidelberg, Germany, Springer-Verlag. 2007. Accessed 2009-06-21. ^ a b c Videlier, H.; Geertjes, G.J.; Videlier, J.J. (1999). "Biochemical characteristics and antibiotic properties of the mucous envelope of the queen parrotfish". Journal of Fish Biology. 54 (5): 1124–1127. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00864.x. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bellwood, David R. (14 July 1994). "A phylogenetic study of the parrotfish family Scaridae (Pisces: Labroidea), with a revision of genera". Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement. 20: 1–86. doi:10.3853/j.0812-7387.20.1994.51. ISSN 0812-7387. ^ a b Bellwood, D.R.; Choat, J.H. (1990). "A functional analysis of grazing in parrotfishes (family Scaridae): the ecological implications". Environ Biol Fish. 28 (1–4): 189–214. doi:10.1007/BF00751035. S2CID 11262999. ^ a b c d e f Bonaldo, R.M. & R.D. Rotjan (2018). The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Parrotfishes as Coral Predators. in Hoey, A.S. & R.M. Bonaldo, eds. Biology of Parrotfishes. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1482224016 ^ Comeros-Raynal, Choat; Polidoro, Clements; Abesamis, Craig; Lazuardi, McIlwain; Muljadi, Myers; Nañola Jr, Pardede; Rocha, Russell; Sanciangco, Stockwell; Harwell; Carpenter (2012). "The Likelihood of Extinction of Iconic and Dominant Herbivores and Detritivores of Coral Reefs: The Parrotfishes and Surgeonfishes". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e39825. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739825C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039825. PMC 3394754. PMID 22808066. ^ Murphy, Richard C. (2002). Coral Reefs: Cities Under The Seas. The Darwin Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-87850-138-0. ^ Thurman, H.V; Webber, H.H. (1984). "Chapter 12, Benthos on the Continental Shelf". Marine Biology. Charles E. Merrill Publishing. pp. 303–313. Accessed 2009-06-14. ^ Bright, Michael (2000). The private life of sharks : the truth behind the myth. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2875-1. ^ Dunlap, M; Pawlik, JR (1996). "Video-monitored predation by Caribbean reef fishes on an array of mangrove and reef sponges". Marine Biology. 126: 117–123. doi:10.1007/BF00571383. S2CID 84799900. ^ a b Loh, T-L; Pawlik, JR (2014). "Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (11): 4151–4156. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4151L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321626111. PMC 3964098. PMID 24567392. ^ a b Loh, TL; et al. (2015). "Indirect effects of overfishing on Caribbean reefs: sponges overgrow reef-building corals". PeerJ. 3: e901. doi:10.7717/peerj.901. PMC 4419544. PMID 25945305. ^ a b c Price, Samantha A.; Wainwright, Peter C.; Bellwood, David R.; Kazancioglu, Erem; Collar, David C.; Near, Thomas J. (1 October 2010). "Functional Innovations and Morphological Diversification in Parrotfish". Evolution. 64 (10): 3057–3068. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01036.x. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 20497217. S2CID 19070148. ^ Environmental Biology of Fishes 28: 189-214, 1990 ^ Clements, Kendall D.; German, Donovan P.; Piché, Jacinthe; Tribollet, Aline; Choat, John Howard (November 2016). "Integrating ecological roles and trophic diversification on coral reefs: multiple lines of evidence identify parrotfishes as microphages". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1111/bij.12914. ^ Georgina M Nicholson, Kendall D Clements, Micro-photoautotroph predation as a driver for trophic niche specialization in 12 syntopic Indo-Pacific parrotfish species, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 139, Issue 2, June 2023, Pages 91–114, https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad005 ^ Nicholson, G.M., Clements, K.D. A role for encrusting, endolithic sponges in the feeding of the parrotfish Scarus rubroviolaceus? Evidence of further trophic diversification in Indo-Pacific Scarini. Coral Reefs (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-024-02482-z ^ a b Bester, C. Stoplight parrotfish. Archived 20 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Florida Museum of Natural History, Ichthyology Department. Accessed 15-12-2009 ^ Afonso, Pedro; Morato, Telmo; Santos, Ricardo Serrão (2008). "Spatial patterns in reproductive traits of the temperate parrotfish Sparisoma cretense" (PDF). Fisheries Research. 90 (1–3): 92–99. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2007.09.029. ^ de Girolamo, Scaggiante; Rasotto (1999). "Social organization and sexual pattern in the Mediterranean parrotfish Sparisoma cretense (Teleostei: Scaridae)". Marine Biology. 135 (2): 353–360. doi:10.1007/s002270050634. S2CID 85428235. ^ Sadovy; Shapiro (1987). "Criteria for the diagnosis of hermaphroditism in fishes". Copeia. 1987 (1): 136–156. doi:10.2307/1446046. JSTOR 1446046. ^ a b c d Randall, J. E. (2007). Reef and Shore Fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. ISBN 978-1-929054-03-9 ^ Debelius, H. (1997). Mediterranean and Atlantic Fish Guide: From Spain to Turkey - From Norway to South Africa. ConchBooks. p. 221. ISBN 978-3925919541. ^ Cardwell JR1, Liley NR.Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1991 Jan;81(1):7-20 ^ Cardigos, F. (2001). "Vejas" (PDF). Revista Mundo Submerso. 58 (V): 48–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2018. ^ Morelle, Rebecca (1 November 2007) Parrotfish to aid reef repair. BBC ^ Australian Geographic (September 2014). "Single species may be key to reef health". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 429–430. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Further reading Hoey and Bonaldo. The Biology of Parrotfishes Monod, Th., 1979. "Scaridae". pp. 444–445. In J.C. Hureau and Th. Monod (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM). UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363: 560. Retrieved 3 May 2014. Smith, J.L.B. (1956). "The parrotfishes of the family Callyodontidae of the Western Indian Ocean". Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University. 1. hdl:10962/d1018535. Smith, J.L.B. (1959). "The identity of Scarus gibbus Ruppell, 1828 and of other parrotfishes of the family Callyodontidae from the Red Sea and the Western Indian Ocean". Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University. 16. hdl:10962/d1018777. Bullock, A.E. and T. Monod, 1997. "Myologie céphalique de deux poissons perroquets (Teleostei: Scaridae)". Cybium 21(2):173–199. Randall, John E.; Bruce, Robin W. (1983). "The parrotfishes of the subfamily Scarinae of the Western Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species". Ichthyological Bulletin. 47. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University. hdl:10962/d1019747. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scaridae. "parrotfish factsheet". Waitt Institute. Retrieved 8 June 2015. Parrot Fish Profile from National Geographic Parrot Fish Care Parrotfish info on Fishbase Taxon identifiersScaridae Wikidata: Q502220 Wikispecies: Scaridae ADW: Scaridae BOLD: 566 CoL: FZV EoL: 46572622 GBIF: 4504 iNaturalist: 49692 IRMNG: 111648 ITIS: 170809 NCBI: 51763 NZOR: d172eb3c-0e3e-419b-a263-0fa338240dcd Open Tree of Life: 214115 Paleobiology Database: 266319 Plazi: FD1087D9-FFB6-4A47-FF67-A20E4D15FA09 uBio: 114357 WoRMS: 125557 Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gyponini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyponini"},{"link_name":"parrot cichlid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot_cichlid_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"wrasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrasse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westneat-1"},{"link_name":"species richness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_richness"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific"},{"link_name":"coral reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef"},{"link_name":"seagrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass"},{"link_name":"bioerosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioerosion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j3-4"}],"text":"\"Scarinae\" and \"Scarini\" redirect here. For the group of leafhoppers formerly known by these names, see Gyponini.Not to be confused with parrot cichlid.Parrotfish are a group of fish species traditionally regarded as a family (Scaridae), but now often treated as a subfamily (Scarinae) or tribe (Scarini) of the wrasses (Labridae).[1] With roughly 95 species, this group's largest species richness is in the Indo-Pacific. They are found in coral reefs, rocky coasts, and seagrass beds, and can play a significant role in bioerosion.[2][3][4]","title":"Parrotfish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dentition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentition"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"labrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrid"},{"link_name":"parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoF-6"},{"link_name":"bioerosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioerosion"},{"link_name":"green humphead parrotfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_humphead_parrotfish"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"bluelip parrotfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptotomus_roseus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieske-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Parrotfish are named for their dentition,[5] which is distinct from other fish, including other labrids. Their numerous teeth are arranged in a tightly packed mosaic on the external surface of their jaw bones, forming a parrot-like beak with which they rasp algae from coral and other rocky substrates[6] (which contributes to the process of bioerosion).Maximum sizes vary within the group, with the majority of species reaching 30–50 cm (12–20 in) in length. However, a few species reach lengths in excess of 1 m (3 ft 3 in), and the green humphead parrotfish can reach up to 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in).[7] The smallest species is the bluelip parrotfish (Cryptotomus roseus), which has a maximum size of 13 cm (5.1 in).[8][9][10]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scarus_zelindae.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scarus zelindae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarus_zelindae"},{"link_name":"queen parrotfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_parrotfish"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UV-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biochem-13"},{"link_name":"moray eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moray_eel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biochem-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UV-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biochem-13"},{"link_name":"UV light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UV-11"}],"text":"Scarus zelindae in its mucus cocoonSome parrotfish species, including the queen parrotfish (Scarus vetula), secrete a mucus cocoon, particularly at night.[11] Prior to going to sleep, some species extrude mucus from their mouths, forming a protective cocoon that envelops the fish, presumably hiding its scent from potential predators.[12][13] This mucus envelope may also act as an early warning system, allowing the parrotfish to flee when it detects predators such as moray eels disturbing the membrane.[13] The skin itself is covered in another mucous substance which may have antioxidant properties helpful in repairing bodily damage,[11][13] or repelling parasites, in addition to providing protection from UV light.[11]","title":"Mucus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scaridae_-_Bolbometopon_muricatum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bolbometopon muricatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolbometopon_muricatum"},{"link_name":"herbivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"epilithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilithic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellwood-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonaldo2018-16"},{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessility_(motility)"},{"link_name":"benthic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic"},{"link_name":"zooplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton"},{"link_name":"detritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corallivore"},{"link_name":"polyps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyp_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoF-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellwood-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonaldo2018-16"},{"link_name":"corallivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corallivore"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonaldo2018-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonaldo2018-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonaldo2018-16"},{"link_name":"biome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieske-9"},{"link_name":"pharyngeal teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_teeth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonaldo2018-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thurman-19"},{"link_name":"lemon shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_shark"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"sponges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-24"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-24"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"epiphytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphyte"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"Bolbometopon muricatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolbometopon_muricatum"},{"link_name":"Cetoscarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetoscarus"},{"link_name":"Chlorurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorurus"},{"link_name":"Sparisoma viride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparisoma_viride"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"Hipposcarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipposcarus"},{"link_name":"Scarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-24"},{"link_name":"Calotomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotomus"},{"link_name":"Cryptotomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptotomus"},{"link_name":"Leptoscarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptoscarus"},{"link_name":"Nicholsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholsina"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The strong beak of Bolbometopon muricatum is able to grind the sturdiest corals.Most parrotfish species are herbivores, feeding mainly on epilithic algae.[14][15][16] A wide range of other small organisms are sometimes eaten, including invertebrates (sessile and benthic species, as well as zooplankton), bacteria and detritus.[17] A few mostly larger species such as the green humphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) feed extensively on living coral (polyps).[6][15][16] None of these are exclusive corallivores, but polyps can make up as much as half their diet[16] or even more in the green humphead parrotfish.[14] Overall it has been estimated that fewer than one percent of parrotfish bites involve live corals and all except the green humphead parrotfish prefer algae-covered surfaces over live corals.[16] Nevertheless, when they do eat coral polyps, localized coral death can occur.[16] Their feeding activity is important for the production and distribution of coral sands in the reef biome, and can prevent algal overgrowth of the reef structure. The teeth grow continuously, replacing material worn away by feeding.[9] Whether they feed on coral, rock or seagrasses, the substrate is ground up between the pharyngeal teeth.[16][18] After they digest the edible portions from the rock, they excrete it as sand, helping create small islands and the sandy beaches. The humphead parrotfish can produce 90 kg (200 lb) of sand each year.[19] Or, on average (as there are so many variables i.e. size/species/location/depth etc.), almost 250 g (9 oz) per parrotfish per day. \nWhile feeding, parrotfish must be cognizant of predation by one of their main predators, the lemon shark.[20] On Caribbean coral reefs, parrotfish are important consumers of sponges.[21] An indirect effect of parrotfish grazing on sponges is the protection of reef-building corals that would otherwise be overgrown by fast-growing sponge species.[22][23]Analysis of parrotfish feeding biology describes three functional groups: excavators, scrapers and browsers.[14] Excavators have larger, stronger jaws that can gouge the substrate,[24] leaving visible scars on the surface.[14] Scrapers have less powerful jaws that can but infrequently do leave visible scraping scars on the substrate.[14][24] Some of these may also feed on sand instead of hard surfaces.[14] Browsers mainly feed on seagrasses and their epiphytes.[14] Mature excavating species include Bolbometopon muricatum, Cetoscarus, Chlorurus and Sparisoma viride.[14] These excavating species all feed as scrapers in early juvenile stages, but Hipposcarus and Scarus, which also feed as scrapers in early juvenile stages, retain the scraping feeding mode as adults.[14][24] Browsing species are found in the genera Calotomus, Cryptotomus, Leptoscarus, Nicholsina and Sparisoma.[14] Feeding modes reflect habitat preferences, with browsers chiefly living in the grassy seabed, and excavators and scrapers on coral reefs.[25][14]Recently, the microphage feeding hypothesis challenged the prevailing paradigm of parrotfish as algal consumers by proposing that:Most parrotfishes are microphages that target cyanobacteria and other protein-rich autotrophic microorganisms that live on (epilithic) or within (endolithic) calcareous substrata, are epiphytic on algae or seagrasses, or endosymbiotic within sessile invertebrates.[26]Microscopy and molecular barcoding of coral reef substrate bitten by scraping and excavating parrotfish suggest that coral reef cyanobacteria from the order Nostocales are important in the feeding of these parrotfish.[27] Additional microscopy and molecular barcoding research indicates that some parrotfish may ingest microscopic biota associated with endolithic sponges.[28]","title":"Feeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cetoscarus_bicolor_by_Jacek_Madejski.jpg"},{"link_name":"bicolor parrotfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetoscarus_bicolor"},{"link_name":"Eduard Rüppell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_R%C3%BCppell"},{"link_name":"polychromatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polychromatism&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sequential hermaphrodites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_hermaphrodites"},{"link_name":"stoplight parrotfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoplight_parrotfish"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bester2009-29"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean parrotfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_parrotfish"},{"link_name":"gonochorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonochorists"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Afonsoa-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Girolamo1999-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"marbled parrotfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbled_parrotfish"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieske-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieske-9"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Randall2007-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieske-9"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Randall2007-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debelius1997-34"},{"link_name":"mimic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Randall2007-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bester2009-29"},{"link_name":"plankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scarus_psittacus_femelle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scarus psittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarus_psittacus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scarus_psittacus_m%C3%A2le.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scarus psittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarus_psittacus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The bicolor parrotfish (Cetoscarus bicolor) was described by Eduard Rüppell in 1829. In 1835, he mistakenly described the terminal phase, featured on this photo, as a separate species, C. pulchellusThe development of parrotfishes is complex and accompanied by a series of changes in sex and colour (polychromatism). Most species are sequential hermaphrodites, starting as females (known as the initial phase) and then changing to males (the terminal phase). In many species, for example the stoplight parrotfish (Sparisoma viride), a number of individuals develop directly to males (i.e., they do not start as females). These directly developing males usually most resemble the initial phase, and often display a different mating strategy than the terminal phase males of the same species.[29] A few species such as the Mediterranean parrotfish (S. cretense) are secondary gonochorists. This means that some females do not change sex (they remain females throughout their lives), the ones that do change from female to male do it while still immature (reproductively functioning females do not change to males) and there are no males with female-like colors (the initial phase males in other parrotfish).[30][31][32] The marbled parrotfish (Leptoscarus vaigiensis) is the only species of parrotfish known not to change sex.[9] In most species, the initial phase is dull red, brown, or grey, while the terminal phase is vividly green or blue with bright pink, orange or yellow patches.[9][33] In a smaller number of species the phases are similar,[9][33] and in the Mediterranean parrotfish the adult female is brightly colored, while the adult male is gray.[34] In most species, juveniles have a different color pattern from adults. Juveniles of some tropical species can alter their color temporarily to mimic other species.[35] Where the sexes and ages differ, the remarkably different phases often were first described as separate species.[33] As a consequence early scientists recognized more than 350 parrotfish species, which is almost four times the actual number.[29]Most tropical species form large schools when feeding and these are often grouped by size. Harems of several females presided over by a single male are normal in most species, with the males vigorously defending their position from any challenge.As pelagic spawners, parrotfish release many tiny, buoyant eggs into the water, which become part of the plankton. The eggs float freely, settling into the coral until hatching.Female Scarus psittacus (= initial phase)Male Scarus psittacus (= terminal phase)The sex change in parrotfishes is accompanied by changes in circulating steroids. Females have high levels of estradiol, moderate levels of T and undetectable levels of the major fish androgen 11-ketotestosterone. During the transition from initial to terminal coloration phases, concentrations of 11-ketotestosterone rise dramatically and estrogen levels decline. If a female is injected with 11-ketotestosterone, it will cause a precocious change in gonadal, gametic and behavioural sex.[citation needed]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fishery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieske-9"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean parrotfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_parrotfish"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"aquaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lieske-9"},{"link_name":"Great Barrier Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"A commercial fishery exists for some of the larger species, particularly in the Indo-Pacific,[9] but also for a few others like the Mediterranean parrotfish.[36] Protecting parrotfishes is proposed as a way of saving Caribbean coral reefs from being overgrown with seaweed[37] and sponges.[22][23] Despite their striking colors, their feeding behavior renders them highly unsuitable for most marine aquaria.[9]A new study has discovered that the parrotfish is extremely important for the health of the Great Barrier Reef; it is the only one of thousands of reef fish species that regularly performs the task of scraping and cleaning inshore coral reefs.[38]","title":"Economic importance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Labridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labridae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westneat-1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Randall2007-33"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic"},{"link_name":"World Register of Marine Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species"},{"link_name":"Scarinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarinae"},{"link_name":"Bolbometopon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolbometopon_muricatum"},{"link_name":"Cetoscarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetoscarus"},{"link_name":"Chlorurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorurus"},{"link_name":"Hipposcarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipposcarus"},{"link_name":"Scarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarus"},{"link_name":"Sparisomatinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sparisomatinae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Calotomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotomus"},{"link_name":"Cryptotomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptotomus"},{"link_name":"Leptoscarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptoscarus"},{"link_name":"Nicholsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholsina"},{"link_name":"Sparisoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparisoma"},{"link_name":"wrasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrasse"},{"link_name":"Odacidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odacidae"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Labriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labriformes"},{"link_name":"Percomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percomorpha"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson5-39"}],"text":"Traditionally, the parrotfishes have been considered to be a family level taxon, Scaridae. Although phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of parrotfishes are ongoing, they are now accepted to be a clade in the tribe Cheilini, and are now commonly referred to as scarine labrids (subfamily Scarinae, family Labridae).[1] Some authorities have preferred to maintain the parrotfishes as a family-level taxon,[33] resulting in Labridae not being monophyletic (unless split into several families).The World Register of Marine Species divides the group into two subfamilies as follows:subfamily Scarinae\ngenus Bolbometopon Smith, 1956 (1 species)\ngenus Cetoscarus Smith, 1956 (2 species)\ngenus Chlorurus Swainson, 1839 (18 species)\ngenus Hipposcarus Smith, 1956 (2 species)\ngenus Scarus Forsskål, 1775 (53 species)\nsubfamily Sparisomatinae\ngenus Calotomus Gilbert, 1890 (5 species)\ngenus Cryptotomus Cope, 1870 (1 species)\ngenus Leptoscarus Swainson, 1839 (1 species)\ngenus Nicholsina Fowler, 1915 (3 species)\ngenus Sparisoma Swainson, 1839 (15 species)Some sources retain the Scaridae as a family, placing it alongside the wrasses of the family Labridae and the weed whitings Odacidae in the order Labriformes, part of the Percomorpha. They also do not support the division of the Scaridae into two subfamilies.[39]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scarus_globiceps_m%C3%A2le.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scarus globiceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarus_globiceps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parrotfish_turquoisse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chlorurus microrhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorurus_microrhinos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolbometopon_muricatum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bolbometopon muricatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolbometopon_muricatum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viridescent_Parrotfish_-_Calotomus_viridescens.jpg"},{"link_name":"Calotomus viridescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotomus_viridescens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cetoscarus_ocellatus_Great_Barrier_Reef.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cetoscarus ocellatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetoscarus_ocellatus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chlorurus_sordidus_by_Jaroslaw_Barski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chlorurus sordidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorurus_sordidus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hipposcarus_longiceps.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hipposcarus longiceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipposcarus_longiceps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_parrotfish_Scarus_vetula_(2442375123).jpg"},{"link_name":"Scarus vetula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarus_vetula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stoplight-parrotfish.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sparisoma viride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparisoma_viride"}],"text":"Scarus globiceps (male)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChlorurus microrhinos\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBolbometopon muricatum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCalotomus viridescens\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCetoscarus ocellatus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChlorurus sordidus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHipposcarus longiceps\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tScarus vetula\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSparisoma viride","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline of genera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Biology of Parrotfishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pVNPDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"\"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10698872"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10962/d1018535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10962%2Fd1018535"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10962/d1018777","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10962%2Fd1018777"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10962/d1019747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10962%2Fd1019747"}],"text":"Hoey and Bonaldo. The Biology of Parrotfishes\nMonod, Th., 1979. \"Scaridae\". pp. 444–445. In J.C. Hureau and Th. Monod (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM). UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1.\nSepkoski, Jack (2002). \"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera\". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363: 560. Retrieved 3 May 2014.\nSmith, J.L.B. (1956). \"The parrotfishes of the family Callyodontidae of the Western Indian Ocean\". Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University. 1. hdl:10962/d1018535.\nSmith, J.L.B. (1959). \"The identity of Scarus gibbus Ruppell, 1828 and of other parrotfishes of the family Callyodontidae from the Red Sea and the Western Indian Ocean\". Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University. 16. hdl:10962/d1018777.\nBullock, A.E. and T. Monod, 1997. \"Myologie céphalique de deux poissons perroquets (Teleostei: Scaridae)\". Cybium 21(2):173–199.\nRandall, John E.; Bruce, Robin W. (1983). \"The parrotfishes of the subfamily Scarinae of the Western Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species\". Ichthyological Bulletin. 47. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University. hdl:10962/d1019747.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Scarus zelindae in its mucus cocoon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Scarus_zelindae.jpg/220px-Scarus_zelindae.jpg"},{"image_text":"The strong beak of Bolbometopon muricatum is able to grind the sturdiest corals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scaridae_-_Bolbometopon_muricatum.jpg/220px-Scaridae_-_Bolbometopon_muricatum.jpg"},{"image_text":"The bicolor parrotfish (Cetoscarus bicolor) was described by Eduard Rüppell in 1829. In 1835, he mistakenly described the terminal phase, featured on this photo, as a separate species, C. pulchellus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cetoscarus_bicolor_by_Jacek_Madejski.jpg/220px-Cetoscarus_bicolor_by_Jacek_Madejski.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Westneat, MW; Alfaro, ME (2005). \"Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the reef fish family Labridae\". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 36 (2): 370–90. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.001. PMID 15955516.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.02.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15955516","url_text":"15955516"}]},{"reference":"Streelman, J. T., Alfaro, M. E.; et al. (2002). \"Evolutionary History of The Parrotfishes: Biogeography, Ecomorphology, and Comparative Diversity\". Evolution. 56 (5): 961–971. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01408.x. PMID 12093031. S2CID 41840374.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2002.tb01408.x","url_text":"\"Evolutionary History of The Parrotfishes: Biogeography, Ecomorphology, and Comparative Diversity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2002.tb01408.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01408.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12093031","url_text":"12093031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41840374","url_text":"41840374"}]},{"reference":"Bellwood, D. R., Hoey, A. S., Choat, J. H. (2003). \"Limited functional redundancy in high diversity systems: resilience and ecosystem function on coral reefs\". Ecology Letters. 6 (4): 281–285. doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00432.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1461-0248.2003.00432.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00432.x"}]},{"reference":"Lokrantz, J., Nyström, Thyresson, M., M., C. Johansson (2008). \"The non-linear relationship between body size and function in parrotfishes\". Coral Reefs. 27 (4): 967–974. Bibcode:2008CorRe..27..967L. doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0394-3. S2CID 37926874.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CorRe..27..967L","url_text":"2008CorRe..27..967L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00338-008-0394-3","url_text":"10.1007/s00338-008-0394-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37926874","url_text":"37926874"}]},{"reference":"Choat, J.H. & Bellwood, D.R. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 209–211. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-547665-2","url_text":"978-0-12-547665-2"}]},{"reference":"Videlier, H.; Geertjes, G.J.; Videlier, J.J. (1999). \"Biochemical characteristics and antibiotic properties of the mucous envelope of the queen parrotfish\". Journal of Fish Biology. 54 (5): 1124–1127. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00864.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.1999.tb00864.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00864.x"}]},{"reference":"Bellwood, David R. (14 July 1994). \"A phylogenetic study of the parrotfish family Scaridae (Pisces: Labroidea), with a revision of genera\". Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement. 20: 1–86. doi:10.3853/j.0812-7387.20.1994.51. ISSN 0812-7387.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.20.1994.51","url_text":"\"A phylogenetic study of the parrotfish family Scaridae (Pisces: Labroidea), with a revision of genera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.20.1994.51","url_text":"10.3853/j.0812-7387.20.1994.51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0812-7387","url_text":"0812-7387"}]},{"reference":"Bellwood, D.R.; Choat, J.H. (1990). \"A functional analysis of grazing in parrotfishes (family Scaridae): the ecological implications\". Environ Biol Fish. 28 (1–4): 189–214. doi:10.1007/BF00751035. S2CID 11262999.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00751035","url_text":"10.1007/BF00751035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11262999","url_text":"11262999"}]},{"reference":"Comeros-Raynal, Choat; Polidoro, Clements; Abesamis, Craig; Lazuardi, McIlwain; Muljadi, Myers; Nañola Jr, Pardede; Rocha, Russell; Sanciangco, Stockwell; Harwell; Carpenter (2012). \"The Likelihood of Extinction of Iconic and Dominant Herbivores and Detritivores of Coral Reefs: The Parrotfishes and Surgeonfishes\". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e39825. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739825C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039825. PMC 3394754. PMID 22808066.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394754","url_text":"\"The Likelihood of Extinction of Iconic and Dominant Herbivores and Detritivores of Coral Reefs: The Parrotfishes and Surgeonfishes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...739825C","url_text":"2012PLoSO...739825C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039825","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0039825"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394754","url_text":"3394754"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22808066","url_text":"22808066"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Richard C. (2002). Coral Reefs: Cities Under The Seas. The Darwin Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-87850-138-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87850-138-0","url_text":"978-0-87850-138-0"}]},{"reference":"Thurman, H.V; Webber, H.H. (1984). \"Chapter 12, Benthos on the Continental Shelf\". Marine Biology. Charles E. Merrill Publishing. pp. 303–313.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geology.iupui.edu/academics/CLASSES/G130/reefs/MB.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter 12, Benthos on the Continental Shelf\""}]},{"reference":"Bright, Michael (2000). The private life of sharks : the truth behind the myth. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2875-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2875-1","url_text":"978-0-8117-2875-1"}]},{"reference":"Dunlap, M; Pawlik, JR (1996). \"Video-monitored predation by Caribbean reef fishes on an array of mangrove and reef sponges\". Marine Biology. 126: 117–123. doi:10.1007/BF00571383. S2CID 84799900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00571383","url_text":"10.1007/BF00571383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84799900","url_text":"84799900"}]},{"reference":"Loh, T-L; Pawlik, JR (2014). \"Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (11): 4151–4156. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4151L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321626111. PMC 3964098. PMID 24567392.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3964098","url_text":"\"Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.4151L","url_text":"2014PNAS..111.4151L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1321626111","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.1321626111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3964098","url_text":"3964098"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24567392","url_text":"24567392"}]},{"reference":"Loh, TL; et al. (2015). \"Indirect effects of overfishing on Caribbean reefs: sponges overgrow reef-building corals\". PeerJ. 3: e901. doi:10.7717/peerj.901. PMC 4419544. PMID 25945305.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419544","url_text":"\"Indirect effects of overfishing on Caribbean reefs: sponges overgrow reef-building corals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.901","url_text":"10.7717/peerj.901"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419544","url_text":"4419544"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25945305","url_text":"25945305"}]},{"reference":"Price, Samantha A.; Wainwright, Peter C.; Bellwood, David R.; Kazancioglu, Erem; Collar, David C.; Near, Thomas J. (1 October 2010). \"Functional Innovations and Morphological Diversification in Parrotfish\". Evolution. 64 (10): 3057–3068. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01036.x. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 20497217. S2CID 19070148.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.2010.01036.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01036.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1558-5646","url_text":"1558-5646"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20497217","url_text":"20497217"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19070148","url_text":"19070148"}]},{"reference":"Clements, Kendall D.; German, Donovan P.; Piché, Jacinthe; Tribollet, Aline; Choat, John Howard (November 2016). \"Integrating ecological roles and trophic diversification on coral reefs: multiple lines of evidence identify parrotfishes as microphages\". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1111/bij.12914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12914","url_text":"10.1111/bij.12914"}]},{"reference":"Afonso, Pedro; Morato, Telmo; Santos, Ricardo Serrão (2008). \"Spatial patterns in reproductive traits of the temperate parrotfish Sparisoma cretense\" (PDF). Fisheries Research. 90 (1–3): 92–99. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2007.09.029.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horta.uac.pt/ppl/tmorato/pdf/Afonso_etal_2008a.pdf","url_text":"\"Spatial patterns in reproductive traits of the temperate parrotfish Sparisoma cretense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fishres.2007.09.029","url_text":"10.1016/j.fishres.2007.09.029"}]},{"reference":"de Girolamo, Scaggiante; Rasotto (1999). \"Social organization and sexual pattern in the Mediterranean parrotfish Sparisoma cretense (Teleostei: Scaridae)\". Marine Biology. 135 (2): 353–360. doi:10.1007/s002270050634. S2CID 85428235.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002270050634","url_text":"10.1007/s002270050634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85428235","url_text":"85428235"}]},{"reference":"Sadovy; Shapiro (1987). \"Criteria for the diagnosis of hermaphroditism in fishes\". Copeia. 1987 (1): 136–156. doi:10.2307/1446046. JSTOR 1446046.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1446046","url_text":"10.2307/1446046"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1446046","url_text":"1446046"}]},{"reference":"Debelius, H. (1997). Mediterranean and Atlantic Fish Guide: From Spain to Turkey - From Norway to South Africa. ConchBooks. p. 221. ISBN 978-3925919541.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3925919541","url_text":"978-3925919541"}]},{"reference":"Cardigos, F. (2001). \"Vejas\" (PDF). Revista Mundo Submerso. 58 (V): 48–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074412/http://www.horta.uac.pt/projectos/marov/Media/Vejas.pdf","url_text":"\"Vejas\""},{"url":"http://www.horta.uac.pt/projectos/marov/Media/Vejas.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Australian Geographic (September 2014). \"Single species may be key to reef health\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2014/09/single-keystone-species-may-be-key-to-reef-health","url_text":"\"Single species may be key to reef health\""}]},{"reference":"J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 429–430. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/","url_text":"Fishes of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34233-6","url_text":"978-1-118-34233-6"}]},{"reference":"Sepkoski, Jack (2002). \"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera\". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363: 560. Retrieved 3 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10698872","url_text":"\"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, J.L.B. (1956). \"The parrotfishes of the family Callyodontidae of the Western Indian Ocean\". Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University. 1. hdl:10962/d1018535.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10962%2Fd1018535","url_text":"10962/d1018535"}]},{"reference":"Smith, J.L.B. (1959). \"The identity of Scarus gibbus Ruppell, 1828 and of other parrotfishes of the family Callyodontidae from the Red Sea and the Western Indian Ocean\". Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University. 16. hdl:10962/d1018777.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10962%2Fd1018777","url_text":"10962/d1018777"}]},{"reference":"Randall, John E.; Bruce, Robin W. (1983). \"The parrotfishes of the subfamily Scarinae of the Western Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species\". Ichthyological Bulletin. 47. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University. hdl:10962/d1019747.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10962%2Fd1019747","url_text":"10962/d1019747"}]},{"reference":"\"parrotfish factsheet\". Waitt Institute. Retrieved 8 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://waittinstitute.org/parrotfish/","url_text":"\"parrotfish factsheet\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.02.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.001"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15955516","external_links_name":"15955516"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2002.tb01408.x","external_links_name":"\"Evolutionary History of The Parrotfishes: Biogeography, Ecomorphology, and Comparative Diversity\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0014-3820.2002.tb01408.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01408.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12093031","external_links_name":"12093031"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41840374","external_links_name":"41840374"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1461-0248.2003.00432.x","external_links_name":"10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00432.x"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CorRe..27..967L","external_links_name":"2008CorRe..27..967L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00338-008-0394-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00338-008-0394-3"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37926874","external_links_name":"37926874"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Bolbometopon&speciesname=muricatum","external_links_name":"\"Bolbometopon muricatum\""},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Cryptotomus&speciesname=roseus","external_links_name":"\"Cryptotomus roseus\""},{"Link":"https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Cryptotomus_roseus%20-%20Slender%20Parrotfish.pdf","external_links_name":"Cryptotomus roseus (Slender Parrotfish)"},{"Link":"http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1133&context=isp_collection","external_links_name":"Distribution of Ultraviolet-Absorbing Sunscreen Compounds Across the Body Surface of Two Species of Scaridae."},{"Link":"http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/","external_links_name":"DigitalCollections@SIT"},{"Link":"http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Randall.B.Langerhans-1/Langerhans%202006.pdf","external_links_name":"Evolutionary consequences of predation: avoidance, escape, reproduction, and diversification."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614031545/http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/L/Randall.B.Langerhans-1/Langerhans%202006.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.1999.tb00864.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00864.x"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.20.1994.51","external_links_name":"\"A phylogenetic study of the parrotfish family Scaridae (Pisces: Labroidea), with a revision of genera\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0812-7387.20.1994.51","external_links_name":"10.3853/j.0812-7387.20.1994.51"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0812-7387","external_links_name":"0812-7387"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00751035","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00751035"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11262999","external_links_name":"11262999"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394754","external_links_name":"\"The Likelihood of Extinction of Iconic and Dominant Herbivores and Detritivores of Coral Reefs: The Parrotfishes and Surgeonfishes\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...739825C","external_links_name":"2012PLoSO...739825C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039825","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0039825"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394754","external_links_name":"3394754"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22808066","external_links_name":"22808066"},{"Link":"http://www.geology.iupui.edu/academics/CLASSES/G130/reefs/MB.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 12, Benthos on the Continental Shelf\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00571383","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00571383"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84799900","external_links_name":"84799900"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3964098","external_links_name":"\"Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.4151L","external_links_name":"2014PNAS..111.4151L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1321626111","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.1321626111"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3964098","external_links_name":"3964098"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24567392","external_links_name":"24567392"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419544","external_links_name":"\"Indirect effects of overfishing on Caribbean reefs: sponges overgrow reef-building corals\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.901","external_links_name":"10.7717/peerj.901"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4419544","external_links_name":"4419544"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25945305","external_links_name":"25945305"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.2010.01036.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01036.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1558-5646","external_links_name":"1558-5646"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20497217","external_links_name":"20497217"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19070148","external_links_name":"19070148"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12914","external_links_name":"10.1111/bij.12914"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad005","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad005"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-024-02482-z","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-024-02482-z"},{"Link":"http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Sparrotfish/SParrotfish.html","external_links_name":"Stoplight parrotfish."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160120170504/https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/SParrotfish/SParrotfish.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.horta.uac.pt/ppl/tmorato/pdf/Afonso_etal_2008a.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Spatial patterns in reproductive traits of the temperate parrotfish Sparisoma cretense\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fishres.2007.09.029","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.fishres.2007.09.029"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002270050634","external_links_name":"10.1007/s002270050634"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85428235","external_links_name":"85428235"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1446046","external_links_name":"10.2307/1446046"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1446046","external_links_name":"1446046"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074412/http://www.horta.uac.pt/projectos/marov/Media/Vejas.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Vejas\""},{"Link":"http://www.horta.uac.pt/projectos/marov/Media/Vejas.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7069933.stm","external_links_name":"Parrotfish to aid reef repair"},{"Link":"http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2014/09/single-keystone-species-may-be-key-to-reef-health","external_links_name":"\"Single species may be key to reef health\""},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/","external_links_name":"Fishes of the World"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pVNPDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Biology of Parrotfishes"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10698872","external_links_name":"\"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10962%2Fd1018535","external_links_name":"10962/d1018535"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10962%2Fd1018777","external_links_name":"10962/d1018777"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10962%2Fd1019747","external_links_name":"10962/d1019747"},{"Link":"http://waittinstitute.org/parrotfish/","external_links_name":"\"parrotfish factsheet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081014092442/http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/parrot-fish.html","external_links_name":"Parrot Fish Profile from National Geographic"},{"Link":"http://www.parrotfish.info/Parrot_Fish_Care.html","external_links_name":"Parrot Fish Care"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=364","external_links_name":"Parrotfish info"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Scaridae/","external_links_name":"Scaridae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=566","external_links_name":"566"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/FZV","external_links_name":"FZV"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/46572622","external_links_name":"46572622"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4504","external_links_name":"4504"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/49692","external_links_name":"49692"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=111648","external_links_name":"111648"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=170809","external_links_name":"170809"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=51763","external_links_name":"51763"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/d172eb3c-0e3e-419b-a263-0fa338240dcd","external_links_name":"d172eb3c-0e3e-419b-a263-0fa338240dcd"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=214115","external_links_name":"214115"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=266319","external_links_name":"266319"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD1087D9-FFB6-4A47-FF67-A20E4D15FA09","external_links_name":"FD1087D9-FFB6-4A47-FF67-A20E4D15FA09"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=114357","external_links_name":"114357"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125557","external_links_name":"125557"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560598705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85118022","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-tailed_birch_mouse	Long-tailed birch mouse	["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Behaviour","4 Status","5 References","6 External links"]	Species of rodent Long-tailed birch mouse Conservation status Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Sminthidae Genus: Sicista Species: S. caudata Binomial name Sicista caudataThomas, 1907 The long-tailed birch mouse (Sicista caudata) is a species of birch mouse found in Northeast Asia. It has been reported from the Ussuri region of Manchuria, Sakhalin Island and Primorsky Krai in Russia, and northern North Korea. It is listed as data deficient by the IUCN. Description The long-tailed birch mouse grows to a length of about 67 mm (2.6 in) with a tail close to twice its body length. The dorsal fur is pale greyish-brown tinged with yellow and along the spine are longer hairs tipped with black forming a vertebral stripe. The flanks are paler yellowish-brown and the underparts greyish creamy-white. The tail is a uniform light yellowish-grey. The zygomatic arch is widest in the middle, the premolars are large and the back of the skull is rounded. Distribution and habitat The long-tailed birch mouse is native to northeastern China and the Ussuri region of Russia as well as being found on Sakhalin Island. It is found in mountain taiga, in coniferous forest, in mixed forests and on steppe grassland. Behaviour The ecology of the long-tailed birch mouse is little known. It hibernates for at least six months during the winter. It builds its nest, made of a woven ball of grass, in crevices or in bushes. Litters usually consist of four to six young. This birch mouse eats green plants, berries but mostly feeds on seeds, being chiefly active at night and spending the daytime in a shallow burrow. Status The long-tailed birch mouse has a wide range, at least some of which is in protected areas. It is a poorly known species and in general appears to be uncommon, but it may be more plentiful than is currently realised. The population trend is unknown, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed it as "data deficient". References ^ a b c d e Clayton, E. (2016). "Sicista caudata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20187A22204603. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T20187A22204603.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ Holden, M.E.; Musser, G.G. (2005). "Family Dipodidae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 871–893. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. ^ a b c Andrew T. Smith; Yan Xie (2008). A guide to the mammals of China. Princeton University Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2. External links Smithsonian profile vteExtant species of family Dipodidae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Suborder: Myomorpha Superfamily: Dipodoidea SicistinaeSicista(Birch mice) Armenian birch mouse (Sicista armenica) Northern birch mouse (Sicista betulina) Caucasian birch mouse (Sicista caucasica) long-tailed birch mouse (Sicista caudata) Chinese birch mouse (Sicista concolor) Kazbeg birch mouse (Sicista kazbegica) Kluchor birch mouse (Sicista kluchorica) Nordmann's birch mouse (Sicista loriger) Altai birch mouse (Sicista napaea) gray birch mouse (Sicista pseudonapaea) Severtzov's birch mouse (Sicista severtzovi) Strand's birch mouse (Sicista strandi) Southern birch mouse (Sicista subtilis) Tien Shan birch mouse (Sicista tianshanica) Hungarian birch mouse (Sicista trizona) Zapodinae(Jumping mice)Eozapus Chinese jumping mouse (Eozapus setchuanus) Napaeozapus Woodland jumping mouse (Napaeozapus insignis) Zapus Meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius) Western jumping mouse (Zapus princeps) Pacific jumping mouse (Zapus trinotatus) Allactaginae(Jerboas)Allactaga Subgenus Allactaga Iranian jerboa (Allactaga firouzi) Hotson's jerboa (Allactaga hotsoni) great jerboa (Allactaga major) Svertzov's jerboa (Allactaga severtzovi) Subgenus Orientallactaga Balikun jerboa (Allactaga balikunica) Gobi jerboa (Allactaga bullata) Mongolian five-toed jerboa (Allactaga sibirica) Allactodipus Bobrinski's jerboa (Allactodipus bobrinskii) Pygeretmus lesser fat-tailed jerboa (Pygeretmus platyurus) dwarf fat-tailed jerboa (Pygeretmus pumilio) greater fat-tailed jerboa (Pygeretmus shitkovi) Scarturus small five-toed jerboa (Scarturus elater) Euphrates jerboa (Scarturus euphratica) four-toed jerboa (Scarturus tetradactyla) Vinogradov's jerboa (Scarturus vinogradovi) Williams's jerboa (Scarturus williamsi) Cardiocraniinae(Jerboas)Cardiocranius five-toed pygmy jerboa (Cardiocranius paradoxus) Salpingotulus Baluchistan pygmy jerboa (Salpingotulus michaelis) Salpingotus Subgenus Anguistodontus thick-tailed pygmy jerboa (Salpingotus crassicauda) Subgenus Prosalpingotus Heptner's pygmy jerboa (Salpingotus heptneri) pale pygmy jerboa (Salpingotus pallidus) Thomas's pygmy jerboa (Salpingotus thomasi) Subgenus Salpingotus Kozlov's pygmy jerboa (Salpingotus kozlovi) Dipodinae(Jerboas)Dipus northern three-toed jerboa (Dipus sagitta) Eremodipus Lichtenstein's jerboa (Eremodipus lichtensteini) Jaculus Blanford's jerboa (Jaculus blanfordi) lesser Egyptian jerboa (Jaculus jaculus) greater Egyptian jerboa (Jaculus orientalis) Stylodipus Andrews's three-toed jerboa (Stylodipus andrewsi) Mongolian three-toed jerboa (Stylodipus sungorus) thick-tailed three-toed jerboa (Stylodipus telum) Paradipus comb-toed jerboa (Paradipus ctenodactylus) Euchoreutinae(Jerboas)Euchoreutes long-eared jerboa (Euchoreutes naso) Category Taxon identifiersSicista caudata Wikidata: Q2690391 Wikispecies: Sicista caudata ADW: Sicista_caudata CoL: 4X722 EoL: 327907 EUNIS: 17328 GBIF: 2439445 iNaturalist: 43862 IRMNG: 10225854 ITIS: 609769 IUCN: 20187 MDD: 1002000 MSW: 12900067 NCBI: 2599793 Open Tree of Life: 3608074 uBio: 110156	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birch mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_mouse"},{"link_name":"Northeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSW3-2"},{"link_name":"Ussuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussuri"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Primorsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The long-tailed birch mouse (Sicista caudata) is a species of birch mouse found in Northeast Asia.[2] It has been reported from the Ussuri region of Manchuria, Sakhalin Island and Primorsky Krai in Russia, and northern North Korea. It is listed as data deficient by the IUCN.[1]","title":"Long-tailed birch mouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zygomatic arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomatic_arch"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SmithXie2008-3"}],"text":"The long-tailed birch mouse grows to a length of about 67 mm (2.6 in) with a tail close to twice its body length. The dorsal fur is pale greyish-brown tinged with yellow and along the spine are longer hairs tipped with black forming a vertebral stripe. The flanks are paler yellowish-brown and the underparts greyish creamy-white. The tail is a uniform light yellowish-grey. The zygomatic arch is widest in the middle, the premolars are large and the back of the skull is rounded.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SmithXie2008-3"}],"text":"The long-tailed birch mouse is native to northeastern China and the Ussuri region of Russia as well as being found on Sakhalin Island. It is found in mountain taiga, in coniferous forest, in mixed forests and on steppe grassland.[1][3]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SmithXie2008-3"}],"text":"The ecology of the long-tailed birch mouse is little known. It hibernates for at least six months during the winter. It builds its nest, made of a woven ball of grass, in crevices or in bushes. Litters usually consist of four to six young. This birch mouse eats green plants, berries but mostly feeds on seeds, being chiefly active at night and spending the daytime in a shallow burrow.[1][3]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"data deficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_deficient"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"}],"text":"The long-tailed birch mouse has a wide range, at least some of which is in protected areas. It is a poorly known species and in general appears to be uncommon, but it may be more plentiful than is currently realised. The population trend is unknown, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed it as \"data deficient\".[1]","title":"Status"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Clayton, E. (2016). \"Sicista caudata\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20187A22204603. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T20187A22204603.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20187/22204603","url_text":"\"Sicista caudata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T20187A22204603.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T20187A22204603.en"}]},{"reference":"Holden, M.E.; Musser, G.G. (2005). \"Family Dipodidae\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 871–893. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Musser","url_text":"Musser, G.G."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12900067","url_text":"\"Family Dipodidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D.E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA871","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Andrew T. Smith; Yan Xie (2008). A guide to the mammals of China. Princeton University Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&pg=PA207","url_text":"A guide to the mammals of China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09984-2","url_text":"978-0-691-09984-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20187/22204603","external_links_name":"\"Sicista caudata\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T20187A22204603.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T20187A22204603.en"},{"Link":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12900067","external_links_name":"\"Family Dipodidae\""},{"Link":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA871","external_links_name":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","external_links_name":"62265494"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&pg=PA207","external_links_name":"A guide to the mammals of China"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311034416/http://nmnhgoph.si.edu/cgi-bin/wdb/msw/names/query/19056","external_links_name":"Smithsonian profile"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sicista_caudata/","external_links_name":"Sicista_caudata"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4X722","external_links_name":"4X722"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/327907","external_links_name":"327907"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/17328","external_links_name":"17328"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2439445","external_links_name":"2439445"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/43862","external_links_name":"43862"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10225854","external_links_name":"10225854"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=609769","external_links_name":"609769"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/20187","external_links_name":"20187"},{"Link":"https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1002000","external_links_name":"1002000"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=12900067","external_links_name":"12900067"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2599793","external_links_name":"2599793"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3608074","external_links_name":"3608074"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=110156","external_links_name":"110156"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Thompson_Class_L1	LNER Thompson Class L1	["1 Background","2 Design","3 Performance","4 Accidents","5 Numbering","6 Withdrawal","7 Modelling","8 Citations","9 References"]	LNER Thompson Class L1No. 67781 at Neasden Shed 1957Type and originPower typeSteamDesignerEdward ThompsonBuilderDoncaster Works (1)Darlington Works (29)North British Locomotive Co. (35)Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns (35)Build date1945, 1948–1950Total produced100SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte2-6-4T • UIC1′C2′ h2tGauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)Leading dia.3 ft 2 in (0.965 m)Driver dia.5 ft 2 in (1.575 m)Trailing dia.3 ft 2 in (0.965 m)Length43 ft 4 in (13.21 m)Axle load20.00 long tons (20.32 t)Adhesive weight58.95 long tons (59.90 t)Loco weight89.45 long tons (90.89 t)Fuel typeCoalFuel capacity4.50 long tons (4.57 t)Water cap.2,630 imp gal (12,000 L; 3,160 US gal)Firebox: • Grate area24.75 sq ft (2.299 m2)BoilerLNER diagram 115Boiler pressure225 lbf/in2 (1.55 MPa), 200 lbf/in2 (1.38 MPa)Heating surface: • Firebox138.5 sq ft (12.87 m2) • Tubes830.0 sq ft (77.11 m2) • Flues368.0 sq ft (34.19 m2) • Total surface1,336.5 sq ft (124.16 m2)Superheater: • Heating area284.0 sq ft (26.38 m2)CylindersTwo, outsideCylinder size20 in × 26 in (508 mm × 660 mm), 18.75 in × 26 in (476 mm × 660 mm) on some enginesValve type10-inch (254 mm) piston valvesPerformance figuresTractive effort32,080 lbf (142.70 kN) on most engines, between 25,063 lbf (111.49 kN) and 28,516 lbf (126.85 kN) on some engines experimentallyCareerOperatorsLondon and North Eastern RailwayBritish RailwaysClassL1Power classBR: 4MTNumbersBR: 67701–67800Axle load classRoute Availability 7LocaleEastern RegionNorth Eastern RegionScottish RegionWithdrawn1960–1962DispositionAll scrapped The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) Thompson Class L1 was a class of 2-6-4T steam locomotives designed by Edward Thompson. The prototype no. 9000 was built in 1945, but the remaining 99 were built under British Railways jurisdiction between 1948–1950. The prototype was well received, however the production batch were not, and all were withdrawn and scrapped between 1960 and 1962. Background The class was designed to address the lack of modern tank engines on the Central and Eastern sections of the LNER, replacing the six Metropolitan Railway K Class and to serve alongside the eighty Gresley V1/V3 tank engines. Under Edward Thompson, who sought to standardise on the large number of locomotives of the LNER, the L1 was designed to be able to carry out both passenger and goods work. Design Similar to other Thompson designs, the design reused many standard components. The cylinders were the same as the B1, with a boiler based on the V3 design uprated to 225 psi. The engine had a large water capacity at 2360 gallons and a coal capacity 4.5 tonnes. The 5 ft 2 in (1.575 m) driving wheels and boiler pressure gave a tractive effort of 32,080 lb. To operate on the Eastern section, Westinghouse brakes and vacuum ejectors were fitted. Aiding crew comforts were electric cab lighting, electric head and tail lights, folding discs and good visibility when running bunker first. The running plate features a cutout gave good access to the motion, easing maintenance. Both the production batch from Darlington and Robert Stephenson and Co. incorporated minor changes from No. 9000. This ranged from style of the cab doors, cylinder linings, boiler pressure to fabricated axle boxes. It is noted that the axle boxes and water tanks were made using welding. These emerged under British Railway auspices, after both Thompson and Peppercorn has retired. In an attempt to solve the overheating axle box issue, two experiments were tried. In May 1951, five locomotives had liners fitted to their cylinders to reduce the cylinder bore from 20 to 18+3⁄4 in (508 to 476 mm). In March 1953, five locomotives had their boiler pressure reduced from 225 to 200 lbf/in2 (1.55 to 1.38 MPa). Neither experiment was a success. Simon A.C. Martin asserts that the reason for the overheating axle boxes was due to leaking water tanks, and that the issue was resolved by making sure they were watertight. Performance The first of the class, No. 9000, was the only member of the class to be built by the LNER, and emerged in May 1945 from Doncaster painted in LNER Apple Green. The engine was well received with praise from enthusiasts and railwaymen at the time, and underwent the most extensive set of trials with an LNER locomotive, bar the LNER Class W1. It hauled every type of train possible, mostly with the dynamometer car recording results. The small 5 ft 2 in (1.575 m) driving wheels limited their maximum speed, but were ideal for accelerating from rest or on gradients, such as the London suburban area. Coal and water consumption were lower then that of other locomotives, and it was also capable of pulling greater loads. Both O.S. Nock and Peter Grafton remarked that the prototype achieved a punctual run on a 366 long tons (372 t; 410 short tons) express passenger train between Liverpool Street and Ipswich at a economical water consumption of under 30 imp gal (140 L; 36 US gal) per mile; in addition to the 386 long tons (392 t; 432 short tons) return train consuming less than 0.1 lb per train ton mile. The two both remarks that such a feat was not intentional, and could only be considered exceptional. The prototype was also trialed on coal trains, although its insufficient braking capacity and adhesion mitigated against its use on said services. She managed only just over 10,000 miles in the latter half of 1945, but improved substantially to around 28,000 miles in 1946, matching Gresley V1s and V3s. Both it and Gresley V1s had similar availability numbers at 79%, higher then the higher pressure V3 design with 68% availability. The rest of the class were ordered under Arthur Peppercorn, who ordered minor changes to the production L1s, and would emerge under British Railways. During widespread service, they never achieved the same appreciation as the prototype, with complaints such as "shaking themselves to bits", "concrete mixers" and "too small driving wheels". The production batch was also said to be more temperamental then their prototype. Due to a lack of improved draughting and fitting of a self-cleaning smokebox, they had to carefully handled by crews. L1s were used on empty stock workings, and reportedly struggled to move empty sleeping car trains out of King's Cross. It is also said that their axle boxes suffered from overheating. Modifications were made to solve the issue, such as reducing the diameter of the cylinders and reducing the boiler pressure. However, the modifications seemed to not have been successful, and the class suffered from the issue until their withdrawal. Although Simon A.C. Martin claims that the issue was caused by leaking water tanks introducing detritus and removing lubrication, and was largely solved with axle box shims and making sure the tanks were watertight. Accidents On 19 November 1958, a freight train overran signals and was in a rear-end collision with another at Hitchin, Hertfordshire. A third freight train ran into the wreckage and was derailed. Locomotive No. 67785 was pushed over by the wagons from the third train. Numbering Class numbering details Build date Builder Serial number LNER number Original BR number New BR number 1945 LNER Doncaster Works 1984 9000 69000 67701 1948 BR Darlington Works 2020–2034 9001–9003, E9004–E9012 69001-69015 67702-67716 1948 BR Darlington Works 2035–2048 — – 67717-67730 1948–1949 North British Locomotive Company 26570–26604 — — 67731-67765 1949–1950 Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns 7500–7534 — — 67766-67800 Withdrawal Withdrawals were between 1960 and 1962. None survived to preservation. Year Quantity inservice atstart of year Quantitywithdrawn Locomotive numbers Notes 1960 100 12 67701–02/04–06/08–09/11/14/25–26/36 1961 88 24 67707/12–13/17–19/22/28/32/38–40/48/50/58/60/62/68–69/72/75/82/90/94 1962 64 64 67700/03/10/15–16/20–21/23–24/27/29–31/33–35/37/41–47/49/51–57/59/61/63–67/70–71/73–74/76–81/83–89/91–93/95–800 Modelling Hornby produces the L1 class in 00 gauge with a number of different liveries, both green with LNER or BR running numbers, and black with BR running numbers. Citations ^ Boddy et al. 1977, p. 16, 29–31. ^ a b c d e f g Grafton 2007, p. 81. ^ a b c Martin 2021, p. 90. ^ a b Martin 2021, p. 92. ^ a b Grafton 2007, p. 79. ^ a b Martin 2021, p. 88. ^ Martin 2021, pp. 89–90. ^ Martin 2021, p. 166. ^ Trevena 1981, pp. 40–41. ^ "The Thompson L1 2-6-4T Tank Locomotives". LNER Encyclopedia. ^ "Class Details". RailUK. ^ Boddy et al. 1977, p. 16. ^ "(404)". Hornby. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. ^ "(404)". Hornby. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. ^ "(404)". Hornby. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. ^ "National Model Rail Database". National Model Rail. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2015. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to LNER Thompson Class L1. Boddy, M. G.; Brown, W. A.; Fry, E. V.; Hennigan, W.; Hoole, Ken; Manners, F.; Neve, E.; Platt, E. N. T.; Proud, P.; Yeadon, W. B. (March 1977). Fry, E. V. (ed.). Locomotives of the L.N.E.R., Part 9A: Tank Engines—Classes L1 to N19. Kenilworth: RCTS. ISBN 0-901115-40-1. Trevena, Arthur (1981). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 2. Redruth: Atlantic Books. ISBN 0-906899-03-6. "The Thompson L1 2-6-4T Tank Locomotives". LNER Encyclopedia. Martin, Simon A.C. (2021). Edward Thompson: Wartime CME. Strathwood Publishing. Grafton, Peter (2007) . Edward Thompson of the LNER (2007 ed.). The Oakwood Press. vteLondon and North Eastern Railway locomotivesPre-groupingrailway designsGreat Central A5 B1/B18 B2/B19 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 C4 C5 C13 C14 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 E2 E3 E8 F1 F2 G3 J8 J9 J10 J11 J12 J13 J58 J59 J60 J61 J62 J63 L1/L3 M1 N4 N5 N6 O4 O5 Q4 S1 X4 Y2 Great Eastern B12 D13 D14 D15 D16 E4 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 G4 J14 J15 J16 J17 J18 J19 J20 J65 J66 J67 J68 J69 J70 N7 Y4 Y5 Y6 Z4/J92 Great North of Scotland D38 D39 D40 D41 D42 D43 D44 D45 D46 D47 D48 G10 J90 J91 Z4 Z5 Great Northern A1 C1 C2 C12 D1 D2 D3 D4 E1 G1 G2 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7 J50 J51 J52 J53 J54 J55 J56 J57 K1 K2 K3 N1 N2 O1 O2 Q1 Q2 Q3 R1 North British C10 C11 C15 C16 D25 D26 D27 D28 D29 D30 D31 D32 D33 D34 D35 D36 D50 D51 E7 G7 G8 G9 J31 J32 J33 J34 J35 J36 J37 J81 J82 J83 J84 J85 J86 J88 N14 N15 Y9 Y10 North Eastern A2 A6 A7 B13 B14 B15 B16 C6 C7 C8 D17/1 D17/2 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 E5 E6 F8 G5 G6 H1 J21 J22 J24 J25 J26 J27 J71 J72 J73 J74 J76 J77 J78 J79 N8 N9 N10 Q5 Q6 Q7 T1 X1 X2 X3 Y7 Y8 EB1 EE1 EF1 ES1 North Eastern(ex Hull & Barnsley) D24 J23 J28 J75 J80 N11 N12 N13 Q10 LNER designsGresley (1923–1941) A1 A3 A4 A8 B17 C9 D49 J38 J39 J50 K4 P1 P2 U1 V1 V2 V3 V4 W1 EM1 Thompson (1941–1946) A1 A2/1 A2/2 A2/3 B1 B2 D K1 K5 L1 O1 Q1 Peppercorn (1946–1947) A1 A2 K1 Other designs D52 D53 D54 H2 J64 J94 L2 M2 O6 O7 Y1 Y3 Y10 Y11 J45/DES1 DES2 Proposed designs P10 2-8-2T (Nov 1929) B 4-6-0 (Nov 1936) ? 4-8-2 (1939) Q 0-8-0 (June 1930) ? 4-8-4 (Feb 1946) ? 4-8-2 (Feb 1946) K 2-6-0 (Aug 1947) see also British Railways steam locomotives GWR locomotives LMS locomotives Southern Railway locomotives	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London and North Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"2-6-4T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-6-4"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Edward Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thompson_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"British Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways"}],"text":"The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) Thompson Class L1 was a class of 2-6-4T steam locomotives designed by Edward Thompson. The prototype no. 9000 was built in 1945, but the remaining 99 were built under British Railways jurisdiction between 1948–1950. The prototype was well received, however the production batch were not, and all were withdrawn and scrapped between 1960 and 1962.","title":"LNER Thompson Class L1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metropolitan Railway K Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway_K_Class"},{"link_name":"Gresley V1/V3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_V1/V3"}],"text":"The class was designed to address the lack of modern tank engines on the Central and Eastern sections of the LNER, replacing the six Metropolitan Railway K Class and to serve alongside the eighty Gresley V1/V3 tank engines. Under Edward Thompson, who sought to standardise on the large number of locomotives of the LNER, the L1 was designed to be able to carry out both passenger and goods work.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Thompson_Class_B1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin202190-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin202192-4"}],"text":"Similar to other Thompson designs, the design reused many standard components. The cylinders were the same as the B1, with a boiler based on the V3 design uprated to 225 psi. The engine had a large water capacity at 2360 gallons and a coal capacity 4.5 tonnes.[2] The 5 ft 2 in (1.575 m) driving wheels and boiler pressure gave a tractive effort of 32,080 lb. To operate on the Eastern section, Westinghouse brakes and vacuum ejectors were fitted.[2]Aiding crew comforts were electric cab lighting, electric head and tail lights, folding discs and good visibility when running bunker first. The running plate features a cutout gave good access to the motion, easing maintenance.[2]Both the production batch from Darlington and Robert Stephenson and Co. incorporated minor changes from No. 9000. This ranged from style of the cab doors, cylinder linings, boiler pressure to fabricated axle boxes. It is noted that the axle boxes and water tanks were made using welding.[3] These emerged under British Railway auspices, after both Thompson and Peppercorn has retired.In an attempt to solve the overheating axle box issue, two experiments were tried. In May 1951, five locomotives had liners fitted to their cylinders to reduce the cylinder bore from 20 to 18+3⁄4 in (508 to 476 mm). In March 1953, five locomotives had their boiler pressure reduced from 225 to 200 lbf/in2 (1.55 to 1.38 MPa). Neither experiment was a success. Simon A.C. Martin asserts that the reason for the overheating axle boxes was due to leaking water tanks, and that the issue was resolved by making sure they were watertight.[4]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrafton200779-5"},{"link_name":"LNER Class W1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_W1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin202188-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin202188-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrafton200779-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin202189%E2%80%9390-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2021166-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin202190-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin202190-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin202192-4"}],"text":"The first of the class, No. 9000, was the only member of the class to be built by the LNER, and emerged in May 1945 from Doncaster painted in LNER Apple Green.[5] The engine was well received with praise from enthusiasts and railwaymen at the time, and underwent the most extensive set of trials with an LNER locomotive, bar the LNER Class W1.[6] It hauled every type of train possible, mostly with the dynamometer car recording results.[6]The small 5 ft 2 in (1.575 m) driving wheels limited their maximum speed, but were ideal for accelerating from rest or on gradients, such as the London suburban area.[5] Coal and water consumption were lower then that of other locomotives, and it was also capable of pulling greater loads.Both O.S. Nock and Peter Grafton remarked that the prototype achieved a punctual run on a 366 long tons (372 t; 410 short tons) express passenger train between Liverpool Street and Ipswich at a economical water consumption of under 30 imp gal (140 L; 36 US gal) per mile; in addition to the 386 long tons (392 t; 432 short tons) return train consuming less than 0.1 lb per train ton mile. The two both remarks that such a feat was not intentional, and could only be considered exceptional.[7] [2] The prototype was also trialed on coal trains, although its insufficient braking capacity and adhesion mitigated against its use on said services.[2]She managed only just over 10,000 miles in the latter half of 1945, but improved substantially to around 28,000 miles in 1946, matching Gresley V1s and V3s.[8] Both it and Gresley V1s had similar availability numbers at 79%, higher then the higher pressure V3 design with 68% availability.The rest of the class were ordered under Arthur Peppercorn, who ordered minor changes to the production L1s, and would emerge under British Railways.[3]During widespread service, they never achieved the same appreciation as the prototype, with complaints such as \"shaking themselves to bits\", \"concrete mixers\" and \"too small driving wheels\".[3] The production batch was also said to be more temperamental then their prototype. Due to a lack of improved draughting and fitting of a self-cleaning smokebox, they had to carefully handled by crews.[2] L1s were used on empty stock workings, and reportedly struggled to move empty sleeping car trains out of King's Cross.[2]It is also said that their axle boxes suffered from overheating. Modifications were made to solve the issue, such as reducing the diameter of the cylinders and reducing the boiler pressure. However, the modifications seemed to not have been successful, and the class suffered from the issue until their withdrawal. Although Simon A.C. Martin claims that the issue was caused by leaking water tanks introducing detritus and removing lubrication, and was largely solved with axle box shims and making sure the tanks were watertight.[4]","title":"Performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hitchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchin"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevena198140%E2%80%9341-9"}],"text":"On 19 November 1958, a freight train overran signals and was in a rear-end collision with another at Hitchin, Hertfordshire. A third freight train ran into the wreckage and was derailed. Locomotive No. 67785 was pushed over by the wagons from the third train.[9]","title":"Accidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Numbering"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Withdrawals were between 1960 and 1962. None survived to preservation.","title":"Withdrawal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hornby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornby_Railways"},{"link_name":"00 gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/00_gauge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Hornby produces the L1 class in 00 gauge with a number of different liveries, both green with LNER or BR running numbers,[13][14] and black with BR running numbers.[15][16]","title":"Modelling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoddyBrownFryHennigan197716,_29%E2%80%9331_1-0"},{"link_name":"Boddy et al. 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoddyBrownFryHennigan1977"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrafton200781_2-6"},{"link_name":"Grafton 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrafton2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin202190_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin202190_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin202190_3-2"},{"link_name":"Martin 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMartin2021"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin202192_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin202192_4-1"},{"link_name":"Martin 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMartin2021"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrafton200779_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrafton200779_5-1"},{"link_name":"Grafton 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrafton2007"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin202188_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin202188_6-1"},{"link_name":"Martin 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMartin2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin202189%E2%80%9390_7-0"},{"link_name":"Martin 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMartin2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2021166_8-0"},{"link_name":"Martin 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMartin2021"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevena198140%E2%80%9341_9-0"},{"link_name":"Trevena 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTrevena1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lner.info_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Thompson L1 2-6-4T Tank Locomotives\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lner.info/locos/L/l1thompson.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Class Details\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.railuk.info/steam/getsteamclass.php?item=L1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoddyBrownFryHennigan197716_12-0"},{"link_name":"Boddy et al. 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoddyBrownFryHennigan1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"(404)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101119094930/http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2959/product.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2959/product.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"(404)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110720084311/http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2912/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2912/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"(404)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110720084337/http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2914/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2914/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"National Model Rail Database\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304055729/https://www.nationalmodelrail.co.uk/TrainClasses/Details/243"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nationalmodelrail.co.uk/TrainClasses/Details/243"}],"text":"^ Boddy et al. 1977, p. 16, 29–31.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Grafton 2007, p. 81.\n\n^ a b c Martin 2021, p. 90.\n\n^ a b Martin 2021, p. 92.\n\n^ a b Grafton 2007, p. 79.\n\n^ a b Martin 2021, p. 88.\n\n^ Martin 2021, pp. 89–90.\n\n^ Martin 2021, p. 166.\n\n^ Trevena 1981, pp. 40–41.\n\n^ \"The Thompson L1 2-6-4T Tank Locomotives\". LNER Encyclopedia.\n\n^ \"Class Details\". RailUK.\n\n^ Boddy et al. 1977, p. 16.\n\n^ \"(404)\". Hornby. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010.\n\n^ \"(404)\". Hornby. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.\n\n^ \"(404)\". Hornby. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.\n\n^ \"National Model Rail Database\". National Model Rail. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2015.","title":"Citations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Thompson L1 2-6-4T Tank Locomotives\". LNER Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lner.info/locos/L/l1thompson.shtml","url_text":"\"The Thompson L1 2-6-4T Tank Locomotives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Class Details\". RailUK.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railuk.info/steam/getsteamclass.php?item=L1","url_text":"\"Class Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"(404)\". Hornby. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101119094930/http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2959/product.html","url_text":"\"(404)\""},{"url":"http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2959/product.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"(404)\". Hornby. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084311/http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2912/","url_text":"\"(404)\""},{"url":"http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2912/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"(404)\". Hornby. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084337/http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2914/","url_text":"\"(404)\""},{"url":"http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2914/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Model Rail Database\". National Model Rail. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055729/https://www.nationalmodelrail.co.uk/TrainClasses/Details/243","url_text":"\"National Model Rail Database\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalmodelrail.co.uk/TrainClasses/Details/243","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boddy, M. G.; Brown, W. A.; Fry, E. V.; Hennigan, W.; Hoole, Ken; Manners, F.; Neve, E.; Platt, E. N. T.; Proud, P.; Yeadon, W. B. (March 1977). Fry, E. V. (ed.). Locomotives of the L.N.E.R., Part 9A: Tank Engines—Classes L1 to N19. Kenilworth: RCTS. ISBN 0-901115-40-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Hoole","url_text":"Hoole, Ken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Yeadon","url_text":"Yeadon, W. B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Correspondence_and_Travel_Society","url_text":"RCTS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901115-40-1","url_text":"0-901115-40-1"}]},{"reference":"Trevena, Arthur (1981). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 2. Redruth: Atlantic Books. ISBN 0-906899-03-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906899-03-6","url_text":"0-906899-03-6"}]},{"reference":"\"The Thompson L1 2-6-4T Tank Locomotives\". LNER Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lner.info/locos/L/l1thompson.shtml","url_text":"\"The Thompson L1 2-6-4T Tank Locomotives\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Simon A.C. (2021). Edward Thompson: Wartime CME. Strathwood Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grafton, Peter (2007) [1971]. Edward Thompson of the LNER (2007 ed.). The Oakwood Press.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.lner.info/locos/L/l1thompson.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Thompson L1 2-6-4T Tank Locomotives\""},{"Link":"http://www.railuk.info/steam/getsteamclass.php?item=L1","external_links_name":"\"Class Details\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101119094930/http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2959/product.html","external_links_name":"\"(404)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2959/product.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084311/http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2912/","external_links_name":"\"(404)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2912/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084337/http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2914/","external_links_name":"\"(404)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hornby.com/steam-locomotives-129/r2914/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055729/https://www.nationalmodelrail.co.uk/TrainClasses/Details/243","external_links_name":"\"National Model Rail Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalmodelrail.co.uk/TrainClasses/Details/243","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lner.info/locos/L/l1thompson.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Thompson L1 2-6-4T Tank Locomotives\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Chen_Mo_River	Chang Chenmo River	["1 Name","2 Geography","2.1 Tributaries","2.2 Changchenmo Range","3 History","4 Transport","5 Tourism","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography"]	Coordinates: 34°16′33″N 78°17′20″E / 34.2758°N 78.2889°E / 34.2758; 78.2889River in China and India Chang Chenmo RiverShow map of KashmirShow map of TibetShow map of IndiaLocationCountryIndia, ChinaState / PronvinceLadakh (India), Tibet Autonomous Region (China)Physical characteristicsSourceLanak La • locationRutog County • coordinates34°21′15″N 79°32′41″E / 34.3542°N 79.5446°E / 34.3542; 79.5446 MouthShyok River • locationLadakh • coordinates34°16′33″N 78°17′20″E / 34.2758°N 78.2889°E / 34.2758; 78.2889 • elevation12,000 feet (3,700 m)Length70 miles (110 km)Basin featuresRiver systemIndus River Chang Chenmo River or Changchenmo River is a tributary of the Shyok River, part of the Indus River system. It is at the southern edge of the disputed Aksai Chin region and north of the Pangong Lake basin. The source of Chang Chenmo is near the Lanak Pass in the Chinese-administered region of Kashmir (as part of the Rutog County in Tibet). The river flows west from Lanak La. At the middle of its course lies the Kongka Pass, part of the Line of Actual Control between India and China passes. Continuing west, the river enters a deep gorge in the Karakoram Range until it joins the Shyok River in Ladakh. Name Chang Chenmo means "Great Northern" in Tibetic languages. It is primarily the name of the valley rather than the river. Geography Changchenmo River Valley. The Changchenmo originates in east near Lanak La, flows in Chinese-held area till Konka La and thereafter in the Indian-held area via Tsogstsalu and Hot Springs to its confluence with Shyok River. on Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road (DSDBO Road). Its tributary (Survey of India,1916) Changchenmo Valley in a US Army map of 1955 Chang Chenmo RiverTraditional Chinese羌臣摩河Simplified Chinese羌臣摩河TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinQiāngchénmó hé The Chang Chenmo Valley lies in a depression between the Karakoram Range in the north and the Changchenmo Range in the south. The depression continues into Tibet, all the way to Yeshil Kul (Bangda Co) and Lake Lighten (Guozha Co) on the Khotan border. The depression is now recognized as a geological fault called the Longmu Co fault, part of the larger Longmu–Guozha Co fault system. The Chang Chenmo River has its origin in a glacier southwest of the Lanak Pass, which lies on a low ridge in the middle of the valley. The southern mountains are much more glaciated than the north and possibly much of Changchenmo's waters are derived from them. The Changchenmo flows on gravel bed for much of its course, described as "stony and bare". Numerous tributary streams flow into it from the north as well as the south, bringing alluvium. Grass grows in the alluvial beds, which is said to be used by the Ladakhis for autumn grazing. However, there is the ever-present danger of snowfall, which can cover up the grass. Unless the animals can be brought back over the high passes they would be in danger of starvation. In the middle of the Changchenmo valley, a large spur of the Karakoram Range inserts itself, causing the river to zigzag its way through its hills. The Kongka Pass lies on the last of these hills. To the west of the spur, the large tributary of the Kugrang River flows into the river. To its east the Kyapsang River does the same. Three prominent grazing grounds are found to the west of the Kongka Pass, viz., Kyam (or Kiam, also called Hot Springs), Tsolu (or Tsogstalu), and Pamzal. Another one called Gogra is to the northwest in the Kugrang River valley, where another tributary called Changlung flows into Kugrang. After Pamzal, the river enters a narrow gorge through the main Karakoram Range, where it becomes a rapid stream. This part of the valley is not traversable except in winter when the river is frozen. Tributaries In Chinese-administered Aksai Chin, the Changchenmo is joined by Toglung Marpo, Kyapsang, and Silung Kongma. It crosses the Line of Actual Control to Indian-administered Ladakh near the Kongka Pass. In Ladakh, it is joined by Silung Barma, Silung Yokma, Kugrang River, Rimdi River, and numerous other streams before flowing into the Shyok River. Changchenmo Range Changchenmo Range is the name given to the mass of mountains lying between the Chang Chenmo Valley and the Pangong Tso to the south. It has several glaciated spurs which slop down and jut into the northern bank of Pangong Tso, and these spurs are called as the fingers. From west to east, these are named as the Finger-1 to Finger-8. According to the Britannica, the Changchenmo Range and Pangong Range are sometimes considered easternmost part of the Karakoram Range. Prominent features in Changchenmo Range are the Marsimik La, eight "fingers", the Sirijap alluvial plain, Khurnak Plain, etc. History In the late 1800s, in order to facilitate trade between the Indian subcontinent and Tarim Basin, the British attempted to promote a caravan route via the Chang Chenmo Valley as an alternative to the difficult and tariffed Karakoram Pass. The Maharaja Ranbir Singh at the request of the British made improvements to the trails and facilities of the campsites in Chang Chenmo Valley. Unfortunately, in addition of being longer and higher elevation than the traditional route, this route also goes through the desolate desert of Aksai Chin. By 1890s, traders have mostly given up on this route. At the time, Chang Chenmo valley was also a popular hunting spot for British officers on leave. Since the 1950s, the river is in the disputed territory between China and India. As such, it hosts numerous border outposts from both sides, such as Kongka Pass, Hot Springs, and Tsogstsalu. The region was also the site of numerous tensions in the past, such as the 1959 Kongka Pass incident. Transport See also: India-China Border Roads and Touristic roads in Ladakh "Changchenmo-Tsogtsalu Road" (CTR), 55 km long: India's BRO will complete the construction of the 55 km long road, from the confluence of Changchenmo & Shyok rivers to Tsogtsalu by December 2023 (August 2023 update), to connect the strategic strategic Changchenmo sector. In October 2023, NHIDCL invited proposal to complete the "detailed project report" (DPR) to upgrade this road to a single-lane national highway with a 700-metre tunnel. The DPR must be completed in 10 months. The road will be updgraded as per the international standards including "highway design, pavement design, service roads wherever needed, type of intersections, rehabilitation and widening of existing and construction of new bridges and structures, road safety features, quantities of materials, cost estimates, and economic analysis". "Phobrang-Marsimik La-Tsogtsalu-Hot Springs Road" (PMTHR) or "Marsimik La Road" (MLR): BRO is constructing this motorable black-topped road. It used to be a dirt track built earlier in 1983 under the supervision of Everester Sonam Paljore. Marsimik La in Chang-Chemno Mountain Range is 20 km line of sight and 42 km driving distance northwest of the Pangong Tso, and 4 km south of LAC. Tourism Since May 2023, India has opened the Changchenmo sector for the tourism, no Inner Line Permit (ILP) are needed, BRO is building various roads in this sector and police is setting up the tourist check post. Consequently, tourist will be able to travel up to Tsogatsalu and beyond to Hot Springs via Shyok River-Tsogatsalu-Hot Springs Road as well as via the road from Pangong Tso & 18,314-feet-high Marsimik La (pass) to Tsogtsalo pastureland near the confluence of Rimdi Chu and Chang Chenmo rivers. In the next phase tourists will be able to travel up to the Hot Springs and the Police Memorial. The Memorial was constructed to commemorate the sacrifice and martyrdom of ten CRPF soldiers killed on 21 October 1959 by the Chinese while they were on a patrol. "Chak Mandir" is a Hindu temple near the Marsimik La which tourist can visit. See also Geography of Ladakh Tourism in Ladakh India-China Border Roads References ^ a b Sharma, Raghav Sharan (6 December 2017). The Unfought War of 1962: An Appraisal. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-351-05636-6. The tributary originates from Lanak la under Chinese possession. ^ Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories (1875), pp. 327–328. ^ a b Negi, Sharad Singh (1991). Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers. Indus Publishing. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-81-85182-61-2. The Chang Chenmo river is a tributary of the Shyok river which joins the Indus river in Ladakh. This river originates from a large glacier on the western slopes of the Lanak La pass ^ a b Bhonsale, Mihir (February 2018). "Understanding Sino-Indian Border Issues: An Analysis of Incidents Reported in the Indian Media" (PDF). Observer Research Foundation. p. 7. ^ Malhotra, A. (2003). Trishul: Ladakh And Kargil 1947-1993. Lancer Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 978-81-7062-296-3. The Chang Chenmo River. It originates from Lanak La, flows westward and joins the Shyok. ^ Shaw, Robert (1871). Visits to High Tartary, Yârkand, and Kâshgar (formerly Chinese Tartary): And Return Journey Over the Karakoram Pass. J. Murray. p. 81. Chang-chenmo means "Great-Northern (River)" ^ Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories (1875), p. 327: "Changchenmo is the name of a long valley, tributary to the Shayok , which extends nearly east and west for more than 70 miles as the crow flies." ^ Trinkler, Emil (1931), "Notes on the Westernmost Plateaux of Tibet", The Himalayan Journal, 3 ^ Chevalier, Marie-Luce; Pan, Jiawei; Li, Haibing; Sun, Zhiming; Liu, Dongliang; Pei, Junling; Xu, Wei; Wu, Chan (2017). "First tectonic-geomorphology study along the Longmu–Gozha Co fault system, Western Tibet". Gondwana Research. 41: 411–424. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.03.008. ISSN 1342-937X. ^ Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak (1890), p. 256. ^ Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak (1890), p. 496. ^ Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak (1890), p. 647. ^ Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak (1890), p. 334. ^ Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories (1875), pp. 329–330: "Still the vegetation, scarce though it be, is enough to help on the traveller, and even to support the following of one or two families of tent-dwellers who pass a portion of the year in Changchenmo." ^ Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories (1875), p. 329. ^ Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak (1890), pp. 255–256. ^ a b c d e Ward, A. E. (1896). The Tourist's And--sportsman's Guide to Kashmir and Ladak, &c. Thacker, Spink. pp. 106–107. Joining the left bank of the river opposite to Kyam are the Silung Yokma, Silung Burma and Silung Kongma. ... cross the Changchenmo valley journey up the Kiepsang stream ... The traders have now almost entirely given up the Changchenmo-Shahidula route to Yarkand. ^ Macintyre, Donald (1993). Hindu-Koh: Wanderings and Wild Sport on and Beyond the Himalayas. Asian Educational Services. pp. 306–. ISBN 978-81-206-0851-1. the Changchenmo river--a tributary of the Shyok ... proceed up another long glen north of Changchenmo named Kugrang ^ Darrah, Henry Zouch (1898). Sport in the Highlands of Kashmir: Being a Narrative of an Eight Months' Trip in Baltistan and Ladak, and a Lady's Experiences in the Latter Country; Together with Hints for the Guidance of Sportsmen. R. Ward, limited. p. 297. Rimdi river ... reached the point where the Rimdi flows into the Changchenmo river ^ Prabal Sarkar; Jigmet Takpa; Riyaz Ahmed; Sandeep Kumar Tiwari; Anand Pendharkar; Saleem-ul-Haq; Javaid Miandad; Ashwini Upadhyay.; Rahul Kaul (7 July 2008). "Mountain Migrants - Survey of Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) and Wild Yak (Bos grunniens) in Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India" (PDF). snowleopardnetwork.org. Wildlife Trust of India. p. 21. Retrieved 9 January 2020. Map of Chang Chenmo Valley ^ If India loses grip on Kailash Range, PLA will make sure we never get it back, The Print, 12 November 2020. ^ India, China ramp up infra on north bank of Pangong Tso lake, The Hindu, 3 July 2023. ^ Karakoram: Pangong Range, Britannica, accessed 13 October 2023. ^ a b Kohli, Harish (2000). Across the Frozen Himalaya: The Epic Winter Ski Traverse from Karakoram to Lipu Lekh. Indus Publishing. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-81-7387-106-1. the five difficult passes through the Karakorams posed a barrier ... Cayley reconnoitred a route that went through the Changchenmo ranges ... if anything these new passes were higher than the ones they replaced, and the land in between them was also higher. ... The route had another advantage in that trade from British India could flow through Kulu via Changchenmo to Yarkand, completely bypassing the customs officials of the Maharaja at Leh. ^ Kaul, Hriday Nath (2003). India China Boundary in Kashmir. Gyan Publishing House. p. 111. ISBN 978-81-212-0826-0. Ranbir Singh having, at British request, built the road, "serais" and small store houses for grain. ^ a b Accounts and Papers. East India. Vol. XLIX. House of Commons, British Parliament. 1874. pp. 23–33. (p26) The Changchenmo line ... The extra distance and the sojourn for 5 days longer in such a desolate tract (p33) Every endeavour has been made to improve the Changchenmo route--serais having been built at some places, and depots of grain established as far as Gogra ^ Hayward, G. W. (1870). "Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 40: 37. doi:10.2307/1798640. ISSN 0266-6235. Chang Chenmo is now well known, being visited every year by at least half-a-dozen officers on long leave to Kashmir. The game to be found... ^ H.I.N. (1902). "Sport in the Changchenmo Valley, Ladakh". The Navy and Army Illustrated. Vol. 15. London: Hudson & Kearns. p. iv. ^ a b Far Eastern Economic Review. 1963. p. 446. October 19 a party from a permanent Indian post at Tsogstsalu, 60 or 65 miles west of the border claimed by India north of Lake Pangong, set up a temporary camp at Hot Spring, some fifteen miles further east. Three men of this party, who had made a reconnaissance eastward towards a pass called Kongka La, failed to return. A patrol of about twenty therefore departed on the morning of the 21st in search of them, dividing into two groups. According to the Indian account these groups were groups were suddenly attacked with automatic and mortar fire, one from a Chinese force entrenched on a nearby hill and the other from a force on the south bank of the Chang Chenmo river. ^ Jindal, Akash (November–December 2018). "The Story of Hot Springs" (PDF). Indian Police Journal. No. Special Issue on Police Martyrdom. pp. 20–33. ISSN 0537-2429. Retrieved 4 January 2020. p. 22: Karam Singh of ITBF was assigned the task of establishing outposts near the Chinese Occupation Line ... "Hot Springs" was barely three Km far from the site where Chinese Army had intruded. ^ Anubhuti Vishnoi (3 August 2023). "Over 20 strategic roads close to LAC have the ear and deadline". The Economic Times. ^ Paving Way for Border Security: India to Soon Build New Strategic Highway Close to LAC in Ladakh, News18, 13 October 2023. ^ a b Mayank Singh (2 July 2023). "India boosts road links to LAC standoff points". Indian Express. ^ a b "Marsimik La Pass". Ladakhdekho.com. Retrieved 2 August 2023. ^ Sanjay Dutta; Rajat Pandit (26 May 2023). "Forbidden zones in Ladakh to soon welcome tourists". Times of India. Bibliography Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak, Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1890 Drew, Frederic (1875), The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account, E. Stanford – via archive.org	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Shyok River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyok_River"},{"link_name":"Indus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Negi1991-3"},{"link_name":"Aksai Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chin"},{"link_name":"Pangong Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangong_Lake"},{"link_name":"Lanak Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanak_Pass"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Rutog County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutog_County"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharma2017-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Negi1991-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhonsale-4"},{"link_name":"Kongka Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongka_Pass"},{"link_name":"Line of Actual Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malhotra2003-5"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"}],"text":"River in China and IndiaChang Chenmo River or Changchenmo River is a tributary of the Shyok River, part of the Indus River system.[3] It is at the southern edge of the disputed Aksai Chin region and north of the Pangong Lake basin.The source of Chang Chenmo is near the Lanak Pass in the Chinese-administered region of Kashmir (as part of the Rutog County in Tibet).[1][3][4] \nThe river flows west from Lanak La. At the middle of its course lies the Kongka Pass, part of the Line of Actual Control between India and China passes.[5] \nContinuing west, the river enters a deep gorge in the Karakoram Range until it joins the Shyok River in Ladakh.","title":"Chang Chenmo River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tibetic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetic_languages"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Chang Chenmo means \"Great Northern\" in Tibetic languages.[6]\nIt is primarily the name of the valley rather than the river.[7]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Changchenmo-Valley-map-Survey-of-India-1916.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lanak La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanak_La"},{"link_name":"Konka La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongka_Pass"},{"link_name":"Tsogstsalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsogstsalu"},{"link_name":"Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbuk%E2%80%93Shyok%E2%80%93DBO_Road"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Changchenmo-Valley-map-by-US-Army-Map-Service.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yeshil Kul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshil_Kul"},{"link_name":"Lake Lighten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lighten"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdep1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lanak Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanak_Pass"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazetteer_of_Kashmir_and_Ladak1890256-10"},{"link_name":"Kongka Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongka_Pass"},{"link_name":"Kugrang River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugrang_River"},{"link_name":"Kyapsang River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyapsang"},{"link_name":"Kyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Chang_Chenmo_Valley"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Chang_Chenmo_Valley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazetteer_of_Kashmir_and_Ladak1890496-11"},{"link_name":"Tsolu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsogtsalu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazetteer_of_Kashmir_and_Ladak1890647-12"},{"link_name":"Gogra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogra,_Ladakh"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazetteer_of_Kashmir_and_Ladak1890334-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrew,_The_Jummoo_and_Kashmir_Territories1875329-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazetteer_of_Kashmir_and_Ladak1890255%E2%80%93256-16"}],"text":"Changchenmo River Valley. The Changchenmo originates in east near Lanak La, flows in Chinese-held area till Konka La and thereafter in the Indian-held area via Tsogstsalu and Hot Springs to its confluence with Shyok River. on Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road (DSDBO Road). Its tributary (Survey of India,1916)Changchenmo Valley in a US Army map of 1955The Chang Chenmo Valley lies in a depression between the Karakoram Range in the north and the Changchenmo Range in the south. The depression continues into Tibet, all the way to Yeshil Kul (Bangda Co) and Lake Lighten (Guozha Co) on the Khotan border.[8]\nThe depression is now recognized as a geological fault called the Longmu Co fault, part of the larger Longmu–Guozha Co fault system.[9]The Chang Chenmo River has its origin in a glacier southwest of the Lanak Pass, which lies on a low ridge in the middle of the valley. The southern mountains are much more glaciated than the north and possibly much of Changchenmo's waters are derived from them.The Changchenmo flows on gravel bed for much of its course, described as \"stony and bare\". Numerous tributary streams flow into it from the north as well as the south, bringing alluvium. Grass grows in the alluvial beds, which is said to be used by the Ladakhis for autumn grazing. However, there is the ever-present danger of snowfall, which can cover up the grass. Unless the animals can be brought back over the high passes they would be in danger of starvation.[10]In the middle of the Changchenmo valley, a large spur of the Karakoram Range inserts itself, causing the river to zigzag its way through its hills. The Kongka Pass lies on the last of these hills. To the west of the spur, the large tributary of the Kugrang River flows into the river. To its east the Kyapsang River does the same. Three prominent grazing grounds are found to the west of the Kongka Pass, viz., Kyam (or Kiam, also called Hot Springs),[11] Tsolu (or Tsogstalu), and Pamzal.[12] Another one called Gogra[13] is to the northwest in the Kugrang River valley, where another tributary called Changlung flows into Kugrang.[14]After Pamzal, the river enters a narrow gorge through the main Karakoram Range, where it becomes a rapid stream. This part of the valley is not traversable except in winter when the river is frozen.[15][16]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aksai Chin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksai_Chin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kyapsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyapsang"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward1896-17"},{"link_name":"Silung Kongma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silung_Kongma"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward1896-17"},{"link_name":"Line of Actual Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"link_name":"Kongka Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongka_Pass"},{"link_name":"Silung Barma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silung_Barma"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward1896-17"},{"link_name":"Silung Yokma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silung_Yokma"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward1896-17"},{"link_name":"Kugrang River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugrang_River"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macintyre1993-18"},{"link_name":"Rimdi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rimdi_Chu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Darrah1898-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sarkar-20"}],"sub_title":"Tributaries","text":"In Chinese-administered Aksai Chin, the Changchenmo is joined by Toglung Marpo,[citation needed] Kyapsang,[17] and Silung Kongma.[17]It crosses the Line of Actual Control to Indian-administered Ladakh near the Kongka Pass. In Ladakh, it is joined by Silung Barma,[17] Silung Yokma,[17] Kugrang River,[18] Rimdi River,[19]\nand numerous other streams before flowing into the Shyok River.[20]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pangong Tso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangong_Tso"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chapk3-21"},{"link_name":"Finger-1 to Finger-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangong_Tso#Geo"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chapk2-22"},{"link_name":"Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannica"},{"link_name":"Pangong Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangong_Range"},{"link_name":"Karakoram Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Range"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chapk1-23"},{"link_name":"Marsimik La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsimik_La"},{"link_name":"Sirijap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirijap"},{"link_name":"Khurnak Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurnak_Fort"}],"sub_title":"Changchenmo Range","text":"Changchenmo Range is the name given to the mass of mountains lying between the Chang Chenmo Valley and the Pangong Tso to the south.[21] It has several glaciated spurs which slop down and jut into the northern bank of Pangong Tso, and these spurs are called as the fingers. From west to east, these are named as the \nFinger-1 to Finger-8.[22] According to the Britannica, the Changchenmo Range and Pangong Range are sometimes considered easternmost part of the Karakoram Range.[23] Prominent features in Changchenmo Range are the Marsimik La, eight \"fingers\", the Sirijap alluvial plain, Khurnak Plain, etc.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Tarim Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim_Basin"},{"link_name":"Karakoram Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram_Pass"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kohli2000-24"},{"link_name":"Ranbir Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranbir_Singh_(Maharaja)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaul2003-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-house_of_commons_paper-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kohli2000-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-house_of_commons_paper-26"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward1896-17"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayward1870-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"disputed territory between China and India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhonsale-4"},{"link_name":"Kongka Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongka_Pass"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Chang_Chenmo_Valley"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feer-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jindal-30"},{"link_name":"Kongka Pass incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongka_Pass_incident"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feer-29"}],"text":"In the late 1800s, in order to facilitate trade between the Indian subcontinent and Tarim Basin, the British attempted to promote a caravan route via the Chang Chenmo Valley as an alternative to the difficult and tariffed Karakoram Pass.[24] The Maharaja Ranbir Singh at the request of the British made improvements to the trails and facilities of the campsites in Chang Chenmo Valley.[25][26] Unfortunately, in addition of being longer and higher elevation than the traditional route, this route also goes through the desolate desert of Aksai Chin.[24][26] By 1890s, traders have mostly given up on this route.[17] At the time, Chang Chenmo valley was also a popular hunting spot for British officers on leave.[27][28]Since the 1950s, the river is in the disputed territory between China and India.[4] As such, it hosts numerous border outposts from both sides, such as Kongka Pass, Hot Springs, and Tsogstsalu.[29][30] The region was also the site of numerous tensions in the past, such as the 1959 Kongka Pass incident.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India-China Border Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India-China_Border_Roads"},{"link_name":"Touristic roads in Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Ladakh#Roads"},{"link_name":"BRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etau1-31"},{"link_name":"NHIDCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highways_and_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation_Limited"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdpr1-32"},{"link_name":"Phobrang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobrang"},{"link_name":"Marsimik La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsimik_La"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etau2-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etau3-34"}],"text":"See also: India-China Border Roads and Touristic roads in Ladakh\"Changchenmo-Tsogtsalu Road\" (CTR), 55 km long: India's BRO will complete the construction of the 55 km long road, from the confluence of Changchenmo & Shyok rivers to Tsogtsalu by December 2023 (August 2023 update), to connect the strategic strategic Changchenmo sector.[31] In October 2023, NHIDCL invited proposal to complete the \"detailed project report\" (DPR) to upgrade this road to a single-lane national highway with a 700-metre tunnel. The DPR must be completed in 10 months. The road will be updgraded as per the international standards including \"highway design, pavement design, service roads wherever needed, type of intersections, rehabilitation and widening of existing and construction of new bridges and structures, road safety features, quantities of materials, cost estimates, and economic analysis\".[32]\"Phobrang-Marsimik La-Tsogtsalu-Hot Springs Road\" (PMTHR) or \"Marsimik La Road\" (MLR): BRO is constructing this motorable black-topped road.[33] It used to be a dirt track built earlier in 1983 under the supervision of Everester Sonam Paljore. Marsimik La in Chang-Chemno Mountain Range is 20 km line of sight and 42 km driving distance northwest of the Pangong Tso, and 4 km south of LAC.[34]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inner Line Permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Line_Permit"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etau2-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etau4-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-etau3-34"}],"text":"Since May 2023, India has opened the Changchenmo sector for the tourism, no Inner Line Permit (ILP) are needed, BRO is building various roads in this sector and police is setting up the tourist check post. Consequently, tourist will be able to travel up to Tsogatsalu and beyond to Hot Springs via Shyok River-Tsogatsalu-Hot Springs Road as well as via the road from Pangong Tso & 18,314-feet-high Marsimik La (pass) to Tsogtsalo pastureland near the confluence of Rimdi Chu and Chang Chenmo rivers. In the next phase tourists will be able to travel up to the Hot Springs and the Police Memorial. The Memorial was constructed to commemorate the sacrifice and martyrdom of ten CRPF soldiers killed on 21 October 1959 by the Chinese while they were on a patrol.[33][35] \"Chak Mandir\" is a Hindu temple near the Marsimik La which tourist can visit.[34]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7"},{"link_name":"The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/jummooandkashmi00drewgoog/page/n5"}],"text":"Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak, Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1890\nDrew, Frederic (1875), The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account, E. Stanford – via archive.org","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Changchenmo River Valley. The Changchenmo originates in east near Lanak La, flows in Chinese-held area till Konka La and thereafter in the Indian-held area via Tsogstsalu and Hot Springs to its confluence with Shyok River. on Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road (DSDBO Road). Its tributary (Survey of India,1916)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Changchenmo-Valley-map-Survey-of-India-1916.jpg/300px-Changchenmo-Valley-map-Survey-of-India-1916.jpg"},{"image_text":"Changchenmo Valley in a US Army map of 1955","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Changchenmo-Valley-map-by-US-Army-Map-Service.jpg/300px-Changchenmo-Valley-map-by-US-Army-Map-Service.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Geography of Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Ladakh"},{"title":"Tourism in Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Ladakh"},{"title":"India-China Border Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India-China_Border_Roads"}]	[{"reference":"Sharma, Raghav Sharan (6 December 2017). The Unfought War of 1962: An Appraisal. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-351-05636-6. The tributary originates from Lanak la under Chinese possession.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ntNBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT39","url_text":"The Unfought War of 1962: An Appraisal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05636-6","url_text":"978-1-351-05636-6"}]},{"reference":"Negi, Sharad Singh (1991). Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers. Indus Publishing. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-81-85182-61-2. The Chang Chenmo river is a tributary of the Shyok river which joins the Indus river in Ladakh. This river originates from a large glacier on the western slopes of the Lanak La pass","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5YtUShKY8zcC&pg=PA53","url_text":"Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85182-61-2","url_text":"978-81-85182-61-2"}]},{"reference":"Bhonsale, Mihir (February 2018). \"Understanding Sino-Indian Border Issues: An Analysis of Incidents Reported in the Indian Media\" (PDF). Observer Research Foundation. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ORF_Occasional_Paper_143_India-China.pdf","url_text":"\"Understanding Sino-Indian Border Issues: An Analysis of Incidents Reported in the Indian Media\""}]},{"reference":"Malhotra, A. (2003). Trishul: Ladakh And Kargil 1947-1993. Lancer Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 978-81-7062-296-3. The Chang Chenmo River. It originates from Lanak La, flows westward and joins the Shyok.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rWKy6DOTO9YC&pg=PA41","url_text":"Trishul: Ladakh And Kargil 1947-1993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7062-296-3","url_text":"978-81-7062-296-3"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Robert (1871). Visits to High Tartary, Yârkand, and Kâshgar (formerly Chinese Tartary): And Return Journey Over the Karakoram Pass. J. Murray. p. 81. Chang-chenmo means \"Great-Northern (River)\"","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o5YBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA81","url_text":"Visits to High Tartary, Yârkand, and Kâshgar (formerly Chinese Tartary): And Return Journey Over the Karakoram Pass"}]},{"reference":"Trinkler, Emil (1931), \"Notes on the Westernmost Plateaux of Tibet\", The Himalayan Journal, 3","urls":[{"url":"https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/03/5/notes-on-the-westernmost-plateaux-of-tibet/","url_text":"\"Notes on the Westernmost Plateaux of Tibet\""}]},{"reference":"Chevalier, Marie-Luce; Pan, Jiawei; Li, Haibing; Sun, Zhiming; Liu, Dongliang; Pei, Junling; Xu, Wei; Wu, Chan (2017). \"First tectonic-geomorphology study along the Longmu–Gozha Co fault system, Western Tibet\". Gondwana Research. 41: 411–424. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.03.008. ISSN 1342-937X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2015.03.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.gr.2015.03.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1342-937X","url_text":"1342-937X"}]},{"reference":"Ward, A. E. (1896). The Tourist's And--sportsman's Guide to Kashmir and Ladak, &c. Thacker, Spink. pp. 106–107. Joining the left bank of the river opposite to Kyam are the Silung Yokma, Silung Burma and Silung Kongma. ... cross the Changchenmo valley journey up the Kiepsang stream ... The traders have now almost entirely given up the Changchenmo-Shahidula route to Yarkand.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3opNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA106","url_text":"The Tourist's And--sportsman's Guide to Kashmir and Ladak, &c"}]},{"reference":"Macintyre, Donald (1993). Hindu-Koh: Wanderings and Wild Sport on and Beyond the Himalayas. Asian Educational Services. pp. 306–. ISBN 978-81-206-0851-1. the Changchenmo river--a tributary of the Shyok ... proceed up another long glen north of Changchenmo named Kugrang","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lBTKYaqr5a0C&pg=PA306","url_text":"Hindu-Koh: Wanderings and Wild Sport on and Beyond the Himalayas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0851-1","url_text":"978-81-206-0851-1"}]},{"reference":"Darrah, Henry Zouch (1898). Sport in the Highlands of Kashmir: Being a Narrative of an Eight Months' Trip in Baltistan and Ladak, and a Lady's Experiences in the Latter Country; Together with Hints for the Guidance of Sportsmen. R. Ward, limited. p. 297. Rimdi river ... reached the point where the Rimdi flows into the Changchenmo river","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LuhaAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA297","url_text":"Sport in the Highlands of Kashmir: Being a Narrative of an Eight Months' Trip in Baltistan and Ladak, and a Lady's Experiences in the Latter Country; Together with Hints for the Guidance of Sportsmen"}]},{"reference":"Prabal Sarkar; Jigmet Takpa; Riyaz Ahmed; Sandeep Kumar Tiwari; Anand Pendharkar; Saleem-ul-Haq; Javaid Miandad; Ashwini Upadhyay.; Rahul Kaul (7 July 2008). \"Mountain Migrants - Survey of Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) and Wild Yak (Bos grunniens) in Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India\" (PDF). snowleopardnetwork.org. Wildlife Trust of India. p. 21. Retrieved 9 January 2020. Map of Chang Chenmo Valley","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Sarkar_et_al_2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Mountain Migrants - Survey of Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) and Wild Yak (Bos grunniens) in Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India\""}]},{"reference":"Kohli, Harish (2000). Across the Frozen Himalaya: The Epic Winter Ski Traverse from Karakoram to Lipu Lekh. Indus Publishing. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-81-7387-106-1. the five difficult passes through the Karakorams posed a barrier ... Cayley reconnoitred a route that went through the Changchenmo ranges ... if anything these new passes were higher than the ones they replaced, and the land in between them was also higher. ... The route had another advantage in that trade from British India could flow through Kulu via Changchenmo to Yarkand, completely bypassing the customs officials of the Maharaja at Leh.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RJK0A1pZHt8C&pg=PA87","url_text":"Across the Frozen Himalaya: The Epic Winter Ski Traverse from Karakoram to Lipu Lekh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-106-1","url_text":"978-81-7387-106-1"}]},{"reference":"Kaul, Hriday Nath (2003). India China Boundary in Kashmir. Gyan Publishing House. p. 111. ISBN 978-81-212-0826-0. Ranbir Singh having, at British request, built the road, \"serais\" and small store houses for grain.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hYduAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"India China Boundary in Kashmir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-212-0826-0","url_text":"978-81-212-0826-0"}]},{"reference":"Accounts and Papers. East India. Vol. XLIX. House of Commons, British Parliament. 1874. pp. 23–33. (p26) The Changchenmo line ... The extra distance and the sojourn for 5 days longer in such a desolate tract (p33) Every endeavour has been made to improve the Changchenmo route--serais having been built at some places, and depots of grain established as far as Gogra","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IStcAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA5-PA25","url_text":"Accounts and Papers"}]},{"reference":"Hayward, G. W. (1870). \"Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River\". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 40: 37. doi:10.2307/1798640. ISSN 0266-6235. Chang Chenmo is now well known, being visited every year by at least half-a-dozen officers on long leave to Kashmir. The game to be found...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1798640","url_text":"10.2307/1798640"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0266-6235","url_text":"0266-6235"}]},{"reference":"H.I.N. (1902). \"Sport in the Changchenmo Valley, Ladakh\". The Navy and Army Illustrated. Vol. 15. London: Hudson & Kearns. p. iv.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TX9IAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PR4","url_text":"\"Sport in the Changchenmo Valley, Ladakh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Navy_and_Army_Illustrated","url_text":"The Navy and Army Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Far Eastern Economic Review. 1963. p. 446. October 19 a party from a permanent Indian post at Tsogstsalu, 60 or 65 miles west of the border claimed by India north of Lake Pangong, set up a temporary camp at Hot Spring, some fifteen miles further east. Three men of this party, who had made a reconnaissance eastward towards a pass called Kongka La, failed to return. A patrol of about twenty therefore departed on the morning of the 21st in search of them, dividing into two groups. According to the Indian account these groups were groups were suddenly attacked with automatic and mortar fire, one from a Chinese force entrenched on a nearby hill and the other from a force on the south bank of the Chang Chenmo river.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MIk_AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Far Eastern Economic Review"}]},{"reference":"Jindal, Akash (November–December 2018). \"The Story of Hot Springs\" (PDF). Indian Police Journal. No. Special Issue on Police Martyrdom. pp. 20–33. ISSN 0537-2429. Retrieved 4 January 2020. p. 22: Karam Singh of ITBF was assigned the task of establishing outposts near the Chinese Occupation Line ... \"Hot Springs\" was barely three Km far from the site where Chinese Army had intruded.","urls":[{"url":"http://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Spl.%20issue%20of%20IPJ.pdf","url_text":"\"The Story of Hot Springs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0537-2429","url_text":"0537-2429"}]},{"reference":"Anubhuti Vishnoi (3 August 2023). \"Over 20 strategic roads close to LAC have the ear and deadline\". The Economic Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/epaper/delhicapital/2023/aug/03/et-poli/over-20-strategic-roads-close-to-lac-have-year-end-deadline/articleshow/102366166.cms","url_text":"\"Over 20 strategic roads close to LAC have the ear and deadline\""}]},{"reference":"Mayank Singh (2 July 2023). \"India boosts road links to LAC standoff points\". Indian Express.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jul/22/india-boosts-road-links-to-lac-standoff-points-2479299.html","url_text":"\"India boosts road links to LAC standoff points\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marsimik La Pass\". Ladakhdekho.com. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ladakhdekho.com/marsimik-la.html","url_text":"\"Marsimik La Pass\""}]},{"reference":"Sanjay Dutta; Rajat Pandit (26 May 2023). \"Forbidden zones in Ladakh to soon welcome tourists\". Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/forbidden-zones-in-ladakh-to-soon-welcome-tourists/articleshow/100512677.cms","url_text":"\"Forbidden zones in Ladakh to soon welcome tourists\""}]},{"reference":"Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak, Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1890","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7","url_text":"Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak"}]},{"reference":"Drew, Frederic (1875), The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account, E. Stanford – via archive.org","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jummooandkashmi00drewgoog/page/n5","url_text":"The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chang_Chenmo_River&params=34.2758_N_78.2889_E_type:river","external_links_name":"34°16′33″N 78°17′20″E / 34.2758°N 78.2889°E / 34.2758; 78.2889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chang_Chenmo_River&params=34.3542_N_79.5446_E_","external_links_name":"34°21′15″N 79°32′41″E / 34.3542°N 79.5446°E / 34.3542; 79.5446"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chang_Chenmo_River&params=34.2758_N_78.2889_E_type:river","external_links_name":"34°16′33″N 78°17′20″E / 34.2758°N 78.2889°E / 34.2758; 78.2889"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ntNBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT39","external_links_name":"The Unfought War of 1962: An Appraisal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5YtUShKY8zcC&pg=PA53","external_links_name":"Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers"},{"Link":"https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ORF_Occasional_Paper_143_India-China.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Understanding Sino-Indian Border Issues: An Analysis of Incidents Reported in the Indian Media\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rWKy6DOTO9YC&pg=PA41","external_links_name":"Trishul: Ladakh And Kargil 1947-1993"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o5YBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA81","external_links_name":"Visits to High Tartary, Yârkand, and Kâshgar (formerly Chinese Tartary): And Return Journey Over the Karakoram Pass"},{"Link":"https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/03/5/notes-on-the-westernmost-plateaux-of-tibet/","external_links_name":"\"Notes on the Westernmost Plateaux of Tibet\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2015.03.008","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.gr.2015.03.008"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1342-937X","external_links_name":"1342-937X"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3opNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA106","external_links_name":"The Tourist's And--sportsman's Guide to Kashmir and Ladak, &c"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lBTKYaqr5a0C&pg=PA306","external_links_name":"Hindu-Koh: Wanderings and Wild Sport on and Beyond the Himalayas"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LuhaAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA297","external_links_name":"Sport in the Highlands of Kashmir: Being a Narrative of an Eight Months' Trip in Baltistan and Ladak, and a Lady's Experiences in the Latter Country; Together with Hints for the Guidance of Sportsmen"},{"Link":"http://www.snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Sarkar_et_al_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mountain Migrants - Survey of Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) and Wild Yak (Bos grunniens) in Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India\""},{"Link":"https://theprint.in/opinion/if-india-loses-grip-on-kailash-range-pla-will-make-sure-we-never-get-it-back/542327/?amp","external_links_name":"If India loses grip on Kailash Range, PLA will make sure we never get it back"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/both-china-india-ramp-up-infrastructure-on-north-bank-of-pangong-tso/article67034490.ece/amp/","external_links_name":"India, China ramp up infra on north bank of Pangong Tso lake"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Pangong-Range","external_links_name":"Karakoram: Pangong Range"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RJK0A1pZHt8C&pg=PA87","external_links_name":"Across the Frozen Himalaya: The Epic Winter Ski Traverse from Karakoram to Lipu Lekh"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hYduAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"India China Boundary in Kashmir"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IStcAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA5-PA25","external_links_name":"Accounts and Papers"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1798640","external_links_name":"10.2307/1798640"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0266-6235","external_links_name":"0266-6235"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TX9IAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PR4","external_links_name":"\"Sport in the Changchenmo Valley, Ladakh\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MIk_AAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Far Eastern Economic Review"},{"Link":"http://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Spl.%20issue%20of%20IPJ.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Story of Hot Springs\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0537-2429","external_links_name":"0537-2429"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/epaper/delhicapital/2023/aug/03/et-poli/over-20-strategic-roads-close-to-lac-have-year-end-deadline/articleshow/102366166.cms","external_links_name":"\"Over 20 strategic roads close to LAC have the ear and deadline\""},{"Link":"https://www.news18.com/india/paving-way-for-border-security-india-to-soon-build-new-strategic-highway-close-to-lac-in-ladakh-8614778.html","external_links_name":"Paving Way for Border Security: India to Soon Build New Strategic Highway Close to LAC in Ladakh"},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jul/22/india-boosts-road-links-to-lac-standoff-points-2479299.html","external_links_name":"\"India boosts road links to LAC standoff points\""},{"Link":"http://www.ladakhdekho.com/marsimik-la.html","external_links_name":"\"Marsimik La Pass\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/forbidden-zones-in-ladakh-to-soon-welcome-tourists/articleshow/100512677.cms","external_links_name":"\"Forbidden zones in Ladakh to soon welcome tourists\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7","external_links_name":"Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jummooandkashmi00drewgoog/page/n5","external_links_name":"The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929-30_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I	1929–30 Nemzeti Bajnokság I	["1 Final standings","2 Results","3 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1929–30 Nemzeti Bajnokság I" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Football league seasonNemzeti Bajnokság ISeason1929–30← 1928–29 1930–31 → Final standings of the Hungarian League 1929–30 season Final standings Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GR Pts Qualification or relegation 1 Újpest FC 22 18 2 2 74 30 2.467 38 Champions 2 Ferencváros 22 15 6 1 80 27 2.963 36 3 Hungária 22 10 7 5 54 36 1.500 27 4 III. Kerület 22 9 7 6 36 35 1.029 25 5 Bocskai FC 22 7 6 9 43 48 0.896 20 6 Kispest 22 6 7 9 21 39 0.538 19 7 Budai 11 22 5 8 9 28 31 0.903 18 8 Bástya FC 22 7 3 12 41 53 0.774 17 9 Pécs-Baranya FC 22 5 7 10 31 50 0.620 17 10 Nemzeti SC 22 6 4 12 26 44 0.591 16 11 Miskolci Attila 22 5 6 11 22 40 0.550 16 Relegated to NB II 12 Somogy FC 22 3 9 10 31 54 0.574 15 Source: rsssf.com Results Home \ Away KER BÁS BOC B11 FTC HUN KIS MIS NEM PÉC SOM ÚJP III. Kerület 1–0 0–0 2–1 1–2 1–3 5–1 2–0 2–1 1–1 2–2 2–3 Bástya 2–3 1–4 2–3 0–4 2–5 3–1 5–2 1–2 5–1 1–1 3–1 Bocskai 0–1 0–5 1–1 2–3 2–2 0–1 3–1 2–2 2–1 2–2 2–6 Budai 11 1–1 7–0 3–2 1–1 0–1 0–0 0–0 0–1 3–0 2–0 1–2 Ferencváros 8–0 0–3 1–1 2–1 4–0 4–0 3–1 7–2 2–2 5–0 1–1 Hungária 1–0 6–1 5–2 5–1 3–3 1–1 1–1 2–0 1–1 6–1 2–5 Kispest 1–2 0–0 0–2 2–2 1–9 2–1 2–1 1–0 0–0 0–0 1–2 Miskolci Attila 1–1 1–1 2–3 1–0 0–6 1–0 1–1 2–0 0–1 0–1 1–4 Nemzeti SC 3–3 1–5 0–2 5–1 1–3 0–3 1–0 1–1 4–0 1–0 0–1 Pécs-Baranya 0–3 2–0 0–4 3–0 4–4 2–2 2–3 0–3 3–0 2–2 0–6 Somogy 1–1 2–0 7–4 0–0 2–6 2–2 1–3 1–2 1–1 1–3 1–4 Újpest 3–2 6–1 4–3 0–0 1–2 4–2 2–0 4–0 4–0 4–3 7–3 Source: rsssf.comLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. External links IFFHS link vteNemzeti Bajnokság ISeasons 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944 1945 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024-25 Clubs2024-25 Debrecen Diósgyőr Fehérvár Ferencváros Győr Kecskemét MTK Nyíregyháza Paks Puskás Akadémia Újpest Zalaegerszeg Former 33 FC III. Kerület VII. Kerület BAK Balmazújváros BEAC Békéscsaba BKV Bocskai BSC BTC BVSC Csepel Dorog Duna Dunaújváros FC Dunaújváros PASE Eger Egyetértés Elektromos Erzsébet ESMTK Főváros Gamma Ganz-MÁVAG Gázszer Gyirmót Herminamező Honvéd Kaposvár Kassa Kelenföld Kiskőrös KISTEXT Kolozsvár Komló Kőbánya Lampart Légierő Pápa MaDISz MAC MAK MÁVAG MÚE Műegyetem MVSC Nagykanizsa Nagyvárad Nemzeti Ózd Pereces Pécs Pécs-Baranya Phöbus Postás PVSK REAC Sabaria Salgótarján SFAC Siófok Somogy Sopron SorTex SZAC SZAK SZEAC Székesfehérvári MÁV Szegedi Honvéd Szegedi VSE Szolnok Szombathely Szürketaxi Tatabánya Terézváros Testvériség Tiszakécske Tokod Törekvés Tungsram Typographia Újpesti Törekvés Újvidék Vasas Vác Veszprém VAC Volán Zugló Competition Managers Winners Clubs Foreign players Stadiums System Statistics and awards Records I Records II All-time table Associated competitions Magyar Kupa Szuperkupa UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League UEFA Europa Conference League Category vte1929–30 in Hungarian football « 1928–29 1930–31 » Club footballDomestic leagues Nemzeti Bajnokság I Domestic cups Hungarian Cup vte1929–30 in European football « 1928–29 1930–31 » Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria '29 '30 Czechoslovakia Denmark England Estonia '29 '30 Finland Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '29 '30 Italy Latvia '29 '30 Lithuania '29 '30 Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Poland '29 '30 Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Yugoslavia '29 '30 Domestic cups Austria England France Hungary Luxembourg Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '29 '30 Portugal Republic of Ireland Scotland Spain '29 '30 Switzerland Wales Portals: Association football Hungary	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Football league seasonFinal standings of the Hungarian League 1929–30 season","title":"1929–30 Nemzeti Bajnokság I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesh/honghist1920.html"}],"text":"Source: rsssf.com","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Ker%C3%BCleti_TUE"},{"link_name":"BÁS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szegedi_AK"},{"link_name":"BOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocskai_FC"},{"link_name":"B11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_FC"},{"link_name":"FTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC"},{"link_name":"HUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTK_Budapest_FC"},{"link_name":"KIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Honv%C3%A9d_FC"},{"link_name":"MIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskolci_AK"},{"link_name":"NEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_SC"},{"link_name":"PÉC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9cs-Baranya_FC"},{"link_name":"SOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somogy_FC"},{"link_name":"ÚJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajpest_FC"},{"link_name":"III. Kerület","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Ker%C3%BCleti_TUE"},{"link_name":"Bástya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szegedi_AK"},{"link_name":"Bocskai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocskai_FC"},{"link_name":"Budai 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_FC"},{"link_name":"Ferencváros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC"},{"link_name":"Hungária","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTK_Budapest_FC"},{"link_name":"Kispest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Honv%C3%A9d_FC"},{"link_name":"Miskolci Attila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskolci_AK"},{"link_name":"Nemzeti SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzeti_SC"},{"link_name":"Pécs-Baranya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9cs-Baranya_FC"},{"link_name":"Somogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somogy_FC"},{"link_name":"Újpest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajpest_FC"},{"link_name":"rsssf.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesh/honghist1920.html"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nKER\n\nBÁS\n\nBOC\n\nB11\n\nFTC\n\nHUN\n\nKIS\n\nMIS\n\nNEM\n\nPÉC\n\nSOM\n\nÚJP\n\n\nIII. Kerület\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–3\n\n5–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–3\n\n\nBástya\n\n2–3\n\n\n\n1–4\n\n2–3\n\n0–4\n\n2–5\n\n3–1\n\n5–2\n\n1–2\n\n5–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n\nBocskai\n\n0–1\n\n0–5\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–6\n\n\nBudai 11\n\n1–1\n\n7–0\n\n3–2\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n\nFerencváros\n\n8–0\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n7–2\n\n2–2\n\n5–0\n\n1–1\n\n\nHungária\n\n1–0\n\n6–1\n\n5–2\n\n5–1\n\n3–3\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n6–1\n\n2–5\n\n\nKispest\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–9\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n\nMiskolci Attila\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–6\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–4\n\n\nNemzeti SC\n\n3–3\n\n1–5\n\n0–2\n\n5–1\n\n1–3\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n\nPécs-Baranya\n\n0–3\n\n2–0\n\n0–4\n\n3–0\n\n4–4\n\n2–2\n\n2–3\n\n0–3\n\n3–0\n\n\n\n2–2\n\n0–6\n\n\nSomogy\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n7–4\n\n0–0\n\n2–6\n\n2–2\n\n1–3\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n\n\n1–4\n\n\nÚjpest\n\n3–2\n\n6–1\n\n4–3\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n4–2\n\n2–0\n\n4–0\n\n4–0\n\n4–3\n\n7–3\n\n\n\nSource: rsssf.comLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221929%E2%80%9330+Nemzeti+Bajnoks%C3%A1g+I%22","external_links_name":"\"1929–30 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221929%E2%80%9330+Nemzeti+Bajnoks%C3%A1g+I%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221929%E2%80%9330+Nemzeti+Bajnoks%C3%A1g+I%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221929%E2%80%9330+Nemzeti+Bajnoks%C3%A1g+I%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221929%E2%80%9330+Nemzeti+Bajnoks%C3%A1g+I%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221929%E2%80%9330+Nemzeti+Bajnoks%C3%A1g+I%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesh/honghist1920.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesh/honghist1920.html","external_links_name":"rsssf.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesh/honghist1920.html","external_links_name":"IFFHS link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Frenke	Eugene Frenke	["1 Partial filmography","2 References","3 External links"]	Russian-born film producer, director and writer (1895–1984) Eugene Frenke (1 January 1895 – 10 March 1984) was a Russian-born film producer, director and writer. He twice collaborated with the director John Huston on the films Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison and The Barbarian and the Geisha. Frenke was married to the Ukrainian actress Anna Sten, from 1932 until his death in 1984. She appeared in a number of his films. Partial filmography Girl in the Case (1934) Life Returns (1935) A Woman Alone (1936) Miss Robin Crusoe (1954) As director: Life Returns (1934) Girl in the Case (1935) A Woman Alone (1936) (also known as Two Who Dared) Miss Robin Crusoe (1953) References ^ "California Death Records". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2008-10-01. External links Eugene Frenke at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Huston"},{"link_name":"Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_Knows,_Mr._Allison"},{"link_name":"The Barbarian and the Geisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barbarian_and_the_Geisha"},{"link_name":"Anna Sten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Sten"}],"text":"Eugene Frenke (1 January 1895 – 10 March 1984)[1] was a Russian-born film producer, director and writer. He twice collaborated with the director John Huston on the films Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison and The Barbarian and the Geisha.Frenke was married to the Ukrainian actress Anna Sten, from 1932 until his death in 1984. She appeared in a number of his films.","title":"Eugene Frenke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Girl in the Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_in_the_Case_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Life Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Returns"},{"link_name":"A Woman Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Woman_Alone_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Miss Robin Crusoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Robin_Crusoe"},{"link_name":"Life Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Returns"},{"link_name":"Girl in the Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_in_the_Case_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"A Woman Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Woman_Alone_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Miss Robin Crusoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Robin_Crusoe"}],"text":"Girl in the Case (1934)\nLife Returns (1935)\nA Woman Alone (1936)\nMiss Robin Crusoe (1954)As director:Life Returns (1934)\nGirl in the Case (1935)\nA Woman Alone (1936) (also known as Two Who Dared)\nMiss Robin Crusoe (1953)","title":"Partial filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"California Death Records\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2008-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125139/http://vitals.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ca/death/search.cgi?surname=frenke&given=eugene","url_text":"\"California Death Records\""},{"url":"https://vitals.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ca/death/search.cgi?surname=frenke&given=eugene","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125139/http://vitals.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ca/death/search.cgi?surname=frenke&given=eugene","external_links_name":"\"California Death Records\""},{"Link":"https://vitals.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ca/death/search.cgi?surname=frenke&given=eugene","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0294266/","external_links_name":"Eugene Frenke"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000118117256","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/169086338","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhRB7kw4HbcxdMmcJjHmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4607665","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1169456715","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no91017473","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_Chevalier_Vampire	Requiem Chevalier Vampire	["1 History","2 Premise","3 Publications","3.1 French-language edition","3.2 English-language translations","3.3 Dutch-language translations","4 Claudia Chevalier Vampire","4.1 Publications","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]	Comic book series This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Requiem Chevalier Vampire" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Requiem Chevalier VampireCover of the Dutch language edition of Requiem, de vampierridder: Verrijzenis (2003 Prestige), art by Olivier LedroitCreated byPat MillsOlivier LedroitPublication informationPublisherNickel EditionsScheduleAnnual Title(s)ResurrectionDanse MacabreDraculaLe Bal des VampiresDragon BlitzHellfire ClubLe Couvent des sœurs de sangLa Reine des Ames Mortes FormatsOriginal material for the series has been published as a set of graphic novels.Original languageFrenchGenre Vampire Publication dateNovember 2000 – 2012Number of issues11Creative teamWriter(s)Pat MillsArtist(s)Olivier LedroitColourist(s)Olivier LedroitReprintsThe series has been reprinted, at least in part, in Dutch and English.Collected editionsResurrectionISBN 2-914420-04-8Danse MacabreISBN 2-91442-001-3DraculaISBN 2-91442-002-1Le Bal des VampiresISBN 2-91442-005-6Dragon BlitzISBN 2-91442-008-0Hellfire ClubISBN 2-91442-012-9Le Couvent des soeurs de sangISBN 2-91442-019-6La Reine des Ames MortesISBN 2-91442-023-4 Requiem Chevalier Vampire (French for Requiem Vampire Knight) is a Franco-British comic published by Nickel Editions. The story was written by Pat Mills, with illustrations by Olivier Ledroit. It was translated into English and published by Heavy Metal magazine in the United States. It was also translated into German and published in Germany by Kult Editions as Requiem Der Vampirritter. The comic was characterized by its extreme violence, with sadomasochism as a common theme and frequent scenes of violent sex. History In the hope of breaking into the French comic market, Pat Mills established his own comics publishing company in France, Nickel Editions, along with Jacques Collin and Olivier Ledroit. Jacques Collin had previously founded the company Zenda Editions. Mills and Ledroit had previously worked together on Sha. Requiem Chevalier Vampire was Nickel's first editing job on comics, and found success in France. As the company had been founded to release Requiem it was financially very fragile, with Mills, Ledroit, and Collin as the only employees. Ledroit made all the blueprints himself with his wife. For this reason, issues had to be released every eight months at first, with more time given to the artists to work only as the comic became more successful. Roughly 30,000 copies of each issue were published, and Nickel subsequently expanded, acquiring offices and a website, and recruited more artists including Adrian Smith and Franck Tacito. Originally a total of 12 issues were expected, with issues released roughly a year apart; however, the series has been on hiatus since issue 11, published in November 2012. In late June 2022, Mills announced that he had begun writing issues 12 and 13, which would be the final issues. Premise The story is set in a world called Résurrection, which is often called Hell, but also carries some of the characteristics of Purgatory. In Résurrection people are reincarnated into monsters according to the sins or otherwise of their life. The lowest ranks are formed by zombies and Kobolds whilst vampires form the elite of the society and the ruling class. There is an inverted concept of justice, in that the more sinful a person was in life, the more they are rewarded in Résurrection. Résurrection has a similar shape as Earth, but everything appears to be the opposite way around to Earth: land has replaced the oceans, while Earth's continents are occupied by perpetual fire and time flows backwards. People do not age, but rejuvenate until they become a foetus and are forgotten; their memory follows the same cycle and is "lost" as people get younger. To avoid total insanity during this process, Résurrection's residents are addicted to a drug based on black opium. People do not land on Résurrection in the same order that they died. The protagonist is a German soldier during World War II named Heinrich Augsburg, who is killed on the Eastern Front facing the Soviet Army. He is sent to Résurrection after his death and attacked by a mob of zombies. During the confrontation he meets and befriends a vampire who calls himself Otto von Todt. Otto reveals he is a vampire and explains that now Heinrich has become a vampire as well. As the story progresses, Heinrich (now known as Requiem) discovers the world of Résurrection, its people and politics. However, he is single-mindedly focused on rescuing a woman he loved during his lifetime, who he knows by the name of Rebecca. Publications French-language edition The French-language volumes are all published by Nickel Editions: Box of Volume 1–3 (January 13, 2005, ISBN 2-914420-03-X): "Résurrection" (48 pages, November 2000, ISBN 2-914420-04-8) "Danse macabre" (47 pages, September 2001, ISBN 2-914420-01-3) "Dracula" (48 pages, May 2002, ISBN 2-914420-02-1) Box of Volume 4–6 (December 17, 2006, ISBN 2-914420-14-5) "Le Bal des vampires" (45 pages, November 2003, ISBN 2-914420-05-6) "Dragon Blitz" (47 pages, November 2004, ISBN 2-914420-08-0) "Hellfire Club" (47 pages, November 2005, ISBN 2-914420-12-9) "Le Couvent des Sœurs de Sang" (49 pages, February 2007, ISBN 2-914420-19-6) "La Reine des âmes mortes" (46 pages, November 2008, ISBN 2-914420-23-4) "La Cité des pirates" (50 pages, November 2009, ISBN 978-2-914420-28-0) "Bain de sang" (2011,ISBN 2914420366)) "Amours défuntes" (2012, ISBN 2914420463) English-language translations The series was translated into English and published in Heavy Metal between March 2003 and March 2012: "Resurrection" (Volume 27 number 1, March 2003) "Danse Macabre" (Volume 28 number 1, March 2004) "Dracula" (Volume 28 number 6, January 2005) "The Vampire Ball" (Volume 30 number 2, May, 2006) "Dragon Blitz" (Volume 31 number 2, May, 2007) "Hellfire Club" (Vol. 32 No. 2, May 2008) "Requiem" (Vol. 33 No. 3, May 2009) "Requiem" (Vol. 34 No. 1, March 2010) "Pirate City" (Vol. 35, No. 1, March 2011) "Blood Bath" (Vol. 36, No. 1, March 2012) "Amores Defuntes" Heavy Metal Magazine failed to publish this volume in 2013 for unknown reasons. They are collecting these stories in trade paperbacks (three to each volume): Requiem: Resurrection (144 pages, May 2009, ISBN 1-935351-01-X) Volume 2 (144 pages, January 2010, ISBN 1-935351-18-4) Panini Comics are also collecting the stories into trade paperbacks (two to each volume): Tome 1: Resurrection & Danse Macabre (112 pages, September 2009, ISBN 978-1-84653-437-9) Tome 2: Dracula & The Vampires Ball (112 pages, September 2009, ISBN 978-1-84653-438-6) Tome 3: Dragon Blitz & Hellfire Club (112 pages, November 2010, ISBN 978-1-84653-457-7) Tome 4: The Convent of the Sisters of Blood & The Queen of Dead Souls (112 pages, November 2010, ISBN 978-1-84653-458-4) Tome 5: The City of Pirates & Blood Bath (112 pages, November 2011, ISBN 978-1-84653-496-6) Tome 6: Deceased Loves (100 pages, announced for October 2017 but not released, ISBN 978-1-84653-671-7) Dutch-language translations The series is being translated into Dutch and the volumes are published by Prestige in the series "Requiem, de vampierridder" "Verrijzenis" (Number 1, 2003) "Dans met de dood" (Number 2, 2003) "Dracula" (Number 3, 2003) "Bal der vampiers" (Number 4, 2004) "Dragon Blitz" (Number 5, 2005) "Hellfire Club" (Number 6, 2006) "Het klooster der Bloedzusters" (Number 7, 2008) "De koningin der dode zielen" (Number 8, 2010) "De stad der piraten" (Number 9, 2011) "Bloedbad"(Number 10, 2012) "Oude liefde" (Number 11, 2013) Claudia Chevalier Vampire Claudia Chevalier Vampire is a separate story featuring Lady Claudia. It takes place in the same world as Requiem Chevalier Vampire and adds new characters to the story. Pat Mills writes the story while illustrations are drawn by Franck Tacito. It is translated in German and published in Germany by Kult Editions as Claudia Der Vampirritter. This series is also translated in Dutch and published in the Netherlands by Prestige as Claudia de vampierridder. Publications "La Porte des Enfers" (46 pages, December 2004, ISBN 2-914420-07-2) {Heavy Metal 2006 Halloween Issue} "Femmes violentes" (46 pages, December 2006, ISBN 2-914420-18-8) {Heavy Metal 2009 (Fall) Terror Special} "Opium rouge" (48 pages, November 2007, ISBN 978-2-914420-22-8) {Heavy Metal 2010 (Fall) Fright Special} "La Marque de la Bête" (ISBN 978-2-344-01417-2) “La nuit du loup-garou” (ISBN 978-2-344-01418-9) Awards 2007: Won the "Favourite European Comics" Eagle Award References ^ "Nickel (Publisher)". ^ French Connections: Pat Mills Interview (cached) ^ ActuSF: Olivier Ledroit Interview Archived December 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Getting in the zone: Requiem Vampire Knight" by Pat Mills, at Iconoblast, 27 June 2022. (Retrieved 28 June 2022.) External links Nickel Editions official website (in French) Resurrection: The Evils Nest (in English) Requiem Chevalier Vampire at Bedetheque Oh My Gore review of volumes 1-4	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nickel Editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nickel_Editions&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pat Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Mills"},{"link_name":"Olivier Ledroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Ledroit"},{"link_name":"Heavy Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Metal_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"sadomasochism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochism"}],"text":"Requiem Chevalier Vampire (French for Requiem Vampire Knight) is a Franco-British comic published by Nickel Editions.[1] The story was written by Pat Mills, with illustrations by Olivier Ledroit. It was translated into English and published by Heavy Metal magazine in the United States. It was also translated into German and published in Germany by Kult Editions as Requiem Der Vampirritter. The comic was characterized by its extreme violence, with sadomasochism as a common theme and frequent scenes of violent sex.","title":"Requiem Chevalier Vampire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Adrian Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Franck Tacito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franck_Tacito&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In the hope of breaking into the French comic market,[2] Pat Mills established his own comics publishing company in France, Nickel Editions, along with Jacques Collin and Olivier Ledroit. Jacques Collin had previously founded the company Zenda Editions. Mills and Ledroit had previously worked together on Sha.Requiem Chevalier Vampire was Nickel's first editing job on comics, and found success in France. As the company had been founded to release Requiem it was financially very fragile, with Mills, Ledroit, and Collin as the only employees. Ledroit made all the blueprints himself with his wife. For this reason, issues had to be released every eight months at first, with more time given to the artists to work only as the comic became more successful. Roughly 30,000 copies of each issue were published, and Nickel subsequently expanded, acquiring offices and a website, and recruited more artists including Adrian Smith and Franck Tacito.[3]Originally a total of 12 issues were expected, with issues released roughly a year apart; however, the series has been on hiatus since issue 11, published in November 2012. In late June 2022, Mills announced that he had begun writing issues 12 and 13, which would be the final issues.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombies"},{"link_name":"vampires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampires"},{"link_name":"foetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foetus"},{"link_name":"opium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The story is set in a world called Résurrection, which is often called Hell, but also carries some of the characteristics of Purgatory. In Résurrection people are reincarnated into monsters according to the sins or otherwise of their life. The lowest ranks are formed by zombies and Kobolds whilst vampires form the elite of the society and the ruling class. There is an inverted concept of justice, in that the more sinful a person was in life, the more they are rewarded in Résurrection. Résurrection has a similar shape as Earth, but everything appears to be the opposite way around to Earth: land has replaced the oceans, while Earth's continents are occupied by perpetual fire and time flows backwards. People do not age, but rejuvenate until they become a foetus and are forgotten; their memory follows the same cycle and is \"lost\" as people get younger. To avoid total insanity during this process, Résurrection's residents are addicted to a drug based on black opium. People do not land on Résurrection in the same order that they died.The protagonist is a German soldier during World War II named Heinrich Augsburg, who is killed on the Eastern Front facing the Soviet Army. He is sent to Résurrection after his death and attacked by a mob of zombies. During the confrontation he meets and befriends a vampire who calls himself Otto von Todt. Otto reveals he is a vampire and explains that now Heinrich has become a vampire as well. As the story progresses, Heinrich (now known as Requiem) discovers the world of Résurrection, its people and politics. However, he is single-mindedly focused on rescuing a woman he loved during his lifetime, who he knows by the name of Rebecca.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-914420-03-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914420-03-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-914420-04-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914420-04-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-914420-01-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914420-01-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-914420-02-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914420-02-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-914420-14-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914420-14-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-914420-05-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914420-05-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-914420-08-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914420-08-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-914420-12-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914420-12-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-914420-19-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914420-19-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-914420-23-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914420-23-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-914420-28-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-914420-28-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2914420366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2914420366"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2914420463","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2914420463"}],"sub_title":"French-language edition","text":"The French-language volumes are all published by Nickel Editions:Box of Volume 1–3 (January 13, 2005, ISBN 2-914420-03-X):\n\"Résurrection\" (48 pages, November 2000, ISBN 2-914420-04-8)\n\"Danse macabre\" (47 pages, September 2001, ISBN 2-914420-01-3)\n\"Dracula\" (48 pages, May 2002, ISBN 2-914420-02-1)\nBox of Volume 4–6 (December 17, 2006, ISBN 2-914420-14-5)\n\"Le Bal des vampires\" (45 pages, November 2003, ISBN 2-914420-05-6)\n\"Dragon Blitz\" (47 pages, November 2004, ISBN 2-914420-08-0)\n\"Hellfire Club\" (47 pages, November 2005, ISBN 2-914420-12-9)\n\"Le Couvent des Sœurs de Sang\" (49 pages, February 2007, ISBN 2-914420-19-6)\n\"La Reine des âmes mortes\" (46 pages, November 2008, ISBN 2-914420-23-4)\n\"La Cité des pirates\" (50 pages, November 2009, ISBN 978-2-914420-28-0)\n\"Bain de sang\" (2011,ISBN 2914420366))\n\"Amours défuntes\" (2012, ISBN 2914420463)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade paperbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-935351-01-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-935351-01-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-935351-18-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-935351-18-4"},{"link_name":"Panini Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_Comics"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84653-437-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84653-437-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84653-438-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84653-438-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84653-457-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84653-457-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84653-458-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84653-458-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84653-496-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84653-496-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84653-671-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84653-671-7"}],"sub_title":"English-language translations","text":"The series was translated into English and published in Heavy Metal between March 2003 and March 2012:\"Resurrection\" (Volume 27 number 1, March 2003)\n\"Danse Macabre\" (Volume 28 number 1, March 2004)\n\"Dracula\" (Volume 28 number 6, January 2005)\n\"The Vampire Ball\" (Volume 30 number 2, May, 2006)\n\"Dragon Blitz\" (Volume 31 number 2, May, 2007)\n\"Hellfire Club\" (Vol. 32 No. 2, May 2008)\n\"Requiem\" (Vol. 33 No. 3, May 2009)\n\"Requiem\" (Vol. 34 No. 1, March 2010)\n\"Pirate City\" (Vol. 35, No. 1, March 2011)\n\"Blood Bath\" (Vol. 36, No. 1, March 2012)\n\"Amores Defuntes\" Heavy Metal Magazine failed to publish this volume in 2013 for unknown reasons.They are collecting these stories in trade paperbacks (three to each volume):Requiem:\nResurrection (144 pages, May 2009, ISBN 1-935351-01-X)\nVolume 2 (144 pages, January 2010, ISBN 1-935351-18-4)Panini Comics are also collecting the stories into trade paperbacks (two to each volume):Tome 1: Resurrection & Danse Macabre (112 pages, September 2009, ISBN 978-1-84653-437-9)\nTome 2: Dracula & The Vampires Ball (112 pages, September 2009, ISBN 978-1-84653-438-6)\nTome 3: Dragon Blitz & Hellfire Club (112 pages, November 2010, ISBN 978-1-84653-457-7)\nTome 4: The Convent of the Sisters of Blood & The Queen of Dead Souls (112 pages, November 2010, ISBN 978-1-84653-458-4)\nTome 5: The City of Pirates & Blood Bath (112 pages, November 2011, ISBN 978-1-84653-496-6)\nTome 6: Deceased Loves (100 pages, announced for October 2017 but not released, ISBN 978-1-84653-671-7)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dutch-language translations","text":"The series is being translated into Dutch and the volumes are published by Prestige in the series \"Requiem, de vampierridder\"\"Verrijzenis\" (Number 1, 2003)\n\"Dans met de dood\" (Number 2, 2003)\n\"Dracula\" (Number 3, 2003)\n\"Bal der vampiers\" (Number 4, 2004)\n\"Dragon Blitz\" (Number 5, 2005)\n\"Hellfire Club\" (Number 6, 2006)\n\"Het klooster der Bloedzusters\" (Number 7, 2008)\n\"De koningin der dode zielen\" (Number 8, 2010)\n\"De stad der piraten\" (Number 9, 2011)\n\"Bloedbad\"(Number 10, 2012)\n\"Oude liefde\" (Number 11, 2013)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Claudia Chevalier Vampire is a separate story featuring Lady Claudia. It takes place in the same world as Requiem Chevalier Vampire and adds new characters to the story. Pat Mills writes the story while illustrations are drawn by Franck Tacito. It is translated in German and published in Germany by Kult Editions as Claudia Der Vampirritter. This series is also translated in Dutch and published in the Netherlands by Prestige as Claudia de vampierridder.","title":"Claudia Chevalier Vampire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-914420-07-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914420-07-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-914420-18-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914420-18-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-914420-22-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-914420-22-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-344-01417-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-344-01417-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-344-01418-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-344-01418-9"}],"sub_title":"Publications","text":"\"La Porte des Enfers\" (46 pages, December 2004, ISBN 2-914420-07-2) {Heavy Metal 2006 Halloween Issue}\n\"Femmes violentes\" (46 pages, December 2006, ISBN 2-914420-18-8) {Heavy Metal 2009 (Fall) Terror Special}\n\"Opium rouge\" (48 pages, November 2007, ISBN 978-2-914420-22-8) {Heavy Metal 2010 (Fall) Fright Special}\n\"La Marque de la Bête\" (ISBN 978-2-344-01417-2)\n“La nuit du loup-garou” (ISBN 978-2-344-01418-9)","title":"Claudia Chevalier Vampire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_comics"},{"link_name":"Eagle Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Awards"}],"text":"2007: Won the \"Favourite European Comics\" Eagle Award","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Nickel (Publisher)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://comicvine.gamespot.com/nickel-editions/4010-2098/","url_text":"\"Nickel (Publisher)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Requiem+Chevalier+Vampire%22","external_links_name":"\"Requiem Chevalier Vampire\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Requiem+Chevalier+Vampire%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Requiem+Chevalier+Vampire%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Requiem+Chevalier+Vampire%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Requiem+Chevalier+Vampire%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Requiem+Chevalier+Vampire%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://comicvine.gamespot.com/nickel-editions/4010-2098/","external_links_name":"\"Nickel (Publisher)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040625092331/http://www.comicscode.net/interviews/mills/indexen.htm","external_links_name":"French Connections: Pat Mills Interview"},{"Link":"http://www.actusf.com/BD/interview/itw_Ledroit.htm","external_links_name":"ActuSF: Olivier Ledroit Interview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071221230642/http://www.actusf.com/BD/interview/itw_Ledroit.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://iconoblast.substack.com/p/getting-in-the-zone-requiem-vampire","external_links_name":"\"Getting in the zone: Requiem Vampire Knight\""},{"Link":"http://nickelbd.com/","external_links_name":"Nickel Editions official website"},{"Link":"http://theevilsnest.com/english/accueil.php","external_links_name":"Resurrection: The Evils Nest"},{"Link":"http://www.bedetheque.com/serie-497-BD-Requiem-Chevalier-Vampire.html","external_links_name":"Requiem Chevalier Vampire"},{"Link":"http://www.ohmygore.com/review-Requiem-Le-Chevalier-Vampire-Volumes-1-4-Comic-Book-67.html","external_links_name":"Oh My Gore review of volumes 1-4"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Media	Hallmark Media	["1 History","1.1 Precursors","1.2 Hallmark Entertainment","1.3 Crown Media Holdings","1.4 Hallmark Media","2 Units","2.1 Hallmark Home Entertainment","2.2 Hallmark Publishing","2.3 Signboard Hill Productions","3 Podcasts","4 References"]	U.S. media production company Hallmark MediaFormerlyCrown Media Holdings (1991–2022)Hallmark Entertainment (1994–2000)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryBroadcastingPredecessorJones Crown PartnersFounded1991; 33 years ago (1991) in Dallas, Texas, United StatesHeadquartersStudio City, Los Angeles, California, United StatesNumber of locations5 (2014)Area servedUnited StatesKey peopleDonald J. Hall Jr.(Chairman)Wonya Lucas(CEO)ProductsTelefilmsNovelsPodcastsBrandsHallmark Hall of FameHallmark ChannelHallmark OriginalHallmark PublishingServicesCable channelsVideo streamingNumber of employees208 (2014)ParentHallmark CardsDivisionsCrown ConnectivitySubsidiariesCrown Media InternationalCrown Media United States, LLCCrown Media Productions, LLCCrown Media Publishing, LLCCrown Media Family Networks (Hallmark Channel, Hallmark Family, & Hallmark Mystery)Bernama TV (7%)Footnotes / references Hallmark Media (formerly Crown Media Holdings) is an American media production company with corporate headquarters located in Studio City, California, and is a subsidiary of Hallmark Cards. Hallmark Media consists of Crown Media Productions and its Hallmark Hall of Fame, and its "Family Networks"—including Hallmark Channel, Hallmark Movies & More, Hallmark Mystery, Hallmark Family, and streaming service Hallmark Movies Now. History Precursors Since 1951, Hallmark Cards has owned the Hallmark Hall of Fame anthology movie series and later its corresponding production company, Hallmark Hall of Fame Productions. From 1990 to 1996, Republic Pictures Home Video distributed Hallmark Hall of Fame films to home video market. From 1987 to 1992, Hallmark was involved in ownership of the Spanish language Univision broadcast network, along with their owned-and-operated stations. In 1989, it partnered with Jones Intercable to create the Jones Crown Partners partnership, which owned ten Wisconsin cable systems. In February 1992, Hallmark Cards had formed Signboard Hill Productions as a production company for the Hall of Fame series and other projects for theaters or TV under president Brad Moore. Also in April of that year, Hallmark Cards purchased RHI Entertainment for $378 million plus $50 million in debt getting a 1,800-plus hours film library. Crown Media Inc. was formed in 1991 by Hallmark as a vehicle for investments into cable operators. The division's CEO James Hoak—a cable television executive who was formerly chairman of Heritage Communications—held a 2% minority stake in the company. Crown initially aimed to serve at least 500,000 customers in three geographic groups by the end of 1994. Crown initially purchased Jones Crown Partners, another system from Jones Intercable, and later St. Louis-based Cencom, which owned systems with 160,000 subscribers, and managed systems with 390,000 subscribers. With a planned move of Cencom's headquarters to Dallas in January 1993, its top executives left to form Charter Communications. After re-evaluating the business, Hallmark pulled out of cablesystem ownership, and sold its holdings—which served over 800,000 customers—to Charter Communications and Marcus Cable for $900 million. Hallmark Entertainment In 1994, Hallmark brought RHI Entertainment and Signboard Hill Productions under the new division Hallmark Entertainment, under RHI's president and CEO Robert Halmi Jr. In January 1995, Hallmark Entertainment acquired the library of animation studio Filmation from Paravision, and established the home media division Hallmark Home Entertainment. Hallmark also purchased a 9.9% stake in British media company Flextech. It would partner with Hallmark on a proposed pay television service, Hallmark Entertainment Network, which first launched in the Benelux region. After partnering on the 1996 miniseries Gulliver's Travels, Hallmark Entertainment began a joint venture with The Jim Henson Company to launch Kermit Channel—a chain of family-oriented pay television channels in Asia that would be devoted to carrying the libraries of Jim Henson (including the Muppets franchise) and Hallmark Entertainment, as well as preschool programming provided by Children's Television Workshop. In 1998, Hallmark Entertainment and Jim Henson acquired major stakes in Odyssey Network, an American religious cable network. Liberty Media, who was a partner in the channel alongside the National Interfaith Cable Coalition, had discouraged Hallmark from attempting to launch a cable network in the U.S. After the purchase, the two companies relaunched the channel in 1999 with a larger focus on family entertainment programming. Crown Media Holdings In 2000, Odyssey's ownership group was re-organized into Crown Media Holdings, with Hallmark, Chase Equity Associates, Liberty Media, and the National Interfaith Cable Coalition transferring their shares in Odyssey to the company, and plans for an IPO. Hallmark received all of Crown Media's class B shares, which were worth ten votes each, thus giving it control of Crown Media. After The Jim Henson Company was sold to German company EM.TV & Merchandising in February 2000, it withdrew from the Kermit Channel partnership with Crown Media, and sold its remaining stake in Odyssey the following month in exchange for 8% of Crown Media's stock. The company went public in May 2000, selling 10 million shares at $14 per share for about $140 million. Hallmark president and CEO Robert Halmi, Jr. became chairman of Crown Media, and David Evans became president and CEO of Crown Media Holdings. While its channels had 50 million subscribers at the IPO, the company had not turned a profit; Hallmark Entertainment Network lost $35.5 million in 1998 on revenue of $23.7 million, and in 1999 it lost $56.7 million on revenue of $31.9 million. A digital media subsidiary, Crown Interactive, was established in 2001, which attempted to launch a video on-demand platform in Singapore. In April 2001, Crown Media purchased 700 titles from Hallmark Entertainment Distribution, a subsidiary of Hallmark Entertainment, for its cable channels and Crown Interactive. In payment for the titles, Crown Media took on $220 million in debt and granted over 30 million shares of stock to Hallmark Entertainment. Hallmark's stake in the company was then about 65% of the company's outstanding common stock and completed on October 1, 2001. After reaching agreements to distribute a religious digital cable network, among other concessions, Odyssey was relaunched by Crown Media as the Hallmark Channel in August 2001, with plans for expansions to original programming. At the end of her contract, Loesch stepped down as the president and CEO of Crown Media US in November 2001. In January 2004, the company established Hallmark Movie Channel as a sister outlet to Hallmark Channel. The new channel was on track in 2005 to have 9 million subscribers by the end of 2006. In March 2004, Hallmark Entertainment sold the Filmation library to Entertainment Rights for $20 million (£11 million). In 2005, Hallmark Entertainment put the Hallmark Channel up for sale, but withdrew it from the market after receiving insufficient offers. Losing $233 million in 2005, Hallmark got a tax-sharing agreement allowing Crown's losses to applied against Hallmark Card's gains. Crown Media had $750 million in loans from Hallmark Cards out of a total of $800 million total loans against $1 billion in equity. While minority investors, Liberty Media International Inc. and JPMorgan Chase, might have sold, company management move to clean up the balance sheet and acquire new programming. Hallmark Channels in international markets were sold for about $242 million in 2005 to Sparrowhawk Media, a private equity group backed by Providence Equity Partners and 3i. In December 2005, Crown Media sold off its production arm to an investor group led by RHI founder Robert Halmi Sr. and renamed back to RHI Entertainment. Crown moved to reduce staff by 20% to reduce $13–14 million or more from the balance sheet in 2006. In June 2006, David Evans resigned as CEO then joined RHI as head of global new-media operations and channel. Crown Media had a 3,000-hour library worth $375 million by mid-2006. Crown Media then sold to RHI Enterprises, LLC its media library in November 2006. In October 2006, Henry Schleiff was hired as CEO from Court TV to prepare it for sale and deal with cable carriage deals expiring (as the channel was at the time in 70 million homes). He would receive a bonus if the channel was sold. Schleiff left as CEO in May 2009. He was replaced by Bill Abbott, previous ad sales head. Crown Media had about $1.1 million in debt thus is attempting to increase revenue and expected to refinance its debt in 2010. Schleiff left to attempt to help other small cable channel to become a major channel like he did with Court TV. He also increase the reach of Hallmark to 86 million homes at the time he left. Abbott moved most movies to Hallmark Movies while attempt to move to a lifestyle focus similar to such as Scripps Networks Interactive channels. After two content deals for the Hallmark Channel in March 2010, Crown Media and Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia were in discussion about launch a joint venture channel, Hallmark Home. The potential partners were considering bringing in a private equity partner and talk to distributors. Crown Media had placed an animated series based on Hallmark's e-card characters Hoops and Yoyo into development in March 2010. Classic Media took charged of worldwide distribution of the Hoops & Yoyo Ruin Christmas holiday special which is pick up by CBS for a November 2011 debut. In March 2011, Crown Media renamed its Hallmark Channels unit to Crown Media Networks. Hallmark Movie Channel was re-branded as Hallmark Movies & Mysteries in 2014's fourth quarter. Crown Media Holdings formed Crown Media Productions in March 2015 under programming executive vice president Michelle Vicary to fund six telefilms for 2015 and double that in 2016. In February 2016, Crown Media had taken over ownership of Hallmark Hall of Fame division from Hallmark Cards placing under Crown Media Productions. On March 9, 2016, Hallmark Cards announced it was buying the remaining less than 10% of Crown Media Holdings traded publicly and taking the company private. Hallmark did so via Delaware's short form merger, which allows a parent company owning over 90% to bypass the subsidiary's board of directors and shareholders in approving the purchase/merger. The privatization was completed later that year. NBC Universal agreed to purchased Sparrowhawk Media, international operator of Hallmark Channel, in August 2007. With Hallmark trademark rights reverting in July 2011, Universal Networks International switched over the international Hallmark channels to either Diva Universal, 13th Street Universal, Studio Universal, Universal Channel, or shut them down. In October 2017, Crown Media launched the new channel Hallmark Drama, and the new subscription streaming service Hallmark Movies Now. The company also indicated a publishing division was in the works. In October 2018, Crown Media announced an output deal with Canadian broadcaster Corus Entertainment for exclusive distribution rights to Hallmark Channel original productions, which would air on its domestic cable channel W Network. The company also partnered with SiriusXM on the satellite radio channel "Hallmark Channel Radio" as a tie-in for that year's "Countdown to Christmas" lineup. On March 14, 2019, Crown Media announced that it was cutting ties with popular Hallmark Channel actress Lori Loughlin, following her arrest as part of a high-profile federal sting operation relating to college admissions irregularities. In June 2020, after previous CEO Bill Abbott abruptly stepped down in January, Wonya Lucas was named Crown Media's new CEO. Hallmark Media On August 10, 2022, it was announced that Crown Media would be renamed Hallmark Media. In October 2022, Hallmark Media announced a subscription video on demand agreement with NBCUniversal's streaming service Peacock, which saw a Hallmark content hub with live and on-demand content from Hallmark Channel, Hallmark Movies & Mysteries, and Hallmark Drama added to the platform for Premium subscribers. Units Hallmark Home Entertainment Hallmark Home Entertainment was a home video distribution company which was sold to Live Entertainment, a predecessor company of Lionsgate. Hallmark Home Entertainment was formed by Hallmark Cards in January 1995 to distribute films to the home video market. With Hallmark Hall of Fame and RHI films owned films in home video market deals until 1996 with their primary distributors, Republic Pictures and Cabin Fever Entertainment respectively, the division had to acquire films to distribute from other production companies. The Samuel Goldwyn Company was first to sign with Hallmark Home a four-year deal for new material in January 1995 with expectations to go exclusively with Hallmark as its library rights revert. By June 30, 1995, October Films had also signed a home video distribution deal with the company. Its first two released, Eat Drink Man Woman and David Mamet's Oleanna, were in the week of June 30. 1995. Another Hallmark Card production subsidiary, Signboard Hill Productions, was not expect to have films available to the unit until 1996. Later on, in 1995, Hallmark Home Entertainment launched its own sublabel, which is Evergreen Entertainment. In 1997, Hallmark Home Entertainment worked with Binney & Smith and their board of educators in developing two Crayola branded kids lines, Crayola Kids Adventures, for ages 6 and up, and Crayola Presents Animated Tales, for ages 2 and up, both a series of three direct-to-video adaptations of famous children's novels. In December 1997, Live Entertainment agreed to purchase Hallmark Home Entertainment. Hallmark Home meanwhile completed its purchase of Cabin Fever Entertainment, distributor of RHI films, in March 1998 from UST, Inc., former US Tobacco. Hallmark Home Entertainment, along with Cabin Fever, purchase was completed in 1998. Hallmark Publishing Hallmark Publishing is the publishing division of Crown Media Holdings started in 2017 and is headed by executive editor Stacey Donovan (the legal name of author Bryn Donovan). The publishing division began releasing ebooks on October 17, 2017, beginning with their telefilm adaptation Journey Back to Christmas. The division also started accepting submissions, which could be adapted into TV films. Starting March 20, 2018, Hallmark Publishing made their book available in trade paperback. On July 26, 2018, at the bi-annual Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour, Crown Media announced its first set of original novels. On January 16, 2019, Hallmark Publishing partnered with Dreamscape Media and began publishing audiobooks. On February 24, 2020, Hallmark Publishing partnered with Walmart on a mass market paperback program. On October 1, 2020, Simon & Schuster became the distributor for eBooks and print editions from Hallmark Publishing. Two Hallmark Publishing books have been adapted into Hallmark movies: The Secret Ingredient by Nancy Naigle, and A Timeless Christmas by Alexis Stanton (original treatment by Stacey Donovan.) In 2019 and 2020, two Hallmark Publishing titles—Wrapped Up in Christmas by Janice Lynn, and Country Hearts by Cindi Madsen—hit the USA Today bestseller list. Christmas Charms by Teri Wilson was named one of the "Best Romance Novels of 2020" by Cosmopolitan magazine. Signboard Hill Productions Signboard Hill Productions, Inc. was a production company owned by Hallmark Entertainment. The subsidiary was started in February 1992 by Hallmark Cards for the Hall of Fame series and to leverage Hall of Fame production expertise towards additional projects for theaters or TV under president Brad Moore (continuing as division vice president for advertising and television programming) and Hallmark Cards executive vice president Robert L. Stark as Signboard chairman. Richard Welsh Company was retained to assist Signboard Hill in developing projects as it had since 1982 for the Hall of Fame. With RHI, Signboard co-produced Blind Spot, the 177th Hall of Fame presentation starring Joanne Woodward, to have been shown in 1993. The company started filming its first solo production in June 1993 called Breathing Lessons for the Hall of Fame film in Pittsburgh with James Garner and Joanne Woodward. In July 1993, Signboard Hill Productions signed a production agreement with ABC for 10 two-hour TV movies. These movies would be co-produced with RHI to be broadcast on Saturday evenings during the 1994–95 season. Podcasts Crown Media produces podcasts under the brand name of Hallmark Channels’ Official Podcast since 2018. On December 14, 2018, Hallmark Channels’ Official Podcast were launched with two podcasts subtitled, Countdown to Christmas and Miracles of Christmas. Crown took a fan podcast and made it their third podcast in April 2019. Countdown to Christmas (December 14, 2018–) hosted by Debbie Matenopoulos and Cameron Mathison from Home and Family Miracles of Christmas (December 14, 2018–) hosted by Brennan Elliott and Nikki DeLoach Hallmark Channels’ Bubbly Sesh (April 2019–) a fan podcast started in October 2017 by Jacklyn "Jacks" Collier and Shawlini "Shawl" Manjunath-Holbrook References ^ "Form 10-K: Annual Report For the Year Ending December 31, 2014". EGDAR. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ a b c de Moraes, Lisa (February 9, 2016). "Crown Media Holdings Takes Over 'Hallmark Hall of Fame' Franchise". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2017. ^ Umstead, R. Thomas (September 12, 2014). "Hallmark Hall Of Fame Films To Move To Hallmark Channel". Multichannel News. NewBay Media. Archived from the original on April 1, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2018. ^ a b c Fitzpatrick, Eileen (January 14, 1995). "Hallmark's New Message: We're In Home Video". Billboard. pp. 47–50. Retrieved December 31, 2017. ^ a b c "History of Hallmark Cards, Inc.". International Directory of Company Histories. Volume 40. St. James Press. 2001. Archived from the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017 – via FundingUniverse. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "History of Crown Media Holdings, Inc.". International Directory of Company Histories. Volume 45. St. James Press. 2002. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017 – via FundingUniverse. ^ a b c "Hallmark Announces Formation of Signboard Hill Productions" (Press release). Kansas City: Hallmark Cards. PR Newswire. February 14, 1992. Archived from the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017 – via The Free Library. ^ Lippman, John (April 27, 1994). "Hallmark to Buy TV Movie Producer RHI Entertainment". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2017. ^ Carmody, John (July 28, 1994). "THE TV COLUMN". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017. ^ Scheimer, Lou; Mangels, Andy (2012). Lou Scheimer: Creating the Filmation Generation. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 267. ISBN 9781605490441. Retrieved January 25, 2018 – via Google Books. ^ a b "History of Artisan Entertainment". International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 32. St. James Press. 2000. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2018 – via FundingUniverse. ^ Fry, Andy (December 1, 1999). "Kermit's hop-about in Asia". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications Ltd. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. ^ Dunfield, Allison (December 1, 1999). "Localizing licensing leads to Asian success". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications Ltd. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. ^ Mazurkewich, Karen (January 1, 2000). "Nick grows in Asia, Hungary and Poland". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications Ltd. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. ^ Pierce, Scott D. (April 4, 1999). "Hallmark, Henson take on Odyssey Cable channel is being relaunched one more time". DeseretNews.com. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018. ^ Katz, Richard (June 29, 1998). "Hallmark into Odyssey". Variety. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ a b "History of Crown Media Holdings, Inc.". International Directory of Company Histories. Volume 45. St. James Press. 2002. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017 – via FundingUniverse. ^ "Kermit goes off the air; Hallmark, Modi Entertainment may launch family channel". Indian Television Dot Com. December 22, 2002. Archived from the original on July 12, 2001. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ^ "Hallmark Channel Hits The Streets". Ad Age. July 30, 2001. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018. ^ Godfrey, Leigh (October 10, 2001). "Loesch Steps Down From Crown". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2018. ^ Dempsey, John (November 12, 2003). "Hallmark launches pic outlet". Variety. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018. ^ a b c Sims, James (July 14, 2006). "Milestone: Hallmark Channel at 5". The Hollywood Reporter. The Nielsen Company. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017. ^ Snoddy, Raymond (March 26, 2004). "UK company captures the cartoon Lone Ranger". The Times. News International. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018. ^ a b Haycock, Gavin (August 28, 2007). "NBC Universal agrees to buy Sparrowhawk Media". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 23, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2008. ^ Plunkett, Jack W. (2007). Plunkett's Entertainment and Media Industry Almanac: The Only Comprehensive Guide to the Entertainment and Media Industry. Plunkett Research, Ltd. p. 252. ISBN 9781593920661. Retrieved December 27, 2017 – via Google Books. ^ a b Schneider, Michael (May 7, 2009). "Schleiff out as Crown Media CEO". Variety. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018. ^ Atkinson, Claire (June 20, 2009). "Hallmark: Change Is in the Cards". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2018. ^ Atkinson, Claire (March 29, 2010). "Hallmark, Martha Stewart Exploring New Lifestyle Cable Channel". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018. ^ Zahed, Ramin (March 29, 2010). "Hallmark Preps Hoops & Yoyo Holiday Special". Animation Magazine. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018. ^ Milligan, Mercedes (September 29, 2011). "Classic Media to Debut Hoops&Yoyo Special at MIP". Animation Magazine. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018. ^ Thielman, Sam (March 23, 2011). "Hallmark touts new shows, name". Variety. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018. ^ Lewis, Hilary (March 13, 2014). "Hallmark Movie Channel Rebranding; The network will become Hallmark Movies & Mysteries and will get a new tagline and logo, starting in the fourth quarter of 2014". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014. ^ Littleton, Cynthia (March 16, 2015). "Hallmark Channels Launch Production Arm to Fund TV Movies, Series (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2017. ^ "Hallmark buys owner of Hallmark Channel". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2016. ^ Briel, Robert (June 3, 2011). "NBCUni stops Dutch Hallmark Channel". Broadband TV News. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 28, 2017. ^ Owen, Rob (July 28, 2017). "Tuned In: Hallmark to add another channel". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017. ^ "Hallmark Channel to Make Canadian Debut with W Network". TVCanada. Worldscreen. 2018-10-26. Archived from the original on 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2018-11-14. ^ "Hallmark Channel heads to Canada". C21 Media. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2018. ^ Umstead, R. Thomas (October 23, 2018). "Hallmark Channel to Celebrate Holidays with Branded SiriusXM Channel". Multichannel. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2020. ^ Arnowitz, Leora (March 14, 2019). "Lori Loughlin fired by Hallmark after admissions scandal; Olivia Jade dropped by sponsors". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2019. ^ Low, Elaine (2020-07-23). "Wonya Lucas Named President, CEO of Crown Media Family Networks". Variety. Archived from the original on 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2022-03-23. ^ Rice, Lynette (2022-08-10). "Crown Media Family Networks Has A New Name". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2022-08-10. Retrieved 2022-08-10. ^ Earl, William (2022-10-31). "Peacock Pacts With Hallmark for Branded Streaming Hub". Variety. Archived from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2022-11-12. ^ Rice, Lynette (2022-10-31). "Peacock Will Start Streaming Hallmark Programming". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2022-11-12. ^ Hunt, Dennis (June 30, 1995). "Home Entertainment : A New Video Network for Independents". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2017. ^ "newsline" (PDF). Billboard. 1995-12-02. p. 64. Retrieved 2022-01-08. ^ McCormick, Moira (23 August 1997). "Hallmark Heavily into Kid Vid". Billboard. p. 89. Retrieved January 3, 2018. ^ Matzer, Marla (December 19, 1997). "Live to Acquire Hallmark Video Unit". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2017. ^ Goldstein, Seth (March 21, 1998). "Handleman Loses Hanndle on Video; Hallmark Gets a case of Cabin Fever". Billboard. Retrieved January 30, 2018. ^ a b Eggerton, John (November 17, 2017). "Hallmark Books Movie Novels". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018. ^ a b "Hallmark Publishing, a Division Of Crown Media Family Networks, To Offer Print Books Beginning March 27". Multichannel. March 14, 2018. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018. ^ "Articles by Bryn Donovan - Writer's Digest". www.writersdigest.com. 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-10-18. Retrieved 2020-10-09. ^ "Crown Media Family Networks Announces Hallmark Publishing to Release Original Fiction Novels". TheFutonCritic.com. July 26, 2018. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2018. ^ "Dreamscape Media Announces Exclusive Partnership with Hallmark Publishing Around New Audiobooks Venture". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Dreamscape Media. Retrieved 2020-10-09. ^ Lafayette, Jon (February 24, 2020). "Walmart Stores to Promote Hallmark Publishing Titles". Broadcasting Cable. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2020-10-09. ^ "Details". www.crownmediapress.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2020-10-09. ^ "Breaking News - Crown Media Family Networks Announces First-Ever Book-to-Film Adaptation". The Futon Critic. Archived from the original on 2023-08-13. Retrieved 2020-10-09. ^ "Why Hallmark's 'A Timeless Christmas' Starring Ryan Paevey, Erin Cahill Will Be Your Most Enchanting 2020 Christmas Movie". Tv Shows Ace. 2020-08-18. Archived from the original on 2020-10-09. Retrieved 2020-10-09. ^ "Wrapped Up in Christmas". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2020-10-10. Retrieved 2020-10-09. ^ "Country Hearts". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-10-09. ^ Roberts, Kayleigh (2020-08-31). "The Best Romance Novels of 2020 Are Seriously Steamy". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on 2020-10-08. Retrieved 2020-10-09. ^ a b Crumpley, Charles R.T. (July 4, 1993). "A unit of Hallmatk to make 10 films for ABC network". Arizona Daily Star. Tucson, Arizona. p. 203. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2018 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c Umstead, R. Thomas (December 12, 2018). "Crown Media to Create Hallmark Channels-Branded Podcast". Multichannel. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020. ^ a b "Crown Media Family Networks Taps Hallmark Channel Super Fans, "Jacks" & "Shawl" as Hosts of New Podcast, "Hallmark Channels' Bubbly Sesh"". The Futon Critic.com. March 21, 2019. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2020. ^ a b Ellenbogen, Rachael (March 21, 2019). "Hallmark Upfronts 2019: New Christmas Competition Series, Podcast Hosts And Transformation Show". International Business Times. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2020. vteHallmark CardsKey personnel Joyce Hall (founder) Donald J. Hall Sr. (Chairman) Donald J. Hall Jr. (CEO) Units Crayola Crown Center Hallmark Business Expressions Halls Kansas City Hallmark Media Hallmark Hall of Fame Hallmark Channel Hallmark Family Hallmark Mystery Hallmark Movies Now Franchises Hoops&Yoyo Rainbow Brite Shirt Tales Zoobilee Zoo Related topics Hallmark Channel (international) Kermit Channel Hallmark holiday Larry Levinson Productions Halcyon Studios	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_production"},{"link_name":"Studio City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_City,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Cards"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl-2"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Channel"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Mystery"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Family"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Movies Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Movies_Now"}],"text":"Hallmark Media (formerly Crown Media Holdings) is an American media production company with corporate headquarters located in Studio City, California, and is a subsidiary of Hallmark Cards.Hallmark Media consists of Crown Media Productions and its Hallmark Hall of Fame,[2] and its \"Family Networks\"—including Hallmark Channel, Hallmark Movies & More, Hallmark Mystery, Hallmark Family, and streaming service Hallmark Movies Now.","title":"Hallmark Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hallmark Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-4"},{"link_name":"Univision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univision"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch0-5"},{"link_name":"Jones Intercable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Intercable"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ffl-7"},{"link_name":"RHI Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-6"},{"link_name":"Charter Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Communications"},{"link_name":"Marcus Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Cable"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-6"}],"sub_title":"Precursors","text":"Since 1951, Hallmark Cards has owned the Hallmark Hall of Fame anthology movie series[2] and later its corresponding production company, Hallmark Hall of Fame Productions.[3] From 1990 to 1996, Republic Pictures Home Video distributed Hallmark Hall of Fame films to home video market.[4] From 1987 to 1992, Hallmark was involved in ownership of the Spanish language Univision broadcast network, along with their owned-and-operated stations.[5] In 1989, it partnered with Jones Intercable to create the Jones Crown Partners partnership, which owned ten Wisconsin cable systems.[6]In February 1992, Hallmark Cards had formed Signboard Hill Productions as a production company for the Hall of Fame series and other projects for theaters or TV under president Brad Moore.[7] Also in April of that year, Hallmark Cards purchased RHI Entertainment for $378 million plus $50 million in debt[8] getting a 1,800-plus hours film library.[6]Crown Media Inc. was formed in 1991 by Hallmark as a vehicle for investments into cable operators. The division's CEO James Hoak—a cable television executive who was formerly chairman of Heritage Communications—held a 2% minority stake in the company.[6] Crown initially aimed to serve at least 500,000 customers in three geographic groups by the end of 1994. Crown initially purchased Jones Crown Partners, another system from Jones Intercable, and later St. Louis-based Cencom, which owned systems with 160,000 subscribers, and managed systems with 390,000 subscribers.[6]With a planned move of Cencom's headquarters to Dallas in January 1993, its top executives left to form Charter Communications. After re-evaluating the business, Hallmark pulled out of cablesystem ownership, and sold its holdings—which served over 800,000 customers—to Charter Communications and Marcus Cable for $900 million.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-6"},{"link_name":"Filmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch1-11"},{"link_name":"Flextech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flextech"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch0-5"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Entertainment Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Entertainment_Network"},{"link_name":"Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-6"},{"link_name":"Gulliver's Travels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"The Jim Henson Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Company"},{"link_name":"Kermit Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Channel"},{"link_name":"Muppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppets"},{"link_name":"Children's Television Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Television_Workshop"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ksn-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ksn0-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Odyssey Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Channel"},{"link_name":"Liberty Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Media"},{"link_name":"National Interfaith Cable Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Interfaith_Cable_Coalition"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dn-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vty2-16"}],"sub_title":"Hallmark Entertainment","text":"In 1994, Hallmark brought RHI Entertainment and Signboard Hill Productions under the new division Hallmark Entertainment, under RHI's president and CEO Robert Halmi Jr.[9][6] In January 1995, Hallmark Entertainment acquired the library of animation studio Filmation from Paravision,[10] and established the home media division Hallmark Home Entertainment.[11] Hallmark also purchased a 9.9% stake in British media company Flextech.[5] It would partner with Hallmark on a proposed pay television service, Hallmark Entertainment Network, which first launched in the Benelux region.[5][6]After partnering on the 1996 miniseries Gulliver's Travels, Hallmark Entertainment began a joint venture with The Jim Henson Company to launch Kermit Channel—a chain of family-oriented pay television channels in Asia that would be devoted to carrying the libraries of Jim Henson (including the Muppets franchise) and Hallmark Entertainment, as well as preschool programming provided by Children's Television Workshop.[12][13][14]In 1998, Hallmark Entertainment and Jim Henson acquired major stakes in Odyssey Network, an American religious cable network. Liberty Media, who was a partner in the channel alongside the National Interfaith Cable Coalition, had discouraged Hallmark from attempting to launch a cable network in the U.S. After the purchase, the two companies relaunched the channel in 1999 with a larger focus on family entertainment programming.[15][16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"class B shares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_B_share"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch2-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Robert Halmi, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Halmi,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-6"},{"link_name":"video on-demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on-demand"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Movie Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Movie_Channel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-22"},{"link_name":"Filmation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmation"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Rights"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Liberty Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Media"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-22"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Channels in international markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Channel_(international)"},{"link_name":"Sparrowhawk Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparrowhawk_Media"},{"link_name":"Providence Equity Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Equity_Partners"},{"link_name":"3i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3i"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtr-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Court TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_TV"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vty-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vty-26"},{"link_name":"Scripps Networks Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Networks_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Stewart_Living_Omnimedia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Hoops and Yoyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoops_and_Yoyo"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Classic Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Classics"},{"link_name":"Hoops & Yoyo Ruin Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoops_%26_Yoyo_Ruin_Christmas"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl-2"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"NBC Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtr-24"},{"link_name":"Universal Networks International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Networks_International"},{"link_name":"Diva Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diva_Universal"},{"link_name":"13th Street Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Street_Universal"},{"link_name":"Studio Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Universal"},{"link_name":"Universal Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Channel"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Drama"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Movies Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Movies_Now"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Corus Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corus_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"W Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_Network"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"SiriusXM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiriusXM"},{"link_name":"satellite radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_radio"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Lori Loughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_Loughlin"},{"link_name":"high-profile federal sting operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_college_admissions_bribery_scandal"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Bill Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Abbott"},{"link_name":"Wonya Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonya_Lucas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Crown Media Holdings","text":"In 2000, Odyssey's ownership group was re-organized into Crown Media Holdings, with Hallmark, Chase Equity Associates, Liberty Media, and the National Interfaith Cable Coalition transferring their shares in Odyssey to the company, and plans for an IPO. Hallmark received all of Crown Media's class B shares, which were worth ten votes each, thus giving it control of Crown Media.[17] After The Jim Henson Company was sold to German company EM.TV & Merchandising in February 2000, it withdrew from the Kermit Channel partnership with Crown Media, and sold its remaining stake in Odyssey the following month in exchange for 8% of Crown Media's stock.[17][18]The company went public in May 2000, selling 10 million shares at $14 per share for about $140 million. Hallmark president and CEO Robert Halmi, Jr. became chairman of Crown Media, and David Evans became president and CEO of Crown Media Holdings. While its channels had 50 million subscribers at the IPO, the company had not turned a profit; Hallmark Entertainment Network lost $35.5 million in 1998 on revenue of $23.7 million, and in 1999 it lost $56.7 million on revenue of $31.9 million.[6] A digital media subsidiary, Crown Interactive, was established in 2001, which attempted to launch a video on-demand platform in Singapore.[6]In April 2001, Crown Media purchased 700 titles from Hallmark Entertainment Distribution, a subsidiary of Hallmark Entertainment, for its cable channels and Crown Interactive. In payment for the titles, Crown Media took on $220 million in debt and granted over 30 million shares of stock to Hallmark Entertainment. Hallmark's stake in the company was then about 65% of the company's outstanding common stock and completed on October 1, 2001.[6] After reaching agreements to distribute a religious digital cable network, among other concessions, Odyssey was relaunched by Crown Media as the Hallmark Channel in August 2001, with plans for expansions to original programming.[19] At the end of her contract, Loesch stepped down as the president and CEO of Crown Media US in November 2001.[20]In January 2004, the company established Hallmark Movie Channel as a sister outlet to Hallmark Channel.[21] The new channel was on track in 2005 to have 9 million subscribers by the end of 2006.[22] In March 2004, Hallmark Entertainment sold the Filmation library to Entertainment Rights for $20 million (£11 million).[23]In 2005, Hallmark Entertainment put the Hallmark Channel up for sale, but withdrew it from the market after receiving insufficient offers. Losing $233 million in 2005, Hallmark got a tax-sharing agreement allowing Crown's losses to applied against Hallmark Card's gains. Crown Media had $750 million in loans from Hallmark Cards out of a total of $800 million total loans against $1 billion in equity. While minority investors, Liberty Media International Inc. and JPMorgan Chase, might have sold, company management move to clean up the balance sheet and acquire new programming.[22] Hallmark Channels in international markets were sold for about $242 million in 2005 to Sparrowhawk Media, a private equity group backed by Providence Equity Partners and 3i.[24] In December 2005, Crown Media sold off its production arm to an investor group led by RHI founder Robert Halmi Sr. and renamed back to RHI Entertainment. Crown moved to reduce staff by 20% to reduce $13–14 million or more from the balance sheet in 2006. In June 2006, David Evans resigned as CEO then joined RHI as head of global new-media operations and channel. Crown Media had a 3,000-hour library worth $375 million by mid-2006.[22] Crown Media then sold to RHI Enterprises, LLC its media library in November 2006.[25]In October 2006, Henry Schleiff was hired as CEO from Court TV to prepare it for sale and deal with cable carriage deals expiring (as the channel was at the time in 70 million homes). He would receive a bonus if the channel was sold.[26]Schleiff left as CEO in May 2009. He was replaced by Bill Abbott, previous ad sales head. Crown Media had about $1.1 million in debt thus is attempting to increase revenue and expected to refinance its debt in 2010.[27] Schleiff left to attempt to help other small cable channel to become a major channel like he did with Court TV. He also increase the reach of Hallmark to 86 million homes at the time he left.[26]Abbott moved most movies to Hallmark Movies while attempt to move to a lifestyle focus similar to such as Scripps Networks Interactive channels. After two content deals for the Hallmark Channel in March 2010, Crown Media and Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia were in discussion about launch a joint venture channel, Hallmark Home. The potential partners were considering bringing in a private equity partner and talk to distributors.[28]Crown Media had placed an animated series based on Hallmark's e-card characters Hoops and Yoyo into development in March 2010.[29] Classic Media took charged of worldwide distribution of the Hoops & Yoyo Ruin Christmas holiday special which is pick up by CBS for a November 2011 debut.[30]In March 2011, Crown Media renamed its Hallmark Channels unit to Crown Media Networks.[31] Hallmark Movie Channel was re-branded as Hallmark Movies & Mysteries in 2014's fourth quarter.[32] Crown Media Holdings formed Crown Media Productions in March 2015 under programming executive vice president Michelle Vicary to fund six telefilms for 2015 and double that in 2016.[33] In February 2016, Crown Media had taken over ownership of Hallmark Hall of Fame division from Hallmark Cards placing under Crown Media Productions.[2]On March 9, 2016, Hallmark Cards announced it was buying the remaining less than 10% of Crown Media Holdings traded publicly and taking the company private. Hallmark did so via Delaware's short form merger, which allows a parent company owning over 90% to bypass the subsidiary's board of directors and shareholders in approving the purchase/merger.[34] The privatization was completed later that year.NBC Universal agreed to purchased Sparrowhawk Media, international operator of Hallmark Channel, in August 2007.[24] With Hallmark trademark rights reverting in July 2011, Universal Networks International switched over the international Hallmark channels to either Diva Universal, 13th Street Universal, Studio Universal, Universal Channel, or shut them down.[35]In October 2017, Crown Media launched the new channel Hallmark Drama, and the new subscription streaming service Hallmark Movies Now. The company also indicated a publishing division was in the works.[36]In October 2018, Crown Media announced an output deal with Canadian broadcaster Corus Entertainment for exclusive distribution rights to Hallmark Channel original productions, which would air on its domestic cable channel W Network.[37][38] The company also partnered with SiriusXM on the satellite radio channel \"Hallmark Channel Radio\" as a tie-in for that year's \"Countdown to Christmas\" lineup.[39]On March 14, 2019, Crown Media announced that it was cutting ties with popular Hallmark Channel actress Lori Loughlin, following her arrest as part of a high-profile federal sting operation relating to college admissions irregularities.[40] In June 2020, after previous CEO Bill Abbott abruptly stepped down in January, Wonya Lucas was named Crown Media's new CEO.[41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"NBCUniversal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCUniversal"},{"link_name":"Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Hallmark Media","text":"On August 10, 2022, it was announced that Crown Media would be renamed Hallmark Media.[42]In October 2022, Hallmark Media announced a subscription video on demand agreement with NBCUniversal's streaming service Peacock, which saw a Hallmark content hub with live and on-demand content from Hallmark Channel, Hallmark Movies & Mysteries, and Hallmark Drama added to the platform for Premium subscribers.[43][44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate"},{"link_name":"The Samuel Goldwyn Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Samuel_Goldwyn_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-4"},{"link_name":"October Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Films"},{"link_name":"Eat Drink Man Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat_Drink_Man_Woman"},{"link_name":"Oleanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleanna_(film)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-4"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Crayola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayola"},{"link_name":"direct-to-video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"UST, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UST,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idch1-11"}],"sub_title":"Hallmark Home Entertainment","text":"Hallmark Home Entertainment was a home video distribution company which was sold to Live Entertainment, a predecessor company of Lionsgate.Hallmark Home Entertainment was formed by Hallmark Cards in January 1995 to distribute films to the home video market. With Hallmark Hall of Fame and RHI films owned films in home video market deals until 1996 with their primary distributors, Republic Pictures and Cabin Fever Entertainment respectively, the division had to acquire films to distribute from other production companies. The Samuel Goldwyn Company was first to sign with Hallmark Home a four-year deal for new material in January 1995 with expectations to go exclusively with Hallmark as its library rights revert.[4] By June 30, 1995, October Films had also signed a home video distribution deal with the company. Its first two released, Eat Drink Man Woman and David Mamet's Oleanna, were in the week of June 30. 1995.[45] Another Hallmark Card production subsidiary, Signboard Hill Productions, was not expect to have films available to the unit until 1996.[4] Later on, in 1995, Hallmark Home Entertainment launched its own sublabel, which is Evergreen Entertainment.[46] In 1997, Hallmark Home Entertainment worked with Binney & Smith and their board of educators in developing two Crayola branded kids lines, Crayola Kids Adventures, for ages 6 and up, and Crayola Presents Animated Tales, for ages 2 and up, both a series of three direct-to-video adaptations of famous children's novels.[47] In December 1997, Live Entertainment agreed to purchase Hallmark Home Entertainment.[48] Hallmark Home meanwhile completed its purchase of Cabin Fever Entertainment, distributor of RHI films, in March 1998 from UST, Inc., former US Tobacco.[49] Hallmark Home Entertainment, along with Cabin Fever, purchase was completed in 1998.[11]","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hallmark Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hallmarkchannel.com/hallmark-publishing/"},{"link_name":"Bryn Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bryndonovan.com/"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mch-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mch-51"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfc-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Hallmark Publishing","text":"Hallmark Publishing is the publishing division of Crown Media Holdings started in 2017 and is headed by executive editor Stacey Donovan (the legal name of author Bryn Donovan).[50][51][52]The publishing division began releasing ebooks on October 17, 2017, beginning with their telefilm adaptation Journey Back to Christmas. The division also started accepting submissions, which could be adapted into TV films.[50] Starting March 20, 2018, Hallmark Publishing made their book available in trade paperback.[51] On July 26, 2018, at the bi-annual Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour, Crown Media announced its first set of original novels.[53] On January 16, 2019, Hallmark Publishing partnered with Dreamscape Media and began publishing audiobooks.[54] On February 24, 2020, Hallmark Publishing partnered with Walmart on a mass market paperback program.[55] On October 1, 2020, Simon & Schuster became the distributor for eBooks and print editions from Hallmark Publishing.[56] Two Hallmark Publishing books have been adapted into Hallmark movies: The Secret Ingredient by Nancy Naigle,[57] and A Timeless Christmas by Alexis Stanton[58] (original treatment by Stacey Donovan.) In 2019 and 2020, two Hallmark Publishing titles—Wrapped Up in Christmas by Janice Lynn,[59] and Country Hearts by Cindi Madsen[60]—hit the USA Today bestseller list. Christmas Charms by Teri Wilson was named one of the \"Best Romance Novels of 2020\" by Cosmopolitan magazine.[61]","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ffl-7"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ads-62"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ffl-7"},{"link_name":"James Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garner"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ads-62"}],"sub_title":"Signboard Hill Productions","text":"Signboard Hill Productions, Inc. was a production company owned by Hallmark Entertainment.The subsidiary was started in February 1992 by Hallmark Cards for the Hall of Fame series and to leverage Hall of Fame production expertise towards additional projects for theaters or TV under president Brad Moore (continuing as division vice president for advertising and television programming) and Hallmark Cards executive vice president Robert L. Stark as Signboard chairman.[7][62] Richard Welsh Company was retained to assist Signboard Hill in developing projects as it had since 1982 for the Hall of Fame.[7]With RHI, Signboard co-produced Blind Spot, the 177th Hall of Fame presentation starring Joanne Woodward, to have been shown in 1993. The company started filming its first solo production in June 1993 called Breathing Lessons for the Hall of Fame film in Pittsburgh with James Garner and Joanne Woodward. In July 1993, Signboard Hill Productions signed a production agreement with ABC for 10 two-hour TV movies. These movies would be co-produced with RHI to be broadcast on Saturday evenings during the 1994–95 season.[62]","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mch0-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfc0-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibt-65"},{"link_name":"Debbie Matenopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Matenopoulos"},{"link_name":"Cameron Mathison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Mathison"},{"link_name":"Home and Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_and_Family"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mch0-63"},{"link_name":"Brennan Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennan_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Nikki DeLoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_DeLoach"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mch0-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfc0-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibt-65"}],"text":"Crown Media produces podcasts under the brand name of Hallmark Channels’ Official Podcast since 2018.On December 14, 2018, Hallmark Channels’ Official Podcast were launched with two podcasts subtitled, Countdown to Christmas and Miracles of Christmas.[63] Crown took a fan podcast and made it their third podcast in April 2019.[64][65]Countdown to Christmas (December 14, 2018–) hosted by Debbie Matenopoulos and Cameron Mathison from Home and Family[63]\nMiracles of Christmas (December 14, 2018–) hosted by Brennan Elliott and Nikki DeLoach[63]\nHallmark Channels’ Bubbly Sesh (April 2019–) a fan podcast started in October 2017 by Jacklyn \"Jacks\" Collier and Shawlini \"Shawl\" Manjunath-Holbrook[64][65]","title":"Podcasts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Form 10-K: Annual Report For the Year Ending December 31, 2014\". EGDAR. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103837/000104746915000983/a2223120z10-k.htm","url_text":"\"Form 10-K: Annual Report For the Year Ending December 31, 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171230171912/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103837/000104746915000983/a2223120z10-k.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"de Moraes, Lisa (February 9, 2016). \"Crown Media Holdings Takes Over 'Hallmark Hall of Fame' Franchise\". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/02/crown-media-holdings-takes-hallmark-hall-of-fame-franchise-1201699181/","url_text":"\"Crown Media Holdings Takes Over 'Hallmark Hall of Fame' Franchise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation","url_text":"Penske Media Corporation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005104/https://deadline.com/2016/02/crown-media-holdings-takes-hallmark-hall-of-fame-franchise-1201699181/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Umstead, R. Thomas (September 12, 2014). \"Hallmark Hall Of Fame Films To Move To Hallmark Channel\". Multichannel News. NewBay Media. Archived from the original on April 1, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.multichannel.com/news/content/halmmark-hall-fame-films-move-hallmark-channel/383801","url_text":"\"Hallmark Hall Of Fame Films To Move To Hallmark Channel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multichannel_News","url_text":"Multichannel News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewBay_Media","url_text":"NewBay Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200401050307/http://www.multichannel.com/news/content/halmmark-hall-fame-films-move-hallmark-channel/383801","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fitzpatrick, Eileen (January 14, 1995). \"Hallmark's New Message: We're In Home Video\". Billboard. pp. 47–50. Retrieved December 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tQsEAAAAMBAJ&q=Hallmark+Home+Entertainment+executives+Steve+Beeks&pg=PA50","url_text":"\"Hallmark's New Message: We're In Home Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Hallmark Cards, Inc.\". International Directory of Company Histories. Volume 40. St. James Press. 2001. Archived from the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017 – via FundingUniverse.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/hallmark-cards-inc-history/","url_text":"International Directory of Company Histories. Volume 40"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180101082448/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/hallmark-cards-inc-history/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Crown Media Holdings, Inc.\". International Directory of Company Histories. Volume 45. St. James Press. 2002. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017 – via FundingUniverse.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/crown-media-holdings-inc-history/","url_text":"International Directory of Company Histories. Volume 45"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171531/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/crown-media-holdings-inc-history/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hallmark Announces Formation of Signboard Hill Productions\" (Press release). Kansas City: Hallmark Cards. PR Newswire. February 14, 1992. Archived from the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017 – via The Free Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135531/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/HALLMARK+ANNOUNCES+FORMATION+OF+SIGNBOARD+HILL+PRODUCTIONS-a011913835","url_text":"\"Hallmark Announces Formation of Signboard Hill Productions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire","url_text":"PR Newswire"},{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/HALLMARK+ANNOUNCES+FORMATION+OF+SIGNBOARD+HILL+PRODUCTIONS-a011913835","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Library","url_text":"The Free Library"}]},{"reference":"Lippman, John (April 27, 1994). \"Hallmark to Buy TV Movie Producer RHI Entertainment\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1994-04-27/business/fi-50828_1_tv-movie-producer-rhi-entertainment","url_text":"\"Hallmark to Buy TV Movie Producer RHI Entertainment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120120131723/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-04-27/business/fi-50828_1_tv-movie-producer-rhi-entertainment","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carmody, John (July 28, 1994). \"THE TV COLUMN\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/07/28/the-tv-column/ed897183-e4e5-452c-a802-0d938b94bacc/","url_text":"\"THE TV COLUMN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125854/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/07/28/the-tv-column/ed897183-e4e5-452c-a802-0d938b94bacc/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scheimer, Lou; Mangels, Andy (2012). Lou Scheimer: Creating the Filmation Generation. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 267. ISBN 9781605490441. Retrieved January 25, 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UROrDgAAQBAJ&q=Hallmark+buys+Filmation+library&pg=PA267","url_text":"Lou Scheimer: Creating the Filmation Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TwoMorrows_Publishing","url_text":"TwoMorrows Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605490441","url_text":"9781605490441"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Artisan Entertainment\". International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 32. St. James Press. 2000. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2018 – via FundingUniverse.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/artisan-entertainment-inc-history/","url_text":"International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 32"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210816081040/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/artisan-entertainment-inc-history/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fry, Andy (December 1, 1999). \"Kermit's hop-about in Asia\". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications Ltd. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://kidscreen.com/1999/12/01/27468-19991201/","url_text":"\"Kermit's hop-about in Asia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070906/http://kidscreen.com/1999/12/01/27468-19991201/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dunfield, Allison (December 1, 1999). \"Localizing licensing leads to Asian success\". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications Ltd. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://kidscreen.com/1999/12/01/27465-19991201/","url_text":"\"Localizing licensing leads to Asian success\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125645/http://kidscreen.com/1999/12/01/27465-19991201/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mazurkewich, Karen (January 1, 2000). \"Nick grows in Asia, Hungary and Poland\". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications Ltd. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://kidscreen.com/2000/01/01/27623-20000101/","url_text":"\"Nick grows in Asia, Hungary and Poland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125705/http://kidscreen.com/2000/01/01/27623-20000101/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pierce, Scott D. (April 4, 1999). \"Hallmark, Henson take on Odyssey Cable channel is being relaunched one more time\". DeseretNews.com. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseretnews.com/article/689430/Hallmark-Henson-take-on-Odyssey.html","url_text":"\"Hallmark, Henson take on Odyssey Cable channel is being relaunched one more time\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174605/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/689430/Hallmark-Henson-take-on-Odyssey.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Richard (June 29, 1998). \"Hallmark into Odyssey\". Variety. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/hallmark-into-odyssey-1117478004/","url_text":"\"Hallmark into Odyssey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174422/http://variety.com/1998/tv/news/hallmark-into-odyssey-1117478004/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Crown Media Holdings, Inc.\". International Directory of Company Histories. Volume 45. St. James Press. 2002. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017 – via FundingUniverse.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/crown-media-holdings-inc-history/","url_text":"International Directory of Company Histories. Volume 45"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171531/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/crown-media-holdings-inc-history/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kermit goes off the air; Hallmark, Modi Entertainment may launch family channel\". Indian Television Dot Com. December 22, 2002. Archived from the original on July 12, 2001. Retrieved January 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/dec2k/dec28.htm","url_text":"\"Kermit goes off the air; Hallmark, Modi Entertainment may launch family channel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010712143601/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/dec2k/dec28.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hallmark Channel Hits The Streets\". Ad Age. July 30, 2001. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://adage.com/article/news/hallmark-channel-hits-streets/30109/","url_text":"\"Hallmark Channel Hits The Streets\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174455/http://adage.com/article/news/hallmark-channel-hits-streets/30109/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Godfrey, Leigh (October 10, 2001). \"Loesch Steps Down From Crown\". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.awn.com/news/loesch-steps-down-crown","url_text":"\"Loesch Steps Down From Crown\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200809090822/https://www.awn.com/news/loesch-steps-down-crown","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dempsey, John (November 12, 2003). \"Hallmark launches pic outlet\". Variety. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2003/tv/news/hallmark-launches-pic-outlet-1117895535/","url_text":"\"Hallmark launches pic outlet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180124071659/http://variety.com/2003/tv/news/hallmark-launches-pic-outlet-1117895535/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sims, James (July 14, 2006). \"Milestone: Hallmark Channel at 5\". The Hollywood Reporter. The Nielsen Company. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/milestone-hallmark-channel-at-5-138399","url_text":"\"Milestone: Hallmark Channel at 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Holdings","url_text":"The Nielsen Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171228112317/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/milestone-hallmark-channel-at-5-138399","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Snoddy, Raymond (March 26, 2004). \"UK company captures the cartoon Lone Ranger\". The Times. News International. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/uk-company-captures-the-cartoon-lone-ranger-f53rbkmzpjq","url_text":"\"UK company captures the cartoon Lone Ranger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_UK","url_text":"News International"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126184912/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/uk-company-captures-the-cartoon-lone-ranger-f53rbkmzpjq","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haycock, Gavin (August 28, 2007). \"NBC Universal agrees to buy Sparrowhawk Media\". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 23, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL2834678120070828","url_text":"\"NBC Universal agrees to buy Sparrowhawk Media\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100123150938/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL2834678120070828","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Plunkett, Jack W. (2007). Plunkett's Entertainment and Media Industry Almanac: The Only Comprehensive Guide to the Entertainment and Media Industry. Plunkett Research, Ltd. p. 252. ISBN 9781593920661. Retrieved December 27, 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yPLb0cA8Gv0C&q=%22Hallmark+Entertainment%22&pg=PT252","url_text":"Plunkett's Entertainment and Media Industry Almanac: The Only Comprehensive Guide to the Entertainment and Media Industry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593920661","url_text":"9781593920661"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Michael (May 7, 2009). \"Schleiff out as Crown Media CEO\". Variety. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2009/scene/markets-festivals/schleiff-out-as-crown-media-ceo-1118003270/","url_text":"\"Schleiff out as Crown Media CEO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180130204504/https://variety.com/2009/scene/markets-festivals/schleiff-out-as-crown-media-ceo-1118003270/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Atkinson, Claire (June 20, 2009). \"Hallmark: Change Is in the Cards\". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/295389-Hallmark_Change_Is_in_the_Cards.php","url_text":"\"Hallmark: Change Is in the Cards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting & Cable"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002054256/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/295389-Hallmark_Change_Is_in_the_Cards.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Atkinson, Claire (March 29, 2010). \"Hallmark, Martha Stewart Exploring New Lifestyle Cable Channel\". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/programming/hallmark-martha-stewart-exploring-new-lifestyle-cable-channel/36255","url_text":"\"Hallmark, Martha Stewart Exploring New Lifestyle Cable Channel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181016/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/programming/hallmark-martha-stewart-exploring-new-lifestyle-cable-channel/36255","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zahed, Ramin (March 29, 2010). \"Hallmark Preps Hoops & Yoyo Holiday Special\". Animation Magazine. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/hallmark-preps-hoops-yoyo-holiday-special/","url_text":"\"Hallmark Preps Hoops & Yoyo Holiday Special\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135600/http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/hallmark-preps-hoops-yoyo-holiday-special/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Milligan, Mercedes (September 29, 2011). \"Classic Media to Debut Hoops&Yoyo Special at MIP\". Animation Magazine. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/classic-media-to-debut-hoopsyoyo-special-at-mip/","url_text":"\"Classic Media to Debut Hoops&Yoyo Special at MIP\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135704/http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/classic-media-to-debut-hoopsyoyo-special-at-mip/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thielman, Sam (March 23, 2011). \"Hallmark touts new shows, name\". Variety. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2011/tv/news/hallmark-touts-new-shows-name-1118034298/","url_text":"\"Hallmark touts new shows, name\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135804/http://variety.com/2011/tv/news/hallmark-touts-new-shows-name-1118034298/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Hilary (March 13, 2014). \"Hallmark Movie Channel Rebranding; The network will become Hallmark Movies & Mysteries and will get a new tagline and logo, starting in the fourth quarter of 2014\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/hallmark-movie-channel-rebranding-688270","url_text":"\"Hallmark Movie Channel Rebranding; The network will become Hallmark Movies & Mysteries and will get a new tagline and logo, starting in the fourth quarter of 2014\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012164115/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/hallmark-movie-channel-rebranding-688270","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Littleton, Cynthia (March 16, 2015). \"Hallmark Channels Launch Production Arm to Fund TV Movies, Series (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/hallmark-channels-production-fund-tv-movies-series-1201453179/","url_text":"\"Hallmark Channels Launch Production Arm to Fund TV Movies, Series (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180131023221/https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/hallmark-channels-production-fund-tv-movies-series-1201453179/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hallmark buys owner of Hallmark Channel\". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2016/03/09/hallmark-buys-owner-hallmark-channel/81523868/","url_text":"\"Hallmark buys owner of Hallmark Channel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160415030914/http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2016/03/09/hallmark-buys-owner-hallmark-channel/81523868/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Briel, Robert (June 3, 2011). \"NBCUni stops Dutch Hallmark Channel\". Broadband TV News. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2011/06/03/nbcuni-stops-dutch-hallmark-channel/","url_text":"\"NBCUni stops Dutch Hallmark Channel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221212134028/https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2011/06/03/nbcuni-stops-dutch-hallmark-channel/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Owen, Rob (July 28, 2017). \"Tuned In: Hallmark to add another channel\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2017/07/28/Hallmark-to-add-another-channel/stories/201707280150","url_text":"\"Tuned In: Hallmark to add another channel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette","url_text":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170801040507/http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2017/07/28/Hallmark-to-add-another-channel/stories/201707280150","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hallmark Channel to Make Canadian Debut with W Network\". TVCanada. Worldscreen. 2018-10-26. Archived from the original on 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2018-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldscreen.com/tvcanada/hallmark-channel-to-make-canadian-debut-with-w-network/","url_text":"\"Hallmark Channel to Make Canadian Debut with W Network\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181114100525/http://worldscreen.com/tvcanada/hallmark-channel-to-make-canadian-debut-with-w-network/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hallmark Channel heads to Canada\". C21 Media. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c21media.net/hallmark-channel-heads-to-canada/","url_text":"\"Hallmark Channel heads to Canada\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190407105052/https://www.c21media.net/hallmark-channel-heads-to-canada/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Umstead, R. Thomas (October 23, 2018). \"Hallmark Channel to Celebrate Holidays with Branded SiriusXM Channel\". Multichannel. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.multichannel.com/news/hallmark-channel-to-celebrate-holidays-with-branded-siriusxm-channel","url_text":"\"Hallmark Channel to Celebrate Holidays with Branded SiriusXM Channel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181115153519/https://www.multichannel.com/news/hallmark-channel-to-celebrate-holidays-with-branded-siriusxm-channel","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Arnowitz, Leora (March 14, 2019). \"Lori Loughlin fired by Hallmark after admissions scandal; Olivia Jade dropped by sponsors\". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2019/03/14/lori-loughlin-dropped-hallmark-college-admissions-scandal/3166111002/","url_text":"\"Lori Loughlin fired by Hallmark after admissions scandal; Olivia Jade dropped by sponsors\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201209023532/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2019/03/14/lori-loughlin-dropped-hallmark-college-admissions-scandal/3166111002/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Low, Elaine (2020-07-23). \"Wonya Lucas Named President, CEO of Crown Media Family Networks\". Variety. Archived from the original on 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2022-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/wonya-lucas-president-ceo-crown-media-hallmark-channel-1234714861/","url_text":"\"Wonya Lucas Named President, CEO of Crown Media Family Networks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220323225338/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/wonya-lucas-president-ceo-crown-media-hallmark-channel-1234714861/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Lynette (2022-08-10). \"Crown Media Family Networks Has A New Name\". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2022-08-10. Retrieved 2022-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/08/crown-media-family-networks-becoming-hallmark-media-1235089074/","url_text":"\"Crown Media Family Networks Has A New Name\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220810181134/https://deadline.com/2022/08/crown-media-family-networks-becoming-hallmark-media-1235089074/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Earl, William (2022-10-31). \"Peacock Pacts With Hallmark for Branded Streaming Hub\". Variety. Archived from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2022-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/peacock-hallmark-movies-christmas-branded-hub-1235418523/","url_text":"\"Peacock Pacts With Hallmark for Branded Streaming Hub\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221112010143/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/peacock-hallmark-movies-christmas-branded-hub-1235418523/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Lynette (2022-10-31). \"Peacock Will Start Streaming Hallmark Programming\". Deadline. Archived from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2022-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/10/peacock-streaming-hallmark-programming-christmas-movies-1235159080/","url_text":"\"Peacock Will Start Streaming Hallmark Programming\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221112010147/https://deadline.com/2022/10/peacock-streaming-hallmark-programming-christmas-movies-1235159080/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Dennis (June 30, 1995). \"Home Entertainment : A New Video Network for Independents\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1995-06-30/entertainment/ca-18741_1_home-entertainment","url_text":"\"Home Entertainment : A New Video Network for Independents\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151003224625/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-06-30/entertainment/ca-18741_1_home-entertainment","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"newsline\" (PDF). Billboard. 1995-12-02. p. 64. Retrieved 2022-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1995/1995-12-02-Billboard-Page-0064.pdf","url_text":"\"newsline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"McCormick, Moira (23 August 1997). \"Hallmark Heavily into Kid Vid\". Billboard. p. 89. Retrieved January 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkEAAAAMBAJ&q=Crayola+Kids+Adventures+news&pg=PA89","url_text":"\"Hallmark Heavily into Kid Vid\""}]},{"reference":"Matzer, Marla (December 19, 1997). \"Live to Acquire Hallmark Video Unit\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1997/dec/19/business/fi-91","url_text":"\"Live to Acquire Hallmark Video Unit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230813131257/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-19-fi-91-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Seth (March 21, 1998). \"Handleman Loses Hanndle on Video; Hallmark Gets a case of Cabin Fever\". Billboard. Retrieved January 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Q4EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22cabin+fever+entertainment%22+UST&pg=PA93","url_text":"\"Handleman Loses Hanndle on Video; Hallmark Gets a case of Cabin Fever\""}]},{"reference":"Eggerton, John (November 17, 2017). \"Hallmark Books Movie Novels\". Broadcasting & Cable. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/hallmark-books-movie-novels-169409","url_text":"\"Hallmark Books Movie Novels\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181115113004/https://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/hallmark-books-movie-novels-169409","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hallmark Publishing, a Division Of Crown Media Family Networks, To Offer Print Books Beginning March 27\". Multichannel. March 14, 2018. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.multichannel.com/pr-feed/hallmark-publishing-division-crown-media-family-networks-offer-print-books-beginning-march-27-418669","url_text":"\"Hallmark Publishing, a Division Of Crown Media Family Networks, To Offer Print Books Beginning March 27\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181115112732/https://www.multichannel.com/pr-feed/hallmark-publishing-division-crown-media-family-networks-offer-print-books-beginning-march-27-418669","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Articles by Bryn Donovan - Writer's Digest\". www.writersdigest.com. 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-10-18. Retrieved 2020-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.writersdigest.com/author/bryn-donovan","url_text":"\"Articles by Bryn Donovan - Writer's Digest\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018224911/https://www.writersdigest.com/author/bryn-donovan","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Crown Media Family Networks Announces Hallmark Publishing to Release Original Fiction Novels\". TheFutonCritic.com. July 26, 2018. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/07/26/crown-media-family-networks-announces-hallmark-publishing-to-release-original-fiction-novels-301510/20180726hallmark02/","url_text":"\"Crown Media Family Networks Announces Hallmark Publishing to Release Original Fiction Novels\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230813131259/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/07/26/crown-media-family-networks-announces-hallmark-publishing-to-release-original-fiction-novels-301510/20180726hallmark02/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dreamscape Media Announces Exclusive Partnership with Hallmark Publishing Around New Audiobooks Venture\". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Dreamscape Media. Retrieved 2020-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dreamscape-media-announces-exclusive-partnership-with-hallmark-publishing--around-new-audiobooks-venture-300779473.html","url_text":"\"Dreamscape Media Announces Exclusive Partnership with Hallmark Publishing Around New Audiobooks Venture\""}]},{"reference":"Lafayette, Jon (February 24, 2020). \"Walmart Stores to Promote Hallmark Publishing Titles\". Broadcasting Cable. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2020-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nexttv.com/news/walmart-stores-to-promote-hallmark-publishing-titles","url_text":"\"Walmart Stores to Promote Hallmark Publishing Titles\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210226135859/https://www.nexttv.com/news/walmart-stores-to-promote-hallmark-publishing-titles","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Details\". www.crownmediapress.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2020-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crownmediapress.com/PressReleaseList/Details?SiteID=142&NodeID=230&ID=746","url_text":"\"Details\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923123453/https://www.crownmediapress.com/PressReleaseList/Details?SiteID=142&NodeID=230&ID=746","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking News - Crown Media Family Networks Announces First-Ever Book-to-Film Adaptation\". The Futon Critic. Archived from the original on 2023-08-13. Retrieved 2020-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2020/01/14/crown-media-family-networks-announces-first-ever-book-to-film-adaptation-296201/20200114hallmark02/","url_text":"\"Breaking News - Crown Media Family Networks Announces First-Ever Book-to-Film Adaptation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230813131300/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2020/01/14/crown-media-family-networks-announces-first-ever-book-to-film-adaptation-296201/20200114hallmark02/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Hallmark's 'A Timeless Christmas' Starring Ryan Paevey, Erin Cahill Will Be Your Most Enchanting 2020 Christmas Movie\". Tv Shows Ace. 2020-08-18. Archived from the original on 2020-10-09. Retrieved 2020-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvshowsace.com/2020/08/18/why-hallmarks-a-timeless-christmas-starring-ryan-paevey-erin-cahill-will-be-your-most-enchanting-2020-christmas-movie/","url_text":"\"Why Hallmark's 'A Timeless Christmas' Starring Ryan Paevey, Erin Cahill Will Be Your Most Enchanting 2020 Christmas Movie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201009090342/https://www.tvshowsace.com/2020/08/18/why-hallmarks-a-timeless-christmas-starring-ryan-paevey-erin-cahill-will-be-your-most-enchanting-2020-christmas-movie/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrapped Up in Christmas\". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2020-10-10. Retrieved 2020-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/06/21/wrapped-up-in-christmas/2444877/isbn/9781947892651/","url_text":"\"Wrapped Up in Christmas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201010045754/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/06/21/wrapped-up-in-christmas/2444877/isbn/9781947892651/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Country Hearts\". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2020-10-11. Retrieved 2020-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/06/21/country-hearts/2444877/isbn/9781947892675/","url_text":"\"Country Hearts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201011045046/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/06/21/country-hearts/2444877/isbn/9781947892675/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Kayleigh (2020-08-31). \"The Best Romance Novels of 2020 Are Seriously Steamy\". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on 2020-10-08. Retrieved 2020-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/books/a33670064/best-romance-novels-2020/","url_text":"\"The Best Romance Novels of 2020 Are Seriously Steamy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201008063823/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/books/a33670064/best-romance-novels-2020/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crumpley, Charles R.T. (July 4, 1993). \"A unit of Hallmatk to make 10 films for ABC network\". Arizona Daily Star. Tucson, Arizona. p. 203. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/165308128/","url_text":"\"A unit of Hallmatk to make 10 films for ABC network\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230813131803/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/165308128/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Umstead, R. Thomas (December 12, 2018). \"Crown Media to Create Hallmark Channels-Branded Podcast\". Multichannel. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.multichannel.com/news/crown-media-create-hallmark-channels-podcast","url_text":"\"Crown Media to Create Hallmark Channels-Branded Podcast\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200127201852/https://www.multichannel.com/news/crown-media-create-hallmark-channels-podcast","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Crown Media Family Networks Taps Hallmark Channel Super Fans, \"Jacks\" & \"Shawl\" as Hosts of New Podcast, \"Hallmark Channels' Bubbly Sesh\"\". The Futon Critic.com. March 21, 2019. Archived from the original on August 13, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2019/03/21/crown-media-family-networks-taps-hallmark-channel-super-fans-jacks-and-shawl-as-hosts-of-new-podcast-hallmark-channels-bubbly-sesh-497100/20190321hallmark03/","url_text":"\"Crown Media Family Networks Taps Hallmark Channel Super Fans, \"Jacks\" & \"Shawl\" as Hosts of New Podcast, \"Hallmark Channels' Bubbly Sesh\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230813131800/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2019/03/21/crown-media-family-networks-taps-hallmark-channel-super-fans-jacks-and-shawl-as-hosts-of-new-podcast-hallmark-channels-bubbly-sesh-497100/20190321hallmark03/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ellenbogen, Rachael (March 21, 2019). \"Hallmark Upfronts 2019: New Christmas Competition Series, Podcast Hosts And Transformation Show\". International Business Times. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibtimes.com/hallmark-upfronts-2019-new-christmas-competition-series-podcast-hosts-transformation-2778327","url_text":"\"Hallmark Upfronts 2019: New Christmas Competition Series, Podcast Hosts And Transformation Show\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190322154150/https://www.ibtimes.com/hallmark-upfronts-2019-new-christmas-competition-series-podcast-hosts-transformation-2778327","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.hallmarkchannel.com/hallmark-publishing/","external_links_name":"Hallmark Publishing"},{"Link":"https://www.bryndonovan.com/","external_links_name":"Bryn Donovan"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103837/000104746915000983/a2223120z10-k.htm","external_links_name":"\"Form 10-K: Annual Report For the Year Ending December 31, 2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171230171912/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103837/000104746915000983/a2223120z10-k.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2016/02/crown-media-holdings-takes-hallmark-hall-of-fame-franchise-1201699181/","external_links_name":"\"Crown Media Holdings Takes Over 'Hallmark Hall of Fame' Franchise\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005104/https://deadline.com/2016/02/crown-media-holdings-takes-hallmark-hall-of-fame-franchise-1201699181/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.multichannel.com/news/content/halmmark-hall-fame-films-move-hallmark-channel/383801","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Hall Of Fame Films To Move To Hallmark Channel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200401050307/http://www.multichannel.com/news/content/halmmark-hall-fame-films-move-hallmark-channel/383801","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tQsEAAAAMBAJ&q=Hallmark+Home+Entertainment+executives+Steve+Beeks&pg=PA50","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark's New Message: We're In Home Video\""},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/hallmark-cards-inc-history/","external_links_name":"International Directory of Company Histories. Volume 40"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180101082448/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/hallmark-cards-inc-history/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/crown-media-holdings-inc-history/","external_links_name":"International Directory of Company Histories. Volume 45"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171531/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/crown-media-holdings-inc-history/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135531/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/HALLMARK+ANNOUNCES+FORMATION+OF+SIGNBOARD+HILL+PRODUCTIONS-a011913835","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Announces Formation of Signboard Hill Productions\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/HALLMARK+ANNOUNCES+FORMATION+OF+SIGNBOARD+HILL+PRODUCTIONS-a011913835","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/1994-04-27/business/fi-50828_1_tv-movie-producer-rhi-entertainment","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark to Buy TV Movie Producer RHI Entertainment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120120131723/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-04-27/business/fi-50828_1_tv-movie-producer-rhi-entertainment","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/07/28/the-tv-column/ed897183-e4e5-452c-a802-0d938b94bacc/","external_links_name":"\"THE TV COLUMN\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125854/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/07/28/the-tv-column/ed897183-e4e5-452c-a802-0d938b94bacc/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UROrDgAAQBAJ&q=Hallmark+buys+Filmation+library&pg=PA267","external_links_name":"Lou Scheimer: Creating the Filmation Generation"},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/artisan-entertainment-inc-history/","external_links_name":"International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 32"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210816081040/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/artisan-entertainment-inc-history/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://kidscreen.com/1999/12/01/27468-19991201/","external_links_name":"\"Kermit's hop-about in Asia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070906/http://kidscreen.com/1999/12/01/27468-19991201/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://kidscreen.com/1999/12/01/27465-19991201/","external_links_name":"\"Localizing licensing leads to Asian success\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125645/http://kidscreen.com/1999/12/01/27465-19991201/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://kidscreen.com/2000/01/01/27623-20000101/","external_links_name":"\"Nick grows in Asia, Hungary and Poland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126125705/http://kidscreen.com/2000/01/01/27623-20000101/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.deseretnews.com/article/689430/Hallmark-Henson-take-on-Odyssey.html","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark, Henson take on Odyssey Cable channel is being relaunched one more time\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174605/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/689430/Hallmark-Henson-take-on-Odyssey.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/hallmark-into-odyssey-1117478004/","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark into Odyssey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174422/http://variety.com/1998/tv/news/hallmark-into-odyssey-1117478004/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/crown-media-holdings-inc-history/","external_links_name":"International Directory of Company Histories. Volume 45"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171228171531/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/crown-media-holdings-inc-history/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/dec2k/dec28.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kermit goes off the air; Hallmark, Modi Entertainment may launch family channel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010712143601/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/dec2k/dec28.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://adage.com/article/news/hallmark-channel-hits-streets/30109/","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Channel Hits The Streets\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174455/http://adage.com/article/news/hallmark-channel-hits-streets/30109/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.awn.com/news/loesch-steps-down-crown","external_links_name":"\"Loesch Steps Down From Crown\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200809090822/https://www.awn.com/news/loesch-steps-down-crown","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2003/tv/news/hallmark-launches-pic-outlet-1117895535/","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark launches pic outlet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180124071659/http://variety.com/2003/tv/news/hallmark-launches-pic-outlet-1117895535/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/milestone-hallmark-channel-at-5-138399","external_links_name":"\"Milestone: Hallmark Channel at 5\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171228112317/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/milestone-hallmark-channel-at-5-138399","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/uk-company-captures-the-cartoon-lone-ranger-f53rbkmzpjq","external_links_name":"\"UK company captures the cartoon Lone Ranger\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126184912/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/uk-company-captures-the-cartoon-lone-ranger-f53rbkmzpjq","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL2834678120070828","external_links_name":"\"NBC Universal agrees to buy Sparrowhawk Media\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100123150938/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL2834678120070828","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yPLb0cA8Gv0C&q=%22Hallmark+Entertainment%22&pg=PT252","external_links_name":"Plunkett's Entertainment and Media Industry Almanac: The Only Comprehensive Guide to the Entertainment and Media Industry"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2009/scene/markets-festivals/schleiff-out-as-crown-media-ceo-1118003270/","external_links_name":"\"Schleiff out as Crown Media CEO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180130204504/https://variety.com/2009/scene/markets-festivals/schleiff-out-as-crown-media-ceo-1118003270/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/295389-Hallmark_Change_Is_in_the_Cards.php","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark: Change Is in the Cards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121002054256/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/295389-Hallmark_Change_Is_in_the_Cards.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/programming/hallmark-martha-stewart-exploring-new-lifestyle-cable-channel/36255","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark, Martha Stewart Exploring New Lifestyle Cable Channel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181016/http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/programming/hallmark-martha-stewart-exploring-new-lifestyle-cable-channel/36255","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/hallmark-preps-hoops-yoyo-holiday-special/","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Preps Hoops & Yoyo Holiday Special\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135600/http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/hallmark-preps-hoops-yoyo-holiday-special/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/classic-media-to-debut-hoopsyoyo-special-at-mip/","external_links_name":"\"Classic Media to Debut Hoops&Yoyo Special at MIP\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135704/http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/classic-media-to-debut-hoopsyoyo-special-at-mip/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2011/tv/news/hallmark-touts-new-shows-name-1118034298/","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark touts new shows, name\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135804/http://variety.com/2011/tv/news/hallmark-touts-new-shows-name-1118034298/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/hallmark-movie-channel-rebranding-688270","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Movie Channel Rebranding; The network will become Hallmark Movies & Mysteries and will get a new tagline and logo, starting in the fourth quarter of 2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012164115/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/hallmark-movie-channel-rebranding-688270","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/hallmark-channels-production-fund-tv-movies-series-1201453179/","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Channels Launch Production Arm to Fund TV Movies, Series (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180131023221/https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/hallmark-channels-production-fund-tv-movies-series-1201453179/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2016/03/09/hallmark-buys-owner-hallmark-channel/81523868/","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark buys owner of Hallmark Channel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160415030914/http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2016/03/09/hallmark-buys-owner-hallmark-channel/81523868/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2011/06/03/nbcuni-stops-dutch-hallmark-channel/","external_links_name":"\"NBCUni stops Dutch Hallmark Channel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221212134028/https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2011/06/03/nbcuni-stops-dutch-hallmark-channel/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2017/07/28/Hallmark-to-add-another-channel/stories/201707280150","external_links_name":"\"Tuned In: Hallmark to add another channel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170801040507/http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2017/07/28/Hallmark-to-add-another-channel/stories/201707280150","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://worldscreen.com/tvcanada/hallmark-channel-to-make-canadian-debut-with-w-network/","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Channel to Make Canadian Debut with W Network\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181114100525/http://worldscreen.com/tvcanada/hallmark-channel-to-make-canadian-debut-with-w-network/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.c21media.net/hallmark-channel-heads-to-canada/","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Channel heads to Canada\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190407105052/https://www.c21media.net/hallmark-channel-heads-to-canada/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.multichannel.com/news/hallmark-channel-to-celebrate-holidays-with-branded-siriusxm-channel","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Channel to Celebrate Holidays with Branded SiriusXM Channel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181115153519/https://www.multichannel.com/news/hallmark-channel-to-celebrate-holidays-with-branded-siriusxm-channel","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2019/03/14/lori-loughlin-dropped-hallmark-college-admissions-scandal/3166111002/","external_links_name":"\"Lori Loughlin fired by Hallmark after admissions scandal; Olivia Jade dropped by sponsors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201209023532/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2019/03/14/lori-loughlin-dropped-hallmark-college-admissions-scandal/3166111002/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/wonya-lucas-president-ceo-crown-media-hallmark-channel-1234714861/","external_links_name":"\"Wonya Lucas Named President, CEO of Crown Media Family Networks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220323225338/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/wonya-lucas-president-ceo-crown-media-hallmark-channel-1234714861/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/08/crown-media-family-networks-becoming-hallmark-media-1235089074/","external_links_name":"\"Crown Media Family Networks Has A New Name\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220810181134/https://deadline.com/2022/08/crown-media-family-networks-becoming-hallmark-media-1235089074/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/peacock-hallmark-movies-christmas-branded-hub-1235418523/","external_links_name":"\"Peacock Pacts With Hallmark for Branded Streaming Hub\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221112010143/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/peacock-hallmark-movies-christmas-branded-hub-1235418523/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/10/peacock-streaming-hallmark-programming-christmas-movies-1235159080/","external_links_name":"\"Peacock Will Start Streaming Hallmark Programming\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221112010147/https://deadline.com/2022/10/peacock-streaming-hallmark-programming-christmas-movies-1235159080/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/1995-06-30/entertainment/ca-18741_1_home-entertainment","external_links_name":"\"Home Entertainment : A New Video Network for Independents\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151003224625/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-06-30/entertainment/ca-18741_1_home-entertainment","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1995/1995-12-02-Billboard-Page-0064.pdf","external_links_name":"\"newsline\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3QkEAAAAMBAJ&q=Crayola+Kids+Adventures+news&pg=PA89","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Heavily into Kid Vid\""},{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/1997/dec/19/business/fi-91","external_links_name":"\"Live to Acquire Hallmark Video Unit\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230813131257/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-19-fi-91-story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Q4EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22cabin+fever+entertainment%22+UST&pg=PA93","external_links_name":"\"Handleman Loses Hanndle on Video; Hallmark Gets a case of Cabin Fever\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/hallmark-books-movie-novels-169409","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Books Movie Novels\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181115113004/https://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/hallmark-books-movie-novels-169409","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.multichannel.com/pr-feed/hallmark-publishing-division-crown-media-family-networks-offer-print-books-beginning-march-27-418669","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Publishing, a Division Of Crown Media Family Networks, To Offer Print Books Beginning March 27\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181115112732/https://www.multichannel.com/pr-feed/hallmark-publishing-division-crown-media-family-networks-offer-print-books-beginning-march-27-418669","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.writersdigest.com/author/bryn-donovan","external_links_name":"\"Articles by Bryn Donovan - Writer's Digest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201018224911/https://www.writersdigest.com/author/bryn-donovan","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/07/26/crown-media-family-networks-announces-hallmark-publishing-to-release-original-fiction-novels-301510/20180726hallmark02/","external_links_name":"\"Crown Media Family Networks Announces Hallmark Publishing to Release Original Fiction Novels\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230813131259/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/07/26/crown-media-family-networks-announces-hallmark-publishing-to-release-original-fiction-novels-301510/20180726hallmark02/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dreamscape-media-announces-exclusive-partnership-with-hallmark-publishing--around-new-audiobooks-venture-300779473.html","external_links_name":"\"Dreamscape Media Announces Exclusive Partnership with Hallmark Publishing Around New Audiobooks Venture\""},{"Link":"https://www.nexttv.com/news/walmart-stores-to-promote-hallmark-publishing-titles","external_links_name":"\"Walmart Stores to Promote Hallmark Publishing Titles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210226135859/https://www.nexttv.com/news/walmart-stores-to-promote-hallmark-publishing-titles","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.crownmediapress.com/PressReleaseList/Details?SiteID=142&NodeID=230&ID=746","external_links_name":"\"Details\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923123453/https://www.crownmediapress.com/PressReleaseList/Details?SiteID=142&NodeID=230&ID=746","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2020/01/14/crown-media-family-networks-announces-first-ever-book-to-film-adaptation-296201/20200114hallmark02/","external_links_name":"\"Breaking News - Crown Media Family Networks Announces First-Ever Book-to-Film Adaptation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230813131300/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2020/01/14/crown-media-family-networks-announces-first-ever-book-to-film-adaptation-296201/20200114hallmark02/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.tvshowsace.com/2020/08/18/why-hallmarks-a-timeless-christmas-starring-ryan-paevey-erin-cahill-will-be-your-most-enchanting-2020-christmas-movie/","external_links_name":"\"Why Hallmark's 'A Timeless Christmas' Starring Ryan Paevey, Erin Cahill Will Be Your Most Enchanting 2020 Christmas Movie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201009090342/https://www.tvshowsace.com/2020/08/18/why-hallmarks-a-timeless-christmas-starring-ryan-paevey-erin-cahill-will-be-your-most-enchanting-2020-christmas-movie/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/06/21/wrapped-up-in-christmas/2444877/isbn/9781947892651/","external_links_name":"\"Wrapped Up in Christmas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201010045754/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/06/21/wrapped-up-in-christmas/2444877/isbn/9781947892651/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/06/21/country-hearts/2444877/isbn/9781947892675/","external_links_name":"\"Country Hearts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201011045046/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2013/06/21/country-hearts/2444877/isbn/9781947892675/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/books/a33670064/best-romance-novels-2020/","external_links_name":"\"The Best Romance Novels of 2020 Are Seriously Steamy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201008063823/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/books/a33670064/best-romance-novels-2020/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/165308128/","external_links_name":"\"A unit of Hallmatk to make 10 films for ABC network\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230813131803/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/165308128/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.multichannel.com/news/crown-media-create-hallmark-channels-podcast","external_links_name":"\"Crown Media to Create Hallmark Channels-Branded Podcast\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200127201852/https://www.multichannel.com/news/crown-media-create-hallmark-channels-podcast","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2019/03/21/crown-media-family-networks-taps-hallmark-channel-super-fans-jacks-and-shawl-as-hosts-of-new-podcast-hallmark-channels-bubbly-sesh-497100/20190321hallmark03/","external_links_name":"\"Crown Media Family Networks Taps Hallmark Channel Super Fans, \"Jacks\" & \"Shawl\" as Hosts of New Podcast, \"Hallmark Channels' Bubbly Sesh\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230813131800/http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2019/03/21/crown-media-family-networks-taps-hallmark-channel-super-fans-jacks-and-shawl-as-hosts-of-new-podcast-hallmark-channels-bubbly-sesh-497100/20190321hallmark03/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ibtimes.com/hallmark-upfronts-2019-new-christmas-competition-series-podcast-hosts-transformation-2778327","external_links_name":"\"Hallmark Upfronts 2019: New Christmas Competition Series, Podcast Hosts And Transformation Show\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190322154150/https://www.ibtimes.com/hallmark-upfronts-2019-new-christmas-competition-series-podcast-hosts-transformation-2778327","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_in_the_Dark_(film)	Lady in the Dark (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production background","4 Radio adaptation","5 References","6 External links"]	1944 film Lady in the DarkFilm posterDirected byMitchell LeisenScreenplay by Frances Goodrich Albert Hackett Based on Lady in the Dark (1941 play)by Moss Hart Produced by Richard Blumenthal Buddy G. DeSylva Starring Ginger Rogers Ray Milland Warner Baxter Jon Hall CinematographyRay RennahanEdited byAlma MacrorieMusic byRobert Emmett DolanDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date February 10, 1944 (1944-02-10) Running time100 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$2.6 millionBox office$4.3 million Lady in the Dark is a 1944 American musical film directed by Mitchell Leisen, from a screenplay by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett that is based on the 1941 musical of the same name by Moss Hart. The film stars Ginger Rogers as a magazine editor, who although successful, finds herself on the edge of a breakdown while juggling her feelings for three prospective suitors, played by Ray Milland, Warner Baxter, and Jon Hall. Paramount won the screen rights to the musical in February 1941, after a bidding war with Columbia, Warner Bros., and Howard Hughes. The studio initially purchased the property as a vehicle to reunite Rogers with Fred Astaire. However, after negotiations with Astaire failed, the studio cast Milland, who had recently starred with Rogers in Paramount's The Major and the Minor. The film was first released on February 10, 1944, and was a critical and commercial success. It was nominated for three Academy Awards; for Best Cinematography, Best Music, and Best Art Direction (Hans Dreier, Raoul Pene Du Bois, Ray Moyer). Plot Liza Elliott (Ginger Rogers) is the successful editor-in-chief of fashion magazine Allure, being published by Kendall Nesbitt (Warner Baxter). Elliott is a no-nonsense workaholic, who is involved in a relationship with Nesbitt. And while the two wish to marry, they cannot, as Kendall's estranged wife has refused to grant a divorce. Liza has recently developed a series of headaches and strange, bad dreams. On top of all this, she is having to deal at work with marketing manager Charley Johnson (Ray Milland), who annoys her greatly and takes pride in doing so. She reluctantly sees and undergoes psychoanalysis with Dr. Alex Brooks, who suggests that her no-nonsense approach to life is caused by something from her past, which has made her avoid all attempts at ever being as glamorous as the models in her magazine. Liza discounts this theory, and after Kendall announces his wife has finally agreed to a divorce, she dreams of a wedding to him where she is chased to the top of a large wedding cake where Charley questions whether she wishes to marry him. Movie star Randy Curtis (Jon Hall) comes to the Allure offices for a photo shoot, where he corners her into accepting a dinner date with him. Anxious about the date, Liza intends to break it off, and storms out of Dr. Brooks' office when he suggests she is anxious because she is afraid to compete with other women. Charley also informs Liza he will be leaving Allure for another magazine, which has offered more creative control to him. Kendall confronts Liza about her fears, and she breaks down and confesses she is confused. To try and sort out her feelings, and aware Curtis does not care about her looks, Liza goes on her date with Curtis, changing into a beautiful dress for a change. The date is ruined when they bump into Charley and his date, who aggressively goes after Randy. She goes home, and hallucinates that she is put on trial by Kendall and Charley at a circus (based on a cover earlier designed by Charley). After singing about her troubles, she dreams of her father yelling at her for dressing glamorously. In her story to Dr. Brooks, she tells him of this, and possibly the reason for her devotion to a plain style: following her mother's passing as a young girl, she tried to make him happy by wearing one of her late mother's glamorous dresses, but was instead scolded, and she became detached from him; another incident happened after her high school graduation, where she went to a dance with a boy she liked, who was stolen away by another girl. Dr. Brooks concludes these incidents contributed to her current life, and suggests she allow herself to open herself to her childhood desires. With this new knowledge, Liza decides to quit her job at the magazine and break off her relationship with Kendall, who agrees bittersweetly. Liza is disappointed to find out Curtis was only courting her to be the head of a new production company he has formed. However, when Charley comes to say good-bye to her, Liza realizes that she loves Charley – the last person she ever expected to. She proposes to promote him to run the magazine alongside her, and after arguing over fonts, the two share a passionate kiss. Cast Ginger Rogers as Liza Elliott Ray Milland as Charley Johnson Warner Baxter as Kendall Nesbitt Jon Hall as Randy Curtis Barry Sullivan as Dr. Brooks Mischa Auer as Russell Paxton Phyllis Brooks as Allison DuBois Mary Philips as Maggie Grant Edward Fielding as Dr. Carlton Don Loper as Adams Mary Parker as Miss Parker Catherine Craig as Miss Foster Marietta Canty as Martha Virginia Farmer as Miss Edwards Fay Helm as Miss Bowers Charles Smith as Ben Gail Russell as Barbara John T. Bambury as Bunny, Midget (uncredited) Production background This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The film was based on the 1941 Broadway musical Lady in the Dark, written by Kurt Weill (music), Ira Gershwin (lyrics), and Moss Hart (book and direction). The film version cut most of the Weill/Gershwin songs from the score. "The Saga of Jenny" and "Girl of the Moment" remained, and part of "This Is New" is played by a nightclub band in the background. Part of "My Ship" was hummed by Ginger Rogers, but the song itself was never sung. Jon Hall's role had been played on stage by Victor Mature. Radio adaptation Lady in the Dark, adapted from the 1944 movie, was broadcast on BBC Home Service, August 14, 1944 (and repeated on September 18, 1944). The radio adaptation was by Rhoderick Walker and produced by Tom Ronald. Although it was adapted from the movie, Gertrude Lawrence played the original part she created in the New York stage production of 1941. Lady in the Dark was twice presented on Lux Radio Theatre. On January 29, 1945 a one-hour adaptation was aired where Ginger Rogers reprised her leading film role of Liza, along with Ray Milland. On February 16, 1953 a second adaptation was aired, starring Judy Garland and John Lund. References ^ FRED STANLEY (March 14, 1943). "HOLLYWOOD SPENDS: Lavish Coin on 'Lady in the Dark' -- Academy Awards No Surprise". New York Times. p. X3. ^ a b "LADY IN THE DARK (1944)". American Film Institute. Retrieved June 18, 2020. ^ McClung, Bruce D. (2006). Lady in the Dark: Biography of a Musical. Oxford University Press. p. 174. ^ "NY Times: Lady in the Dark". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2009. Archived from the original on September 5, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2008. ^ Vagg, Stephen (April 9, 2022). "The Campy, Yet Surprisingly Interesting Cinema of Jon Hall". Filmiink. ^ BBC Genome: Radio Times, programs for August 14, 1944 and September 18, 1944. ^ "Lady in the Dark snippet". Des Moines Tribune (Iowa). January 29, 1945. p. 10. Retrieved June 21, 2021. ^ "Radio Highlights". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 16, 1953. p. 19. Retrieved June 21, 2021. ^ Kirby, Walter (February 15, 1953). "Better Radio Programs for the Week". The Decatur Daily Review. p. 42. Retrieved June 21, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. External links Lady in the Dark at IMDb vteFilms directed by Mitchell Leisen Cradle Song (1933) Death Takes a Holiday (1934) Murder at the Vanities (1934) Behold My Wife! (1934) Four Hours to Kill! (1935) Hands Across the Table (1935) 13 Hours by Air (1936) The Big Broadcast of 1937 (1936) Swing High, Swing Low (1937) Easy Living (1937) The Big Broadcast of 1938 (1938) Artists and Models Abroad (1938) Midnight (1939) Remember the Night (1940) Arise, My Love (1940) I Wanted Wings (1941) Hold Back the Dawn (1941) The Lady Is Willing (1942) Take a Letter, Darling (1942) No Time for Love (1943) Lady in the Dark (1944) Frenchman's Creek (1944) Practically Yours (1944) Kitty (1945) Masquerade in Mexico (1945) To Each His Own (1946) Suddenly, It's Spring (1947) Golden Earrings (1947) Dream Girl (1948) Bride of Vengeance (1949) Song of Surrender (1949) No Man of Her Own (1950) Captain Carey, U.S.A. (1950) The Mating Season (1951) Darling, How Could You! (1951) Young Man with Ideas (1952) Tonight We Sing (1953) Bedevilled (1955) The Girl Most Likely (1958)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Leisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Leisen"},{"link_name":"Frances Goodrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Goodrich"},{"link_name":"Albert Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hackett"},{"link_name":"the 1941 musical of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"Moss Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Hart"},{"link_name":"Ginger Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Ray Milland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Milland"},{"link_name":"Warner Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Jon Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Hall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Howard Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hughes"},{"link_name":"reunite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Astaire_and_Ginger_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Fred Astaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Astaire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-2"},{"link_name":"The Major and the Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Major_and_the_Minor"},{"link_name":"Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"Best Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score"},{"link_name":"Best Art Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design"},{"link_name":"Hans Dreier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Dreier"},{"link_name":"Raoul Pene Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Pene_Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"Ray Moyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Moyer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-4"}],"text":"Lady in the Dark is a 1944 American musical film directed by Mitchell Leisen, from a screenplay by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett that is based on the 1941 musical of the same name by Moss Hart. The film stars Ginger Rogers as a magazine editor, who although successful, finds herself on the edge of a breakdown while juggling her feelings for three prospective suitors, played by Ray Milland, Warner Baxter, and Jon Hall.Paramount won the screen rights to the musical in February 1941, after a bidding war with Columbia, Warner Bros., and Howard Hughes. The studio initially purchased the property as a vehicle to reunite Rogers with Fred Astaire.[2] However, after negotiations with Astaire failed, the studio cast Milland, who had recently starred with Rogers in Paramount's The Major and the Minor.The film was first released on February 10, 1944, and was a critical and commercial success. It was nominated for three Academy Awards; for Best Cinematography, Best Music, and Best Art Direction (Hans Dreier, Raoul Pene Du Bois, Ray Moyer).[4]","title":"Lady in the Dark (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ginger Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Warner Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Ray Milland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Milland"},{"link_name":"Jon Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Hall_(actor)"}],"text":"Liza Elliott (Ginger Rogers) is the successful editor-in-chief of fashion magazine Allure, being published by Kendall Nesbitt (Warner Baxter). Elliott is a no-nonsense workaholic, who is involved in a relationship with Nesbitt. And while the two wish to marry, they cannot, as Kendall's estranged wife has refused to grant a divorce. Liza has recently developed a series of headaches and strange, bad dreams. On top of all this, she is having to deal at work with marketing manager Charley Johnson (Ray Milland), who annoys her greatly and takes pride in doing so. She reluctantly sees and undergoes psychoanalysis with Dr. Alex Brooks, who suggests that her no-nonsense approach to life is caused by something from her past, which has made her avoid all attempts at ever being as glamorous as the models in her magazine. Liza discounts this theory, and after Kendall announces his wife has finally agreed to a divorce, she dreams of a wedding to him where she is chased to the top of a large wedding cake where Charley questions whether she wishes to marry him.Movie star Randy Curtis (Jon Hall) comes to the Allure offices for a photo shoot, where he corners her into accepting a dinner date with him. Anxious about the date, Liza intends to break it off, and storms out of Dr. Brooks' office when he suggests she is anxious because she is afraid to compete with other women. Charley also informs Liza he will be leaving Allure for another magazine, which has offered more creative control to him. Kendall confronts Liza about her fears, and she breaks down and confesses she is confused. To try and sort out her feelings, and aware Curtis does not care about her looks, Liza goes on her date with Curtis, changing into a beautiful dress for a change. The date is ruined when they bump into Charley and his date, who aggressively goes after Randy. She goes home, and hallucinates that she is put on trial by Kendall and Charley at a circus (based on a cover earlier designed by Charley). After singing about her troubles, she dreams of her father yelling at her for dressing glamorously. In her story to Dr. Brooks, she tells him of this, and possibly the reason for her devotion to a plain style: following her mother's passing as a young girl, she tried to make him happy by wearing one of her late mother's glamorous dresses, but was instead scolded, and she became detached from him; another incident happened after her high school graduation, where she went to a dance with a boy she liked, who was stolen away by another girl. Dr. Brooks concludes these incidents contributed to her current life, and suggests she allow herself to open herself to her childhood desires.With this new knowledge, Liza decides to quit her job at the magazine and break off her relationship with Kendall, who agrees bittersweetly. Liza is disappointed to find out Curtis was only courting her to be the head of a new production company he has formed. However, when Charley comes to say good-bye to her, Liza realizes that she loves Charley – the last person she ever expected to. She proposes to promote him to run the magazine alongside her, and after arguing over fonts, the two share a passionate kiss.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ginger Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Ray Milland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Milland"},{"link_name":"Warner Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Jon Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Hall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Barry Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Sullivan_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Mischa Auer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischa_Auer"},{"link_name":"Phyllis Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Mary Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Philips"},{"link_name":"Edward Fielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fielding"},{"link_name":"Don Loper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Loper"},{"link_name":"Mary Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Parker_(American_actress)"},{"link_name":"Catherine Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Craig"},{"link_name":"Fay Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Helm"},{"link_name":"Charles Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smith_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Gail Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Russell"},{"link_name":"John T. Bambury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Bambury"}],"text":"Ginger Rogers as Liza Elliott\nRay Milland as Charley Johnson\nWarner Baxter as Kendall Nesbitt\nJon Hall as Randy Curtis\nBarry Sullivan as Dr. Brooks\nMischa Auer as Russell Paxton\nPhyllis Brooks as Allison DuBois\nMary Philips as Maggie Grant\nEdward Fielding as Dr. Carlton\nDon Loper as Adams\nMary Parker as Miss Parker\nCatherine Craig as Miss Foster\nMarietta Canty as Martha\nVirginia Farmer as Miss Edwards\nFay Helm as Miss Bowers\nCharles Smith as Ben\nGail Russell as Barbara\nJohn T. Bambury as Bunny, Midget (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"Lady in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"Kurt Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Weill"},{"link_name":"Ira Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Moss Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Hart"},{"link_name":"The Saga of Jenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saga_of_Jenny"},{"link_name":"Victor Mature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Mature"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hall-5"}],"text":"The film was based on the 1941 Broadway musical Lady in the Dark, written by Kurt Weill (music), Ira Gershwin (lyrics), and Moss Hart (book and direction). The film version cut most of the Weill/Gershwin songs from the score. \"The Saga of Jenny\" and \"Girl of the Moment\" remained, and part of \"This Is New\" is played by a nightclub band in the background. Part of \"My Ship\" was hummed by Ginger Rogers, but the song itself was never sung.Jon Hall's role had been played on stage by Victor Mature.[5]","title":"Production background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gertrude Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lux Radio Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Des_Moines_Tribune-7"},{"link_name":"Judy Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Garland"},{"link_name":"John Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lund_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brooklyn-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Lady in the Dark, adapted from the 1944 movie, was broadcast on BBC Home Service, August 14, 1944 (and repeated on September 18, 1944). The radio adaptation was by Rhoderick Walker and produced by Tom Ronald. Although it was adapted from the movie, Gertrude Lawrence played the original part she created in the New York stage production of 1941.[6] Lady in the Dark was twice presented on Lux Radio Theatre. On January 29, 1945 a one-hour adaptation was aired where Ginger Rogers reprised her leading film role of Liza, along with Ray Milland.[7] On February 16, 1953 a second adaptation was aired, starring Judy Garland and John Lund.[8][9]","title":"Radio adaptation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"FRED STANLEY (March 14, 1943). \"HOLLYWOOD SPENDS: Lavish Coin on 'Lady in the Dark' -- Academy Awards No Surprise\". New York Times. p. X3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"LADY IN THE DARK (1944)\". American Film Institute. Retrieved June 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/24034","url_text":"\"LADY IN THE DARK (1944)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute","url_text":"American Film Institute"}]},{"reference":"McClung, Bruce D. (2006). Lady in the Dark: Biography of a Musical. Oxford University Press. p. 174.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"NY Times: Lady in the Dark\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2009. Archived from the original on September 5, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090905064559/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/98499/The-Lady-in-the-Dark/details","url_text":"\"NY Times: Lady in the Dark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/98499/The-Lady-in-the-Dark/details","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vagg, Stephen (April 9, 2022). \"The Campy, Yet Surprisingly Interesting Cinema of Jon Hall\". Filmiink.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmink.com.au/the-campy-yet-surprisingly-interesting-cinema-of-jon-hall/","url_text":"\"The Campy, Yet Surprisingly Interesting Cinema of Jon Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lady in the Dark snippet\". Des Moines Tribune (Iowa). January 29, 1945. p. 10. Retrieved June 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://img.newspapers.com/img/thumbnail/324328273/250/150/1921_5099_534_320/0/yes/2138_5243_100_32/2138_5243_100_32_1/2247_5320_70_28_1.jpg","url_text":"\"Lady in the Dark snippet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radio Highlights\". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 16, 1953. p. 19. Retrieved June 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/52893446/?terms=%22Radio+Theater%22","url_text":"\"Radio Highlights\""}]},{"reference":"Kirby, Walter (February 15, 1953). \"Better Radio Programs for the Week\". The Decatur Daily Review. p. 42. Retrieved June 21, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2660609/the_decatur_daily_review/","url_text":"\"Better Radio Programs for the Week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/24034","external_links_name":"\"LADY IN THE DARK (1944)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090905064559/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/98499/The-Lady-in-the-Dark/details","external_links_name":"\"NY Times: Lady in the Dark\""},{"Link":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/98499/The-Lady-in-the-Dark/details","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.filmink.com.au/the-campy-yet-surprisingly-interesting-cinema-of-jon-hall/","external_links_name":"\"The Campy, Yet Surprisingly Interesting Cinema of Jon Hall\""},{"Link":"https://img.newspapers.com/img/thumbnail/324328273/250/150/1921_5099_534_320/0/yes/2138_5243_100_32/2138_5243_100_32_1/2247_5320_70_28_1.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Lady in the Dark snippet\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/52893446/?terms=%22Radio+Theater%22","external_links_name":"\"Radio Highlights\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2660609/the_decatur_daily_review/","external_links_name":"\"Better Radio Programs for the Week\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0037000/","external_links_name":"Lady in the Dark"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Newfoundland	Conservative parties in Newfoundland (pre-Confederation)	["1 Leaders","2 See also"]	Former Newfoundland political party For the modern Conservative Party, see Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Conservative parties in Newfoundland" pre-Confederation – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Conservative Party of Newfoundland was a political party in the Dominion of Newfoundland prior to confederation with Canada in 1949. The party was formed by members and supporters of the establishment around 1832. In the 1840s, they opposed the proposal for responsible government which was finally granted in 1855. Since the concept was opposed generally by members of the Anglican establishment, the early party was almost entirely Protestant. As politics in Newfoundland developed along sectarian lines, the Conservatives became the Protestant party (with strong links to the Orange Order), while the Liberals were the Catholic party. Under Sir Frederick Carter, the Conservatives supported joining Canadian confederation, and campaigned on the proposal in the 1869 general election. The party was badly defeated by Charles Fox Bennett's Anti-Confederation Party. The Conservatives returned to power in 1874, but never proposed joining Canada again. The Conservative party later absorbed the rival Liberals, putting an end to sectarian divisions with a 'denominational compromise'. The united party collapsed in the 1880s when members of the Orange Order abandoned the government of William Whiteway, and formed a new Reform Party under Robert Thorburn. The Reform Party won the 1885 election on a platform of 'Protestant Rights'. Whiteway founded a new Liberal Party after the collapse of the Reform Party. Members of the Orange Order formed a new Tory Party, which formed two short-lived administrations in the 1890s before disappearing. Individual Conservatives were elected as Opposition or United Opposition MHAs before being subsumed into the Newfoundland People's Party (later the Liberal-Labour-Progressive Party) formed by Edward Patrick Morris in 1907 after he resigned from the Liberal government of Sir Robert Bond. In 1924, the Liberal-Conservative-Progressive Party was formed by members of the LLP Party who were largely conservatives and discontented members of the ruling Liberal Reform Party. This new party won the 1924 general election, making its leader Walter Stanley Monroe the new Prime Minister. In practice, the party was essentially a Tory party. The party was defeated in 1928 under new leader Frederick C. Alderdice, but returned to power in 1932 as the United Newfoundland Party (UNP). The UNP ruled for two years until the suspension of responsible government. When responsible government was suspended, Newfoundland's status as an independent dominion within the British Empire was brought to an end. The Government of the United Kingdom appointed a Commission of Government to govern Newfoundland, bringing an end to party politics on the island. Party politics returned to Newfoundland when it joined Canadian confederation in 1949. At this time, the modern Liberal and Progressive Conservative parties were formed. These new parties were unrelated to the parties that existed prior to 1934. Leaders Frederick Carter 1865-1878 William Whiteway 1878-1885 Robert Thorburn 1885-1889 - as leader of the Reform Party Augustus F. Goodridge 1889-1893 - as leader of the Tory Party James Spearman Winter 1893-1900 Walter Stanley Monroe 1924-1928 - as leader of the Liberal-Conservative Progressive Party Frederick C. Alderdice 1928 - as leader of the Liberal-Conservative Progressive Party and United Newfoundland Party 1928-1934 See also List of Newfoundland Prime Ministers List of political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador General elections in Newfoundland (pre-Confederation)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Dominion of Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_confederation"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"responsible government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Orange Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Institution"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Frederick Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Carter"},{"link_name":"Canadian confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_confederation"},{"link_name":"1869 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869_Newfoundland_general_election"},{"link_name":"Charles Fox Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fox_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Anti-Confederation Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Confederation_Party"},{"link_name":"1874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_Newfoundland_general_election"},{"link_name":"Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"William Whiteway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whiteway"},{"link_name":"Robert Thorburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thorburn"},{"link_name":"1885 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_Newfoundland_general_election"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Edward Patrick Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Patrick_Morris"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_parties_in_Newfoundland_(pre-Confederation)"},{"link_name":"Robert Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bond"},{"link_name":"1924 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Newfoundland_general_election"},{"link_name":"Walter Stanley Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Stanley_Monroe"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Newfoundland_general_election"},{"link_name":"Frederick C. Alderdice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_C._Alderdice"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Newfoundland_general_election"},{"link_name":"United Newfoundland Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Newfoundland_Party"},{"link_name":"responsible government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Commission of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_of_Government"},{"link_name":"Canadian confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_confederation"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Progressive Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"}],"text":"For the modern Conservative Party, see Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador.The Conservative Party of Newfoundland was a political party in the Dominion of Newfoundland prior to confederation with Canada in 1949.The party was formed by members and supporters of the establishment around 1832. In the 1840s, they opposed the proposal for responsible government which was finally granted in 1855. Since the concept was opposed generally by members of the Anglican establishment, the early party was almost entirely Protestant. As politics in Newfoundland developed along sectarian lines, the Conservatives became the Protestant party (with strong links to the Orange Order), while the Liberals were the Catholic party.Under Sir Frederick Carter, the Conservatives supported joining Canadian confederation, and campaigned on the proposal in the 1869 general election. The party was badly defeated by Charles Fox Bennett's Anti-Confederation Party. The Conservatives returned to power in 1874, but never proposed joining Canada again.The Conservative party later absorbed the rival Liberals, putting an end to sectarian divisions with a 'denominational compromise'.The united party collapsed in the 1880s when members of the Orange Order abandoned the government of William Whiteway, and formed a new Reform Party under Robert Thorburn. The Reform Party won the 1885 election on a platform of 'Protestant Rights'.Whiteway founded a new Liberal Party after the collapse of the Reform Party. Members of the Orange Order formed a new Tory Party, which formed two short-lived administrations in the 1890s before disappearing.Individual Conservatives were elected as Opposition or United Opposition MHAs before being subsumed into the Newfoundland People's Party (later the Liberal-Labour-Progressive Party) formed by Edward Patrick Morris in 1907 after he resigned from the Liberal government of Sir Robert Bond.In 1924, the Liberal-Conservative-Progressive Party was formed by members of the LLP Party who were largely conservatives and discontented members of the ruling Liberal Reform Party. This new party won the 1924 general election, making its leader Walter Stanley Monroe the new Prime Minister. In practice, the party was essentially a Tory party.The party was defeated in 1928 under new leader Frederick C. Alderdice, but returned to power in 1932 as the United Newfoundland Party (UNP). The UNP ruled for two years until the suspension of responsible government.When responsible government was suspended, Newfoundland's status as an independent dominion within the British Empire was brought to an end. The Government of the United Kingdom appointed a Commission of Government to govern Newfoundland, bringing an end to party politics on the island.Party politics returned to Newfoundland when it joined Canadian confederation in 1949. At this time, the modern Liberal and Progressive Conservative parties were formed. These new parties were unrelated to the parties that existed prior to 1934.","title":"Conservative parties in Newfoundland (pre-Confederation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Carter"},{"link_name":"William Whiteway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whiteway"},{"link_name":"Robert Thorburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thorburn"},{"link_name":"Augustus F. Goodridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_F._Goodridge"},{"link_name":"James Spearman Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Spearman_Winter"},{"link_name":"Walter Stanley Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Stanley_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Frederick C. Alderdice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_C._Alderdice"},{"link_name":"United Newfoundland Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Newfoundland_Party"}],"text":"Frederick Carter 1865-1878\nWilliam Whiteway 1878-1885\nRobert Thorburn 1885-1889 - as leader of the Reform Party\nAugustus F. Goodridge 1889-1893 - as leader of the Tory Party\nJames Spearman Winter 1893-1900\nWalter Stanley Monroe 1924-1928 - as leader of the Liberal-Conservative Progressive Party\nFrederick C. Alderdice 1928 - as leader of the Liberal-Conservative Progressive Party and United Newfoundland Party 1928-1934","title":"Leaders"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Newfoundland Prime Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_Prime_Ministers"},{"title":"List of political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"title":"General elections in Newfoundland (pre-Confederation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_elections_in_Newfoundland_(pre-Confederation)"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Conservative+parties+in+Newfoundland%22+pre-Confederation","external_links_name":"\"Conservative parties in Newfoundland\" pre-Confederation"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Conservative+parties+in+Newfoundland%22+pre-Confederation+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Conservative+parties+in+Newfoundland%22+pre-Confederation&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Conservative+parties+in+Newfoundland%22+pre-Confederation+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Conservative+parties+in+Newfoundland%22+pre-Confederation","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Conservative+parties+in+Newfoundland%22+pre-Confederation&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashimpura_massacre	Hashimpura massacre	["1 The incident","2 Aftermath","3 Court case","4 RTI query","5 See also","6 Further reading","7 References","8 External links"]	1987 mass killing of Muslim youths by police in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India Part of a series onViolence against Muslimsin independent India Major incidents 1948 Hyderabad massacres 1964 Calcutta riots 1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots 1969 Gujarat riots 1970 Bhiwandi riots 1980 Moradabad riots 1983 Nellie massacre 1985 Gujarat riots 1987 Hashimpura massacre 1989 Bhagalpur violence 1992 Bombay riots 1993 Pangal massacre 2002 Gujarat riots 2006 Malegaon bombings 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 2014 Assam violence 2020 Delhi riots Freedom of religion Violence against Muslims Religious violence in India Religious persecution vte The Hashimpura massacre was the killing of 75 Muslim men by police on or around 22 May 1987 near Meerut in Uttar Pradesh state, India, during the 1987 Meerut communal riots. It was reported that 19 personnel of the Provincial Armed Constabulary rounded up 42 Muslim youths from the Hashimpura mohalla (locality) of the city, took them to the outskirts of the city, shot them in cold blood and dumped their bodies in a nearby irrigation canal. A few days later, the dead bodies were found floating in the canal and a case of murder was registered. Eventually, 19 men were accused of having performed the act. In May 2000, 16 of the 19 accused surrendered and were later released on bail. Whereas, the other three accused died in the intervening period. In 2002, the Supreme Court of India ordered that the case trial should be transferred from the Ghaziabad district court to a Sessions Court at the Tis Hazari court complex in Delhi. On 21 March 2015, all 16 men accused in the Hashimpura massacre case of 1987 were acquitted by Tis Hazari Court due to insufficient evidence. The Court emphasized that the survivors could not recognize any of the accused PAC personnel. On 31 October 2018, the Delhi High Court convicted the 16 personnel of the PAC and sentenced them to life imprisonment, overturning the trial court's verdict. The incident "We were sorted out on the basis of our strength and physique, while elders and children were picked up and set free. The youth were grouped together and put in a yellow PAC truck. ”.."was pulled out of the truck, shot at twice and thrown into the Ganga stream". - Mohamad Usman, prosecution witness and survivor, 2007 After communal riots had taken over Meerut in April 1987, in a communally charged atmosphere; PAC was called in, but was withdrawn as the riots subsided. However, violence erupted again around 19 May, when 10 people were killed as arson escalated, thus the Army was called out to stage a flag march. Seven companies of CRPF reached the city during the day, while 30 companies of PAC were being rushed in and an indefinite curfew was declared. The following day, mobs burned down Gulmarg cinema hall, and as the death toll rose to 22, plus 75 injured, shoot-at-sight orders were issued on 20 May 1987. On the night of 22 May 1987, 19 PAC personnel, under platoon commander Surinder Pal Singh, rounded up Muslims in the Hashimpur mohalla in Meerut. The old and the children were later separated and let go. They reportedly took about 40–45 of them, mostly day wage labourers and weavers, in a truck to the Upper Ganga canal in Murad Nagar, Ghaziabad district instead of taking them to the police station. Here some were shot, one by one, and thrown into the canal. A bullet also injured one of the PAC constables. After some were killed, the headlights of passing vehicles made PAC personnel flee the spot with those alive. Four of those shot escaped by pretending to be dead and then swimming away. One of them filed a first information report (FIR) at the Murad Nagar Police Station. The remaining men were taken in the truck to the Hindon River Canal near Makanpur village in Ghaziabad, shot and their bodies thrown into the canal. Here again, two of the people who were shot at, survived and lodged an FIR at the Link Road Police Station. Aftermath As the news of the incident spread across the media, minority rights organisations and human rights organisations voiced their outrage. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited the city and the riot-affected areas on 30 May along with Chief Minister Vir Bahadur Singh. The human rights body, People's Union for Civil Liberties(PUCL), appointed an investigation committee comprising the then PUCL President, (former Justice) Rajindar Sachar, I. K. Gujral (who later became Prime Minister of India), and others, and the committee brought out its report on 23 June 1987. In 1988, the Government of Uttar Pradesh ordered an inquiry by the Crime Branch Central Investigation Department (CBCID) of Uttar Pradesh Police. The three-member official investigation team headed by former auditor general Gian Prakash submitted its report in 1994, though it wasn't made public till 1995, when victims moved the Lucknow Bench of the Allahabad High Court. During the CB-CID inquiry, Sub-Inspector Virendra Singh, then in charge of the Link Road Police Station, stated that upon receiving information about the incident he headed towards the Hindon Canal, where he saw a PAC truck heading back from the site. When he chased the truck, he saw it enter 41st Vahini camp of the PAC. Vibhuti Narain Rai, Superintendent of Police, Ghaziabad, and Naseem Zaidi, District Magistrate, Ghaziabad, also reached 41st Vahini and tried tracing the truck through senior PAC officers, but to no avail. In its report, the CB-CID Investigating Officer R.S. Vishnoi recommended prosecution of 37 employees of the PAC and the police department, and 1 June 1995, the government gave permission for 19 of them to be prosecuted. Subsequently, on 20 May 1997, Chief Minister Mayawati, gave permission for prosecution of the remaining 18 officials. Court case After the inquiry, in 1996, a chargesheet was filed under Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) with the Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM), Ghaziabad who subsequently issued warrants for the accused policemen to appear before the court. Bailable warrants were issued 23 times against them between 1994 and 2000, yet none of them appeared in court. This was followed by non-bailable warrants which were issued 17 times between April 1998 and April 2000, to no avail. Eventually, under public pressure, 16 of the accused surrendered before the Ghaziabad court in 2000, and were subsequently released on bail and were back in service. In 2001, after an inordinate delay in pre-trial proceedings at Ghaziabad, kin of victims and survivors filed a petition before the Supreme Court for transferring the case from Ghaziabad to New Delhi stating that the conditions there would be more conducive, which the Supreme Court granted in September, 2002. But the case couldn't start, as the state government didn't appoint a Special Public Prosecutor for the case till November 2004, though he was later replaced by S. Adlakha, as the former was found to be under-qualified. Finally, in May 2006, charges were filed against all the accused PAC men for murder, conspiracy to murder, attempt to murder, and tampering with evidence, etc. under Sections 302/ 120B/ 307/ 201/ 149/ 364/ 148/ 147 of the Indian Penal Code, and the trial was scheduled to begin in July. On 15 July 2006, the day the trial was to begin, it was deferred to 22 July by Additional Sessions Judge N. P. Kaushik of Delhi Sessions Court, after the prosecution said authorities in Uttar Pradesh had yet to send important case material to Delhi. He also issued notices, both to the Chief Secretary and Law Secretary of Uttar Pradesh state, seeking an explanation as to "why this case has not been dealt with appropriately on an urgent basis". Later, when on 22 July, the trials began, and when one of four survivors, Zulfikar Nasser was deposed in front of additional sessions judge N. P. Kaushik at the Tis Hazari, three of the 19 original accused including platoon commander Surender Pal Singh, under whose instructions the massacre was allegedly committed, were already dead. Later on the second day, when the case property was sought by the judge, it was revealed that the rifles used had already been redistributed amongst the jawans of 41-B Vahini Battalion of the PAC (to which the accused belonged), after forensic analysis by CFSL Hyderabad. As per survivor witness Mohamad Usman, who was deposed in February 2007,.."after three boys were pulled out and shot point blank the others in the truck started screaming so the PAC jawans opened fire to quieten them". By May 2010, 63 of the 161 persons listed as witnesses, by CB-CID of Uttar Pradesh Police which investigated the case, had been examined. On 19 May 2010, 4 witnesses in the case recorded their statements in front of Additional Sessions Judge, Manu Rai Sethi at a Delhi Court. These include Sirajuddin, Abdul Gaffar, Abdul Hamid and the then Officer on Special Duty (OSD) Law and Order G L Sharma. However none of the eyewitnesses could recognize any of the accused PAC personnel. On 16 October 2012 Janata Party president Subramanian Swamy moved the Delhi court seeking a probe into the alleged role of P. Chidambaram, the Union Minister of State (MoS) for Home Affairs at the time, in the massacre. Tis Hazari Court, Delhi on 21 March 2015 acquitted all 16 of the accused in the Hashimpura massacre case of 1987, due to insufficient evidence. The Court emphasized that the survivors could not recognize any of the accused PAC personnel. The Uttar Pradesh Government challenged the order of the trial court in Delhi High Court and appealed the decision. Sh Zafaryab Jilani, Additional Advocate General is in charge of the case and Ram Kishor Singh Yadav, Additional Advocate General, Supreme Court is assisting him. Mr. Kaushal Yadav, Advocate-on-Record is Public Prosecutor in the matter. In May 2015, Uttar Pradesh Government announced a compensation of Rs. 5 lakh to family of each victim. On 31 October 2018, 78-year-old retired police officer Ranvir Singh Vishnoi produced police general diary as critical evidence in the Delhi High Court, which led to conviction of the 16 personnel of the PAC and sentence to life imprisonment, overturning the trial courts verdict. RTI query On 24 May 2007, twenty years after the incident, two survivors and 36 members of victims' families visited Lucknow and filed 615 applications under The Right to Information Act 2005 (RTI), at the office of the Director General of Police seeking information about the case. The inquiry revealed that in September all the accused remained in service, and none had any mention of the incident in their Annual Confidential Report (ACR)s. Five men who were shot and survived, later became witnesses for the prosecution case in 2007. See also List of massacres in India List of cases of police brutality in India Further reading Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (2007). Feudal Forces: Democratic Nations – Police Accountability in Commonwealth South Asia. CHRI. ISBN 978-81-88205-48-6. "Meerut riots of May 1987 :PUCL report, 1987". PUCL. 23 June 1987. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2011. "Covering and Reacting to a Tragedy: Some Reflections: Meerut's communal holocaust". PUCL. October 1988. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011. Uekert, Brenda K. (1995). "8. India: Meerut/Maliana massacre". Rivers of blood: a comparative study of government massacres. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 97. ISBN 0-275-95165-0. "India: Torture, rape and deaths in custody". Amnesty International. 26 March 1992. "Hashimpura massacre trial after 19 years-Failure of all organs of state". PUCL. October 2006. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011. Account of Vibhuti Narain Rai, then Superintendent of Police, Ghaziabad Vibhuti Narayan Rai on Hashimpura Judgement References ^ India's Forgotten Massacre \| People & Power Documentary, retrieved 13 January 2024 ^ a b c "Justice out of sight". Vol. 22, no. 10. Frontline. 7–20 May 2005. Archived from the original on 10 August 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b "Hashimpura massacre: Rifles given to PAC". The Times of India. 27 July 2006. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. ^ a b "16 acquitted in 1987 Hashimpura massacre case". The Hindu. Delhi. The Hindu. 21 March 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015. ^ "1987 Hashimpura massacre case: Delhi HC sentences 16 ex-policemen to life imprisonment". The Economic Times. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ Hashimpura Massacre: A brutal and bone – chilling action of custodial killings (PDF). Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ "Delhi High Court sentences 16 ex-cops to life imprisonment in Hashimpura massacre case". The Print. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ a b c d "Hashimpura massacre: Witness says shot twice, dumped in stream". The Indian Express. 10 February 2007. ^ "10 Killed in Meerut Clashes: Army Called Out". The Indian Express. 19 May 1987. ^ a b c "Hashimpura survivors file 615 RTI applications in 20 years long pursuit of justice". Asian Tribune. 25 May 2007. ^ a b c "Hashimpura massacre: Court records statement of 5 witnesses". Zee News. 15 May 2010. ^ Engineer, Asgharali (1988). Delhi-Meerut riots: analysis, compilation, and documentation. Ajanta Publications (India). p. 24. ISBN 81-202-0198-1. ^ "Rajiv Visits Meerut". The Indian Express. 31 May 1987. ^ "The art of not forgetting" Archived 25 August 2009 at the Wayback MachineIndian Express 27 February 1998. ^ a b c d "20 years delayed, trial put off again". The Indian Express. 16 July 2006. "This is the oldest case pending in Delhi and yet the prosecuting agency is still slow.." – ASJ Kaushik, 22 July 2007. ^ "Mayawati shrugs off resurrected Hashimpura ghost". 19 June 1997. ^ a b "I feigned death: witness in Hashimpura massacre case". The Hindu. 23 July 2006. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. ^ a b "Meerut massacre: Court notice to UP govt". The Times of India. 15 July 2006. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. ^ "'87 Meerut massacre: Trial from today". The Times of India. 14 July 2006. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. ^ "Hashimpura massacre: 4 witnesses record their statements". Hindustan Times. 17 May 2010. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. ^ "Hashimpura massacre: Subramanian Swamy seeks probe against P Chidambaram". The Economic Times. 16 October 2012. ^ "Hashimpura massacre: UP government, kin of victims move High Court". The Indian Express. 23 May 2015. ^ "Political Parties criticize BJP's opposition to UP govt's decision to again give compensation to Hashimpura victims". news.biharprabha.com. ANI. 22 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015. ^ "Hashimpura case: Delhi HC sentences 16 PAC men to life imprisonment for murder of 42 Muslims". Business Standard. 27 November 2018. ^ "Hashimpura: 20 years later, accused cops yet to face action". The Indian Express. 5 September 2007. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Hashimpura massacre. "PHOTOS: Hashimpura massacre: Here is what happened". The Indian Express. 31 October 2018. Is their any hope of justice? at PUCL Bulletin, Feb., 2001 "Three of the 19 PAC killers are dead, justice must be done while the rest are still alive". Tehelka. 5 August 2006. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2011.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Meerut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerut"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"1987 Meerut communal riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Meerut_communal_riots"},{"link_name":"Provincial Armed Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Provincial_Armed_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"mohalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohalla"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ghaziabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaziabad,_India"},{"link_name":"Sessions Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessions_Court"},{"link_name":"Tis Hazari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tis_Hazari"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tt-3"},{"link_name":"Tis Hazari Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subordinate_Courts_of_Delhi_High_Court&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verdict2015-4"},{"link_name":"Delhi High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_High_Court"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DelhiHighCourt-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FinalArticle-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DelhiHighCourt2-7"}],"text":"The Hashimpura massacre was the killing of 75 Muslim men[1] by police on or around 22 May 1987 near Meerut in Uttar Pradesh state, India, during the 1987 Meerut communal riots. It was reported that 19 personnel of the Provincial Armed Constabulary rounded up 42 Muslim youths from the Hashimpura mohalla (locality) of the city, took them to the outskirts of the city, shot them in cold blood and dumped their bodies in a nearby irrigation canal. A few days later, the dead bodies were found floating in the canal and a case of murder was registered. Eventually, 19 men were accused of having performed the act. In May 2000, 16 of the 19 accused surrendered and were later released on bail. Whereas, the other three accused died in the intervening period. In 2002, the Supreme Court of India ordered that the case trial should be transferred from the Ghaziabad district court to a Sessions Court at the Tis Hazari court complex in Delhi.[2][3]On 21 March 2015, all 16 men accused in the Hashimpura massacre case of 1987 were acquitted by Tis Hazari Court due to insufficient evidence.[4] The Court emphasized that the survivors could not recognize any of the accused PAC personnel. On 31 October 2018, the Delhi High Court convicted the 16 personnel of the PAC and sentenced them to life imprisonment, overturning the trial court's verdict.[5][6][7]","title":"Hashimpura massacre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ie-8"},{"link_name":"CRPF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"PAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Armed_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Upper Ganga canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Ganga_canal"},{"link_name":"Murad Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_Nagar"},{"link_name":"Ghaziabad district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaziabad_district,_India"},{"link_name":"first information report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_information_report"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-at-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ie-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ze-11"},{"link_name":"Hindon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindon_River"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-at-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ie-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ze-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"\"We were sorted out on the basis of our strength and physique, while elders and children were picked up and set free. The youth were grouped together and put in a yellow PAC truck. ”..\"was pulled out of the truck, shot at twice and thrown into the Ganga stream\".\n\n\n- Mohamad Usman, prosecution witness and survivor, 2007[8]After communal riots had taken over Meerut in April 1987, in a communally charged atmosphere; PAC was called in, but was withdrawn as the riots subsided. However, violence erupted again around 19 May, when 10 people were killed as arson escalated, thus the Army was called out to stage a flag march. Seven companies of CRPF reached the city during the day, while 30 companies of PAC were being rushed in and an indefinite curfew was declared.[9] The following day, mobs burned down Gulmarg cinema hall, and as the death toll rose to 22, plus 75 injured, shoot-at-sight orders were issued on 20 May 1987.On the night of 22 May 1987, 19 PAC personnel, under platoon commander Surinder Pal Singh, rounded up Muslims in the Hashimpur mohalla in Meerut. The old and the children were later separated and let go. They reportedly took about 40–45 of them, mostly day wage labourers and weavers, in a truck to the Upper Ganga canal in Murad Nagar, Ghaziabad district instead of taking them to the police station. Here some were shot, one by one, and thrown into the canal. A bullet also injured one of the PAC constables. After some were killed, the headlights of passing vehicles made PAC personnel flee the spot with those alive. Four of those shot escaped by pretending to be dead and then swimming away. One of them filed a first information report (FIR) at the Murad Nagar Police Station.[10][8][11]The remaining men were taken in the truck to the Hindon River Canal near Makanpur village in Ghaziabad, shot and their bodies thrown into the canal. Here again, two of the people who were shot at, survived and lodged an FIR at the Link Road Police Station.[10][8][11][12]","title":"The incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-2"},{"link_name":"Rajiv Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Vir Bahadur Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir_Bahadur_Singh"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"People's Union for Civil Liberties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties"},{"link_name":"PUCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUCL"},{"link_name":"Rajindar Sachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajindar_Sachar"},{"link_name":"I. K. Gujral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._K._Gujral"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"Government of Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Police"},{"link_name":"auditor general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_India"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Allahabad High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exp-15"},{"link_name":"CB-CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Investigation_Department_(India)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"As the news of the incident spread across the media, minority rights organisations and human rights organisations voiced their outrage.[2] Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited the city and the riot-affected areas on 30 May along with Chief Minister Vir Bahadur Singh.[13] The human rights body, People's Union for Civil Liberties(PUCL), appointed an investigation committee comprising the then PUCL President, (former Justice) Rajindar Sachar, I. K. Gujral (who later became Prime Minister of India), and others, and the committee brought out its report on 23 June 1987.In 1988, the Government of Uttar Pradesh ordered an inquiry by the Crime Branch Central Investigation Department (CBCID) of Uttar Pradesh Police. The three-member official investigation team headed by former auditor general Gian Prakash submitted its report in 1994,[14] though it wasn't made public till 1995, when victims moved the Lucknow Bench of the Allahabad High Court.[15]During the CB-CID inquiry, Sub-Inspector Virendra Singh, then in charge of the Link Road Police Station, stated that upon receiving information about the incident he headed towards the Hindon Canal, where he saw a PAC truck heading back from the site. When he chased the truck, he saw it enter 41st Vahini camp of the PAC. Vibhuti Narain Rai, Superintendent of Police, Ghaziabad, and Naseem Zaidi, District Magistrate, Ghaziabad, also reached 41st Vahini and tried tracing the truck through senior PAC officers, but to no avail.[2] In its report, the CB-CID Investigating Officer R.S. Vishnoi recommended prosecution of 37 employees of the PAC and the police department, and 1 June 1995, the government gave permission for 19 of them to be prosecuted. Subsequently, on 20 May 1997, Chief Minister Mayawati, gave permission for prosecution of the remaining 18 officials.[16]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chargesheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargesheet"},{"link_name":"Criminal Procedure Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Procedure_Code,_1973_(India)"},{"link_name":"Ghaziabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaziabad,_India"},{"link_name":"Bailable warrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Procedure_Code,_1973_(India)#Bailable_and_non-bailable"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exp-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ext-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itma-18"},{"link_name":"Public Prosecutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Prosecutor"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Indian Penal Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exp-15"},{"link_name":"Sessions Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessions_Court"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exp-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itma-18"},{"link_name":"massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ext-17"},{"link_name":"jawans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantryman"},{"link_name":"CFSL Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFSL_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tt-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ie-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ze-11"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Subramanian Swamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy"},{"link_name":"P. Chidambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Chidambaram"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verdict2015-4"},{"link_name":"Zafaryab Jilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zafaryab_Jilani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Government"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Delhi High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_High_Court"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"After the inquiry, in 1996, a chargesheet was filed under Section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) with the Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM), Ghaziabad who subsequently issued warrants for the accused policemen to appear before the court. Bailable warrants were issued 23 times against them between 1994 and 2000, yet none of them appeared in court. This was followed by non-bailable warrants which were issued 17 times between April 1998 and April 2000, to no avail. Eventually, under public pressure, 16 of the accused surrendered before the Ghaziabad court in 2000, and were subsequently released on bail and were back in service.[15][17]In 2001, after an inordinate delay in pre-trial proceedings at Ghaziabad,[18] kin of victims and survivors filed a petition before the Supreme Court for transferring the case from Ghaziabad to New Delhi stating that the conditions there would be more conducive, which the Supreme Court granted in September, 2002. But the case couldn't start, as the state government didn't appoint a Special Public Prosecutor for the case till November 2004, though he was later replaced by S. Adlakha, as the former was found to be under-qualified.[19] Finally, in May 2006, charges were filed against all the accused PAC men for murder, conspiracy to murder, attempt to murder, and tampering with evidence, etc. under Sections 302/ 120B/ 307/ 201/ 149/ 364/ 148/ 147 of the Indian Penal Code, and the trial was scheduled to begin in July.[15]On 15 July 2006, the day the trial was to begin, it was deferred to 22 July by Additional Sessions Judge N. P. Kaushik of Delhi Sessions Court, after the prosecution said authorities in Uttar Pradesh had yet to send important case material to Delhi.[15] He also issued notices, both to the Chief Secretary and Law Secretary of Uttar Pradesh state, seeking an explanation as to \"why this case has not been dealt with appropriately on an urgent basis\".[18] Later, when on 22 July, the trials began, and when one of four survivors, Zulfikar Nasser was deposed in front of additional sessions judge N. P. Kaushik at the Tis Hazari, three of the 19 original accused including platoon commander Surender Pal Singh, under whose instructions the massacre was allegedly committed, were already dead.[17] Later on the second day, when the case property was sought by the judge, it was revealed that the rifles used had already been redistributed amongst the jawans of 41-B Vahini Battalion of the PAC (to which the accused belonged), after forensic analysis by CFSL Hyderabad.[3] As per survivor witness Mohamad Usman, who was deposed in February 2007,..\"after three boys were pulled out and shot point blank the others in the truck started screaming so the PAC jawans opened fire to quieten them\".[8]By May 2010, 63 of the 161 persons listed as witnesses, by CB-CID of Uttar Pradesh Police which investigated the case, had been examined. On 19 May 2010, 4 witnesses in the case recorded their statements in front of Additional Sessions Judge, Manu Rai Sethi at a Delhi Court. These include Sirajuddin, Abdul Gaffar, Abdul Hamid and the then Officer on Special Duty (OSD) Law and Order G L Sharma.[11][20] However none of the eyewitnesses could recognize any of the accused PAC personnel.On 16 October 2012 Janata Party president Subramanian Swamy moved the Delhi court seeking a probe into the alleged role of P. Chidambaram, the Union Minister of State (MoS) for Home Affairs at the time, in the massacre.[21]Tis Hazari Court, Delhi on 21 March 2015 acquitted all 16 of the accused in the Hashimpura massacre case of 1987, due to insufficient evidence.[4] The Court emphasized that the survivors could not recognize any of the accused PAC personnel.The Uttar Pradesh Government challenged the order of the trial court in Delhi High Court and appealed the decision. Sh Zafaryab Jilani, Additional Advocate General is in charge of the case and Ram Kishor Singh Yadav, Additional Advocate General, Supreme Court is assisting him. Mr. Kaushal Yadav, Advocate-on-Record is Public Prosecutor in the matter.[22]In May 2015, Uttar Pradesh Government announced a compensation of Rs. 5 lakh to family of each victim.[23]On 31 October 2018, 78-year-old retired police officer Ranvir Singh Vishnoi produced police general diary as critical evidence in the Delhi High Court, which led to conviction of the 16 personnel of the PAC and sentence to life imprisonment, overturning the trial courts verdict.[24]","title":"Court case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"link_name":"The Right to Information Act 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_to_Information_Act_2005"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-at-10"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"On 24 May 2007, twenty years after the incident, two survivors and 36 members of victims' families visited Lucknow and filed 615 applications under The Right to Information Act 2005 (RTI), at the office of the Director General of Police seeking information about the case.[10] The inquiry revealed that in September all the accused remained in service, and none had any mention of the incident in their Annual Confidential Report (ACR)s.[25] Five men who were shot and survived, later became witnesses for the prosecution case in 2007.","title":"RTI query"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Human_Rights_Initiative"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-88205-48-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88205-48-6"},{"link_name":"\"Meerut riots of May 1987 :PUCL report, 1987\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120817150551/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/meerut-riots.html"},{"link_name":"PUCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUCL"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/meerut-riots.html"},{"link_name":"\"Covering and Reacting to a Tragedy: Some Reflections: Meerut's communal holocaust\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131024125141/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Religion-communalism/meerut.htm"},{"link_name":"PUCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUCL"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pucl.org/from-archives/Religion-communalism/meerut.htm"},{"link_name":"\"8. India: Meerut/Maliana massacre\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=I8qWcQNfX_IC&q=Meerut+1987+riots+Maliana&pg=PA97"},{"link_name":"Rivers of blood: a comparative study of government massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/riversofbloodcom0000ueke/page/97"},{"link_name":"97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/riversofbloodcom0000ueke/page/97"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-275-95165-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95165-0"},{"link_name":"\"India: Torture, rape and deaths in custody\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa20/006/1992/en/"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"\"Hashimpura massacre trial after 19 years-Failure of all organs of state\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131019045123/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/hashimpura.html"},{"link_name":"PUCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUCL"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/hashimpura.html"},{"link_name":"Account of Vibhuti Narain Rai, then Superintendent of Police, Ghaziabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vibhutinarain.blogspot.com/2008/08/hashimpura-vibhuti-narain-rai.html"},{"link_name":"Vibhuti Narayan Rai on Hashimpura Judgement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.shabdankan.com/2015/03/vibhuti-narayan-rai-on-hashimapur.html"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/hashimpura-massacre-five-more-convicts-surrender-before-tis-hazari-court-118112701084_1.html"}],"text":"Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (2007). Feudal Forces: Democratic Nations – Police Accountability in Commonwealth South Asia. CHRI. ISBN 978-81-88205-48-6.\n\"Meerut riots of May 1987 :PUCL report, 1987\". PUCL. 23 June 1987. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2011.\n\"Covering and Reacting to a Tragedy: Some Reflections: Meerut's communal holocaust\". PUCL. October 1988. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011.\nUekert, Brenda K. (1995). \"8. India: Meerut/Maliana massacre\". Rivers of blood: a comparative study of government massacres. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 97. ISBN 0-275-95165-0.\n\"India: Torture, rape and deaths in custody\". Amnesty International. 26 March 1992.\n\"Hashimpura massacre trial after 19 years-Failure of all organs of state\". PUCL. October 2006. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011.\nAccount of Vibhuti Narain Rai, then Superintendent of Police, Ghaziabad\nVibhuti Narayan Rai on Hashimpura Judgement\n[1]","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of massacres in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India"},{"title":"List of cases of police brutality in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_police_brutality_in_India"}]	[{"reference":"Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (2007). Feudal Forces: Democratic Nations – Police Accountability in Commonwealth South Asia. CHRI. ISBN 978-81-88205-48-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Human_Rights_Initiative","url_text":"Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88205-48-6","url_text":"978-81-88205-48-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Meerut riots of May 1987 :PUCL report, 1987\". PUCL. 23 June 1987. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120817150551/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/meerut-riots.html","url_text":"\"Meerut riots of May 1987 :PUCL report, 1987\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUCL","url_text":"PUCL"},{"url":"http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/meerut-riots.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Covering and Reacting to a Tragedy: Some Reflections: Meerut's communal holocaust\". PUCL. October 1988. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131024125141/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Religion-communalism/meerut.htm","url_text":"\"Covering and Reacting to a Tragedy: Some Reflections: Meerut's communal holocaust\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUCL","url_text":"PUCL"},{"url":"http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Religion-communalism/meerut.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Uekert, Brenda K. (1995). \"8. India: Meerut/Maliana massacre\". Rivers of blood: a comparative study of government massacres. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 97. ISBN 0-275-95165-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I8qWcQNfX_IC&q=Meerut+1987+riots+Maliana&pg=PA97","url_text":"\"8. India: Meerut/Maliana massacre\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/riversofbloodcom0000ueke/page/97","url_text":"Rivers of blood: a comparative study of government massacres"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/riversofbloodcom0000ueke/page/97","url_text":"97"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95165-0","url_text":"0-275-95165-0"}]},{"reference":"\"India: Torture, rape and deaths in custody\". Amnesty International. 26 March 1992.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa20/006/1992/en/","url_text":"\"India: Torture, rape and deaths in custody\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International","url_text":"Amnesty International"}]},{"reference":"\"Hashimpura massacre trial after 19 years-Failure of all organs of state\". PUCL. October 2006. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019045123/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/hashimpura.html","url_text":"\"Hashimpura massacre trial after 19 years-Failure of all organs of state\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PUCL","url_text":"PUCL"},{"url":"http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/hashimpura.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"India's Forgotten Massacre \| People & Power Documentary, retrieved 13 January 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FsQX1EjyVM","url_text":"India's Forgotten Massacre \| People & Power Documentary"}]},{"reference":"\"Justice out of sight\". Vol. 22, no. 10. Frontline. 7–20 May 2005. Archived from the original on 10 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080810064151/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm","url_text":"\"Justice out of sight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)","url_text":"Frontline"}]},{"reference":"\"Hashimpura massacre: Rifles given to PAC\". The Times of India. 27 July 2006. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104213630/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-27/india/27806339_1_rifles-case-property-hashimpura-massacre","url_text":"\"Hashimpura massacre: Rifles given to PAC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-27/india/27806339_1_rifles-case-property-hashimpura-massacre","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"16 acquitted in 1987 Hashimpura massacre case\". The Hindu. Delhi. The Hindu. 21 March 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/16-acquitted-in-1987-hashimpura-massacre/article7018797.ece?homepage=true","url_text":"\"16 acquitted in 1987 Hashimpura massacre case\""}]},{"reference":"\"1987 Hashimpura massacre case: Delhi HC sentences 16 ex-policemen to life imprisonment\". The Economic Times. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/1987-hashimpura-massacre-case-delhi-hc-sentences-16-cops-to-life-imprisonment/articleshow/66442007.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"1987 Hashimpura massacre case: Delhi HC sentences 16 ex-policemen to life imprisonment\""}]},{"reference":"Hashimpura Massacre: A brutal and bone – chilling action of custodial killings (PDF). Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://journal.subharti.org/pdf/6-Final-Article.pdf","url_text":"Hashimpura Massacre: A brutal and bone – chilling action of custodial killings"}]},{"reference":"\"Delhi High Court sentences 16 ex-cops to life imprisonment in Hashimpura massacre case\". The Print. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprint.in/india/governance/delhi-high-court-sentences-16-ex-cops-to-life-imprisonment-in-hashimpura-massacre-case/143166/","url_text":"\"Delhi High Court sentences 16 ex-cops to life imprisonment in Hashimpura massacre case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hashimpura massacre: Witness says shot twice, dumped in stream\". The Indian Express. 10 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hashimpura-massacre-witness-says-shot-twice/22973/","url_text":"\"Hashimpura massacre: Witness says shot twice, dumped in stream\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 Killed in Meerut Clashes: Army Called Out\". The Indian Express. 19 May 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uIJlAAAAIBAJ&pg=2494,1974200&dq=meerut+1987+riots&hl=en","url_text":"\"10 Killed in Meerut Clashes: Army Called Out\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hashimpura survivors file 615 RTI applications in 20 years long pursuit of justice\". Asian Tribune. 25 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiantribune.com/node/5860","url_text":"\"Hashimpura survivors file 615 RTI applications in 20 years long pursuit of justice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Tribune","url_text":"Asian Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Hashimpura massacre: Court records statement of 5 witnesses\". Zee News. 15 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zeenews.com/news626813.html","url_text":"\"Hashimpura massacre: Court records statement of 5 witnesses\""}]},{"reference":"Engineer, Asgharali (1988). Delhi-Meerut riots: analysis, compilation, and documentation. Ajanta Publications (India). p. 24. ISBN 81-202-0198-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgharali_Engineer","url_text":"Engineer, Asgharali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-202-0198-1","url_text":"81-202-0198-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Rajiv Visits Meerut\". The Indian Express. 31 May 1987.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w4JlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1844,2854117&dq=meerut+1987+riots&hl=en","url_text":"\"Rajiv Visits Meerut\""}]},{"reference":"\"20 years delayed, trial put off again\". The Indian Express. 16 July 2006. \"This is the oldest case pending in Delhi and yet the prosecuting agency is still slow..\" – ASJ Kaushik, 22 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://cities.expressindia.com/local-news/archivefullstory.php?newsid=193052&creation_date=2006-07-16","url_text":"\"20 years delayed, trial put off again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayawati shrugs off resurrected Hashimpura ghost\". 19 June 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970619/17050363.html","url_text":"\"Mayawati shrugs off resurrected Hashimpura ghost\""}]},{"reference":"\"I feigned death: witness in Hashimpura massacre case\". The Hindu. 23 July 2006. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526184049/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/23/stories/2006072302440700.htm","url_text":"\"I feigned death: witness in Hashimpura massacre case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/23/stories/2006072302440700.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meerut massacre: Court notice to UP govt\". The Times of India. 15 July 2006. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104213725/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-15/india/27811384_1_meerut-massacre-court-notice-hashimpura","url_text":"\"Meerut massacre: Court notice to UP govt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-15/india/27811384_1_meerut-massacre-court-notice-hashimpura","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'87 Meerut massacre: Trial from today\". The Times of India. 14 July 2006. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110809003441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-14/india/27809036_1_meerut-massacre-pac-delhi-court","url_text":"\"'87 Meerut massacre: Trial from today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-14/india/27809036_1_meerut-massacre-pac-delhi-court","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hashimpura massacre: 4 witnesses record their statements\". Hindustan Times. 17 May 2010. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101231013441/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hashimpura-massacre-4-witnesses-record-their-statements/Article1-544938.aspx","url_text":"\"Hashimpura massacre: 4 witnesses record their statements\""},{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hashimpura-massacre-4-witnesses-record-their-statements/Article1-544938.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hashimpura massacre: Subramanian Swamy seeks probe against P Chidambaram\". The Economic Times. 16 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-16/news/34499176_1_hashimpura-subramanian-swamy-p-chidambaram","url_text":"\"Hashimpura massacre: Subramanian Swamy seeks probe against P Chidambaram\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hashimpura massacre: UP government, kin of victims move High Court\". The Indian Express. 23 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/hashimpura-massacre-up-government-kin-of-victims-move-high-court/","url_text":"\"Hashimpura massacre: UP government, kin of victims move High Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"Political Parties criticize BJP's opposition to UP govt's decision to again give compensation to Hashimpura victims\". news.biharprabha.com. ANI. 22 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/politicos-react-after-bjp-opposes-up-govts-decision-to-again-give-compensation-to-hashimpura-victim/","url_text":"\"Political Parties criticize BJP's opposition to UP govt's decision to again give compensation to Hashimpura victims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hashimpura case: Delhi HC sentences 16 PAC men to life imprisonment for murder of 42 Muslims\". Business Standard. 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/hashimpura-massacre-five-more-convicts-surrender-before-tis-hazari-court-118112701084_1.html","url_text":"\"Hashimpura case: Delhi HC sentences 16 PAC men to life imprisonment for murder of 42 Muslims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hashimpura: 20 years later, accused cops yet to face action\". The Indian Express. 5 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hashimpura-20-years-later-accused-cops-yet/214555/","url_text":"\"Hashimpura: 20 years later, accused cops yet to face action\""}]},{"reference":"\"PHOTOS: Hashimpura massacre: Here is what happened\". The Indian Express. 31 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/hashimpura-massacre-most-chilling-murder-in-free-india/","url_text":"\"PHOTOS: Hashimpura massacre: Here is what happened\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three of the 19 PAC killers are dead, justice must be done while the rest are still alive\". Tehelka. 5 August 2006. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120916185006/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne080506Three_of_the.asp","url_text":"\"Three of the 19 PAC killers are dead, justice must be done while the rest are still alive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehelka","url_text":"Tehelka"},{"url":"http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne080506Three_of_the.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120817150551/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/meerut-riots.html","external_links_name":"\"Meerut riots of May 1987 :PUCL report, 1987\""},{"Link":"http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/meerut-riots.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131024125141/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Religion-communalism/meerut.htm","external_links_name":"\"Covering and Reacting to a Tragedy: Some Reflections: Meerut's communal holocaust\""},{"Link":"http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Religion-communalism/meerut.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I8qWcQNfX_IC&q=Meerut+1987+riots+Maliana&pg=PA97","external_links_name":"\"8. India: Meerut/Maliana massacre\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/riversofbloodcom0000ueke/page/97","external_links_name":"Rivers of blood: a comparative study of government massacres"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/riversofbloodcom0000ueke/page/97","external_links_name":"97"},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa20/006/1992/en/","external_links_name":"\"India: Torture, rape and deaths in custody\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019045123/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/hashimpura.html","external_links_name":"\"Hashimpura massacre trial after 19 years-Failure of all organs of state\""},{"Link":"http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/hashimpura.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://vibhutinarain.blogspot.com/2008/08/hashimpura-vibhuti-narain-rai.html","external_links_name":"Account of Vibhuti Narain Rai, then Superintendent of Police, Ghaziabad"},{"Link":"http://www.shabdankan.com/2015/03/vibhuti-narayan-rai-on-hashimapur.html","external_links_name":"Vibhuti Narayan Rai on Hashimpura Judgement"},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/hashimpura-massacre-five-more-convicts-surrender-before-tis-hazari-court-118112701084_1.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FsQX1EjyVM","external_links_name":"India's Forgotten Massacre \| People & Power Documentary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080810064151/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm","external_links_name":"\"Justice out of sight\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104213630/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-27/india/27806339_1_rifles-case-property-hashimpura-massacre","external_links_name":"\"Hashimpura massacre: Rifles given to PAC\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-27/india/27806339_1_rifles-case-property-hashimpura-massacre","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/16-acquitted-in-1987-hashimpura-massacre/article7018797.ece?homepage=true","external_links_name":"\"16 acquitted in 1987 Hashimpura massacre case\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/1987-hashimpura-massacre-case-delhi-hc-sentences-16-cops-to-life-imprisonment/articleshow/66442007.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"1987 Hashimpura massacre case: Delhi HC sentences 16 ex-policemen to life imprisonment\""},{"Link":"http://journal.subharti.org/pdf/6-Final-Article.pdf","external_links_name":"Hashimpura Massacre: A brutal and bone – chilling action of custodial killings"},{"Link":"https://theprint.in/india/governance/delhi-high-court-sentences-16-ex-cops-to-life-imprisonment-in-hashimpura-massacre-case/143166/","external_links_name":"\"Delhi High Court sentences 16 ex-cops to life imprisonment in Hashimpura massacre case\""},{"Link":"http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hashimpura-massacre-witness-says-shot-twice/22973/","external_links_name":"\"Hashimpura massacre: Witness says shot twice, dumped in stream\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uIJlAAAAIBAJ&pg=2494,1974200&dq=meerut+1987+riots&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"10 Killed in Meerut Clashes: Army Called Out\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiantribune.com/node/5860","external_links_name":"\"Hashimpura survivors file 615 RTI applications in 20 years long pursuit of justice\""},{"Link":"http://www.zeenews.com/news626813.html","external_links_name":"\"Hashimpura massacre: Court records statement of 5 witnesses\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w4JlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1844,2854117&dq=meerut+1987+riots&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Rajiv Visits Meerut\""},{"Link":"http://www.indianexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19980227/05850914.html","external_links_name":"\"The art of not forgetting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090825193251/http://www.indianexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19980227/05850914.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cities.expressindia.com/local-news/archivefullstory.php?newsid=193052&creation_date=2006-07-16","external_links_name":"\"20 years delayed, trial put off again\""},{"Link":"http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970619/17050363.html","external_links_name":"\"Mayawati shrugs off resurrected Hashimpura ghost\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526184049/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/23/stories/2006072302440700.htm","external_links_name":"\"I feigned death: witness in Hashimpura massacre case\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/23/stories/2006072302440700.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104213725/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-15/india/27811384_1_meerut-massacre-court-notice-hashimpura","external_links_name":"\"Meerut massacre: Court notice to UP govt\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-15/india/27811384_1_meerut-massacre-court-notice-hashimpura","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110809003441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-14/india/27809036_1_meerut-massacre-pac-delhi-court","external_links_name":"\"'87 Meerut massacre: Trial from today\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-14/india/27809036_1_meerut-massacre-pac-delhi-court","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101231013441/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hashimpura-massacre-4-witnesses-record-their-statements/Article1-544938.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Hashimpura massacre: 4 witnesses record their statements\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hashimpura-massacre-4-witnesses-record-their-statements/Article1-544938.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-16/news/34499176_1_hashimpura-subramanian-swamy-p-chidambaram","external_links_name":"\"Hashimpura massacre: Subramanian Swamy seeks probe against P Chidambaram\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/hashimpura-massacre-up-government-kin-of-victims-move-high-court/","external_links_name":"\"Hashimpura massacre: UP government, kin of victims move High Court\""},{"Link":"http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/politicos-react-after-bjp-opposes-up-govts-decision-to-again-give-compensation-to-hashimpura-victim/","external_links_name":"\"Political Parties criticize BJP's opposition to UP govt's decision to again give compensation to Hashimpura victims\""},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/hashimpura-massacre-five-more-convicts-surrender-before-tis-hazari-court-118112701084_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Hashimpura case: Delhi HC sentences 16 PAC men to life imprisonment for murder of 42 Muslims\""},{"Link":"http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hashimpura-20-years-later-accused-cops-yet/214555/","external_links_name":"\"Hashimpura: 20 years later, accused cops yet to face action\""},{"Link":"http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/hashimpura-massacre-most-chilling-murder-in-free-india/","external_links_name":"\"PHOTOS: Hashimpura massacre: Here is what happened\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101220092459/http://pucl.org/reports/UttarPradesh/2001/hashimpura.htm","external_links_name":"Is their any hope of justice?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120916185006/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne080506Three_of_the.asp","external_links_name":"\"Three of the 19 PAC killers are dead, justice must be done while the rest are still alive\""},{"Link":"http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne080506Three_of_the.asp","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Young_(MP)	Richard Young (MP)	["1 Early years","2 Business, residences and personal life","2.1 Richard Young's fleet","3 In local affairs and politics","3.1 Wisbech","3.2 Magistrate","3.3 National politics","4 Livery companies and London","5 Family","6 Legacy","7 References","8 External links"]	19th-century English MP, ship owner and merchant Richard YoungDL JPPortrait by Hugh Ford Crighton of Richard Young, at the end of his life, in his mayoral and sheriff's robesBorn22 March 1809Scarning, Norfolk, EnglandDied15 October 1871London, EnglandOccupation(s)Shipowner, merchant and MPSpouseHarriet Young (nee Pear) Alderman Richard Young, DL JP, (1809 – 15 October 1871) was a British merchant, shipowner and Liberal politician. Early years He was born on 22 March 1809 the second son of Mary (née Spickings) and John Younge (died 1851), of Scarning, Norfolk. His grandfather John had farmed in Emneth and Walsoken in west Norfolk, until he moved to north Norfolk about 1780. Business, residences and personal life Aged 28, Young was appointed Keeper of the North Level Sea Sluice and Surveyor of the North Level Main Drain. In 1841 Young, of Tydd St Mary, was the collector of rates for land recovered by the Commissioners of Nene Outfall Act. In 1848 he was advertising: "Paure Spalding's red seed wheat may be had of Richard Young, North Sluice, Wisbech, at 7s. 6d. per bushel, ready money. The above wheat is now lying at his South Marsh Farm, near Sutton Bridge." He was still dwelling at Tydd St Mary, and was the Receiver of rates for the Commissioner's of the Nene Outfall, in 1849. His late father's estates in Walsoken were put up for auction in eight lots at the White Horse Inn, Wisbech on 12 June 1852. In July 1852 Young was advertising the sale of guano imported from Ichaboe Island by his ships into Sutton Bridge. In 1853 the family moved from the North Level Sluice House to Osborne House, according to his son Edmund Pear Young. At the opening of the Mission House, Tydd St Mary Fen in July 1859 Young was reported as saying that he had been associated with the parish for 25 years, and that he had been churchwarden under the Rev. Charles Ash. That December Young survived a crash, in which the horse pulling the carriage was killed outright, and he was knocked unconscious with a head injury. On 2 January 1860 he was commissioned in the militia, as an ensign in the Wisbech or 2nd Cambridgeshire Rifle Volunteers. In October 1863 it was reported that Young had purchased the Newton Hall Estate of 314 acres, formerly the property of the late J. E. Todd. In March 1864: "At the meeting of the Members of the United Good Fellowship Lodge of Freemasons, held at the Rose and Crown Hotel, on Tuesday evening last, Mr. Richard Young, of Osborne House, was elected Worshipful Master of the Lodge for the ensuing year. It is said that the installation of the W. M. will take place the latter end of April." In 1864 Young was responsible for the passing of the Cross Keys Bridge Bill. In 1871 he was chairman of the Peterborough, Wisbech and Sutton Bridge Railway company. and the Nene Navigation Commissioners. He was a director of the Great Eastern Railway and one of their earlier passenger ships on the Harwich-Rotterdam service was named Richard Young in 1871. Richard Young's fleet Young owned over 40 ships at different times. Arthur Artis Oldham lists 43 vessels. These include:- Elizabeth Huddlestone, a Sunderland-built two master schooner of 75 tons, purchased by Young, Thomas Greves and Thomas Rawson, and registered at the Port of Wisbech on 20 June 1837. The bulk of the shares were sold to George Prest and Richard Boucher in May 1841. Tycho Wing, the first of his ships built in Wisbech by Cousins. Launched in 1849. Lost in 1850. Richard Young, also launched in 1849. Ringdove, a Peterhead-built brig of 91 tons purchased by Young. She became a total wreck in 1851. Lady Alice Lambton, a screw-driven steamer of 700 tons purchased in 1853, This vessel and the Great Northern were chartered in 1854 for use in the Crimean War. The iron screw steam ship SS Sir Colin Campbell (1855), built for Young by the Richardson shipyard in Hartlepool. Young sold it to the government of Sa'id of Egypt, shortly after the launch, who renamed it Rechid. He bought it back again the following year, and in 1861 sold it to Zachariah Charles Pearson. In December 1861, used as a blockade runner, it was lost at sea on a voyage to Baltimore. In 1863, the Robert Lowe was used to bring tea from Hangkow. Huzza a two-masted schooner of 169 tons, built at Prince Edward Island. Oldham states that the crew were rescued by use of rocket apparatus, and that the incident is preserved in an oil painting owned by Rev. Belton Young. In local affairs and politics Wisbech In 1856 Young topped the poll for the South Ward of Wisbech to become a town councillor. He was nominated as mayor in November 1857, but the mayor T. S. Watson and another member were also nominated, and Young withdrew . From 1858 to 1863 he was Mayor of Wisbech and in 1871 he was briefly Sheriff of London and Middlesex. He was made Alderman of Wisbech in 1859. Magistrate In 1869 Young was appointed a justice of the peace (JP) for Norfolk sitting on the Terrington bench. He was also appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for Cambridgeshire that year; and was a JP for Cambridgeshire. He was appointed JP for the Isle of Ely in 1870. National politics Young was elected Liberal MP for in the three-member seat of Cambridgeshire in 1865. He was then displaced by his running mate Henry Brand at the next general election in 1868, by 10 votes. He sought election for King's Lynn at a by-election in 1869 but lost by a handful of votes. Livery companies and London On 26 January 1871 Young was admitted a member of the Worshipful Company of Fruiterers. Afterwards, at the Guildhall, he was presented with freedom of the city of London. He was nominated for the shrievalty by the Lord Mayor of London at a Mansion House banquet on 10 April 1871. At this time his town house was 151, Buckingham Palace Road, Austin-friars. He appointed as chaplain for the year of his shrievalty the Rev. Dr. Cox, vicar of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, and grand chaplain to the Freemasons. His term was cut short by his death. A portrait of Young by Hugh Ford Crighton hangs in the Wisbech Council chamber, and shows him as Sheriff of London and Middlesex; but Young died two days after receiving the honour. The robes were given by his widow to the Wisbech Borough council in 1883, and she stated that they had been worn by him both as mayor and Sheriff. They are on display in the council chamber and are worn just once by each new mayor, when taking the office at mayor making. Family In 1834 Young married Harriot Emma, only child of John Pear (died 1850), of North Level House, Tydd St Mary, Lincolnshire. At the time of his death, Young left a widow and eight surviving children, six sons: John, George Frederick, Jesse, Richard, Belton, Harry and two daughters: Emma and Josephine. Of their children: Edmund Pear Young, the eldest son, married Miss M. J. Catling, of Chesterton in September 1862. They had a daughter in August 1865. On his death in 1866, the mercantile riverside premises of Richard Young & Son was advertised to be let. Mary Jane, eldest daughter, died in November 1852, after a long illness, aged 16. Adelaide, third daughter, died August 1848 at age six. Harriette Emma, the eldest surviving daughter, married Andrew Alexander, Esq., C.E of Birkenhead, at All Saints Church, Walsoken in December 1862. She died on 29 September 1889 at 8 Portland Place, Bath. George Frederick Young, on 26 September 1878 at St John's Church, Knotty Ash, near Liverpool, married Ada Constance, daughter of Sidney Withington, of Ulverstone, Torquay. The Rev. Belton Young, born on 5 August 1856. Of North Walsham, Norfolk, he married Maud, second daughter of W. Henry Ashwin, D.L., J.P., of Bretforton Manor, Worcestershire in 1881. Jesse Young, astronomer to the Ernest Giles expedition from Adelaide to Perth, Australia. He died at Perth on 8 October 1909. Harry Austin Lindsay Young, youngest son, Captain 4th Lincolnshire Regiment married Helen, daughter of the late Robert Horsefall, Watford, Herts in 1887. He was born on 26 January 1861, and baptised on 16 April 1861 in the third year of Richard Young's mayoralty. As was the custom at that time for a chief magistrate, whose wife gave birth to a son, the parents were presented with a silver cradle. This was in the form of a nautilus shell, on the top of the cradle was engraved the arms of the borough and on the side an inscription. Josephine, younger surviving daughter, married George Sydney, son of George Smith, of Allerton Hall, Gledhow, Leeds, at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square in June 1871. Young's older brother John married Mary Ann, second daughter of Mr Apsy, of West Walton, Norfolk. Legacy There is a Richard Young Close in Wisbech. Young's former home, Osborne House built in 1853, burnt down in 1920. A memorial to him was erected in Wisbech Park, which blew down and was re-erected. Young's widow presented a photo by Valentine Blanchard to the Wisbech Working Men's Club and Institute. A stained glass window in All Saints' Church, Walsoken was dedicated to his memory by his widow and eight children. The bells in the church were restored and re-hung in 1901 by Young's children. References ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "C" (part 1) ^ Monger, Garry (2021). "Fenland's Sheriff". The Fens. 30: 20. ^ "Married". Bury and Norwich Post. 6 August 1834. p. 3. ^ Roger Powell (1995). Richard Young of Wisbech. Wisbech Society. ^ Andrew C Ingram (2002). Wisbech 1800-1901. Middleton Press. ISBN 1-901706-931. ^ "Nene Outfall". Norwich Mercury. 10 July 1841. p. 1. ^ "Seed Wheat". Cambridge Chronicle. 14 October 1848. ^ "Nene Outfall". Stamford Mercury. 27 July 1849. p. 1. ^ "Valuable Estates in Walsoken". Stamford Mercury. 4 June 1852. p. 1. ^ "Guano". Stamford Mercury. 23 July 1852. p. 3. ^ Roger Powell (1995). Richard Young of Wisbech. Wisbech Society. ^ "Mission House". Stamford Mercury. 22 July 1859. p. 6. ^ "Wisbech". Cambridge Independent Press. 10 December 1859. p. 7. ^ "Wisbech". Cambridge Chronicle and Journal. 14 January 1860. p. 6. ^ "Newton". Cambridge Independent Press. 17 October 1863. p. 7. ^ "'Wisbech". Cambridge Independent Press. 26 March 1864. p. 7. ^ "Cambridge". Norwich Mercury. 16 July 1864. p. 7. ^ Lynn and Sutton Railway (Cross Keys Bridge) Act 27 & 28 Vict. c.ccxxix ^ "Peterborough, Wisbech and Sutton Railway company". Cambridge Chronicle and Journal. 1 April 1871. p. 7. ^ "Wisbech". Stamford Mercury. 8 December 1871. p. 4. ^ a b c Arthur A. Oldham (1933). A History of Wisbech River. Arthur Artis Oldham. ^ "Wisbech". Cambridge Independent Press. 24 November 1849. p. 3. ^ "The Balaklava Railway Corps". Norfolk News. 6 January 1855. p. 6. ^ "Launch of an Iron Screw Steamship at Hartlepool". York Herald. 15 September 1855. p. 5. ^ "Hartlepool History Then & Now - Sir Colin Campbell". www.hhtandn.org. ^ "Hartlepool History Then & Now: Sir Colin Campbell - a general history". www.hhtandn.org. ^ Arthur A. Oldham. A History of Wisbech River. Arthur Artis Oldham. ^ "Wisbech". Stamford Mercury. 13 November 1857. p. 4. ^ "Alderman Richard Young (1809-1871), JP, DL, Mayor of Wisbech (1853-1863), MP for Cambridgeshire (1865-1868), Sheriff of London and Middlesex (1871)". Retrieved 2 February 2018. ^ "Wisbech". Bury and Norwich Post. 11 May 1869. p. 6. ^ "Richard Young". Diss Express. 20 August 1869. p. 7. ^ "The case of threatening a magistrate". Lynn Advertiser. 25 June 1870. p. 7. ^ "Magistrates". Norfolk News - Saturday 12 March 1870. p. 8. ^ "King's Lynn". Cambridge Chronicle and Journal. 4 December 1869. p. 4. Retrieved 19 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3. ^ "Cambridgeshire Election". Norwich Mercury. 28 November 1868. p. 4. ^ "Wisbech". Stamford Mercury. 3 February 1871. p. 4. ^ "The Shrievalty of 1871-2". London City Press. 15 April 1871. p. 4. ^ "EPITOME OF NEWS". South London Chronicle. 12 August 1871. p. 6. ^ "Alderman Richard Young". artuk.org. Retrieved 14 December 2020. ^ "Wisbeach". Bury and Norwich Post. 14 November 1871. p. 6. ^ "A brief guide to the Wisbech Town council". wisbechtowncouncil.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2020. ^ "Died". Norwich Mercury. 17 August 1850. p. 3. ^ "Funeral". Lynn News & County Press. 28 October 1871. p. 7. ^ "Cambridge". Norwich Mercury. 3 September 1862. p. 3. ^ "Herts Guardian, Agricultural Journal, and General Advertiser". 22 August 1865. p. 3. ^ "Wisbech". Cambridge Chronicle. 22 September 1866. ^ "Deaths". Norfolk Chronicle. 6 November 1852. p. 3. ^ "Deaths". Cambridge Chronicle and Journal. 2 September 1848. p. 3. ^ "Mariages". Dundee, Perth, and Cupar Advertiser. 19 December 1862. p. 7. ^ "Marriages". Norfolk News. 13 December 1862. p. 5. ^ "Died". Morning Post. 3 October 1889. p. 1. ^ "Married". Cambridge Independent Press. 5 October 1878. p. 8. ^ John Peile (1913). Biographical Register of Christ's College Vol II 1666-1905. Cambridge University Press. p. 639. ^ "Marriages". Norwich Mercury. 5 October 1881. p. 3. ^ "Obituary". Evening Standard. London. 12 October 2019. ^ "Marriages". Lowestoft Journal. 24 September 1887. p. 5. ^ "Presentation". Dublin Evening Mail. 18 September 1861. ^ "Births". Herts Guardian. 2 February 1861. ^ "Presentation of a silver cradle to the mayoress of wisbech". Dundee Courier. 18 September 1861. p. 3. ^ "Marriage". The Ipswich Journal. 10 June 1871. p. 5. ^ "Married". Bury and Norwich Post. 6 August 1834. p. 3. ^ "10 Richard Young Close". fenland.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2020. ^ Burall, Katherine (1976). "Changes in the Town Scene". Annual Report. 37. Wisbech Society: 16–17. ^ "The Richard Young Memorial". geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 4 December 2019. ^ "Wisbech". Lynn Advertiser. 30 January 1875. ^ Andrew C Ingram (2002). Wisbech 1800-1901. Middleton Press. ISBN 1-901706-931. ^ "All Saints Walsoken". explorewestnorfolk.co.uk. Retrieved 22 December 2020. External links Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Richard Young Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byGeorge MannersEliot YorkeHenry John Adeane Member of Parliament for Cambridgeshire 1865 – 1868 With: George MannersCharles Yorke Succeeded byGeorge MannersCharles YorkeHenry Brand	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Alderman Richard Young, DL JP, (1809 – 15 October 1871)[1] was a British merchant, shipowner and Liberal politician.[2]","title":"Richard Young (MP)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"Scarning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarning"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Emneth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emneth"},{"link_name":"Walsoken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsoken"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"He was born on 22 March 1809 the second son of Mary (née Spickings) and John Younge [sic] (died 1851), of Scarning, Norfolk.[3] His grandfather John had farmed in Emneth and Walsoken in west Norfolk, until he moved to north Norfolk about 1780.[4]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tydd St Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydd_St_Mary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wisbech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisbech"},{"link_name":"Sutton Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"guano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano"},{"link_name":"Ichaboe Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichaboe_Island"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rifle Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Force"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cross Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosskeys_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Peterborough, Wisbech and Sutton Bridge Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough,_Wisbech_and_Sutton_Bridge_Railway"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Great Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Richard Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Richard_Young"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oldham-21"}],"text":"Aged 28, Young was appointed Keeper of the North Level Sea Sluice and Surveyor of the North Level Main Drain.[5] In 1841 Young, of Tydd St Mary, was the collector of rates for land recovered by the Commissioners of Nene Outfall Act.[6] In 1848 he was advertising:\"Paure Spalding's red seed wheat may be had of Richard Young, North Sluice, Wisbech, at 7s. 6d. per bushel, ready money. The above wheat is now lying at his South Marsh Farm, near Sutton Bridge.\"[7]He was still dwelling at Tydd St Mary, and was the Receiver of rates for the Commissioner's of the Nene Outfall, in 1849.[8] His late father's estates in Walsoken were put up for auction in eight lots at the White Horse Inn, Wisbech on 12 June 1852.[9] In July 1852 Young was advertising the sale of guano imported from Ichaboe Island by his ships into Sutton Bridge.[10] In 1853 the family moved from the North Level Sluice House to Osborne House, according to his son Edmund Pear Young.[11]At the opening of the Mission House, Tydd St Mary Fen in July 1859 Young was reported as saying that he had been associated with the parish for 25 years, and that he had been churchwarden under the Rev. Charles Ash.[12] That December Young survived a crash, in which the horse pulling the carriage was killed outright, and he was knocked unconscious with a head injury.[13] On 2 January 1860 he was commissioned in the militia, as an ensign in the Wisbech or 2nd Cambridgeshire Rifle Volunteers.[14]In October 1863 it was reported that Young had purchased the Newton Hall Estate of 314 acres, formerly the property of the late J. E. Todd.[15] In March 1864:\"At the meeting of the Members of the United Good Fellowship Lodge of Freemasons, held at the Rose and Crown Hotel, on Tuesday evening last, Mr. Richard Young, of Osborne House, was elected Worshipful Master of the Lodge for the ensuing year. It is said that the installation of the W. M. will take place the latter end of April.\"[16]In 1864 Young was responsible for the passing of the Cross Keys Bridge Bill.[17][18] In 1871 he was chairman of the Peterborough, Wisbech and Sutton Bridge Railway company.[19] and the Nene Navigation Commissioners.[20] He was a director of the Great Eastern Railway and one of their earlier passenger ships on the Harwich-Rotterdam service was named Richard Young in 1871.[21]","title":"Business, residences and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oldham-21"},{"link_name":"Arthur Artis Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Artis_Oldham"},{"link_name":"Port of Wisbech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Wisbech"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Peterhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhead"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sa'id of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Zachariah Charles Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachariah_Charles_Pearson"},{"link_name":"blockade runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Hangkow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangkow"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Richard Young's fleet","text":"Young owned over 40 ships at different times.[21] Arthur Artis Oldham lists 43 vessels. These include:-Elizabeth Huddlestone, a Sunderland-built two master schooner of 75 tons, purchased by Young, Thomas Greves and Thomas Rawson, and registered at the Port of Wisbech on 20 June 1837. The bulk of the shares were sold to George Prest and Richard Boucher in May 1841.\nTycho Wing, the first of his ships built in Wisbech by Cousins. Launched in 1849. Lost in 1850.\nRichard Young, also launched in 1849.[22]\nRingdove, a Peterhead-built brig of 91 tons purchased by Young. She became a total wreck in 1851.\nLady Alice Lambton, a screw-driven steamer of 700 tons purchased in 1853, This vessel and the Great Northern were chartered in 1854 for use in the Crimean War.[23]\nThe iron screw steam ship SS Sir Colin Campbell (1855), built for Young by the Richardson shipyard in Hartlepool.[24] Young sold it to the government of Sa'id of Egypt, shortly after the launch, who renamed it Rechid.[25] He bought it back again the following year, and in 1861 sold it to Zachariah Charles Pearson. In December 1861, used as a blockade runner, it was lost at sea on a voyage to Baltimore.[26]\nIn 1863, the Robert Lowe was used to bring tea from Hangkow.\nHuzza a two-masted schooner of 169 tons, built at Prince Edward Island. Oldham states that the crew were rescued by use of rocket apparatus, and that the incident is preserved in an oil painting owned by Rev. Belton Young.[27]","title":"Business, residences and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In local affairs and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of London and Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_London_and_Middlesex"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Wisbech","text":"In 1856 Young topped the poll for the South Ward of Wisbech to become a town councillor. He was nominated as mayor in November 1857, but the mayor T. S. Watson and another member were also nominated, and Young withdrew .[28] From 1858 to 1863 he was Mayor of Wisbech and in 1871 he was briefly Sheriff of London and Middlesex.[29] He was made Alderman of Wisbech in 1859.","title":"In local affairs and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"justice of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Magistrate","text":"In 1869 Young was appointed a justice of the peace (JP) for Norfolk sitting on the Terrington bench.[30] He was also appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for Cambridgeshire that year;[31] and was a JP for Cambridgeshire.[32] He was appointed JP for the Isle of Ely in 1870.[33]","title":"In local affairs and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Henry Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brand,_1st_Viscount_Hampden"},{"link_name":"King's Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Lynn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-craig1832-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"National politics","text":"Young was elected Liberal MP for in the three-member seat of Cambridgeshire in 1865. He was then displaced by his running mate Henry Brand at the next general election in 1868, by 10 votes. He sought election for King's Lynn at a by-election in 1869 but lost by a handful of votes.[34][35][36]","title":"In local affairs and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worshipful Company of Fruiterers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fruiterers"},{"link_name":"city of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oldham-21"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"Mansion House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion_House,_London"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace_Road"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasons"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Hugh Ford Crighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Ford_Crighton"},{"link_name":"Wisbech Council chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisbech_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"On 26 January 1871 Young was admitted a member of the Worshipful Company of Fruiterers. Afterwards, at the Guildhall, he was presented with freedom of the city of London.[21][37] He was nominated for the shrievalty by the Lord Mayor of London at a Mansion House banquet on 10 April 1871. At this time his town house was 151, Buckingham Palace Road, Austin-friars.[38] He appointed as chaplain for the year of his shrievalty the Rev. Dr. Cox, vicar of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, and grand chaplain to the Freemasons. [39] His term was cut short by his death.A portrait of Young by Hugh Ford Crighton hangs in the Wisbech Council chamber, and shows him as Sheriff of London and Middlesex; but Young died two days after receiving the honour.[40] The robes were given by his widow to the Wisbech Borough council in 1883, and she stated that they had been worn by him both as mayor and Sheriff.[41] They are on display in the council chamber and are worn just once by each new mayor, when taking the office at mayor making.[42]","title":"Livery companies and London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tydd St Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydd_St_Mary"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Jesse Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Young"},{"link_name":"Ernest Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Giles"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"In 1834 Young married Harriot Emma, only child of John Pear (died 1850), of North Level House, Tydd St Mary, Lincolnshire.[43] At the time of his death, Young left a widow and eight surviving children, six sons: John, George Frederick, Jesse, Richard, Belton, Harry and two daughters: Emma and Josephine.[44] Of their children:Edmund Pear Young, the eldest son, married Miss M. J. Catling, of Chesterton in September 1862.[45] They had a daughter in August 1865.[46] On his death in 1866, the mercantile riverside premises of Richard Young & Son was advertised to be let.[47]\nMary Jane, eldest daughter, died in November 1852, after a long illness, aged 16.[48]\nAdelaide, third daughter, died August 1848 at age six.[49]\nHarriette Emma, the eldest surviving daughter, married Andrew Alexander, Esq., C.E of Birkenhead, at All Saints Church, Walsoken in December 1862.[50][51] She died on 29 September 1889 at 8 Portland Place, Bath.[52]\nGeorge Frederick Young, on 26 September 1878 at St John's Church, Knotty Ash, near Liverpool, married Ada Constance, daughter of Sidney Withington, of Ulverstone, Torquay.[53]\nThe Rev. Belton Young, born on 5 August 1856. Of North Walsham, Norfolk, he married Maud, second daughter of W. Henry Ashwin, D.L., J.P., of Bretforton Manor, Worcestershire in 1881.[54][55]\nJesse Young, astronomer to the Ernest Giles expedition from Adelaide to Perth, Australia. He died at Perth on 8 October 1909.[56]\nHarry Austin Lindsay Young, youngest son, Captain 4th Lincolnshire Regiment married Helen, daughter of the late Robert Horsefall, Watford, Herts in 1887.[57] He was born on 26 January 1861, and baptised on 16 April 1861 in the third year of Richard Young's mayoralty.[58][59] As was the custom at that time for a chief magistrate, whose wife gave birth to a son, the parents were presented with a silver cradle. This was in the form of a nautilus shell, on the top of the cradle was engraved the arms of the borough and on the side an inscription.[60]\nJosephine, younger surviving daughter, married George Sydney, son of George Smith, of Allerton Hall, Gledhow, Leeds, at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square in June 1871.[61]Young's older brother John married Mary Ann, second daughter of Mr Apsy, of West Walton, Norfolk.[62]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Valentine Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"There is a Richard Young Close in Wisbech.[63] Young's former home, Osborne House built in 1853, burnt down in 1920.[64] A memorial to him was erected in Wisbech Park, which blew down and was re-erected.[65]Young's widow presented a photo by Valentine Blanchard to the Wisbech Working Men's Club and Institute.[66] A stained glass window in All Saints' Church, Walsoken was dedicated to his memory by his widow and eight children.[67] The bells in the church were restored and re-hung in 1901 by Young's children.[68]","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Monger, Garry (2021). \"Fenland's Sheriff\". The Fens. 30: 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Married\". Bury and Norwich Post. 6 August 1834. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Roger Powell (1995). Richard Young of Wisbech. Wisbech Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Andrew C Ingram (2002). Wisbech 1800-1901. Middleton Press. ISBN 1-901706-931.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901706-931","url_text":"1-901706-931"}]},{"reference":"\"Nene Outfall\". Norwich Mercury. 10 July 1841. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Seed Wheat\". Cambridge Chronicle. 14 October 1848.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Nene Outfall\". Stamford Mercury. 27 July 1849. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Valuable Estates in Walsoken\". Stamford Mercury. 4 June 1852. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Guano\". Stamford Mercury. 23 July 1852. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Roger Powell (1995). Richard Young of Wisbech. Wisbech Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mission House\". Stamford Mercury. 22 July 1859. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wisbech\". Cambridge Independent Press. 10 December 1859. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wisbech\". Cambridge Chronicle and Journal. 14 January 1860. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Newton\". Cambridge Independent Press. 17 October 1863. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"'Wisbech\". Cambridge Independent Press. 26 March 1864. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cambridge\". Norwich Mercury. 16 July 1864. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Peterborough, Wisbech and Sutton Railway company\". Cambridge Chronicle and Journal. 1 April 1871. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wisbech\". Stamford Mercury. 8 December 1871. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Arthur A. Oldham (1933). A History of Wisbech River. Arthur Artis Oldham.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wisbech\". Cambridge Independent Press. 24 November 1849. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Balaklava Railway Corps\". Norfolk News. 6 January 1855. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Launch of an Iron Screw Steamship at Hartlepool\". York Herald. 15 September 1855. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18550915/010/0005","url_text":"\"Launch of an Iron Screw Steamship at Hartlepool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hartlepool History Then & Now - Sir Colin Campbell\". www.hhtandn.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hhtandn.org/hartlepool-ships-and-shipping/shipbuilding/201/richardsons-shipyard/ship/1162/sir-colin-campbell","url_text":"\"Hartlepool History Then & Now - Sir Colin Campbell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hartlepool History Then & Now: Sir Colin Campbell - a general history\". www.hhtandn.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hhtandn.org/notes/390/sir-colin-campbell-a-general-history","url_text":"\"Hartlepool History Then & Now: Sir Colin Campbell - a general history\""}]},{"reference":"Arthur A. Oldham. A History of Wisbech River. Arthur Artis Oldham.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wisbech\". Stamford Mercury. 13 November 1857. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Alderman Richard Young (1809-1871), JP, DL, Mayor of Wisbech (1853-1863), MP for Cambridgeshire (1865-1868), Sheriff of London and Middlesex (1871)\". Retrieved 2 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/alderman-richard-young-18091871-jp-dl-mayor-of-wisbech-18581863-mp-for-cambridgeshire-18651868-sheriff-of-london-and-middlesex-1871-48967","url_text":"\"Alderman Richard Young (1809-1871), JP, DL, Mayor of Wisbech (1853-1863), MP for Cambridgeshire (1865-1868), Sheriff of London and Middlesex (1871)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wisbech\". Bury and Norwich Post. 11 May 1869. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Richard Young\". Diss Express. 20 August 1869. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The case of threatening a magistrate\". Lynn Advertiser. 25 June 1870. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Magistrates\". Norfolk News - Saturday 12 March 1870. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"King's Lynn\". Cambridge Chronicle and Journal. 4 December 1869. p. 4. Retrieved 19 February 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000421/18691204/045/0004","url_text":"\"King's Lynn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-02349-3","url_text":"978-1-349-02349-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Cambridgeshire Election\". Norwich Mercury. 28 November 1868. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wisbech\". Stamford Mercury. 3 February 1871. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Shrievalty of 1871-2\". London City Press. 15 April 1871. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"EPITOME OF NEWS\". South London Chronicle. 12 August 1871. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Alderman Richard Young\". artuk.org. Retrieved 14 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/alderman-richard-young-18091871-jp-dl-mayor-of-wisbech-18581863-mp-for-cambridgeshire-18651868-sheriff-of-london-and-middlesex-1871-48967","url_text":"\"Alderman Richard Young\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wisbeach\". Bury and Norwich Post. 14 November 1871. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A brief guide to the Wisbech Town council\". wisbechtowncouncil.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wisbechcouncil.gov.uk/","url_text":"\"A brief guide to the Wisbech Town council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Died\". Norwich Mercury. 17 August 1850. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Funeral\". Lynn News & County Press. 28 October 1871. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cambridge\". Norwich Mercury. 3 September 1862. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Herts Guardian, Agricultural Journal, and General Advertiser\". 22 August 1865. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wisbech\". Cambridge Chronicle. 22 September 1866.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Deaths\". Norfolk Chronicle. 6 November 1852. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Deaths\". Cambridge Chronicle and Journal. 2 September 1848. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mariages\". Dundee, Perth, and Cupar Advertiser. 19 December 1862. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Marriages\". Norfolk News. 13 December 1862. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Died\". Morning Post. 3 October 1889. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Married\". Cambridge Independent Press. 5 October 1878. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"John Peile (1913). Biographical Register of Christ's College Vol II 1666-1905. Cambridge University Press. p. 639.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Marriages\". Norwich Mercury. 5 October 1881. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Obituary\". Evening Standard. London. 12 October 2019.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Marriages\". Lowestoft Journal. 24 September 1887. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Presentation\". Dublin Evening Mail. 18 September 1861.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Births\". Herts Guardian. 2 February 1861.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Presentation of a silver cradle to the mayoress of wisbech\". Dundee Courier. 18 September 1861. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Marriage\". The Ipswich Journal. 10 June 1871. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Married\". Bury and Norwich Post. 6 August 1834. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"10 Richard Young Close\". fenland.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fenland.gov.uk/publicaccess/propertyDetails.do?activeTab=summary&keyVal=000JRUHELI000","url_text":"\"10 Richard Young Close\""}]},{"reference":"Burall, Katherine (1976). \"Changes in the Town Scene\". Annual Report. 37. Wisbech Society: 16–17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Richard Young Memorial\". geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 4 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/snippet/11916","url_text":"\"The Richard Young Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wisbech\". Lynn Advertiser. 30 January 1875.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Andrew C Ingram (2002). Wisbech 1800-1901. Middleton Press. ISBN 1-901706-931.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901706-931","url_text":"1-901706-931"}]},{"reference":"\"All Saints Walsoken\". explorewestnorfolk.co.uk. Retrieved 22 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://explorewestnorfolk.co.uk/venues/church-of-all-saints-walsoken-44/","url_text":"\"All Saints Walsoken\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150215181722/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Ccommons1.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with \"C\" (part 1)"},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000499/18550915/010/0005","external_links_name":"\"Launch of an Iron Screw Steamship at Hartlepool\""},{"Link":"https://www.hhtandn.org/hartlepool-ships-and-shipping/shipbuilding/201/richardsons-shipyard/ship/1162/sir-colin-campbell","external_links_name":"\"Hartlepool History Then & Now - Sir Colin Campbell\""},{"Link":"https://www.hhtandn.org/notes/390/sir-colin-campbell-a-general-history","external_links_name":"\"Hartlepool History Then & Now: Sir Colin Campbell - a general history\""},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/alderman-richard-young-18091871-jp-dl-mayor-of-wisbech-18581863-mp-for-cambridgeshire-18651868-sheriff-of-london-and-middlesex-1871-48967","external_links_name":"\"Alderman Richard Young (1809-1871), JP, DL, Mayor of Wisbech (1853-1863), MP for Cambridgeshire (1865-1868), Sheriff of London and Middlesex (1871)\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000421/18691204/045/0004","external_links_name":"\"King's Lynn\""},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/alderman-richard-young-18091871-jp-dl-mayor-of-wisbech-18581863-mp-for-cambridgeshire-18651868-sheriff-of-london-and-middlesex-1871-48967","external_links_name":"\"Alderman Richard Young\""},{"Link":"https://www.wisbechcouncil.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"\"A brief guide to the Wisbech Town council\""},{"Link":"https://www.fenland.gov.uk/publicaccess/propertyDetails.do?activeTab=summary&keyVal=000JRUHELI000","external_links_name":"\"10 Richard Young Close\""},{"Link":"https://www.geograph.org.uk/snippet/11916","external_links_name":"\"The Richard Young Memorial\""},{"Link":"https://explorewestnorfolk.co.uk/venues/church-of-all-saints-walsoken-44/","external_links_name":"\"All Saints Walsoken\""},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-richard-young","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by Richard Young"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships	2002 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships	["1 Medals table","2 Results","2.1 Men","2.2 Ladies","2.3 Pairs","2.4 Ice dancing","3 External links"]	2002 Four Continents Figure Skating ChampionshipsType:ISU ChampionshipDate:January 21 – 27Season:2001–02Location:Jeonju, South KoreaVenue:Hwasan Indoor Ice RinkChampionsMen's singles: Jeffrey ButtleLadies' singles: Jennifer KirkPairs: Pang Qing / Tong JianIce dance: Naomi Lang / Peter TchernyshevNavigationPrevious: 2001 Four Continents ChampionshipsNext: 2003 Four Continents Championships The 2002 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships was an international figure skating competition in the 2001–02 season. It was held at the Hwasan Indoor Ice Rink in Jeonju, South Korea on January 21–27. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The first compulsory dance was the Ravensburger Waltz and the second was the Blues. Medals table RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 United States (USA)21032 Canada (CAN)11133 China (CHN)10234 Japan (JPN)0213Totals (4 entries)44412 Results Men Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS 1 Jeffrey Buttle Canada 3.0 2 2 2 Takeshi Honda Japan 3.5 5 1 3 Gao Song China 5.0 4 3 4 Johnny Weir United States 5.5 3 4 5 Matthew Savoie United States 5.5 1 5 6 Ma Xiaodong China 10.0 8 6 7 Roman Skorniakov Uzbekistan 11.0 6 8 8 Makoto Okazaki Japan 12.0 10 7 9 Yamato Tamura Japan 12.5 7 9 10 Derrick Delmore United States 14.5 9 10 11 Jayson Dénommée Canada 16.5 11 11 12 Guo Zhengxin China 19.0 14 12 13 Vladimir Belomoin Uzbekistan 19.0 12 13 14 Bradley Santer Australia 20.5 13 14 15 Dino Quattrocecere South Africa 23.5 17 15 16 Daniel Harries Australia 24.0 16 16 17 Stuart Beckingham Australia 26.0 18 17 18 Mauricio Medellin Mexico 26.5 15 19 19 Gareth Echardt South Africa 27.5 19 18 20 Manuel Segura Mexico 30.0 20 20 21 Tristan Thode New Zealand 31.5 21 21 22 Michael Gilpin Mexico 33.0 22 22 WD Emanuel Sandhu Canada Ladies Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS 1 Jennifer Kirk United States 2.5 3 1 2 Shizuka Arakawa Japan 3.0 2 2 3 Yoshie Onda Japan 3.5 1 3 4 Jennifer Robinson Canada 6.5 5 4 5 Ann Patrice McDonough United States 7.0 4 5 6 Annie Bellemare Canada 9.0 6 6 7 Fang Dan China 11.0 8 7 8 Akiko Suzuki Japan 14.0 12 8 9 Joannie Rochette Canada 14.0 10 9 10 Tatiana Malinina Uzbekistan 14.5 7 11 11 Andrea Gardiner United States 15.5 11 10 12 Miriam Manzano Australia 18.5 13 12 13 Joanne Carter Australia 18.5 9 14 14 Anastasia Gimazetdinova Uzbekistan 20.0 14 13 15 Shirene Human South Africa 24.0 18 15 16 Jenna-Ann Buys South Africa 24.5 15 17 17 Park Bit-na South Korea 25.5 19 16 18 Wang Qingyun China 26.0 16 18 19 Gladys Orozco Mexico 29.0 20 19 20 Shin Yea-ji South Korea 30.5 21 20 21 Christine Lee Hong Kong 31.5 17 23 22 Rocio Salas Mexico 32.5 23 21 23 Diane Chen Chinese Taipei 33.0 22 22 24 Sarah-Yvonne Prytula Australia 36.0 24 24 Free Skating Not Reached 25 Quinn Wilmans South Africa 25 26 Helena Garcia Mexico 26 27 Imelda-Rose Hegerty New Zealand 27 28 Anny Hou Chinese Taipei 28 WD Choi Young-eun South Korea Pairs Rank Name Nation TFP SP FS 1 Pang Qing / Tong Jian China 1.5 1 1 2 Anabelle Langlois / Patrice Archetto Canada 3.0 2 2 3 Zhang Dan / Zhang Hao China 5.0 4 3 4 Valérie Marcoux / Bruno Marcotte Canada 6.5 5 4 5 Stephanie Kalesavich / Aaron Parchem United States 6.5 3 5 6 Jacinthe Larivière / Lenny Faustino Canada 9.5 7 6 7 Rena Inoue / John Baldwin Jr. United States 10.0 6 7 8 Ding Yang / Ren Zongfei China 12.0 8 8 9 Yuko Kawaguchi / Alexander Markuntsov Japan 14.0 10 9 10 Kathryn Orscher / Garrett Lucash United States 14.5 9 10 Ice dancing Rank Name Nation TFP CD1 CD2 OD FD 1 Naomi Lang / Peter Tchernyshev United States 2.0 1 1 1 1 2 Tanith Belbin / Benjamin Agosto United States 4.0 2 2 2 2 3 Megan Wing / Aaron Lowe Canada 6.0 3 3 3 3 4 Beata Handra / Charles Sinek United States 8.0 4 4 4 4 5 Josée Piché / Pascal Denis Canada 10.0 5 5 5 5 6 Zhang Weina / Cao Xianming China 12.0 6 6 6 6 7 Yang Tae-hwa / Lee Chuen-gun South Korea 14.0 7 7 7 7 8 Rie Arikawa / Kenji Miyamoto Japan 16.2 8 9 8 8 9 Nozomi Watanabe / Akiyuki Kido Japan 17.8 9 8 9 9 10 Qi Jia / Sun Xu China 20.4 11 11 10 10 11 Fan Ru / Suo Bin China 21.6 10 10 11 11 12 Julia Klochko / Ramil Sarkulov Uzbekistan 24.2 13 12 12 12 13 Natalie Buck / Trent Nelson-Bond Australia 25.8 12 13 13 13 14 Aimee Hartog / Daniel Price Australia 28.2 14 15 14 14 15 Kirstie Kettleton / Trevor Sieders Australia 29.8 15 14 15 15 External links 2002 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2002/01/26/buttle020126.html https://web.archive.org/web/20120302154723/http://ww2.isu.org/news/4cont1.html https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011734/http://ww2.isu.org/news/4cont2.html https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011752/http://ww2.isu.org/news/4cont3.html https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011757/http://ww2.isu.org/news/4cont4.html vteFour Continents Figure Skating Championships 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2022 2023 2024 vte2001–02 figure skating seasonISU World StandingsWinter Olympics Men's singles Ladies' singles Pair skating Ice dance Scandal ISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Skate America Skate Canada International Sparkassen Cup on Ice Trophée Lalique Cup of Russia NHK Trophy Grand Prix Final Senior Internationals Crystal Skate of Romania Finlandia Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Nordic Championships Ondrej Nepela Memorial Junior Internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix National Championships Australia Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Italy Japan New Zealand Romania Russia Slovakia South Africa Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Four Continents Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Continents_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Hwasan Indoor Ice Rink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeonju_Indoor_Ice_Rink"},{"link_name":"Jeonju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeonju"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"men's singles, ladies' singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_skating"},{"link_name":"pair skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_skating"},{"link_name":"ice dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_dancing"},{"link_name":"compulsory dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_dance"}],"text":"The 2002 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships was an international figure skating competition in the 2001–02 season. It was held at the Hwasan Indoor Ice Rink in Jeonju, South Korea on January 21–27. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The first compulsory dance was the Ravensburger Waltz and the second was the Blues.","title":"2002 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medals table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ladies","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pairs","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ice dancing","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.icecalc.com/events/fc2002/results/index.htm","external_links_name":"2002 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2002/01/26/buttle020126.html","external_links_name":"http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2002/01/26/buttle020126.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302154723/http://ww2.isu.org/news/4cont1.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302154723/http://ww2.isu.org/news/4cont1.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011734/http://ww2.isu.org/news/4cont2.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011734/http://ww2.isu.org/news/4cont2.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011752/http://ww2.isu.org/news/4cont3.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011752/http://ww2.isu.org/news/4cont3.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011757/http://ww2.isu.org/news/4cont4.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011757/http://ww2.isu.org/news/4cont4.html"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufa_Cathedral	Ufa Cathedral	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 54°43′38″N 55°58′25″E / 54.72722°N 55.97365°E / 54.72722; 55.97365For other uses, see Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos. 54°43′38″N 55°58′25″E / 54.72722°N 55.97365°E / 54.72722; 55.97365 The Cathedral of the Nativity of the Theotokos is the largest Orthodox church in Ufa, Bashkortostan. It has been the seat of the Bishops of Ufa since May 2016. The azure-walled parish church with five golden domes was built between 1901 and 1909 on the site chosen by Bishop Antony. Its construction was financed by local merchants, notably Nikifor Patokin. Its most striking feature is the 47-metre-tall pagoda-like belltower which used to dominate the city's skyline. In 1919, the Bolsheviks had the church converted into a hospital. After the domes were torn down, the building was used as a cinema. The Russian Orthodox Church reclaimed the property in 1991. Restoration works took 15 years and involved a new set of frescos for the interior. A bust of poet Denis Davydov was placed in the church garden in 2004. References ^ "Патриарх Кирилл сменил кафедральный собор Уфы". 5 June 2016. ^ a b c "История — Кафедральный собор Рождества Пресвятой Богородицы, г. Уфа". Archived from the original on 2018-08-11. Retrieved 2018-08-11. External links http://собор-уфа.рф Media related to Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos (Ufa) at Wikimedia Commons vteSights in UfaMonuments Monument to Miftahetdin Akmulla Monument to Feodor Chaliapin Monument to Felix Dzerzhinsky Monument to Majit Gafuri Monument to the heroes of the October Revolution and the Civil War Monument to Zagir Ismagilov Monument to Alexander Matrosov Monument to Alexander Matrosov and Minigal Gubaidullin Russia-Bashkir Friendship Monument Monument to Salavat Yulaev Buildings Bashkir Academic Drama Theater Mazhit Gafuri Congress Hall Gosagroprom Building Governor's House Kosterin's House Lala Tulpan Mosque of Twenty-Five Prophets Nativity Cathedral Nobility Assembly Old Mosque Ponosova's House Republic House Rodina Cinema Ufa Station Museums Aksakov Museum Bashkir Nesterov Art Museum Ufa Lenin Museum Parks Gafuri Park of Culture and Leisure Lenin Gardens South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute Category:Gardens and Parks of Ufa Neighbourhoods Inors Sipailovo Ufa Center Zaton Sport venues Akbuzat Race Track Dynamo Stadium Ice Palace Salavat Yulaev Ufa Arena This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Russia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Theotokos_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"54°43′38″N 55°58′25″E / 54.72722°N 55.97365°E / 54.72722; 55.97365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ufa_Cathedral&params=54.72722_N_55.97365_E_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MeleuzHram1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nativity of the Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_the_Theotokos"},{"link_name":"Ufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufa"},{"link_name":"Bashkortostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"Bishop Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_(Khrapovitsky)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Denis Davydov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Davydov"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos.54°43′38″N 55°58′25″E / 54.72722°N 55.97365°E / 54.72722; 55.97365The Cathedral of the Nativity of the Theotokos is the largest Orthodox church in Ufa, Bashkortostan. It has been the seat of the Bishops of Ufa since May 2016.[1]The azure-walled parish church with five golden domes was built between 1901 and 1909 on the site chosen by Bishop Antony. Its construction was financed by local merchants, notably Nikifor Patokin.[2] Its most striking feature is the 47-metre-tall pagoda-like belltower which used to dominate the city's skyline.In 1919, the Bolsheviks had the church converted into a hospital. After the domes were torn down, the building was used as a cinema.[2] The Russian Orthodox Church reclaimed the property in 1991. Restoration works took 15 years and involved a new set of frescos for the interior. A bust of poet Denis Davydov was placed in the church garden in 2004.[2]","title":"Ufa Cathedral"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Патриарх Кирилл сменил кафедральный собор Уфы\". 5 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://ria.ru/religion/20160605/1443151329.html","url_text":"\"Патриарх Кирилл сменил кафедральный собор Уфы\""}]},{"reference":"\"История — Кафедральный собор Рождества Пресвятой Богородицы, г. Уфа\". Archived from the original on 2018-08-11. Retrieved 2018-08-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180811102122/http://xn----8sbb5cbmdvj.xn--p1ai/istoriya/","url_text":"\"История — Кафедральный собор Рождества Пресвятой Богородицы, г. Уфа\""},{"url":"http://xn----8sbb5cbmdvj.xn--p1ai/istoriya/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ufa_Cathedral&params=54.72722_N_55.97365_E_","external_links_name":"54°43′38″N 55°58′25″E / 54.72722°N 55.97365°E / 54.72722; 55.97365"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ufa_Cathedral&params=54.72722_N_55.97365_E_","external_links_name":"54°43′38″N 55°58′25″E / 54.72722°N 55.97365°E / 54.72722; 55.97365"},{"Link":"https://ria.ru/religion/20160605/1443151329.html","external_links_name":"\"Патриарх Кирилл сменил кафедральный собор Уфы\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180811102122/http://xn----8sbb5cbmdvj.xn--p1ai/istoriya/","external_links_name":"\"История — Кафедральный собор Рождества Пресвятой Богородицы, г. Уфа\""},{"Link":"http://xn----8sbb5cbmdvj.xn--p1ai/istoriya/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://xn----8sbb5cbmdvj.xn--p1ai/","external_links_name":"http://собор-уфа.рф"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ufa_Cathedral&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Brainerd	Charles Brainerd	["1 Education and career","2 Honors and awards","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]	American psychologists and researcher Charles BrainerdBorn1944 (age 79–80)NationalityAmericanAlma materMichigan State UniversityKnown forFuzzy-trace theorySpouseValerie F. ReynaAwardsMember of the National Academy of Education since 2017Scientific careerFieldsCognitive psychologyDevelopmental psychologyInstitutionsUniversity of WindsorUniversity of AlbertaUniversity of ArizonaCornell UniversityThesis The construction of the formal operations of implication-reasoning and proportionality in children and adolescents (1970) Charles Jon Brainerd (born 1944) is an American psychologist and professor in the College of Human Ecology at Cornell University. He is known for developing fuzzy-trace theory with his wife and colleague, Valerie F. Reyna. He serves as editor-in-chief of the peer-reviewed scientific journal Developmental Review. Education and career Brainerd was educated at Michigan State University. His first academic appointment was as an assistant professor at the University of Windsor from 1970 to 1971. He served on the faculty of the University of Alberta from 1971, initially as an assistant professor, before being promoted to associate professor there in 1973. 1976 to 1983, he was a professor at the University of Western Ontario. In 1983, he returned to the University of Alberta to become the Henry Marshall Tory Professor and Director Center for Research in Child Development there. He was a professor of educational psychology at the University of Arizona from 1987 to 1997, and taught Special Education, Rehabilitation, and School Psychology there from 1997 to 2004. After a one-year stint teaching psychology at the University of Texas, he joined the human development faculty of Cornell in 2005. Honors and awards Brainerd is a member of the National Academy of Education, as well as a Fellow of the American Psychological Association's Division of General Psychology, Division of Experimental Psychology, Division of Developmental Psychology, and Division of Educational Psychology. He is also a Fellow of the American Psychological Society and the Psychonomic Society. He has received the Spirit of Excellence Award from the Governor of Arizona. Personal life Brainerd's daughter, Tereasa Brainerd, is an astronomer. References ^ "Charles Brainerd". Cornell College of Human Ecology. Retrieved June 2, 2018. ^ Brainerd, By Valerie Reyna and Charles J. (February 1, 2007). "A Scientific Love Affair". APS Observer. 20. Retrieved June 2, 2018. ^ a b "Charles Brainerd Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). ^ "Charles Brainerd". National Academy of Education. Retrieved June 2, 2018. ^ Brainerd, Tereasa G. (1992). "A Study of Properties of Dark Galaxy Halos in a CDM Universe using N-body Simulations". Ohio State University. External links Scholia has a profile for Charles Brainerd (Q54861078). Faculty page Charles Brainerd publications indexed by Google Scholar Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Academics CiNii Google Scholar ORCID Other IdRef This biography of an American psychologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College of Human Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_College_of_Human_Ecology"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"fuzzy-trace theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy-trace_theory"},{"link_name":"Valerie F. Reyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_F._Reyna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-review"},{"link_name":"scientific journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"Developmental Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_Review"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-3"}],"text":"Charles Jon Brainerd (born 1944) is an American psychologist and professor in the College of Human Ecology at Cornell University. He is known for developing fuzzy-trace theory with his wife and colleague, Valerie F. Reyna.[1][2] He serves as editor-in-chief of the peer-reviewed scientific journal Developmental Review.[3]","title":"Charles Brainerd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"University of Western Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario"},{"link_name":"educational psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_psychology"},{"link_name":"University of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"University of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"human development faculty of Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Department_of_Human_Development"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cv-3"}],"text":"Brainerd was educated at Michigan State University. His first academic appointment was as an assistant professor at the University of Windsor from 1970 to 1971. He served on the faculty of the University of Alberta from 1971, initially as an assistant professor, before being promoted to associate professor there in 1973. 1976 to 1983, he was a professor at the University of Western Ontario. In 1983, he returned to the University of Alberta to become the Henry Marshall Tory Professor and Director Center for Research in Child Development there. He was a professor of educational psychology at the University of Arizona from 1987 to 1997, and taught Special Education, Rehabilitation, and School Psychology there from 1997 to 2004. After a one-year stint teaching psychology at the University of Texas, he joined the human development faculty of Cornell in 2005.[3]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Academy of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Education"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Society"},{"link_name":"Psychonomic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychonomic_Society"},{"link_name":"Governor of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Brainerd is a member of the National Academy of Education, as well as a Fellow of the American Psychological Association's Division of General Psychology, Division of Experimental Psychology, Division of Developmental Psychology, and Division of Educational Psychology. He is also a Fellow of the American Psychological Society and the Psychonomic Society. He has received the Spirit of Excellence Award from the Governor of Arizona.[4]","title":"Honors and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tereasa Brainerd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tereasa_Brainerd"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Brainerd's daughter, Tereasa Brainerd, is an astronomer.[5]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Charles Brainerd\". Cornell College of Human Ecology. Retrieved June 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.human.cornell.edu/people/cb299","url_text":"\"Charles Brainerd\""}]},{"reference":"Brainerd, By Valerie Reyna and Charles J. (February 1, 2007). \"A Scientific Love Affair\". APS Observer. 20. Retrieved June 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/a-scientific-love-affair","url_text":"\"A Scientific Love Affair\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Brainerd Curriculum Vitae\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://cfadmin.human.cornell.edu/FAR/uploads/webcv/cb299_webcv.pdf","url_text":"\"Charles Brainerd Curriculum Vitae\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Brainerd\". National Academy of Education. Retrieved June 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://naeducation.org/charles-brainerd/","url_text":"\"Charles Brainerd\""}]},{"reference":"Brainerd, Tereasa G. (1992). \"A Study of Properties of Dark Galaxy Halos in a CDM Universe using N-body Simulations\". Ohio State University.","urls":[{"url":"http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487777901658753","url_text":"\"A Study of Properties of Dark Galaxy Halos in a CDM Universe using N-body Simulations\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.human.cornell.edu/people/cb299","external_links_name":"\"Charles Brainerd\""},{"Link":"https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/a-scientific-love-affair","external_links_name":"\"A Scientific Love Affair\""},{"Link":"https://cfadmin.human.cornell.edu/FAR/uploads/webcv/cb299_webcv.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Charles Brainerd Curriculum Vitae\""},{"Link":"https://naeducation.org/charles-brainerd/","external_links_name":"\"Charles Brainerd\""},{"Link":"http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487777901658753","external_links_name":"\"A Study of Properties of Dark Galaxy Halos in a CDM Universe using N-body Simulations\""},{"Link":"https://www.human.cornell.edu/people/cb299","external_links_name":"Faculty page"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=y77_mf0AAAAJ","external_links_name":"Charles Brainerd"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109124833","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/69040702","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkMDwwVBxCbyYC4vfq4v3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1178747395","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007445034205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14705640","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79023081","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2007395058&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018O2752","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067573169","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00499902?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=y77_mf0AAAAJ","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"},{"Link":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8358-7497","external_links_name":"ORCID"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/076649571","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Brainerd&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_State_Gamecocks_men%27s_basketball	Jacksonville State Gamecocks men's basketball	["1 Seasons","2 Postseason","2.1 NCAA Division I tournament results","2.2 NCAA Division II tournament results","2.3 CBI results","3 Gamecocks in international leagues","4 References","5 External links"]	Men's basketball team that represents Jacksonville State University Jacksonville State Gamecocks 2023–24 Jacksonville State Gamecocks men's basketball team UniversityJacksonville State UniversityHead coachRay Harper (8th season)ConferenceC-USALocationJacksonville, AlabamaArenaPete Mathews Coliseum (Capacity: 3,500)NicknameGamecocksColorsRed and white Uniforms Home Away NCAA tournament champions1985NCAA tournament Final Four1985, 1989NCAA tournament Elite Eight1983, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1992NCAA tournament Sweet Sixteen1983, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1992NCAA tournament appearances1980, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1992, 2017, 2022*at Division II levelConference tournament championsOVC: 2017Gulf South: 1983, 1985, 1989, 1992Conference regular season championsASUN: 2022Conference division season championsASUN: 2022 The Jacksonville State Gamecocks men's basketball team is the men's basketball team that represents Jacksonville State University in Jacksonville, Alabama. JSU is a member of Conference USA. The Gamecocks are coached by Ray Harper. During their time as a member of Division II, they were national champions in 1985. In 2017, Jacksonville State won the OVC championship and made its first appearance in the Division I tournament. Seasons Jacksonville State's records season-by-season since joining Division I in 1995. Season Head coach Overall Conference Standing Postseason Atlantic Sun Conference 1995–96 Bill Jones 10–17 4–12 6th – 1996–97 Bill Jones 10–17 9–7 2nd – 1997–98 Bill Jones 12–14 6–10 4th – 1998–99 Mark Turgeon 8–18 3–13 T-10th – 1999–00 Mark Turgeon 17–11 12–6 T–3rd – 2000–01 Mike LaPlante 9–19 3–13 7th – 2001–02 Mike LaPlante 13–16 8–12 T–7th – 2002–03 Mike LaPlante 20–10 10–6 2nd – Ohio Valley Conference 2003–04 Mike LaPlante 14–14 7–9 T–5th – 2004–05 Mike LaPlante 7–22 2–14 11th – 2005–06 Mike LaPlante 16–13 12–8 4th – 2006–07 Mike LaPlante 9–21 7–13 9th – 2007–08 Mike LaPlante 7–22 5–15 11th – 2008–09 James Green 11–17 5–14 9th – 2009–10 James Green 11–19 7–11 7th – 2010–11 James Green 5–25 3–15 10th – 2011–12 James Green 15–18 8–8 T–6th – 2012–13 James Green 17–11 8–8 T–4th East – 2013–14 James Green 10–21 4–12 T–5th East – 2014–15 James Green 12–19 5–11 4th East – 2015–16 James Green 8–23 4–12 6th East – 2016–17 Ray Harper 20–14 9–7 3rd East NCAA Tournament 2017-18 Ray Harper 23 - 12 11 - 7 4th CBI Semifinals 2018-19 Ray Harper 24-9 15-3 3rd – Postseason NCAA Division I tournament results The Gamecocks have appeared in the NCAA Division I tournament two times. Their record is 0–2. Due to Bellarmine winning the 2022 ASUN tournament and still being in transition to Division I, Jacksonville State received the automatic bid to the NCAA tournament as regular season champions. Year Seed Round Opponent Result 2017 #15 First round #2 Louisville L 63–78 2022 #15 First round #2 Auburn L 61–80 NCAA Division II tournament results The Gamecocks have appeared in the NCAA Division II tournament eight times. Their combined record is 17–8. They were National Champions in 1985. Year Round Opponent Result 1980 Regional semifinalsRegional 3rd-place game Northwest Missouri StateCentral Missouri State W 78–75L 72–79 1981 Regional semifinalsRegional 3rd-place game Northeast Missouri StateLincoln (MO) L 78–82W 84–66 1983 Regional semifinalsRegional FinalsElite Eight Florida SouthernWest GeorgiaMorningside W 67–61W 92–76L 90–91 1984 Regional semifinalsRegional Finals Northwest Missouri StateCentral Missouri State W 78–75L 72–79 1985 Regional semifinalsRegional FinalsElite EightFinal FourNational Championship Game Albany StateTampaSoutheast Missouri StateKentucky WesleyanSouth Dakota State W 120–84W 76–61W 80–79W 72–61W 74–73 1989 Regional semifinalsRegional FinalsElite EightFinal FourNational 3rd-place game Florida TechTampaKentucky WesleyanNorth Carolina CentralUC Riverside W 94–70W 89–67W 107–70L 70–90L 81–90 1990 Regional semifinalsRegional FinalsElite Eight Florida SouthernNorth Carolina CentralNorth Dakota W 97–96 OTW 96–95 OTL 67–89 1992 Regional semifinalsRegional FinalsElite Eight Troy StateUSC UpstateCal State Bakersfield W 96–91W 105–87L 59–89 CBI results They Gamecocks have appeared in the College Basketball Invitational (CBI) one time. Their record is 2–1. Year Round Opponent Result 2018 First roundQuarterfinalsSemifinals CanisiusCentral ArkansasNorth Texas W 80–78 OTW 80–59L 68–90 Gamecocks in international leagues Mohamed Abu Arisha (born 1997), Israeli basketball player for Hapoel Be'er Sheva of the Israeli Basketball Premier League and the Israel national basketball team Christian Cunningham (born 1997), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League Norbertas Giga (born 1995), basketball player in the Lithuanian Basketball League References ^ Jacksonville State University Style Guide & Identification Standards Manual (PDF). Retrieved July 9, 2023. ^ "Jacksonville State Gamecocks". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 17, 2012. External links Team website vteJacksonville State Gamecocks men's basketballVenues Stephenson Hall (1939–1974) Pete Mathews Coliseum (1974–present) People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons List of seasons 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 NCAA national championship in bold vteConference USA men's basketballCurrent teams FIU Panthers Jacksonville State Gamecocks Liberty Flames Louisiana Tech Bulldogs Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders New Mexico State Aggies Sam Houston Bearkats UTEP Miners Western Kentucky Hilltoppers Future teams Kennesaw State Owls (joining in 2024) Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens (joining in 2025) Missouri State Bears (joining in 2025) Championships & awards Conference USA men's basketball tournament Player of the Year Seasons 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 This college basketball team article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a basketball team in Alabama is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacksonville State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_State_University"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Conference USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_USA"},{"link_name":"Ray Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Harper_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II"},{"link_name":"national champions in 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_NCAA_Division_II_men%27s_basketball_tournament"}],"text":"The Jacksonville State Gamecocks men's basketball team is the men's basketball team that represents Jacksonville State University in Jacksonville, Alabama. JSU is a member of Conference USA. The Gamecocks are coached by Ray Harper.[2] During their time as a member of Division II, they were national champions in 1985.In 2017, Jacksonville State won the OVC championship and made its first appearance in the Division I tournament.","title":"Jacksonville State Gamecocks men's basketball"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jacksonville State's records season-by-season since joining Division I in 1995.","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA Division I tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Bellarmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellarmine_Knights_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"2022 ASUN tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_ASUN_men%27s_basketball_tournament"}],"sub_title":"NCAA Division I tournament results","text":"The Gamecocks have appeared in the NCAA Division I tournament two times. Their record is 0–2. Due to Bellarmine winning the 2022 ASUN tournament and still being in transition to Division I, Jacksonville State received the automatic bid to the NCAA tournament as regular season champions.","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA Division II tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_II_Basketball_Championship"}],"sub_title":"NCAA Division II tournament results","text":"The Gamecocks have appeared in the NCAA Division II tournament eight times. Their combined record is 17–8. They were National Champions in 1985.","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College Basketball Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Basketball_Invitational"}],"sub_title":"CBI results","text":"They Gamecocks have appeared in the College Basketball Invitational (CBI) one time. Their record is 2–1.","title":"Postseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohamed Abu Arisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abu_Arisha"},{"link_name":"Hapoel Be'er Sheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel_Be%27er_Sheva_B.C."},{"link_name":"Israeli Basketball Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Israel national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Christian Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Israeli Basketball Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Norbertas Giga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbertas_Giga"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Basketball_League"}],"text":"Mohamed Abu Arisha (born 1997), Israeli basketball player for Hapoel Be'er Sheva of the Israeli Basketball Premier League and the Israel national basketball team\nChristian Cunningham (born 1997), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League\nNorbertas Giga (born 1995), basketball player in the Lithuanian Basketball League","title":"Gamecocks in international leagues"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jacksonville State University Style Guide & Identification Standards Manual (PDF). Retrieved July 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jsu.edu/marketingservices/styleguide/style_guide.pdf","url_text":"Jacksonville State University Style Guide & Identification Standards Manual"}]},{"reference":"\"Jacksonville State Gamecocks\". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/team/_/id/55/jacksonville-state-gamecocks","url_text":"\"Jacksonville State Gamecocks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.jsu.edu/marketingservices/styleguide/style_guide.pdf","external_links_name":"Jacksonville State University Style Guide & Identification Standards Manual"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/team/_/id/55/jacksonville-state-gamecocks","external_links_name":"\"Jacksonville State Gamecocks\""},{"Link":"http://www.jsugamecocksports.com/index.aspx?tab=basketball&path=mbball","external_links_name":"Team website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacksonville_State_Gamecocks_men%27s_basketball&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacksonville_State_Gamecocks_men%27s_basketball&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovre_Region	Dovrefjell	["1 Name","2 Geology","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 62°21′N 9°9′E / 62.350°N 9.150°E / 62.350; 9.150Mountain range in Norway DovrefjellSnøhetta, the highest mountain on Dovrefjell, in the winter.Highest pointPeakSnøhetta, Dovre, InnlandetElevation2,286 m (7,500 ft)Prominence1,672 m (5,486 ft)Isolation82.2 km (51.1 mi)Coordinates62°19′11″N 9°16′05″E / 62.319829°N 9.26803°E / 62.319829; 9.26803DimensionsArea4,500 km2 (1,700 sq mi)GeographyDovrefjellLocation of the mountainShow map of InnlandetDovrefjellDovrefjell (Møre og Romsdal)Show map of Møre og RomsdalDovrefjellDovrefjell (Trøndelag)Show map of TrøndelagDovrefjellDovrefjell (Norway)Show map of Norway LocationCentral NorwayRange coordinates62°21′N 9°9′E / 62.350°N 9.150°E / 62.350; 9.150 Dovrefjell is a mountain range in Central Norway that forms a natural barrier between Eastern Norway and Trøndelag. The mountain range is located in Innlandet, Møre og Romsdal, and Trøndelag counties in Norway. As a result of its central location, its valleys and passes have been heavily trafficked during and probably preceding historical times. Several mountain inns were established in the Middle Ages to house pilgrims traveling through Dovrefjell to Trondheim, and there are even ruins of an old leper colony in the northern area of it. Fokstumyra and the Dovrefjell mountains The main south-north highway (European route E6) and the Dovrebanen railway line both run through a mountain pass in the Dovrefjell range. The highway is a year-round highway but on rare occasions it is closed for short periods during heavy winter weather conditions. The mountain range runs through the municipalities of Oppdal in Trøndelag county, Folldal, Dovre, and Lesja in Innlandet county, and Sunndal in Møre og Romsdal county. The municipalities of Oppdal, Folldal, and Dovre, together, make up what is sometimes known as the Dovre Region. Musk ox at Dovrefjell Pilgrimsleden - the Pilgrim route leading to Nidaros Cathedral. As it is a natural habitat for many rare plants and animals, much of the Dovrefjell range has become a national park in several stages starting in 1911, when some plants were put under protection. When the railroad was built from Oslo to Trondheim in 1921, one of the marshes was preserved. In 1974, parts of the mountain range became Dovrefjell National Park and the park was extensively enlarged in 2002. Together with the neighboring Rondane National Park, the area has Norway (and Europe's) last stock of wild reindeer of Beringian origin. Dovrefjell (west of E6 / the Dovre Line) also has a stock of musk oxen, imported from East Greenland in 1932. The Dovrefjell area has now been almost entirely protected as two national parks: Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, founded 2002, which encompasses the previous and much smaller Dovrefjell National Park. Dovre National Park, founded 2003, connecting the protected areas in the Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park with Rondane National Park. The highest mountain in the region is the 2,286-metre (7,500 ft) tall Snøhetta. The range provides cross-country skiing and hiking opportunities. The river Driva, running north through the municipality of Oppdal, has its source in the Dovrefjell range. Name The first element refers to the geographic area, Dovre. The last element is fjell which means "fell" or "mountain". The name Dovre (Old Norse: Dofrar) belongs to a group of Scandinavian toponyms that the Swedish linguist Elof Hellquist has derived from a Proto-Norse đuƀra-, and linguists have further derived them from the old Proto-Indo-European root dhub-/dhup- (cf. PIE *dhubrós, "deep"), a root that is also attested in German Topel ("forested valley") and Old Slavic dublŭ ("hole"). There are several place names in Denmark, Norway and Sweden that are identified as related to Dovre: Denmark Døvregaarde in the narrow valley Døvredal, in Bodilsker parish on Bornholm. Dover a place with steep slopes in Lintrup parish in Haderslev amt. Dovergaard located among deeply cut banks of a small stream, in Skipdsted parish near Aalborg. Dover vestergaard, an old farm name, and the bay Doverkil, with hilly terrain, in Ydby parish, near Thisted. Dover sogn a parish in Hjelmslev hundred in Århus amt. It has a hilly terrain with steep slopes. Norway Dovre herred. Old Norse: Dofrar was originally the name of an old farm and it later became the name for the entire hundred. Dofrar was the name of a lost farm in Biri hundred, but it survives in the name of a local meadow Dåvreænga. Døvre, where the name is derived from dofrar and vin ("meadow"). Sweden Dovra sjöar ("lakes of Dovra"), which are three lakes (Northern/Upper, Middle, and Southern) in a fissure valley in Närke. Ödesdovra, a farm located at the southernmost extension of the valley. Dovern, a long and narrow inlet of the lake Glan in Östergötland, and there is a strait named Doversund and a farm named Doverstorp. The name has also been given to giants in Scandinavian legends. The name has been given to the giant Dofri, at Dovrefjell, who was helped by Harald Fairhair and in return assisted him all his life. In Närke, the Dovra lakes were attributed to the giantess Dovra who wept for her husband. From the oldest times has Dovrefjell been the border region between the northern and southern parts of Norway, and the road over the mountain was well known. The expression "til Dovre faller" ('until the Dovre mountains fall') is widely used in Norwegian. It was used in the oath sworn during the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814, when Norway formed an independent nation after being in union with Denmark. At this time it was assumed that Snøhetta in Dovrefjell was the highest mountain in Norway, since the higher peaks in Jotunheimen were fairly unresearched. Geology Dovrefjell is a residual massif, which is a mass of rock that has stayed in place as the surrounding relief has been eroded. The tops of Jotunheimen and Dovrefjell and other parts of southern Norway are the few remnants (see summit accordance) of a formerly flat surface that existed in Norway before uplift. This surface is now largely eroded and warped. That erosion formed a series of steps and from the highest of these steps Jotunheimen rises. References ^ "Snøhetta". PeakVisor. Retrieved 12 February 2022. ^ Ringe, Don (2006). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. A Linguistic History of English. Vol. I. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780199284139. ^ a b c d Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 83. ^ Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 81ff. ^ a b Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 85. ^ a b c Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 86. ^ a b Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 81. ^ Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 81f. ^ Ellis Davidson, Hilda R. (1969). Scandinavian Mythology. London: Hamlin Publishing Group. p. 117f. ISBN 9780600036371. ^ "Dovrasjödalen" (in Swedish). Örebro län. Retrieved 5 September 2021. ^ Lidmar-Bergström, Karna; Ollier, C.D.; Sulebak, J.R. (2000). "Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway". Global and Planetary Change. 24 (3): 211–231. Bibcode:2000GPC....24..211L. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00009-6. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dovrefjell. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dovre (mountain range). Dovrefjell - the official travel guide to Norway Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Central Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Norway"},{"link_name":"Eastern Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Norway"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Innlandet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innlandet"},{"link_name":"Møre og Romsdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"leper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dovrefjell.jpg"},{"link_name":"European route E6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E6"},{"link_name":"Dovrebanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovrebanen"},{"link_name":"mountain pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass"},{"link_name":"Oppdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppdal"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Folldal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folldal"},{"link_name":"Dovre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovre"},{"link_name":"Lesja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesja"},{"link_name":"Innlandet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innlandet"},{"link_name":"Sunndal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunndal"},{"link_name":"Møre og Romsdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal"},{"link_name":"Dovre Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovre_Region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muskus.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilgrimsleden_Dovrefjell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pilgrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim"},{"link_name":"Nidaros Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Dovrefjell National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovrefjell%E2%80%93Sunndalsfjella_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Rondane National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondane_National_Park"},{"link_name":"reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer"},{"link_name":"Beringian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringia"},{"link_name":"E6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E6"},{"link_name":"Dovre Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovre_Line"},{"link_name":"musk oxen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_ox"},{"link_name":"East Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Greenland"},{"link_name":"Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Dovre National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovre_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Rondane National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondane_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Snøhetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%B8hetta"},{"link_name":"Driva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driva"},{"link_name":"Oppdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppdal"}],"text":"Mountain range in NorwayDovrefjell is a mountain range in Central Norway that forms a natural barrier between Eastern Norway and Trøndelag. The mountain range is located in Innlandet, Møre og Romsdal, and Trøndelag counties in Norway. As a result of its central location, its valleys and passes have been heavily trafficked during and probably preceding historical times. Several mountain inns were established in the Middle Ages to house pilgrims traveling through Dovrefjell to Trondheim, and there are even ruins of an old leper colony in the northern area of it.Fokstumyra and the Dovrefjell mountainsThe main south-north highway (European route E6) and the Dovrebanen railway line both run through a mountain pass in the Dovrefjell range. The highway is a year-round highway but on rare occasions it is closed for short periods during heavy winter weather conditions. The mountain range runs through the municipalities of Oppdal in Trøndelag county, Folldal, Dovre, and Lesja in Innlandet county, and Sunndal in Møre og Romsdal county. The municipalities of Oppdal, Folldal, and Dovre, together, make up what is sometimes known as the Dovre Region.Musk ox at DovrefjellPilgrimsleden - the Pilgrim route leading to Nidaros Cathedral.As it is a natural habitat for many rare plants and animals, much of the Dovrefjell range has become a national park in several stages starting in 1911, when some plants were put under protection. When the railroad was built from Oslo to Trondheim in 1921, one of the marshes was preserved. In 1974, parts of the mountain range became Dovrefjell National Park and the park was extensively enlarged in 2002. Together with the neighboring Rondane National Park, the area has Norway (and Europe's) last stock of wild reindeer of Beringian origin. Dovrefjell (west of E6 / the Dovre Line) also has a stock of musk oxen, imported from East Greenland in 1932.The Dovrefjell area has now been almost entirely protected as two national parks:Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, founded 2002, which encompasses the previous and much smaller Dovrefjell National Park.\nDovre National Park, founded 2003, connecting the protected areas in the Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park with Rondane National Park.The highest mountain in the region is the 2,286-metre (7,500 ft) tall Snøhetta. The range provides cross-country skiing and hiking opportunities. The river Driva, running north through the municipality of Oppdal, has its source in the Dovrefjell range.","title":"Dovrefjell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dovre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovre"},{"link_name":"fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fell"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"Elof Hellquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elof_Hellquist"},{"link_name":"Proto-Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Norse_language"},{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-European root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root"},{"link_name":"dhubrós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/d%CA%B0ub%CA%B0r%C3%B3s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ringe62-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner83-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner81ff-4"},{"link_name":"Bodilsker parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bodil%27s_Church"},{"link_name":"Bornholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornholm"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner85-5"},{"link_name":"Haderslev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haderslev"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner85-5"},{"link_name":"Aalborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalborg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner86-6"},{"link_name":"Thisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thisted"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner86-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner86-6"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner83-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner83-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner83-3"},{"link_name":"fissure valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_valley_landscape"},{"link_name":"Närke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4rke"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner81-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner81-7"},{"link_name":"Glan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glan_(lake)"},{"link_name":"Östergötland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brevner81f-8"},{"link_name":"Harald Fairhair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Fairhair"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidson117f-9"},{"link_name":"Närke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4rke"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Constituent_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Jotunheimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotunheimen"}],"text":"The first element refers to the geographic area, Dovre. The last element is fjell which means \"fell\" or \"mountain\".The name Dovre (Old Norse: Dofrar) belongs to a group of Scandinavian toponyms that the Swedish linguist Elof Hellquist has derived from a Proto-Norse đuƀra-, and linguists have further derived them from the old Proto-Indo-European root dhub-/dhup- (cf. PIE *dhubrós, \"deep\"[2]), a root that is also attested in German Topel (\"forested valley\") and Old Slavic dublŭ (\"hole\").[3] There are several place names in Denmark, Norway and Sweden that are identified as related to Dovre:[4]DenmarkDøvregaarde in the narrow valley Døvredal, in Bodilsker parish on Bornholm.[5]\nDover a place with steep slopes in Lintrup parish in Haderslev amt.[5]\nDovergaard located among deeply cut banks of a small stream, in Skipdsted parish near Aalborg.[6]\nDover vestergaard, an old farm name, and the bay Doverkil, with hilly terrain, in Ydby parish, near Thisted.[6]\nDover sogn a parish in Hjelmslev hundred in Århus amt. It has a hilly terrain with steep slopes.[6]NorwayDovre herred. Old Norse: Dofrar was originally the name of an old farm and it later became the name for the entire hundred.[3]\nDofrar was the name of a lost farm in Biri hundred, but it survives in the name of a local meadow Dåvreænga.[3]\nDøvre, where the name is derived from dofrar and vin (\"meadow\").[3]SwedenDovra sjöar (\"lakes of Dovra\"), which are three lakes (Northern/Upper, Middle, and Southern) in a fissure valley in Närke.[7]\nÖdesdovra, a farm located at the southernmost extension of the valley.[7]\nDovern, a long and narrow inlet of the lake Glan in Östergötland, and there is a strait named Doversund and a farm named Doverstorp.[8]The name has also been given to giants in Scandinavian legends. The name has been given to the giant Dofri, at Dovrefjell, who was helped by Harald Fairhair and in return assisted him all his life.[9] In Närke, the Dovra lakes were attributed to the giantess Dovra who wept for her husband.[10]From the oldest times has Dovrefjell been the border region between the northern and southern parts of Norway, and the road over the mountain was well known. The expression \"til Dovre faller\" ('until the Dovre mountains fall') is widely used in Norwegian. It was used in the oath sworn during the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814, when Norway formed an independent nation after being in union with Denmark. At this time it was assumed that Snøhetta in Dovrefjell was the highest mountain in Norway, since the higher peaks in Jotunheimen were fairly unresearched.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"residual massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inselberg"},{"link_name":"Jotunheimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotunheimen"},{"link_name":"summit accordance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_accordance"},{"link_name":"formerly flat surface that existed in Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleic_surface"},{"link_name":"warped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lidmar-Bergstrometal2000-11"}],"text":"Dovrefjell is a residual massif, which is a mass of rock that has stayed in place as the surrounding relief has been eroded. The tops of Jotunheimen and Dovrefjell and other parts of southern Norway are the few remnants (see summit accordance) of a formerly flat surface that existed in Norway before uplift. This surface is now largely eroded and warped. That erosion formed a series of steps and from the highest of these steps Jotunheimen rises.[11]","title":"Geology"}]	[{"image_text":"Fokstumyra and the Dovrefjell mountains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dovrefjell.jpg/220px-Dovrefjell.jpg"},{"image_text":"Musk ox at Dovrefjell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Muskus.jpg/220px-Muskus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pilgrimsleden - the Pilgrim route leading to Nidaros Cathedral.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Pilgrimsleden_Dovrefjell.jpg/220px-Pilgrimsleden_Dovrefjell.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Snøhetta\". PeakVisor. Retrieved 12 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://peakvisor.com/peak/snohetta.html","url_text":"\"Snøhetta\""}]},{"reference":"Ringe, Don (2006). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. A Linguistic History of English. Vol. I. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780199284139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199284139","url_text":"9780199284139"}]},{"reference":"Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 83.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 81ff.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 85.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 86.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 81.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brevner, Erik Alfred Johannes (1942). Sydöstra Närkes Sjönamn. Uppsala, Sweden: Kungliga Gustav Adolfsakademien för folklivsforskning 9. p. 81f.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ellis Davidson, Hilda R. (1969). Scandinavian Mythology. London: Hamlin Publishing Group. p. 117f. ISBN 9780600036371.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780600036371","url_text":"9780600036371"}]},{"reference":"\"Dovrasjödalen\" (in Swedish). Örebro län. Retrieved 5 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/orebro/besoksmal/naturreservat/dovrasjodalen.html","url_text":"\"Dovrasjödalen\""}]},{"reference":"Lidmar-Bergström, Karna; Ollier, C.D.; Sulebak, J.R. (2000). \"Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway\". Global and Planetary Change. 24 (3): 211–231. Bibcode:2000GPC....24..211L. doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00009-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karna_Lidmar-Bergstr%C3%B6m","url_text":"Lidmar-Bergström, Karna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Ollier","url_text":"Ollier, C.D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_and_Planetary_Change","url_text":"Global and Planetary Change"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GPC....24..211L","url_text":"2000GPC....24..211L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0921-8181%2800%2900009-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00009-6"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dovrefjell&params=62_21_N_9_9_E_region:NO_type:mountain_dim:66km","external_links_name":"62°21′N 9°9′E / 62.350°N 9.150°E / 62.350; 9.150"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dovrefjell&params=62.319829_N_9.26803_E_region:NO_type:mountain","external_links_name":"62°19′11″N 9°16′05″E / 62.319829°N 9.26803°E / 62.319829; 9.26803"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dovrefjell&params=62_21_N_9_9_E_region:NO_type:mountain_dim:66km","external_links_name":"62°21′N 9°9′E / 62.350°N 9.150°E / 62.350; 9.150"},{"Link":"https://peakvisor.com/peak/snohetta.html","external_links_name":"\"Snøhetta\""},{"Link":"https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/orebro/besoksmal/naturreservat/dovrasjodalen.html","external_links_name":"\"Dovrasjödalen\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GPC....24..211L","external_links_name":"2000GPC....24..211L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0921-8181%2800%2900009-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00009-6"},{"Link":"http://www.visitnorway.com/en/Articles/Theme/The-Mountains/Mountain-guide/Dovrefjell/","external_links_name":"Dovrefjell - the official travel guide to Norway"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/247816831","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541833205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90005951","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Hatta	Jebel Hatta	["1 Records","2 Winners of the Jebel Hatta","3 See also","4 References"]	Horse race in the United Arab Emirates Horse race Jebel HattaGroup 1 raceLocationMeydan Racecourse Dubai, United Arab EmiratesInaugurated2000Race typeThoroughbred - Flat racingWebsiteEmirates Racing AssociationRace informationDistance1800 meters (app. 1+1⁄8 miles)SurfaceTurfTrackLeft-handedQualificationNH bred Four-Year-Olds & up &SH bred Three-Year-Olds & upWeightSH bred 3YO : 55kg.NH & SH bred 4YO+ : 59kgPurseUS$300,000 The Jebel Hatta is a Thoroughbred horse race run annually since 2000 at the Meydan Racecourse in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Raced on turf, it is open to horses four-years-old and up who were bred in the Northern Hemisphere and to horses three-years-old and up who were bred in the Southern Hemisphere. Inaugurated in 2000, it was run that year at a distance of 1700 meters. Since 2001 it has been raced over a distance of 1777 meters (app. 1.1 miles). Start from 2012, the race updated to Group One, become first two (within Al Maktoum Challenge, Round 3) UAE Group one races outside than Dubai World Cup Night. Records Time record: 1:46:09 - Barney Roy 2020 Most wins by a horse: 2 - Alfareeq 2022, 2023 Most wins by an owner: 9 - Godolphin 2002, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2024 Most wins by a jockey: 4 - William Buick 2013, 2016, 2020, 2024 Most wins by a trainer: 6 - Saeed bin Suroor 2000, 2001, 2002, 2013, 2015, 2019 Winners of the Jebel Hatta Year Winner Age Jockey Trainer Owner Time 2000 Siege 4 Frankie Dettori Saeed bin Suroor Hamdan Al Maktoum 1:44.40 2001 Mahfooth 4 Frankie Dettori Saeed bin Suroor Hamdan Al Maktoum 1:50.46 2002 Divine Task 4 Jamie Spencer Saeed bin Suroor Godolphin 1:52.02 2003 Ipi Tombe 5 Kevin Shea Mike de Kock Team Valor et al. 1:48.62 2004 Surveyor 5 Weichong Marwing Mike de Kock P T Dimakogiannis 1:47.69 2005 Alkaadhem 5 Richard Hills Marcus Tregoning Hamdan Al Maktoum 1:48.99 2006 Touch of Land 6 Christophe Lemaire Henri-Alex Pantall Gary A. Tanaka 1:52.05 2007 Seihali 7 John Murtagh Dhruba Selvaratnam Ahmed bin Rashid Al Maktoum 1:49.85 2008 Lord Admiral 7 Michael Kinane Charles O'Brien Vincent O'Brien 1:49.32 2009 Balius 6 William Supple Abdullah bin Huzaim Godolphin 1:48.84 2010 Presvis 6 Ryan Moore Luca Cumani Leonidas Marinopoulos 1:52.93 2011 Wigmore Hall 4 Jamie Spencer Michael Bell M B Hawtin 1:50.66 2012 Master of Hounds 4 Kevin Shea Michael De Kock Mohammed bin Khalifa Al Maktoum 1:51.96 2013 Sajjhaa 6 William Buick Saeed bin Suroor Godolphin 1:48.96 2014 Vercingetorix 5 Christophe Soumillon Mike de Kock Mohammed bin Khalifa Al Maktoum 1:49.26 2015 Hunter's Light 7 James Doyle Saeed bin Suroor Godolphin 1:47.97 2016 Tryster 5 William Buick Charlie Appleby Godolphin 1:48.71 2017 Decorated Knight 5 Andrea Atzeni Roger Charlton Saleh Al Homaizi & Imad Al Sagar 1:49.95 2018 Blair House 5 James Doyle Charlie Appleby Godolphin 1:47.53 2019 Dream Castle 5 Christophe Soumillon Saeed bin Suroor Godolphin 1:48.17 2020 Barney Roy 6 William Buick Charlie Appleby Godolphin 1:46.09 2021 Lord Glitters 8 Daniel Tudhope David O'Meara Geoff & Sandra Turnbull 1:48.44 2022 Alfareeq 5 Dane O'Neill Musabeh Al Mheiri Shadwell Stable 1:48.89 2023 Alfareeq 5 Dane O'Neill Musabeh Al Mheiri Shadwell Stable 1:48.19 2024 Measured Time 4 William Buick Charlie Appleby Godolphin 1:47.89 See also List of United Arab Emirates horse races References The Jebel Hatta at the Emirates Racing Association Racing Post: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred horse race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred_horse_race"},{"link_name":"Meydan Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meydan_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass"},{"link_name":"Northern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"Southern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"Al Maktoum Challenge, Round 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Maktoum_Challenge,_Round_3"},{"link_name":"Dubai World Cup Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_World_Cup_Night"}],"text":"Horse raceThe Jebel Hatta is a Thoroughbred horse race run annually since 2000 at the Meydan Racecourse in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Raced on turf, it is open to horses four-years-old and up who were bred in the Northern Hemisphere and to horses three-years-old and up who were bred in the Southern Hemisphere.Inaugurated in 2000, it was run that year at a distance of 1700 meters. Since 2001 it has been raced over a distance of 1777 meters (app. 1.1 miles). Start from 2012, the race updated to Group One, become first two (within Al Maktoum Challenge, Round 3) UAE Group one races outside than Dubai World Cup Night.","title":"Jebel Hatta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barney Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Roy"},{"link_name":"Godolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godolphin_(racing)"},{"link_name":"jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey"},{"link_name":"William Buick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buick"},{"link_name":"trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trainer"},{"link_name":"Saeed bin Suroor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_bin_Suroor"}],"text":"Time record:1:46:09 - Barney Roy 2020Most wins by a horse:2 - Alfareeq 2022, 2023Most wins by an owner:9 - Godolphin 2002, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2024Most wins by a jockey:4 - William Buick 2013, 2016, 2020, 2024Most wins by a trainer:6 - Saeed bin Suroor 2000, 2001, 2002, 2013, 2015, 2019","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners of the Jebel Hatta"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of United Arab Emirates horse races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Arab_Emirates_horse_races"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012194737/http://emiratesracing.com/era/rcNadAlSheba.cfm","external_links_name":"Emirates Racing Association"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070430020612/http://www.emiratesracing.com/eq/Results.cfm?racefile_id=5717","external_links_name":"The Jebel Hatta at the Emirates Racing Association"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/483/nad-al-sheba/2000-03-05/278941","external_links_name":"2000"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/483/nad-al-sheba/2001-03-04/298188","external_links_name":"2001"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/483/nad-al-sheba/2002-03-02/313792","external_links_name":"2002"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/483/nad-al-sheba/2003-03-08/329577","external_links_name":"2003"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/483/nad-al-sheba/2004-03-06/347369","external_links_name":"2004"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/483/nad-al-sheba/2005-03-05/379504","external_links_name":"2005"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/483/nad-al-sheba/2006-03-02/402778","external_links_name":"2006"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/483/nad-al-sheba/2007-03-01/426704","external_links_name":"2007"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/483/nad-al-sheba/2008-03-06/451899","external_links_name":"2008"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/483/nad-al-sheba/2009-03-05/476865","external_links_name":"2009"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2010-03-04/500983","external_links_name":"2010"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2011-03-03/525687","external_links_name":"2011"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2012-03-10/549730","external_links_name":"2012"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2013-03-30/575561","external_links_name":"2013"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2014-03-08/597211","external_links_name":"2014"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2015-03-07/620400","external_links_name":"2015"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2016-03-05/645296","external_links_name":"2016"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2017-03-04/669989","external_links_name":"2017"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2018-03-10/696019","external_links_name":"2018"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2019-03-09/724526","external_links_name":"2019"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2020-03-07/753151","external_links_name":"2020"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2021-03-06/779280","external_links_name":"2021"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2022-03-05/806193","external_links_name":"2022"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2023-03-04/834358","external_links_name":"2023"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/1231/meydan/2024-01-26/859665","external_links_name":"2024"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulmona_Cathedral	Sulmona Cathedral	["1 History","2 Notes and references","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 42°03′14″N 13°55′14″E / 42.05389°N 13.92056°E / 42.05389; 13.92056You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (August 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|it\|Cattedrale di San Panfilo}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. West front Sulmona Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Sulmona, Basilica Cattedrale di San Panfilo) is a Catholic cathedral in Sulmona, Italy, and is the seat of the Bishop of Sulmona-Valva (formerly of the Bishop of Sulmona). History Construction of the present building, in Romanesque style, began in 1075, although the site is older - a Roman temple is believed to have stood there - and what is now visible is the result of many more recent layers of architecture applied over centuries. The original dedication was to the Virgin Mary, but many changes took place in the 12th century, among them a change of dedication to Saint Pamphilus, the patron saint of Sulmona. The cathedral was badly damaged in the earthquake of 1706, and rebuilt in a Baroque form, some of which can still be seen despite more recent renovations. On 25 September 1818, Pope Pius VII granted the cathedral of S. Pamfilo in Sulmona the honorary title of "minor basilica". Notes and references ^ Bulliarii Romani Continuatio Tomus 25 (Rome 1853), pp. 118-119, no. DCCCXV. External links Sulmona.org: cathedral webpage (in Italian) Authority control databases National Germany Geographic Structurae 42°03′14″N 13°55′14″E / 42.05389°N 13.92056°E / 42.05389; 13.92056 This article on a Catholic cathedral in Italy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sulmona_20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Sulmona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulmona"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Sulmona-Valva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Sulmona-Valva"}],"text":"West frontSulmona Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Sulmona, Basilica Cattedrale di San Panfilo) is a Catholic cathedral in Sulmona, Italy, and is the seat of the Bishop of Sulmona-Valva (formerly of the Bishop of Sulmona).","title":"Sulmona Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Saint Pamphilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphilus_of_Sulmona"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII"},{"link_name":"minor basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilicas_in_the_Catholic_Church#Minor_basilicas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Construction of the present building, in Romanesque style, began in 1075, although the site is older - a Roman temple is believed to have stood there - and what is now visible is the result of many more recent layers of architecture applied over centuries.The original dedication was to the Virgin Mary, but many changes took place in the 12th century, among them a change of dedication to Saint Pamphilus, the patron saint of Sulmona.The cathedral was badly damaged in the earthquake of 1706, and rebuilt in a Baroque form, some of which can still be seen despite more recent renovations.On 25 September 1818, Pope Pius VII granted the cathedral of S. Pamfilo in Sulmona the honorary title of \"minor basilica\".[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Bulliarii Romani Continuatio Tomus 25 (Rome 1853), pp. 118-119, no. DCCCXV.","title":"Notes and references"}]	[{"image_text":"West front","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sulmona_20.jpg/300px-Sulmona_20.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sulmona_Cathedral&params=42_03_14_N_13_55_14_E_region:IT_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"42°03′14″N 13°55′14″E / 42.05389°N 13.92056°E / 42.05389; 13.92056"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCattedrale_di_San_Panfilo&sl=it&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.sulmona.org/info/san-panfilo.php","external_links_name":"Sulmona.org: cathedral webpage"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7698103-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20039955","external_links_name":"Structurae"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sulmona_Cathedral&params=42_03_14_N_13_55_14_E_region:IT_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"42°03′14″N 13°55′14″E / 42.05389°N 13.92056°E / 42.05389; 13.92056"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulmona_Cathedral&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_%22Spud%22_Melin	Wham-O	["1 Corporate history","2 Products and marketing","3 Other products","4 Strategy","5 Company timeline","6 References","7 External links"]	American toy company This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wham-O" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wham-O Toys Inc.Wham-O headquarters in Carson, CaliforniaCompany typePrivateIndustryToysFounded1948; 76 years ago (1948)FounderRichard Knerr and Arthur "Spud" MelinHeadquarters966 Sandhill Ave, Carson, California 90746Websitewham-o.com Wham-O Inc. is an American toy company based in Carson, California, United States. It is known for creating and marketing many popular toys for nearly 70 years, including the Hula hoop, Frisbee, Slip 'N Slide, Super Ball, Trac-Ball, Silly String, Hacky sack, Wham-O Bird Ornithopter and Boogie Board, many of which have become genericized trademarks. Corporate history Richard Knerr (1925–2008) and Arthur "Spud" Melin (1924–2002), two University of Southern California graduates who were friends since their teens, were unhappy with their jobs and decided to start their own business. In 1948 they formed the WHAM-O Manufacturing Company in the Knerr family garage in South Pasadena. Their first product was the Wham-O Slingshot, made of ash wood, which Knerr and Melin promoted by holding demonstrations of their own slingshot skills. The name "Wham-O" was inspired by the sound of the slingshot's shot hitting the target. The powerful slingshot was adopted by clubs for competitive target shooting and small game hunting. When they outgrew the garage, Knerr and Melin rented a building on S. Marengo Ave in Alhambra, California; and then, in 1955, moved their manufacturing plant to neighboring San Gabriel, California where they remained until 1987, when they sold the plant to Huy Fong Foods. Products and marketing A Frisbee made by Wham-O In 1957, Wham-O, still a fledgling company, took the idea of Australian bamboo "exercise hoops", manufactured them in Marlex, and called their new product the Hula Hoop. (The name had been used since the 18th century, but until then was not registered as a trademark.) It became the biggest toy fad in modern history. 25 million were sold in four months, and in two years sales reached more than 100 million. "Hula Hoop mania" continued through the end of 1959, and netted Wham-O $45 million (equivalent to $470 million in 2024). Shortly thereafter, the company had another huge success with the Frisbee. In 1955 inventor Fred Morrison began marketing a plastic flying disc called the Pluto Platter. He sold the design to Wham-O in 1957. In 1959 Wham-O marketed a slightly modified version, which they had renamed the "Frisbee" two years earlier in 1957 – and once again a Wham-O toy became a common part of life through the 1960s. In the early 1960s Wham-O created the Super Ball, a high-bouncing ball made of a hard elastomer Polybutadiene alloy, dubbed Zectron, with a 0.92 coefficient of restitution when bounced on hard surfaces. Around 20 million Super Balls were sold that decade, and the NFL named the Super Bowl games after it. The Frisbee and Hula Hoop created fads. With other products, Wham-O tried to capitalize on existing national trends. In the 1960s they produced a US$119 do-it-yourself bomb shelter cover. In 1962, they sold a limbo dance kit to take advantage of that fad; and in 1975, when the movie Jaws was released, they sold plastic shark teeth. Many products were not successful. During an African safari in the early 1960s, Melin discovered a species of fish that laid eggs in the mud during Africa's dry season. When the rains came, the eggs hatched and fish emerged overnight. This inspired Melin to create the Instant Fish product, an aquarium kit consisting of some of the fish eggs, and some mud in which to hatch them. Other products This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vintage Blue and white Wham-O Magic Window toy from the 1970s Wham-O Bird Ornithopter (1959) sold in a large cardboard box, ready to fly. Made of aluminum spars, wood, steel wire and mylar, it was brightly painted to resemble a hawk or owl. The retail price for the rubber-band-powered toy was $3 (about $24 in 2020 money). About 600,000 were made. Wheelie Bar (1966) for wheelie bikes, especially well suited for the popular Schwinn Sting-Ray. The packaging design, featuring 1960s character Rat Fink, was widely reproduced on T-shirts, posters and decals. The television commercial featured Kathryn Minner, the original Little Old Lady from Pasadena. Air Blaster (1965), which shot a puff of air that could blow out a candle at 20 feet Bubble Thing (1988), a flexible plastic strip attached to a wand, which was dipped in soap solution and waved through the air to create giant soap bubbles. Ads claimed it could make bubbles "as long as a bus". Huf'n Puf blowgun that shot soft rubber darts Real (non-toy) crossbows, machetes, boomerangs and throwing knives Powermaster .22 caliber single-shot target pistol, sold by mail order (1956), and several other .22 caliber weapons Slip 'N Slide (1961), a carpet-like, water-lubricated sliding surface Water Wiggle (1962), a plastic-enclosed curved nozzle that, when powered by a garden hose, became airborne. Recalled in 1978 after it caused the deaths of two children, having sold approximately 2.5 million units. Monster Magnet (1964) Super Sneaky Squirtin' Stick (1964) Willie (1964), a furry toy snake Super Stuff (1966) Turbo Tube (1966) Giant Comics (1967) Silly String (1969) Super Elastic Bubble Plastic (1970) Magic Window (1971), two 30 by 30 centimetres (12 in × 12 in) oval plates of heavy clear plastic, with a narrow channel between them containing "microdium" (glass) crystal sands of varying colors that created complex patterns when shifted.) Trac-Ball Magic sand (1980), sand coated with a hydrophobic material that caused water to bead off of it rather than being absorbed Roller Racer Sit Skate (1983) Hacky Sack, a footbag design purchased from its inventors in 1983 Splatter Up (1990s) EZ SPIN Foam Frisbee Disc (2008), a soft version of the Frisbee that could be used indoors Morey Bodyboarding#Prone Tom Morey BZ Pro Boards Churchill Swimfins Smacircle, the world's smallest, lightest e-bike that fits into a backpack Wham-O Frisbee Sonic Strategy Knerr and Melin marketed their products directly to children, including demonstrating their toys at playgrounds. They extensively researched new product ideas, including traveling around the world. "If Spud and I had to say what we contributed," Knerr said, "it was fun. But I think this country gave us more than we gave it. It gave us the opportunity to do it." For many years, the company's strategy was to maintain eight to twelve simple, inexpensive products such as Frisbees, Super Balls, and Hula Hoops. New products were developed for tryout periods. Old ones were retired, for a few years or permanently, as their popularity waned. Since the toys were simple and inexpensive, they could be sold by a wide range of retailers, from large Department Stores to five and dime stores. As Wham-O changed ownership, its new management adjusted this formula to accommodate the changing toy industry, which had increasingly complex toys and fewer distribution channels. By 2006 Wham-O's product line included several groups of related items using licensed brand names. For example, Sea-Doo is a brand of personal water craft owned by Bombardier; Wham-O makes a Sea-Doo line of small inflatable rafts designed to be towed behind watercraft. The company's lines are also more complex, and grouped in related categories—for example, the Sea-Doo line (about a dozen products), several Slip 'N Slide variations, and a group of "lawn games". On January 31, 2011, Wham-O announced an agreement with ICM, the agency representing Atari video games, to represent Wham-O in movies, television, music, and online content based around its toys. Company timeline Frisbee political campaign advertisement designed by San Francisco-based advertising executive Bob Gardner of Gardner Communications as part of U.S. President Gerald Ford's 1976 advertising team and given to Ford at the 1976 Republican National Convention. At the time, Gardner's company also held the Frisbee advertising account. 1948: WHAM-O founded. For about a year in the 1950s, the company markets their sporting goods under the name WAMO. 1957: WHAM-O acquires the rights to the Pluto Platter from Fred Morrison and renames it Frisbee. 1958: Hula Hoop introduced 1958: Frisbee sales improve 1961: Slip 'N' Slide introduced 1965: Super Ball introduced 1982: Wham-O purchased by Kransco Group Companies 1994: Mattel buys Wham-O from Kransco 1995: Wham-O buys Aspectus. 1997: Wham-O becomes independent again when an investment group purchases it from Mattel 2002: Founder Arthur "Spud" Melin dies January 2006: Wham-O is sold for ~ US$80 million to Cornerstone Overseas Investment Limited, a Chinese company that owns or controls five factories in China. The same month, Wham-O donated the office files, photographs and films of Dan "Stork" Roddick, Wham-O's director of sports promotion from 1975 to 1994, to the Western Historical Manuscript Collection. 2008: Founder Richard Knerr dies 2008: Wham-O introduces the EZ Spin Foam Frisbee Disc, a soft foam version of the Frisbee 2009: Wham-O sold to investment firm The Aguilar Group 2010: Wham-O acquires Sprig Toys Inc. 2015: StallionSport Ltd. and InterSport Corp. acquire global rights to Wham-O Inc. 2018: Wham-O partners with Smacircle LMT ltd. to introduce Smacircle S1, an e-bike. References ^ "Toy Industry News!". Toydirectory.com. Retrieved 2016-08-03. ^ Nelson, By Valerie J. (17 January 2008). "Richard Knerr, 82; co-founded Wham-O, maker of the Hula Hoop and Frisbee". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-11-30. ^ Horwell, Veronica (2002-07-06). "Obituary: Arthur Melin". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-30. ^ Wham-O. "History". Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 22 Apr 2011. ^ Robert Hertzberg (April 1951). "Return of the Giant Killer". Mechanix Illustrated. ^ Brymer, Chuck (2008). The nature of marketing: marketing to the swarm as well as the herd. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 22. ISBN 9780230203365. ^ Olson, James Stuart (2000). Historical dictionary of the 1950s. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 136. ISBN 9780313306198. ^ a b International Directory of Company Histories (Vol.61 ed.). St. James Press. 2004. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ "Super Bowl Owes Its Name to a Bouncy Ball – History in the Headlines". History.com. 2012-02-03. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved 2016-08-03. ^ "The Air Blaster by Wham-O". youtube. Retrieved 2 December 2021. ^ "The History of Wham-O". Wham-o.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013. ^ "WHAM-O AIR BLASTER GUN AND TARGET SET". Hake's. Retrieved 2 December 2021. ^ "Air Blaster Gun : Retro". skooldays.com. Retrieved 2 December 2021. ^ "12 Lesser-Known Wham-O Products You Have to See to Believe". Mental Floss. 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2016-08-03. ^ p. 136 Walsh, Tim Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them Andrews McMeel Publishing, 1 Oct. 2005 ^ p. 52 Popular Science Jan 1957 ^ by B.B. Pelletier (2006-01-13). "Airgun makers that spawned firearms \| Air gun blog – Pyramyd Air Report". Pyramydair.com. Retrieved 2016-08-03. ^ "Recall of Wham-O Water Wiggle Toy". Cpsc.gov. Retrieved 25 August 2022. ^ "Monster Super Gorilla Giant Horseshoe Magnet – by Wham-o". Onlinesciencemall.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-03. ^ Super Sneaky Squirtin Stick (1978-01-24). "Super Sneaky Squirtin Stick – Trademark #73131837, Owner: WHAM-O". Inventively.com. Retrieved 2016-08-03. ^ p. 163 Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series 1965 ^ "View topic – Wham-O Super Stuff". OldKC.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 2016-08-03. ^ "TUBES THAT FLY WAIT FOR SALES TO SOAR". Orlando Sentinel. August 22, 1987. Retrieved February 14, 2024. ^ "RETRO REVIEW: Wham-O Giant Comics #1 (April 1967)". Major Spoilers. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 2016-08-03. ^ "MTU Physics – Alumni – Department History – Exhibits – BS Degrees". Phy.mtu.edu. Retrieved 2012-02-17. ^ "Get Yourself a Magic Window, just like the popular 70's toy for all ages!". Magicwindows.org. Retrieved 2012-02-17. ^ EZ SPIN Foam Frisbee Disc ^ "Branding in History:Fad and Brand – Wham-O®". marketingdoctor.tv. April 14, 2008. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2017. ^ "Wham-O — Nothin' But Fun". The Attic. Retrieved 10 May 2019. ^ Kit, Borys. "EXCLUSIVE: ICM Signs Wham-O Toy Company". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ a b John Jacobs (November 19, 1992). "Ad Executive Tells How Bush "Blew' Election Cites Failure To Come Up with a Coherent Message". San Francisco Examiner. p. A18. ^ "Wham-O co-founder Knerr dies at 82 – San Francisco Business Times". Retrieved 3 August 2016. ^ "Wham-O CEO sues over post-purchase ouster – 8/24/2009 10:01:00 AM – Playthings". Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2009-10-29. ^ Said, Carolyn (2010-03-08). "Nostalgia (and Frisbees) in the air at Wham-O". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-03-08. External links Wham-O Company website Flying Disc Time-Line Ken Westerfield – history of Frisbee and disc sports.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Hula hoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula_hoop"},{"link_name":"Frisbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisbee"},{"link_name":"Slip 'N Slide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_%27N_Slide"},{"link_name":"Super Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Ball"},{"link_name":"Trac-Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trac-Ball"},{"link_name":"Silly String","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_String"},{"link_name":"Hacky sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacky_sack"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"genericized trademarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_trademark"}],"text":"Wham-O Inc. is an American toy company based in Carson, California, United States. It is known for creating and marketing many popular toys for nearly 70 years, including the Hula hoop, Frisbee, Slip 'N Slide, Super Ball, Trac-Ball, Silly String, Hacky sack, Wham-O Bird Ornithopter and Boogie Board,[1] many of which have become genericized trademarks.","title":"Wham-O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Knerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Knerr"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"South Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Slingshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingshot"},{"link_name":"ash wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus"},{"link_name":"demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_shooting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alhambra, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra,_California"},{"link_name":"San Gabriel, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gabriel,_California"},{"link_name":"Huy Fong Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huy_Fong_Foods"}],"text":"Richard Knerr (1925–2008[2]) and Arthur \"Spud\" Melin (1924–2002[3]), two University of Southern California graduates who were friends since their teens, were unhappy with their jobs and decided to start their own business. In 1948 they formed the WHAM-O Manufacturing Company in the Knerr family garage in South Pasadena. Their first product was the Wham-O Slingshot, made of ash wood, which Knerr and Melin promoted by holding demonstrations of their own slingshot skills. The name \"Wham-O\" was inspired by the sound of the slingshot's shot hitting the target.[4] The powerful slingshot was adopted by clubs for competitive target shooting and small game hunting.[5] When they outgrew the garage, Knerr and Melin rented a building on S. Marengo Ave in Alhambra, California; and then, in 1955, moved their manufacturing plant to neighboring San Gabriel, California where they remained until 1987, when they sold the plant to Huy Fong Foods.","title":"Corporate history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frisbee_090719.jpg"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Marlex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlex"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brymer2008-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olson2000-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._James_Press-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-9"},{"link_name":"Frisbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisbee"},{"link_name":"Fred Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Frederick_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Super Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Ball"},{"link_name":"Polybutadiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybutadiene"},{"link_name":"coefficient of restitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_restitution"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"fads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad"},{"link_name":"bomb shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_shelter"},{"link_name":"limbo dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo_dance"},{"link_name":"Jaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_(film)"},{"link_name":"shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"}],"text":"A Frisbee made by Wham-OIn 1957, Wham-O, still a fledgling company, took the idea of Australian bamboo \"exercise hoops\", manufactured them in Marlex, and called their new product the Hula Hoop. (The name had been used since the 18th century, but until then was not registered as a trademark.) It became the biggest toy fad in modern history.[6][7] 25 million were sold in four months, and in two years sales reached more than 100 million.[8] \"Hula Hoop mania\" continued through the end of 1959, and netted Wham-O $45 million (equivalent to $470 million in 2024[9]).Shortly thereafter, the company had another huge success with the Frisbee. In 1955 inventor Fred Morrison began marketing a plastic flying disc called the Pluto Platter. He sold the design to Wham-O in 1957. In 1959 Wham-O marketed a slightly modified version, which they had renamed the \"Frisbee\" two years earlier in 1957 – and once again a Wham-O toy became a common part of life through the 1960s.In the early 1960s Wham-O created the Super Ball, a high-bouncing ball made of a hard elastomer Polybutadiene alloy, dubbed Zectron, with a 0.92 coefficient of restitution when bounced on hard surfaces. Around 20 million Super Balls were sold that decade, and the NFL named the Super Bowl games after it.[10]The Frisbee and Hula Hoop created fads. With other products, Wham-O tried to capitalize on existing national trends. In the 1960s they produced a US$119 do-it-yourself bomb shelter cover. In 1962, they sold a limbo dance kit to take advantage of that fad; and in 1975, when the movie Jaws was released, they sold plastic shark teeth.Many products were not successful. During an African safari in the early 1960s, Melin discovered a species of fish that laid eggs in the mud during Africa's dry season. When the rains came, the eggs hatched and fish emerged overnight. This inspired Melin to create the Instant Fish product, an aquarium kit consisting of some of the fish eggs, and some mud in which to hatch them.","title":"Products and marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magic-window1d.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wheelie Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelie_bars"},{"link_name":"wheelie bikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelie_bike"},{"link_name":"Schwinn Sting-Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinn_Sting-Ray"},{"link_name":"packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging"},{"link_name":"Rat Fink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_Fink"},{"link_name":"television commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_commercial"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Minner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Minner"},{"link_name":"Little Old Lady from Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Old_Lady_from_Pasadena"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"blowgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowgun"},{"link_name":"darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dart_(missile)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"crossbows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow"},{"link_name":"machetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete"},{"link_name":"boomerangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang"},{"link_name":"throwing knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwing_knife"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"target pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_pistol"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Slip 'N Slide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_%27N_Slide"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Magnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Super Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Stuff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Silly String","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_String"},{"link_name":"Super Elastic Bubble Plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Elastic_Bubble_Plastic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Trac-Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trac_Ball"},{"link_name":"Magic sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_sand"},{"link_name":"Roller Racer Sit Skate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_racer"},{"link_name":"Hacky Sack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacky_Sack"},{"link_name":"footbag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footbag"},{"link_name":"Splatter Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatter_Up"},{"link_name":"Frisbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisbee"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Morey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//moreybodyboards.com/"},{"link_name":"Bodyboarding#Prone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyboarding#Prone"},{"link_name":"Tom Morey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Morey"},{"link_name":"BZ Pro Boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bzproboard.com/"},{"link_name":"Churchill Swimfins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//churchillswimfins.com/"},{"link_name":"Smacircle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.smacircle.com/"}],"text":"Vintage Blue and white Wham-O Magic Window toy from the 1970sWham-O Bird Ornithopter (1959) sold in a large cardboard box, ready to fly. Made of aluminum spars, wood, steel wire and mylar, it was brightly painted to resemble a hawk or owl. The retail price for the rubber-band-powered toy was $3 (about $24 in 2020 money). About 600,000 were made.\nWheelie Bar (1966) for wheelie bikes, especially well suited for the popular Schwinn Sting-Ray. The packaging design, featuring 1960s character Rat Fink, was widely reproduced on T-shirts, posters and decals. The television commercial featured Kathryn Minner, the original Little Old Lady from Pasadena.\nAir Blaster (1965), which shot a puff of air that could blow out a candle at 20 feet[11][12][13][14]\nBubble Thing (1988), a flexible plastic strip attached to a wand, which was dipped in soap solution and waved through the air to create giant soap bubbles. Ads claimed it could make bubbles \"as long as a bus\".\nHuf'n Puf blowgun that shot soft rubber darts[15]\nReal (non-toy) crossbows, machetes, boomerangs and throwing knives[16][17]\nPowermaster .22 caliber single-shot target pistol, sold by mail order (1956),[18] and several other .22 caliber weapons\nSlip 'N Slide (1961), a carpet-like, water-lubricated sliding surface\nWater Wiggle (1962), a plastic-enclosed curved nozzle that, when powered by a garden hose, became airborne. Recalled in 1978 after it caused the deaths of two children, having sold approximately 2.5 million units.[19]\nMonster Magnet (1964)[20]\nSuper Sneaky Squirtin' Stick (1964)[21]\nWillie (1964), a furry toy snake[22]\nSuper Stuff (1966)[23]\nTurbo Tube (1966)[24]\nGiant Comics (1967)[25]\nSilly String (1969)\nSuper Elastic Bubble Plastic (1970)\nMagic Window (1971), two 30 by 30 centimetres (12 in × 12 in) oval plates of heavy clear plastic, with a narrow channel between them containing \"microdium\" (glass) crystal sands of varying colors that created complex patterns when shifted.[26][27])\nTrac-Ball\nMagic sand (1980), sand coated with a hydrophobic material that caused water to bead off of it rather than being absorbed\nRoller Racer Sit Skate (1983)\nHacky Sack, a footbag design purchased from its inventors in 1983\nSplatter Up (1990s)\nEZ SPIN Foam Frisbee Disc (2008),[28] a soft version of the Frisbee that could be used indoors\nMorey Bodyboarding#Prone Tom Morey\nBZ Pro Boards\nChurchill Swimfins\nSmacircle, the world's smallest, lightest e-bike that fits into a backpack\nWham-O Frisbee Sonic","title":"Other products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Hula Hoops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula_Hoop"},{"link_name":"Department Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_Store"},{"link_name":"five and dime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_and_dime"},{"link_name":"brand names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"Sea-Doo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea-Doo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"personal water craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_water_craft"},{"link_name":"Bombardier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Inc."},{"link_name":"ICM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICM_Partners"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Knerr and Melin marketed their products directly to children, including demonstrating their toys at playgrounds. They extensively researched new product ideas, including traveling around the world.[29] \"If Spud and I had to say what we contributed,\" Knerr said, \"it was fun. But I think this country gave us more than we gave it. It gave us the opportunity to do it.\"[30]For many years, the company's strategy was to maintain eight to twelve simple, inexpensive products such as Frisbees, Super Balls, and Hula Hoops. New products were developed for tryout periods. Old ones were retired, for a few years or permanently, as their popularity waned. Since the toys were simple and inexpensive, they could be sold by a wide range of retailers, from large Department Stores to five and dime stores.As Wham-O changed ownership, its new management adjusted this formula to accommodate the changing toy industry, which had increasingly complex toys and fewer distribution channels.By 2006 Wham-O's product line included several groups of related items using licensed brand names. For example, Sea-Doo is a brand of personal water craft owned by Bombardier; Wham-O makes a Sea-Doo line of small inflatable rafts designed to be towed behind watercraft.The company's lines are also more complex, and grouped in related categories—for example, the Sea-Doo line (about a dozen products), several Slip 'N Slide variations, and a group of \"lawn games\".On January 31, 2011, Wham-O announced an agreement with ICM, the agency representing Atari video games, to represent Wham-O in movies, television, music, and online content based around its toys.[31]","title":"Strategy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1976_campaign_flying_disc.JPG"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"1976 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garner-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garner-32"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._James_Press-8"},{"link_name":"Kransco Group Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kransco_Group_Companies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel"},{"link_name":"Cornerstone Overseas Investment Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornerstone_Overseas_Investment_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Frisbee political campaign advertisement designed by San Francisco-based advertising executive Bob Gardner of Gardner Communications as part of U.S. President Gerald Ford's 1976 advertising team and given to Ford at the 1976 Republican National Convention.[32] At the time, Gardner's company also held the Frisbee advertising account.[32]1948: WHAM-O founded. For about a year in the 1950s, the company markets their sporting goods under the name WAMO.\n1957: WHAM-O acquires the rights to the Pluto Platter from Fred Morrison and renames it Frisbee.\n1958: Hula Hoop introduced[8]\n1958: Frisbee sales improve\n1961: Slip 'N' Slide introduced\n1965: Super Ball introduced\n1982: Wham-O purchased by Kransco Group Companies\n1994: Mattel buys Wham-O from Kransco\n1995: Wham-O buys Aspectus.\n1997: Wham-O becomes independent again when an investment group purchases it from Mattel\n2002: Founder Arthur \"Spud\" Melin dies\nJanuary 2006: Wham-O is sold for ~ US$80 million to Cornerstone Overseas Investment Limited, a Chinese company that owns or controls five factories in China. The same month, Wham-O donated the office files, photographs and films of Dan \"Stork\" Roddick, Wham-O's director of sports promotion from 1975 to 1994, to the Western Historical Manuscript Collection.\n2008: Founder Richard Knerr dies[33]\n2008: Wham-O introduces the EZ Spin Foam Frisbee Disc, a soft foam version of the Frisbee\n2009: Wham-O sold to investment firm The Aguilar Group[34]\n2010: Wham-O acquires Sprig Toys Inc.[35]\n2015: StallionSport Ltd. and InterSport Corp. acquire global rights to Wham-O Inc.\n2018: Wham-O partners with Smacircle LMT ltd. to introduce Smacircle S1, an e-bike.","title":"Company timeline"}]	[{"image_text":"A Frisbee made by Wham-O","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Frisbee_090719.jpg/250px-Frisbee_090719.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vintage Blue and white Wham-O Magic Window toy from the 1970s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Magic-window1d.jpg/220px-Magic-window1d.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frisbee political campaign advertisement designed by San Francisco-based advertising executive Bob Gardner of Gardner Communications as part of U.S. President Gerald Ford's 1976 advertising team and given to Ford at the 1976 Republican National Convention.[32] At the time, Gardner's company also held the Frisbee advertising account.[32]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/1976_campaign_flying_disc.JPG/250px-1976_campaign_flying_disc.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Toy Industry News!\". Toydirectory.com. Retrieved 2016-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toydirectory.com/monthly/industrynews.asp","url_text":"\"Toy Industry News!\""}]},{"reference":"Nelson, By Valerie J. (17 January 2008). \"Richard Knerr, 82; co-founded Wham-O, maker of the Hula Hoop and Frisbee\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-knerr17jan17-story.html","url_text":"\"Richard Knerr, 82; co-founded Wham-O, maker of the Hula Hoop and Frisbee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Horwell, Veronica (2002-07-06). \"Obituary: Arthur Melin\". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/jul/06/guardianobituaries.veronicahorwell","url_text":"\"Obituary: Arthur Melin\""}]},{"reference":"Wham-O. \"History\". Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 22 Apr 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130218215421/http://www.wham-o.com:80/history.html","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.wham-o.com/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robert Hertzberg (April 1951). \"Return of the Giant Killer\". Mechanix Illustrated.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.modernmechanix.com/2007/01/12/return-of-the-giant-killer/","url_text":"\"Return of the Giant Killer\""}]},{"reference":"Brymer, Chuck (2008). The nature of marketing: marketing to the swarm as well as the herd. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 22. ISBN 9780230203365.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/naturemarketingm00brym","url_text":"The nature of marketing: marketing to the swarm as well as the herd"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/naturemarketingm00brym/page/n219","url_text":"22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230203365","url_text":"9780230203365"}]},{"reference":"Olson, James Stuart (2000). Historical dictionary of the 1950s. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 136. ISBN 9780313306198.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00olso_436","url_text":"Historical dictionary of the 1950s"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00olso_436/page/n144","url_text":"136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313306198","url_text":"9780313306198"}]},{"reference":"International Directory of Company Histories (Vol.61 ed.). St. James Press. 2004.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super Bowl Owes Its Name to a Bouncy Ball – History in the Headlines\". History.com. 2012-02-03. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved 2016-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150104081546/https://www.history.com/news/super-bowl-owes-its-name-to-a-bouncy-ball","url_text":"\"Super Bowl Owes Its Name to a Bouncy Ball – History in the Headlines\""},{"url":"http://www.history.com/news/super-bowl-owes-its-name-to-a-bouncy-ball","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Air Blaster by Wham-O\". youtube. Retrieved 2 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxZu_Y_m8i4","url_text":"\"The Air Blaster by Wham-O\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Wham-O\". Wham-o.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130218215421/http://www.wham-o.com:80/history.html","url_text":"\"The History of Wham-O\""},{"url":"http://www.wham-o.com/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WHAM-O AIR BLASTER GUN AND TARGET SET\". Hake's. Retrieved 2 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hakes.com/Auction/ItemDetail/87755/WHAM-O-AIR-BLASTER-GUN-AND-TARGET-SET","url_text":"\"WHAM-O AIR BLASTER GUN AND TARGET SET\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Blaster Gun : Retro\". skooldays.com. Retrieved 2 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skooldays.com/categories/toys/ty1114.htm","url_text":"\"Air Blaster Gun : Retro\""}]},{"reference":"\"12 Lesser-Known Wham-O Products You Have to See to Believe\". Mental Floss. 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2016-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://mentalfloss.com/article/67810/12-lesser-known-wham-o-products-you-have-see-believe","url_text":"\"12 Lesser-Known Wham-O Products You Have to See to Believe\""}]},{"reference":"by B.B. Pelletier (2006-01-13). \"Airgun makers that spawned firearms \| Air gun blog – Pyramyd Air Report\". Pyramydair.com. Retrieved 2016-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pyramydair.com/blog/2006/1/airgun-makers-that-spawned-firearms/","url_text":"\"Airgun makers that spawned firearms \| Air gun blog – Pyramyd Air Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recall of Wham-O Water Wiggle Toy\". Cpsc.gov. Retrieved 25 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/1978/Recall-Of-Wham-O-Water-Wiggle-Toy/","url_text":"\"Recall of Wham-O Water Wiggle Toy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monster Super Gorilla Giant Horseshoe Magnet – by Wham-o\". Onlinesciencemall.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160809232152/http://www.onlinesciencemall.com/monster-super-gorilla-giant-horseshoe-magnet-by-wham-o.html","url_text":"\"Monster Super Gorilla Giant Horseshoe Magnet – by Wham-o\""},{"url":"http://www.onlinesciencemall.com/monster-super-gorilla-giant-horseshoe-magnet-by-wham-o.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Super Sneaky Squirtin Stick (1978-01-24). \"Super Sneaky Squirtin Stick – Trademark #73131837, Owner: WHAM-O\". Inventively.com. Retrieved 2016-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://inventively.com/search/trademarks/73131837","url_text":"\"Super Sneaky Squirtin Stick – Trademark #73131837, Owner: WHAM-O\""}]},{"reference":"\"View topic – Wham-O Super Stuff\". OldKC.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 2016-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101201011740/http://www.oldkc.com/board/viewtopic.php?t=23","url_text":"\"View topic – Wham-O Super Stuff\""},{"url":"http://www.oldkc.com/board/viewtopic.php?t=23","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TUBES THAT FLY WAIT FOR SALES TO SOAR\". Orlando Sentinel. August 22, 1987. Retrieved February 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1987/08/22/tubes-that-fly-wait-for-sales-to-soar/","url_text":"\"TUBES THAT FLY WAIT FOR SALES TO SOAR\""}]},{"reference":"\"RETRO REVIEW: Wham-O Giant Comics #1 (April 1967)\". Major Spoilers. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 2016-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://majorspoilers.com/2013/03/31/retro-review-wham-o-giant-comics-1/","url_text":"\"RETRO REVIEW: Wham-O Giant Comics #1 (April 1967)\""}]},{"reference":"\"MTU Physics – Alumni – Department History – Exhibits – BS Degrees\". Phy.mtu.edu. Retrieved 2012-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phy.mtu.edu/alumni/history/BSGrads.html","url_text":"\"MTU Physics – Alumni – Department History – Exhibits – BS Degrees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Get Yourself a Magic Window, just like the popular 70's toy for all ages!\". Magicwindows.org. Retrieved 2012-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magicwindows.org/","url_text":"\"Get Yourself a Magic Window, just like the popular 70's toy for all ages!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Branding in History:Fad and Brand – Wham-O®\". marketingdoctor.tv. April 14, 2008. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090216162234/http://blog.marketingdoctor.tv:80/2008/04/14/branding-in-historyfad-and-brand--whamo.aspx","url_text":"\"Branding in History:Fad and Brand – Wham-O®\""},{"url":"http://blog.marketingdoctor.tv/2008/04/14/branding-in-historyfad-and-brand--whamo.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wham-O — Nothin' But Fun\". The Attic. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2019/5/2/wham-o-nothin-but-pure-fun","url_text":"\"Wham-O — Nothin' But Fun\""}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys. \"EXCLUSIVE: ICM Signs Wham-O Toy Company\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/heat-vision/icm-signs-wham-o-toy-94676","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: ICM Signs Wham-O Toy Company\""}]},{"reference":"John Jacobs (November 19, 1992). \"Ad Executive Tells How Bush \"Blew' Election Cites Failure To Come Up with a Coherent Message\". San Francisco Examiner. p. A18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner","url_text":"San Francisco Examiner"}]},{"reference":"\"Wham-O co-founder Knerr dies at 82 – San Francisco Business Times\". Retrieved 3 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2008/01/14/daily38.html","url_text":"\"Wham-O co-founder Knerr dies at 82 – San Francisco Business Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wham-O CEO sues over post-purchase ouster – 8/24/2009 10:01:00 AM – Playthings\". Archived from the original on 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2009-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090827123130/http://www.playthings.com:80/article/CA6685536.html","url_text":"\"Wham-O CEO sues over post-purchase ouster – 8/24/2009 10:01:00 AM – Playthings\""},{"url":"http://www.playthings.com/article/CA6685536.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Said, Carolyn (2010-03-08). \"Nostalgia (and Frisbees) in the air at Wham-O\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2010-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/03/08/MN3N1C6M1T.DTL","url_text":"\"Nostalgia (and Frisbees) in the air at Wham-O\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wham-O%22","external_links_name":"\"Wham-O\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wham-O%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wham-O%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wham-O%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wham-O%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wham-O%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://wham-o.com/","external_links_name":"wham-o.com"},{"Link":"https://moreybodyboards.com/","external_links_name":"Morey"},{"Link":"https://bzproboard.com/","external_links_name":"BZ Pro Boards"},{"Link":"https://churchillswimfins.com/","external_links_name":"Churchill Swimfins"},{"Link":"https://www.smacircle.com/","external_links_name":"Smacircle"},{"Link":"http://www.toydirectory.com/monthly/industrynews.asp","external_links_name":"\"Toy Industry News!\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-knerr17jan17-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Richard Knerr, 82; co-founded Wham-O, maker of the Hula Hoop and Frisbee\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/jul/06/guardianobituaries.veronicahorwell","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Arthur Melin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130218215421/http://www.wham-o.com:80/history.html","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.wham-o.com/history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blog.modernmechanix.com/2007/01/12/return-of-the-giant-killer/","external_links_name":"\"Return of the Giant Killer\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/naturemarketingm00brym","external_links_name":"The nature of marketing: marketing to the swarm as well as the herd"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/naturemarketingm00brym/page/n219","external_links_name":"22"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00olso_436","external_links_name":"Historical dictionary of the 1950s"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00olso_436/page/n144","external_links_name":"136"},{"Link":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","external_links_name":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"Link":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","external_links_name":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"Link":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150104081546/https://www.history.com/news/super-bowl-owes-its-name-to-a-bouncy-ball","external_links_name":"\"Super Bowl Owes Its Name to a Bouncy Ball – History in the Headlines\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.com/news/super-bowl-owes-its-name-to-a-bouncy-ball","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxZu_Y_m8i4","external_links_name":"\"The Air Blaster by Wham-O\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130218215421/http://www.wham-o.com:80/history.html","external_links_name":"\"The History of Wham-O\""},{"Link":"http://www.wham-o.com/history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hakes.com/Auction/ItemDetail/87755/WHAM-O-AIR-BLASTER-GUN-AND-TARGET-SET","external_links_name":"\"WHAM-O AIR BLASTER GUN AND TARGET SET\""},{"Link":"http://www.skooldays.com/categories/toys/ty1114.htm","external_links_name":"\"Air Blaster Gun : Retro\""},{"Link":"http://mentalfloss.com/article/67810/12-lesser-known-wham-o-products-you-have-see-believe","external_links_name":"\"12 Lesser-Known Wham-O Products You Have to See to Believe\""},{"Link":"https://www.pyramydair.com/blog/2006/1/airgun-makers-that-spawned-firearms/","external_links_name":"\"Airgun makers that spawned firearms \| Air gun blog – Pyramyd Air Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/1978/Recall-Of-Wham-O-Water-Wiggle-Toy/","external_links_name":"\"Recall of Wham-O Water Wiggle Toy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160809232152/http://www.onlinesciencemall.com/monster-super-gorilla-giant-horseshoe-magnet-by-wham-o.html","external_links_name":"\"Monster Super Gorilla Giant Horseshoe Magnet – by Wham-o\""},{"Link":"http://www.onlinesciencemall.com/monster-super-gorilla-giant-horseshoe-magnet-by-wham-o.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://inventively.com/search/trademarks/73131837","external_links_name":"\"Super Sneaky Squirtin Stick – Trademark #73131837, Owner: WHAM-O\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101201011740/http://www.oldkc.com/board/viewtopic.php?t=23","external_links_name":"\"View topic – Wham-O Super Stuff\""},{"Link":"http://www.oldkc.com/board/viewtopic.php?t=23","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1987/08/22/tubes-that-fly-wait-for-sales-to-soar/","external_links_name":"\"TUBES THAT FLY WAIT FOR SALES TO SOAR\""},{"Link":"http://majorspoilers.com/2013/03/31/retro-review-wham-o-giant-comics-1/","external_links_name":"\"RETRO REVIEW: Wham-O Giant Comics #1 (April 1967)\""},{"Link":"http://www.phy.mtu.edu/alumni/history/BSGrads.html","external_links_name":"\"MTU Physics – Alumni – Department History – Exhibits – BS Degrees\""},{"Link":"http://www.magicwindows.org/","external_links_name":"\"Get Yourself a Magic Window, just like the popular 70's toy for all ages!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090216162234/http://blog.marketingdoctor.tv:80/2008/04/14/branding-in-historyfad-and-brand--whamo.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Branding in History:Fad and Brand – Wham-O®\""},{"Link":"http://blog.marketingdoctor.tv/2008/04/14/branding-in-historyfad-and-brand--whamo.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2019/5/2/wham-o-nothin-but-pure-fun","external_links_name":"\"Wham-O — Nothin' But Fun\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/blogs/heat-vision/icm-signs-wham-o-toy-94676","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: ICM Signs Wham-O Toy Company\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2008/01/14/daily38.html","external_links_name":"\"Wham-O co-founder Knerr dies at 82 – San Francisco Business Times\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090827123130/http://www.playthings.com:80/article/CA6685536.html","external_links_name":"\"Wham-O CEO sues over post-purchase ouster – 8/24/2009 10:01:00 AM – Playthings\""},{"Link":"http://www.playthings.com/article/CA6685536.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/03/08/MN3N1C6M1T.DTL","external_links_name":"\"Nostalgia (and Frisbees) in the air at Wham-O\""},{"Link":"https://wham-o.com/","external_links_name":"Wham-O Company website"},{"Link":"http://www.wfdf.org/history-stats/history-of-fyling-disc/6-timeline-of-early-history-of-flying-disc-play-1871-1995","external_links_name":"Flying Disc Time-Line"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville_Tornado_of_November_2005	Evansville tornado outbreak of November 2005	["1 Meteorological analysis","2 Confirmed tornadoes","2.1 November 5 event","2.2 November 6 event","2.3 Smith Mills, Kentucky/Evansville–Paradise–Gentryville, Indiana","3 Aftermath","4 See also","5 References"]	Evansville tornado outbreak of November 6, 2005The Evansville, IN tornado of November 6, 2005, taken by a webcam at Deaconess Women’s Hospital in Newburgh. This is the only known photo of the tornado. TypeTornado outbreakDurationNovember 5–6, 2005 Highest winds200 mph (320 km/h)Evansville tornado. The maximum winds were in Paradise, Indiana. Tornadoesconfirmed9Max. rating1F3 tornadoDuration oftornado outbreak210 hours, 25 minutes Fatalities24 fatalities, 247 injuriesDamage$92 millionAreas affectedArkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Ohio, IndianaPart of the tornado outbreaks of 20051Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale2Time from first tornado to last tornado A destructive outbreak of nine tornadoes struck the Mississippi Valley and the Midwest during the overnight hours of November 5–6, 2005. The worst event was an F3 tornado that formed early in the morning of November 6, 2005, outside of Evansville, Indiana, United States. It was the first of several tornado events that November. The tornado resulted in 24 confirmed fatalities across the region, making it the deadliest and most destructive November tornado in Indiana's history. Meteorological analysis The system formed on a warm front that tracked across the Midwest and stretched from the northern Great Lakes to Tennessee. The front was enhanced by a strong jet stream and warm, humid air ahead of it, allowing thunderstorms to develop. A severe thunderstorm watch was issued for the region just west of Evansville as the main threat appeared to be straight-line winds. The system had formed into a squall line but at about 1:30 am CST (0730 UTC), the squall line broke up in the Ohio Valley area, as the low-level jet intensified, allowing embedded tornadoes to form rapidly out of newly formed supercells. They were fairly isolated (only nine were confirmed across the entire region over 24 hours) but three significant tornadoes formed from two simultaneous supercells in southern Indiana and western Kentucky — one of them was the deadly Evansville tornado. Confirmed tornadoes Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total 0 1 2 4 2 0 0 9 November 5 event F# Location County State Time (UTC) Path length Damage F1 E of Garrison to S of Ava Christian, Douglas MO 02:00–? 17 miles (29 km) One home sustained minor damage. F1 E of Moko to Camp Fulton AR 03:59–? 5.4 miles (8.7 kilometers) A house had shingles torn off, a window blown out, and the porch was shifted. One person in the house sustained minor injuries from flying debris. Another house had broken windows and several outbuildings were destroyed. Farm machinery was overturned and several vehicles sustained damage. Numerous trees were downed or snapped off along the path. F2 E of Thayer to NE Myrtle Oregon MO 04:20–? 9 mi (14 km) Two mobile homes were destroyed and other homes were severely damaged. F2 Tucker Oregon, Ripley MO 04:39–? 7.4 mi (11.9 km) A home and barn received extensive damage in the small community of Tucker. F2 SW of Sitka Sharp AR 04:41–? 4.8 miles (7.7 km) One mobile home was demolished, with contents strewn well across a field, and another was damaged. A storage shed was thrown across a road into trees, and a travel trailer was overturned. Falling trees destroyed a vacant house, and five vehicles were damaged, with windows being blown out. Numerous trees were uprooted or snapped off along the path. Three people were injured. November 6 event F# Location County State Time (UTC) Path length Damage F3 NNW of Smith Mills to S of Gentryville, Indiana Henderson (KY), Vanderburgh (IN), Warrick (IN), Spencer (IN) KY, IN 0739–0824 41.3 miles (66.5 km) 24 deaths - See section on this tornado – 238 people were injured. F3 NW of Mattoon to Wheatcroft Crittenden, Webster KY 07:46–? 11.2 miles (18 km) In Crittenden County, the tornado destroyed a two-story house and a mobile home. Another home lost its roof, and numerous large trees were snapped and uprooted. A small boat was carried 400 yards, and a semi-truck was overturned on Highway 60. In Webster County, slight structural damage occurred, trees were snapped, a large shed door was blown off, and pillar columns at a house were bent. At the end of its path, the tornado struck Wheatcroft, where a tool shed was destroyed and two campers were overturned. A pickup truck without an engine was rolled about 200 feet, and the hood of the truck went through a window. Smaller trees and a house antenna were blown down as well. Five people were injured. F2 Munfordville Hart KY 10:41–? 1 mile (1.6 km) Tornado struck downtown Munfordville, where there was major damage to 44 homes and two businesses. A total of 25 homes were declared uninhabitable, and six businesses and 34 homes had minor damage. Munfordville Elementary School had part of its roof removed by the tornado. About 50 vehicles in a car dealership lot were totalled as well. F0 Russellville Brown OH 12:20 0.1 miles (0.16 km) Brief tornado downed a few trees in a field. Smith Mills, Kentucky/Evansville–Paradise–Gentryville, Indiana Smith Mills, Kentucky/Evansville–Paradise–Gentryville, IndianaF3 tornadoThe track the tornado took across southern Indiana near Evansville Highest winds200 mph (320 km/h) Max. rating1F3 tornado Fatalities24 fatalities, 238 injuriesDamage$87.26 million (2005 USD) 1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale On Sunday, November 6, 2005, at around 1:39 am CST (0739 UTC), an F3 tornado touched down 2 miles (3.2 km) north-northwest of Smith Mills in Henderson County, Kentucky. The tornado moved northeast, snapping numerous trees, destroying a farmhouse, and throwing a pickup truck into a field. The tornado then crossed the Ohio River and moved across a rural peninsula of Vanderburgh County, Indiana. Few structures were impacted in this rural area, though a two-story house built in 1875 sustained major roof damage, and tree branches were embedded into the walls of the house. One farm equipment shed was demolished, and another sustained major damage. A 10,000-pound truck was flipped over, and heavy farm equipment was moved several feet. Aerial surveys revealed distinct spiral-shaped scour marks in farm fields in this area. The tornado crossed the river again back into Kentucky, causing extensive tree damage on both sides of the river. The tornado crossed the Ohio River a third time into a small portion of Kentucky situated on the north bank of the river. Almost immediately after crossing the river, the tornado tore through the Ellis Park horse racing facility. There was extensive damage to grandstands and housing facilities for jockeys. A few racehorses were killed there. The tornado then re-entered Indiana and moved across the southern fringes of Evansville. Here, the tornado ripped directly through the Eastbrook Mobile Home Park, obliterating numerous mobile homes and killing 20 people. Of about 350 mobile homes in the park, 100 were destroyed and another 125 were damaged. The coroner reported that most of the victims were probably killed instantly, many by spine and skull fractures. Several bodies were carried almost two hundred yards. The tornado then crossed into Warrick County, Indiana at the Angel Mounds State Historic Site. Several permanent homes were destroyed in this area, along with many others on the north side of Newburgh. Past Newburgh, the tornado reached its peak intensity (high-end F3) as it tore through an industrial park near Paradise. Further northeast, the tornado passed just south of Boonville and caused a fatality in a mobile home. The tornado then tore directly through the small community of DeGonia Springs, tossing vehicles and destroying homes. Some of the homes in the community were leveled, and three people were killed in a mobile home in this area, including a woman who was 8 months pregnant. The tornado began to rapidly weaken as it passed just south of Tennyson, and then dissipated as it crossed into Spencer County, Indiana. Overall, the tornado damaged or destroyed 500 buildings, killed 24 people, and injured 238 others. Tornado warnings were in effect at the time and issued on average about 30 minutes before the tornado hit, but few people were alerted as many were asleep as the tornado hit in the overnight hours. The local NOAA Weather Radio transmitter was experiencing technical difficulties at the time, causing some weather radios to not sound an alarm. Aftermath F3 tornado damage near Angel Mounds The community's response to the tornado garnered national praise. Brad Gair, a coordinating officer for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) noted: "I don't think I've ever seen a community of people come out so quickly to help each other. All communities come together after a disaster, but this one is exceptional... Just having a telethon that quickly was amazing," said Gair, "Then to raise that kind of money ... That's unusual." Event death toll State Total County Countytotal Indiana 24 Vanderburgh 20 Warrick 4 Totals 24 All deaths were tornado-related On August 12, 2006, a granite monument memorial was built at Eastbrook Mobile Home Park, along with a new playground dedicated to the children lost in the tornado. It was part of a campaign launched by two parents that lost children in the tornado. In addition, Rep. Phil Hoy introduced a bill called "CJ's law" which mandates that manufacturers of mobile homes install an operating weather radio with a separate power outlet in order to alert residents. It was named after victim C.J. Martin, who was two years old. Vanderburgh County also passed legislation toughening safety standards for their 3,100 mobile homes, requiring them to be more securely anchored with additional straps and braces, to try to prevent another tornado disaster. Ellis Park was rebuilt and reopened on June 1, 2006, for training. The first races at the rebuilt facility were held on July 19, 2006. Local television station WEHT began a campaign after the tornado to provide weather radios to tornado victims for free, and to all for a discounted price. Even WEHT's competitors have now posted how to program a weather radio on their websites. This program has since spread to many different areas of the country. "Habitat for Humanity" Evansville Chapter launched construction of "Operation Home Again," the New Haven Subdivision, which are new homes dedicated to the survivors of the tornado at Green River Road and Fickas Road. The subdivision has 55 homes and playground/park. There are four streets in the subdivision – Inspiration Street, Healing Street, Promise Street, and Belief Street. See also List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks References ^ "Storm Events Database - Search Results \| National Centers for Environmental Information". Archived from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2020-05-20. ^ "Severe Thunderstorm Watch 844". Storm Prediction Center. 2005-11-06. Archived from the original on 2009-05-02. Retrieved 2006-10-28. ^ "Severe Thunderstorm Watch # 844" (GIF image). Storm Prediction Center. 2005-11-06. Archived from the original on 2006-11-03. Retrieved 2006-10-28. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-17. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-01-17. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2020-05-20. ^ "Tornado History Project: 20051105.29.25". Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2020-06-16. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2020-05-20. ^ "Tornado History Project: 20051105.29.26". Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2020-06-16. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-01-17. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-17. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-17. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-17. ^ "Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-17. ^ "Storm Events Database". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 24 April 2023. ^ "Storm Events Database". NCDC. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014. ^ a b "Storm Events Database". NCDC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014. ^ a b "NOVEMBER 6, 2005 Evansville Area Tornado". NWS Paducah. NOAA. November 8, 2011. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2014. ^ "Storm Events Database". NCDC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014. ^ a b "Storm Events Database". NCDC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014. ^ "Storm Events Database". NCDC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014. ^ "Tornado kills 22 in Indiana". CNN. Archived from the original on 2010-02-12. Retrieved 2010-05-02. ^ "FEMA Director Praises Local Teamwork". Evansville Courier & Press. 2005-11-10. Archived from the original on May 29, 2006. Retrieved 2005-11-15. ^ "Playground, monument a tribute to victims of Nov. 6 tornado". Evansville Courier & Press. Archived from the original on 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2007-02-10. ^ "Mobile home standards approved". Evansville Courier & Press. Archived from the original on 2006-07-21. Retrieved 2007-02-10. ^ "Ellis Park Website". Archived from the original on December 11, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-10. ^ "News 25's Digital Weather Radio Hub". Evansville, IN: News 25. Archived from the original on 2011-11-10. Retrieved 2009-06-23. ^ "Weather Alert Radio at Wesselman's". Evansville, IN: 14 WFIE. Archived from the original on 2009-08-05. Retrieved 2009-06-23. ^ "Midland Digital All Hazards NOAA Weather Radio with S.A.M.E. Technology". Lexington, KY: WKYT. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2009-06-23. ^ "Habitat Web Site". Archived from the original on December 11, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-10. Wikinews has related news: Indiana tornado kills at least 19 vteTornado outbreaks of 2005 January 13–14 March 21–22 April 5–7 July 6–8 (Hurricane Cindy) July 28 August 18 August 19 August 29–31 (Hurricane Katrina) September 24–26 (Hurricane Rita) October 23–24 (Hurricane Wilma) November 6 November 12–13 November 15 November 27–28	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Valley"},{"link_name":"Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest"},{"link_name":"tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado"},{"link_name":"Evansville, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana"}],"text":"A destructive outbreak of nine tornadoes struck the Mississippi Valley and the Midwest during the overnight hours of November 5–6, 2005. The worst event was an F3 tornado that formed early in the morning of November 6, 2005, outside of Evansville, Indiana, United States. It was the first of several tornado events that November. The tornado resulted in 24 confirmed fatalities across the region, making it the deadliest and most destructive November tornado in Indiana's history.","title":"Evansville tornado outbreak of November 2005"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"warm front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_front"},{"link_name":"Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"jet stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream"},{"link_name":"thunderstorms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstorm"},{"link_name":"severe thunderstorm watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_thunderstorm_watch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"squall line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squall_line"},{"link_name":"Ohio Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Valley"},{"link_name":"supercells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercell"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The system formed on a warm front that tracked across the Midwest and stretched from the northern Great Lakes to Tennessee. The front was enhanced by a strong jet stream and warm, humid air ahead of it, allowing thunderstorms to develop. A severe thunderstorm watch was issued for the region just west of Evansville as the main threat appeared to be straight-line winds.[2]\nThe system had formed into a squall line but at about 1:30 am CST (0730 UTC), the squall line broke up in the Ohio Valley area, as the low-level jet intensified, allowing embedded tornadoes to form rapidly out of newly formed supercells. They were fairly isolated (only nine were confirmed across the entire region over 24 hours) but three significant tornadoes formed from two simultaneous supercells in southern Indiana and western Kentucky — one of them was the deadly Evansville tornado.[3]","title":"Meteorological analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Confirmed tornadoes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"November 5 event","title":"Confirmed tornadoes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"November 6 event","title":"Confirmed tornadoes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"},{"link_name":"Smith Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Mills,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Henderson County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Vanderburgh County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderburgh_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storm_Events_Database-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-18"},{"link_name":"Ellis Park horse racing facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Park_Race_Course"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storm_Events_Database-17"},{"link_name":"Warrick County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrick_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Angel Mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Mounds"},{"link_name":"Newburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncdc.noaa.gov-20"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Boonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"DeGonia Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeGonia_Springs,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncdc.noaa.gov-20"},{"link_name":"Tennyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennyson,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Spencer County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tornado warnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_warning"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"NOAA Weather Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"}],"sub_title":"Smith Mills, Kentucky/Evansville–Paradise–Gentryville, Indiana","text":"On Sunday, November 6, 2005, at around 1:39 am CST (0739 UTC), an F3 tornado touched down 2 miles (3.2 km) north-northwest of Smith Mills in Henderson County, Kentucky. The tornado moved northeast, snapping numerous trees, destroying a farmhouse, and throwing a pickup truck into a field.[16] The tornado then crossed the Ohio River and moved across a rural peninsula of Vanderburgh County, Indiana. Few structures were impacted in this rural area, though a two-story house built in 1875 sustained major roof damage, and tree branches were embedded into the walls of the house. One farm equipment shed was demolished, and another sustained major damage. A 10,000-pound truck was flipped over, and heavy farm equipment was moved several feet. Aerial surveys revealed distinct spiral-shaped scour marks in farm fields in this area.[17][18] The tornado crossed the river again back into Kentucky, causing extensive tree damage on both sides of the river.The tornado crossed the Ohio River a third time into a small portion of Kentucky situated on the north bank of the river. Almost immediately after crossing the river, the tornado tore through the Ellis Park horse racing facility. There was extensive damage to grandstands and housing facilities for jockeys. A few racehorses were killed there.[17] The tornado then re-entered Indiana and moved across the southern fringes of Evansville. Here, the tornado ripped directly through the Eastbrook Mobile Home Park, obliterating numerous mobile homes and killing 20 people. Of about 350 mobile homes in the park, 100 were destroyed and another 125 were damaged. The coroner reported that most of the victims were probably killed instantly, many by spine and skull fractures. Several bodies were carried almost two hundred yards. The tornado then crossed into Warrick County, Indiana at the Angel Mounds State Historic Site. Several permanent homes were destroyed in this area, along with many others on the north side of Newburgh.[19][20] Past Newburgh, the tornado reached its peak intensity (high-end F3) as it tore through an industrial park near Paradise. Further northeast, the tornado passed just south of Boonville and caused a fatality in a mobile home. The tornado then tore directly through the small community of DeGonia Springs, tossing vehicles and destroying homes. Some of the homes in the community were leveled, and three people were killed in a mobile home in this area, including a woman who was 8 months pregnant.[18][20] The tornado began to rapidly weaken as it passed just south of Tennyson, and then dissipated as it crossed into Spencer County, Indiana. Overall, the tornado damaged or destroyed 500 buildings, killed 24 people, and injured 238 others.[21]Tornado warnings were in effect at the time and issued on average about 30 minutes before the tornado hit, but few people were alerted as many were asleep as the tornado hit in the overnight hours.[22] The local NOAA Weather Radio transmitter was experiencing technical difficulties at the time, causing some weather radios to not sound an alarm.","title":"Confirmed tornadoes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evansville_Tornado,_Nov_6,_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Angel Mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Mounds"},{"link_name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fema-23"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"playground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playground"},{"link_name":"Rep.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Phil Hoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Hoy_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"WEHT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEHT"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news25wxradio-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WFIEwxradio-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WKYTwxradio-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"F3 tornado damage near Angel MoundsThe community's response to the tornado garnered national praise. Brad Gair, a coordinating officer for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) noted:\"I don't think I've ever seen a community of people come out so quickly to help each other. All communities come together after a disaster, but this one is exceptional... Just having a telethon that quickly was amazing,\" said Gair, \"Then to raise that kind of money ... That's unusual.\"[23]On August 12, 2006, a granite monument memorial was built at Eastbrook Mobile Home Park, along with a new playground dedicated to the children lost in the tornado. It was part of a campaign launched by two parents that lost children in the tornado. In addition, Rep. Phil Hoy introduced a bill called \"CJ's law\" which mandates that manufacturers of mobile homes install an operating weather radio with a separate power outlet in order to alert residents. It was named after victim C.J. Martin, who was two years old.[24] Vanderburgh County also passed legislation toughening safety standards for their 3,100 mobile homes, requiring them to be more securely anchored with additional straps and braces, to try to prevent another tornado disaster.[25]Ellis Park was rebuilt and reopened on June 1, 2006, for training. The first races at the rebuilt facility were held on July 19, 2006.[26]Local television station WEHT began a campaign after the tornado to provide weather radios to tornado victims for free, and to all for a discounted price.[27] Even WEHT's competitors have now posted how to program a weather radio on their websites.[28] This program has since spread to many different areas of the country.[29]\"Habitat for Humanity\" Evansville Chapter launched construction of \"Operation Home Again,\" the New Haven Subdivision, which are new homes dedicated to the survivors of the tornado at Green River Road and Fickas Road. The subdivision has 55 homes and playground/park. There are four streets in the subdivision – Inspiration Street, Healing Street, Promise Street, and Belief Street.[30]","title":"Aftermath"}]	[{"image_text":"F3 tornado damage near Angel Mounds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Evansville_Tornado%2C_Nov_6%2C_2005.jpg/220px-Evansville_Tornado%2C_Nov_6%2C_2005.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_tornadoes_and_tornado_outbreaks"}]	[{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database - Search Results \| National Centers for Environmental Information\". Archived from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2020-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=11&beginDate_dd=05&beginDate_yyyy=2005&endDate_mm=11&endDate_dd=06&endDate_yyyy=2005&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999%2CALL","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database - Search Results \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211105182847/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=11&beginDate_dd=05&beginDate_yyyy=2005&endDate_mm=11&endDate_dd=06&endDate_yyyy=2005&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999%2CALL","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Severe Thunderstorm Watch 844\". Storm Prediction Center. 2005-11-06. Archived from the original on 2009-05-02. Retrieved 2006-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/2005/ww0844.html","url_text":"\"Severe Thunderstorm Watch 844\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Prediction_Center","url_text":"Storm Prediction Center"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090502004706/http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/2005/ww0844.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Severe Thunderstorm Watch # 844\" (GIF image). Storm Prediction Center. 2005-11-06. Archived from the original on 2006-11-03. Retrieved 2006-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/2005/ww0844_radar_init.gif","url_text":"\"Severe Thunderstorm Watch # 844\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Prediction_Center","url_text":"Storm Prediction Center"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061103132737/http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/2005/ww0844_radar_init.gif","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479413","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133054/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479413","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5485483","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002722/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5485483","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2020-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479420","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133049/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479420","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tornado History Project: 20051105.29.25\". Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2020-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/20051105.29.25","url_text":"\"Tornado History Project: 20051105.29.25\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200616013340/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/20051105.29.25","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2020-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479360","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085056/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479360","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tornado History Project: 20051105.29.26\". Archived from the original on 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2020-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/20051105.29.26","url_text":"\"Tornado History Project: 20051105.29.26\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200616013330/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/20051105.29.26","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5485482","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091529/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5485482","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479358","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202132938/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479358","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479359","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133052/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479359","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480279","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133058/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480279","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5485121","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133047/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5485121","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database\". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 24 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=11&beginDate_dd=06&beginDate_yyyy=2005&endDate_mm=11&endDate_dd=07&endDate_yyyy=2005&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999%2CALL","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database\". NCDC. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5443269","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116165819/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5443269","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database\". NCDC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480523","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230321/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480523","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NOVEMBER 6, 2005 Evansville Area Tornado\". NWS Paducah. NOAA. November 8, 2011. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crh.noaa.gov/pah/?n=evansvilletornado-nov.6,2005","url_text":"\"NOVEMBER 6, 2005 Evansville Area Tornado\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225345/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/pah/?n=evansvilletornado-nov.6,2005","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database\". NCDC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480597","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230423/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480597","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database\". NCDC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480598","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230323/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480598","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Events Database\". NCDC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480599","url_text":"\"Storm Events Database\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225139/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480599","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tornado kills 22 in Indiana\". CNN. Archived from the original on 2010-02-12. Retrieved 2010-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2005/WEATHER/11/06/indiana.tornadoes/index.html","url_text":"\"Tornado kills 22 in Indiana\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100212053807/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WEATHER/11/06/indiana.tornadoes/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FEMA Director Praises Local Teamwork\". Evansville Courier & Press. 2005-11-10. Archived from the original on May 29, 2006. Retrieved 2005-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060529082920/http://www.courierpress.com/ecp/news/article/0%2C1626%2CECP_734_4239245%2C00.html","url_text":"\"FEMA Director Praises Local Teamwork\""},{"url":"http://www.courierpress.com/ecp/news/article/0,1626,ECP_734_4239245,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Playground, monument a tribute to victims of Nov. 6 tornado\". Evansville Courier & Press. Archived from the original on 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2007-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/aug/13/playground-monument-a-tribute-to-victims-of-nov/","url_text":"\"Playground, monument a tribute to victims of Nov. 6 tornado\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060815184204/http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/aug/13/playground-monument-a-tribute-to-victims-of-nov/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mobile home standards approved\". Evansville Courier & Press. Archived from the original on 2006-07-21. Retrieved 2007-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/jun/28/mobile-home-standards-approved/","url_text":"\"Mobile home standards approved\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060721050953/http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/jun/28/mobile-home-standards-approved/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ellis Park Website\". Archived from the original on December 11, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061211171442/http://www.ellisparkracing.com/news/","url_text":"\"Ellis Park Website\""},{"url":"http://www.ellisparkracing.com/news/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News 25's Digital Weather Radio Hub\". Evansville, IN: News 25. Archived from the original on 2011-11-10. Retrieved 2009-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news25.us/global/Story.asp?s=10215196","url_text":"\"News 25's Digital Weather Radio Hub\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111110142725/http://www.news25.us/global/Story.asp?s=10215196","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Weather Alert Radio at Wesselman's\". Evansville, IN: 14 WFIE. Archived from the original on 2009-08-05. Retrieved 2009-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090805235007/http://www.14wfie.com/global/story.asp?s=10143191","url_text":"\"Weather Alert Radio at Wesselman's\""},{"url":"http://www.14wfie.com/global/story.asp?s=10143191","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Midland Digital All Hazards NOAA Weather Radio with S.A.M.E. Technology\". Lexington, KY: WKYT. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Retrieved 2009-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090414021607/http://www.wkyt.com/weather/misc/3910011.html","url_text":"\"Midland Digital All Hazards NOAA Weather Radio with S.A.M.E. Technology\""},{"url":"http://www.wkyt.com/weather/misc/3910011.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Habitat Web Site\". Archived from the original on December 11, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061211195846/http://www.evansvillehabitat.org/userarea/staticpages/OHAFacts.asp","url_text":"\"Habitat Web Site\""},{"url":"http://www.evansvillehabitat.org/UserArea/StaticPages/OHAFacts.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=11&beginDate_dd=05&beginDate_yyyy=2005&endDate_mm=11&endDate_dd=06&endDate_yyyy=2005&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999%2CALL","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database - Search Results \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211105182847/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=11&beginDate_dd=05&beginDate_yyyy=2005&endDate_mm=11&endDate_dd=06&endDate_yyyy=2005&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999%2CALL","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/2005/ww0844.html","external_links_name":"\"Severe Thunderstorm Watch 844\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090502004706/http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/2005/ww0844.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/2005/ww0844_radar_init.gif","external_links_name":"\"Severe Thunderstorm Watch # 844\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061103132737/http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/2005/ww0844_radar_init.gif","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479413","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133054/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479413","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5485483","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002722/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5485483","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479420","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133049/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479420","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/20051105.29.25","external_links_name":"\"Tornado History Project: 20051105.29.25\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200616013340/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/20051105.29.25","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479360","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085056/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479360","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/20051105.29.26","external_links_name":"\"Tornado History Project: 20051105.29.26\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200616013330/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/20051105.29.26","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5485482","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091529/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5485482","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479358","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202132938/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479358","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479359","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133052/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5479359","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480279","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133058/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480279","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5485121","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database - Event Details \| National Centers for Environmental Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140202133047/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5485121","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=11&beginDate_dd=06&beginDate_yyyy=2005&endDate_mm=11&endDate_dd=07&endDate_yyyy=2005&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999%2CALL","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database\""},{"Link":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5443269","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116165819/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5443269","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480523","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230321/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480523","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.crh.noaa.gov/pah/?n=evansvilletornado-nov.6,2005","external_links_name":"\"NOVEMBER 6, 2005 Evansville Area Tornado\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225345/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/pah/?n=evansvilletornado-nov.6,2005","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480597","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230423/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480597","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480598","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230323/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480598","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480599","external_links_name":"\"Storm Events Database\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225139/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=5480599","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2005/WEATHER/11/06/indiana.tornadoes/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Tornado kills 22 in Indiana\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100212053807/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WEATHER/11/06/indiana.tornadoes/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060529082920/http://www.courierpress.com/ecp/news/article/0%2C1626%2CECP_734_4239245%2C00.html","external_links_name":"\"FEMA Director Praises Local Teamwork\""},{"Link":"http://www.courierpress.com/ecp/news/article/0,1626,ECP_734_4239245,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/aug/13/playground-monument-a-tribute-to-victims-of-nov/","external_links_name":"\"Playground, monument a tribute to victims of Nov. 6 tornado\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060815184204/http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/aug/13/playground-monument-a-tribute-to-victims-of-nov/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/jun/28/mobile-home-standards-approved/","external_links_name":"\"Mobile home standards approved\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060721050953/http://www.courierpress.com/news/2006/jun/28/mobile-home-standards-approved/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061211171442/http://www.ellisparkracing.com/news/","external_links_name":"\"Ellis Park Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.ellisparkracing.com/news/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.news25.us/global/Story.asp?s=10215196","external_links_name":"\"News 25's Digital Weather Radio Hub\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111110142725/http://www.news25.us/global/Story.asp?s=10215196","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090805235007/http://www.14wfie.com/global/story.asp?s=10143191","external_links_name":"\"Weather Alert Radio at Wesselman's\""},{"Link":"http://www.14wfie.com/global/story.asp?s=10143191","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090414021607/http://www.wkyt.com/weather/misc/3910011.html","external_links_name":"\"Midland Digital All Hazards NOAA Weather Radio with S.A.M.E. Technology\""},{"Link":"http://www.wkyt.com/weather/misc/3910011.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061211195846/http://www.evansvillehabitat.org/userarea/staticpages/OHAFacts.asp","external_links_name":"\"Habitat Web Site\""},{"Link":"http://www.evansvillehabitat.org/UserArea/StaticPages/OHAFacts.asp","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursviken	Ursviken	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 64°42′29″N 21°10′34″E / 64.70806°N 21.17611°E / 64.70806; 21.17611Place in Västerbotten, SwedenUrsvikenUrsvikenShow map of VästerbottenUrsvikenShow map of SwedenCoordinates: 64°42′29″N 21°10′34″E / 64.70806°N 21.17611°E / 64.70806; 21.17611CountrySwedenProvinceVästerbottenCountyVästerbotten CountyMunicipalitySkellefteå MunicipalityArea • Total3.72 km2 (1.44 sq mi)Population (31 December 2010) • Total3,977 • Density1,070/km2 (2,800/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Buildings in Ursviken, by Fritz von Dardel 1868. Ursviken (Swedish pronunciation: ) is a locality situated in Skellefteå Municipality, Västerbotten County, Sweden with 3,977 inhabitants in 2010. References ^ a b c "Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012. ^ Jöran Sahlgren; Gösta Bergman (1979). Svenska ortnamn med uttalsuppgifter (in Swedish). p. 26. vteLocalities in Skellefteå Municipality, Västerbotten County, SwedenLocalities Bergsbyn Boliden Bureå Burträsk Bygdsiljum Byske Drängsmark Ersmark Jörn Kåge Kusmark Lövånger Medle Myckle Örviken Ostvik Skelleftehamn Skellefteå (seat) Södra Bergsbyn och Stackgrönnan Ursviken This article about a location in Västerbotten County, Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F%C3%B6rest%C3%A4llande_n%C3%A5gra_byggnader_i_Ursviken_n%C3%A4ra_Skellefte%C3%A5._Fritz_von_Dardel,_1868_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0056043.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fritz von Dardel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_von_Dardel"},{"link_name":"[ˈʉ̂ːʂˌviːkɛn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areas_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Skellefteå Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellefte%C3%A5_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Västerbotten County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten_County"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scb-1"}],"text":"Place in Västerbotten, SwedenBuildings in Ursviken, by Fritz von Dardel 1868.Ursviken (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈʉ̂ːʂˌviːkɛn])[2] is a locality situated in Skellefteå Municipality, Västerbotten County, Sweden with 3,977 inhabitants in 2010.[1]","title":"Ursviken"}]	[{"image_text":"Buildings in Ursviken, by Fritz von Dardel 1868.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/F%C3%B6rest%C3%A4llande_n%C3%A5gra_byggnader_i_Ursviken_n%C3%A4ra_Skellefte%C3%A5._Fritz_von_Dardel%2C_1868_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0056043.jpg/220px-F%C3%B6rest%C3%A4llande_n%C3%A5gra_byggnader_i_Ursviken_n%C3%A4ra_Skellefte%C3%A5._Fritz_von_Dardel%2C_1868_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0056043.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010\" (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","url_text":"\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Sweden","url_text":"Statistics Sweden"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055525/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jöran Sahlgren; Gösta Bergman (1979). Svenska ortnamn med uttalsuppgifter (in Swedish). p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/ortnamn/0030.html","url_text":"Svenska ortnamn med uttalsuppgifter"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ursviken&params=64_42_29_N_21_10_34_E_region:SE_type:city(3977)","external_links_name":"64°42′29″N 21°10′34″E / 64.70806°N 21.17611°E / 64.70806; 21.17611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ursviken&params=64_42_29_N_21_10_34_E_region:SE_type:city(3977)","external_links_name":"64°42′29″N 21°10′34″E / 64.70806°N 21.17611°E / 64.70806; 21.17611"},{"Link":"http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","external_links_name":"\"Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055525/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://runeberg.org/ortnamn/0030.html","external_links_name":"Svenska ortnamn med uttalsuppgifter"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursviken&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bodington	George Bodington	["1 Career","2 Works","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"]	George Bodington in 1830 George Bodington (1799–1882) was a British general practitioner and pulmonary specialist. Career Born in Buckinghamshire and educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, he served a surgical apprenticeship then studied at St Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1825 he was licensed by the Society of Apothecaries, and became a physician and GP in Erdington (then in Warwickshire, now West Midlands). His great professional interest was pulmonary disease and in 1836 he acquired the asylum and sanitorium at Driffold House, Maney, Sutton Coldfield. In 1840 he published his essay, On the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption, condemning contemporary treatments and advocating instead dry frosty air, gentle exercise, and a healthy diet. This was attacked by reviewers in the Lancet and he became disenheartened with his work. He later turned to the treatment of insanity. In 1851 the local census recorded eleven "lunatics" and six staff, including the doctor and his family, at Driffold House. At some point the asylum was moved to the White House, Maney, which was demolished in 1935 to provide a site for an Odeon cinema (now part of the Empire Cinemas group). In 1881 the Doctor was living at Manor Hill where his two daughters ran a girls boarding school. The census of that year shows nine pupils of which five were nieces. He was also a local politician and served on the Sutton Corporation for forty years (having as usual being appointed for life). He was the paternal grandfather of barrister Oliver Bodington and the great-grandfather of Nicholas Bodington. Works An Essay on the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans. 1840. Further reading Jane Davage, The life and times of George Bodington, Cyriax, Richard J. (January 1925). "George Bodington: The pioneer of the sanatorium treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis". British Journal of Tuberculosis. 19 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/S0366-0850(25)80009-7. Cyriax, Richard J. (April 1941). "George Bodington1799-1882". British Journal of Tuberculosis. British Medical Journal George Bodington's Obituary 11 March 1882 BMJ 7 June 1902 Obituary of George Fowler Bodington Sutton Coldfield News 20.4.1956 reporting Birmingham Civic Society plaque unveiled at 165 Gravelly Hill, Erdington. References ^ Keers, Robert (July 1980). "Two forgotten pioneers. James Carson and George Bodington". Thorax. 35 (7): 483–489. doi:10.1136/thx.35.7.483. PMC 471318. PMID 7001666. Campbell Margaret (2005). "What Tuberculosis did for Modernism: the influence of a curative environment on modernist design and architecture". Medical History. 49 (4): 463–488. doi:10.1017/s0025727300009169. PMC 1251640. PMID 16562331. footnote 7 Keers RY (1980). "Two forgotten pioneers. James Carson and George Bodington". Thorax. 35 (7): 483–489. doi:10.1136/thx.35.7.483. PMC 471318. PMID 7001666. Warwickshire Asylums from the Rossbret Institutions website External links Biography by Andrew MacFarlane Archived 21 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine (2013)	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_George_Bodington.jpg"},{"link_name":"general practitioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_practitioner"},{"link_name":"pulmonary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary"}],"text":"George Bodington in 1830George Bodington (1799–1882) was a British general practitioner and pulmonary specialist.","title":"George Bodington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Magdalen College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"surgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon"},{"link_name":"St Bartholomew's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Society of Apothecaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Apothecaries"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Erdington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdington"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"},{"link_name":"disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease"},{"link_name":"sanitorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatorium"},{"link_name":"Maney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maney"},{"link_name":"Sutton Coldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield"},{"link_name":"Pulmonary Consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Odeon cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeon_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"Empire Cinemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Cinemas"},{"link_name":"Oliver Bodington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Bodington"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Bodington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Bodington"}],"text":"Born in Buckinghamshire and educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, he served a surgical apprenticeship then studied at St Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1825 he was licensed by the Society of Apothecaries, and became a physician and GP in Erdington (then in Warwickshire, now West Midlands).His great professional interest was pulmonary disease and in 1836 he acquired the asylum and sanitorium at Driffold House, Maney, Sutton Coldfield.In 1840 he published his essay, On the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption, condemning contemporary treatments and advocating instead dry frosty air, gentle exercise, and a healthy diet. This was attacked by reviewers in the Lancet[1] and he became disenheartened with his work.He later turned to the treatment of insanity. In 1851 the local census recorded eleven \"lunatics\" and six staff, including the doctor and his family, at Driffold House.At some point the asylum was moved to the White House, Maney, which was demolished in 1935 to provide a site for an Odeon cinema (now part of the Empire Cinemas group). In 1881 the Doctor was living at Manor Hill where his two daughters ran a girls boarding school. The census of that year shows nine pupils of which five were nieces.He was also a local politician and served on the Sutton Corporation for forty years (having as usual being appointed for life).He was the paternal grandfather of barrister Oliver Bodington and the great-grandfather of Nicholas Bodington.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An Essay on the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/anessayontreatm00bodigoog"}],"text":"An Essay on the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans. 1840.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Journal of Tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0366-0850(25)80009-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0366-0850%2825%2980009-7"}],"text":"Jane Davage, The life and times of George Bodington,\nCyriax, Richard J. (January 1925). \"George Bodington: The pioneer of the sanatorium treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis\". British Journal of Tuberculosis. 19 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/S0366-0850(25)80009-7.\nCyriax, Richard J. (April 1941). \"George Bodington1799-1882\". British Journal of Tuberculosis.\nBritish Medical Journal George Bodington's Obituary 11 March 1882\nBMJ 7 June 1902 Obituary of George Fowler Bodington\nSutton Coldfield News 20.4.1956 reporting Birmingham Civic Society plaque unveiled at 165 Gravelly Hill, Erdington.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"George Bodington in 1830","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Portrait_of_George_Bodington.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_George_Bodington.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"An Essay on the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans. 1840.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anessayontreatm00bodigoog","url_text":"An Essay on the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption"}]},{"reference":"Cyriax, Richard J. (January 1925). \"George Bodington: The pioneer of the sanatorium treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis\". British Journal of Tuberculosis. 19 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1016/S0366-0850(25)80009-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_of_Tuberculosis","url_text":"British Journal of Tuberculosis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0366-0850%2825%2980009-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0366-0850(25)80009-7"}]},{"reference":"Cyriax, Richard J. (April 1941). \"George Bodington1799-1882\". British Journal of Tuberculosis.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Keers, Robert (July 1980). \"Two forgotten pioneers. James Carson and George Bodington\". Thorax. 35 (7): 483–489. doi:10.1136/thx.35.7.483. PMC 471318. PMID 7001666.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC471318","url_text":"\"Two forgotten pioneers. James Carson and George Bodington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.35.7.483","url_text":"10.1136/thx.35.7.483"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC471318","url_text":"471318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7001666","url_text":"7001666"}]},{"reference":"Campbell Margaret (2005). \"What Tuberculosis did for Modernism: the influence of a curative environment on modernist design and architecture\". Medical History. 49 (4): 463–488. doi:10.1017/s0025727300009169. PMC 1251640. PMID 16562331.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1251640","url_text":"\"What Tuberculosis did for Modernism: the influence of a curative environment on modernist design and architecture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300009169","url_text":"10.1017/s0025727300009169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1251640","url_text":"1251640"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16562331","url_text":"16562331"}]},{"reference":"Keers RY (1980). \"Two forgotten pioneers. James Carson and George Bodington\". Thorax. 35 (7): 483–489. doi:10.1136/thx.35.7.483. PMC 471318. PMID 7001666.","urls":[{"url":"http://thorax.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/7/483","url_text":"\"Two forgotten pioneers. James Carson and George Bodington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.35.7.483","url_text":"10.1136/thx.35.7.483"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC471318","url_text":"471318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7001666","url_text":"7001666"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/anessayontreatm00bodigoog","external_links_name":"An Essay on the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0366-0850%2825%2980009-7","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0366-0850(25)80009-7"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC471318","external_links_name":"\"Two forgotten pioneers. James Carson and George Bodington\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.35.7.483","external_links_name":"10.1136/thx.35.7.483"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC471318","external_links_name":"471318"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7001666","external_links_name":"7001666"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1251640","external_links_name":"\"What Tuberculosis did for Modernism: the influence of a curative environment on modernist design and architecture\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300009169","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0025727300009169"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1251640","external_links_name":"1251640"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16562331","external_links_name":"16562331"},{"Link":"http://thorax.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/7/483","external_links_name":"\"Two forgotten pioneers. James Carson and George Bodington\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.35.7.483","external_links_name":"10.1136/thx.35.7.483"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC471318","external_links_name":"471318"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7001666","external_links_name":"7001666"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060519121127/http://www.institutions.org.uk/asylums/england/WAR/warwickshire_asylums.htm","external_links_name":"Warwickshire Asylums from the Rossbret Institutions website"},{"Link":"http://www.boddington-family.org.uk/bodington/hist-bodington.gbmd.htm","external_links_name":"Biography by Andrew MacFarlane"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160421054257/http://www.boddington-family.org.uk/bodington/hist-bodington.gbmd.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyrhamma	Pachyrhamma	["1 Ecology","2 Species","3 References"]	Genus of orthopteran insects Pachyrhamma Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Orthoptera Suborder: Ensifera Family: Rhaphidophoridae Subfamily: Macropathinae Genus: PachyrhammaBrunner von Wattenwyl, 1888 Species See text. Pachyrhamma is a genus of cave weta (New Zealand cave cricket, tokoriro) in the family Rhaphidophoridae, endemic to New Zealand. Cook et al. (2010) found that Gymnoplectron and Turbottoplectron are synonymised with Pachyrhamma. They follow W.F. Kirby (1906) and Karny (1937) in treating Pachyrhamma as a neuter noun. Ecology Aggregation of P. waitomoensis Members of the genus are detritivorous scavengers that inhabit dark, damp refugia such as hollow logs, overhangs and caves during the day. They become more active at night and venture into the surrounding undergrowth to forage. They consume various organic matter such as plant seeds, fungi, animal droppings, and dead animal tissue. They will cannibalise the remains of other dead weta, and may also attack still-living cave weta while they are vulnerable during ecdysis (shedding their exoskeleton). Species When Pachyrhamma is treated as a neuter noun, species names have a neuter suffix, e.g. -ceras rather than -cera, and -ense rather than -ensis. Pachyrhamma acanthoceras (Milligan) – Auckland cave weta Pachyrhamma chopardi Karny, 1935 Pachyrhamma edwardsii (Scudder, 1869) Pachyrhamma fascifer (Walker) Pachyrhamma uncata Richards, A. M., 1959 Pachyrhamma waitomoensis – Waitomo cave weta References ^ a b Cook, Lorraine D.; Trewick, Steven A.; Morgan-Richards, Mary; Johns, Peter M. (2010). "Status of the New Zealand cave weta (Rhaphidophoridae) genera Pachyrhamma, Gymnoplectron and Turbottoplectron". Invertebrate Systematics. 24 (2): 131. doi:10.1071/IS09047. ISSN 1445-5226. ^ a b c d Richards, Aola M. (1961). "Some observations on New Zealand cave-wetas". Tuatara. 9 (2): 80–83. Retrieved 9 September 2017. Taxon identifiersPachyrhamma Wikidata: Q7122210 Wikispecies: Pachyrhamma AFD: Pachyrhamma CoL: 8NWKR EoL: 45824 GBIF: 1728884 iNaturalist: 85140 IRMNG: 1121129 NCBI: 912327 NZOR: c54e2f91-a573-433f-85f4-abaa7dff9a7b Open Tree of Life: 838739 Orthoptera Species File (old): 1130386	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cave weta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaphidophoridae"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Rhaphidophoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaphidophoridae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CookTrewick2010-1"},{"link_name":"Gymnoplectron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnoplectron"},{"link_name":"Turbottoplectron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbottoplectron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CookTrewick2010-1"},{"link_name":"W.F. Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forsell_Kirby"},{"link_name":"Karny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hugo_Karny"}],"text":"Pachyrhamma is a genus of cave weta (New Zealand cave cricket, tokoriro) in the family Rhaphidophoridae, endemic to New Zealand.[1]Cook et al. (2010) found that Gymnoplectron and Turbottoplectron are synonymised with Pachyrhamma.[1] They follow W.F. Kirby (1906) and Karny (1937) in treating Pachyrhamma as a neuter noun.","title":"Pachyrhamma"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pachyrhamma_waitomoensis_aggregation.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"ecdysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Aggregation of P. waitomoensisMembers of the genus are detritivorous scavengers that inhabit dark, damp refugia such as hollow logs, overhangs and caves during the day.[2] They become more active at night and venture into the surrounding undergrowth to forage.[2] They consume various organic matter such as plant seeds, fungi, animal droppings, and dead animal tissue.[2] They will cannibalise the remains of other dead weta, and may also attack still-living cave weta while they are vulnerable during ecdysis (shedding their exoskeleton).[2]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pachyrhamma acanthoceras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyrhamma_acanthoceras"},{"link_name":"Pachyrhamma chopardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pachyrhamma_chopardi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pachyrhamma edwardsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyrhamma_edwardsii"},{"link_name":"Pachyrhamma fascifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pachyrhamma_fascifer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pachyrhamma uncata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pachyrhamma_uncata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pachyrhamma waitomoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyrhamma_waitomoensis"}],"text":"When Pachyrhamma is treated as a neuter noun, species names have a neuter suffix, e.g. -ceras rather than -cera, and -ense rather than -ensis.Pachyrhamma acanthoceras (Milligan) – Auckland cave weta\nPachyrhamma chopardi Karny, 1935\nPachyrhamma edwardsii (Scudder, 1869)\nPachyrhamma fascifer (Walker)\nPachyrhamma uncata Richards, A. M., 1959\nPachyrhamma waitomoensis – Waitomo cave weta","title":"Species"}]	[{"image_text":"Aggregation of P. waitomoensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pachyrhamma_waitomoensis_aggregation.jpg/220px-Pachyrhamma_waitomoensis_aggregation.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cook, Lorraine D.; Trewick, Steven A.; Morgan-Richards, Mary; Johns, Peter M. (2010). \"Status of the New Zealand cave weta (Rhaphidophoridae) genera Pachyrhamma, Gymnoplectron and Turbottoplectron\". Invertebrate Systematics. 24 (2): 131. doi:10.1071/IS09047. ISSN 1445-5226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FIS09047","url_text":"10.1071/IS09047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1445-5226","url_text":"1445-5226"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Aola M. (1961). \"Some observations on New Zealand cave-wetas\". Tuatara. 9 (2): 80–83. Retrieved 9 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aola_Richards","url_text":"Richards, Aola M."},{"url":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio09Tuat02-t1-body-d4.html","url_text":"\"Some observations on New Zealand cave-wetas\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FIS09047","external_links_name":"10.1071/IS09047"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1445-5226","external_links_name":"1445-5226"},{"Link":"http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio09Tuat02-t1-body-d4.html","external_links_name":"\"Some observations on New Zealand cave-wetas\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Pachyrhamma","external_links_name":"Pachyrhamma"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8NWKR","external_links_name":"8NWKR"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/45824","external_links_name":"45824"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1728884","external_links_name":"1728884"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/85140","external_links_name":"85140"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1121129","external_links_name":"1121129"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=912327","external_links_name":"912327"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/c54e2f91-a573-433f-85f4-abaa7dff9a7b","external_links_name":"c54e2f91-a573-433f-85f4-abaa7dff9a7b"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=838739","external_links_name":"838739"},{"Link":"http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1130386","external_links_name":"1130386"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda-Jane_Manning	Amanda-Jane Manning	["1 Biography","2 Musical theatre career","3 Recording career and Petula Clark","4 Theatre","4.1 Albums","5 All The Arts Drama Festival","6 References"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biographical article is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (June 2012) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Amanda-Jane Manning" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Amanda-Jane ManningBorn (1979-05-29) 29 May 1979 (age 45)North West London, United KingdomOccupationActressYears active1989–presentChildrenIsabella Anne ManningWebsitewww.amandajmanning.com Amanda-Jane Manning (born 29 May 1979) is an English actress, singer and recording artist. She is best known for her appearances in various musical theatre shows in the West End, Germany, across Europe and the United States. She also appears as a solo artist on Petula Clark's Album In Her Own Write singing "My Love Will Never Die" for Sepia Records in 2007. Biography At the age of seven, she won a place at the Sylvia Young Theatre School. At 11 she auditioned and won a place at the junior school of Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, as well as in the Performing Arts course until the age of 19. Musical theatre career After graduating from Italia Conti Academy in 1998–1999, Manning toured the UK as a phantom understudying the lead role of Janet Weiss in The Rocky Horror Show directed by Christopher Malcolm with Jason Donovan and Ross King as Frank n Furter, Laurie Brett and Majenta and Nicholas Parsons as the narrator for 18 months. The show later transferred to the West End in April 1999 at the Victoria Palace Theatre. In September 1999, Manning continued touring with The Rocky Horror Show with actor Darren Day playing the role of Frank n Furter. She also appeared with the show at the Royal Albert Hall in a concert for Stonewall organised by actor Michael Cashman, who was playing the role of the narrator in the show. Manning also appears on the Cast Album The Rocky Horror Show. In 2001 she appeared in Spend Spend Spend understudying the lead role of 1960's football pools winner Viv Nicholson at the English Theatre in Frankfurt, Germany. In 2002 she was invited to star as Janet Weiss in the European Tour of The Rocky Horror Show. In 2003 she played the leader of the pink ladies "Rizzo" in Grease, alongside Noel Sullivan as Danny and Clare Buckfield as Sandy at the Jersey Opera House. In October 2007, Manning worked in Los Angeles alongside Brad Ellis who is the musical director for Glee and writer of Forbidden Broadway, Michael Kostroff (Les Misérables, The Producers, Broadway, HBO's The Wire) and Hollywood and Broadway Producer Rent, Avenue Q and Director Barbara Epstein The Mickey Mouse Club as Super Nanny in the Worldwide premiere of Twisted T.V a new musical. From 2009 to 2012, Manning appeared as the Green Girl in Shout! The Mod Musical directed by Broadway Director and actress Kim.R.Jordan (the original television series FAME) for N.C.L Productions, based in Miami. From 2016 to July 2018, Manning appeared in a series of concerts called Sunday At The Musicals for The Royal Variety club of Great Britain in the West End for Paul Burton Productions. Manning is also an established drama, spoken voice and LAMDA examinations teacher and children's director. Recording career and Petula Clark In early 2007, Manning was chosen by British composer Alexander S. Bermange and Petula Clark to sing Petula Clark's song "My Love Will Never Die" on her album In Her Own Write. Her rendition of "My Love Will Never Die" released worldwide by Sepia Records, and was given a rave review on talkingbroadway.com and also on Clark's own website. The album is also available from Dress Circle and Amazon. Theatre Year Show Role Venue Notes 1998 to 1999 The Rocky Horror Show Phanton and u/s Janet Victoria Palace Theatre 2001' to 2002 Spend Spend Spend Air Hostess and u/s Young Viv English Theatre of Frankfurt 2002 to 2003 The Rocky Horror Show Janet European Tour 2003 Grease Rizzo Jersey Opera House 2004 Thursford Christmas Concert Soprano Thursford Collection 2005 Jason Robert Brown Ensemble Players' Theatre 2006 Nine Mama Magdelana Royal Academy of Music 2007 to 2008 That's Hollywood Judy Garland Los Angeles 2007 to 2008 Sing It And Swing It Sweet Sue Los Angeles 2007 to 2008 Twisted T.V Super Nanny Los Angeles 2009 to 2012 SHOUT! The Mod Musical The Green Girl N.C.L Productions, Miami 2016 to 2019 Sunday At The Musicals Paul Burton Productions West End, London Albums Year Album 1999 The Rocky Horror Show Live 2007 Petula Clark's In Her Own Write – on the track "My Love Will Never Die" All The Arts Drama Festival Manning was also a judge at the 2013 All The Arts Drama and Poetry Competition. References ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b "Singers: Clark; Clark Esposito; Esposito and More – 11/15/07". Talkinbroadway.com. Retrieved 18 November 2012. ^ ^ "English Theatre Frankfurt". English-theatre.org. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012. ^ https://www.mandy.com/404. Retrieved 2 August 2020. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ ^ "Support The Jersey Opera House. Go to the Theater!". 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2020. ^ . 26 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110926161321/http://www.twistedtv.org/. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2020. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ "SHOUT! The Mod Musical". Shoutthemodmusical.com. Retrieved 18 November 2012. ^ ^ "Sunday at the Musicals - Christmas Special at The Phoenix Artist Club". Ticketsource.co.uk. Retrieved 2 August 2020. ^ Leggett, Steve (13 November 2007). "In Her Own Write – Petula Clark : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 November 2012. ^ "PETULA CLARK – IN HER OWN WRITE (SEPIA 8001)". Sepiarecords.com. 7 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2012. ^ "My Love Will Never Die \| PETULA CLARK". petulaclark.wordpress.com. 26 August 2014. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. ^ "Dress circle". www.dresscircle.co.uk. 13 November 2011. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. ^	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Petula Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petula_Clark"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talkinbroadway1-2"}],"text":"Amanda-Jane Manning (born 29 May 1979) is an English actress, singer and recording artist.[1] She is best known for her appearances in various musical theatre shows in the West End, Germany, across Europe and the United States. She also appears as a solo artist on Petula Clark's Album In Her Own Write singing \"My Love Will Never Die\" for Sepia Records in 2007.[2]","title":"Amanda-Jane Manning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sylvia Young Theatre School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Young_Theatre_School"},{"link_name":"Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_Conti_Academy_of_Theatre_Arts"},{"link_name":"Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_Arts"}],"text":"At the age of seven, she won a place at the Sylvia Young Theatre School. At 11 she auditioned and won a place at the junior school of Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, as well as in the Performing Arts course until the age of 19.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rocky Horror Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Show"},{"link_name":"Christopher Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Malcolm"},{"link_name":"Jason Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Donovan"},{"link_name":"Ross King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_King_(presenter)"},{"link_name":"Laurie Brett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Brett"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Victoria Palace Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Palace_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Darren Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Day"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_(charity)"},{"link_name":"Michael Cashman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cashman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Spend Spend Spend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spend_Spend_Spend"},{"link_name":"football pools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_pools"},{"link_name":"Viv Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viv_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Janet Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Weiss"},{"link_name":"Grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Noel Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Clare Buckfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Buckfield"},{"link_name":"Jersey Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brad Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Glee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Forbidden Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Broadway"},{"link_name":"Michael Kostroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kostroff"},{"link_name":"Rent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Avenue Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Q"},{"link_name":"The Mickey Mouse Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mickey_Mouse_Club"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"After graduating from Italia Conti Academy in 1998–1999, Manning toured the UK as a phantom understudying the lead role of Janet Weiss [13] in The Rocky Horror Show directed by Christopher Malcolm with Jason Donovan and Ross King as Frank n Furter, Laurie Brett and Majenta and Nicholas Parsons as the narrator for 18 months. The show later transferred to the West End in April 1999 at the Victoria Palace Theatre. In September 1999, Manning continued touring with The Rocky Horror Show with actor Darren Day playing the role of Frank n Furter. She also appeared with the show at the Royal Albert Hall in a concert for Stonewall organised by actor Michael Cashman, who was playing the role of the narrator in the show.Manning also appears on the Cast Album The Rocky Horror Show.[3] In 2001 she appeared in Spend Spend Spend understudying the lead role of 1960's football pools winner Viv Nicholson at the English Theatre in Frankfurt, Germany.[4][5] In 2002 she was invited to star as Janet Weiss in the European Tour of The Rocky Horror Show. In 2003 she played the leader of the pink ladies \"Rizzo\" in Grease,[6] alongside Noel Sullivan as Danny and Clare Buckfield as Sandy at the Jersey Opera House.[7]In October 2007, Manning worked in Los Angeles alongside Brad Ellis who is the musical director for Glee and writer of Forbidden Broadway, Michael Kostroff (Les Misérables, The Producers, Broadway, HBO's The Wire) and Hollywood and Broadway Producer Rent, Avenue Q and Director Barbara Epstein The Mickey Mouse Club as Super Nanny in the Worldwide premiere of Twisted T.V a new musical.[8]From 2009 to 2012, Manning appeared as the Green Girl in Shout! The Mod Musical[9][10] directed by Broadway Director and actress Kim.R.Jordan (the original television series FAME) for N.C.L Productions, based in Miami.From 2016 to July 2018, Manning appeared in a series of concerts called Sunday At The Musicals for The Royal Variety club of Great Britain in the West End for Paul Burton Productions.[11]Manning is also an established drama, spoken voice and LAMDA examinations teacher and children's director.","title":"Musical theatre career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petula Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petula_Clark"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-talkinbroadway1-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Dress Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress_Circle_(Theatre_Shop)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"}],"text":"In early 2007, Manning was chosen by British composer Alexander S. Bermange and Petula Clark to sing Petula Clark's song \"My Love Will Never Die\" on her album In Her Own Write.[12] Her rendition of \"My Love Will Never Die\" released worldwide by Sepia Records,[13] and was given a rave review on talkingbroadway.com[2] and also on Clark's own website.[14][better source needed] The album is also available from Dress Circle[15] and Amazon.","title":"Recording career and Petula Clark"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Manning was also a judge at the 2013 All The Arts Drama and Poetry Competition.","title":"All The Arts Drama Festival"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130521182556/http://amandajmanning.com/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://amandajmanning.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Singers: Clark; Clark Esposito; Esposito and More – 11/15/07\". Talkinbroadway.com. Retrieved 18 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.talkinbroadway.com/sound/nov1507.html","url_text":"\"Singers: Clark; Clark Esposito; Esposito and More – 11/15/07\""}]},{"reference":"\"English Theatre Frankfurt\". English-theatre.org. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.english-theatre.org/","url_text":"\"English Theatre Frankfurt\""}]},{"reference":"https://www.mandy.com/404. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mandy.com/404","url_text":"https://www.mandy.com/404"}]},{"reference":"\"Support The Jersey Opera House. Go to the Theater!\". 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425061127/http://www.timehole.com/joh.php?period=2003","url_text":"\"Support The Jersey Opera House. Go to the Theater!\""},{"url":"http://www.timehole.com/joh.php?period=2003","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":". 26 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110926161321/http://www.twistedtv.org/. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926161321/http://www.twistedtv.org/","url_text":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926161321/http://www.twistedtv.org/"},{"url":"http://www.twistedtv.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SHOUT! The Mod Musical\". Shoutthemodmusical.com. Retrieved 18 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shoutthemodmusical.com/","url_text":"\"SHOUT! The Mod Musical\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunday at the Musicals - Christmas Special at The Phoenix Artist Club\". Ticketsource.co.uk. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ticketsource.co.uk/whats-on/london/the-phoenix-artist-club/sunday-at-the-musicals-christmas-special/e-ymjmjb","url_text":"\"Sunday at the Musicals - Christmas Special at The Phoenix Artist Club\""}]},{"reference":"Leggett, Steve (13 November 2007). \"In Her Own Write – Petula Clark : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/in-her-own-write-r1242065","url_text":"\"In Her Own Write – Petula Clark : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"PETULA CLARK – IN HER OWN WRITE (SEPIA 8001)\". Sepiarecords.com. 7 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080102152306/http://www.sepiarecords.com/sepia8001.html","url_text":"\"PETULA CLARK – IN HER OWN WRITE (SEPIA 8001)\""},{"url":"http://www.sepiarecords.com/sepia8001.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"My Love Will Never Die \| PETULA CLARK\". petulaclark.wordpress.com. 26 August 2014. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120625/http://petulaclark.wordpress.com/2008/06/04/my-love-will-never-die/","url_text":"\"My Love Will Never Die \| PETULA CLARK\""},{"url":"http://petulaclark.wordpress.com/2008/06/04/my-love-will-never-die/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dress circle\". www.dresscircle.co.uk. 13 November 2011. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113154942/http://www.dresscircle.co.uk/DisplayProductByArtist.aspx?a=228","url_text":"\"Dress circle\""},{"url":"http://www.dresscircle.co.uk/DisplayProductByArtist.aspx?a=228","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amanda-Jane_Manning&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Amanda-Jane+Manning%22","external_links_name":"\"Amanda-Jane Manning\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Amanda-Jane+Manning%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Amanda-Jane+Manning%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Amanda-Jane+Manning%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Amanda-Jane+Manning%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Amanda-Jane+Manning%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.amandajmanning.com/","external_links_name":"www.amandajmanning.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130521182556/http://amandajmanning.com/","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://amandajmanning.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.talkinbroadway.com/sound/nov1507.html","external_links_name":"\"Singers: Clark; Clark Esposito; Esposito and More – 11/15/07\""},{"Link":"http://astalbums.org/recordings/The-New-Rocky-Horror-Show.../4586","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.english-theatre.org/","external_links_name":"\"English Theatre Frankfurt\""},{"Link":"https://www.mandy.com/404","external_links_name":"https://www.mandy.com/404"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114935/http://www.mpharris.co.uk/amandajanemanning.htm","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425061127/http://www.timehole.com/joh.php?period=2003","external_links_name":"\"Support The Jersey Opera House. Go to the Theater!\""},{"Link":"http://www.timehole.com/joh.php?period=2003","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926161321/http://www.twistedtv.org/","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926161321/http://www.twistedtv.org/"},{"Link":"http://www.twistedtv.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.shoutthemodmusical.com/","external_links_name":"\"SHOUT! The Mod Musical\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/nme-video/youtube/id/lpv-cnrHE9w/search/shout-the-mod-musical","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.ticketsource.co.uk/whats-on/london/the-phoenix-artist-club/sunday-at-the-musicals-christmas-special/e-ymjmjb","external_links_name":"\"Sunday at the Musicals - Christmas Special at The Phoenix Artist Club\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/in-her-own-write-r1242065","external_links_name":"\"In Her Own Write – Petula Clark : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080102152306/http://www.sepiarecords.com/sepia8001.html","external_links_name":"\"PETULA CLARK – IN HER OWN WRITE (SEPIA 8001)\""},{"Link":"http://www.sepiarecords.com/sepia8001.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120625/http://petulaclark.wordpress.com/2008/06/04/my-love-will-never-die/","external_links_name":"\"My Love Will Never Die \| PETULA CLARK\""},{"Link":"http://petulaclark.wordpress.com/2008/06/04/my-love-will-never-die/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113154942/http://www.dresscircle.co.uk/DisplayProductByArtist.aspx?a=228","external_links_name":"\"Dress circle\""},{"Link":"http://www.dresscircle.co.uk/DisplayProductByArtist.aspx?a=228","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://whatsonstage.com/reviews/theatre/.../Rocky+Horror+Show.html","external_links_name":"[4]"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSG_Balingen	TSG Balingen	["1 History","2 Honours","3 Current squad","4 Recent managers","5 Recent seasons","6 Stadium","7 References","8 External links"]	German football club Football clubTSG BalingenFull nameTurn- und Sportgemeinschaft Balingen von 1848 e.V.Nickname(s)TSGFounded1848GroundBizerba ArenaCapacity8,500ChairmanEugen StraubingerHead coachMartin BraunLeagueRegionalliga Südwest (IV)2022–23Regionalliga Südwest, 6th of 18WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours colours TSG Balingen is a German football club from the city of Balingen, Baden-Württemberg. With over 1,800 members, it is the largest sports club in the city and has departments for athletics, basketball, fencing, fistball, gymnastics, handball, judo, and karate, as well as various personal health oriented programs. In 2002 the first handball team merged with TV Weilstetten to HBW Balingen-Weilstetten. The team now plays in Handball-Bundesliga. History The origins of the club go back to the 19th century founding of a gymnastics club. The footballers first came to notice in the mid-90s with their advance to the Verbandsliga Württemberg (V) in 1995. After twice finishing as vice-champions in the Verbandsliga and failing to win promotion to the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (IV) in subsequent playoffs, TSG finally claimed the league title in 2008 and advanced to what has become a fifth tier competition following the introduction of the 3. Liga. They won the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg in 2018 to gain promotion to the Regionalliga Südwest. Honours Oberliga Baden-Württemberg Champions: 2017–18 Verbandsliga Württemberg Champions: 2007–08 Runners-up: 2004–05, 2005–06 Württemberg Cup Winners: 2023 Current squad As of 2 February 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK GER Marcel Binanzer 2 DF GER Sascha Eisele 3 DF GER Lukas Griebsch (on loan from VfB Stuttgart II) 4 DF GER Yannick Brugger 5 MF GER Luca Kölsch 6 MF GER Levis Schaber 7 FW GER Jonas Meiser 8 MF GER Tim Wöhrle 9 MF GER Leander Vochatzer 10 MF TUR Kaan Akkaya 11 FW GER Pedro Morais 12 DF GER Constantin Zeyer 13 FW GER Walter Vegelin 14 MF GER Henry Seeger 15 DF GER Adrian Müller 16 MF GER Samuel Schneider No. Pos. Nation Player 17 DF GER Leon Mathauer 18 DF GER Fabian Fecker 20 MF GER Enrique Katsianas Sanchez 21 FW GER Aron Viventi 22 DF GER Nyamekye Awortwie-Grant 23 FW GER Silas Bader 24 MF GER Lukas Ramser 25 DF GER Matthias Schmitz (captain) 26 DF GER Elias Wolf 27 FW GER Jan Ferdinand 28 DF GER Jonas Vogler 29 DF GER Luca Campanile 32 GK GER Thilo Marksteiner 33 DF GER Moritz Kuhn 34 FW GER Halim Eroğlu 37 MF GER Marko Pilic Recent managers Recent managers of the club: Manager Start Finish Ralf Volkwein 26 October 2015 21 October 2019 Bernd Bauer 21 October 2019 9 January 2020 Martin Braun 10 January 2020 Present Recent seasons The recent season-by-season performance of the club: Season Division Tier Position 1999–2000 Verbandsliga Württemberg V 7th 2000–01 Verbandsliga Württemberg 3rd 2001–02 Verbandsliga Württemberg 7th 2002–03 Verbandsliga Württemberg 12th 2003–04 Verbandsliga Württemberg 7th 2004–05 Verbandsliga Württemberg 2nd 2005–06 Verbandsliga Württemberg 2nd 2006–07 Verbandsliga Württemberg 5th 2007–08 Verbandsliga Württemberg 1st ↑ 2008–09 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 3rd 2009–10 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 10th 2010–11 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 10th 2011–12 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 5th 2012–13 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 10th 2013–14 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 13th 2014–15 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 3rd 2015–16 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 8th 2016–17 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 4th 2017–18 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg 1st ↑ 2018–19 Regionalliga Südwest IV 11th 2019–20 Regionalliga Südwest 17th 2020–21 Regionalliga Südwest 15th 2021–22 Regionalliga Südwest 8th 2022–23 Regionalliga Südwest 6th With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. ↑ Promoted ↓ Relegated Stadium TSG plays in the Bizerba Arena which has a capacity of 8,500, including 600 covered seats. References ^ "Regionalligateam". TSG Fussball. Retrieved 28 August 2023. ^ TSG Balingen .:. Trainer von A-Z (in German) weltfussball.de, accessed: 3 September 2011 ^ Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv (in German) Historical German domestic league tables ^ Fussball.de – Ergebnisse (in German) Tables and results of all German football leagues ^ Au-Stadion (in German) weltfussball.de, accessed: 3 September 2011 External links Official team site TSG Balingen at Weltfussball.de vteRegionalliga Südwest (IV) – 2024–25 clubs Bahlinger SC Eintracht Frankfurt II FSV Frankfurt SGV Freiberg SC Freiburg II Barockstadt Fulda-Lehnerz FC Gießen 1. Göppinger SV TSV Steinbach Haiger 1899 Hoffenheim II FC 08 Homburg Hessen Kassel Mainz 05 II Kickers Offenbach Stuttgarter Kickers Eintracht Trier FC 08 Villingen Astoria Walldorf	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_football_clubs"},{"link_name":"Balingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balingen"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"fistball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fistball"},{"link_name":"gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"HBW Balingen-Weilstetten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBW_Balingen-Weilstetten"},{"link_name":"Handball-Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball-Bundesliga"}],"text":"Football clubTSG Balingen is a German football club from the city of Balingen, Baden-Württemberg. With over 1,800 members, it is the largest sports club in the city and has departments for athletics, basketball, fencing, fistball, gymnastics, handball, judo, and karate, as well as various personal health oriented programs.In 2002 the first handball team merged with TV Weilstetten to HBW Balingen-Weilstetten. The team now plays in Handball-Bundesliga.","title":"TSG Balingen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oberliga Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Südwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_S%C3%BCdwest"}],"text":"The origins of the club go back to the 19th century founding of a gymnastics club. The footballers first came to notice in the mid-90s with their advance to the Verbandsliga Württemberg (V) in 1995.After twice finishing as vice-champions in the Verbandsliga and failing to win promotion to the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (IV) in subsequent playoffs, TSG finally claimed the league title in 2008 and advanced to what has become a fifth tier competition following the introduction of the 3. Liga. They won the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg in 2018 to gain promotion to the Regionalliga Südwest.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oberliga Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Verbandsliga Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbandsliga_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Württemberg Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Verbandspokal"}],"text":"Oberliga Baden-Württemberg\nChampions: 2017–18\nVerbandsliga Württemberg\nChampions: 2007–08\nRunners-up: 2004–05, 2005–06\nWürttemberg Cup\nWinners: 2023","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 2 February 2024[1]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Recent managers of the club:[2]","title":"Recent managers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Regionalligas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"}],"text":"The recent season-by-season performance of the club:[3][4]With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier.","title":"Recent seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"TSG plays in the Bizerba Arena which has a capacity of 8,500, including 600 covered seats.[5]","title":"Stadium"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Regionalligateam\". TSG Fussball. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsg-fussball.de/regionalligateam-2022/","url_text":"\"Regionalligateam\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.tsg-balingen.de/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://www.tsg-fussball.de/regionalligateam-2022/","external_links_name":"\"Regionalligateam\""},{"Link":"http://www.weltfussball.de/teams/tsg-balingen/9/","external_links_name":"TSG Balingen .:. Trainer von A-Z"},{"Link":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","external_links_name":"Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv"},{"Link":"http://www.fussball.de/fussball-ergebnisse-die-top-ligen-bei-fussball-de/id_45692854/index","external_links_name":"Fussball.de – Ergebnisse"},{"Link":"http://www.weltfussball.de/spielorte/au-stadion-balingen/","external_links_name":"Au-Stadion"},{"Link":"http://www.tsg-fussball.de/","external_links_name":"Official team site"},{"Link":"http://www.weltfussball.de/teams/tsg-balingen/","external_links_name":"TSG Balingen at Weltfussball.de"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Palmer_(director)	Tony Palmer (director)	["1 Background","2 Opera, theatre and rock music","3 Writing","4 Filmography","5 List of opera and theatre works","6 Books","7 References","8 External links"]	English film director and author This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Tony Palmer" director – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tony Palmer in the Círculo de Bellas Artes Tony Palmer (born 29 August 1941) is a British film director and author. His work includes over 100 films, ranging from early works with The Beatles, Cream, Jimi Hendrix, Rory Gallagher (Irish Tour '74) and Frank Zappa (200 Motels), to his classical portraits which include profiles of Maria Callas, Margot Fonteyn, John Osborne, Igor Stravinsky, Richard Wagner, Yehudi Menuhin, Julian Lloyd Webber, Carl Orff, Benjamin Britten and Ralph Vaughan Williams. He is also a stage director of theatre and opera. Among over 40 international prizes for his work are 12 Gold Medals from the New York Film Festival as well as numerous BAFTAs and Emmy Awards. Palmer has won the Prix Italia twice, for A Time There Was in 1980 and At the Haunted End of the Day in 1981. He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and an honorary citizen of both New Orleans and Athens. Background Tony Palmer was born in London, England. He was educated at Lowestoft Grammar School, Cambridgeshire High School for Boys and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he read History and Moral Sciences. From Cambridge (where he was also President of the Marlowe Society), he joined the BBC. Following an apprenticeship with Ken Russell and Jonathan Miller, Palmer's first major film, Benjamin Britten & his Festival, became the first BBC film to be networked in the United States. With his second film, All My Loving, an examination of rock and roll and politics in the late 1960s, he achieved considerable notoriety. In 1989, he was awarded a retrospective of his work at the National Film Theatre in London, the first maker of arts films to be so honoured. Tony Palmer at Sofia international Film Festival, March 2017. Opera, theatre and rock music In addition to films, Tony Palmer has also directed in the theatre and in the opera house. After a debut at the Zurich Opera House in 1989 with Peter Grimes ("the high point of the season", Neue Zürcher Zeitung), he had a double triumph in Karlsruhe, War and Peace, described as "marvellously suited to the stage and packed with impressive scenes and powerful outbursts of uninhibited activity". and again in Zurich with Berlioz's opera, The Trojans in 1990 ("marvellous" – London Daily Express). In Saint Petersburg, he directed the first performance in Russia for 80 years of Parsifal, conducted by Valery Gergiev, with Alexey Steblyanko in the title role. He has also directed in Hamburg, Munich, Augsburg, Savonlinna, Berlin and Helsinki and recently became the first Western director ever to work at the Bolshoi in Moscow. Parsifal won Best Theatre Production ('Casta Diva') in Moscow, 1997, as well as a 'Golden Mask'. On the West End stage he has directed the world premiere of John Osborne's Look Back in Anger Part Two, Déjà Vu. Mr Palmer also presented the BBC Radio 3 Arts magazine 'Night Waves', for which he won a Sony Award for best arts programme. Tony Palmer is also well known for his rock music documentaries, several of them among the first of the genre and covering everyone from the Beatles to Cream. All My Loving (1968) was Palmer's groundbreaking BBC series on pop music (which John Lennon personally requested he make) featuring Eric Clapton, Eric Burdon, Jimi Hendrix and others against the backdrop of the Vietnam War, and other explosive political events rocking the 1960s. Palmer went on to make 200 Motels, a documentary about America avant-garde rock musician Frank Zappa. It is considered a rock classic but, in a 2017 interview with Toronto arts reporter and critic Deirdre Kelly, Palmer called it one of the worst films he ever did. Writing Tony Palmer has published several books, and has written for The New York Times, The Times, Punch, Life magazine etc. From 1967 to 1974 he was a regular music critic for The Observer. From 1969 to 1974 he had a weekly column in The Spectator entitled 'Notes from the Underground'. Filmography Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World (TV) (as director's assistant – Director Ken Russell) (1966) Alice in Wonderland (TV) (1966) The Art of Conducting – with Georg Solti (1966) Up the Theatre – with Judi Dench (1966) Conceit (1967) Benjamin Britten & his Festival (1967) Burning Fiery Furnace (1967) Corbusier (1967) Twice a Fortnight (TV series) – with Terry Jones & Michael Palin (1967) All My Loving (1968) Cream's Farewell Concert (1968) The World of Peter Sellers (1969) How It Is (1969) Rope Ladder to the Moon – Jack Bruce (1969) Colosseum and Juicy Lucy (1970) Fairport Convention & Matthews Southern Comfort (1970) Glad All Over (1970) National Youth Theatre – Michael Croft (1970) 200 Motels – Frank Zappa (1971) Brighton Breezy (1971) Mahler 9 – with Leonard Bernstein (1971) Ginger Baker in Africa (1971) Birmingham (1971) The Pursuit of Happiness (1972) The World of Liberace (1972) The World of Hugh Hefner (1973) International Youth Orchestra (1973) Bird on a Wire – with Leonard Cohen (1974) Rory Gallagher – Irish Tour '74 (1974) The World of Miss World (1974) Tangerine Dream – live at Coventry Cathedral (1975) All This and World War II (1976) All You Need is Love (1976–1980) The Wigan Casino (1977) Biddu (1977) The Edinburgh Festival (1977) The Mighty Wurlitzer (1978) The Edinburgh Festival Revisited (1978) The Space Movie – NASA's official 10th anniversary film, music by Mike Oldfield (1979) Pride of Place (1979) A Time There Was – profile of Benjamin Britten (1979) First Edition (1980) At the Haunted End of the Day – profile of William Walton (1980) Death in Venice – opera by Benjamin Britten (1981) Once, at a Border... – profile of Igor Stravinsky (1982) Wagner – by Charles Wood, starring Richard Burton (1983) Primal Scream – Art Janov (1984) Puccini – with Virginia McKenna & Robert Stephens (1984) God Rot Tunbridge Wells! – by John Osborne (1984/5) Mozart in Japan – with Mitsuko Uchida (1986) Testimony – starring Ben Kingsley (1987) Maria Callas (1987) In From The Cold? – Richard Burton (1988) Dvorak - In Love? – Julian Lloyd Webber (1988) Hindemith – a Pilgrim's Progress – with John Gielgud (1989) The Children (1990) Menuhin, a Family Story (1990) I, Berlioz – with Corin Redgrave (1992) Symphony of Sorrowful Songs – Henryk Górecki (1993) A Short Film About Loving – with Peter Sellars (1994) O Fortuna – Carl Orff (1995) England, My England – Henry Purcell (1995) Brahms & The Little Singing Girls (1996) Michael Crawford, a true story (1996) Hail Bop – a profile of John Adams (1997) Parsifal – with Plácido Domingo & Valery Gergiev (1997) The Harvest of Sorrow – Sergei Rachmaninoff, with the Kirov Opera (1998) The Kindness of Strangers – André Previn (1998) Valentina Igoshina plays Chopin (1999) The Strange Case of Delfina Potocka – Chopin, with Penelope Wilton (1999) Foreign Aids – Pieter-Dirk Uys on tour (2001) Ladies & Gentlemen, Miss Renée Fleming (2002) Hero – The Story of Bobby Moore – produced by David Frost (2002) Toward the Unknown Region – Malcolm Arnold. A Story of Survival (2003) John Osborne & The Gift of Friendship (2003) Ivry Gitlis & The Great Tradition (2004) The Adventures of Benjamin Schmid (2005) Margot – Margot Fonteyn (2005) The Salzburg Festival – A Brief History (2006) "O Thou Transcendent..." – The Life of Vaughan Williams (2007) The Wagner Family (The South Bank Show) (2009) Holst – In the Bleak Midwinter (2011) List of opera and theatre works Turandot – Puccini – Scottish Opera (1984) I Cavalieri di Ekebu – Zandonai – Krefeld (1985) Peter Grimes – Britten – Zurich (1989) West German premiere of Prokofiev's War and Peace – Karlsruhe (1990) The Trojans – Berlioz – Zurich (1990) Peter Grimes – Britten – Geneva (1991) Simone Boccanegra – Verdi – Hamburg (1991) La Forza del Destino – Verdi – Zurich (1991) Dimitrij – Dvořák – Munich (1992) Dialogues of the Carmelites – Poulenc – Augsburg (1994) Russian premiere of Parsifal – Wagner – Mariinsky/Kirov, St. Petersburg (1997) (Winner of The Golden Mask) Parsifal – Bolshoi, Moscow (1998) (Winner of the Casta Diva prize) Parsifal – Savonlinna (1998) Tristan und Isolde – Wagner – Ravello (1998) Die Walküre – Wagner – Ravello (1999) The Death of Klinghoffer – John Adams – Helsinki (2001) The Fair at Sorochyntsi – Mussorgsky – Bonn (2007) Books Born Under a Bad Sign (1970) The Trials of Oz (1971) Electric Revolution (1971) The Things I Love – Liberace (1976) All You Need Is Love (1976) Charles II: Portrait of an Age (1979) Julian Bream: A Life on the Road. London: Macdonald, 1982. ISBN 0-356-07880-9. Text by Palmer, photographs by Daniel Meadows. Menuhin: A Family Story (1991) References ^ IMDb: Tony Palmer Retrieved 24 September 2011 ^ The Telegraph UK 13 September 2009 South Bank Show review, The Last Bastion of Civilization on ITV. S. Heffer. ^ Winners 1949–2010 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) accessed 20 November 2010 ^ John C. Tibbetts, Composers in the Movies: Studies in Musical Biography (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), p. 220. ^ 'University News', Times, 28 June 1962. ^ 'Cambridge Tripos Examinations', Times, 23 June 1964 ^ Fath, Rolf. Report on War and Peace (1 July 1990) from Karlsruhe. Opera, November 1990, Vol.41 No.11, p1342-43. ^ Allison, John. 'Parsifal', and paradoxes. John Allison on the Kirov Opera. Opera, July 1997, Vol.48 No.7, p770-772. ^ a b Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 1895. ISBN 0-85112-939-0. ^ "Real to Reel: In Conversation with Documentarian Tony Palmer". Criticsatlarge.ca. Retrieved 3 October 2021. External links Tony Palmer at IMDb Real to Reel: In Conversation with Documentarian Tony Palmer Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Palmer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Círculo de Bellas Artes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADrculo_de_Bellas_Artes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Rory Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Irish Tour '74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Tour_%2774_(Film)"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"200 Motels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_Motels"},{"link_name":"Maria Callas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Callas"},{"link_name":"Margot Fonteyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Fonteyn"},{"link_name":"John Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Yehudi Menuhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin"},{"link_name":"Julian Lloyd Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Lloyd_Webber"},{"link_name":"Carl Orff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Orff"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"Ralph Vaughan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams"},{"link_name":"New York Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"BAFTAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA"},{"link_name":"Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Prix Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Italia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"honorary citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_citizen"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"}],"text":"Tony Palmer in the Círculo de Bellas ArtesTony Palmer (born 29 August 1941)[1] is a British film director and author.[2] His work includes over 100 films, ranging from early works with The Beatles, Cream, Jimi Hendrix, Rory Gallagher (Irish Tour '74) and Frank Zappa (200 Motels), to his classical portraits which include profiles of Maria Callas, Margot Fonteyn, John Osborne, Igor Stravinsky, Richard Wagner, Yehudi Menuhin, Julian Lloyd Webber, Carl Orff, Benjamin Britten and Ralph Vaughan Williams. He is also a stage director of theatre and opera.Among over 40 international prizes for his work are 12 Gold Medals from the New York Film Festival as well as numerous BAFTAs and Emmy Awards. Palmer has won the Prix Italia twice,[3] for A Time There Was in 1980 and At the Haunted End of the Day in 1981. He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and an honorary citizen of both New Orleans and Athens.","title":"Tony Palmer (director)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Lowestoft Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormiston_Denes_Academy"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire High School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire_High_School_for_Boys"},{"link_name":"Trinity Hall, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Hall,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Marlowe Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlowe_Society"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Ken Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Russell"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Miller"},{"link_name":"National Film Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Theatre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Palmer_-_Sofia.jpg"}],"text":"Tony Palmer was born in London, England. He was educated at Lowestoft Grammar School, Cambridgeshire High School for Boys and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he read History and Moral Sciences.[4][5][6] From Cambridge (where he was also President of the Marlowe Society), he joined the BBC. Following an apprenticeship with Ken Russell and Jonathan Miller, Palmer's first major film, Benjamin Britten & his Festival, became the first BBC film to be networked in the United States. With his second film, All My Loving, an examination of rock and roll and politics in the late 1960s, he achieved considerable notoriety.In 1989, he was awarded a retrospective of his work at the National Film Theatre in London, the first maker of arts films to be so honoured.Tony Palmer at Sofia international Film Festival, March 2017.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zurich Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Peter Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Grimes"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"},{"link_name":"War and Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace_(Prokofiev)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz"},{"link_name":"The Trojans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Troyens"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Parsifal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal"},{"link_name":"Valery Gergiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Gergiev"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bolshoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre"},{"link_name":"John Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Look Back in Anger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Back_in_Anger"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In addition to films, Tony Palmer has also directed in the theatre and in the opera house. After a debut at the Zurich Opera House in 1989 with Peter Grimes (\"the high point of the season\", Neue Zürcher Zeitung), he had a double triumph in Karlsruhe, War and Peace, described as \"marvellously suited to the stage and packed with impressive scenes and powerful outbursts of uninhibited activity\".[7] and again in Zurich with Berlioz's opera, The Trojans in 1990 (\"marvellous\" – London Daily Express). In Saint Petersburg, he directed the first performance in Russia for 80 years of Parsifal, conducted by Valery Gergiev, with Alexey Steblyanko in the title role.[8] He has also directed in Hamburg, Munich, Augsburg, Savonlinna, Berlin and Helsinki and recently became the first Western director ever to work at the Bolshoi in Moscow.Parsifal won Best Theatre Production ('Casta Diva') in Moscow, 1997, as well as a 'Golden Mask'. On the West End stage he has directed the world premiere of John Osborne's Look Back in Anger Part Two, Déjà Vu. Mr Palmer also presented the BBC Radio 3 Arts magazine 'Night Waves', for which he won a Sony Award for best arts programme.Tony Palmer is also well known for his rock music documentaries, several of them among the first of the genre and covering everyone from the Beatles to Cream.[9] All My Loving (1968) was Palmer's groundbreaking BBC series on pop music (which John Lennon personally requested he make) featuring Eric Clapton, Eric Burdon, Jimi Hendrix and others against the backdrop of the Vietnam War, and other explosive political events rocking the 1960s. Palmer went on to make 200 Motels, a documentary about America avant-garde rock musician Frank Zappa.[9] It is considered a rock classic but, in a 2017 interview with Toronto arts reporter and critic Deirdre Kelly, Palmer called it one of the worst films he ever did.[10]","title":"Opera, theatre and rock music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"}],"text":"Tony Palmer has published several books, and has written for The New York Times, The Times, Punch, Life magazine etc. From 1967 to 1974 he was a regular music critic for The Observer. From 1969 to 1974 he had a weekly column in The Spectator entitled 'Notes from the Underground'.","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isadora_Duncan,_the_Biggest_Dancer_in_the_World"},{"link_name":"Ken Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Russell"},{"link_name":"Alice in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1966_TV_play)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Miller"},{"link_name":"Georg Solti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Solti"},{"link_name":"Judi Dench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi_Dench"},{"link_name":"Twice a Fortnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice_a_Fortnight"},{"link_name":"Terry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jones"},{"link_name":"Michael Palin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Palin"},{"link_name":"Cream's Farewell Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream%27s_Farewell_Concert"},{"link_name":"Peter Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sellers"},{"link_name":"Jack Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Colosseum and Juicy Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum_and_Juicy_Lucy"},{"link_name":"Fairport Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairport_Convention"},{"link_name":"Matthews Southern Comfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthews_Southern_Comfort"},{"link_name":"National Youth Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Michael Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Croft"},{"link_name":"200 Motels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_Motels"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Ginger Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Baker"},{"link_name":"Liberace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberace"},{"link_name":"Hugh Hefner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hefner"},{"link_name":"Bird on a Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Cohen:_Bird_on_a_Wire"},{"link_name":"Leonard Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Rory Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Irish Tour '74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Tour_%2774_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tangerine Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Dream"},{"link_name":"Coventry Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"All This and World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_This_and_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"All You Need is Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_You_Need_Is_Love_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival"},{"link_name":"The Space Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Space_Movie"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Mike Oldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Oldfield"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"William Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walton"},{"link_name":"Death in Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_in_Venice_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_(film)"},{"link_name":"Charles Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wood_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Richard Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burton"},{"link_name":"Art Janov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Janov"},{"link_name":"Virginia McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_McKenna"},{"link_name":"Robert Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stephens"},{"link_name":"God Rot Tunbridge Wells!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Rot_Tunbridge_Wells!"},{"link_name":"John Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Mitsuko Uchida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuko_Uchida"},{"link_name":"Testimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimony_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Ben Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Richard Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burton"},{"link_name":"Dvorak - In Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak_-_In_Love%3F"},{"link_name":"Julian Lloyd Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Lloyd_Webber"},{"link_name":"John Gielgud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gielgud"},{"link_name":"The Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Children_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Menuhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin"},{"link_name":"Corin Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corin_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"Henryk Górecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki"},{"link_name":"Peter Sellars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sellars"},{"link_name":"Carl Orff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Orff"},{"link_name":"England, My England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England,_My_England"},{"link_name":"Henry Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Purcell"},{"link_name":"Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"Michael Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crawford"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Parsifal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parsifal_(documentary)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Plácido Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Valery Gergiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Gergiev"},{"link_name":"Sergei Rachmaninoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff"},{"link_name":"André Previn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn"},{"link_name":"Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin"},{"link_name":"Delfina Potocka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfina_Potocka"},{"link_name":"Penelope Wilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Wilton"},{"link_name":"Pieter-Dirk Uys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter-Dirk_Uys"},{"link_name":"Renée Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming"},{"link_name":"David Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frost"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Ivry Gitlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivry_Gitlis"},{"link_name":"Margot Fonteyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Fonteyn"},{"link_name":"Salzburg Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg_Festival"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams"},{"link_name":"Holst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Holst"}],"text":"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World (TV) (as director's assistant – Director Ken Russell) (1966)\nAlice in Wonderland (TV) [as Producer – Director Jonathan Miller] (1966)\nThe Art of Conducting – with Georg Solti (1966)\nUp the Theatre – with Judi Dench (1966)\nConceit (1967)\nBenjamin Britten & his Festival (1967)\nBurning Fiery Furnace (1967)\nCorbusier (1967)\nTwice a Fortnight (TV series) – with Terry Jones & Michael Palin (1967)\nAll My Loving (1968)\nCream's Farewell Concert (1968)\nThe World of Peter Sellers (1969)\nHow It Is (1969)\nRope Ladder to the Moon – Jack Bruce (1969)\nColosseum and Juicy Lucy (1970)\nFairport Convention & Matthews Southern Comfort (1970)\nGlad All Over (1970)\nNational Youth Theatre – Michael Croft (1970)\n200 Motels – Frank Zappa (1971)\nBrighton Breezy (1971)\nMahler 9 – with Leonard Bernstein (1971)\nGinger Baker in Africa (1971)\nBirmingham (1971)\nThe Pursuit of Happiness (1972)\nThe World of Liberace (1972)\nThe World of Hugh Hefner (1973)\nInternational Youth Orchestra (1973)\nBird on a Wire – with Leonard Cohen (1974)\nRory Gallagher – Irish Tour '74 (1974)\nThe World of Miss World (1974)\nTangerine Dream – live at Coventry Cathedral (1975)\nAll This and World War II (1976)\nAll You Need is Love (1976–1980)\nThe Wigan Casino (1977)\nBiddu (1977)\nThe Edinburgh Festival (1977)\nThe Mighty Wurlitzer (1978)\nThe Edinburgh Festival Revisited (1978)\nThe Space Movie – NASA's official 10th anniversary film, music by Mike Oldfield (1979)\nPride of Place [6 parts] (1979)\nA Time There Was – profile of Benjamin Britten (1979)\nFirst Edition (1980)\nAt the Haunted End of the Day – profile of William Walton (1980)\nDeath in Venice – opera by Benjamin Britten (1981)\nOnce, at a Border... – profile of Igor Stravinsky (1982)\nWagner – by Charles Wood, starring Richard Burton (1983)\nPrimal Scream – Art Janov (1984)\nPuccini – with Virginia McKenna & Robert Stephens (1984)\nGod Rot Tunbridge Wells! – by John Osborne (1984/5)\nMozart in Japan – with Mitsuko Uchida (1986)\nTestimony – starring Ben Kingsley (1987)\nMaria Callas (1987)\nIn From The Cold? – Richard Burton (1988)\nDvorak - In Love? – Julian Lloyd Webber (1988)\nHindemith – a Pilgrim's Progress – with John Gielgud (1989)\nThe Children (1990)\nMenuhin, a Family Story (1990)\nI, Berlioz – with Corin Redgrave (1992)\nSymphony of Sorrowful Songs – Henryk Górecki (1993)\nA Short Film About Loving – with Peter Sellars (1994)\nO Fortuna – Carl Orff (1995)\nEngland, My England – Henry Purcell (1995)\nBrahms & The Little Singing Girls (1996)\nMichael Crawford, a true story (1996)\nHail Bop – a profile of John Adams (1997)\nParsifal – with Plácido Domingo & Valery Gergiev (1997)\nThe Harvest of Sorrow – Sergei Rachmaninoff, with the Kirov Opera (1998)\nThe Kindness of Strangers – André Previn (1998)\nValentina Igoshina plays Chopin (1999)\nThe Strange Case of Delfina Potocka – Chopin, with Penelope Wilton (1999)\nForeign Aids – Pieter-Dirk Uys on tour (2001)\nLadies & Gentlemen, Miss Renée Fleming (2002)\nHero – The Story of Bobby Moore – produced by David Frost (2002)\nToward the Unknown Region – Malcolm Arnold. A Story of Survival (2003)\nJohn Osborne & The Gift of Friendship (2003)\nIvry Gitlis & The Great Tradition (2004)\nThe Adventures of Benjamin Schmid (2005)\nMargot – Margot Fonteyn (2005)\nThe Salzburg Festival – A Brief History (2006)\n\"O Thou Transcendent...\" – The Life of Vaughan Williams (2007)\nThe Wagner Family (The South Bank Show) (2009)\nHolst – In the Bleak Midwinter (2011)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turandot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turandot"},{"link_name":"Puccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini"},{"link_name":"Scottish Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Opera"},{"link_name":"Zandonai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Zandonai"},{"link_name":"Peter Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Grimes"},{"link_name":"Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"Prokofiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev"},{"link_name":"War and Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace_(Prokofiev)"},{"link_name":"The Trojans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Troyens"},{"link_name":"Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz"},{"link_name":"Peter Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Grimes"},{"link_name":"Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"Simone Boccanegra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Boccanegra"},{"link_name":"Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"La Forza del Destino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Forza_del_Destino"},{"link_name":"Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"Dvořák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"Dialogues of the Carmelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogues_of_the_Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Poulenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Poulenc"},{"link_name":"Parsifal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Parsifal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal"},{"link_name":"Parsifal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal"},{"link_name":"Savonlinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savonlinna"},{"link_name":"Tristan und Isolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Die Walküre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"The Death of Klinghoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Klinghoffer"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)"},{"link_name":"The Fair at Sorochyntsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fair_at_Sorochyntsi"},{"link_name":"Mussorgsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky"}],"text":"Turandot – Puccini – Scottish Opera (1984)\nI Cavalieri di Ekebu – Zandonai – Krefeld (1985)\nPeter Grimes – Britten – Zurich (1989)\nWest German premiere of Prokofiev's War and Peace – Karlsruhe (1990)\nThe Trojans – Berlioz – Zurich (1990)\nPeter Grimes – Britten – Geneva (1991)\nSimone Boccanegra – Verdi – Hamburg (1991)\nLa Forza del Destino – Verdi – Zurich (1991)\nDimitrij – Dvořák – Munich (1992)\nDialogues of the Carmelites – Poulenc – Augsburg (1994)\nRussian premiere of Parsifal – Wagner – Mariinsky/Kirov, St. Petersburg (1997) (Winner of The Golden Mask)\nParsifal – Bolshoi, Moscow (1998) (Winner of the Casta Diva prize)\nParsifal – Savonlinna (1998)\nTristan und Isolde – Wagner – Ravello (1998)\nDie Walküre – Wagner – Ravello (1999)\nThe Death of Klinghoffer – John Adams – Helsinki (2001)\nThe Fair at Sorochyntsi – Mussorgsky – Bonn (2007)","title":"List of opera and theatre works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julian Bream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Bream"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-356-07880-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-07880-9"},{"link_name":"Daniel Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Meadows"}],"text":"Born Under a Bad Sign (1970)\nThe Trials of Oz (1971)\nElectric Revolution (1971)\nThe Things I Love – Liberace (1976)\nAll You Need Is Love (1976)\nCharles II: Portrait of an Age (1979)\nJulian Bream: A Life on the Road. London: Macdonald, 1982. ISBN 0-356-07880-9. Text by Palmer, photographs by Daniel Meadows.\nMenuhin: A Family Story (1991)","title":"Books"}]	[{"image_text":"Tony Palmer in the Círculo de Bellas Artes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tony_Palmer.jpg/220px-Tony_Palmer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tony Palmer at Sofia international Film Festival, March 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tony_Palmer_-_Sofia.jpg/220px-Tony_Palmer_-_Sofia.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022124024/http://www.prixitalia.rai.it/2010/pdf/WINNERS_1949-2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.prixitalia.rai.it/2010/pdf/WINNERS_1949-2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 1895. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-939-0","url_text":"0-85112-939-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Real to Reel: In Conversation with Documentarian Tony Palmer\". Criticsatlarge.ca. Retrieved 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.criticsatlarge.ca/2017/05/in-conversation-with-tony-palmer.html","url_text":"\"Real to Reel: In Conversation with Documentarian Tony Palmer\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tony+Palmer%22+director","external_links_name":"\"Tony Palmer\" director"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tony+Palmer%22+director+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tony+Palmer%22+director&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tony+Palmer%22+director+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tony+Palmer%22+director","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tony+Palmer%22+director&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0658482/","external_links_name":"IMDb: Tony Palmer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022124024/http://www.prixitalia.rai.it/2010/pdf/WINNERS_1949-2010.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.prixitalia.rai.it/2010/pdf/WINNERS_1949-2010.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.criticsatlarge.ca/2017/05/in-conversation-with-tony-palmer.html","external_links_name":"\"Real to Reel: In Conversation with Documentarian Tony Palmer\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0658482/","external_links_name":"Tony Palmer"},{"Link":"https://www.criticsatlarge.ca/2017/05/in-conversation-with-tony-palmer.html","external_links_name":"Real to Reel: In Conversation with Documentarian Tony Palmer"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1970052/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081700404","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/100890372","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgRRDjCbPjWHYWkrtxCcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90712401","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4416828","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140204069","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140204069","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119338386","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007297939405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50050278","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0182062&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35407210","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020M9895","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069668116","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810629912105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04810374?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1bb9591d-ce59-442f-b0b0-56f980d833cd","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119338386.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z74tzx","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/119551667","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorath_Rai_Diyach	Sorath Rai Diyach	["1 Story","2 In popular culture","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Romantic narrative in Sindhi literature Sorath Rai DiyachMurals of the folktales of Rai Dyach (Sorath Rai Diyach) on the left and Laila and Majnun on the right in the tomb of Rehan Khan Jamali in SindhFolk taleNameSorath Rai DiyachRegionSindh, Gujarat This article is part of the seriesSindhi folkloreلوڪ ڪهاڻيون Romances Sassui Punhun Momal Rano Lilan Chanesar Sorath Rai Diyach Noori Jam Tamachi Umar Marui Sohni Mehar Anecdotes Watayo Faqir Legends or epics Dodo Chanesar Morirro Mokhi and Matara Lakho Phulani Darya Khan Hoshu Sheedi Sindh portalvte Sorath Rai Diyach is a romantic folktale in Sindhi and Gujarati folklore. The story also appears in Shah Jo Risalo and forms part of seven popular tragic romances from Sindh. The other six tales are Umar Marvi, Sassui Punnhun, Sohni Mehar, Lilan Chanesar, Noori Jam Tamachi and Momal Rano commonly known as the Seven Queens of Sindh, or the Seven heroines of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Story Sorath was the queen of King Rai Diyach alias of Raja Dhaj, Ror Kumar of Girnar, Junagadh now in Gujarat who sacrificed herself for the sake of her love for husband. Diyach gave his head to wandering minstrel and followed him to the world of dead. Highly pleased with the songs of minstrel, Bijal, Diyach offered him to ask for anything he liked to have. As the intrigues of fate would have it, his son asked for his head. The kind and generous king gave it. Now the song resounded in Sorath's head. She bid farewell to life and to the pain of separation from him. Sur Sorath is one of 30 surs (chapters) of Shah Jo Risalo in that touching points of the well-known tale of Rai Diyach and Sorath are given. The contents of this Sur, section by section, are described below: Bijal comes to Rai Diyach and asks for his head-he is offered different kinds of precious gifts but he is obstinate in his demand. Bijal sings for six nights successively-he is offered more gifts. The effects of Bijal's music. Rai Diyach cuts off his head and gives it to Bijal-mourning of members of his house-death of Sorath. In popular culture Rai Daich, an adaptation of the folk tale, is a 1958 Indian Sindhi film directed by J.B. Lulla and produced by Atu Lalwani. It was written by Ram Panjwani and starred Lalwani, Shanti Ramchandani and Bhudo Advani. The film's music, for which it is known, was composed by Bulo C. Rani. Panjwani also wrote a play in Sindhi titled Bijal Rai Diyach. Sati Sorath, an Indian Gujarati-language drama film based on the folktale released in 1978 starring Kamini Bhatia and Arvind Joshi. See also Umar Marui Momal Rano Sohni Mehar Sassui Punhun Lilan Chanesar Noori Jam Tamachi Saang, folk songs in India about Rai Diyach References ^ MUSHTAQ ALI SHAH (2014). Mystic Melodies: Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Bloomington,IN,USA: Author House. ISBN 9781496996060. ^ Dr.Nabi Bux Khan Baloach (1976). Popular Folk Stories:Sorath Rai Diyach. Hyderabad,Sindh, Pakistan: Sindhi Adabi Board. ^ Menka Shivdasani. "Sorath Rai Diyach". Institute of Sindhology,Jaipur. ^ a b Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-94325-7. ^ "Drama - Professor Ram Panjwani". rampanjwani.com. Retrieved 2020-11-07. External links Popular Folk Stories: Sorath Rai Diyach Sorath Rai Diyach vte Province of Sindh topicsHistory Indus Valley Civilisation (Mohenjo-daro) Sindhu Kingdom Rai dynasty Brahman dynasty Muslim caliphate Soomra dynasty Samma dynasty Kalhora dynasty Talpur British period Cultural heritage sites Government and politics Provincial Assembly Chief Minister Governor Sindh Archives Commissioners of Sind Bhutto family Sindh Police Sindh High Court Sindh Information Department Sindh Coastal Development Authority Economy Culture Sindh workies Ajrak Sindhi cap Sindhi Cultural Day Sindhis (List) Sindhi diaspora Sindhi nationalism Sindhi language Sindhi literature Sindhi Adabi Board Sindhology Sindhi poetry (Sindhi poets) Sindhi folklore Sindhi folk tales Sindhi bhagat Sassui Punnhun Sindhi music Sindhi cuisine Sindhi cinema List of Sindhi-language films Sindhi media Sindhi tribes List of Sindhi Hindu festivals Cheti Chand Geography List of cities Districts List of talukas Climate (Karachi Hyderabad Nawabshah) Fauna Historical places Indus River Makran Education Education in Karachi Institute of Sindhology UoS UoK SMIU MUET JSMU LUMHS SAU Sindh Museum Sports Sindh cricket team Domestic league Malakhra Flora & fauna Red Sindhi Sindhi media Sindhi-language media Sindhi websites Sindhi Wikipedia Encyclopedia Sindhiana Sindh tourism Sindh Tourism Development Corporation vteChudasama dynastyLegendary kings Chudachandra Kavat Dyas Navaghana Jayasimha Gajaraja Early kings Graharipu (10th c.) Navaghana (late 11th c.) Khengara (12th c.) 14th century kings Mandalika I Navaghana Mahipala I Khengara Jayasimha I Mahipala II Mokalasimha Mandalika II Meliga Jayasimha II Mahipala III Mandalika III Associated figures Uga Vala Sorath Rani Devayat Bodar Ranakadevi Clans Chudasama Raijada Sarvaiya Chronology This article about a short story (or stories) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_folklore"},{"link_name":"Gujarati folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_folklore"},{"link_name":"Shah Jo Risalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jo_Risalo"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"Umar Marvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Marvi"},{"link_name":"Sassui Punnhun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassui_Punnhun"},{"link_name":"Sohni Mehar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohni_Mahiwal"},{"link_name":"Lilan Chanesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilan_Chanesar"},{"link_name":"Noori Jam Tamachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noori_Jam_Tamachi"},{"link_name":"Momal Rano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momal_Rano"},{"link_name":"the Seven Queens of Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Queens_of_Sindh"},{"link_name":"Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai"}],"text":"Sorath Rai Diyach is a romantic folktale in Sindhi and Gujarati folklore. The story also appears in Shah Jo Risalo and forms part of seven popular tragic romances from Sindh. The other six tales are Umar Marvi, Sassui Punnhun, Sohni Mehar, Lilan Chanesar, Noori Jam Tamachi and Momal Rano commonly known as the Seven Queens of Sindh, or the Seven heroines of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai.","title":"Sorath Rai Diyach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Girnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girnar"},{"link_name":"Junagadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadh"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Shah Jo Risalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jo_Risalo"}],"text":"Sorath was the queen of King Rai Diyach alias of Raja Dhaj, Ror Kumar[1] of Girnar, Junagadh now in Gujarat who sacrificed herself for the sake of her love for husband. Diyach gave his head to wandering minstrel and followed him to the world of dead. Highly pleased with the songs of minstrel, Bijal, Diyach offered him to ask for anything he liked to have. As the intrigues of fate would have it, his son asked for his head. The kind and generous king gave it.Now the song resounded in Sorath's head. She bid farewell to life and to the pain of separation from him.[2][3]Sur Sorath is one of 30 surs (chapters) of Shah Jo Risalo in that touching points of the well-known tale of Rai Diyach and Sorath are given. The contents of this Sur, section by section, are described below:Bijal comes to Rai Diyach and asks for his head-he is offered different kinds of precious gifts but he is obstinate in his demand.\nBijal sings for six nights successively-he is offered more gifts.\nThe effects of Bijal's music.\nRai Diyach cuts off his head and gives it to Bijal-mourning of members of his house-death of Sorath.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sindhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language"},{"link_name":"Ram Panjwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Punjwani"},{"link_name":"Bhudo Advani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhudo_Advani"},{"link_name":"Bulo C. Rani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulo_C_Rani"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RajadhyakshaWillemen20142-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language"},{"link_name":"Arvind Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Joshi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RajadhyakshaWillemen20142-4"}],"text":"Rai Daich, an adaptation of the folk tale, is a 1958 Indian Sindhi film directed by J.B. Lulla and produced by Atu Lalwani. It was written by Ram Panjwani and starred Lalwani, Shanti Ramchandani and Bhudo Advani. The film's music, for which it is known, was composed by Bulo C. Rani.[4] Panjwani also wrote a play in Sindhi titled Bijal Rai Diyach.[5] Sati Sorath, an Indian Gujarati-language drama film based on the folktale released in 1978 starring Kamini Bhatia and Arvind Joshi.[4]","title":"In popular culture"}]	[]	[{"title":"Umar Marui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Marui"},{"title":"Momal Rano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momal_Rano"},{"title":"Sohni Mehar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohni_Mehar"},{"title":"Sassui Punhun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassui_Punhun"},{"title":"Lilan Chanesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilan_Chanesar"},{"title":"Noori Jam Tamachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noori_Jam_Tamachi"},{"title":"Saang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saang"}]	[{"reference":"MUSHTAQ ALI SHAH (2014). Mystic Melodies: Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Bloomington,IN,USA: Author House. ISBN 9781496996060.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fpGQBQAAQBAJ&q=raja+dhaj%2CRor+Kumar%2C+alias+Rai+Dyach&pg=PA283","url_text":"Mystic Melodies: Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781496996060","url_text":"9781496996060"}]},{"reference":"Dr.Nabi Bux Khan Baloach (1976). Popular Folk Stories:Sorath Rai Diyach. Hyderabad,Sindh, Pakistan: Sindhi Adabi Board.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Menka Shivdasani. \"Sorath Rai Diyach\". Institute of Sindhology,Jaipur.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=39&id=2819","url_text":"\"Sorath Rai Diyach\""}]},{"reference":"Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-94325-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94325-7","url_text":"978-1-135-94325-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Drama - Professor Ram Panjwani\". rampanjwani.com. Retrieved 2020-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://rampanjwani.com/Drama","url_text":"\"Drama - Professor Ram Panjwani\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fpGQBQAAQBAJ&q=raja+dhaj%2CRor+Kumar%2C+alias+Rai+Dyach&pg=PA283","external_links_name":"Mystic Melodies: Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai"},{"Link":"http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=39&id=2819","external_links_name":"\"Sorath Rai Diyach\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema"},{"Link":"http://rampanjwani.com/Drama","external_links_name":"\"Drama - Professor Ram Panjwani\""},{"Link":"http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/catalogue/Folk_Litrature/Book40/Book_page1.html","external_links_name":"Popular Folk Stories: Sorath Rai Diyach"},{"Link":"http://www.museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=39&id=2819","external_links_name":"Sorath Rai Diyach"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorath_Rai_Diyach&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)	Siege of Corfu (1537)	["1 Avlona expedition","2 Siege","3 Notes","4 References"]	1537 siege For other sieges of Corfu, see Siege of Corfu (disambiguation). Siege of CorfuPart of Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)The French and Ottoman fleets joined at the siege of Corfu in early September 1537.DateAugust–September 1537LocationCorfuResult Venetian victory Ottomans fail to capture Corfu.Belligerents Ottoman Empire France Republic of VeniceCommanders and leaders Suleiman the Magnificent Şehzade Mehmed Selim II Ayas Mehmed Pasha Bertrand d'Ornesan UnknownStrength : 320 ships25,000 soldiers320 ships: 13 ships unknown vteThird Ottoman–Venetian War Corfu (1537) Preveza (1538) Castelnuovo (1539) vteOttoman–Venetian wars Gallipoli Thessalonica First Second Third Fourth (War of Cyprus) Fifth (War of Candia) Sixth (Morean War) Seventh The siege of Corfu in 1537 was led by the Ottoman Emperor Suleiman the Magnificent, against the Republic of Venice-held island of Corfu. It is part of the Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540), one of the numerous Ottoman–Venetian Wars of the period. Avlona expedition For 1537 important combined operations had been agreed upon between France and the Ottoman Empire as part of the Franco-Ottoman alliance, in which the Ottomans would attack southern Italy and Naples under Barbarossa, and Francis I would attack northern Italy with 50,000 men. Suleiman led an army of 300,000 from Constantinople to Albania, with the objective of transporting them to Italy with the fleet. The Ottoman fleet gathered in Avlona with 100 galleys, accompanied by the French ambassador Jean de La Forêt. They landed in Castro, Apulia by the end of July 1537, and departed two weeks later with many prisoners. Barbarossa had laid waste to the region around Otranto, carrying about 10,000 people into slavery. Francis however failed to meet his commitment, and instead attacked the Netherlands. Siege The Ottomans departed from Southern Italy, and instead diverted their forces to mount the Siege of Corfu, a possession of the Republic of Venice, in August 1537. Suleiman decided to leave Avlona for Corfu on 19 August 1537. The fleet, composed of about 320 ships, started bombarding Corfu on 26 August. Ottoman troops amounting to 25,000 men were landed on the island of Corfu. Le Voyage du Baron de Saint Blancard en Turquie, by Jean de la Vega, after 1538 At the siege, the Ottomans were met by the French Admiral Baron de Saint-Blancard, who had left Marseille on 15 August with 12 galleys, and arrived at Corfu in early September 1537. Saint-Blancard in vain attempted to convince the Ottomans to again raid the coasts of Apulia, Sicily, and the March of Ancona. Eventually Suleiman, worried by a plague among his troops, decided to return with his fleet to Istanbul by mid-September without having captured Corfu. French ambassador Jean de La Forêt became seriously ill and died around that time. Francis I finally penetrated into Italy, and reached Rivoli on 31 October 1537. The fleet of Saint-Blancard wintered in Chios until 17 February 1538. It was decided that three ships would go to Constantinople, while the rest of the fleet returned to France. In Constantinople, they were received by the French ambassador Charles de Marillac. Hayreddin Barbarossa provided for the expenses, and the French galleys finally left on 11 April 1538 to return to Nice through Monastir. A consequence of the siege was that the Venetians decided to form an alliance with the Pope and the Habsburg against the Ottomans. On 18 June 1538, Francis I signed the Truce of Nice with Charles V, thereby temporarily abandoning the Franco-Ottoman alliance. Notes ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw p.97ff ^ a b c d e The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571) by Kenneth M. Setton ^ Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford; Lewis, Bernard (1977-01-01). The Cambridge History of Islam: A. The central islamic lands from pre-islamic times to the First World War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291354. ^ a b c Garnier, p.135 ^ Garnier, p.128 ^ Garnier, p.134 ^ Garnier, p.138 ^ Dyer, Thomas Henry (1861-01-01). The history of modern Europe: from the fall of Constantinople, in 1453, to the war in the Crimea, in 1857. J. Murray. p. 574. Saint Blancard Barbarossa. ^ Garnier, p.149 ^ Garnier, p.150 ^ Garnier, p.151-153 ^ Garnier, p.140 ^ Garnier, p.154 References Garnier, Edith L'Alliance Impie Editions du Felin, 2008, Paris ISBN 978-2-86645-678-8 Interview vte Major sieges involving the Ottoman Empire by century13th-14th 1285 Kulaca Hisar 1326 Bursa 1328–1331 Nicaea 1333–1337 Nicomedia 1360s Adrianople 1385 Sofia 1393 Tarnovo 1394–1402 Constantinople 15th 1411 Constantinople 1422 Constantinople 1422–1430 Thessalonica 1428 Golubac 1440 Belgrade 1440–41 Novo Brdo 1448 Svetigrad 1450 Krujë 1453 Constantinople 1455 Berat 1456 Belgrade 1461 Trebizond 1462 Mytilene 1463 Jajce 1464 Jajce 1467 Krujë 1470 Negroponte 1474 Scutari 1477–78 Krujë 1478–79 Scutari 1480 Rhodes 1481 Otranto 1484 Chilia 16th 1500 Cephalonia 1517 Cairo 1521 Belgrade 1522 Knin 1522 Rhodes 1529 Peñón of Algiers 1529 Vienna 1531 Diu 1532 Güns (Kőszeg) 1532 Maribor 1533–34 Coron 1534 Tunis 1534 Baghdad 1537 Klis 1537 Corfu 1538 Diu 1539 Castelnuovo 1541 Buda 1543 Nice 1543 Esztergom 1548 Aden 1548 Van 1551 Tripoli 1552 Muscat 1552 Hormuz 1552 Temesvár 1552 Eger 1556 Oran 1559 Bahrain 1563 Oran 1565 Malta 1566 Szigetvar 1570–71 Famagusta 1574 Tunis 1578 Gvozdansko 1592 Bihać 1593 Sisak 1596 Eger 17th 1601 Nagykanizsa 1621 Khotyn 1638 Baghdad 1663 Uyvar 1664 Novi Zrin 1648–1669 Candia 1672 Kamenets 1683 Vienna 1684 Buda 1684 Santa Maura 1685 Érsekújvár 1686 Buda 1686 Pécs 1688 Negroponte 1688 Belgrade 1690 Belgrade 1695 Azov 1696 Azov 18th 1711 Brăila 1715 Nauplia 1716 Corfu 1716 Temeşvar 1717 Belgrade 1733 Baghdad 1734–35 Ganja 1737 Ochakov 1739 Belgrade 1788 Ochakov 1788 Khotin 1789 Belgrade 1789–90 Izmail 1799 El Arish 1799 Jaffa 1799 Acre 19th 1801 Cairo 1806 Belgrade 1821 Patras 1821–22 Acropolis 1821 Tripolitsa 1822 Missolonghi 1823 Missolonghi 1825–26 Missolonghi 1826–27 Acropolis 1828 Kars 1828 Varna 1854 Calafat 1854 Silistra 1854–55 Sevastopol 1855 Kars 1877 Plevna 20th 1912–13 Scutari 1912–13 Adrianople 1915 Van 1915–16 Kut 1916–1919 Medina Ottoman defeats shown in italics.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siege of Corfu (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)"},{"link_name":"Third Ottoman–Venetian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Preveza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza"},{"link_name":"Castelnuovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_Wars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_Wars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Ottoman–Venetian wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_wars"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli_(1416)"},{"link_name":"Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1422%E2%80%931430)"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1463%E2%80%931479)"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1499%E2%80%931503)"},{"link_name":"Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)"},{"link_name":"Fourth (War of Cyprus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)"},{"link_name":"Fifth (War of Candia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)"},{"link_name":"Sixth (Morean War)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morean_War"},{"link_name":"Seventh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718)"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Suleiman the Magnificent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)"},{"link_name":"Ottoman–Venetian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_Wars"}],"text":"For other sieges of Corfu, see Siege of Corfu (disambiguation).vteThird Ottoman–Venetian War\nCorfu (1537)\nPreveza (1538)\nCastelnuovo (1539)vteOttoman–Venetian wars\nGallipoli\nThessalonica\nFirst\nSecond\nThird\nFourth (War of Cyprus)\nFifth (War of Candia)\nSixth (Morean War)\nSeventhThe siege of Corfu in 1537 was led by the Ottoman Emperor Suleiman the Magnificent, against the Republic of Venice-held island of Corfu. It is part of the Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540), one of the numerous Ottoman–Venetian Wars of the period.","title":"Siege of Corfu (1537)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Franco-Ottoman alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shaw97-1"},{"link_name":"Avlona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Jean de La Forêt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_La_For%C3%AAt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Setton_431-2"},{"link_name":"Castro, Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_(LE)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Setton_431-2"},{"link_name":"Otranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otranto"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"}],"text":"For 1537 important combined operations had been agreed upon between France and the Ottoman Empire as part of the Franco-Ottoman alliance, in which the Ottomans would attack southern Italy and Naples under Barbarossa, and Francis I would attack northern Italy with 50,000 men. Suleiman led an army of 300,000 from Constantinople to Albania, with the objective of transporting them to Italy with the fleet.[1] The Ottoman fleet gathered in Avlona with 100 galleys, accompanied by the French ambassador Jean de La Forêt.[2] They landed in Castro, Apulia by the end of July 1537, and departed two weeks later with many prisoners.[2] Barbarossa had laid waste to the region around Otranto, carrying about 10,000 people into slavery. Francis however failed to meet his commitment, and instead attacked the Netherlands.","title":"Avlona expedition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garnierp.135-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garnierp.135-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garnierp.135-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Voyage_du_Baron_de_Saint_Blancard_en_Turquie_Jean_de_la_Vega_1538.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean de la Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_la_Vega"},{"link_name":"Baron de Saint-Blancard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_de_Saint-Blancard"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Setton_431-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancona"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Setton_431-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Setton_431-2"},{"link_name":"Rivoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoli_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Charles de Marillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Marillac"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hayreddin Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"Monastir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Truce of Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_Nice"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Franco-Ottoman alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Ottomans departed from Southern Italy, and instead diverted their forces to mount the Siege of Corfu, a possession of the Republic of Venice, in August 1537.[3] Suleiman decided to leave Avlona for Corfu on 19 August 1537.[4] The fleet, composed of about 320 ships,[5] started bombarding Corfu on 26 August.[4] Ottoman troops amounting to 25,000 men were landed on the island of Corfu.[4]Le Voyage du Baron de Saint Blancard en Turquie, by Jean de la Vega, after 1538At the siege, the Ottomans were met by the French Admiral Baron de Saint-Blancard, who had left Marseille on 15 August with 12 galleys, and arrived at Corfu in early September 1537.[2][6] Saint-Blancard in vain attempted to convince the Ottomans to again raid the coasts of Apulia, Sicily, and the March of Ancona. Eventually Suleiman, worried by a plague among his troops,[7] decided to return with his fleet to Istanbul by mid-September without having captured Corfu.[2]French ambassador Jean de La Forêt became seriously ill and died around that time.[2] Francis I finally penetrated into Italy, and reached Rivoli on 31 October 1537.[8]The fleet of Saint-Blancard wintered in Chios until 17 February 1538.[9] It was decided that three ships would go to Constantinople, while the rest of the fleet returned to France. In Constantinople, they were received by the French ambassador Charles de Marillac.[10] Hayreddin Barbarossa provided for the expenses, and the French galleys finally left on 11 April 1538 to return to Nice through Monastir.[11]A consequence of the siege was that the Venetians decided to form an alliance with the Pope and the Habsburg against the Ottomans.[12] On 18 June 1538, Francis I signed the Truce of Nice with Charles V, thereby temporarily abandoning the Franco-Ottoman alliance.[13]","title":"Siege"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Shaw97_1-0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA97"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Setton_431_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Setton_431_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Setton_431_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Setton_431_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Setton_431_2-4"},{"link_name":"The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571) by Kenneth M. Setton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA431"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge History of Islam: A. The central islamic lands from pre-islamic times to the First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C&pg=PA328"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521291354","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521291354"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Garnierp.135_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Garnierp.135_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Garnierp.135_4-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"The history of modern Europe: from the fall of Constantinople, in 1453, to the war in the Crimea, in 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historymoderneu02dyergoog"},{"link_name":"574","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historymoderneu02dyergoog/page/n612"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"}],"text":"^ History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw p.97ff [1]\n\n^ a b c d e The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571) by Kenneth M. Setton\n\n^ Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford; Lewis, Bernard (1977-01-01). The Cambridge History of Islam: A. The central islamic lands from pre-islamic times to the First World War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291354.\n\n^ a b c Garnier, p.135\n\n^ Garnier, p.128\n\n^ Garnier, p.134\n\n^ Garnier, p.138\n\n^ Dyer, Thomas Henry (1861-01-01). The history of modern Europe: from the fall of Constantinople, in 1453, to the war in the Crimea, in 1857. J. Murray. p. 574. Saint Blancard Barbarossa.\n\n^ Garnier, p.149\n\n^ Garnier, p.150\n\n^ Garnier, p.151-153\n\n^ Garnier, p.140\n\n^ Garnier, p.154","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Le Voyage du Baron de Saint Blancard en Turquie, by Jean de la Vega, after 1538","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Le_Voyage_du_Baron_de_Saint_Blancard_en_Turquie_Jean_de_la_Vega_1538.jpg/220px-Le_Voyage_du_Baron_de_Saint_Blancard_en_Turquie_Jean_de_la_Vega_1538.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford; Lewis, Bernard (1977-01-01). The Cambridge History of Islam: A. The central islamic lands from pre-islamic times to the First World War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521291354.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C&pg=PA328","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Islam: A. The central islamic lands from pre-islamic times to the First World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521291354","url_text":"9780521291354"}]},{"reference":"Dyer, Thomas Henry (1861-01-01). The history of modern Europe: from the fall of Constantinople, in 1453, to the war in the Crimea, in 1857. J. Murray. p. 574. Saint Blancard Barbarossa.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historymoderneu02dyergoog","url_text":"The history of modern Europe: from the fall of Constantinople, in 1453, to the war in the Crimea, in 1857"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historymoderneu02dyergoog/page/n612","url_text":"574"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA97","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA431","external_links_name":"The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571) by Kenneth M. Setton"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C&pg=PA328","external_links_name":"The Cambridge History of Islam: A. The central islamic lands from pre-islamic times to the First World War"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historymoderneu02dyergoog","external_links_name":"The history of modern Europe: from the fall of Constantinople, in 1453, to the war in the Crimea, in 1857"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historymoderneu02dyergoog/page/n612","external_links_name":"574"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090818015845/http://www.neopodia.mobi/20090519-histoire-renaissance-alliance-impie-francois-1er-ier-ottoman-soliman-suleyman-charles-quint-forces-en-presence","external_links_name":"Interview"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam_Rud	Dam Rud	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 36°01′56″N 57°14′13″E / 36.03222°N 57.23694°E / 36.03222; 57.23694For the village in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, see Dam Rud, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad. Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranDam Rud دامرودvillageDam RudCoordinates: 36°01′56″N 57°14′13″E / 36.03222°N 57.23694°E / 36.03222; 57.23694Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountySabzevarBakhshRud AbRural DistrictFrughanPopulation (2006) • Total238Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Dam Rud (Persian: دامرود, also Romanized as Dām Rūd) is a village in Frughan Rural District, Rud Ab District, Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 238, in 65 families. References ^ Dam Rud can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3843440" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Sabzevar CountyCapital Sabzevar DistrictsCentralCities Sabzevar Rural Districts and villagesKarrab Afchang Belashabad Beynaq Borzu Delbar Karrab Now Deh-e Sorsoreh Qaz Shareh Qasabeh-ye Gharbi(Western Qasabeh) Abaresh Ardugah Shahid Matehri Borzu Estir Fasanqar Gowd Chah Gowd-e Asia Haresabad Hoseynabad-e Ganji Kalateh-ye Aqazadeh Kalateh-ye Dowlat Kalateh-ye Qalichi Kaskan Khosrowjerd Kohneh Ab Maskan Seyyedabad-e Kalut Qasabeh-ye Sharqi(Eastern Qasabeh) Aliabad-e Shur Baghan Baghjar Delqand Dowlatabad Eshratabad Izi Kalateh-ye Hajji Barat Kheyrabad Raz Qand Sang-e Sefid Sedid Soleymaniyeh Robat Ab Barik Aliabad-e Kalkhuni Avaz Azad Manjir Cheshmeh Sir Hashemabad Jolleyn Najmabad Nazlabad Owlar Qareh Qoli Robat-e Sar Push Salehabad-e Bozorg Sang-e Kalidar Zafaraniyeh Zeydabad Rud AbCities Rud Ab Rural Districts and villagesFrughan Barabad Dam Rud Dareyn Doruk Filshur Kalateh-ye Mir Ali Malvand Parvand Poshteh Abbas Shamsabad Tasband Khavashod Ardiz Aryan Baluch Khaneh Ban Qan Bargow Bojdan Bunesh Chah-e Talkh Dalbar Malek Baqar Darqadam Estaj Gaft Garab Garmak Gerazg Kalavashk Kheyrabad Khvosh Mardan Larhang Mohammadabad Mozaffarabad Puch Sarish Shend Kuh Hamayi Abd ol Maleki Benesbard-e Sofla Bidak Bon Jakh Chah-e Abd ol Maleki Chah-e Setareh Chah-e Shend Chah-e Vahab-e Pain Chehel Ghani Daryacheh Do Chahi Fazlabad Garu Homai-ye Olya Homeyreh Jarrahi Kalavi Kohak Koruj Landaran Mohammadabad Narestan Now Deh Nurabad Ojnowrd Sabri Tut Ban Zu ol Farrokh SheshtomadCities Sheshtomad Rural Districts and villagesBeyhaq Aliabad-e Seyyed Rahim Azizabad Bad Ashian Bagh Kheyrat Barazq Besk Beyzakh Bojdan Cheshmeh Avash Divaneh Khvoy Ebrahimabad Gach Halakabad Hasanabad Hoseynabad Jonbaz Kalateh-ye Bayat Kalateh-ye Sadat Kalavashk Keyzaqan Keyzur Pa Dar Sar Rud Soqiyeh Tazraq Rob-e Shamat Albolagh Beyrut Chenar Deh-e Now Hasanabad Kalateh-ye Tir Kaman Kharasf Qaleh Meydan Rowshanabad Sabbeh Shamkan Aliabad-e Tarkan Hoseynabad Kalateh-ye Now Bahar Now Bahar Sanjerd Shamkan Yahyaabad Takab-e Kuhmish Chah Sukhteh Chah-e Shomareh-ye Yek Hazarat Qoli Mehrshani Mej Qasemi Shahr Sukhteh Tondok Torosk Iran portal This Sabzevar County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dam Rud, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam_Rud,_Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Frughan Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frughan_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Rud Ab District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rud_Ab_District_(Razavi_Khorasan_Province)"},{"link_name":"Sabzevar County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabzevar_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the village in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, see Dam Rud, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad.Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranDam Rud (Persian: دامرود, also Romanized as Dām Rūd)[1] is a village in Frughan Rural District, Rud Ab District, Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 238, in 65 families.[2]","title":"Dam Rud"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dam_Rud&params=36_01_56_N_57_14_13_E_region:IR_type:city(238)","external_links_name":"36°01′56″N 57°14′13″E / 36.03222°N 57.23694°E / 36.03222; 57.23694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dam_Rud&params=36_01_56_N_57_14_13_E_region:IR_type:city(238)","external_links_name":"36°01′56″N 57°14′13″E / 36.03222°N 57.23694°E / 36.03222; 57.23694"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/09.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/09.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dam_Rud&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauan_Kenzhekhanuly	Rauan Kenzhekhanuly	["1 Career","2 Public activities","3 See also","4 References"]	Kazakh entrepreneur and NGO activist (born 1979) Rauan KenzhekhanulyRauan Kenzhekhanuly in 2011Born (1979-05-01) 1 May 1979 (age 45)East Kazakhstan Region, Kazakh SSR, Soviet UnionNationalityKazakhEducationAlmaty State UniversityHarvard UniversityOccupation(s)Wikipedia editor, politicianKnown forFounder of WikiBilimPolitical partyNur OtanAwardsWikipedian of the Year (2011) Rauan Kenzhekhanuly (Kazakh: Рауан Кенжеханұлы, , born 1 May 1979) is a Kazakh entrepreneur and NGO activist who was named the first Wikipedian of the Year in August 2011 by Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales at Wikimania. Career Kenzhekhanuly was born on 1 May 1979 in East Kazakhstan Region. In 2001, he graduated from Almaty University (named after Abay Kunanbayev) with a bachelor's degree in international affairs. In 2005–2006, he worked as a Press secretary and Head of the Department of Cultural and Humanitarian Cooperation of the Embassy of Kazakhstan in the Russian Federation. During his university years, he served as the Program Coordinator for National Debate Center Public Foundation and chief-editor of the Youth TV program "Azamat" on the Kazakh national TV channel Khabar. After he joined Khabar, he became the economic observer and National TV Agency's Moscow bureau chief in Russian Federation. In 2010, he traveled to the United States to do a one-year fellowship at Harvard University, where, that Fall, he first became interested in editing Wikipedia upon taking the class "Media, Politics, and Power in the Digital Age". That same year, he was named one of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs's fellows for 2010–2011. He later founded the nonprofit organization WikiBilim, which aims to expand the availability of free Kazakh-language information on the Internet. In 2014, he was named deputy governor of the Kyzylorda Region. He also served as the founding director of the Eurasian Council on Foreign Affairs, which was formally established on 12 November 2014 with a grant from the Kazakh government. Public activities In 2016, he founded the non-profit organization Bilim Foundation with the mission to set up a national program of adolescence suicide prevention and developing lifeskills. In 2017, he was appointed as the chief of commission for the national project "translating 100 textbooks for HE to Kazakh language". See also List of Wikipedia people References ^ Williams, Christopher (24 December 2012). "Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales restricts discussion of Tony Blair friendship". The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 June 2016. ^ https://www.linkedin.com/in/rauan-kenzhekhanuly-b168b724/html ^ "About us". WikiBilim. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b Davis, LiAnna (22 August 2012). "First Ever "Wikipedian of the Year" Motivated by HKS Course". Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2016. ^ "Weatherhead Center welcomes 2010-11 fellows". Harvard Gazette. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2017. ^ Michel, Casey (2 April 2015). "Wikipedia Founder Distances Himself from Kazakhstan PR Machine". EurasiaNet. Retrieved 24 June 2016. ^ "About". Eurasian Council on Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 24 June 2016. ^ Green, Chris (19 February 2015). "Jack Straw criticised for accepting part-time job paid for by Kazakhstan". The Independent. Retrieved 24 June 2016. vteWikimedian of the YearRecipients Rauan Kenzhekhanuly (2011) Rémi Mathis (2013) Ihor Kostenko (2014) Emily Temple-Wood and Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight (2016) Felix Nartey (2017) Farhad Fatkullin (2018) Emna Mizouni (2019) Sandister Tei (2020) Alaa Najjar (2021) Olga Paredes (2022) Taufik Rosman (2023) Honorable mentions Susanna Mkrtchyan (2015) Jess Wade (2018) Netha Hussain (2021) Newcomer of the Year Carma Citrawati (2021) Wikimedia Laureate Andrew Lih (2022) Siobhan Leachman (2023) Wikimedia Affiliate Spotlight Art+Feminism and Wikimedia UK (2022)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"[ɾɑwˈɑn kenʑeχɑnʊˈlə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh"},{"link_name":"Wikipedian of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedian_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wales"},{"link_name":"Wikimania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Rauan Kenzhekhanuly (Kazakh: Рауан Кенжеханұлы, [ɾɑwˈɑn kenʑeχɑnʊˈlə], born 1 May 1979) is a Kazakh entrepreneur and NGO activist who was named the first Wikipedian of the Year in August 2011 by Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales at Wikimania.[1]","title":"Rauan Kenzhekhanuly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Kazakhstan Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kazakhstan_Region"},{"link_name":"the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Khabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabar_Agency"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hks-4"},{"link_name":"Weatherhead Center for International Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhead_Center_for_International_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"WikiBilim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiBilim"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hks-4"},{"link_name":"Kyzylorda Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyzylorda_Region"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Kenzhekhanuly was born on 1 May 1979 in East Kazakhstan Region. In 2001, he graduated from Almaty University (named after Abay Kunanbayev) with a bachelor's degree in international affairs.In 2005–2006, he worked as a Press secretary and Head of the Department of Cultural and Humanitarian Cooperation of the Embassy of Kazakhstan in the Russian Federation.[2]During his university years, he served as the Program Coordinator for National Debate Center Public Foundation and chief-editor of the Youth TV program \"Azamat\" on the Kazakh national TV channel Khabar. After he joined Khabar, he became the economic observer and National TV Agency's Moscow bureau chief in Russian Federation.[3]In 2010, he traveled to the United States to do a one-year fellowship at Harvard University, where, that Fall, he first became interested in editing Wikipedia upon taking the class \"Media, Politics, and Power in the Digital Age\".[4] That same year, he was named one of the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs's fellows for 2010–2011.[5] He later founded the nonprofit organization WikiBilim, which aims to expand the availability of free Kazakh-language information on the Internet.[4] In 2014, he was named deputy governor of the Kyzylorda Region.[6]He also served as the founding director of the Eurasian Council on Foreign Affairs, which was formally established on 12 November 2014[7] with a grant from the Kazakh government.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 2016, he founded the non-profit organization Bilim Foundation with the mission to set up a national program of adolescence suicide prevention and developing lifeskills.[citation needed]In 2017, he was appointed as the chief of commission for the national project \"translating 100 textbooks for HE to Kazakh language\".","title":"Public activities"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Wikipedia people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_people"}]	[{"reference":"Williams, Christopher (24 December 2012). \"Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales restricts discussion of Tony Blair friendship\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 24 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9764719/Wikipedia-co-founder-Jimmy-Wales-restricts-discussion-of-Tony-Blair-friendship.html","url_text":"\"Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales restricts discussion of Tony Blair friendship\""}]},{"reference":"\"About us\". WikiBilim. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120211022722/http://wikibilim.kz/view-content/21/About-us.html","url_text":"\"About us\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, LiAnna (22 August 2012). \"First Ever \"Wikipedian of the Year\" Motivated by HKS Course\". Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government. Archived from the original on 22 August 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140822192919/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/articles/wikipedian-of-the-year","url_text":"\"First Ever \"Wikipedian of the Year\" Motivated by HKS Course\""},{"url":"https://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/articles/wikipedian-of-the-year","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Weatherhead Center welcomes 2010-11 fellows\". Harvard Gazette. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/09/weatherhead-center-welcomes-2010-11-fellows/","url_text":"\"Weatherhead Center welcomes 2010-11 fellows\""}]},{"reference":"Michel, Casey (2 April 2015). \"Wikipedia Founder Distances Himself from Kazakhstan PR Machine\". EurasiaNet. Retrieved 24 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurasianet.org/node/72831","url_text":"\"Wikipedia Founder Distances Himself from Kazakhstan PR Machine\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Eurasian Council on Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 24 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurasiancouncilforeignaffairs.eu/the-council/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"Green, Chris (19 February 2015). \"Jack Straw criticised for accepting part-time job paid for by Kazakhstan\". The Independent. Retrieved 24 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/jack-straw-criticised-for-accepting-part-time-job-paid-for-by-kazakhstan-10057426.html","url_text":"\"Jack Straw criticised for accepting part-time job paid for by Kazakhstan\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9764719/Wikipedia-co-founder-Jimmy-Wales-restricts-discussion-of-Tony-Blair-friendship.html","external_links_name":"\"Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales restricts discussion of Tony Blair friendship\""},{"Link":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/rauan-kenzhekhanuly-b168b724/html","external_links_name":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/rauan-kenzhekhanuly-b168b724/html"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120211022722/http://wikibilim.kz/view-content/21/About-us.html","external_links_name":"\"About us\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140822192919/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/articles/wikipedian-of-the-year","external_links_name":"\"First Ever \"Wikipedian of the Year\" Motivated by HKS Course\""},{"Link":"https://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/articles/wikipedian-of-the-year","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/09/weatherhead-center-welcomes-2010-11-fellows/","external_links_name":"\"Weatherhead Center welcomes 2010-11 fellows\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurasianet.org/node/72831","external_links_name":"\"Wikipedia Founder Distances Himself from Kazakhstan PR Machine\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurasiancouncilforeignaffairs.eu/the-council/about/","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/jack-straw-criticised-for-accepting-part-time-job-paid-for-by-kazakhstan-10057426.html","external_links_name":"\"Jack Straw criticised for accepting part-time job paid for by Kazakhstan\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_%26_Doug_(2009_TV_series)	Bob & Doug (TV series)	["1 Cast","2 Synopsis","3 Episodes","3.1 Season 1 (2009)","3.2 Season 2 (2011)","4 Shorts","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Canadian animated sitcom Bob & DougGenreanimated sitcomCreated byDave Thomas &Rick MoranisVoices ofDave ThomasDave CoulierPatrick McKennaDerek McGrathNeil CroneMaurice LaMarcheRon PardoJayne EastwoodCountry of originCanadaNo. of seasons2No. of episodes15ProductionExecutive producersDave ThomasRick MoranisRunning time22 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkGlobalReleaseApril 19, 2009 (2009-04-19) –June 9, 2011 (2011-06-09) Bob & Doug is a Canadian animated sitcom, which premiered on Global on April 19, 2009. The series is a revival of the SCTV sketch characters Bob and Doug McKenzie. The first season consisted of 10 episodes. The show was produced by Animax Entertainment. The first season premiered on April 19, 2009, and held the first-season finale on June 29, 2009. A short second season of "five secret episodes" has since aired in sporadic form. The show was originally planned for development by Fox in the United States. At the time it was known as The Animated Adventures of Bob & Doug McKenzie Cast While Dave Thomas, who played Doug in the original CBC sketches, voiced the animated character of Doug, Rick Moranis chose not to provide the voice of Bob, due to his acting hiatus and retirement, although he was one of the series' executive producers alongside Thomas. Bob was instead voiced by Dave Coulier. In addition to Thomas and Coulier, the program's cast also included Patrick McKenna, Derek McGrath, Neil Crone, Maurice LaMarche, Ron Pardo and Jayne Eastwood. Synopsis The series is set in the fictional town of Maple Lake, a town located just across the Canada–United States border from the fictional American metropolis of JFK City, a hotbed of crime and porn. The show centres on Bob and Doug McKenzie, brothers and stereotypical hosers who work as garbage collectors in Maple Lake. Other characters in the series include: Peggy (Stacey DePass), a bartender at the Skate 'n Bowl, Dwight (Michael Dunston), the driver of the McKenzies' garbage truck, Dennis (Patrick McKenna), an unemployed scam artist constantly pursuing get-rich-quick schemes, Rupert (Ron Pardo), a dimwitted police officer and the McKenzie brothers' cousin, Mary Beth (Tracey Hoyt), a television journalist and Rupert's girlfriend, Henry Chow (Ho Chow), the owner of the local Chinese restaurant, Melvin (Derek McGrath), the mayor of Maple Lake, Rev. McRee (Neil Crone), the neighborhood priest. Episodes SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired110April 19, 2009 (2009-04-19)June 29, 2009 (2009-06-29)25May 20, 2011 (2011-05-20)June 9, 2011 (2011-06-09) Season 1 (2009) After several years in limbo, the series finally premiered on April 19, 2009. Early reviews were mixed. Originally slated for 22 episodes, Global instead cut the season short. No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date11"Back to School"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownAndrei NechitaApril 19, 2009 (2009-04-19) Bob and Doug are told they have to go back to school to keep their garbage collection jobs. 22"No Country for Old People"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownJared MillerApril 26, 2009 (2009-04-26) Bob and Doug are forced to deal with their feisty mother after she is evicted from her nursing home. 33"Dennis Moves In"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownR. J. FriedMay 3, 2009 (2009-05-03) A sleazy friend of Bob and Doug moves in with them and unrest soon forms between the two McKenzie brothers. 44"Ice Road Truckers"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownAlex PearsonMay 10, 2009 (2009-05-10) Bob and Doug try to help a former ice road trucker overcome his fears, but all three wind up stranded in the Arctic. 55"I Want My CBN"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownPatrick BakerMay 24, 2009 (2009-05-24) Bob and Doug send a letter to the station that carries their favorite shows. To their surprise, they are hired to work at the station soon after. 66"Bob Falls in Love"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownBen OrenMay 31, 2009 (2009-05-31) Bob falls in love with a very unlikely woman. Meanwhile, Doug vows to get revenge after being injured during a hockey game. 77"Bob and Doug Go on Strike"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownLars KensethJune 7, 2009 (2009-06-07) Bob and Doug decide to strike to get better treatment, but some unknown person secretly sabotages their plans. 88"New Management"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownTim HedrickJune 14, 2009 (2009-06-14) Peggy loses the Skate 'N Bowl to Dennis in a lawsuit and Bob and Doug find they need a new place to hang out at as a result. 99"Bob and Doug Forever"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownPatrick Baker, Kevin PedersenJune 21, 2009 (2009-06-21) Bob and Doug face the prospect that they might die one day in the future. 1010"Country Club"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownAlex PearsonJune 29, 2009 (2009-06-29) Bob and Doug are invited to join a country club, but soon discover that things are not what they were led to believe. Season 2 (2011) This season is made-up of "five secret episodes" which were aired in Canada, according to the official website. Much is unknown about this season, information regarding scheduling and airdates remain unconfirmed. No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date111"Doug Quits Drinking"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownUnknownMay 20, 2011 (2011-05-20) Doug decides to quit drinking beer after attending an Alcohol Abstaining meeting by accident. 122"Maple Lake Monster"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownUnknownJune 2, 2011 (2011-06-02) 133"Eco-Terrorists"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownUnknownJune 4, 2011 (2011-06-04) 144"The Party That Ate Maple Lake"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownUnknownJune 6, 2011 (2011-06-06) 155"Asian Mob"Ken Cunningham II, Glenn James BrownUnknownJune 9, 2011 (2011-06-09) Conflicting sources describe the order of the show as 15 episodes rather than 22. A statement from the Animax website has stated that there is some form of movement with airing the show in the US. Several more episodes are reportedly still in development, with a release date still to be determined. Shorts From 2002 to 2009, a handful of animated shorts have been released to promote the series. Both Dave Thomas and Rick Moranis have provided their voices in first three shorts. The first short was released as a special feature on the Strange Brew DVD as an early awareness trailer. During production, another short featured the characters hosting a PowerPoint presentation for Animax Entertainment, via the company's website. To promote the series launch, another short was an animated version of the duo's famous Twelve Days of Christmas from their 1981 album, The Great White North. Two trailers have also been released online to promote the series, the first premiered at the 2008 New York Comic Con. The last known short was an internet greeting from the characters to promote Canada Day and Canwest's upcoming marathon via email. This short was introduced shortly after the first season ended its run on Global TV. See also Television portalCanada portal The Great White North Strange Brew Bob & Doug McKenzie's Two-Four Anniversary References ^ a b c Rob Salem, "Bob & Doug taking off again". Toronto Star, April 19, 2009. ^ "Fox gets animated over Canada's "Bob & Doug"". Reuters. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-09-07. Retrieved 2017-06-30. ^ "Fox joins animated 'Bob & Doug'". The Hollywood Reporter. 16 June 2008. ^ Greg Quill (18 June 2008). "Bob and Doug return, more animated than before". The Toronto Star. ^ "Bob and Doug premieres Sunday" Archived 2009-05-19 at the Wayback Machine. tv-eh.com, April 18, 2009. ^ "Bob & Doug in Top 10 Again « Animax Entertainment". Archived from the original on 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2012-08-12. ^ "Bob & Doug - the Party that Ate Maple Lake \| LocateTV". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-07-21. ^ "12 Days of Christmas « Animax Entertainment". Archived from the original on 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2012-08-12. ^ "The Animated Adventures of Bob & Doug McKenzie - Episode Guide - TV.com". Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2012-07-21. ^ "Bob & Doug Episode Guide - Zap2it". Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. ^ "Happy Holidays, Hosers! « Animax Entertainment". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-08-12. ^ "Happy Canada d'Eh! « Animax Entertainment". Archived from the original on 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2012-08-12. External links Bob & Doug at IMDb vteBob and Doug McKenzie Rick Moranis Dave Thomas Television SCTV appearances Bob & Doug McKenzie's Two-Four Anniversary Bob & Doug Films Strange Brew Albums The Great White North Strange Brew Related articles McFarlane Action Figures Hoser Brother Bear Brother Bear 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"SCTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_Television"},{"link_name":"sketch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bob_and_Doug_McKenzie_appearances_on_SCTV"},{"link_name":"Bob and Doug McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_and_Doug_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"Animax Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animax_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-1"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TorStar-2008-06-18-4"}],"text":"Bob & Doug is a Canadian animated sitcom, which premiered on Global on April 19, 2009. The series is a revival of the SCTV sketch characters Bob and Doug McKenzie.The first season consisted of 10 episodes. The show was produced by Animax Entertainment.[1] The first season premiered on April 19, 2009, and held the first-season finale on June 29, 2009. A short second season of \"five secret episodes\" has since aired in sporadic form.The show was originally planned for development by Fox in the United States.[2][3] At the time it was known as The Animated Adventures of Bob & Doug McKenzie [4]","title":"Bob & Doug (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Thomas_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rick Moranis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Moranis"},{"link_name":"Dave Coulier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Coulier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-1"},{"link_name":"Patrick McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_McKenna"},{"link_name":"Derek McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_McGrath"},{"link_name":"Neil Crone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Crone"},{"link_name":"Maurice LaMarche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_LaMarche"},{"link_name":"Ron Pardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Pardo"},{"link_name":"Jayne Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-1"}],"text":"While Dave Thomas, who played Doug in the original CBC sketches, voiced the animated character of Doug, Rick Moranis chose not to provide the voice of Bob, due to his acting hiatus and retirement, although he was one of the series' executive producers alongside Thomas. Bob was instead voiced by Dave Coulier.[1]In addition to Thomas and Coulier, the program's cast also included Patrick McKenna, Derek McGrath, Neil Crone, Maurice LaMarche, Ron Pardo and Jayne Eastwood.[1]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada–United States border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"JFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"hosers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoser"},{"link_name":"garbage collectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_collection"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Patrick McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_McKenna"},{"link_name":"get-rich-quick schemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get-rich-quick_scheme"},{"link_name":"Ron Pardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Pardo"},{"link_name":"Tracey Hoyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Hoyt"},{"link_name":"Derek McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_McGrath"},{"link_name":"Neil Crone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Crone"}],"text":"The series is set in the fictional town of Maple Lake, a town located just across the Canada–United States border from the fictional American metropolis of JFK City, a hotbed of crime and porn. The show centres on Bob and Doug McKenzie, brothers and stereotypical hosers who work as garbage collectors in Maple Lake.Other characters in the series include:[5]Peggy (Stacey DePass), a bartender at the Skate 'n Bowl,\nDwight (Michael Dunston), the driver of the McKenzies' garbage truck,\nDennis (Patrick McKenna), an unemployed scam artist constantly pursuing get-rich-quick schemes,\nRupert (Ron Pardo), a dimwitted police officer and the McKenzie brothers' cousin,\nMary Beth (Tracey Hoyt), a television journalist and Rupert's girlfriend,\nHenry Chow (Ho Chow), the owner of the local Chinese restaurant,\nMelvin (Derek McGrath), the mayor of Maple Lake,\nRev. McRee (Neil Crone), the neighborhood priest.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2009)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2011)"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired110April 19, 2009 (2009-04-19)June 29, 2009 (2009-06-29)25May 20, 2011 (2011-05-20)June 9, 2011 (2011-06-09)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2009)","text":"After several years in limbo, the series finally premiered on April 19, 2009. Early reviews were mixed. Originally slated for 22 episodes, Global instead cut the season short.[6][7]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2011)","text":"This season is made-up of \"five secret episodes\" which were aired in Canada, according to the official website.[8] Much is unknown about this season, information regarding scheduling and airdates remain unconfirmed.[9]Conflicting sources describe the order of the show as 15 episodes rather than 22. A statement from the Animax website has stated that there is some form of movement with airing the show in the US. Several more episodes are reportedly still in development, with a release date still to be determined.[10]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Thomas_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Rick Moranis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Moranis"},{"link_name":"Strange Brew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Brew"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"PowerPoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPoint"},{"link_name":"Animax Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animax_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"The Great White North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_White_North_(album)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"New York Comic Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con"},{"link_name":"Canada Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Day"},{"link_name":"Canwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canwest"},{"link_name":"Global TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_TV"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"From 2002 to 2009, a handful of animated shorts have been released to promote the series. Both Dave Thomas and Rick Moranis have provided their voices in first three shorts.The first short was released as a special feature on the Strange Brew DVD as an early awareness trailer.\nDuring production, another short featured the characters hosting a PowerPoint presentation for Animax Entertainment, via the company's website.\nTo promote the series launch, another short was an animated version of the duo's famous Twelve Days of Christmas from their 1981 album, The Great White North.[11]\nTwo trailers have also been released online to promote the series, the first premiered at the 2008 New York Comic Con.\nThe last known short was an internet greeting from the characters to promote Canada Day and Canwest's upcoming marathon via email. This short was introduced shortly after the first season ended its run on Global TV.[12]","title":"Shorts"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg"},{"title":"Television portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Television"},{"title":"Canada portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Canada"},{"title":"The Great White North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_White_North_(album)"},{"title":"Strange Brew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Brew"},{"title":"Bob & Doug McKenzie's Two-Four Anniversary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_%26_Doug_McKenzie%27s_Two-Four_Anniversary"}]	[{"reference":"\"Fox gets animated over Canada's \"Bob & Doug\"\". Reuters. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-09-07. Retrieved 2017-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bobdoug-idUSN1730098620080617","url_text":"\"Fox gets animated over Canada's \"Bob & Doug\"\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120907114715/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/06/17/us-bobdoug-idUSN1730098620080617","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fox joins animated 'Bob & Doug'\". The Hollywood Reporter. 16 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/fox-joins-animated-bob-amp-113925","url_text":"\"Fox joins animated 'Bob & Doug'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Greg Quill (18 June 2008). \"Bob and Doug return, more animated than before\". The Toronto Star.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2008/06/18/bob_and_doug_return_more_animated_than_before.html","url_text":"\"Bob and Doug return, more animated than before\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob & Doug in Top 10 Again « Animax Entertainment\". Archived from the original on 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2012-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912075154/http://news.animaxent.com/2009/06/bob-doug-in-top-10-again/","url_text":"\"Bob & Doug in Top 10 Again « Animax Entertainment\""},{"url":"http://news.animaxent.com/2009/06/bob-doug-in-top-10-again/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob & Doug - the Party that Ate Maple Lake \| LocateTV\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201351/http://www.locatetv.com/tv/bob-and-doug/7148932","url_text":"\"Bob & Doug - the Party that Ate Maple Lake \| LocateTV\""},{"url":"http://www.locatetv.com/tv/bob-and-doug/7148932","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"12 Days of Christmas « Animax Entertainment\". Archived from the original on 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2012-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912054941/http://news.animaxent.com/2010/12/12-days-of-christmas/","url_text":"\"12 Days of Christmas « Animax Entertainment\""},{"url":"http://news.animaxent.com/2010/12/12-days-of-christmas/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Animated Adventures of Bob & Doug McKenzie - Episode Guide - TV.com\". Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2012-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200727013818/http://www.tv.com/shows/the-animated-adventures-of-bob-and-doug-mckenzie/episodes/","url_text":"\"The Animated Adventures of Bob & Doug McKenzie - Episode Guide - TV.com\""},{"url":"http://www.tv.com/shows/the-animated-adventures-of-bob-and-doug-mckenzie/episodes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob & Doug Episode Guide - Zap2it\". Archived from the original on 10 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130210033932/http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/bob-and-doug/episode-guide/EP01141705","url_text":"\"Bob & Doug Episode Guide - Zap2it\""},{"url":"http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/bob-and-doug/episode-guide/EP01141705","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Happy Holidays, Hosers! « Animax Entertainment\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102546/http://news.animaxent.com/2008/12/happy-holidays-hosers/","url_text":"\"Happy Holidays, Hosers! « Animax Entertainment\""},{"url":"http://news.animaxent.com/2008/12/happy-holidays-hosers/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Happy Canada d'Eh! « Animax Entertainment\". Archived from the original on 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2012-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912073339/http://news.animaxent.com/2009/06/happy-canada-deh/","url_text":"\"Happy Canada d'Eh! « Animax Entertainment\""},{"url":"http://news.animaxent.com/2009/06/happy-canada-deh/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/Television/article/620381","external_links_name":"\"Bob & Doug taking off again\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bobdoug-idUSN1730098620080617","external_links_name":"\"Fox gets animated over Canada's \"Bob & Doug\"\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120907114715/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/06/17/us-bobdoug-idUSN1730098620080617","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/fox-joins-animated-bob-amp-113925","external_links_name":"\"Fox joins animated 'Bob & Doug'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2008/06/18/bob_and_doug_return_more_animated_than_before.html","external_links_name":"\"Bob and Doug return, more animated than before\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv-eh.com/2009/04/18/bob-doug-premieres-sunday/","external_links_name":"\"Bob and Doug premieres Sunday\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090519025743/http://www.tv-eh.com/2009/04/18/bob-doug-premieres-sunday/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912075154/http://news.animaxent.com/2009/06/bob-doug-in-top-10-again/","external_links_name":"\"Bob & Doug in Top 10 Again « Animax Entertainment\""},{"Link":"http://news.animaxent.com/2009/06/bob-doug-in-top-10-again/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201351/http://www.locatetv.com/tv/bob-and-doug/7148932","external_links_name":"\"Bob & Doug - the Party that Ate Maple Lake \| LocateTV\""},{"Link":"http://www.locatetv.com/tv/bob-and-doug/7148932","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912054941/http://news.animaxent.com/2010/12/12-days-of-christmas/","external_links_name":"\"12 Days of Christmas « Animax Entertainment\""},{"Link":"http://news.animaxent.com/2010/12/12-days-of-christmas/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200727013818/http://www.tv.com/shows/the-animated-adventures-of-bob-and-doug-mckenzie/episodes/","external_links_name":"\"The Animated Adventures of Bob & Doug McKenzie - Episode Guide - TV.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.tv.com/shows/the-animated-adventures-of-bob-and-doug-mckenzie/episodes/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130210033932/http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/bob-and-doug/episode-guide/EP01141705","external_links_name":"\"Bob & Doug Episode Guide - Zap2it\""},{"Link":"http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/tv/bob-and-doug/episode-guide/EP01141705","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102546/http://news.animaxent.com/2008/12/happy-holidays-hosers/","external_links_name":"\"Happy Holidays, Hosers! « Animax Entertainment\""},{"Link":"http://news.animaxent.com/2008/12/happy-holidays-hosers/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110912073339/http://news.animaxent.com/2009/06/happy-canada-deh/","external_links_name":"\"Happy Canada d'Eh! « Animax Entertainment\""},{"Link":"http://news.animaxent.com/2009/06/happy-canada-deh/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1430652/","external_links_name":"Bob & Doug"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_albatrosses_in_notable_tournaments	List of albatrosses in notable tournaments	["1 Major championships","2 World Golf Championships","3 The Players Championship","4 BMW PGA Championship","5 Women's major golf championships","6 Par-4 hole-in-one","7 References"]	This article lists albatrosses that have been scored in important golf tournaments. An albatross, also called a double eagle, is a score of three-under-par on a single hole. This is most commonly achieved with two shots on a par-5, but can be done with a hole-in-one on a par-4. Major championships This is a list of albatrosses scored in men's major championships. Player Tournament Course Date Round Hole Par Score Ref Gene Sarazen Masters Tournament Augusta National Apr 18, 1935 4 15 5 2 Bruce Devlin Masters Tournament Augusta National Apr 6, 1967 1 8 5 2 Jeff Maggert Masters Tournament Augusta National Apr 10, 1994 4 13 5 2 Louis Oosthuizen Masters Tournament Augusta National Apr 8, 2012 4 2 5 2 Chen Tze-chung U.S. Open Oakland Hills Jun 13, 1985 1 2 5 2 Shaun Micheel U.S. Open Pebble Beach Jun 20, 2010 4 6 5 2 Nick Watney U.S. Open Olympic Club Jun 14, 2012 1 17 5 2 Young Tom Morris The Open Championship Prestwick Sep 15, 1870 1 1 6 3 Johnny Miller The Open Championship Muirfield Jul 9, 1972 2 5 5 2 Bill Rogers The Open Championship Royal Birkdale Jul 14, 1983 1 17 5 2 Manny Zerman The Open Championship St Andrews Jul 21, 2000 2 5 5 2 Jeff Maggert The Open Championship Royal Lytham Jul 19, 2001 1 6 5 2 Greg Owen The Open Championship Royal Lytham Jul 21, 2001 3 11 5 2 Gary Evans The Open Championship Royal Troon Jul 15, 2004 1 4 5 2 Paul Lawrie The Open Championship Turnberry, Ailsa Jul 19, 2009 4 7 5 2 Darrell Kestner PGA Championship Inverness Club Aug 12, 1993 1 13 5 2 Per-Ulrik Johansson PGA Championship Riviera CC Aug 11, 1995 2 11 5 2 Joey Sindelar PGA Championship Medinah CC Aug 19, 2006 3 5 5 2 World Golf Championships This is a list of albatrosses scored in World Golf Championships events. Player Tournament Course Date Round Hole Par Score Ref Ernie Els WGC-NEC Invitational Firestone Country Club Aug 27, 2000 4 2 5 2 Pádraig Harrington WGC-HSBC Champions Sheshan Golf Club Nov 6, 2010 3 14 5 2 The Players Championship This is a list of albatrosses scored in The Players Championship. Player Tournament Course Date Round Hole Par Score Ref Hunter Mahan The Players Championship TPC Sawgrass Apr 11, 2007 2 11 5 2 Peter Lonard The Players Championship TPC Sawgrass Apr 12, 2007 3 2 5 2 Rafa Cabrera-Bello The Players Championship TPC Sawgrass May 14, 2017 4 16 5 2 Brooks Koepka The Players Championship TPC Sawgrass May 13, 2018 4 16 5 2 Harris English The Players Championship TPC Sawgrass Mar 14, 2019 1 11 5 2 Russell Henley The Players Championship TPC Sawgrass Mar 14, 2022 4 11 5 2 BMW PGA Championship This is a list of albatrosses scored in the BMW PGA Championship. Player Tournament Course Date Round Hole Par Score Ref Pierre Fulke Volvo PGA Championship Wentworth Club May 28, 1994 2 12 5 2 Miguel Ángel Jiménez BMW PGA Championship Wentworth Club May 24, 2009 4 4 5 2 Tommy Fleetwood BMW PGA Championship Wentworth Club May 23, 2015 3 4 5 2 Ross Fisher BMW PGA Championship Wentworth Club Sep 21, 2019 3 18 5 2 Women's major golf championships This is a list of albatrosses scored in women's major golf championships. Player Tournament Course Date Round Hole Par Score Ref Dawn Coe-Jones du Maurier Classic London Hunt Club Aug 26, 1993 1 4 5 2 Åsa Gottmo Women's British Open Turnberry Aug 11, 2002 4 7 5 2 Karen Stupples Women's British Open Sunningdale Golf Club Aug 1, 2004 4 2 5 2 Vikki Laing Women's British Open Royal Birkdale Golf Club Jul 11, 2014 2 17 5 2 Sandra Post scored an albatross in the 1978 du Maurier Classic, the year before it became a major. Sophie Gustafson scored an albatross in the 1999 Women's British Open, two years before it became a major. Par-4 hole-in-one This is a list of those hitting a hole-in-one on a par-4 in professional tournament play. Player Tournament Course Tour Date Round Hole Ref John Hudson Martini International Royal Norwich Golf Club Jun 11, 1971 2 12 Tsuneyuki Nakajima The Crowns Nagoya Golf Club, Wago Course Japan Golf Tour May 1, 1998 2 1 Andrew Magee Phoenix Open TPC of Scottsdale PGA Tour Jan 25, 2001 1 17 Chip Beck Omaha Classic The Champions Club Nationwide Tour Aug 7, 2003 1 9 Steven Jeffress Michael Hill New Zealand Open The Hills European Tour Dec 1, 2007 3 15 Richard Johnson Michael Hill New Zealand Open The Hills PGA Tour of AustralasiaNationwide Tour Mar 15, 2009 4 15 Rahil Gangjee Mylan Classic South Pointe Golf Club Nationwide Tour Sep 4, 2011 4 15 Javier Colomo AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open Heritage Golf Club European TourSunshine TourAsian Tour May 8, 2015 2 9 Jang Ha-na Pure Silk-Bahamas LPGA Classic Ocean Club LPGA Tour Jan 30, 2016 3 8 Minjee Lee Kia Classic Aviara Golf Club LPGA Tour Mar 26, 2016 3 16 Moon Kyong-jun Kenya Savannah Classic Karen Country Club European Tour Mar 24, 2021 2 7 Vincent Norrman BMW International Open Golfclub München Eichenried European Tour Jun 26, 2021 3 16 References ^ Cunningham, Kevin (April 12, 2012). "Double eagles in major championship history". golf.com. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fields, Bill (April 2, 2004). "2006 Masters: The Rarest Bird". Golf World. Archived from the original on March 5, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2011. ^ "Masters 2012: Louis Oosthuizen's albatross at par-five 2nd". BBC Sport. April 8, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ Lee, David (March 21, 2008). "T. C. Chen's Double Trouble". Golf Digest. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. ^ "Golf-Micheel records second ever U.S. Open albatross". June 20, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ "Watney lands rare double eagle at U.S. Open". USA Today. June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h "Paul Lawrie sinks Turnberry albatross to join select Open club". The Guardian. July 19, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ "Lawrie enjoys albatross at Open". BBC News. July 19, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ a b c Carter, Iain (August 19, 2006). "Medinah gossip". BBC Sport. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ "Fact and Figures – WGC-Bridgestone Invitational". PGA European Tour. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ Keogh, Brian (November 6, 2010). "Albatross not enough for Harrington". Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ a b "What's the most albatrosses made in a PGA Tour event?". March 22, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015. ^ Shackelford, Geoff; Casey, Kevin (May 14, 2017). "Rafa Cabrera-Bello makes 1st albatross at No. 16 at the Players Championship". Golfweek. ^ "Brooks Koepka makes albatross, ties TPC record with 9-under 63". ESPN. May 13, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018. ^ Myers, Alex (March 14, 2019). "Players Championship 2019: Harris English keeps crazy albatross streak going at TPC Sawgrass". Golf Digest. Retrieved March 14, 2019. ^ "Russell Henley makes sixth albatross in Players Championship history". Golfweek. March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022. ^ "Casey holds on for Wentworth win". BBC Sport. May 24, 2009. ^ Auclair, T.J. (May 23, 2015). "Gorgeous albatross by England's Fleetwood". PGA of America. ^ Hoggard, Rex (September 21, 2019). "Fisher (66) wins car worth $165K with albatross on Moving Day at BMW PGA". Golf Channel. ^ a b c Clayton, Ward (March 21, 2012). "Stats and Stuff - Yun's double eagle". LPGA. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ Burnside, Elspeth (July 11, 2014). "Albatross puts Musselburgh's Vikki Laing in with a shout". Edinburgh News. ^ "Two ones in succession". The Glasgow Herald. June 12, 1971. p. 4. ^ "Davis Love Leads Japan Golf Tourney". Associated Press. May 1, 1998. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ "Scorecard – Tommy Nakajima – The Crowns 1998". Japan Golf Tour. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ "Magee's Double Eagle Lifts Phoenix". The Ledger. Lakeland, Florida. January 26, 2001. p. C3. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ Kelley, Brent (February 4, 2001). "The Only Par-4 Hole-in-One on the PGA Tour". About.com. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ "An Ace Like No Other". CBS News. January 26, 2001. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ "Chip Beck cards hole-in-one on par-4 at Omaha Classic". Daily News. Bowling Green, Kentucky. Associated Press. August 8, 2003. p. 5C. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ "Aussie golfer hits miracle ball at NZ Open". The Sydney Morning Herald. December 1, 2007. ^ Chemycz, Joe (March 15, 2009). "Nationwide: Prugh blows away field with final-round 64". PGA Tour. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ "Media Guide – Richard Johnson". PGA Tour. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ Chemycz, Joe (September 4, 2011). "Gangjee third in Nationwide Tour history to ace par-4". PGA Tour. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ Matuszewski, Erik (September 4, 2011). "Rahil Gangjee of India Makes Par-4 Hole-in-One on Nationwide Golf Tour". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 14, 2013. ^ "Historic Colomo delighted with perfect finish". European Tour. May 8, 2015. ^ Maguire, Kevin (January 30, 2016). "Ha Na Jang buries ace on par-4 hole". ESPN. ^ Leonard, Tod (March 26, 2016). "Minjee Lee aces par-4; second in LPGA history". The San Diego Union-Tribune. ^ "Kenya Savannah Classic: Daniel van Tonder moves one ahead of David Drysdale and Justin Harding". SkySports. March 24, 2021. ^ Jackson, Keith (June 26, 2021). "Vincent Norrman celebrates first event as a professional with hole-in-one albatross at BMW International Open". SkySports. vteGolfOverview History Glossary Outline Rules etiquette stroke play match play four-ball foursomes scoring Stableford handicap penalties playoffs Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf swing drive Instruction Facilities Country club Golf club Driving range Pro shop Governingorganizations International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland) Professional Golfers' Association of America Professional golf tours LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Majors(Grand Slam,Triple Crown)Men Masters Tournament Augusta National PGA Championship U.S. Open The Open Championship venues Challenge Belt Claret Jug Women The Chevron Championship U.S. Women's Open Women's PGA Championship The Evian Championship Women's British Open Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women's Open InternationaleventsTeam Curtis Cup Eisenhower Trophy Espirito Santo Trophy European Amateur Team Championship European Ladies' Team Championship International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup World Cup Men's Women's Multi-sport event Summer Olympics Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Mediterranean Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Rankings Men No 1s top 10 Women Amateur Golfers Male golfers Female golfers Men's major championship winners chronologically Women's major championship winners chronologically Senior major championship winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA of Japan Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Korn Ferry Tour Lists ofgolf coursesby feature Links Granted Royal status by country Canada Iceland India Philippines Portugal Sweden United Kingdom by designer Robert Trent Jones Old Tom Morris Jack Nicklaus Donald Ross A. W. Tillinghast Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Wales Years 1353–1850 1851–1945 1945–1999 2000–2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame R&A World Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Lowest rounds Furyk's 58 Albatrosses in notable tournaments Open tournaments Variations Beach golf Disc golf Footgolf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Media Golf Channel personalities GolfTV Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games JTBC Golf&Sports Category	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of albatrosses in notable tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"men's major championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championships"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This is a list of albatrosses scored in men's major championships.[1]","title":"Major championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Golf Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Golf_Championships"}],"text":"This is a list of albatrosses scored in World Golf Championships events.","title":"World Golf Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Players Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Players_Championship"}],"text":"This is a list of albatrosses scored in The Players Championship.","title":"The Players Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BMW PGA Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_PGA_Championship"}],"text":"This is a list of albatrosses scored in the BMW PGA Championship.","title":"BMW PGA Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"women's major golf championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_major_golf_championships"},{"link_name":"Sandra Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Post"},{"link_name":"Sophie Gustafson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Gustafson"}],"text":"This is a list of albatrosses scored in women's major golf championships.Sandra Post scored an albatross in the 1978 du Maurier Classic, the year before it became a major. Sophie Gustafson scored an albatross in the 1999 Women's British Open, two years before it became a major.","title":"Women's major golf championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hole-in-one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole-in-one"}],"text":"This is a list of those hitting a hole-in-one on a par-4 in professional tournament play.","title":"Par-4 hole-in-one"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Cunningham, Kevin (April 12, 2012). \"Double eagles in major championship history\". golf.com. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.golf.com/tour-and-news/double-eagles-major-championship-history","url_text":"\"Double eagles in major championship history\""}]},{"reference":"Fields, Bill (April 2, 2004). \"2006 Masters: The Rarest Bird\". Golf World. Archived from the original on March 5, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070305063301/http://www.golfdigest.com/majors/masters/index.ssf?%2Fmajors%2Fmasters%2Fgw20040402albatross.html","url_text":"\"2006 Masters: The Rarest Bird\""},{"url":"http://www.golfdigest.com/majors/masters/index.ssf?/majors/masters/gw20040402albatross.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Masters 2012: Louis Oosthuizen's albatross at par-five 2nd\". BBC Sport. April 8, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/golf/17653712","url_text":"\"Masters 2012: Louis Oosthuizen's albatross at par-five 2nd\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, David (March 21, 2008). \"T. C. Chen's Double Trouble\". Golf Digest. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100328092828/http://www.golfdigest.com/golf-tours-news/2008-03/gw20080321lee","url_text":"\"T. C. Chen's Double Trouble\""},{"url":"http://www.golfdigest.com/golf-tours-news/2008-03/gw20080321lee","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Golf-Micheel records second ever U.S. Open albatross\". June 20, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/golf-open-albatross-idUKN1911463820100620","url_text":"\"Golf-Micheel records second ever U.S. Open albatross\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watney lands rare double eagle at U.S. Open\". USA Today. June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2012/06/watney-lands-rare-double-eagle-at-us-open/1#.T9pvvitYvv4","url_text":"\"Watney lands rare double eagle at U.S. Open\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Lawrie sinks Turnberry albatross to join select Open club\". The Guardian. July 19, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jul/19/paul-lawrie-albatross-open-turnberry","url_text":"\"Paul Lawrie sinks Turnberry albatross to join select Open club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lawrie enjoys albatross at Open\". BBC News. July 19, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/8157001.stm","url_text":"\"Lawrie enjoys albatross at Open\""}]},{"reference":"Carter, Iain (August 19, 2006). \"Medinah gossip\". BBC Sport. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/5267580.stm","url_text":"\"Medinah gossip\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fact and Figures – WGC-Bridgestone Invitational\". PGA European Tour. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.europeantour.com/europeantour/season=2012/tournamentid=2012056/stats/factsfigures/index.html","url_text":"\"Fact and Figures – WGC-Bridgestone Invitational\""}]},{"reference":"Keogh, Brian (November 6, 2010). \"Albatross not enough for Harrington\". Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishgolfdesk.com/news-files/2010/11/6/albatross-not-enough-for-harrington.html","url_text":"\"Albatross not enough for Harrington\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's the most albatrosses made in a PGA Tour event?\". March 22, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://thegolfnewsnet.com/golfnewsnetteam/2015/03/22/albatrosses-pga-tour-event-10321/","url_text":"\"What's the most albatrosses made in a PGA Tour event?\""}]},{"reference":"Shackelford, Geoff; Casey, Kevin (May 14, 2017). \"Rafa Cabrera-Bello makes 1st albatross at No. 16 at the Players Championship\". Golfweek.","urls":[{"url":"http://golfweek.com/2017/05/14/pga-tour-rafa-cabrera-bello-makes-albatross-in-final-round-at-players-championship/","url_text":"\"Rafa Cabrera-Bello makes 1st albatross at No. 16 at the Players Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brooks Koepka makes albatross, ties TPC record with 9-under 63\". ESPN. May 13, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/golf/story/_/id/23492948/brooks-koepka-ties-tpc-record-9-63-sunday","url_text":"\"Brooks Koepka makes albatross, ties TPC record with 9-under 63\""}]},{"reference":"Myers, Alex (March 14, 2019). \"Players Championship 2019: Harris English keeps crazy albatross streak going at TPC Sawgrass\". Golf Digest. Retrieved March 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/players-championship-2019-harris-english-keeps-crazy-albatross-streak-going-at-tpc-sawgrass","url_text":"\"Players Championship 2019: Harris English keeps crazy albatross streak going at TPC Sawgrass\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russell Henley makes sixth albatross in Players Championship history\". Golfweek. March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2022/03/14/players-championship-albatross-russell-henley/","url_text":"\"Russell Henley makes sixth albatross in Players Championship history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casey holds on for Wentworth win\". BBC Sport. May 24, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/8066190.stm","url_text":"\"Casey holds on for Wentworth win\""}]},{"reference":"Auclair, T.J. (May 23, 2015). \"Gorgeous albatross by England's Fleetwood\". PGA of America.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pga.com/news/golf-buzz/gorgeous-albatross-englands-tommy-fleetwood","url_text":"\"Gorgeous albatross by England's Fleetwood\""}]},{"reference":"Hoggard, Rex (September 21, 2019). \"Fisher (66) wins car worth $165K with albatross on Moving Day at BMW PGA\". Golf Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/ross-fisher-66-wins-car-worth-165k-albatross-moving-day-bmw-pga","url_text":"\"Fisher (66) wins car worth $165K with albatross on Moving Day at BMW PGA\""}]},{"reference":"Clayton, Ward (March 21, 2012). \"Stats and Stuff - Yun's double eagle\". LPGA. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lpga.com/golf/blogs/2012/3/stats-and-stuff-kia-classic.aspx","url_text":"\"Stats and Stuff - Yun's double eagle\""}]},{"reference":"Burnside, Elspeth (July 11, 2014). \"Albatross puts Musselburgh's Vikki Laing in with a shout\". Edinburgh News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/golf/albatross-puts-musselburgh-s-vikki-laing-in-with-a-shout-1-3474428","url_text":"\"Albatross puts Musselburgh's Vikki Laing in with a shout\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two ones in succession\". The Glasgow Herald. June 12, 1971. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d-A9AAAAIBAJ&pg=3896%2C2405967","url_text":"\"Two ones in succession\""}]},{"reference":"\"Davis Love Leads Japan Golf Tourney\". Associated Press. May 1, 1998. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/c3530968d93f7f5815903f0e89abd08f","url_text":"\"Davis Love Leads Japan Golf Tourney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scorecard – Tommy Nakajima – The Crowns 1998\". Japan Golf Tour. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jgto.org/jgto/WG05020401Round.do?year=1998&tournaKbnCd=0&conferenceCd=7&playerCd=657","url_text":"\"Scorecard – Tommy Nakajima – The Crowns 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magee's Double Eagle Lifts Phoenix\". The Ledger. Lakeland, Florida. January 26, 2001. p. C3. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=374wAAAAIBAJ&pg=6847,3858653&dq=andrew-magee+phoenix-open&hl=en","url_text":"\"Magee's Double Eagle Lifts Phoenix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ledger","url_text":"The Ledger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida","url_text":"Lakeland, Florida"}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Brent (February 4, 2001). \"The Only Par-4 Hole-in-One on the PGA Tour\". About.com. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://golf.about.com/b/2007/02/04/the-only-par-4-hole-in-one-on-the-pga-tour.htm","url_text":"\"The Only Par-4 Hole-in-One on the PGA Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Ace Like No Other\". CBS News. January 26, 2001. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/01/26/sports/main267323.shtml","url_text":"\"An Ace Like No Other\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chip Beck cards hole-in-one on par-4 at Omaha Classic\". Daily News. Bowling Green, Kentucky. Associated Press. August 8, 2003. p. 5C. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=20030808&id=IPwaAAAAIBAJ&pg=4592,883111","url_text":"\"Chip Beck cards hole-in-one on par-4 at Omaha Classic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_News_(Kentucky)","url_text":"Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Kentucky","url_text":"Bowling Green, Kentucky"}]},{"reference":"\"Aussie golfer hits miracle ball at NZ Open\". The Sydney Morning Herald. December 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/golf/aussie-golfer-hits-miracle-ball-at-nz-open-20071201-gdrpxp.html","url_text":"\"Aussie golfer hits miracle ball at NZ Open\""}]},{"reference":"Chemycz, Joe (March 15, 2009). \"Nationwide: Prugh blows away field with final-round 64\". PGA Tour. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/webcom/news/2009/03/15/rd4.html","url_text":"\"Nationwide: Prugh blows away field with final-round 64\""}]},{"reference":"\"Media Guide – Richard Johnson\". PGA Tour. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.23157.richard-johnson-23157.html/media-guide/#uber","url_text":"\"Media Guide – Richard Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"Chemycz, Joe (September 4, 2011). \"Gangjee third in Nationwide Tour history to ace par-4\". PGA Tour. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/webcom/news/2011/09/04/mylanclassic-ace.html","url_text":"\"Gangjee third in Nationwide Tour history to ace par-4\""}]},{"reference":"Matuszewski, Erik (September 4, 2011). \"Rahil Gangjee of India Makes Par-4 Hole-in-One on Nationwide Golf Tour\". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-05/rahil-gangjee-makes-par-4-hole-in-one-in-nationwide-golf-tour-event.html","url_text":"\"Rahil Gangjee of India Makes Par-4 Hole-in-One on Nationwide Golf Tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Colomo delighted with perfect finish\". European Tour. May 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.europeantour.com/europeantour/season=2015/tournamentid=2015034/news/newsid=255473.html","url_text":"\"Historic Colomo delighted with perfect finish\""}]},{"reference":"Maguire, Kevin (January 30, 2016). \"Ha Na Jang buries ace on par-4 hole\". ESPN.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/golf/story/_/id/14678829/ha-na-jang-cards-hole-one-par-4-pure-silk-bahamas-lpga-classic","url_text":"\"Ha Na Jang buries ace on par-4 hole\""}]},{"reference":"Leonard, Tod (March 26, 2016). \"Minjee Lee aces par-4; second in LPGA history\". The San Diego Union-Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2016/mar/26/minjee-lee-albatross-par-four/","url_text":"\"Minjee Lee aces par-4; second in LPGA history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune","url_text":"The San Diego Union-Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenya Savannah Classic: Daniel van Tonder moves one ahead of David Drysdale and Justin Harding\". SkySports. March 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/golf/news/12176/12255497/kenya-savannah-classic-daniel-van-tonder-moves-one-ahead-of-david-drysdale-and-justin-harding","url_text":"\"Kenya Savannah Classic: Daniel van Tonder moves one ahead of David Drysdale and Justin Harding\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Keith (June 26, 2021). \"Vincent Norrman celebrates first event as a professional with hole-in-one albatross at BMW International Open\". SkySports.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/golf/news/12176/12342605/vincent-norrman-celebrates-first-event-as-a-professional-with-hole-in-one-albatross-at-bmw-international-open","url_text":"\"Vincent Norrman celebrates first event as a professional with hole-in-one albatross at BMW International Open\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.golf.com/tour-and-news/double-eagles-major-championship-history","external_links_name":"\"Double eagles in major championship history\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070305063301/http://www.golfdigest.com/majors/masters/index.ssf?%2Fmajors%2Fmasters%2Fgw20040402albatross.html","external_links_name":"\"2006 Masters: The Rarest Bird\""},{"Link":"http://www.golfdigest.com/majors/masters/index.ssf?/majors/masters/gw20040402albatross.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/golf/17653712","external_links_name":"\"Masters 2012: Louis Oosthuizen's albatross at par-five 2nd\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100328092828/http://www.golfdigest.com/golf-tours-news/2008-03/gw20080321lee","external_links_name":"\"T. C. Chen's Double Trouble\""},{"Link":"http://www.golfdigest.com/golf-tours-news/2008-03/gw20080321lee","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/golf-open-albatross-idUKN1911463820100620","external_links_name":"\"Golf-Micheel records second ever U.S. Open albatross\""},{"Link":"http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2012/06/watney-lands-rare-double-eagle-at-us-open/1#.T9pvvitYvv4","external_links_name":"\"Watney lands rare double eagle at U.S. Open\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jul/19/paul-lawrie-albatross-open-turnberry","external_links_name":"\"Paul Lawrie sinks Turnberry albatross to join select Open club\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/8157001.stm","external_links_name":"\"Lawrie enjoys albatross at Open\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/5267580.stm","external_links_name":"\"Medinah gossip\""},{"Link":"http://www.europeantour.com/europeantour/season=2012/tournamentid=2012056/stats/factsfigures/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Fact and Figures – WGC-Bridgestone Invitational\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishgolfdesk.com/news-files/2010/11/6/albatross-not-enough-for-harrington.html","external_links_name":"\"Albatross not enough for Harrington\""},{"Link":"http://thegolfnewsnet.com/golfnewsnetteam/2015/03/22/albatrosses-pga-tour-event-10321/","external_links_name":"\"What's the most albatrosses made in a PGA Tour event?\""},{"Link":"http://golfweek.com/2017/05/14/pga-tour-rafa-cabrera-bello-makes-albatross-in-final-round-at-players-championship/","external_links_name":"\"Rafa Cabrera-Bello makes 1st albatross at No. 16 at the Players Championship\""},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/golf/story/_/id/23492948/brooks-koepka-ties-tpc-record-9-63-sunday","external_links_name":"\"Brooks Koepka makes albatross, ties TPC record with 9-under 63\""},{"Link":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/players-championship-2019-harris-english-keeps-crazy-albatross-streak-going-at-tpc-sawgrass","external_links_name":"\"Players Championship 2019: Harris English keeps crazy albatross streak going at TPC Sawgrass\""},{"Link":"https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2022/03/14/players-championship-albatross-russell-henley/","external_links_name":"\"Russell Henley makes sixth albatross in Players Championship history\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/8066190.stm","external_links_name":"\"Casey holds on for Wentworth win\""},{"Link":"http://www.pga.com/news/golf-buzz/gorgeous-albatross-englands-tommy-fleetwood","external_links_name":"\"Gorgeous albatross by England's Fleetwood\""},{"Link":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/ross-fisher-66-wins-car-worth-165k-albatross-moving-day-bmw-pga","external_links_name":"\"Fisher (66) wins car worth $165K with albatross on Moving Day at BMW PGA\""},{"Link":"http://www.lpga.com/golf/blogs/2012/3/stats-and-stuff-kia-classic.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Stats and Stuff - Yun's double eagle\""},{"Link":"http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/golf/albatross-puts-musselburgh-s-vikki-laing-in-with-a-shout-1-3474428","external_links_name":"\"Albatross puts Musselburgh's Vikki Laing in with a shout\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d-A9AAAAIBAJ&pg=3896%2C2405967","external_links_name":"\"Two ones in succession\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/c3530968d93f7f5815903f0e89abd08f","external_links_name":"\"Davis Love Leads Japan Golf Tourney\""},{"Link":"http://www.jgto.org/jgto/WG05020401Round.do?year=1998&tournaKbnCd=0&conferenceCd=7&playerCd=657","external_links_name":"\"Scorecard – Tommy Nakajima – The Crowns 1998\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=374wAAAAIBAJ&pg=6847,3858653&dq=andrew-magee+phoenix-open&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Magee's Double Eagle Lifts Phoenix\""},{"Link":"http://golf.about.com/b/2007/02/04/the-only-par-4-hole-in-one-on-the-pga-tour.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Only Par-4 Hole-in-One on the PGA Tour\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/01/26/sports/main267323.shtml","external_links_name":"\"An Ace Like No Other\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=20030808&id=IPwaAAAAIBAJ&pg=4592,883111","external_links_name":"\"Chip Beck cards hole-in-one on par-4 at Omaha Classic\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/golf/aussie-golfer-hits-miracle-ball-at-nz-open-20071201-gdrpxp.html","external_links_name":"\"Aussie golfer hits miracle ball at NZ Open\""},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/webcom/news/2009/03/15/rd4.html","external_links_name":"\"Nationwide: Prugh blows away field with final-round 64\""},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/players/player.23157.richard-johnson-23157.html/media-guide/#uber","external_links_name":"\"Media Guide – Richard Johnson\""},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/webcom/news/2011/09/04/mylanclassic-ace.html","external_links_name":"\"Gangjee third in Nationwide Tour history to ace par-4\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-05/rahil-gangjee-makes-par-4-hole-in-one-in-nationwide-golf-tour-event.html","external_links_name":"\"Rahil Gangjee of India Makes Par-4 Hole-in-One on Nationwide Golf Tour\""},{"Link":"http://www.europeantour.com/europeantour/season=2015/tournamentid=2015034/news/newsid=255473.html","external_links_name":"\"Historic Colomo delighted with perfect finish\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/golf/story/_/id/14678829/ha-na-jang-cards-hole-one-par-4-pure-silk-bahamas-lpga-classic","external_links_name":"\"Ha Na Jang buries ace on par-4 hole\""},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2016/mar/26/minjee-lee-albatross-par-four/","external_links_name":"\"Minjee Lee aces par-4; second in LPGA history\""},{"Link":"https://www.skysports.com/golf/news/12176/12255497/kenya-savannah-classic-daniel-van-tonder-moves-one-ahead-of-david-drysdale-and-justin-harding","external_links_name":"\"Kenya Savannah Classic: Daniel van Tonder moves one ahead of David Drysdale and Justin Harding\""},{"Link":"https://www.skysports.com/golf/news/12176/12342605/vincent-norrman-celebrates-first-event-as-a-professional-with-hole-in-one-albatross-at-bmw-international-open","external_links_name":"\"Vincent Norrman celebrates first event as a professional with hole-in-one albatross at BMW International Open\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapesti_EAC	Budapesti EAC	["1 History","2 Name changes","3 Honours","4 Managers","5 Notable members","6 References","7 External links"]	Hungarian football club Football clubBudapesti EACFull nameBudapesti Egyetemi Atlétikai ClubShort nameBEACFounded1898GroundSiketek pályaCapacity1,000 (168 seated)ChairmanPál SoltWebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Budapesti Egyetemi Atlétikai Club (English: Budapest University Athletic Club) is a Hungarian football club from the city of Budapest. The club was founded by the Eötvös Loránd University. History Budapesti EAC debuted in the 1924–25 season of the Hungarian League and finished ninth. Name changes 1898–1948: Budapesti Egyetemi Athletikai Club 1948–1949: Természettudományi MEFESz 1949: merger with Műegyetemi MEFESz 1949–1950: Budapesti MEFESz 1950–1951: Disz FSE 1951: merger with Műegyetemi AFC 1951–1957: Budapesti Haladás SK 1957–present: Budapesti Egyetemi AC Honours Hungarian Cup: Runner-up (1) :1925–26 Managers Pál Várhidi Notable members Peter Bakonyi References ^ "Official Website of Budapesti Egyetemi Atlétikai Club". beac.hu. 23 May 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2015. ^ "Hungarian League 1924–25". The Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation. 23 May 2015. External links Profile vteNemzeti Bajnokság ISeasons 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944 1945 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024-25 Clubs2024-25 Debrecen Diósgyőr Fehérvár Ferencváros Győr Kecskemét MTK Nyíregyháza Paks Puskás Akadémia Újpest Zalaegerszeg Former 33 FC III. Kerület VII. Kerület BAK Balmazújváros BEAC Békéscsaba BKV Bocskai BSC BTC BVSC Csepel Dorog Duna Dunaújváros FC Dunaújváros PASE Eger Egyetértés Elektromos Erzsébet ESMTK Főváros Gamma Ganz-MÁVAG Gázszer Gyirmót Herminamező Honvéd Kaposvár Kassa Kelenföld Kiskőrös KISTEXT Kolozsvár Komló Kőbánya Lampart Légierő Pápa MaDISz MAC MAK MÁVAG MÚE Műegyetem MVSC Nagykanizsa Nagyvárad Nemzeti Ózd Pereces Pécs Pécs-Baranya Phöbus Postás PVSK REAC Sabaria Salgótarján SFAC Siófok Somogy Sopron SorTex SZAC SZAK SZEAC Székesfehérvári MÁV Szegedi Honvéd Szegedi VSE Szolnok Szombathely Szürketaxi Tatabánya Terézváros Testvériség Tiszakécske Tokod Törekvés Tungsram Typographia Újpesti Törekvés Újvidék Vasas Vác Veszprém VAC Volán Zugló Competition Managers Winners Clubs Foreign players Stadiums System Statistics and awards Records I Records II All-time table Associated competitions Magyar Kupa Szuperkupa UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League UEFA Europa Conference League Category This article about a Hungarian football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Eötvös Loránd University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University"}],"text":"Football clubBudapesti Egyetemi Atlétikai Club (English: Budapest University Athletic Club) is a Hungarian football club from the city of Budapest.[1] The club was founded by the Eötvös Loránd University.","title":"Budapesti EAC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1924–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924-25_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I"},{"link_name":"Hungarian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Budapesti EAC debuted in the 1924–25 season of the Hungarian League and finished ninth.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Műegyetemi AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%B1egyetemi_AFC"}],"text":"1898–1948: Budapesti Egyetemi Athletikai Club\n1948–1949: Természettudományi MEFESz\n1949: merger with Műegyetemi MEFESz\n1949–1950: Budapesti MEFESz\n1950–1951: Disz FSE\n1951: merger with Műegyetemi AFC\n1951–1957: Budapesti Haladás SK\n1957–present: Budapesti Egyetemi AC","title":"Name changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1925–26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925%E2%80%9326_Magyar_Kupa"}],"text":"Hungarian Cup:\nRunner-up (1) :1925–26","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Pál Várhidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_V%C3%A1rhidi"}],"text":"Pál Várhidi","title":"Managers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Bakonyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bakonyi_(fencer,_born_1933)"}],"text":"Peter Bakonyi","title":"Notable members"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Official Website of Budapesti Egyetemi Atlétikai Club\". beac.hu. 23 May 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728082941/http://www.beac.hu/","url_text":"\"Official Website of Budapesti Egyetemi Atlétikai Club\""},{"url":"http://www.beac.hu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hungarian League 1924–25\". The Rec Sport Soccer Statistics Foundation. 23 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesh/honghist1920.html","url_text":"\"Hungarian League 1924–25\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://beac.elte.hu/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728082941/http://www.beac.hu/","external_links_name":"\"Official Website of Budapesti Egyetemi Atlétikai Club\""},{"Link":"http://www.beac.hu/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesh/honghist1920.html","external_links_name":"\"Hungarian League 1924–25\""},{"Link":"http://www.magyarfutball.hu/hu/csapat/379","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budapesti_EAC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_the_United_States	United States Secretary of State	["1 History","2 Duties and responsibilities","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Bibliography","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Head of the US Department of State Not to be confused with Secretary of state (U.S. state government). United States Secretary of StateSeal of the secretary of stateFlag of the secretary of stateIncumbentAntony Blinkensince January 26, 2021Department of StateStyleMr. Secretary (informal)The Honorable (formal)His Excellency (diplomatic)Member ofCabinetNational Security CouncilReports toPresidentSeatWashington, D.C.AppointerPresidentwith Senate advice and consentConstituting instrument22 U.S.C. § 2651PrecursorSecretary of Foreign AffairsFormationJuly 27, 1789; 234 years ago (1789-07-27)First holderThomas JeffersonSuccessionFourthDeputyDeputy SecretarySalaryExecutive Schedule, Level I The United States secretary of state (SecState) is a member of the executive branch of the federal government and the head of the Department of State. The office holder is the second-highest-ranking member of the president's Cabinet, after the vice president, and ranks fourth in the presidential line of succession; first amongst cabinet secretaries. Created in 1789 with Thomas Jefferson as its first office holder, the secretary of state represents the United States to foreign countries, and is therefore considered analogous to a minister of foreign affairs in other countries. The secretary of state is nominated by the president of the United States and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is confirmed by the senate. The secretary of state, along with the secretary of the treasury, secretary of defense, and attorney general, are generally regarded as the four most crucial Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments. Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level (US$221,400, as of January 2021). The current secretary of state is Antony Blinken, who was confirmed on January 26, 2021, by the Senate by a vote of 78–22. History The secretary of state originates from the government under the Articles of Confederation. The Congress of the Confederation established the Department of Foreign Affairs in 1781 and created the office of secretary of foreign affairs. After the Constitution of the United States was ratified, the 1st United States Congress reestablished the department, renaming it the Department of State, and created the office of secretary of state to lead the department. Duties and responsibilities The stated duties of the secretary of state are to supervise the United States foreign service and immigration policy and administer the Department of State. The secretary must also advise the president on U.S. foreign matters such as the appointment of diplomats and ambassadors, advising the president of the dismissal and recall of these people. The secretary of state can conduct negotiations, interpret, and terminate treaties relating to foreign policy. The secretary also can participate in international conferences, organizations, and agencies as a representative of the United States. The secretary communicates issues relating to the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and citizens. The secretary also provides services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in the form of passports. Doing this, the secretary also ensures the protection of citizens, their property, and interests in foreign countries. What are the Qualifications of a Secretary of State? He ought to be a Man of universal Reading in Laws, Governments, History. Our whole terrestrial Universe ought to be summarily comprehended in his Mind. —John Adams Secretaries of state also have domestic responsibilities. Most of the historical domestic functions of the Department of State were gradually transferred to other agencies by the late 19th century as part of various administrative reforms and restructurings. Those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal, performance of protocol functions for the White House, and the drafting of certain proclamations. The secretary also negotiates with the individual states over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries. Under federal law, the resignation of a president or of a vice president is valid only if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the secretary of state. Accordingly, the resignations of President Richard Nixon and of Vice President Spiro Agnew were formalized in instruments delivered to then-Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Although they have historically decreased over time, Congress may occasionally add to the responsibilities of the secretary of state. One such instance occurred in 2014, when Congress passed the Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act which mandated actions the Secretary of State must take in order to facilitate the return of abducted children from nations who are party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. As the highest-ranking member of the cabinet, the secretary of state is the third-highest official of the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, after the president and vice president, and is fourth in line to succeed the presidency, after the vice president, the speaker of the House of Representatives, and the president pro tempore of the Senate. Six past secretaries of state – Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Van Buren and Buchanan – have gone on to be elected president. Others, including Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Lewis Cass, John C. Calhoun, John M. Clayton, William L. Marcy, William Seward, Edward Everett, Jeremiah S. Black, James Blaine, Elihu B. Washburne, Thomas F. Bayard, John Sherman, Walter Q. Gresham, William Jennings Bryan, Philander C. Knox, Charles Evans Hughes, Elihu Root, Cordell Hull, Edmund Muskie, Alexander Haig, John Kerry, and Hillary Clinton have also campaigned as presidential candidates, either before or after their term of office as Secretary of State, but were ultimately unsuccessful. The position of Secretary of State has therefore been viewed to be a consolation prize for failed presidential candidates. See also List of secretaries of state of the United States List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States References ^ "Protocol Reference". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021. ^ "United Nations Heads of State, Protocol and Liaison Service" (PDF). United Nations. January 29, 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 14, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2021. ^ "3 U.S. Code § 19 – Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act". Cornell Law School. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2017. ^ a b 5 U.S.C. § 5312. ^ "Abbreviations and Terms" (PDF). 2001-2009.state.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2023. ^ "Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs", Protocol and Liaison Service, United Nations. Retrieved November 2, 2012. ^ NATO Member Countries Archived October 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, NATO. Retrieved November 2, 2012. ^ "Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Executive Branch" (1997). Congressional Quarterly. p. 87. ^ "Salary Table No. 2021-EX Rates of Basic Pay for the Executive Schedule (EX)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 117th Congress – 1st Session". U.S. Senate. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021. ^ Short 1923, pp. 55–56. ^ "1 United States Statutes at Large, Chapter 4, Section 1". Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022. ^ "Duties of the Secretary of State". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ Ford, Worthington C., ed. (1927). Statesman and Friend: Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse, 1784–1822. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 57. ^ "Administrative Timeline of the Department of State – Department History – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2022. ^ "Duties of the Secretary of State of the United States". www.state.gov. United States Department of State. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2010. ^ "3 U.S. Code § 20 – Resignation or refusal of office". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2021. ^ "H.R.3212 – 113th Congress (2013–2014): Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act of 2014". Congress.gov. August 8, 2014. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022. ^ Stone, Andrea (August 12, 2014). "Why Do Secretaries of State Make Such Terrible Presidential Candidates?". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021. Bibliography Short, Lloyd Milton (1923). The Development of National Administrative Organization in the United States, Issue 10. United States: Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 0598686584. Further reading Bemis, Samuel Flagg, ed. (1963) The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy (19 vols.), scholarly biographies Graebner, Norman A., ed. (1961) An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century scholarly essays on John Hay through John Foster Dulles. Hopkins, Michael F. (2008) "President Harry Truman's Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson" Journal of Transatlantic Studies v.6 n.3 pp. 290–304. Mihalkanin, Edward, ed. (2004) online American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell short scholarly articles by experts External links Listen to this article (2 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 23 February 2010 (2010-02-23), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) Media related to Secretaries of State of the United States at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to United States Secretary of State at Wikiquote Official website U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) Preceded byAmbassadors from the United States(while at their posts) Order of precedence of the United Statesas Secretary of State Succeeded byAmbassadors to the United States(in order of tenure) Preceded byOtherwise Mike Penceas Former Vice-President Succeeded byOtherwise António Guterresas Secretary-General of the United Nations U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded byPresident pro tempore of the SenatePatty Murray 4th in line Succeeded bySecretary of the TreasuryJanet Yellen Links to related articles vteUnited States Secretaries of StateSecretary of Foreign Affairs1781–1789 R. Livingston Jay Secretary of State1789–present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher trips Albright trips Powell trips Rice tenure trips Clinton tenure trips Kerry trips Tillerson trips Pompeo trips Blinken trips List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States vteUnited States Department of State Headquarters: Harry S Truman Building Antony Blinken, Secretary of State Kurt M. Campbell, Deputy Secretary of State Richard R. Verma, Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources John R. Bass, Acting Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Deputy Secretary of State andDeputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Office of Foreign Assistance Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization Office of the U.S. Coordinator for the Arctic Region Under Secretary forPolitical Affairs Bureau of African Affairs Bureau of Counterterrorism Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Bureau of International Organization Affairs (United States Mission to the United Nations) Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs Bureau of Energy Resources Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Office of the Chief Economist Office of Global Food Security Office of Global Partnerships Office of the Science and Technology Advisor to the Secretary Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation Bureau of Political-Military Affairs International Security Advisory Board Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Bureau of Global Public Affairs Global Engagement Center International Expositions Unit Office of Global Youth Issues Office of Policy, Planning, and Resources for Public Affairs and Public Diplomacy United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy Under Secretary for Management Bureau of Administration Bureau of Budget and Planning Bureau of Consular Affairs Bureau of Diplomatic Security Bureau of Global Talent Management Bureau of Information Resource Management Bureau of Medical Services Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations Bureau of the Comptroller and Global Financial Services Foreign Service Institute (Office of the Historian) Office of Foreign Missions Director of Diplomatic Reception Rooms Office of Management Strategy and Solutions Office of White House Liaison Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration Office of Global Criminal Justice Office of International Religious Freedom Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Bureaus/Offices reporting directly to the Secretary Chief of Staff Office of the Counselor Bureau of Global Health Security and Diplomacy Bureau of Intelligence and Research Bureau of Legislative Affairs Executive Secretariat (Operations Center) Policy Planning Staff (Foreign Affairs Policy Board) Office of Civil Rights Office of Diversity and Inclusion Office of Global Women's Issues Office of Inspector General Office of the Chief of Protocol Office of the Legal Adviser Office of the Ombudsman Office of the Secretary's Special Representative for Syria Engagement Office of the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technology Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Climate Office of the Special Representative for Venezuela Office of the United States Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority Office of the U.S. Special Coordinator for the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment Iran Action Group Foreign Service Grievance Board Secretary's Open Forum vteLeaders of the United States federal executive departmentsCurrent Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Past Commerce and Labor Health, Education, and Welfare Navy Post Office War vtePresidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President (Kamala Harris) Speaker of the House of Representatives (Mike Johnson) President pro tempore of the Senate (Patty Murray) Secretary of State (Antony Blinken) Secretary of the Treasury (Janet Yellen) Secretary of Defense (Lloyd Austin) Attorney General (Merrick Garland) Secretary of the Interior (Deb Haaland) Secretary of Agriculture (Tom Vilsack) Secretary of Commerce (Gina Raimondo) Secretary of Labor (Julie Su (acting)) Secretary of Health and Human Services (Xavier Becerra) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (Adrianne Todman (acting)) Secretary of Transportation (Pete Buttigieg) Secretary of Energy (Jennifer Granholm) Secretary of Education (Miguel Cardona) Secretary of Veterans Affairs (Denis McDonough) Secretary of Homeland Security (Alejandro Mayorkas) * Ineligible to act as president • ** Ambiguity exists concerning eligibility to act as president vteGovernment of the United States under the Articles of ConfederationCongresses Second Continental Congress Confederation Congress Delegates Committee of the States Congressional Officers President Secretary Civil Offices/Officers Postmaster General Superintendent of Finance Agent of the Marine Secretary at War Secretary of Foreign Affairs Court of Appeals Military Board of War Continental Army Commander in Chief Continental Navy Continental Marines Meeting sites Independence Hall (1779–1783) Nassau Hall (1783) Maryland State House (1783–1784) French Arms Tavern (1784) Federal Hall (1785–1789) Related Confederation period Perpetual Union Proclamation of 1783 Ratification Day 1784 Land Ordinance 1785 Land Ordinance Northwest Ordinance Journals of the Continental Congress	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secretary of state (U.S. state government)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"presidential line of succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"minister of foreign affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"confirmation hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing"},{"link_name":"Senate Committee on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"secretary of the treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"secretary of defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"attorney general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Level I position in the Executive Schedule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Schedule#Level_I"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Dollar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salary-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UnitedStatesCode\|5\|5312-4"},{"link_name":"Antony Blinken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Blinken"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Head of the US Department of StateNot to be confused with Secretary of state (U.S. state government).The United States secretary of state (SecState[5]) is a member of the executive branch of the federal government and the head of the Department of State. The office holder is the second-highest-ranking member of the president's Cabinet, after the vice president, and ranks fourth in the presidential line of succession; first amongst cabinet secretaries.Created in 1789 with Thomas Jefferson as its first office holder, the secretary of state represents the United States to foreign countries, and is therefore considered analogous to a minister of foreign affairs in other countries.[6][7] The secretary of state is nominated by the president of the United States and, following a confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, is confirmed by the senate. The secretary of state, along with the secretary of the treasury, secretary of defense, and attorney general, are generally regarded as the four most crucial Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments.[8]Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level (US$221,400, as of January 2021).[9][4] The current secretary of state is Antony Blinken, who was confirmed on January 26, 2021, by the Senate by a vote of 78–22.[10]","title":"United States Secretary of State"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Articles of Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Congress of the Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort192355%E2%80%9356-11"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"1st United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The secretary of state originates from the government under the Articles of Confederation. The Congress of the Confederation established the Department of Foreign Affairs in 1781 and created the office of secretary of foreign affairs.[11] After the Constitution of the United States was ratified, the 1st United States Congress reestablished the department, renaming it the Department of State, and created the office of secretary of state to lead the department.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foreign service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_service"},{"link_name":"immigration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duties-13"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(diplomacy)"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-duties-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate_scandal#Final_investigations_and_resignation"},{"link_name":"Spiro Agnew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_on_the_Civil_Aspects_of_International_Child_Abduction"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"executive branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_branch"},{"link_name":"line to succeed the presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession"},{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"speaker of the House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"president pro tempore of the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"John Quincy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams"},{"link_name":"Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren"},{"link_name":"Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Henry Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay"},{"link_name":"Daniel Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster"},{"link_name":"Lewis Cass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass"},{"link_name":"John C. Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun"},{"link_name":"John M. Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Clayton"},{"link_name":"William L. Marcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Marcy"},{"link_name":"William Seward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Seward"},{"link_name":"Edward Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Everett"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah S. Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black"},{"link_name":"James Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_G._Blaine"},{"link_name":"Elihu B. Washburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne"},{"link_name":"Thomas F. Bayard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard"},{"link_name":"John Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Walter Q. Gresham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham"},{"link_name":"William Jennings Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan"},{"link_name":"Philander C. Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philander_C._Knox"},{"link_name":"Charles Evans Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Elihu Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elihu_Root"},{"link_name":"Cordell Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Hull"},{"link_name":"Edmund Muskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Muskie"},{"link_name":"Alexander Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Haig"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The stated duties of the secretary of state are to supervise the United States foreign service and immigration policy and administer the Department of State. The secretary must also advise the president on U.S. foreign matters such as the appointment of diplomats and ambassadors, advising the president of the dismissal and recall of these people. The secretary of state can conduct negotiations, interpret, and terminate treaties relating to foreign policy. The secretary also can participate in international conferences, organizations, and agencies as a representative of the United States. The secretary communicates issues relating to the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and citizens. The secretary also provides services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in the form of passports. Doing this, the secretary also ensures the protection of citizens, their property, and interests in foreign countries.[13]What are the Qualifications of a Secretary of State? He ought to be a Man of universal Reading in Laws, Governments, History. Our whole terrestrial Universe ought to be summarily comprehended in his Mind.\n\n\n—John Adams[14]Secretaries of state also have domestic responsibilities. Most of the historical domestic functions of the Department of State were gradually transferred to other agencies by the late 19th century as part of various administrative reforms and restructurings.[15] Those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal, performance of protocol functions for the White House, and the drafting of certain proclamations. The secretary also negotiates with the individual states over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries.[16] Under federal law, the resignation of a president or of a vice president is valid only if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the secretary of state.[17] Accordingly, the resignations of President Richard Nixon and of Vice President Spiro Agnew were formalized in instruments delivered to then-Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.Although they have historically decreased over time, Congress may occasionally add to the responsibilities of the secretary of state. One such instance occurred in 2014, when Congress passed the Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act which mandated actions the Secretary of State must take in order to facilitate the return of abducted children from nations who are party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction.[18]As the highest-ranking member of the cabinet, the secretary of state is the third-highest official of the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, after the president and vice president, and is fourth in line to succeed the presidency, after the vice president, the speaker of the House of Representatives, and the president pro tempore of the Senate.Six past secretaries of state – Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Van Buren and Buchanan – have gone on to be elected president. Others, including Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Lewis Cass, John C. Calhoun, John M. Clayton, William L. Marcy, William Seward, Edward Everett, Jeremiah S. Black, James Blaine, Elihu B. Washburne, Thomas F. Bayard, John Sherman, Walter Q. Gresham, William Jennings Bryan, Philander C. Knox, Charles Evans Hughes, Elihu Root, Cordell Hull, Edmund Muskie, Alexander Haig, John Kerry, and Hillary Clinton have also campaigned as presidential candidates, either before or after their term of office as Secretary of State, but were ultimately unsuccessful. The position of Secretary of State has therefore been viewed to be a consolation prize for failed presidential candidates.[19]","title":"Duties and responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Foster Dulles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles"},{"link_name":"President Harry Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Harry_Truman"},{"link_name":"Journal of Transatlantic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Transatlantic_Studies"},{"link_name":"online American Statesmen: Secretaries of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.questia.com/read/106788643/american-statesmen-secretaries-of-state-from-john"},{"link_name":"John Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay"},{"link_name":"Colin Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Powell"}],"text":"Bemis, Samuel Flagg, ed. (1963) The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy (19 vols.), scholarly biographies\nGraebner, Norman A., ed. (1961) An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century scholarly essays on John Hay through John Foster Dulles.\nHopkins, Michael F. (2008) \"President Harry Truman's Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson\" Journal of Transatlantic Studies v.6 n.3 pp. 290–304.\nMihalkanin, Edward, ed. (2004) online American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell short scholarly articles by experts","title":"Further reading"}]	[{}]	[{"title":"List of secretaries of state of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"\"Protocol Reference\". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.state.gov/protocol-reference/","url_text":"\"Protocol Reference\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184128/https://www.state.gov/protocol-reference/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"United Nations Heads of State, Protocol and Liaison Service\" (PDF). United Nations. January 29, 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 14, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200914205358/https://protocol.un.org/dgacm/pls/site.nsf/files/HSPMFM/$FILE/Hspmfm.pdf","url_text":"\"United Nations Heads of State, Protocol and Liaison Service\""},{"url":"https://protocol.un.org/dgacm/pls/site.nsf/files/HSPMFM/$FILE/Hspmfm.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"3 U.S. Code § 19 – Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act\". Cornell Law School. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19","url_text":"\"3 U.S. Code § 19 – Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Law_School","url_text":"Cornell Law School"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123834/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Abbreviations and Terms\" (PDF). 2001-2009.state.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/96602.pdf","url_text":"\"Abbreviations and Terms\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118111217/https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/96602.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Salary Table No. 2021-EX Rates of Basic Pay for the Executive Schedule (EX)\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/salary-tables/pdf/2021/EX.pdf","url_text":"\"Salary Table No. 2021-EX Rates of Basic Pay for the Executive Schedule (EX)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220129024811/https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/salary-tables/pdf/2021/EX.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 117th Congress – 1st Session\". U.S. Senate. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=117&session=1&vote=00007","url_text":"\"U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 117th Congress – 1st Session\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210130160700/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=117&session=1&vote=00007","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1 United States Statutes at Large, Chapter 4, Section 1\". Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=151","url_text":"\"1 United States Statutes at Large, Chapter 4, Section 1\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408052445/http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=151","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Duties of the Secretary of State\". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm","url_text":"\"Duties of the Secretary of State\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190808114347/https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ford, Worthington C., ed. (1927). Statesman and Friend: Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse, 1784–1822. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 57.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthington_Chauncey_Ford","url_text":"Ford, Worthington C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown,_and_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown, and Company"},{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015026646540;view=1up;seq=69","url_text":"57"}]},{"reference":"\"Administrative Timeline of the Department of State – Department History – Office of the Historian\". history.state.gov. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899","url_text":"\"Administrative Timeline of the Department of State – Department History – Office of the Historian\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211111183128/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Duties of the Secretary of State of the United States\". www.state.gov. United States Department of State. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm","url_text":"\"Duties of the Secretary of State of the United States\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190808114347/https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"3 U.S. Code § 20 – Resignation or refusal of office\". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/20","url_text":"\"3 U.S. Code § 20 – Resignation or refusal of office\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171202201822/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/20","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"H.R.3212 – 113th Congress (2013–2014): Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act of 2014\". Congress.gov. August 8, 2014. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3212","url_text":"\"H.R.3212 – 113th Congress (2013–2014): Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act of 2014\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220501221523/https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3212","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Andrea (August 12, 2014). \"Why Do Secretaries of State Make Such Terrible Presidential Candidates?\". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on September 18, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-do-secretaries-state-make-such-terrible-presidential-candidates-180952327/","url_text":"\"Why Do Secretaries of State Make Such Terrible Presidential Candidates?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210918151233/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-do-secretaries-state-make-such-terrible-presidential-candidates-180952327/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Short, Lloyd Milton (1923). The Development of National Administrative Organization in the United States, Issue 10. United States: Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 0598686584.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N12GAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Development of National Administrative Organization in the United States, Issue 10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Press","url_text":"Johns Hopkins Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0598686584","url_text":"0598686584"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2651","external_links_name":"§ 2651"},{"Link":"https://www.state.gov/protocol-reference/","external_links_name":"\"Protocol Reference\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184128/https://www.state.gov/protocol-reference/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200914205358/https://protocol.un.org/dgacm/pls/site.nsf/files/HSPMFM/$FILE/Hspmfm.pdf","external_links_name":"\"United Nations Heads of State, Protocol and Liaison Service\""},{"Link":"https://protocol.un.org/dgacm/pls/site.nsf/files/HSPMFM/$FILE/Hspmfm.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19","external_links_name":"\"3 U.S. Code § 19 – Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123834/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/5312","external_links_name":"§ 5312"},{"Link":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/96602.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Abbreviations and Terms\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118111217/https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/96602.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014351/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs\""},{"Link":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C0FDE451-36F2483B/natolive/nato_countries.htm","external_links_name":"NATO Member Countries"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171001021817/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C0FDE451-36F2483B/natolive/nato_countries.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/salary-tables/pdf/2021/EX.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Salary Table No. 2021-EX Rates of Basic Pay for the Executive Schedule (EX)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220129024811/https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/salary-tables/pdf/2021/EX.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=117&session=1&vote=00007","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 117th Congress – 1st Session\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210130160700/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=117&session=1&vote=00007","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=151","external_links_name":"\"1 United States Statutes at Large, Chapter 4, Section 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408052445/http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=151","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm","external_links_name":"\"Duties of the Secretary of State\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190808114347/https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015026646540;view=1up;seq=69","external_links_name":"57"},{"Link":"https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899","external_links_name":"\"Administrative Timeline of the Department of State – Department History – Office of the Historian\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211111183128/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm","external_links_name":"\"Duties of the Secretary of State of the United States\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190808114347/https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/20","external_links_name":"\"3 U.S. Code § 20 – Resignation or refusal of office\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171202201822/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/20","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3212","external_links_name":"\"H.R.3212 – 113th Congress (2013–2014): Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act of 2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220501221523/https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3212","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-do-secretaries-state-make-such-terrible-presidential-candidates-180952327/","external_links_name":"\"Why Do Secretaries of State Make Such Terrible Presidential Candidates?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210918151233/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-do-secretaries-state-make-such-terrible-presidential-candidates-180952327/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N12GAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Development of National Administrative Organization in the United States, Issue 10"},{"Link":"https://www.questia.com/read/106788643/american-statesmen-secretaries-of-state-from-john","external_links_name":"online American Statesmen: Secretaries of State"},{"Link":"https://www.state.gov/secretary/index.htm","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverrir_Gar%C3%B0arsson	Sverrir Garðarsson	["1 Club career","2 References","3 External links"]	Icelandic footballer This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Sverrir. Sverrir GarðarssonPersonal informationFull name Sverrir GarðarssonDate of birth (1984-09-15) 15 September 1984 (age 39)Place of birth IcelandHeight 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)Position(s) DefenderTeam informationCurrent team KFS Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2000 FH 2001–2002 Molde FK 2003–2007 FH 50 (1)2008–2009 GIF Sundsvall 16 (0)2009 FH 8 (0)2012 ÍBV 0 (0)2012 Haukar 15 (0)2013– Fylkir 12 (0)International career‡2000 Iceland U-17 4 (2)2001–2002 Iceland U-19 6 (0)2004 Iceland U-21 5 (0)2007 Iceland 1 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 September 2013‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 21 January 2013 Sverrir Garðarsson (born 15 September 1984) is an Icelandic footballer, currently playing for Fylkir in the Icelandic Úrvalsdeild. Sverrir has previously played in Norway for Molde FK and in Sweden for GIF Sundsvall. Club career Sverrir started his career with local club FH before moving abroad to Molde FK. He later returned to FH and played two full seasons with the club before injuring himself, being out for two seasons. He returned for the 2007 season, moving abroad to play with GIF Sundsvall after the season. He returned again to FH in 2009 and played 8 games. He then announced that he had quit football due to a head injury, but announced his intention to start playing again in 2012 and switched to fellow Úrvalsdeild team ÍBV and played with them in the Icelandic League Cup. However, he left the team before the season started and joined 1. deild club Haukar, FH's local rivals, and managed to play 15 games. After the season Fylkir announced that Sverrir would play with them for the 2013 season. References ^ "Sverrir Garðarsson í Fylki (staðfest)" (in Icelandic). fotbolti.net. Retrieved 21 January 2013. External links Sverrir Garðarsson at National-Football-Teams.com Sverrir Garðarsson at the Football Association of Iceland (in Icelandic) This biographical article related to association football in Iceland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icelandic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelanders"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Fylkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylkir"},{"link_name":"Úrvalsdeild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Arvalsdeild"},{"link_name":"Molde FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_FK"},{"link_name":"GIF Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall"}],"text":"This is an Icelandic name. The last name is patronymic, not a family name; this person is referred to by the given name Sverrir.Sverrir Garðarsson (born 15 September 1984) is an Icelandic footballer, currently playing for Fylkir in the Icelandic Úrvalsdeild.Sverrir has previously played in Norway for Molde FK and in Sweden for GIF Sundsvall.","title":"Sverrir Garðarsson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimleikaf%C3%A9lag_Hafnarfjar%C3%B0ar"},{"link_name":"Molde FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_FK"},{"link_name":"FH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimleikaf%C3%A9lag_Hafnarfjar%C3%B0ar"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_%C3%9Arvalsdeild"},{"link_name":"GIF Sundsvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF_Sundsvall"},{"link_name":"FH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimleikaf%C3%A9lag_Hafnarfjar%C3%B0ar"},{"link_name":"Úrvalsdeild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Arvalsdeild"},{"link_name":"ÍBV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%BEr%C3%B3ttabandalag_Vestmannaeyja"},{"link_name":"Icelandic League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1. deild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._deild_karla_(football)"},{"link_name":"Haukar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haukar"},{"link_name":"FH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimleikaf%C3%A9lag_Hafnarfjar%C3%B0ar"},{"link_name":"Fylkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylkir"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_%C3%9Arvalsdeild"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fotboltinetsverririfylki-1"}],"text":"Sverrir started his career with local club FH before moving abroad to Molde FK. He later returned to FH and played two full seasons with the club before injuring himself, being out for two seasons. He returned for the 2007 season, moving abroad to play with GIF Sundsvall after the season. He returned again to FH in 2009 and played 8 games. He then announced that he had quit football due to a head injury, but announced his intention to start playing again in 2012 and switched to fellow Úrvalsdeild team ÍBV and played with them in the Icelandic League Cup. However, he left the team before the season started and joined 1. deild club Haukar, FH's local rivals, and managed to play 15 games. After the season Fylkir announced that Sverrir would play with them for the 2013 season.[1]","title":"Club career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sverrir Garðarsson í Fylki (staðfest)\" (in Icelandic). fotbolti.net. Retrieved 21 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fotbolti.net/fullStory.php?id=135642","url_text":"\"Sverrir Garðarsson í Fylki (staðfest)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.fotbolti.net/fullStory.php?id=135642","external_links_name":"\"Sverrir Garðarsson í Fylki (staðfest)\""},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/23401.html","external_links_name":"Sverrir Garðarsson"},{"Link":"https://www.ksi.is/mot/leikmadur/?leikmadur=20589","external_links_name":"Sverrir Garðarsson"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sverrir_Gar%C3%B0arsson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cressing	Cressing	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°51′31″N 0°36′08″E / 51.85873°N 0.602188°E / 51.85873; 0.602188Village in Essex, England Human settlement in EnglandCressingCressing villageCressingLocation within EssexOS grid referenceTL792209Civil parishCressingDistrictBraintreeShire countyEssexRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBRAINTREEPostcode districtCM77Dialling code01376PoliceEssexFireEssexAmbulanceEast of England UK ParliamentBraintree List of places UK England Essex 51°51′31″N 0°36′08″E / 51.85873°N 0.602188°E / 51.85873; 0.602188 Cressing is a village and civil parish in the Braintree district of Essex, England. Within the parish is the village of Tye Green and the hamlet of Hawbush Green. Cressing Temple is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south from Cressing village, and less than 1 mile east from the village of White Notley. It is nestled between Braintree and Witham, just a couple of miles or one train stop to Braintree Shopping Village, formerly Freeport. The parish contains two churches, one public house (Fowlers Farm), one Restaurant (Il Salice), which is currently one of the top rated restaurants in Essex as of 2022, and a business park. A men's Sunday League and youth football teams play at Cressing Sports and Social Club in Tye Green. Cressing railway station, on the Braintree Branch Line, is at the west of the parish. Sir Evelyn Wood (1838–1919), a Field Marshal and Victoria Cross recipient, was born at Cressing. References ^ Mee, Arthur (1942). The King's England - Essex. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 104. External links Media related to Cressing at Wikimedia Commons This Essex location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte ^ "The 10 best restaurants in Essex according to Tripadvisor". 22 January 2022.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Braintree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braintree_(district)"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Tye Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tye_Green"},{"link_name":"Cressing Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cressing_Temple"},{"link_name":"White Notley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Notley"},{"link_name":"Witham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witham"},{"link_name":"Fowlers Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vintageinn.co.uk/restaurants/east/thefowlersfarmbraintree"},{"link_name":"Il Salice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ilsalice.co.uk"},{"link_name":"Cressing railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cressing_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Braintree Branch Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braintree_Branch_Line"},{"link_name":"Sir Evelyn Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Wood_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village in Essex, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandCressing is a village and civil parish in the Braintree district of Essex, England. Within the parish is the village of Tye Green and the hamlet of Hawbush Green.Cressing Temple is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south from Cressing village, and less than 1 mile east from the village of White Notley. It is nestled between Braintree and Witham, just a couple of miles or one train stop to Braintree Shopping Village, formerly Freeport.The parish contains two churches, one public house (Fowlers Farm), one Restaurant (Il Salice), which is currently one of the top rated restaurants in Essex as of 2022, and a business park. A men's Sunday League and youth football teams play at Cressing Sports and Social Club in Tye Green. Cressing railway station, on the Braintree Branch Line, is at the west of the parish.Sir Evelyn Wood (1838–1919), a Field Marshal and Victoria Cross recipient, was born at Cressing.[1]","title":"Cressing"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mee, Arthur (1942). The King's England - Essex. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 104.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton","url_text":"Hodder & Stoughton"}]},{"reference":"\"The 10 best restaurants in Essex according to Tripadvisor\". 22 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.essexlive.news/news/essex-news/10-best-restaurants-essex-according-6534656","url_text":"\"The 10 best restaurants in Essex according to Tripadvisor\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cressing&params=51.85873_N_0.602188_E_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°51′31″N 0°36′08″E / 51.85873°N 0.602188°E / 51.85873; 0.602188"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cressing&params=51.857874_N_0.600821_E_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Cressing","external_links_name":"TL792209"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cressing&params=51.85873_N_0.602188_E_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°51′31″N 0°36′08″E / 51.85873°N 0.602188°E / 51.85873; 0.602188"},{"Link":"https://www.vintageinn.co.uk/restaurants/east/thefowlersfarmbraintree","external_links_name":"Fowlers Farm"},{"Link":"https://www.ilsalice.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Il Salice"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cressing&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://www.essexlive.news/news/essex-news/10-best-restaurants-essex-according-6534656","external_links_name":"\"The 10 best restaurants in Essex according to Tripadvisor\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Baginsky	Charley Baginsky	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Family life","4 References","5 External links"]	British executive, rabbi and Jewish organizational leader Charlotte "Charley" Baginsky is a British executive, rabbi, and Jewish organizational leader. She is the Chief Executive Officer of Liberal Judaism (UK) since January 2021. Early life and education Baginsky was born in England, the daughter of William Baginsky and Mary Baginsky (née Yates). She studied Theology at Cambridge University and King's College London, before working and studying for several years in Israel. She was ordained as a rabbi at Leo Baeck College in London. Career From March to December 2020 Baginsky was, with Shelley Shocolinsky-Dwyer, Liberal Judaism's joint interim Director. Prior to that she was, from 2016 to 2020, Liberal Judaism's Director of Strategy and Partnerships and also (part-time) the Rabbi for South Bucks Jewish Community. For ten years she was the Rabbi for Kingston Liberal Synagogue. Family life She has three children. References ^ "Liberal Judaism names new chiefs". Jewish News. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020. ^ a b c d "Rabbi Charley Baginsky". Liberal Judaism (UK). Retrieved 1 January 2021. ^ "Liberal Judaism announces new executive team". Liberal Judaism (UK). 17 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020. ^ "Rabbi Charley Baginsky". Movement for Reform Judaism. Retrieved 1 January 2021. External links Liberal Judaism: Charley Baginsky Jewish Women's Archive: Charley Baginsky vteWomen rabbis and Torah scholarsTimeline of women rabbisPre-modern figuresBible and Talmud Deborah (1107–1067 BCE) Bruriah (2nd century) Medieval and early modern era Rashi's daughters (11th–12th century) Bat ha-Levi (12th century) Paula Dei Mansi (13th century) Miriam Shapira-Luria (14th century) Fioretta of Modena (1522–1580) Bayla Falk (16th century) Eva Bacharach (1580–1651) Asenath Barzani (1590–1670) Frehat Bat Avraham (d. 1756) Maiden of Ludmir (1805–1888) Modern figures Ray Frank (1861–1948) Lily Montagu (1873–1963) Regina Jonas (1902–1944) Tehilla Lichtenstein (1893–1973) Paula Ackerman (1893–1989) Martha Neumark (1904–1981) Avis Clamitz (1908-1991) Helen Levinthal (1910–1989) Sally Priesand (b. 1946) Mimi Feigelson (b. 1963) First ordination by denomination Regina Jonas (Reform, 1935) Sandy Sasso (Reconstructionist, 1974) Lynn Gottlieb (Renewal, 1981) Amy Eilberg (Conservative, 1985) Tamara Kolton (Humanistic, 1999) Sara Hurwitz (Orthodox, 2009) Alternate rabbinical roles Yoetzet halacha Toanot Rabniyot Organisationsand midrashot Women's Rabbinic Network Yeshivat Maharat Matan Women's Institute Midreshet Lindenbaum Nishmat Center Hadran Category: Women rabbis vte Liberal Judaism in the United Kingdom Rabbis and other leadersLiving Charley Baginsky Rebecca Birk Lucian Hudson Julia Neuberger Danny Rich Elizabeth Tikvah Sarah Mark Solomon Alexandra Wright Historical Sidney Brichto Albert Friedlander Harry Jacobi Lily Montagu Claude Montefiore John Rayner Communities and synagogues Bloomsbury Brighton Ealing Finchley LJS (St John's Wood) Lincolnshire Peterborough South London (Streatham) York Cemeteries Liberal Jewish Cemetery, Willesden Organisations Leo Baeck College LJY-Netzer Sternberg Centre	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberal Judaism (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Judaism_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_chiefs-1"}],"text":"Charlotte \"Charley\" Baginsky is a British executive, rabbi, and Jewish organizational leader. She is the Chief Executive Officer of Liberal Judaism (UK) since January 2021.[1]","title":"Charley Baginsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"ordained as a rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semichah"},{"link_name":"Leo Baeck College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Baeck_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LJ_Baginsky-2"}],"text":"Baginsky was born in England, the daughter of William Baginsky and Mary Baginsky (née Yates). She studied Theology at Cambridge University and King's College London, before working and studying for several years in Israel. She was ordained as a rabbi at Leo Baeck College in London.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Team-3"},{"link_name":"South Bucks Jewish Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Bucks_Jewish_Community&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LJ_Baginsky-2"},{"link_name":"Kingston Liberal Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingston_Liberal_Synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LJ_Baginsky-2"}],"text":"From March to December 2020 Baginsky was, with Shelley Shocolinsky-Dwyer, Liberal Judaism's joint interim Director.[3] Prior to that she was, from 2016 to 2020, Liberal Judaism's Director of Strategy and Partnerships and also (part-time) the Rabbi for South Bucks Jewish Community.[2]For ten years she was the Rabbi for Kingston Liberal Synagogue.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LJ_Baginsky-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MRJ_Baginsky-4"}],"text":"She has three children.[2][4]","title":"Family life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Liberal Judaism names new chiefs\". Jewish News. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/liberal-judaism-names-new-chiefs/","url_text":"\"Liberal Judaism names new chiefs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_News","url_text":"Jewish News"}]},{"reference":"\"Rabbi Charley Baginsky\". Liberal Judaism (UK). Retrieved 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberaljudaism.org/who-we-are/whos-who/rabbi-charley-baginsky","url_text":"\"Rabbi Charley Baginsky\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Judaism_(UK)","url_text":"Liberal Judaism (UK)"}]},{"reference":"\"Liberal Judaism announces new executive team\". Liberal Judaism (UK). 17 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberaljudaism.org/2020/12/liberal-judaism-announces-new-executive-team/","url_text":"\"Liberal Judaism announces new executive team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Judaism_(UK)","url_text":"Liberal Judaism (UK)"}]},{"reference":"\"Rabbi Charley Baginsky\". Movement for Reform Judaism. Retrieved 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/rabbi-charley-baginsky/","url_text":"\"Rabbi Charley Baginsky\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Reform_Judaism","url_text":"Movement for Reform Judaism"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/liberal-judaism-names-new-chiefs/","external_links_name":"\"Liberal Judaism names new chiefs\""},{"Link":"https://www.liberaljudaism.org/who-we-are/whos-who/rabbi-charley-baginsky","external_links_name":"\"Rabbi Charley Baginsky\""},{"Link":"https://www.liberaljudaism.org/2020/12/liberal-judaism-announces-new-executive-team/","external_links_name":"\"Liberal Judaism announces new executive team\""},{"Link":"https://www.reformjudaism.org.uk/rabbi-charley-baginsky/","external_links_name":"\"Rabbi Charley Baginsky\""},{"Link":"https://www.liberaljudaism.org/who-we-are/whos-who/rabbi-charley-baginsky/","external_links_name":"Liberal Judaism: Charley Baginsky"},{"Link":"https://jwa.org/rabbis/narrators/baginsky-charley/","external_links_name":"Jewish Women's Archive: Charley Baginsky"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milzane	Milceni	["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Milsieni lands in the March of Meissen, Gustav Droysen, 1886 The Milceni or Milzeni (Czech: Milčané; German: Milzener; Polish: Milczanie) were a West Slavic tribe, who settled in the present-day Upper Lusatia region. They were first mentioned in the middle of the 9th century AD by the Bavarian Geographer, who wrote of 30 civitates which possibly had fortifications. They were gradually conquered by Germans during the 10th century. Modern descendants of the Milceni are the Sorbs of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. History The Milceni travelled to Upper Lusatia in the 7th century during the Migration Period. The exact borders of their settlement area are disputed. It is generally accepted that their fielded land had fruitful loess soil and had dimensions of approximately 50 km from east to west and 20 km from north to south. The northern border was in swampy and partially infertile terrain, while the southern border formed part of the Lausitzer Bergland. The hills of Burkau near Kamenz formed a natural boundary for the Milceni in the west, while their territory bordered that of the Besunzane in the east. The boundaries of the tribe have also been given as the Pulsnitz River in the west and the Kwisa River in the east. The Ortenburg castle of Bautzen is built around fortifications originally constructed by the Milceni. Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne, defeated the Milceni and burnt their fortress in 806. Henry the Fowler, King of the Germans, defeated the Slavic tribe in 932 and demanded conversion to Christianity, although this was only partially successful. Emperor Otto I defeated the Lusatians in 963 and placed them under the rule of Margrave Gero. The Milceni were finally subjugated by Margrave Ekkehard I of Meissen ca. 990 and had their territory incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire. The Milceni were then gradually Germanized or merged with the Lusatians of Lower Lusatia into the Sorbian ethnic group. During the 10th–12th centuries, the region of Bautzen was known in written sources (e.g. Thietmar of Merseburg) as Gau Milsca. Temporarily conquered by the Polish king Bolesław I the Brave, the Milceni lands returned under German rule by 1031. In Polish, Upper Lusatia was known as Milsko until the 15th century. The Milceni were still mentioned in the 12th century Song of Roland ("the second of big-headed men from Misnes– along the vertebrae all down their backs these men have tufted bristles, just like hogs"). Enfeoffed to Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia in 1076, their estates later became known as Land Budissin and Upper Lusatia. See also Sorbs Lusatia Margraviate of Meissen List of Medieval Slavic tribes References ^ Institut für Sorabistik. "About Sorbian Language Archived 2012-11-17 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed November 8, 2006. ^ Bautzen.de "History". Accessed November 8, 2006. ^ a b WendishHeritage.org. "History - Background and Context Archived 2006-08-20 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed November 8, 2006. ^ Robert Harrison. The Song of Roland. Signet Classic, September 3, 2002. ISBN 0-451-52857-3 External links Die Milzener e.V. vteTribes mentioned in the Bavarian Geographer Nortabtrezi Uilci Linaa Bethenici Smeldingon Morizani Hehfeldi Surbi Talaminzi Beheimare Marharii Uulgarii Merehanos Osterabtrezi Miloxi Phesnuzi Thadesi Glopeani Zuireani Busani Sittici Stadici Sebbirozi Unlizi Neriuani Attorozi Eptaradici Uuillerozi Zabrozi Znetalici Aturezani Chozirozi Lendizi Thafnezi Zeriuani Prissani Uelunzani Bruzi Uuizubeire Caziri Ruzzi Forsderen Liudi Fresiti Serauici Lucolane Ungare Uuislane Sleenzane Lunsizi Dadosesani Milzane Besunzane Uerizane Fraganeo Lupiglaa Opolini Golensizi The tribes are listed according to the original names and order vteEarly Slavic ethnic groups (7th–12th centuries)East Slavs Carpathian Croats Radimichs Severians Tivertsi Ulichs Vyatichi Don Slavs Zeriuani1 Bolokhovians1 Dulebes Buzhans Volhynians Drevlians Polans Dregoviches Narevyans Northern tribal union Krivichs Polochans Pskov's Tver's Smolensk's Slovenes Merya2 Muroma2 West SlavsPolish tribes Goplans Lendians Lubuszans Masovians Polans Sieradzans Vistulans Kujawians Wiercans Thafnezi Pomeranians Kashubians Prissani Wolinians Slovincians Silesian tribes3 Bezunzans Bobrzans Silesian Croats Dadosesani Golensizi Opolans Selpoli Silesians Polabian tribesVeleti and Lutici Brizans Circipania Kessinians Tollensians Doxani Morzyczans Neletyches Rujani Redariers Rechans Sprevane Hevelli Ukrani Zamcici Zemcici Obotrites Bethenici Drevani Linons Reregs Smeldingi Wagri Warnabi Polabians Lusatians Khutices Glomatians Koledices Lusatians Milceni Suslowi Zhirmunts Zhitices Neletiches Nizhices Nishans Sorbs (White Serbs) Czech tribes Bohemian Croats Czechs Dechans Bohemian Dulebes Lemuzi Litomerici Luchans Moravians Merehani Pshovans Sedlichans Zlicans Hbans Domazhlici Lupiglians Znetalici Slovak tribes Nitrians 5 Slovaks South SlavsBulgarian tribes Union of the Seven Slavic tribes Southern Severians Smolyani Strymonites Moratsi Milcovci in Greece and Macedonia Drougoubitai Ezeritai Melingoi Sagudates Baiounitai Belegezites Berziti Rhynchinoi Alpine Slavs (Carantanians) Asia Minor Slavs Pannonian Slavs (Pannonian Dulebes) Croats Guduscani Narentines Zachlumians Travunians Kanalites Diokletlians Serbs Moravens Timochans Branichevci Praedenecenti Notes (ethnicity is undefined): 1 = supposedly Eastern Slavic tribes 2 = supposedly Finno-Ugric tribes 3 = some of the Silesian tribes are Germanic, for example Silings 5 = generally considered synonym for early medieval Slovaks	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"West Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Upper Lusatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Lusatia"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Geographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Geographer"},{"link_name":"civitates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs"},{"link_name":"Free State of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Milceni or Milzeni (Czech: Milčané; German: Milzener; Polish: Milczanie) were a West Slavic tribe, who settled in the present-day Upper Lusatia region. They were first mentioned in the middle of the 9th century AD by the Bavarian Geographer, who wrote of 30 civitates which possibly had fortifications. They were gradually conquered by Germans during the 10th century. Modern descendants of the Milceni are the Sorbs of the Free State of Saxony, Germany.[1]","title":"Milceni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Migration Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bautzen-2"},{"link_name":"loess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loess"},{"link_name":"Lausitzer Bergland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausitzer_Bergland"},{"link_name":"Burkau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkau"},{"link_name":"Kamenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenz"},{"link_name":"Besunzane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Besunzane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pulsnitz River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulsnitz_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kwisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwisa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bautzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bautzen"},{"link_name":"Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Younger,_son_of_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wendish-3"},{"link_name":"Henry the Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Otto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Gero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gero"},{"link_name":"Ekkehard I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekkehard_I,_Margrave_of_Meissen"},{"link_name":"Meissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissen"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wendish-3"},{"link_name":"Germanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanization"},{"link_name":"Sorbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs"},{"link_name":"Thietmar of Merseburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg"},{"link_name":"Gau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_(German)"},{"link_name":"Bolesław I the Brave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave"},{"link_name":"Song of Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harrison-4"},{"link_name":"Vratislaus II of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratislaus_II_of_Bohemia"}],"text":"The Milceni travelled to Upper Lusatia in the 7th century during the Migration Period.[2] The exact borders of their settlement area are disputed. It is generally accepted that their fielded land had fruitful loess soil and had dimensions of approximately 50 km from east to west and 20 km from north to south. The northern border was in swampy and partially infertile terrain, while the southern border formed part of the Lausitzer Bergland. The hills of Burkau near Kamenz formed a natural boundary for the Milceni in the west, while their territory bordered that of the Besunzane in the east. The boundaries of the tribe have also been given as the Pulsnitz River in the west and the Kwisa River in the east.[citation needed]The Ortenburg castle of Bautzen is built around fortifications originally constructed by the Milceni. Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne, defeated the Milceni and burnt their fortress in 806.[3] Henry the Fowler, King of the Germans, defeated the Slavic tribe in 932 and demanded conversion to Christianity, although this was only partially successful. Emperor Otto I defeated the Lusatians in 963 and placed them under the rule of Margrave Gero. The Milceni were finally subjugated by Margrave Ekkehard I of Meissen ca. 990 and had their territory incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.[3] The Milceni were then gradually Germanized or merged with the Lusatians of Lower Lusatia into the Sorbian ethnic group.During the 10th–12th centuries, the region of Bautzen was known in written sources (e.g. Thietmar of Merseburg) as Gau Milsca. Temporarily conquered by the Polish king Bolesław I the Brave, the Milceni lands returned under German rule by 1031. In Polish, Upper Lusatia was known as Milsko until the 15th century. The Milceni were still mentioned in the 12th century Song of Roland (\"the second of big-headed men from Misnes– along the vertebrae all down their backs these men have tufted bristles, just like hogs\").[4] Enfeoffed to Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia in 1076, their estates later became known as Land Budissin and Upper Lusatia.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Milsieni lands in the March of Meissen, Gustav Droysen, 1886","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Markgrafschaft_Meissen_1000.png/360px-Markgrafschaft_Meissen_1000.png"}]	[{"title":"Sorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs"},{"title":"Lusatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatia"},{"title":"Margraviate of Meissen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen"},{"title":"List of Medieval Slavic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medieval_Slavic_tribes"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~sorb/seiten/eng/03/language.html","external_links_name":"About Sorbian Language"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121117122433/http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~sorb/seiten/eng/03/language.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bautzen.de/ueber_bautzen.asp?mid=12&iid=251","external_links_name":"History"},{"Link":"http://www.wendishheritage.org.au/wends/history.php","external_links_name":"History - Background and Context"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060820052831/http://www.wendishheritage.org.au/wends/history.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205234335/http://www.fidelius-web.de/content/main/start.php?dir=verein&page=title&lang=english","external_links_name":"Die Milzener e.V."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Company_(German)	Great Company (German)	["1 History","1.1 1340s","1.2 1350s","1.3 1360s","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]	The Great Company was a group of mercenaries, chiefly of German origin but operating in the Italian peninsula, who flourished in the mid-14th century. At its height, the company numbered approximately 10,000-12,000 men, chiefly armored cavalry. The Great Company's power set the pattern for later condottieri who came to dominate Renaissance Italian warfare. History 1340s The company was founded in 1342 by Werner von Urslingen, whose reputed motto was "Enemy of God, Enemy of Piety, Enemy of Pity", with some writers even reporting the phrase inscribed on his breastplate. Urslingen was inspired by Lodrisio Visconti's Compagnia di San Giorgio, under which he had fought in the battle of Parabiago. Commanders included his brother Reinhardt, Ettore da Panigo, Konrad von Landau and Francesco degli Ordelaffi. The strength of the company at this point was recorded as 3,000 men-at-arms. In autumn 1342, the company was dissolved and Urslingen and many of his German followers returned home. In 1347 Urslingen was hired by King Louis I of Hungary in his war with Queen Joanna of Naples. Here he was reunited with his old comrade Konrad von Landau and served for the first time with the Provençal knight, Montreal d'Albarno, known as Fra' Moriale. The Company won a major victory at the Battle of Meleto in 1349. The company then split again, with Urslingen and Landau operating in central Italy while Fra Moriale stayed in Naples. 1350s In 1351 Urslingen retired to Germany and Landau and Fra' Moriale reunited, the latter taking command of the company, which now added Italians, Provençals and Hungarians to the previous mainly German majority of mercenaries. The major area of operation was once more central Italy. In 1353–54, the company's strength was estimated at 10,000 fighting men and 20,000 camp followers. In 1354, Fra' Moriale was arrested and executed in Rome and Konrad von Landau became commander-in-chief. The company signed on with the Venetian League in 1358 and the following year with Siena, during which time it suffered not only an ambush in the mountains at Le Scalelle on the way to Siena but a serious setback at the hands of Florence when they had to ransom their commander. In 1359 the company had again reached a substantial strength, amounting to some 20,000 men; it subsequently fought in battles against Rimini, Fabriano, Camerino, the Papal States and Florence. In July the company was crushed by the Florentine army under Pandolfo II Malatesta at the Battle of Campo delle Mosche. 1360s In 1363, hired by the Visconti of Milan, it fought against Albert Sterz's White Company, which the Great Company had defeated the previous year and which had been hired by the Marquis of Montferrat. In April, after three months of clashes, the Great Company was decisively defeated at the Battle of Canturino and Konrad von Landau himself was killed. See also Condottieri Free company References ^ For example, see Nolan, Cathal J (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650, Volume 1: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 166. ISBN 9780313330452. ^ Mallet, Michael: Mercenaries and their Masters, Bodley Head, London, 1974 ISBN 0370105028 pp31-2 ^ Mallett (1974), pp32-33 ^ Mallett (1974), pp33-6 ^ Caferro, William (2006). John Hawkwood: An English Mercenary in Fourteenth Century Italy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0-8018-8323-7. Further reading Rendina, Claudio (1999). I capitani di ventura. Rome: Newton & Compton. Wise, Terence (1975). Medieval European Armies: 1300-1500. Osprey Publishing. vteCompanies of MercenariesCompanies Catalan Company Company of the Hat Compagnia della Stella Compagnia di San Giorgio Company of the Rose Great Company (German) Navarrese Company Tard-Venus White Company Leaders Seguin de Badefol Gian Paolo Baglioni Roger de Flor John Hawkwood Francois Hennequin Konrad von Landau Camus Bour John Creswey Bascot de Mauléon Astorre I Manfredi Petit Meschin Federico da Montefeltro Braccio da Montone Robert Briquet Fra' Moriale Bernat de Rocafort Hagre l'Escot Albert Sterz Talbart Talbardon Bour de Breteuil Pedro de San Superano Werner von Urslingen Bernard de la Salle Juan de Urtubia Lodrisio Visconti Battles Apros Brignais Campo delle Mosche Canturino Cyzicus Halmyros Parabiago	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Great Company (German)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Werner von Urslingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Urslingen"},{"link_name":"breastplate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastplate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lodrisio Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodrisio_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Compagnia di San Giorgio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnia_di_San_Giorgio"},{"link_name":"battle of Parabiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Parabiago"},{"link_name":"Ettore da Panigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ettore_da_Panigo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Konrad von Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_von_Landau"},{"link_name":"Francesco degli Ordelaffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_degli_Ordelaffi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"King Louis I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Queen Joanna of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Provençal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Fra' Moriale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra%27_Moriale"},{"link_name":"Battle of Meleto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Meleto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"1340s","text":"The company was founded in 1342 by Werner von Urslingen, whose reputed motto was \"Enemy of God, Enemy of Piety, Enemy of Pity\", with some writers even reporting the phrase inscribed on his breastplate.[1] Urslingen was inspired by Lodrisio Visconti's Compagnia di San Giorgio, under which he had fought in the battle of Parabiago. Commanders included his brother Reinhardt, Ettore da Panigo, Konrad von Landau and Francesco degli Ordelaffi. The strength of the company at this point was recorded as 3,000 men-at-arms. In autumn 1342, the company was dissolved and Urslingen and many of his German followers returned home.[2]In 1347 Urslingen was hired by King Louis I of Hungary in his war with Queen Joanna of Naples. Here he was reunited with his old comrade Konrad von Landau and served for the first time with the Provençal knight, Montreal d'Albarno, known as Fra' Moriale. The Company won a major victory at the Battle of Meleto in 1349. The company then split again, with Urslingen and Landau operating in central Italy while Fra Moriale stayed in Naples.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"camp followers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_followers"},{"link_name":"Konrad von Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_von_Landau"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimini"},{"link_name":"Fabriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabriano"},{"link_name":"Camerino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerino"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Pandolfo II Malatesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandolfo_II_Malatesta"},{"link_name":"Battle of Campo delle Mosche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_delle_Mosche"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"1350s","text":"In 1351 Urslingen retired to Germany and Landau and Fra' Moriale reunited, the latter taking command of the company, which now added Italians, Provençals and Hungarians to the previous mainly German majority of mercenaries. The major area of operation was once more central Italy. In 1353–54, the company's strength was estimated at 10,000 fighting men and 20,000 camp followers. In 1354, Fra' Moriale was arrested and executed in Rome and Konrad von Landau became commander-in-chief. The company signed on with the Venetian League in 1358 and the following year with Siena, during which time it suffered not only an ambush in the mountains at Le Scalelle on the way to Siena but a serious setback at the hands of Florence when they had to ransom their commander.In 1359 the company had again reached a substantial strength, amounting to some 20,000 men; it subsequently fought in battles against Rimini, Fabriano, Camerino, the Papal States and Florence. In July the company was crushed by the Florentine army under Pandolfo II Malatesta at the Battle of Campo delle Mosche.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Visconti_(Milan)"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Albert Sterz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sterz"},{"link_name":"White Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Company"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Montferrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Montferrat"},{"link_name":"Battle of Canturino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Canturino"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"1360s","text":"In 1363, hired by the Visconti of Milan, it fought against Albert Sterz's White Company, which the Great Company had defeated the previous year and which had been hired by the Marquis of Montferrat. In April, after three months of clashes, the Great Company was decisively defeated at the Battle of Canturino and Konrad von Landau himself was killed.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mercenary_companies"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mercenary_companies"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mercenary_companies"},{"link_name":"Companies of Mercenaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_company"},{"link_name":"Catalan Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_Company"},{"link_name":"Company of the Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_the_Hat"},{"link_name":"Compagnia della Stella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnia_della_Stella"},{"link_name":"Compagnia di San Giorgio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnia_di_San_Giorgio"},{"link_name":"Company of the Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_the_Rose"},{"link_name":"Great Company (German)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Navarrese Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarrese_Company"},{"link_name":"Tard-Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tard-Venus"},{"link_name":"White Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Company"},{"link_name":"Seguin de Badefol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguin_de_Badefol"},{"link_name":"Gian Paolo Baglioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Baglioni"},{"link_name":"Roger de Flor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_de_Flor"},{"link_name":"John Hawkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkwood"},{"link_name":"Francois Hennequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Hennequin"},{"link_name":"Konrad von Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_von_Landau"},{"link_name":"Camus Bour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camus_Bour"},{"link_name":"John Creswey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Creswey"},{"link_name":"Bascot de Mauléon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascot_de_Maul%C3%A9on"},{"link_name":"Astorre I Manfredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astorre_I_Manfredi"},{"link_name":"Petit Meschin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Meschin"},{"link_name":"Federico da Montefeltro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_da_Montefeltro"},{"link_name":"Braccio da Montone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braccio_da_Montone"},{"link_name":"Robert Briquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Briquet"},{"link_name":"Fra' Moriale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra%27_Moriale"},{"link_name":"Bernat de Rocafort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernat_de_Rocafort"},{"link_name":"Hagre l'Escot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagre_l%27Escot"},{"link_name":"Albert Sterz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sterz"},{"link_name":"Talbart Talbardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbart_Talbardon"},{"link_name":"Bour de Breteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bour_de_Breteuil"},{"link_name":"Pedro de San Superano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_San_Superano"},{"link_name":"Werner von Urslingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Urslingen"},{"link_name":"Bernard de la Salle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_de_la_Salle"},{"link_name":"Juan de Urtubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Urtubia"},{"link_name":"Lodrisio Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodrisio_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Apros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Apros"},{"link_name":"Brignais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brignais"},{"link_name":"Campo delle Mosche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_delle_Mosche"},{"link_name":"Canturino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Canturino"},{"link_name":"Cyzicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cyzicus"},{"link_name":"Halmyros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halmyros"},{"link_name":"Parabiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Parabiago"}],"text":"Rendina, Claudio (1999). I capitani di ventura. Rome: Newton & Compton.\nWise, Terence (1975). Medieval European Armies: 1300-1500. Osprey Publishing.vteCompanies of MercenariesCompanies\nCatalan Company\nCompany of the Hat\nCompagnia della Stella\nCompagnia di San Giorgio\nCompany of the Rose\nGreat Company (German)\nNavarrese Company\nTard-Venus\nWhite Company\nLeaders\nSeguin de Badefol\nGian Paolo Baglioni\nRoger de Flor\nJohn Hawkwood\nFrancois Hennequin\nKonrad von Landau\nCamus Bour\nJohn Creswey\nBascot de Mauléon\nAstorre I Manfredi\nPetit Meschin\nFederico da Montefeltro\nBraccio da Montone\nRobert Briquet\nFra' Moriale\nBernat de Rocafort\nHagre l'Escot\nAlbert Sterz\nTalbart Talbardon\nBour de Breteuil\nPedro de San Superano\nWerner von Urslingen\nBernard de la Salle\nJuan de Urtubia\nLodrisio Visconti\nBattles\nApros\nBrignais\nCampo delle Mosche\nCanturino\nCyzicus\nHalmyros\nParabiago","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Condottieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottieri"},{"title":"Free company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_company"}]	[{"reference":"Nolan, Cathal J (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650, Volume 1: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 166. ISBN 9780313330452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313330452","url_text":"9780313330452"}]},{"reference":"Caferro, William (2006). John Hawkwood: An English Mercenary in Fourteenth Century Italy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0-8018-8323-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-8323-7","url_text":"0-8018-8323-7"}]},{"reference":"Rendina, Claudio (1999). I capitani di ventura. Rome: Newton & Compton.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wise, Terence (1975). Medieval European Armies: 1300-1500. Osprey Publishing.","urls":[]}]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1791_Patsayev	1791 Patsayev	["1 Orbit and classification","2 Physical characteristics","2.1 Rotation period","2.2 Diameter and albedo","3 Naming","4 References","5 External links"]	1791 PatsayevShape model of Patsayev from its lightcurveDiscoveryDiscovered byT. SmirnovaDiscovery siteCrimean Astrophysical Obs.Discovery date4 September 1967DesignationsMPC designation(1791) PatsayevNamed afterViktor Patsayev (cosmonaut)Alternative designations1967 RE · 1931 TW31943 GS · 1943 GZ1948 JO · 1948 KA1957 JG · 1957 KS1958 RCMinor planet categorymain-belt · (middle)Orbital characteristicsEpoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)Uncertainty parameter 0Observation arc84.79 yr (30,970 days)Aphelion3.1351 AUPerihelion2.3603 AUSemi-major axis2.7477 AUEccentricity0.1410Orbital period (sidereal)4.55 yr (1,664 days)Mean anomaly48.980°Mean motion0° 12m 59.04s / dayInclination5.3689°Longitude of ascending node198.89°Argument of perihelion74.431°Physical characteristicsDimensions25.69 km (derived)29.394±0.114 km29.446±0.287 km31.50±0.37 kmSynodic rotation period19.809±0.013 hGeometric albedo0.030±0.0040.034±0.0060.0390±0.00760.0465 (derived)Spectral typeCAbsolute magnitude (H)11.8 · 11.9 1791 Patsayev (prov. designation: 1967 RE) is a dark background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 September 1967, by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after cosmonaut Viktor Patsayev. Orbit and classification The dark C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,664 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. Patsayev was first identified as 1931 TW3 at Lowell Observatory in 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 36 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Rotation period In April 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Patsayev was obtained from photometric observations taken by Sydney Black at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Coonabarabran, Australia. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 19.809 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 in magnitude (U=3). Diameter and albedo According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Patsayev measures between 29.39 and 31.50 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a high albedo between 0.030 and 0.039. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) disagrees with the results found by WISE. CALL derives a much lower carbonaceous albedo of 0.046, and calculates a diameter of 25.69 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9. Naming This minor planet was named in honor of Russian–Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Patsayev (1933–1971), test Engineer of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft, who died on his first spaceflight on 30 June 1971 during the vehicle's return to Earth after completing the flight program of the first crewed orbital station, Salyut. The lunar crater Patsaev is also named after him. The precedingly numbered minor planets 1789 Dobrovolsky and 1790 Volkov were named in honour of his dead crew members. The names of all three cosmonauts are also engraved on the plaque next to the sculpture of the Fallen Astronaut on the Moon, which was placed there during the Apollo 15 mission, containing the names of eight American astronauts and six Soviet cosmonauts, who had all died in service. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3296). References ^ a b c d "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1791 Patsayev (1967 RE)" (2016-07-29 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 8 June 2017. ^ a b c Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1791) Patsayev". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1791) Patsayev. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 143. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1792. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3. ^ a b c d e "LCDB Data for (1791) Patsayev". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ a b c d Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90. ^ a b c Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Dailey, J.; et al. (November 2011). "Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 20. arXiv:1109.4096. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...68M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68. Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ a b c d Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; et al. (November 2012). "Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 759 (1): 5. arXiv:1209.5794. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L...8M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8. Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ a b Black, Sydney; Linville, Dylan; Michalik, Danielle; Wolf, Matthew; Ditteon, Richard (October 2016). "Lightcurve Analysis of Asteroids Observed at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory: 2015 December - 2016 April". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 43 (4): 287–289. Bibcode:2016MPBu...43..287B. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ a b "1791 Patsayev (1967 RE)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 19 December 2016. ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2009). "Appendix – Publication Dates of the MPCs". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 221. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4. ISBN 978-3-642-01964-7. External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info Archived 16 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 1791 Patsayev at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 1791 Patsayev at the JPL Small-Body Database Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters vteMinor planets navigator 1790 Volkov 1791 Patsayev 1792 Reni vteSmall Solar System bodiesMinor planets Designation Groups List Moon Meanings of names Asteroid Active Aten asteroid Asteroid belt Family Jupiter trojan Near-Earth Spectral types Distant minor planet Centaur Neptune trojan Damocloid Trans-Neptunian object Detached Kuiper belt Oort cloud Scattered disc Comets Extinct Great Halley-type Hyperbolic Long-period Lost Near-parabolic Periodic Sungrazing Other Cosmic dust Meteoroids Space debris Authority control databases JPL SBDB MPC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prov. designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet_provisional_designation"},{"link_name":"background asteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_asteroid"},{"link_name":"asteroid belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_belt"},{"link_name":"Tamara Smirnova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Smirnova"},{"link_name":"Crimean Astrophysical Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Astrophysical_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-Patsayev-8"},{"link_name":"Viktor Patsayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Patsayev"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-springer-2"}],"text":"1791 Patsayev (prov. designation: 1967 RE) is a dark background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 September 1967, by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula.[8] The asteroid was named after cosmonaut Viktor Patsayev.[2]","title":"1791 Patsayev"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C-type asteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-type_asteroid"},{"link_name":"central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood_gap"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"eccentricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity"},{"link_name":"inclination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_inclination"},{"link_name":"°","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)"},{"link_name":"ecliptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpldata-1"},{"link_name":"Lowell Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory"},{"link_name":"observation arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_arc"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-Patsayev-8"}],"text":"The dark C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.4–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,664 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.[1] Patsayev was first identified as 1931 TW3 at Lowell Observatory in 1931, extending the body's observation arc by 36 years prior to its official discovery observation.[8]","title":"Orbit and classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lightcurve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightcurve"},{"link_name":"rotation period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_period"},{"link_name":"magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)"},{"link_name":"U=3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCDB_quality_code"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black-2016-7"}],"sub_title":"Rotation period","text":"In April 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Patsayev was obtained from photometric observations taken by Sydney Black at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Coonabarabran, Australia. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 19.809 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 in magnitude (U=3).[7]","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer"},{"link_name":"NEOWISE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEOWISE"},{"link_name":"albedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_albedo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WISE-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masiero-2011-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masiero-2012-6"},{"link_name":"absolute magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lcdb-3"}],"sub_title":"Diameter and albedo","text":"According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Patsayev measures between 29.39 and 31.50 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a high albedo between 0.030 and 0.039.[4][5][6] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) disagrees with the results found by WISE. CALL derives a much lower carbonaceous albedo of 0.046, and calculates a diameter of 25.69 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.9.[3]","title":"Physical characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minor planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet"},{"link_name":"Viktor Patsayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Patsayev"},{"link_name":"Soyuz 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_11"},{"link_name":"Salyut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut"},{"link_name":"Patsaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsaev_(crater)"},{"link_name":"1789 Dobrovolsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1789_Dobrovolsky"},{"link_name":"1790 Volkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790_Volkov"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-springer-2"},{"link_name":"Fallen Astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut"},{"link_name":"Apollo 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15"},{"link_name":"naming citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_1001%E2%80%932000#791"},{"link_name":"Minor Planet Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center"},{"link_name":"M.P.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoMP-Circular-dates-9"}],"text":"This minor planet was named in honor of Russian–Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Patsayev (1933–1971), test Engineer of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft, who died on his first spaceflight on 30 June 1971 during the vehicle's return to Earth after completing the flight program of the first crewed orbital station, Salyut. The lunar crater Patsaev is also named after him. The precedingly numbered minor planets 1789 Dobrovolsky and 1790 Volkov were named in honour of his dead crew members.[2]The names of all three cosmonauts are also engraved on the plaque next to the sculpture of the Fallen Astronaut on the Moon, which was placed there during the Apollo 15 mission, containing the names of eight American astronauts and six Soviet cosmonauts, who had all died in service. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 July 1972 (M.P.C. 3296).[9]","title":"Naming"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1791 Patsayev (1967 RE)\" (2016-07-29 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 8 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001791","url_text":"\"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1791 Patsayev (1967 RE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). \"(1791) Patsayev\". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1791) Patsayev. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 143. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1792. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Berlin_Heidelberg","url_text":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_1792","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00238-3","url_text":"978-3-540-00238-3"}]},{"reference":"\"LCDB Data for (1791) Patsayev\". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1791%7CPatsayev","url_text":"\"LCDB Data for (1791) Patsayev\""}]},{"reference":"Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). \"NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results\". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.6407","url_text":"1109.6407"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...741...90M","url_text":"2011ApJ...741...90M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F741%2F2%2F90","url_text":"10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90"}]},{"reference":"Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Dailey, J.; et al. (November 2011). \"Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters\". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 20. arXiv:1109.4096. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...68M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68. Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011ApJ...741...68M","url_text":"\"Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.4096","url_text":"1109.4096"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...741...68M","url_text":"2011ApJ...741...68M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F741%2F2%2F68","url_text":"10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68"}]},{"reference":"Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; et al. (November 2012). \"Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids\". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 759 (1): 5. arXiv:1209.5794. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L...8M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8. Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...759L...8M","url_text":"\"Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1209.5794","url_text":"1209.5794"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...759L...8M","url_text":"2012ApJ...759L...8M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F759%2F1%2FL8","url_text":"10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8"}]},{"reference":"Black, Sydney; Linville, Dylan; Michalik, Danielle; Wolf, Matthew; Ditteon, Richard (October 2016). \"Lightcurve Analysis of Asteroids Observed at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory: 2015 December - 2016 April\". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 43 (4): 287–289. Bibcode:2016MPBu...43..287B. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2016MPBu...43..287B","url_text":"\"Lightcurve Analysis of Asteroids Observed at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory: 2015 December - 2016 April\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MPBu...43..287B","url_text":"2016MPBu...43..287B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1052-8091","url_text":"1052-8091"}]},{"reference":"\"1791 Patsayev (1967 RE)\". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1791","url_text":"\"1791 Patsayev (1967 RE)\""}]},{"reference":"Schmadel, Lutz D. (2009). \"Appendix – Publication Dates of the MPCs\". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 221. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4. ISBN 978-3-642-01964-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryminorp2008schm","url_text":"Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008)"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryminorp2008schm/page/n230","url_text":"221"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-01965-4","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-01964-7","url_text":"978-3-642-01964-7"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001791","external_links_name":"\"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1791 Patsayev (1967 RE)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-29925-7_1792","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1792"},{"Link":"http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=1791%7CPatsayev","external_links_name":"\"LCDB Data for (1791) Patsayev\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.6407","external_links_name":"1109.6407"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...741...90M","external_links_name":"2011ApJ...741...90M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F741%2F2%2F90","external_links_name":"10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90"},{"Link":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011ApJ...741...68M","external_links_name":"\"Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.4096","external_links_name":"1109.4096"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...741...68M","external_links_name":"2011ApJ...741...68M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F741%2F2%2F68","external_links_name":"10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68"},{"Link":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...759L...8M","external_links_name":"\"Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1209.5794","external_links_name":"1209.5794"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...759L...8M","external_links_name":"2012ApJ...759L...8M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F759%2F1%2FL8","external_links_name":"10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8"},{"Link":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2016MPBu...43..287B","external_links_name":"\"Lightcurve Analysis of Asteroids Observed at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory: 2015 December - 2016 April\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MPBu...43..287B","external_links_name":"2016MPBu...43..287B"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1052-8091","external_links_name":"1052-8091"},{"Link":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1791","external_links_name":"\"1791 Patsayev (1967 RE)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryminorp2008schm","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryminorp2008schm/page/n230","external_links_name":"221"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-01965-4","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4"},{"Link":"http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php","external_links_name":"Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)"},{"Link":"http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html","external_links_name":"info"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Minor Planet Names"},{"Link":"http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html","external_links_name":"Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR"},{"Link":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html","external_links_name":"Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000)"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=1791&pc=1.1.0","external_links_name":"1791 Patsayev"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=1791&pc=1.1.3.0","external_links_name":"Ephemeris"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=1791&pc=1.1.4.0","external_links_name":"Observation prediction"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=1791&pc=1.1.1","external_links_name":"Orbital info"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=1791&pc=1.1.6","external_links_name":"Proper elements"},{"Link":"https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?n=1791&pc=1.1.7.0","external_links_name":"Observational info"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20001791#content","external_links_name":"1791 Patsayev"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20001791;cad=1#cad","external_links_name":"Close approach"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20001791#discovery","external_links_name":"Discovery"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=20001791","external_links_name":"Ephemeris"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20001791&orb=1#orb","external_links_name":"Orbit diagram"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20001791#elem","external_links_name":"Orbital elements"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20001791#phys_par","external_links_name":"Physical parameters"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=20001791","external_links_name":"JPL SBDB"},{"Link":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1791","external_links_name":"MPC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Mrs_Beeton	Isabella Beeton	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life, 1836–1854","1.2 Marriage and career, 1854–1861","1.3 Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management and later, 1861–1865","2 Legacy","3 Notes and references","3.1 Notes","3.2 References","3.3 Sources","4 External links"]	English journalist, publisher and writer (1836–1865) Isabella Beeton (née Mayson), photographed in about 1854. Isabella Mary Beeton (née Mayson; 14 March 1836 – 6 February 1865), known as Mrs Beeton, was an English journalist, editor and writer. Her name is particularly associated with her first book, the 1861 work Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management. She was born in London and, after schooling in Islington, north London, and Heidelberg, Germany, she married Samuel Orchart Beeton, an ambitious publisher and magazine editor. In 1857, less than a year after the wedding, Beeton began writing for one of her husband's publications, The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine. She translated French fiction and wrote the cookery column, though all the recipes were plagiarised from other works or sent in by the magazine's readers. In 1859 the Beetons launched a series of 48-page monthly supplements to The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine; the 24 instalments were published in one volume as Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management in October 1861, which sold 60,000 copies in the first year. Beeton was working on an abridged version of her book, which was to be titled The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery, when she died of puerperal fever in February 1865 at the age of 28. She gave birth to four children, two of whom died in infancy, and had several miscarriages. Two of her biographers, Nancy Spain and Kathryn Hughes, posit the theory that Samuel had unknowingly contracted syphilis in a premarital liaison with a prostitute, and had unwittingly passed the disease on to his wife. The Book of Household Management has been edited, revised and enlarged several times since Beeton's death and is still in print as at 2016. Food writers have stated that the subsequent editions of the work were far removed from and inferior to the original version. Several cookery writers, including Elizabeth David and Clarissa Dickson Wright, have criticised Beeton's work, particularly her use of other people's recipes. Others, such as the food writer Bee Wilson, consider the censure overstated, and that Beeton and her work should be thought extraordinary and admirable. Her name has become associated with knowledge and authority on Victorian cooking and home management, and the Oxford English Dictionary states that by 1891 the term Mrs Beeton had become used as a generic name for a domestic authority. She is also considered a strong influence in the building or shaping of a middle-class identity of the Victorian era. Biography Early life, 1836–1854 Cheapside, London, where Isabella and her family moved in 1836 Isabella Mayson was born on 14 March 1836 in Marylebone, London. She was the eldest of three daughters to Benjamin Mayson, a linen factor (merchant) and his wife Elizabeth (née Jerrom). Shortly after Isabella's birth the family moved to Milk Street, Cheapside, from where Benjamin traded. He died when Isabella was four years old, and Elizabeth, pregnant and unable to cope with raising the children on her own while maintaining Benjamin's business, sent her two elder daughters to live with relatives. Isabella went to live with her recently widowed paternal grandfather in Great Orton, Cumberland, though she was back with her mother within the next two years. The new race stand at Epsom Racecourse in 1829 Three years after Benjamin's death Elizabeth married Henry Dorling, a widower with four children. Henry was the Clerk of Epsom Racecourse, and had been granted residence within the racecourse grounds. The family, including Elizabeth's mother, moved to Surrey and over the next twenty years Henry and Elizabeth had a further thirteen children. Isabella was instrumental in her siblings' upbringing, and collectively referred to them as a "living cargo of children". The experience gave her much insight and experience in how to manage a family and its household. After a brief education at a boarding school in Islington, in 1851 Isabella was sent to school in Heidelberg, Germany, accompanied by her stepsister Jane Dorling. Isabella became proficient in the piano and excelled in French and German; she also gained knowledge and experience in making pastry. She had returned to Epsom by the summer of 1854 and took further lessons in pastry-making from a local baker. Marriage and career, 1854–1861 Around 1854 Isabella Mayson began a relationship with Samuel Orchart Beeton. His family had lived in Milk Street at the same time as the Maysons—Samuel's father still ran the Dolphin Tavern there—and Samuel's sisters had also attended the same Heidelberg school as Isabella. Samuel was the first British publisher of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852 and had also released two innovative and pioneering journals: The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine in 1852 and the Boys' Own magazine in 1855. The couple entered into extensive correspondence in 1855—in which Isabella signed her letters as "Fatty"—and they announced their engagement in June 1855. The marriage took place at St Martin's Church, Epsom, in July the following year, and was announced in The Times. Samuel was "a discreet but firm believer in the equality of women" and their relationship, both personal and professional, was an equal partnership. The couple went to Paris for a three-week honeymoon, after which Samuel's mother joined them in a visit to Heidelberg. They returned to Britain in August, when the newlyweds moved into 2 Chandos Villas, a large Italianate house in Pinner. Samuel Orchart Beeton in 1860 Within a month of returning from their honeymoon Beeton was pregnant. A few weeks before the birth, Samuel persuaded his wife to contribute to The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, a publication that the food writers Mary Aylett and Olive Ordish consider was "designed to make women content with their lot inside the home, not to interest them in the world outside". The magazine was affordable, aimed at young middle class women and was commercially successful, selling 50,000 issues a month by 1856. Beeton began by translating French fiction for publication as stories or serials. Shortly afterwards she started to work on the cookery column—which had been moribund for the previous six months following the departure of the previous correspondent—and the household article. The Beetons' son, Samuel Orchart, was born towards the end of May 1857, but died at the end of August that year. On the death certificate, the cause of death was given as diarrhoea and cholera, although Hughes hypothesises that Samuel senior had unknowingly contracted syphilis in a premarital liaison with a prostitute, and had unwittingly passed the condition on to his wife, which would have infected his son. While coping with the loss of her child, Beeton continued to work at The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine. Although she was not a regular cook, she and Samuel obtained recipes from other sources. A request to receive the readers' own recipes led to over 2,000 being sent in, which were selected and edited by the Beetons. Published works were also copied, largely unattributed to any of the sources. These included Eliza Acton's Modern Cookery for Private Families, Elizabeth Raffald's The Experienced English Housekeeper, Marie-Antoine Carême's Le Pâtissier royal parisien, Louis Eustache Ude's The French Cook, Alexis Soyer's The Modern Housewife or, Ménagère and The Pantropheon, Hannah Glasse's The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy, Maria Rundell's A New System of Domestic Cookery, and the works of Charles Elmé Francatelli. Suzanne Daly and Ross G. Forman, in their examination of Victorian cooking culture, consider that the plagiarism makes it "an important index of mid-Victorian and middle-class society" because the production of the text from its own readers ensures that it is a reflection of what was actually being cooked and eaten at the time. In copying the recipes of others, Beeton was following the recommendation given to her by Henrietta English, a family friend, who wrote that "Cookery is a Science that is only learnt by Long Experience and years of study which of course you have not had. Therefore my advice would be compile a book from receipts from a Variety of the Best Books published on Cookery and Heaven knows there is a great variety for you to choose from." The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, September 1861 The Beetons partly followed the layout of Acton's recipes, although with a major alteration: whereas the earlier writer provided the method of cooking followed by a list of the required ingredients, the recipes in The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine listed the components before the cooking process. Beeton 's standardised layout used for the recipes also showed the approximate costs of each serving, the seasonality of the ingredients and the number of portions per dish. According to the twentieth-century British cookery writer Elizabeth David, one of the strengths of Beeton's writing was in the "clarity and details of her general instructions, her brisk comments, her no-nonsense asides". Margaret Beetham, the historian, sees that one of the strengths of the book was the "consistent principle of organisation which made its heterogeneous contents look uniform and orderly", and brought a consistent style in presentation and layout. Whereas Daly and Forman consider such an approach as "nothing if not formulaic", Hughes sees it as "the thing most beloved by the mid Victorians, a system". During the particularly bitter winter of 1858–59 Beeton prepared her own soup that she served to the poor of Pinner, "Soup for benevolent purposes"; her sister later recalled that Beeton "was busy making soup for the poor, and the children used to call with their cans regularly to be refilled". The recipe would become the only entry in her Book of Household Management that was her own. After two years of miscarriages, the couple's second son was born in June 1859; he was also named Samuel Orchart Beeton. Hughes sees the miscarriages as further evidence of Samuel's syphilis. As early as 1857 the Beetons had considered using the magazine columns as the basis of a book of collected recipes and homecare advice, Hughes believes, and in November 1859 they launched a series of 48-page monthly supplements with The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine. The print block for the whole series of the supplements was set from the beginning so the break between each edition was fixed at 48 pages, regardless of the text, and in several issues the text of a sentence or recipe is split between the end of one instalment and the beginning of the next. The Beetons decided to revamp The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, particularly the fashion column, which the historian Graham Nown describes as "a rather drab piece". They travelled to Paris in March 1860 to meet Adolphe Goubaud, the publisher of the French magazine Le Moniteur de la Mode. The magazine carried a full-sized dress pattern outlined on a fold-out piece of paper for users to cut out and make their own dresses. The Beetons came to an agreement with Goubaud for the Frenchman to provide patterns and illustrations for their magazine. The first edition to carry the new feature appeared on 1 May, six weeks after the couple returned from Paris. For the redesigned magazine, Samuel was joined as editor by Isabella, who was described as "Editress". As well as being co-editors, the couple were also equal partners. Isabella brought an efficiency and strong business acumen to Samuel's normally disorganised and financially wasteful approach. She joined her husband at work, travelling daily by train to the office, where her presence caused a stir among commuters, most of whom were male. In June 1860 the Beetons travelled to Killarney, Ireland, for a fortnight's holiday, leaving their son at home with his nurse. They enjoyed the sightseeing, although on the days it rained, they stayed inside their hotel and worked on the next edition of The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine. Beeton was impressed with the food they were served, and wrote in her diary that the dinners were "conducted in quite the French style". In September 1861 the Beetons released a new, weekly publication called The Queen, the Ladies' Newspaper. With the Beetons busy running their other titles, they employed Frederick Greenwood as the editor. Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management and later, 1861–1865 I must frankly own, that if I had known, beforehand, that this book would have cost me the labour which it has, I should never have been courageous enough to commence it. Isabella Beeton, Preface of the Book of Household Management The complete version of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, consisting of the 24 collected monthly instalments, was published on 1 October 1861; it became one of the major publishing events of the nineteenth century. Beeton included an extensive 26-page "Analytical Index" in the book. Although not an innovation—it had been used in The Family Friend magazine since 1855—Hughes considers the index in the Book of Household Management to be "fabulously detailed and exhaustively cross-referenced". Of the 1,112 pages, over 900 contained recipes. The remainder provided advice on fashion, child care, animal husbandry, poisons, the management of servants, science, religion, first aid and the importance in the use of local and seasonal produce. In its first year of publication, the book sold 60,000 copies. It reflected Victorian values, particularly hard work, thrift and cleanliness. Christopher Clausen, in his study of the British middle classes, sees that Beeton "reflected better than anyone else, and for a larger audience, the optimistic message that mid-Victorian England was filled with opportunities for those who were willing to learn how to take advantage of them". The food writer Annette Hope thinks that "one can understand its success. If ... young ladies knew nothing of domestic arrangements, no better book than this could have been devised for them." Title page of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, published in 1861 The reviews for Book of Household Management were positive. The critic for the London Evening Standard considered that Beeton had earned herself a household reputation, remarking that she had "succeeded in producing a volume which will be, for years to come, a treasure to be made much of in every English household". The critic for the Saturday Review wrote that "for a really valuable repertory of hints on all sorts of household matters, we recommend Mrs Beeton with few misgivings". The anonymous reviewer for The Bradford Observer considered that "the information afforded ... appears intelligible and explicit"; the reviewer also praised the layout of the recipes, highlighting details relating to ingredients, seasonality and the times needed. Writing in The Morning Chronicle, an anonymous commentator opined that "Mrs Beeton has omitted nothing which tends to the comfort of housekeepers, or facilitates the many little troubles and cares that fall to the lot of every wife and mother. She may safely predict that this book will in future take precedence of every other on the same subject." For the 1906 edition of the book, The Illustrated London News's reviewer considered the work "a formidable body of domestic doctrine", and thought that "the book is almost of the first magnitude". Samuel's business decisions from 1861 were unproductive and included an ill-advised investment in purchasing paper—in which he lost £1,000—and a court case over unpaid bills. His hubris in business affairs brought on financial difficulties and in early 1862 the couple had moved from their comfortable Pinner house to premises over their office. The air of central London was not conducive to the health of the Beetons' son, and he began to ail. Three days after Christmas his health worsened and he died on New Year's Eve 1862 at the age of three; his death certificate gave the cause as "suppressed scarlatina" and "laryngitis". In March 1863 Beeton found that she was pregnant again, and in April the couple moved to a house in Greenhithe, Kent; their son, who they named Orchart, was born on New Year's Eve 1863. Although the couple had been through financial problems, they enjoyed relative prosperity during 1863, boosted by the sale of The Queen to Edward Cox in the middle of the year. In the middle of 1864 the Beetons again visited the Goubauds in Paris—the couple's third visit to the city—and Beeton was pregnant during the visit, just as she had been the previous year. On her return to Britain she began working on an abridged version of the Book of Household Management , which was to be titled The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery. On 29 January 1865, while working on the proofs of the dictionary, she went into labour; the baby—Mayson Moss—was born that day. Beeton began to feel feverish the following day and died of puerperal fever on 6 February at the age of 28. Gravestone of Samuel and Isabella, West Norwood Cemetery Beeton was buried at West Norwood Cemetery on 11 February. When The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery was published in the same year, Samuel added a tribute to his wife at the end: Her works speak for themselves; and, although taken from this world in the very height and strength, and in the early days of womanhood, she felt satisfaction—so great to all who strive with good intent and warm will—of knowing herself regarded with respect and gratitude.— Samuel Beeton, The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery Legacy In May 1866, following a severe downturn in his financial fortunes, Samuel sold the rights to the Book of Household Management to Ward, Lock and Tyler (later Ward Lock & Co). The writer Nancy Spain, in her biography of Isabella, reports that, given the money the company made from the Beetons' work, "surely no man ever made a worse or more impractical bargain" than Samuel did. In subsequent publications Ward Lock suppressed the details of the lives of the Beetons—especially the death of Isabella—in order to protect their investment by letting readers think she was still alive and creating recipes—what Hughes considers to be "intentional censorship". Those later editions continued to make the connection to Beeton in what Beetham considers to be a "fairly ruthless marketing policy which was begun by Beeton but carried on vigorously by Ward, Lock, and Tyler". Those subsequent volumes bearing Beeton's name became less reflective of the original. Since its initial publication the Book of Household Management has been issued in numerous hardback and paperback editions, translated into several languages and has never been out of print. Isabella in 1860 Beeton and her main work have been subjected to criticism over the course of the twentieth century. Elizabeth David complains of recipes that are "sometimes slapdash and misleading", although she acknowledges that Prosper Montagné's Larousse Gastronomique also contains errors. The television cook Delia Smith admits she was puzzled "how on earth Mrs Beeton's book managed to utterly eclipse ... superior work", while her fellow chef, Clarissa Dickson Wright, opines that "It would be unfair to blame any one person or one book for the decline of English cookery, but Isabella Beeton and her ubiquitous book do have a lot to answer for." In comparison, the food writer Bee Wilson opines that disparaging Beeton's work was only a "fashionable" stance to take and that the cook's writing "simply makes you want to cook". Christopher Driver, the journalist and food critic, suggests that the "relative stagnation and want of refinement in the indigenous cooking of Britain between 1880 and 1930" may instead be explained by the "progressive debasement under successive editors, revises and enlargers". David comments that "when plain English cooks" were active in their kitchens, "they followed plain English recipes and chiefly those from the Mrs Beeton books or their derivatives". Dickson Wright considers Beeton to be a "fascinating source of information" from a social history viewpoint, and Aylett and Ordish consider the work to be "the best and most reliable guide for the scholar to the domestic history of the mid-Victorian era". Despite the criticism, Clausen observes that "'Mrs. Beeton' has ... been for over a century the standard English cookbook, frequently outselling every other book but the Bible". According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Mrs Beeton became used as a generic name for "an authority on cooking and domestic subjects" as early as 1891, and Beetham opines that "'Mrs. Beeton' became a trade mark, a brand name". In a review by Gavin Koh published in a 2009 issue of The BMJ, Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management was labelled a medical classic. In Beeton's "attempt to educate the average reader about common medical complaints and their management", Koh argues, "she preceded the family health guides of today". Robin Wensley, a professor of strategic management, believes that Beeton's advice and guidance on household management can also be applied to business management, and her lessons on the subject have stood the test of time better than some of her advice on cooking or etiquette. Following the radio broadcast of Meet Mrs. Beeton, a 1934 comedy in which Samuel was portrayed in an unflattering light, and Mrs Beeton, a 1937 documentary, Mayston Beeton worked with H. Montgomery Hyde to produce the biography Mr and Mrs Beeton, although completion and publication were delayed until 1951. In the meantime Nancy Spain published Mrs Beeton and her Husband in 1948, updated and retitled in 1956 to The Beeton Story. In the new edition Spain hinted at, but did not elucidate upon, on the possibility that Samuel contracted syphilis. Several other biographies followed, including from the historian Sarah Freeman, who wrote Isabella and Sam in 1977; Nown's Mrs Beeton: 150 Years of Cookery and Household Management, published on the 150th anniversary of Beeton's birthday, and Hughes's The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton, published in 2006. Beeton was ignored by the Dictionary of National Biography for many years: while Acton was included in the first published volume of 1885, Beeton did not have an entry until 1993. There have been several television broadcasts about Beeton. In 1970 Margaret Tyzack portrayed her in a solo performance written by Rosemary Hill, in 2006 Anna Madeley played Beeton in a docudrama, and Sophie Dahl presented a documentary, The Marvellous Mrs Beeton, in the same year. The literary historian Kate Thomas sees Beeton as "a powerful force in the making of middle-class Victorian domesticity", while the Oxford University Press, advertising an abridged edition of the Book of Household Management, considers Beeton's work a "founding text" and "a force in shaping" the middle-class identity of the Victorian era. Within that identity, the historian Sarah Richardson sees that one of Beeton's achievements was the integration of different threads of domestic science into one volume, which "elevat the middle-class female housekeeper's role ... placing it in a broader and more public context". Nown quotes an unnamed academic who thought that "Mrs Beetonism has preserved the family as a social unit, and made social reforms a possibility", while Nicola Humble, in her history of British food, sees The Book of Household Management as "an engine for social change" which led to a "new cult of domesticity that was to play such a major role in mid-Victorian life". Nown considers Beeton ... a singular and remarkable woman, praised in her lifetime and later forgotten and ignored when a pride in light pastry ... were no longer considered prerequisites for womanhood. Yet in her lively, progressive way, she helped many women to overcome the loneliness of marriage and gave the family the importance it deserved. In the climate of her time she was brave, strong-minded and a tireless champion of her sisters everywhere. Notes and references Notes ^ Beeton's biographer, Kathryn Hughes, opines that Benjamin, "a vicar's son ... though not quite a gentleman, was established in a gentlemanly line of business". ^ Although several biographies state Beeton was at Milk Lane, Hughes considers this as part of the "legend" that surrounds Beeton; birth at the address in the City of London would have been within the sound of the bells of St Mary-le-Bow church, which would make her a cockney. ^ The cause of death was given as "apoplexy" which, Hughes notes, was the term used to cover a range of ailments including alcoholism, syphilis, stroke and heart attack. The historian Sarah Freeman, in her biography of Beeton, considers that the cause of death was "probably fever, perhaps cholera". ^ The couple's twelfth child, Alfred, was embarrassed about the number of children and sent his father a condom through the post as a practical joke. His father, unhappy with the implication—condoms tended to only be used by prostitutes' clients—sent his son away for an apprenticeship with the merchant navy. ^ The practice in middle class German households at the time was for the mistress of the house to make cakes and puddings herself, rather than instructing the household staff to undertake the task. ^ The soup—which took six and a half hours to make at the cost of 1+1⁄2d. ("d" was a penny, 1/240 of a pound sterling) per quart—consisted of:"An ox-cheek, any pieces of trimmings of beef, which may be bought very cheaply (say 4 lbs.), a few bones, any pot-liquor the larder may furnish, 1/4 peck of onions, 6 leeks, a large bunch of herbs, 1/2 lb. of celery (the outside pieces, or green tops, do very well); 1/2 lb. of carrots, 1/2 lb. of turnips, 1/2 lb. of coarse brown sugar, 1/2 a pint of beer, 4 lbs. of common rice or pearl barley; 1/2 lb. of salt, 1 oz. of black pepper, a few raspings, 10 gallons of water." ^ The writer Nancy Spain, in her biography of Beeton, put the month of birth as September, while Freeman puts the birth in the autumn. ^ After merging with Harper's magazine to become Harper's & Queen in 1970, the publication then became Harper's, before its current incarnation, Harper's Bazaar. ^ The full title of the book was The Book of Household Management, comprising information for the Mistress, Housekeeper, Cook, Kitchen-Maid, Butler, Footman, Coachman, Valet, Upper and Under House-Maids, Lady's-Maid, Maid-of-all-Work, Laundry-Maid, Nurse and Nurse-Maid, Monthly Wet and Sick Nurses, etc. etc.—also Sanitary, Medical, & Legal Memoranda: with a History of the Origin, Properties, and Uses of all Things Connected with Home Life and Comfort. ^ Scarlatina is an archaic name for scarlet fever. ^ Mayson became a journalist for the Daily Mail; he was knighted for his work at the Ministry of Munitions during the First World War. The Beetons' elder son, Orchart, went on to a career in the army; both died in 1947. ^ When Samuel died in 1877, at the age of 46, he was buried alongside his wife. ^ Meet Mrs. Beeton, written by L. du Garde Peach, was broadcast on 4 January 1934 on the BBC National Programme; Joyce Carey played Isabella and George Sanders played Samuel. ^ Mrs. Beeton, written by Joan Adeney Easdale, was broadcast on 9 November 1937 on the BBC Regional Programme. References ^ Hughes 2006, p. 21. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 21, 28. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 28. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 32. ^ Freeman 1977, p. 30. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 33–34. ^ Freeman 1977, p. 33. ^ David 1961, p. 304. ^ a b c d e Beetham 2012. ^ Freeman 1977, pp. 39–40. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 56. ^ a b c David, Elizabeth (21 October 1960). "Too Many Cooks". The Spectator: 45. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 65, 67–69. ^ Humble 2006, p. 7. ^ Freeman 1989, p. 163. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 71–72. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 67–68. ^ Spain 1948, p. 48. ^ a b Beetham 2004. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 101. ^ Spain 1948, pp. 63, 67. ^ "Marriages". The Times. 14 July 1856. p. 1. ^ Freeman 1989, p. 164. ^ Freeman 1977, pp. 127–29. ^ Nown 1986, pp. 9–10, 14. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 157. ^ Aylett & Ordish 1965, p. 224. ^ "The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine". British Library. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015. ^ Forster-Walmsley 2013, 2587. ^ a b Freeman 1977, p. 164. ^ Nown 1986, p. 23. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 181–83. ^ Hardy 2011, p. 203. ^ Broomfield, Andrea (Summer 2008). "Rushing Dinner to the Table: The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine and Industrialization's Effects on Middle-Class Food and Cooking, 1852–1860". Victorian Periodicals Review. 41 (2): 101–23. doi:10.1353/vpr.0.0032. JSTOR 20084239. S2CID 161900658. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 198–201, 206–10. ^ Hughes, Kathryn. "Mrs Beeton and the Art of Household Management". British Library. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015. ^ a b Brown, Mark (2 June 2006). "Mrs Beeton couldn't cook but she could copy, reveals historian". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. ^ Daly, Suzanne; Forman, Ross G (2008). "Cooking Culture: Situating Food and Drink in the Nineteenth Century". Victorian Literature and Culture. 36 (2): 363–73. doi:10.1017/S1060150308080236. JSTOR 40347194. ^ Spain 1948, p. 115. ^ Freeman 1977, p. 76. ^ Paxman 2009, p. 114. ^ Freeman 1989, p. 165. ^ a b c d Beetham, Margaret (2008). "Good Taste and Sweet Ordering: Dining with Mrs Beeton". Victorian Literature and Culture. 36 (2): 391–406. doi:10.1017/S106015030808025X. JSTOR 40347196. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 261. ^ Beeton 1861, p. 65. ^ Smiles, Lucy (6 February 1932). "Mrs Beeton". The Times. p. 13. ^ Nown 1986, pp. 41–42. ^ Snodgrass 2004, p. 93. ^ Spain 1948, p. 124. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 265–66. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 188. ^ Russell, Polly (3 December 2010). "Mrs Beeton, the first domestic goddess". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. ^ Allen & van den Berg 2014, p. 49. ^ Cox & Mowatt 2014, p. 176. ^ Nown 1986, p. 90. ^ Spain 1948, p. 127. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 269–77. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 181, 272, 275–76. ^ Nown 1986, pp. 12, 96. ^ Hyde 1951, pp. 85–87. ^ Freeman 1989, p. 281. ^ Beetham 2003, p. 9. ^ Williams, Sarah (7 October 2006). "The First Domestic Goddess". The Daily Mail. p. 85. ^ Freeman 1977, pp. 178–79. ^ Beeton 1861, p. iii. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 282. ^ Spain 1948, p. 164. ^ Wilson & Wilson 1983, p. 175. ^ Humble 2006, p. 8. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 241. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 255–58. ^ a b "Isabella Beeton". Orion Publishing Group. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015. ^ Nichols, Martha (June 2000). "Home is Where the Dirt is". The Women's Review of Books. 17 (9): 9–11. doi:10.2307/4023454. JSTOR 4023454. ^ a b Clausen, Christopher (Summer 1993). "How to Join the Middle Classes: With the Help of Dr. Smiles and Mrs. Beeton". The American Scholar. 62 (3): 403–18. JSTOR 41212151. ^ Hope 2005, p. 163. ^ "Literary Summary". London Evening Standard. 20 February 1862. p. 3. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 282–83. ^ "Literary Notices". The Bradford Observer. 29 March 1860. p. 7. ^ "Literature". The Morning Chronicle. 28 February 1862. p. 3. ^ "New Books and New Editions". Illustrated London News. 17 February 1906. p. 232. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 301–03, 306–08. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 308. ^ Freeman 1977, pp. 226–27. ^ Freeman 1977, pp. 227–28. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 301. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 314–16, 319. ^ Freeman 1977, pp. 228–30. ^ Spain 1948, p. 255. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 319. ^ Spain 1948, p. 254. ^ Beeton 1865, p. 372. ^ Spain 1948, p. 240. ^ Hughes 2006, p. 4. ^ "Search results for 'Mrs Beeton'". WorldCat. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2016. ^ Hardy 2011, p. 8. ^ Dickson Wright 2011, p. 372. ^ Wilson, Bee (18 September 2000). "Good egg; Food – You can't beat Mrs Beeton, says Bee Wilson". New Statesman. p. 29. ^ Driver 1983, pp. 13–14. ^ David 1961, pp. 26–27. ^ Dickson Wright 2011, p. 374. ^ Aylett & Ordish 1965, p. 226. ^ "The language of cooking: from 'Forme of Cury' to 'Pukka Tucker'". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015. ^ "Mrs, n.1". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.(subscription required) ^ Koh, Gavin (26 September 2009). "Medical Classics; The Book of Household Management". The BMJ. 339 (7723): 755. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3866. JSTOR 25672776. S2CID 72911468. ^ Wensley, Robin (March 1996). "Isabella Beeton: Management as 'Everything in its Place'". Business Strategy Review. 7 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8616.1996.tb00113.x. ^ "Meet Mrs Beeton". Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009). BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015. ^ "Mrs Beeton". Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009). BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015. ^ Hughes 2006, pp. 401–07. ^ Barnes, Julian (3 April 2003). "Mrs Beeton to the rescue". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. ^ "Solo: Margaret Tyzack as Mrs Beeton". Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009). BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015. ^ "The Secret Life of Mrs Beeton". Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009). BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015. ^ "The Marvellous Mrs Beeton, with Sophie Dahl". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2015. ^ Thomas, Kate (2008). "Arthur Conan Doyle and Isabella Beeton". Victorian Literature and Culture. 36 (2): 375–90. doi:10.1017/S1060150308080248. JSTOR 40347195. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ "Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2015. ^ "Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015. ^ Richardson 2013, p. 42. ^ Nown 1986, p. 60. ^ Humble 2006, pp. 14–15. ^ Nown 1986, p. 116. Sources Allen, Rob; van den Berg, Thijs (2014). Serialization in Popular Culture. New York and Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-49205-3. Aylett, Mary; Ordish, Olive (1965). First Catch Your Hare. London: Macdonald. OCLC 54053. Beetham, Margaret (2003). A Magazine of Her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800–1914. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-76878-3. Beetham, Margaret (2004). "Beeton, Samuel Orchart (1831–1877)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/45481. Retrieved 23 November 2015.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Beetham, Margaret (2012). "Beeton, Isabella Mary (1836–1865)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37172. Retrieved 3 November 2015.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Beeton, Isabella (1861). The Book of Household Management. London: S.O. Beeton. OCLC 8586799. Beeton, Isabella (1865). Mrs Beeton's Dictionary of Every-day Cookery. London: S.O. Beeton. OCLC 681270556. Cox, Howard; Mowatt, Simon (2014). Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine Publishing in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960163-9. David, Elizabeth (1961). An Omelette and a Glass of Wine. New York, NY: Lyons & Burford. ISBN 978-1-55821-571-9. Dickson Wright, Clarissa (2011). A History of English Food. London: Random House. ISBN 978-1-905211-85-2. Driver, Christopher (1983). The British at Table 1940–1980. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-2582-0. Forster-Walmsley, J.K. (2013). Breaking the Mould (Kindle ed.). Amazon Media. ISBN 978-1-291-95255-1. Freeman, Sarah (1977). Isabella and Sam: The Story of Mrs. Beeton. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. ISBN 978-0-575-01835-8. Freeman, Sarah (1989). Mutton and Oysters: The Victorians and Their Food. London: Gollancz. ISBN 978-0-575-03151-7. Hardy, Sheila (2011). The Real Mrs Beeton: The Story of Eliza Acton. Stroud, Glous: History Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7524-6680-4. Hope, Annette (2005). Londoners' Larder. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84018-965-0. Hughes, Kathryn (2006). The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton. London: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7524-6122-9. Humble, Nicola (2006). Culinary Pleasures. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-22871-3. Hyde, Montgomery (1951). Mr and Mrs Beeton. London: George G. Harrap and Co. OCLC 4729698. Nown, Graham (1986). Mrs Beeton: 150 Years of Cookery and Household Management. London: Ward Lock. ISBN 978-0-7063-6459-0. Paxman, Jeremy (2009). The Victorians: Britain Through the Paintings of the Age. London: BBC Books. ISBN 978-1-84607-743-2. Richardson, Sarah (2013). The Political Worlds of Women: Gender and Politics in Nineteenth Century Britain. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-96493-1. Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2004). Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45572-9. Spain, Nancy (1948). Mrs Beeton and her Husband. London: Collins. OCLC 3178766. Wilson, Roger; Wilson, Nancy (1983). Please Pass the Salt. Philadelphia, PA: George F. Stickley. ISBN 978-0-89313-027-5. External links Wikisource has original works by or about:Isabella Beeton Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isabella Beeton. Works by Isabella Beeton at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Isabella Beeton at Internet Archive Beeton's Book of Household Management; searchable online version Beeton's Book of Household Management; with original illustrations Works by Isabella Beeton at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) vteEnglish cuisineRoman timesDishes Sausages Middle Agesto 15th centuryExemplars Utilis Coquinario (c. 1300) The Forme of Cury (c. 1390) Dishes Apple pie Bacon Banbury cake Cheesecake Custard Game pie Gingerbread Kippers Mince pie Mortis Pasty Pease pudding Pie Pottage 16th centuryExemplars Richard Pynson (The Boke of Cokery, 1500) Thomas Dawson (The Good Huswifes Jewell, 1585) Dishes Black pudding Fruit fool Pancake Scones Syllabub Trifle (without jelly) 17th centuryExemplars Elinor Fettiplace (Receipt Book, 1604) Gervase Markham (The English Huswife, 1615) Robert May (The Accomplisht Cook, 1660) Hannah Woolley (The Queen-like Closet or Rich Cabinet 1670) Kenelm Digby (The Closet Opened 1699) Dishes Battalia pie Currant bun Queen of Puddings Sponge cake Sussex pond pudding Sweet and sour Tea 18th centuryExemplars Mary Kettilby (A Collection of Above Three Hundred Receipts in Cookery, Physick and Surgery 1714) Mary Eales (Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts 1718) John Nott (The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary, 1723) Eliza Smith (The Compleat Housewife 1727) Hannah Glasse (The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy 1747) Ann Cook (Professed Cookery, 1754) Martha Bradley (The British Housewife 1758) Elizabeth Raffald (The Experienced English Housekeeper 1769) Richard Briggs (The English Art of Cookery 1788) William Augustus Henderson (The Housekeeper's Instructor 1791) Dishes Bread and butter pudding Christmas pudding Chutney Curry Cottage or Shepherd's pie Cumberland rum nicky Eccles cake Jellied eels Jugged hare Ketchup Marmalade Parkin Piccalilli Pork pie Roast beef Sandwich Scouse Suet pudding Toad in the hole Trifle (with jelly) Welsh rarebit Yorkshire pudding 19th centuryExemplars Maria Rundell (A New System of Domestic Cookery 1806) Eliza Acton (Modern Cookery for Private Families 1845) Charles Elmé Francatelli (The Modern Cook 1846) Isabella Beeton (Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management 1861) Dishes Bubble and squeak Cauliflower cheese Cobbler Devilled kidneys Faggots Fish and chips Full English breakfast HP Sauce Ice cream cone Lancashire hotpot Potted shrimps Sausage roll Steak and kidney pudding Battenberg cake Eton mess Eve's pudding Jam roly-poly Lardy cake Madeira cake Summer pudding Windsor soup Worcestershire sauce 20th centuryExemplars Florence Petty Elizabeth David (A Book of Mediterranean Food 1950) Dorothy Hartley (Food in England 1954) Constance Spry Fanny Cradock Marguerite Patten Jane Grigson Delia Smith Rick Stein Nigel Slater Keith Floyd Marco Pierre White Nigella Lawson Jamie Oliver Fergus Henderson (The Whole Beast 1999) Gordon Ramsay Gary Rhodes Mary Berry Dishes Bakewell tart Beef Wellington Carrot cake Chicken tikka masala Coronation chicken Crumble Knickerbocker glory Ploughman's lunch Salad cream Sticky toffee pudding 21st centuryExemplars Michel Roux Jr. (Le Gavroche) Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall (River Cottage) Antony Worrall Thompson Heston Blumenthal (The Fat Duck) Clarissa Dickson Wright (A History of English Food 2011) Rachel Khoo Dishes Coronation quiche Platinum Pudding Related Food in England (1954) List of English dishes List of English cheeses List of savoury puddings List of sweet puddings Rationing in the United Kingdom Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway 2 France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Japan Australia Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isabella_Mary_Beeton.jpg"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs_Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management"},{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Samuel Orchart Beeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Orchart_Beeton"},{"link_name":"The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Englishwoman%27s_Domestic_Magazine"},{"link_name":"plagiarised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism"},{"link_name":"puerperal fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerperal_fever"},{"link_name":"Nancy Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Spain"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Hughes"},{"link_name":"syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_David"},{"link_name":"Clarissa Dickson Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright"},{"link_name":"Bee Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"}],"text":"English journalist, publisher and writer (1836–1865)Isabella Beeton (née Mayson), photographed in about 1854.Isabella Mary Beeton (née Mayson; 14 March 1836 – 6 February 1865), known as Mrs Beeton, was an English journalist, editor and writer. Her name is particularly associated with her first book, the 1861 work Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management. She was born in London and, after schooling in Islington, north London, and Heidelberg, Germany, she married Samuel Orchart Beeton, an ambitious publisher and magazine editor.In 1857, less than a year after the wedding, Beeton began writing for one of her husband's publications, The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine. She translated French fiction and wrote the cookery column, though all the recipes were plagiarised from other works or sent in by the magazine's readers. In 1859 the Beetons launched a series of 48-page monthly supplements to The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine; the 24 instalments were published in one volume as Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management in October 1861, which sold 60,000 copies in the first year. Beeton was working on an abridged version of her book, which was to be titled The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery, when she died of puerperal fever in February 1865 at the age of 28. She gave birth to four children, two of whom died in infancy, and had several miscarriages. Two of her biographers, Nancy Spain and Kathryn Hughes, posit the theory that Samuel had unknowingly contracted syphilis in a premarital liaison with a prostitute, and had unwittingly passed the disease on to his wife.The Book of Household Management has been edited, revised and enlarged several times since Beeton's death and is still in print as at 2016. Food writers have stated that the subsequent editions of the work were far removed from and inferior to the original version. Several cookery writers, including Elizabeth David and Clarissa Dickson Wright, have criticised Beeton's work, particularly her use of other people's recipes. Others, such as the food writer Bee Wilson, consider the censure overstated, and that Beeton and her work should be thought extraordinary and admirable. Her name has become associated with knowledge and authority on Victorian cooking and home management, and the Oxford English Dictionary states that by 1891 the term Mrs Beeton had become used as a generic name for a domestic authority. She is also considered a strong influence in the building or shaping of a middle-class identity of the Victorian era.","title":"Isabella Beeton"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheapside_and_Bow_Church_engraved_by_W.Albutt_after_T.H.Shepherd_publ_1837_edited.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cheapside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheapside"},{"link_name":"Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Cheapside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheapside"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200621,_28-3"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Great Orton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Orton"},{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200633%E2%80%9334-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epsom_New_Race_Stand_%E2%80%93_1829.jpg"},{"link_name":"Epsom Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Henry Dorling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dorling"},{"link_name":"Epsom Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman197733-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid1961304-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeetham2012-12"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spec:_ED-16"},{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200665,_67%E2%80%9369-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumble20067-18"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeetham2012-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200671%E2%80%9372-21"}],"sub_title":"Early life, 1836–1854","text":"Cheapside, London, where Isabella and her family moved in 1836Isabella Mayson was born on 14 March 1836 in Marylebone, London. She was the eldest of three daughters to Benjamin Mayson, a linen factor (merchant)[a] and his wife Elizabeth (née Jerrom). Shortly after Isabella's birth the family moved to Milk Street, Cheapside, from where Benjamin traded.[2][b] He died when Isabella was four years old,[c] and Elizabeth, pregnant and unable to cope with raising the children on her own while maintaining Benjamin's business, sent her two elder daughters to live with relatives. Isabella went to live with her recently widowed paternal grandfather in Great Orton, Cumberland, though she was back with her mother within the next two years.[6]The new race stand at Epsom Racecourse in 1829Three years after Benjamin's death Elizabeth married Henry Dorling, a widower with four children. Henry was the Clerk of Epsom Racecourse, and had been granted residence within the racecourse grounds. The family, including Elizabeth's mother, moved to Surrey[7] and over the next twenty years Henry and Elizabeth had a further thirteen children. Isabella was instrumental in her siblings' upbringing, and collectively referred to them as a \"living cargo of children\".[8][9][d] The experience gave her much insight and experience in how to manage a family and its household.[12]After a brief education at a boarding school in Islington, in 1851 Isabella was sent to school in Heidelberg, Germany, accompanied by her stepsister Jane Dorling. Isabella became proficient in the piano and excelled in French and German; she also gained knowledge and experience in making pastry.[13][14][e] She had returned to Epsom by the summer of 1854 and took further lessons in pastry-making from a local baker.[9][16]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Orchart Beeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Orchart_Beeton"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200667%E2%80%9368-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpain194848-23"},{"link_name":"Harriet Beecher Stowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe"},{"link_name":"Uncle Tom's Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin"},{"link_name":"The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Englishwoman%27s_Domestic_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Boys' Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys%27_Own"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeetham2004-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006101-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpain194863,_67-26"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times:_Marriage-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1989164-28"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeetham2012-12"},{"link_name":"Italianate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianate_architecture"},{"link_name":"Pinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinner"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977127%E2%80%9329-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENown19869%E2%80%9310,_14-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Orchart_Beeton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samuel Orchart Beeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Orchart_Beeton"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006157-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylettOrdish1965224-32"},{"link_name":"middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL:_EDM-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForster-Walmsley20132587-34"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977164-35"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENown198623-36"},{"link_name":"syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006181%E2%80%9383-37"},{"link_name":"Eliza Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Acton"},{"link_name":"Modern Cookery for Private Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Cookery_for_Private_Families"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy2011203-38"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Raffald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Raffald"},{"link_name":"The Experienced English Housekeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Experienced_English_Housekeeper"},{"link_name":"Marie-Antoine Carême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Antoine_Car%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VPR:_Broomfield-39"},{"link_name":"Louis Eustache Ude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Eustache_Ude"},{"link_name":"Alexis Soyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Soyer"},{"link_name":"Hannah Glasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Glasse"},{"link_name":"The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery_Made_Plain_and_Easy"},{"link_name":"Maria Rundell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rundell"},{"link_name":"A New System of Domestic Cookery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_System_of_Domestic_Cookery"},{"link_name":"Charles Elmé Francatelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Elm%C3%A9_Francatelli"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006198%E2%80%93201,_206%E2%80%9310-40"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BL:_Beeton-41"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guard:_Brown-42"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VLC:_Culture-43"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpain1948115-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edmsept1861.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Englishwoman%27s_Domestic_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman197776-45"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxman2009114-46"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1989165-47"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_David"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spec:_ED-16"},{"link_name":"Margaret Beetham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Beetham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VLC:_Beetham-48"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006261-49"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times:_1958-52"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENown198641%E2%80%9342-53"},{"link_name":"Book of Household Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs_Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass200493-54"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006265%E2%80%9366-57"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006188-58"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT:_Nov_59-59"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllenvan_den_Berg201449-60"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxMowatt2014176-61"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENown198690-62"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpain1948127-63"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006269%E2%80%9377-64"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006181,_272,_275%E2%80%9376-65"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENown198612,_96-66"},{"link_name":"Killarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killarney"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde195185%E2%80%9387-67"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1989281-68"},{"link_name":"The Queen, the Ladies' Newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Frederick Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Greenwood"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977178%E2%80%9379-72"}],"sub_title":"Marriage and career, 1854–1861","text":"Around 1854 Isabella Mayson began a relationship with Samuel Orchart Beeton. His family had lived in Milk Street at the same time as the Maysons—Samuel's father still ran the Dolphin Tavern there—and Samuel's sisters had also attended the same Heidelberg school as Isabella.[17][18] Samuel was the first British publisher of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852 and had also released two innovative and pioneering journals: The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine in 1852 and the Boys' Own magazine in 1855.[19][20] The couple entered into extensive correspondence in 1855—in which Isabella signed her letters as \"Fatty\"—and they announced their engagement in June 1855.[21] The marriage took place at St Martin's Church, Epsom, in July the following year, and was announced in The Times.[22] Samuel was \"a discreet but firm believer in the equality of women\"[23] and their relationship, both personal and professional, was an equal partnership.[9] The couple went to Paris for a three-week honeymoon, after which Samuel's mother joined them in a visit to Heidelberg. They returned to Britain in August, when the newlyweds moved into 2 Chandos Villas, a large Italianate house in Pinner.[24][25]Samuel Orchart Beeton in 1860Within a month of returning from their honeymoon Beeton was pregnant.[26] A few weeks before the birth, Samuel persuaded his wife to contribute to The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, a publication that the food writers Mary Aylett and Olive Ordish consider was \"designed to make women content with their lot inside the home, not to interest them in the world outside\".[27] The magazine was affordable, aimed at young middle class women and was commercially successful, selling 50,000 issues a month by 1856.[28] Beeton began by translating French fiction for publication as stories or serials.[29] Shortly afterwards she started to work on the cookery column—which had been moribund for the previous six months following the departure of the previous correspondent—and the household article.[30][31] The Beetons' son, Samuel Orchart, was born towards the end of May 1857, but died at the end of August that year. On the death certificate, the cause of death was given as diarrhoea and cholera, although Hughes hypothesises that Samuel senior had unknowingly contracted syphilis in a premarital liaison with a prostitute, and had unwittingly passed the condition on to his wife, which would have infected his son.[32]While coping with the loss of her child, Beeton continued to work at The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine. Although she was not a regular cook, she and Samuel obtained recipes from other sources. A request to receive the readers' own recipes led to over 2,000 being sent in, which were selected and edited by the Beetons. Published works were also copied, largely unattributed to any of the sources. These included Eliza Acton's Modern Cookery for Private Families,[33] Elizabeth Raffald's The Experienced English Housekeeper, Marie-Antoine Carême's Le Pâtissier royal parisien,[34] Louis Eustache Ude's The French Cook, Alexis Soyer's The Modern Housewife or, Ménagère and The Pantropheon, Hannah Glasse's The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy, Maria Rundell's A New System of Domestic Cookery, and the works of Charles Elmé Francatelli.[35][36][37] Suzanne Daly and Ross G. Forman, in their examination of Victorian cooking culture, consider that the plagiarism makes it \"an important index of mid-Victorian and middle-class society\" because the production of the text from its own readers ensures that it is a reflection of what was actually being cooked and eaten at the time.[38] In copying the recipes of others, Beeton was following the recommendation given to her by Henrietta English, a family friend, who wrote that \"Cookery is a Science that is only learnt by Long Experience and years of study which of course you have not had. Therefore my advice would be compile a book from receipts from a Variety of the Best Books published on Cookery and Heaven knows there is a great variety for you to choose from.\"[39]The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, September 1861The Beetons partly followed the layout of Acton's recipes, although with a major alteration: whereas the earlier writer provided the method of cooking followed by a list of the required ingredients, the recipes in The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine listed the components before the cooking process.[40][41] Beeton 's standardised layout used for the recipes also showed the approximate costs of each serving, the seasonality of the ingredients and the number of portions per dish.[42] According to the twentieth-century British cookery writer Elizabeth David, one of the strengths of Beeton's writing was in the \"clarity and details of her general instructions, her brisk comments, her no-nonsense asides\".[12] Margaret Beetham, the historian, sees that one of the strengths of the book was the \"consistent principle of organisation which made its heterogeneous contents look uniform and orderly\", and brought a consistent style in presentation and layout.[43] Whereas Daly and Forman consider such an approach as \"nothing if not formulaic\", Hughes sees it as \"the thing most beloved by the mid Victorians, a system\".[44]During the particularly bitter winter of 1858–59 Beeton prepared her own soup that she served to the poor of Pinner, \"Soup for benevolent purposes\";[f] her sister later recalled that Beeton \"was busy making [the] soup for the poor, and the children used to call with their cans regularly to be refilled\".[46][47] The recipe would become the only entry in her Book of Household Management that was her own.[48] After two years of miscarriages, the couple's second son was born in June 1859; he was also named Samuel Orchart Beeton.[g] Hughes sees the miscarriages as further evidence of Samuel's syphilis.[50]As early as 1857 the Beetons had considered using the magazine columns as the basis of a book of collected recipes and homecare advice, Hughes believes,[51] and in November 1859 they launched a series of 48-page monthly supplements with The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine.[52] The print block for the whole series of the supplements was set from the beginning so the break between each edition was fixed at 48 pages, regardless of the text, and in several issues the text of a sentence or recipe is split between the end of one instalment and the beginning of the next.[53][54]The Beetons decided to revamp The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, particularly the fashion column, which the historian Graham Nown describes as \"a rather drab piece\".[55] They travelled to Paris in March 1860 to meet Adolphe Goubaud, the publisher of the French magazine Le Moniteur de la Mode.[56] The magazine carried a full-sized dress pattern outlined on a fold-out piece of paper for users to cut out and make their own dresses. The Beetons came to an agreement with Goubaud for the Frenchman to provide patterns and illustrations for their magazine. The first edition to carry the new feature appeared on 1 May, six weeks after the couple returned from Paris. For the redesigned magazine, Samuel was joined as editor by Isabella, who was described as \"Editress\".[57] As well as being co-editors, the couple were also equal partners. Isabella brought an efficiency and strong business acumen to Samuel's normally disorganised and financially wasteful approach.[58] She joined her husband at work, travelling daily by train to the office, where her presence caused a stir among commuters, most of whom were male.[59] In June 1860 the Beetons travelled to Killarney, Ireland, for a fortnight's holiday, leaving their son at home with his nurse. They enjoyed the sightseeing, although on the days it rained, they stayed inside their hotel and worked on the next edition of The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine.[60] Beeton was impressed with the food they were served, and wrote in her diary that the dinners were \"conducted in quite the French style\".[61]In September 1861 the Beetons released a new, weekly publication called The Queen, the Ladies' Newspaper.[h] With the Beetons busy running their other titles, they employed Frederick Greenwood as the editor.[64]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeton1861iii-73"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006282-74"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpain1948164-75"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumble20068-78"},{"link_name":"The Family Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_Friend_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006241-79"},{"link_name":"animal husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006255%E2%80%9358-80"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orion:_Beeton-81"},{"link_name":"Victorian values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_morality"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WRB:_Nichols-82"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS:_Middle_Classes-83"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHope2005163-84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isabella_Beeton_-_Mrs_Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management_-_title_page.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs_Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management"},{"link_name":"London Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LES:_Review-85"},{"link_name":"Saturday Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Review_(London)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006282%E2%80%9383-86"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BO:_review-87"},{"link_name":"The Morning Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC:_Review-88"},{"link_name":"The Illustrated London News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILN:_Review-89"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006301%E2%80%9303,_306%E2%80%9308-90"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Greenhithe, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhithe,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977226%E2%80%9327-93"},{"link_name":"Edward Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_William_Cox"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977227%E2%80%9328-94"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006301-95"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006314%E2%80%9316,_319-96"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977228%E2%80%9330-97"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"puerperal fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_infections"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeetham2012-12"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006319-100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WNC_Beeton.JPG"},{"link_name":"West Norwood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Norwood_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"West Norwood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Norwood_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeetham2012-12"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeton1865372-103"}],"sub_title":"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management and later, 1861–1865","text":"I must frankly own, that if I had known, beforehand, that this book would have cost me the labour which it has, I should never have been courageous enough to commence it.\n\n\nIsabella Beeton, Preface of the Book of Household Management [65]The complete version of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, consisting of the 24 collected monthly instalments, was published on 1 October 1861;[66][67][i] it became one of the major publishing events of the nineteenth century.[69] Beeton included an extensive 26-page \"Analytical Index\" in the book. Although not an innovation—it had been used in The Family Friend magazine since 1855—Hughes considers the index in the Book of Household Management to be \"fabulously detailed and exhaustively cross-referenced\".[70] Of the 1,112 pages, over 900 contained recipes. The remainder provided advice on fashion, child care, animal husbandry, poisons, the management of servants, science, religion, first aid and the importance in the use of local and seasonal produce.[71] In its first year of publication, the book sold 60,000 copies.[72] It reflected Victorian values, particularly hard work, thrift and cleanliness.[73] Christopher Clausen, in his study of the British middle classes, sees that Beeton \"reflected better than anyone else, and for a larger audience, the optimistic message that mid-Victorian England was filled with opportunities for those who were willing to learn how to take advantage of them\".[74] The food writer Annette Hope thinks that \"one can understand its success. If ... young ladies knew nothing of domestic arrangements, no better book than this could have been devised for them.\"[75]Title page of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, published in 1861The reviews for Book of Household Management were positive. The critic for the London Evening Standard considered that Beeton had earned herself a household reputation, remarking that she had \"succeeded in producing a volume which will be, for years to come, a treasure to be made much of in every English household\".[76] The critic for the Saturday Review wrote that \"for a really valuable repertory of hints on all sorts of household matters, we recommend Mrs Beeton with few misgivings\".[77] The anonymous reviewer for The Bradford Observer considered that \"the information afforded ... appears intelligible and explicit\"; the reviewer also praised the layout of the recipes, highlighting details relating to ingredients, seasonality and the times needed.[78] Writing in The Morning Chronicle, an anonymous commentator opined that \"Mrs Beeton has omitted nothing which tends to the comfort of housekeepers, or facilitates the many little troubles and cares that fall to the lot of every wife and mother. She may safely predict that this book will in future take precedence of every other on the same subject.\"[79] For the 1906 edition of the book, The Illustrated London News's reviewer considered the work \"a formidable body of domestic doctrine\", and thought that \"the book is almost of the first magnitude\".[80]Samuel's business decisions from 1861 were unproductive and included an ill-advised investment in purchasing paper—in which he lost £1,000—and a court case over unpaid bills. His hubris in business affairs brought on financial difficulties and in early 1862 the couple had moved from their comfortable Pinner house to premises over their office. The air of central London was not conducive to the health of the Beetons' son, and he began to ail. Three days after Christmas his health worsened and he died on New Year's Eve 1862 at the age of three; his death certificate gave the cause as \"suppressed scarlatina\" and \"laryngitis\".[81][j] In March 1863 Beeton found that she was pregnant again, and in April the couple moved to a house in Greenhithe, Kent; their son, who they named Orchart, was born on New Year's Eve 1863.[83] Although the couple had been through financial problems, they enjoyed relative prosperity during 1863, boosted by the sale of The Queen to Edward Cox in the middle of the year.[84][85]In the middle of 1864 the Beetons again visited the Goubauds in Paris—the couple's third visit to the city—and Beeton was pregnant during the visit, just as she had been the previous year. On her return to Britain she began working on an abridged version of the Book of Household Management , which was to be titled The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery.[86][87] On 29 January 1865, while working on the proofs of the dictionary, she went into labour; the baby—Mayson Moss—was born that day.[k] Beeton began to feel feverish the following day and died of puerperal fever on 6 February at the age of 28.[9][89]Gravestone of Samuel and Isabella, West Norwood CemeteryBeeton was buried at West Norwood Cemetery on 11 February.[9][l] When The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery was published in the same year, Samuel added a tribute to his wife at the end:Her works speak for themselves; and, although taken from this world in the very height and strength, and in the early days of womanhood, she felt satisfaction—so great to all who strive with good intent and warm will—of knowing herself regarded with respect and gratitude.— Samuel Beeton, The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery[91]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ward, Lock and Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Lock_%26_Co"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeetham2004-24"},{"link_name":"Nancy Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Spain"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpain1948240-104"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20064-105"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VLC:_Beetham-48"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VLC:_Beetham-48"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orion:_Beeton-81"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WC:_Mrs_Beeton-106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isabella_Beeton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prosper Montagné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_Montagn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Larousse Gastronomique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larousse_Gastronomique"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spec:_ED-16"},{"link_name":"Delia Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delia_Smith"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy20118-107"},{"link_name":"Clarissa Dickson Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011372-108"},{"link_name":"Bee Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NS:_Wilson-109"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriver198313%E2%80%9314-110"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid196126%E2%80%9327-111"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011374-112"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAylettOrdish1965226-113"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AS:_Middle_Classes-83"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OUP:_Hist-114"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED:_Beeton-115"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VLC:_Beetham-48"},{"link_name":"The BMJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BMJ"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMJ:_Classic-116"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSR:_management-117"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"H. Montgomery Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Montgomery_Hyde"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guard:_Brown-42"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006401%E2%80%9307-122"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guard:_Barnes-123"},{"link_name":"Margaret Tyzack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Tyzack"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Hill"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT:_Tyzack-124"},{"link_name":"Anna Madeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Madeley"},{"link_name":"docudrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docudrama"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT:_Secret_life-125"},{"link_name":"Sophie Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Dahl"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC:_Dahl-126"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VLC:_ACD-127"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OUP:_Old_08-128"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OUP:_New_08-129"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson201342-130"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENown198660-131"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumble200614%E2%80%9315-132"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENown1986116-133"}],"text":"In May 1866, following a severe downturn in his financial fortunes, Samuel sold the rights to the Book of Household Management to Ward, Lock and Tyler (later Ward Lock & Co).[19] The writer Nancy Spain, in her biography of Isabella, reports that, given the money the company made from the Beetons' work, \"surely no man ever made a worse or more impractical bargain\" than Samuel did.[92] In subsequent publications Ward Lock suppressed the details of the lives of the Beetons—especially the death of Isabella—in order to protect their investment by letting readers think she was still alive and creating recipes—what Hughes considers to be \"intentional censorship\".[93] Those later editions continued to make the connection to Beeton in what Beetham considers to be a \"fairly ruthless marketing policy which was begun by Beeton but carried on vigorously by Ward, Lock, and Tyler\".[43] Those subsequent volumes bearing Beeton's name became less reflective of the original.[43] Since its initial publication the Book of Household Management has been issued in numerous hardback and paperback editions, translated into several languages and has never been out of print.[72][94]Isabella in 1860Beeton and her main work have been subjected to criticism over the course of the twentieth century. Elizabeth David complains of recipes that are \"sometimes slapdash and misleading\", although she acknowledges that Prosper Montagné's Larousse Gastronomique also contains errors.[12] The television cook Delia Smith admits she was puzzled \"how on earth Mrs Beeton's book managed to utterly eclipse ... [Acton's] superior work\",[95] while her fellow chef, Clarissa Dickson Wright, opines that \"It would be unfair to blame any one person or one book for the decline of English cookery, but Isabella Beeton and her ubiquitous book do have a lot to answer for.\"[96] In comparison, the food writer Bee Wilson opines that disparaging Beeton's work was only a \"fashionable\" stance to take and that the cook's writing \"simply makes you want to cook\".[97] Christopher Driver, the journalist and food critic, suggests that the \"relative stagnation and want of refinement in the indigenous cooking of Britain between 1880 and 1930\" may instead be explained by the \"progressive debasement under successive editors, revises and enlargers\".[98] David comments that \"when plain English cooks\" were active in their kitchens, \"they followed plain English recipes and chiefly those from the Mrs Beeton books or their derivatives\".[99] Dickson Wright considers Beeton to be a \"fascinating source of information\" from a social history viewpoint,[100] and Aylett and Ordish consider the work to be \"the best and most reliable guide for the scholar to the domestic history of the mid-Victorian era\".[101]Despite the criticism, Clausen observes that \"'Mrs. Beeton' has ... been for over a century the standard English cookbook, frequently outselling every other book but the Bible\".[74] According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Mrs Beeton became used as a generic name for \"an authority on cooking and domestic subjects\" as early as 1891,[102][103] and Beetham opines that \"'Mrs. Beeton' became a trade mark, a brand name\".[43] In a review by Gavin Koh published in a 2009 issue of The BMJ, Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management was labelled a medical classic. In Beeton's \"attempt to educate the average reader about common medical complaints and their management\", Koh argues, \"she preceded the family health guides of today\".[104] Robin Wensley, a professor of strategic management, believes that Beeton's advice and guidance on household management can also be applied to business management, and her lessons on the subject have stood the test of time better than some of her advice on cooking or etiquette.[105]Following the radio broadcast of Meet Mrs. Beeton, a 1934 comedy in which Samuel was portrayed in an unflattering light,[m] and Mrs Beeton, a 1937 documentary,[n] Mayston Beeton worked with H. Montgomery Hyde to produce the biography Mr and Mrs Beeton, although completion and publication were delayed until 1951. In the meantime Nancy Spain published Mrs Beeton and her Husband in 1948, updated and retitled in 1956 to The Beeton Story. In the new edition Spain hinted at, but did not elucidate upon, on the possibility that Samuel contracted syphilis. Several other biographies followed, including from the historian Sarah Freeman, who wrote Isabella and Sam in 1977; Nown's Mrs Beeton: 150 Years of Cookery and Household Management, published on the 150th anniversary of Beeton's birthday, and Hughes's The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton, published in 2006.[37][108] Beeton was ignored by the Dictionary of National Biography for many years: while Acton was included in the first published volume of 1885, Beeton did not have an entry until 1993.[109]There have been several television broadcasts about Beeton. In 1970 Margaret Tyzack portrayed her in a solo performance written by Rosemary Hill,[110] in 2006 Anna Madeley played Beeton in a docudrama,[111] and Sophie Dahl presented a documentary, The Marvellous Mrs Beeton, in the same year.[112]The literary historian Kate Thomas sees Beeton as \"a powerful force in the making of middle-class Victorian domesticity\",[113] while the Oxford University Press, advertising an abridged edition of the Book of Household Management, considers Beeton's work a \"founding text\"[114] and \"a force in shaping\" the middle-class identity of the Victorian era.[115] Within that identity, the historian Sarah Richardson sees that one of Beeton's achievements was the integration of different threads of domestic science into one volume, which \"elevat[ed] the middle-class female housekeeper's role ... placing it in a broader and more public context\".[116] Nown quotes an unnamed academic who thought that \"Mrs Beetonism has preserved the family as a social unit, and made social reforms a possibility\",[117] while Nicola Humble, in her history of British food, sees The Book of Household Management as \"an engine for social change\" which led to a \"new cult of domesticity that was to play such a major role in mid-Victorian life\".[118] Nown considers Beeton... a singular and remarkable woman, praised in her lifetime and later forgotten and ignored when a pride in light pastry ... were no longer considered prerequisites for womanhood. Yet in her lively, progressive way, she helped many women to overcome the loneliness of marriage and gave the family the importance it deserved. In the climate of her time she was brave, strong-minded and a tireless champion of her sisters everywhere.[119]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Hughes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200621-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_bell"},{"link_name":"St Mary-le-Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow"},{"link_name":"cockney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockney"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200628-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200632-6"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman197730-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"apprenticeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship"},{"link_name":"merchant navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Navy_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman197739%E2%80%9340-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200656-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1989163-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeton186165-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"Nancy Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Spain"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpain1948124-55"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977164-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"Harper's Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar#Harper's_Bazaar_UK"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeetham20039-69"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mail:_H&Q-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonWilson1983175-76"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-92"},{"link_name":"scarlet fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2006308-91"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-99"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Munitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpain1948255-98"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-102"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpain1948254-101"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-119"},{"link_name":"L. du Garde Peach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._du_Garde_Peach"},{"link_name":"BBC National Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_National_Programme"},{"link_name":"Joyce Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carey"},{"link_name":"George Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sanders"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT:_Meet_MrsB-118"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-121"},{"link_name":"Joan Adeney Easdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Adeney_Easdale"},{"link_name":"BBC Regional Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Regional_Programme"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT:_Mrs_Beeton-120"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ Beeton's biographer, Kathryn Hughes, opines that Benjamin, \"a vicar's son ... though not quite a gentleman, was established in a gentlemanly line of business\".[1]\n\n^ Although several biographies state Beeton was at Milk Lane, Hughes considers this as part of the \"legend\" that surrounds Beeton; birth at the address in the City of London would have been within the sound of the bells of St Mary-le-Bow church, which would make her a cockney.[3]\n\n^ The cause of death was given as \"apoplexy\" which, Hughes notes, was the term used to cover a range of ailments including alcoholism, syphilis, stroke and heart attack.[4] The historian Sarah Freeman, in her biography of Beeton, considers that the cause of death was \"probably fever, perhaps cholera\".[5]\n\n^ The couple's twelfth child, Alfred, was embarrassed about the number of children and sent his father a condom through the post as a practical joke. His father, unhappy with the implication—condoms tended to only be used by prostitutes' clients—sent his son away for an apprenticeship with the merchant navy.[10][11]\n\n^ The practice in middle class German households at the time was for the mistress of the house to make cakes and puddings herself, rather than instructing the household staff to undertake the task.[15]\n\n^ The soup—which took six and a half hours to make at the cost of 1+1⁄2d. (\"d\" was a penny, 1/240 of a pound sterling) per quart—consisted of:\"An ox-cheek, any pieces of trimmings of beef, which may be bought very cheaply (say 4 lbs.), a few bones, any pot-liquor the larder may furnish, 1/4 peck of onions, 6 leeks, a large bunch of herbs, 1/2 lb. of celery (the outside pieces, or green tops, do very well); 1/2 lb. of carrots, 1/2 lb. of turnips, 1/2 lb. of coarse brown sugar, 1/2 a pint of beer, 4 lbs. of common rice or pearl barley; 1/2 lb. of salt, 1 oz. of black pepper, a few raspings, 10 gallons of water.\"[45]\n\n^ The writer Nancy Spain, in her biography of Beeton, put the month of birth as September,[49] while Freeman puts the birth in the autumn.[30]\n\n^ After merging with Harper's magazine to become Harper's & Queen in 1970, the publication then became Harper's, before its current incarnation, Harper's Bazaar.[62][63]\n\n^ The full title of the book was The Book of Household Management, comprising information for the Mistress, Housekeeper, Cook, Kitchen-Maid, Butler, Footman, Coachman, Valet, Upper and Under House-Maids, Lady's-Maid, Maid-of-all-Work, Laundry-Maid, Nurse and Nurse-Maid, Monthly Wet and Sick Nurses, etc. etc.—also Sanitary, Medical, & Legal Memoranda: with a History of the Origin, Properties, and Uses of all Things Connected with Home Life and Comfort.[68]\n\n^ Scarlatina is an archaic name for scarlet fever.[82]\n\n^ Mayson became a journalist for the Daily Mail; he was knighted for his work at the Ministry of Munitions during the First World War. The Beetons' elder son, Orchart, went on to a career in the army; both died in 1947.[88]\n\n^ When Samuel died in 1877, at the age of 46, he was buried alongside his wife.[90]\n\n^ Meet Mrs. Beeton, written by L. du Garde Peach, was broadcast on 4 January 1934 on the BBC National Programme; Joyce Carey played Isabella and George Sanders played Samuel.[106]\n\n^ Mrs. Beeton, written by Joan Adeney Easdale, was broadcast on 9 November 1937 on the BBC Regional Programme.[107]","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200621_1-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200621,_28_3-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200628_4-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200632_6-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman197730_7-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200633%E2%80%9334_9-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman197733_10-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid1961304_11-0"},{"link_name":"David 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDavid1961"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeetham2012_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeetham2012_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeetham2012_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeetham2012_12-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeetham2012_12-4"},{"link_name":"Beetham 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBeetham2012"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman197739%E2%80%9340_13-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200656_14-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Spec:_ED_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Spec:_ED_16-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Spec:_ED_16-2"},{"link_name":"David, Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_David"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200665,_67%E2%80%9369_17-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumble20067_18-0"},{"link_name":"Humble 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumble2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1989163_19-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200671%E2%80%9372_21-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200667%E2%80%9368_22-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpain194848_23-0"},{"link_name":"Spain 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpain1948"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeetham2004_24-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeetham2004_24-1"},{"link_name":"Beetham 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBeetham2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006101_25-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpain194863,_67_26-0"},{"link_name":"Spain 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpain1948"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times:_Marriage_27-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1989164_28-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977127%E2%80%9329_29-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENown19869%E2%80%9310,_14_30-0"},{"link_name":"Nown 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNown1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006157_31-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAylettOrdish1965224_32-0"},{"link_name":"Aylett & Ordish 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAylettOrdish1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BL:_EDM_33-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160107184442/http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-englishwomans-domestic-magazine"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-englishwomans-domestic-magazine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForster-Walmsley20132587_34-0"},{"link_name":"Forster-Walmsley 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFForster-Walmsley2013"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977164_35-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977164_35-1"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENown198623_36-0"},{"link_name":"Nown 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNown1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006181%E2%80%9383_37-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy2011203_38-0"},{"link_name":"Hardy 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHardy2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VPR:_Broomfield_39-0"},{"link_name":"Victorian Periodicals Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Periodicals_Review"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/vpr.0.0032","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fvpr.0.0032"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20084239","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/20084239"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"161900658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161900658"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006198%E2%80%93201,_206%E2%80%9310_40-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BL:_Beeton_41-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes, Kathryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Hughes"},{"link_name":"\"Mrs Beeton and the Art of Household Management\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160106044610/http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mrs-beeton-and-the-art-of-household-management"},{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mrs-beeton-and-the-art-of-household-management"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Guard:_Brown_42-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Guard:_Brown_42-1"},{"link_name":"\"Mrs Beeton couldn't cook but she could copy, reveals historian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151208042814/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/02/guardianhayfestival2006.books"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/02/guardianhayfestival2006.books"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VLC:_Culture_43-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S1060150308080236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS1060150308080236"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40347194","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40347194"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpain1948115_44-0"},{"link_name":"Spain 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpain1948"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman197776_45-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxman2009114_46-0"},{"link_name":"Paxman 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPaxman2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1989165_47-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1989"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VLC:_Beetham_48-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VLC:_Beetham_48-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VLC:_Beetham_48-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VLC:_Beetham_48-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S106015030808025X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS106015030808025X"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40347196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40347196"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006261_49-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeton186165_50-0"},{"link_name":"Beeton 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBeeton1861"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Times:_1958_52-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENown198641%E2%80%9342_53-0"},{"link_name":"Nown 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNown1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnodgrass200493_54-0"},{"link_name":"Snodgrass 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSnodgrass2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpain1948124_55-0"},{"link_name":"Spain 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpain1948"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006265%E2%80%9366_57-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006188_58-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FT:_Nov_59_59-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mrs Beeton, the first domestic goddess\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151208154047/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/be9d91a6-fcd8-11df-ae2d-00144feab49a.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ft.com/cms/s/2/be9d91a6-fcd8-11df-ae2d-00144feab49a.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllenvan_den_Berg201449_60-0"},{"link_name":"Allen & van den Berg 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAllenvan_den_Berg2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoxMowatt2014176_61-0"},{"link_name":"Cox & Mowatt 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCoxMowatt2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENown198690_62-0"},{"link_name":"Nown 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNown1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpain1948127_63-0"},{"link_name":"Spain 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpain1948"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006269%E2%80%9377_64-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006181,_272,_275%E2%80%9376_65-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENown198612,_96_66-0"},{"link_name":"Nown 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNown1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde195185%E2%80%9387_67-0"},{"link_name":"Hyde 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHyde1951"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1989281_68-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeetham20039_69-0"},{"link_name":"Beetham 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBeetham2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mail:_H&Q_70-0"},{"link_name":"Williams, Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Williams_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977178%E2%80%9379_72-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeton1861iii_73-0"},{"link_name":"Beeton 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBeeton1861"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006282_74-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpain1948164_75-0"},{"link_name":"Spain 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpain1948"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilsonWilson1983175_76-0"},{"link_name":"Wilson & Wilson 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilsonWilson1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumble20068_78-0"},{"link_name":"Humble 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumble2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006241_79-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006255%E2%80%9358_80-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orion:_Beeton_81-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orion:_Beeton_81-1"},{"link_name":"\"Isabella Beeton\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151208144153/https://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/detail.page?id=GzYOp1Khopg8mafdWYf7jW%2FQGyh%2FFPXDWXoVKv3ZPk4XTfZMd-SqIXaIVgntiQ__"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/detail.page?id=GzYOp1Khopg8mafdWYf7jW/QGyh/FPXDWXoVKv3ZPk4XTfZMd-SqIXaIVgntiQ__"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WRB:_Nichols_82-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/4023454","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F4023454"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4023454","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4023454"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AS:_Middle_Classes_83-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AS:_Middle_Classes_83-1"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41212151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41212151"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHope2005163_84-0"},{"link_name":"Hope 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHope2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LES:_Review_85-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006282%E2%80%9383_86-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BO:_review_87-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MC:_Review_88-0"},{"link_name":"The Morning Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ILN:_Review_89-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006301%E2%80%9303,_306%E2%80%9308_90-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006308_91-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977226%E2%80%9327_93-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977227%E2%80%9328_94-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006301_95-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006314%E2%80%9316,_319_96-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1977228%E2%80%9330_97-0"},{"link_name":"Freeman 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFreeman1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpain1948255_98-0"},{"link_name":"Spain 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpain1948"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006319_100-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpain1948254_101-0"},{"link_name":"Spain 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpain1948"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeton1865372_103-0"},{"link_name":"Beeton 1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBeeton1865"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpain1948240_104-0"},{"link_name":"Spain 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSpain1948"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20064_105-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WC:_Mrs_Beeton_106-0"},{"link_name":"\"Search results for 'Mrs Beeton'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170306200223/https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Mrs+Beeton&qt=results_page#x0:book-,(x0:book+x4:printbook),(x0:book+x4:digital),(x0:book+x4:mic),(x0:book+x4:thsis),(x0:book+x4:largeprint)format"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?q=Mrs+Beeton&qt=results_page#x0:book-,(x0:book+x4:printbook),(x0:book+x4:digital),(x0:book+x4:mic),(x0:book+x4:thsis),(x0:book+x4:largeprint)format"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy20118_107-0"},{"link_name":"Hardy 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHardy2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011372_108-0"},{"link_name":"Dickson Wright 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDickson_Wright2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NS:_Wilson_109-0"},{"link_name":"Wilson, Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Wilson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriver198313%E2%80%9314_110-0"},{"link_name":"Driver 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDriver1983"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid196126%E2%80%9327_111-0"},{"link_name":"David 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDavid1961"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson_Wright2011374_112-0"},{"link_name":"Dickson Wright 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDickson_Wright2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAylettOrdish1965226_113-0"},{"link_name":"Aylett & Ordish 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAylettOrdish1965"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OUP:_Hist_114-0"},{"link_name":"\"The language of cooking: from 'Forme of Cury' to 'Pukka Tucker'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304112911/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/08/the-language-of-cooking-from-forme-of-cury-to-pukka-tucker/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/08/the-language-of-cooking-from-forme-of-cury-to-pukka-tucker/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OED:_Beeton_115-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mrs, n.1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.webcitation.org/6eJIo8HlL?url=http://www.oed.com/;jsessionid=B0E5B07FA17D330635385081454904DA?authRejection=true&url=/view/Entry/123116?rskey=O99oOJ&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid35841492"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oed.com/;jsessionid=B0E5B07FA17D330635385081454904DA?authRejection=true&url=/view/Entry/123116?rskey=O99oOJ&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid35841492"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BMJ:_Classic_116-0"},{"link_name":"The BMJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BMJ"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1136/bmj.b3866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.b3866"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25672776","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25672776"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"72911468","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72911468"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BSR:_management_117-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1467-8616.1996.tb00113.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8616.1996.tb00113.x"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RT:_Meet_MrsB_118-0"},{"link_name":"\"Meet Mrs Beeton\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151208150205/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d8328c94b0174b709a8be1ad4026e7c2"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d8328c94b0174b709a8be1ad4026e7c2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RT:_Mrs_Beeton_120-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mrs Beeton\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151208222016/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3689ba42ad7e43acaa3e7b443c0fdfc9"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3689ba42ad7e43acaa3e7b443c0fdfc9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2006401%E2%80%9307_122-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHughes2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Guard:_Barnes_123-0"},{"link_name":"Barnes, Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Barnes"},{"link_name":"\"Mrs Beeton to the rescue\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151119092338/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/apr/05/julianbarnes.houseandgarden"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/books/2003/apr/05/julianbarnes.houseandgarden"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RT:_Tyzack_124-0"},{"link_name":"\"Solo: Margaret Tyzack as Mrs Beeton\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151208222633/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3d79278cd34f4c1f994e32379ad26425"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3d79278cd34f4c1f994e32379ad26425"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RT:_Secret_life_125-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Secret Life of Mrs Beeton\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151208184836/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/b8ae8cf643b04802be60b1ed85cd14a6"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/b8ae8cf643b04802be60b1ed85cd14a6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BBC:_Dahl_126-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Marvellous Mrs Beeton, with Sophie Dahl\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160102103648/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0152d7l"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0152d7l"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VLC:_ACD_127-0"},{"link_name":"\"Arthur Conan Doyle and Isabella Beeton\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//repository.brynmawr.edu/engl_pubs/5"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S1060150308080248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS1060150308080248"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40347195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40347195"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210103171343/https://repository.brynmawr.edu/engl_pubs/5/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OUP:_Old_08_128-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071102182500/http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780192833457"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-283345-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OUP:_New_08_129-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151208080144/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/mrs-beetons-book-of-household-management-9780199536337?q=beeton&lang=en&cc=gb"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//global.oup.com/academic/product/mrs-beetons-book-of-household-management-9780199536337?q=beeton&lang=en&cc=gb"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson201342_130-0"},{"link_name":"Richardson 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRichardson2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENown198660_131-0"},{"link_name":"Nown 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNown1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumble200614%E2%80%9315_132-0"},{"link_name":"Humble 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHumble2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENown1986116_133-0"},{"link_name":"Nown 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNown1986"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ Hughes 2006, p. 21.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 21, 28.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 28.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 32.\n\n^ Freeman 1977, p. 30.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 33–34.\n\n^ Freeman 1977, p. 33.\n\n^ David 1961, p. 304.\n\n^ a b c d e Beetham 2012.\n\n^ Freeman 1977, pp. 39–40.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 56.\n\n^ a b c \nDavid, Elizabeth (21 October 1960). \"Too Many Cooks\". The Spectator: 45.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 65, 67–69.\n\n^ Humble 2006, p. 7.\n\n^ Freeman 1989, p. 163.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 71–72.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 67–68.\n\n^ Spain 1948, p. 48.\n\n^ a b Beetham 2004.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 101.\n\n^ Spain 1948, pp. 63, 67.\n\n^ \n\"Marriages\". The Times. 14 July 1856. p. 1.\n\n^ Freeman 1989, p. 164.\n\n^ Freeman 1977, pp. 127–29.\n\n^ Nown 1986, pp. 9–10, 14.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 157.\n\n^ Aylett & Ordish 1965, p. 224.\n\n^ \n\"The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine\". British Library. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.\n\n^ Forster-Walmsley 2013, 2587.\n\n^ a b Freeman 1977, p. 164.\n\n^ Nown 1986, p. 23.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 181–83.\n\n^ Hardy 2011, p. 203.\n\n^ \nBroomfield, Andrea (Summer 2008). \"Rushing Dinner to the Table: The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine and Industrialization's Effects on Middle-Class Food and Cooking, 1852–1860\". Victorian Periodicals Review. 41 (2): 101–23. doi:10.1353/vpr.0.0032. JSTOR 20084239. S2CID 161900658.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 198–201, 206–10.\n\n^ \nHughes, Kathryn. \"Mrs Beeton and the Art of Household Management\". British Library. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.\n\n^ a b \nBrown, Mark (2 June 2006). \"Mrs Beeton couldn't cook but she could copy, reveals historian\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.\n\n^ \nDaly, Suzanne; Forman, Ross G (2008). \"Cooking Culture: Situating Food and Drink in the Nineteenth Century\". Victorian Literature and Culture. 36 (2): 363–73. doi:10.1017/S1060150308080236. JSTOR 40347194.\n\n^ Spain 1948, p. 115.\n\n^ Freeman 1977, p. 76.\n\n^ Paxman 2009, p. 114.\n\n^ Freeman 1989, p. 165.\n\n^ a b c d \nBeetham, Margaret (2008). \"Good Taste and Sweet Ordering: Dining with Mrs Beeton\". Victorian Literature and Culture. 36 (2): 391–406. doi:10.1017/S106015030808025X. JSTOR 40347196.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 261.\n\n^ Beeton 1861, p. 65.\n\n^ \nSmiles, Lucy (6 February 1932). \"Mrs Beeton\". The Times. p. 13.\n\n^ Nown 1986, pp. 41–42.\n\n^ Snodgrass 2004, p. 93.\n\n^ Spain 1948, p. 124.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 265–66.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 188.\n\n^ \nRussell, Polly (3 December 2010). \"Mrs Beeton, the first domestic goddess\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.\n\n^ Allen & van den Berg 2014, p. 49.\n\n^ Cox & Mowatt 2014, p. 176.\n\n^ Nown 1986, p. 90.\n\n^ Spain 1948, p. 127.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 269–77.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 181, 272, 275–76.\n\n^ Nown 1986, pp. 12, 96.\n\n^ Hyde 1951, pp. 85–87.\n\n^ Freeman 1989, p. 281.\n\n^ Beetham 2003, p. 9.\n\n^ \nWilliams, Sarah (7 October 2006). \"The First Domestic Goddess\". The Daily Mail. p. 85.\n\n^ Freeman 1977, pp. 178–79.\n\n^ Beeton 1861, p. iii.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 282.\n\n^ Spain 1948, p. 164.\n\n^ Wilson & Wilson 1983, p. 175.\n\n^ Humble 2006, p. 8.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 241.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 255–58.\n\n^ a b \"Isabella Beeton\". Orion Publishing Group. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.\n\n^ \nNichols, Martha (June 2000). \"Home is Where the Dirt is\". The Women's Review of Books. 17 (9): 9–11. doi:10.2307/4023454. JSTOR 4023454.\n\n^ a b \nClausen, Christopher (Summer 1993). \"How to Join the Middle Classes: With the Help of Dr. Smiles and Mrs. Beeton\". The American Scholar. 62 (3): 403–18. JSTOR 41212151.\n\n^ Hope 2005, p. 163.\n\n^ \n\"Literary Summary\". London Evening Standard. 20 February 1862. p. 3.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 282–83.\n\n^ \n\"Literary Notices\". The Bradford Observer. 29 March 1860. p. 7.\n\n^ \n\"Literature\". The Morning Chronicle. 28 February 1862. p. 3.\n\n^ \n\"New Books and New Editions\". Illustrated London News. 17 February 1906. p. 232.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 301–03, 306–08.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 308.\n\n^ Freeman 1977, pp. 226–27.\n\n^ Freeman 1977, pp. 227–28.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 301.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 314–16, 319.\n\n^ Freeman 1977, pp. 228–30.\n\n^ Spain 1948, p. 255.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 319.\n\n^ Spain 1948, p. 254.\n\n^ Beeton 1865, p. 372.\n\n^ Spain 1948, p. 240.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, p. 4.\n\n^ \n\"Search results for 'Mrs Beeton'\". WorldCat. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2016.\n\n^ Hardy 2011, p. 8.\n\n^ Dickson Wright 2011, p. 372.\n\n^ \nWilson, Bee (18 September 2000). \"Good egg; Food – You can't beat Mrs Beeton, says Bee Wilson\". New Statesman. p. 29.\n\n^ Driver 1983, pp. 13–14.\n\n^ David 1961, pp. 26–27.\n\n^ Dickson Wright 2011, p. 374.\n\n^ Aylett & Ordish 1965, p. 226.\n\n^ \n\"The language of cooking: from 'Forme of Cury' to 'Pukka Tucker'\". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.\n\n^ \n\"Mrs, n.1\". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.(subscription required)\n\n^ \nKoh, Gavin (26 September 2009). \"Medical Classics; The Book of Household Management\". The BMJ. 339 (7723): 755. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3866. JSTOR 25672776. S2CID 72911468.\n\n^ \nWensley, Robin (March 1996). \"Isabella Beeton: Management as 'Everything in its Place'\". Business Strategy Review. 7 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8616.1996.tb00113.x.\n\n^ \n\"Meet Mrs Beeton\". Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009). BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.\n\n^ \n\"Mrs Beeton\". Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009). BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.\n\n^ Hughes 2006, pp. 401–07.\n\n^ \nBarnes, Julian (3 April 2003). \"Mrs Beeton to the rescue\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015.\n\n^ \n\"Solo: Margaret Tyzack as Mrs Beeton\". Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009). BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.\n\n^ \n\"The Secret Life of Mrs Beeton\". Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009). BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.\n\n^ \n\"The Marvellous Mrs Beeton, with Sophie Dahl\". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2015.\n\n^ Thomas, Kate (2008). \"Arthur Conan Doyle and Isabella Beeton\". Victorian Literature and Culture. 36 (2): 375–90. doi:10.1017/S1060150308080248. JSTOR 40347195. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2020.\n\n^ \n\"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management\". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2015.\n\n^ \n\"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management\". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.\n\n^ Richardson 2013, p. 42.\n\n^ Nown 1986, p. 60.\n\n^ Humble 2006, pp. 14–15.\n\n^ Nown 1986, p. 116.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serialization in Popular Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Z1OhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-134-49205-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-49205-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"54053","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/54053"},{"link_name":"A Magazine of Her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800–1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wvWEAgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-134-76878-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-76878-3"},{"link_name":"\"Beeton, Samuel Orchart (1831–1877)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/45481"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/45481","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F45481"},{"link_name":"cite encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"\"Beeton, Isabella Mary (1836–1865)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37172"},{"link_name":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/37172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37172"},{"link_name":"cite encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default"},{"link_name":"UK public library membership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public"},{"link_name":"The Book of Household Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/bookhouseholdma00goog#page/n6/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8586799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/8586799"},{"link_name":"Mrs Beeton's Dictionary of Every-day Cookery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hxQqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"681270556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/681270556"},{"link_name":"Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine Publishing in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fKzSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-960163-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960163-9"},{"link_name":"David, Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_David"},{"link_name":"An Omelette and a Glass of Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/omeletteandglass00davi#page/n1/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55821-571-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-571-9"},{"link_name":"Dickson Wright, Clarissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-905211-85-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905211-85-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7011-2582-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-2582-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-291-95255-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-291-95255-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-575-01835-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-575-01835-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-575-03151-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-575-03151-7"},{"link_name":"The Real Mrs Beeton: The Story of Eliza Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/realmrsbeetonsto0000hard"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/realmrsbeetonsto0000hard/page/n214"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7524-6680-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6680-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84018-965-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-965-0"},{"link_name":"Hughes, Kathryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Hughes"},{"link_name":"The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p5NvuLMB3tYC&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7524-6122-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6122-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-571-22871-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22871-3"},{"link_name":"Hyde, Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Montgomery_Hyde"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4729698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4729698"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7063-6459-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7063-6459-0"},{"link_name":"Paxman, Jeremy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paxman"},{"link_name":"The Victorians: Britain Through the Paintings of the Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Og5v5dUeaoIC&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84607-743-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84607-743-2"},{"link_name":"The Political Worlds of Women: Gender and Politics in Nineteenth Century Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4c-FA8SQ-H8C&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-135-96493-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96493-1"},{"link_name":"Snodgrass, Mary Ellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Snodgrass"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Kitchen History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-135-45572-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45572-9"},{"link_name":"Spain, Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Spain"},{"link_name":"Mrs Beeton and her Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mrsbeetonherhusb00spai"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3178766","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3178766"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89313-027-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89313-027-5"}],"sub_title":"Sources","text":"Allen, Rob; van den Berg, Thijs (2014). Serialization in Popular Culture. New York and Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-49205-3.\nAylett, Mary; Ordish, Olive (1965). First Catch Your Hare. London: Macdonald. OCLC 54053.\nBeetham, Margaret (2003). A Magazine of Her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800–1914. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-76878-3.\nBeetham, Margaret (2004). \"Beeton, Samuel Orchart (1831–1877)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/45481. Retrieved 23 November 2015.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nBeetham, Margaret (2012). \"Beeton, Isabella Mary (1836–1865)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37172. Retrieved 3 November 2015.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\nBeeton, Isabella (1861). The Book of Household Management. London: S.O. Beeton. OCLC 8586799.\nBeeton, Isabella (1865). Mrs Beeton's Dictionary of Every-day Cookery. London: S.O. Beeton. OCLC 681270556.\nCox, Howard; Mowatt, Simon (2014). Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine Publishing in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960163-9.\nDavid, Elizabeth (1961). An Omelette and a Glass of Wine. New York, NY: Lyons & Burford. ISBN 978-1-55821-571-9.\nDickson Wright, Clarissa (2011). A History of English Food. London: Random House. ISBN 978-1-905211-85-2.\nDriver, Christopher (1983). The British at Table 1940–1980. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-2582-0.\nForster-Walmsley, J.K. (2013). Breaking the Mould (Kindle ed.). Amazon Media. ISBN 978-1-291-95255-1.\nFreeman, Sarah (1977). Isabella and Sam: The Story of Mrs. Beeton. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. ISBN 978-0-575-01835-8.\nFreeman, Sarah (1989). Mutton and Oysters: The Victorians and Their Food. London: Gollancz. ISBN 978-0-575-03151-7.\nHardy, Sheila (2011). The Real Mrs Beeton: The Story of Eliza Acton. Stroud, Glous: History Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7524-6680-4.\nHope, Annette (2005). Londoners' Larder. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84018-965-0.\nHughes, Kathryn (2006). The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton. London: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7524-6122-9.\nHumble, Nicola (2006). Culinary Pleasures. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-22871-3.\nHyde, Montgomery (1951). Mr and Mrs Beeton. London: George G. Harrap and Co. OCLC 4729698.\nNown, Graham (1986). Mrs Beeton: 150 Years of Cookery and Household Management. London: Ward Lock. ISBN 978-0-7063-6459-0.\nPaxman, Jeremy (2009). The Victorians: Britain Through the Paintings of the Age. London: BBC Books. ISBN 978-1-84607-743-2.\nRichardson, Sarah (2013). The Political Worlds of Women: Gender and Politics in Nineteenth Century Britain. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-96493-1.\nSnodgrass, Mary Ellen (2004). Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45572-9.\nSpain, Nancy (1948). Mrs Beeton and her Husband. London: Collins. OCLC 3178766.\nWilson, Roger; Wilson, Nancy (1983). Please Pass the Salt. Philadelphia, PA: George F. Stickley. ISBN 978-0-89313-027-5.","title":"Notes and references"}]	[{"image_text":"Isabella Beeton (née Mayson), photographed in about 1854.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Isabella_Mary_Beeton.jpg/260px-Isabella_Mary_Beeton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cheapside, London, where Isabella and her family moved in 1836","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cheapside_and_Bow_Church_engraved_by_W.Albutt_after_T.H.Shepherd_publ_1837_edited.jpg/220px-Cheapside_and_Bow_Church_engraved_by_W.Albutt_after_T.H.Shepherd_publ_1837_edited.jpg"},{"image_text":"The new race stand at Epsom Racecourse in 1829","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Epsom_New_Race_Stand_%E2%80%93_1829.jpg/220px-Epsom_New_Race_Stand_%E2%80%93_1829.jpg"},{"image_text":"Samuel Orchart Beeton in 1860","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Samuel_Orchart_Beeton.jpg/220px-Samuel_Orchart_Beeton.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, September 1861","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Edmsept1861.jpg/220px-Edmsept1861.jpg"},{"image_text":"Title page of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, published in 1861","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Isabella_Beeton_-_Mrs_Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management_-_title_page.jpg/170px-Isabella_Beeton_-_Mrs_Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management_-_title_page.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gravestone of Samuel and Isabella, West Norwood Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/WNC_Beeton.JPG/220px-WNC_Beeton.JPG"},{"image_text":"Isabella in 1860","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Isabella_Beeton.jpg/220px-Isabella_Beeton.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"David, Elizabeth (21 October 1960). \"Too Many Cooks\". The Spectator: 45.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_David","url_text":"David, Elizabeth"}]},{"reference":"\"Marriages\". The Times. 14 July 1856. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine\". British Library. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160107184442/http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-englishwomans-domestic-magazine","url_text":"\"The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library","url_text":"British Library"},{"url":"http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-englishwomans-domestic-magazine","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Broomfield, Andrea (Summer 2008). \"Rushing Dinner to the Table: The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine and Industrialization's Effects on Middle-Class Food and Cooking, 1852–1860\". Victorian Periodicals Review. 41 (2): 101–23. doi:10.1353/vpr.0.0032. JSTOR 20084239. S2CID 161900658.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Periodicals_Review","url_text":"Victorian Periodicals Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fvpr.0.0032","url_text":"10.1353/vpr.0.0032"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20084239","url_text":"20084239"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161900658","url_text":"161900658"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Kathryn. \"Mrs Beeton and the Art of Household Management\". British Library. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Hughes","url_text":"Hughes, Kathryn"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160106044610/http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mrs-beeton-and-the-art-of-household-management","url_text":"\"Mrs Beeton and the Art of Household Management\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library","url_text":"British Library"},{"url":"http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mrs-beeton-and-the-art-of-household-management","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Mark (2 June 2006). \"Mrs Beeton couldn't cook but she could copy, reveals historian\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208042814/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/02/guardianhayfestival2006.books","url_text":"\"Mrs Beeton couldn't cook but she could copy, reveals historian\""},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/02/guardianhayfestival2006.books","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Daly, Suzanne; Forman, Ross G (2008). \"Cooking Culture: Situating Food and Drink in the Nineteenth Century\". Victorian Literature and Culture. 36 (2): 363–73. doi:10.1017/S1060150308080236. JSTOR 40347194.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1060150308080236","url_text":"10.1017/S1060150308080236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40347194","url_text":"40347194"}]},{"reference":"Beetham, Margaret (2008). \"Good Taste and Sweet Ordering: Dining with Mrs Beeton\". Victorian Literature and Culture. 36 (2): 391–406. doi:10.1017/S106015030808025X. JSTOR 40347196.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS106015030808025X","url_text":"10.1017/S106015030808025X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40347196","url_text":"40347196"}]},{"reference":"Smiles, Lucy (6 February 1932). \"Mrs Beeton\". The Times. p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Russell, Polly (3 December 2010). \"Mrs Beeton, the first domestic goddess\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208154047/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/be9d91a6-fcd8-11df-ae2d-00144feab49a.html","url_text":"\"Mrs Beeton, the first domestic goddess\""},{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/be9d91a6-fcd8-11df-ae2d-00144feab49a.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Sarah (7 October 2006). \"The First Domestic Goddess\". The Daily Mail. p. 85.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Williams_(screenwriter)","url_text":"Williams, Sarah"}]},{"reference":"\"Isabella Beeton\". Orion Publishing Group. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144153/https://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/detail.page?id=GzYOp1Khopg8mafdWYf7jW%2FQGyh%2FFPXDWXoVKv3ZPk4XTfZMd-SqIXaIVgntiQ__","url_text":"\"Isabella Beeton\""},{"url":"https://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/detail.page?id=GzYOp1Khopg8mafdWYf7jW/QGyh/FPXDWXoVKv3ZPk4XTfZMd-SqIXaIVgntiQ__","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Martha (June 2000). \"Home is Where the Dirt is\". The Women's Review of Books. 17 (9): 9–11. doi:10.2307/4023454. JSTOR 4023454.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4023454","url_text":"10.2307/4023454"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4023454","url_text":"4023454"}]},{"reference":"Clausen, Christopher (Summer 1993). \"How to Join the Middle Classes: With the Help of Dr. Smiles and Mrs. Beeton\". The American Scholar. 62 (3): 403–18. JSTOR 41212151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41212151","url_text":"41212151"}]},{"reference":"\"Literary Summary\". London Evening Standard. 20 February 1862. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Literary Notices\". The Bradford Observer. 29 March 1860. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Literature\". The Morning Chronicle. 28 February 1862. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Chronicle","url_text":"The Morning Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"New Books and New Editions\". Illustrated London News. 17 February 1906. p. 232.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Search results for 'Mrs Beeton'\". WorldCat. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170306200223/https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Mrs+Beeton&qt=results_page#x0:book-,(x0:book+x4:printbook),(x0:book+x4:digital),(x0:book+x4:mic),(x0:book+x4:thsis),(x0:book+x4:largeprint)format","url_text":"\"Search results for 'Mrs Beeton'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat","url_text":"WorldCat"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Mrs+Beeton&qt=results_page#x0:book-,(x0:book+x4:printbook),(x0:book+x4:digital),(x0:book+x4:mic),(x0:book+x4:thsis),(x0:book+x4:largeprint)format","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Bee (18 September 2000). \"Good egg; Food – You can't beat Mrs Beeton, says Bee Wilson\". New Statesman. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, Bee"}]},{"reference":"\"The language of cooking: from 'Forme of Cury' to 'Pukka Tucker'\". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112911/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/08/the-language-of-cooking-from-forme-of-cury-to-pukka-tucker/","url_text":"\"The language of cooking: from 'Forme of Cury' to 'Pukka Tucker'\""},{"url":"http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/08/the-language-of-cooking-from-forme-of-cury-to-pukka-tucker/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs, n.1\". Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/6eJIo8HlL?url=http://www.oed.com/;jsessionid=B0E5B07FA17D330635385081454904DA?authRejection=true&url=/view/Entry/123116?rskey=O99oOJ&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid35841492","url_text":"\"Mrs, n.1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"http://www.oed.com/;jsessionid=B0E5B07FA17D330635385081454904DA?authRejection=true&url=/view/Entry/123116?rskey=O99oOJ&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid35841492","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Koh, Gavin (26 September 2009). \"Medical Classics; The Book of Household Management\". The BMJ. 339 (7723): 755. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3866. JSTOR 25672776. S2CID 72911468.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BMJ","url_text":"The BMJ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.b3866","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.b3866"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25672776","url_text":"25672776"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72911468","url_text":"72911468"}]},{"reference":"Wensley, Robin (March 1996). \"Isabella Beeton: Management as 'Everything in its Place'\". Business Strategy Review. 7 (1): 37–46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8616.1996.tb00113.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8616.1996.tb00113.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1467-8616.1996.tb00113.x"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Mrs Beeton\". Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009). BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150205/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d8328c94b0174b709a8be1ad4026e7c2","url_text":"\"Meet Mrs Beeton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d8328c94b0174b709a8be1ad4026e7c2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs Beeton\". Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009). BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208222016/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3689ba42ad7e43acaa3e7b443c0fdfc9","url_text":"\"Mrs Beeton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3689ba42ad7e43acaa3e7b443c0fdfc9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Julian (3 April 2003). \"Mrs Beeton to the rescue\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Barnes","url_text":"Barnes, Julian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151119092338/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/apr/05/julianbarnes.houseandgarden","url_text":"\"Mrs Beeton to the rescue\""},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/apr/05/julianbarnes.houseandgarden","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Solo: Margaret Tyzack as Mrs Beeton\". Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009). BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208222633/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3d79278cd34f4c1f994e32379ad26425","url_text":"\"Solo: Margaret Tyzack as Mrs Beeton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3d79278cd34f4c1f994e32379ad26425","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Secret Life of Mrs Beeton\". Genome (Radio Times 1923–2009). BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208184836/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/b8ae8cf643b04802be60b1ed85cd14a6","url_text":"\"The Secret Life of Mrs Beeton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/b8ae8cf643b04802be60b1ed85cd14a6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Marvellous Mrs Beeton, with Sophie Dahl\". BBC. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160102103648/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0152d7l","url_text":"\"The Marvellous Mrs Beeton, with Sophie Dahl\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0152d7l","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Kate (2008). \"Arthur Conan Doyle and Isabella Beeton\". Victorian Literature and Culture. 36 (2): 375–90. doi:10.1017/S1060150308080248. JSTOR 40347195. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.brynmawr.edu/engl_pubs/5","url_text":"\"Arthur Conan Doyle and Isabella Beeton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1060150308080248","url_text":"10.1017/S1060150308080248"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40347195","url_text":"40347195"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210103171343/https://repository.brynmawr.edu/engl_pubs/5/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management\". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071102182500/http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780192833457","url_text":"\"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management\""},{"url":"http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-283345-6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management\". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080144/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/mrs-beetons-book-of-household-management-9780199536337?q=beeton&lang=en&cc=gb","url_text":"\"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management\""},{"url":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/mrs-beetons-book-of-household-management-9780199536337?q=beeton&lang=en&cc=gb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Rob; van den Berg, Thijs (2014). Serialization in Popular Culture. New York and Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-49205-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1OhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","url_text":"Serialization in Popular Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-49205-3","url_text":"978-1-134-49205-3"}]},{"reference":"Aylett, Mary; Ordish, Olive (1965). First Catch Your Hare. London: Macdonald. OCLC 54053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54053","url_text":"54053"}]},{"reference":"Beetham, Margaret (2003). A Magazine of Her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800–1914. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-76878-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wvWEAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Magazine of Her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800–1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-76878-3","url_text":"978-1-134-76878-3"}]},{"reference":"Beetham, Margaret (2004). \"Beeton, Samuel Orchart (1831–1877)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/45481. Retrieved 23 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/45481","url_text":"\"Beeton, Samuel Orchart (1831–1877)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F45481","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/45481"}]},{"reference":"Beetham, Margaret (2012). \"Beeton, Isabella Mary (1836–1865)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37172. Retrieved 3 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37172","url_text":"\"Beeton, Isabella Mary (1836–1865)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37172","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/37172"}]},{"reference":"Beeton, Isabella (1861). The Book of Household Management. London: S.O. Beeton. OCLC 8586799.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/bookhouseholdma00goog#page/n6/mode/2up","url_text":"The Book of Household Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8586799","url_text":"8586799"}]},{"reference":"Beeton, Isabella (1865). Mrs Beeton's Dictionary of Every-day Cookery. London: S.O. Beeton. OCLC 681270556.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hxQqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7","url_text":"Mrs Beeton's Dictionary of Every-day Cookery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/681270556","url_text":"681270556"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Howard; Mowatt, Simon (2014). Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine Publishing in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960163-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fKzSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","url_text":"Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine Publishing in Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960163-9","url_text":"978-0-19-960163-9"}]},{"reference":"David, Elizabeth (1961). An Omelette and a Glass of Wine. New York, NY: Lyons & Burford. ISBN 978-1-55821-571-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_David","url_text":"David, Elizabeth"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/omeletteandglass00davi#page/n1/mode/2up","url_text":"An Omelette and a Glass of Wine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-571-9","url_text":"978-1-55821-571-9"}]},{"reference":"Dickson Wright, Clarissa (2011). A History of English Food. London: Random House. ISBN 978-1-905211-85-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright","url_text":"Dickson Wright, Clarissa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905211-85-2","url_text":"978-1-905211-85-2"}]},{"reference":"Driver, Christopher (1983). The British at Table 1940–1980. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-2582-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-2582-0","url_text":"978-0-7011-2582-0"}]},{"reference":"Forster-Walmsley, J.K. (2013). Breaking the Mould (Kindle ed.). Amazon Media. ISBN 978-1-291-95255-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-291-95255-1","url_text":"978-1-291-95255-1"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Sarah (1977). Isabella and Sam: The Story of Mrs. Beeton. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. ISBN 978-0-575-01835-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-575-01835-8","url_text":"978-0-575-01835-8"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Sarah (1989). Mutton and Oysters: The Victorians and Their Food. London: Gollancz. ISBN 978-0-575-03151-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-575-03151-7","url_text":"978-0-575-03151-7"}]},{"reference":"Hardy, Sheila (2011). The Real Mrs Beeton: The Story of Eliza Acton. Stroud, Glous: History Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7524-6680-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/realmrsbeetonsto0000hard","url_text":"The Real Mrs Beeton: The Story of Eliza Acton"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/realmrsbeetonsto0000hard/page/n214","url_text":"1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6680-4","url_text":"978-0-7524-6680-4"}]},{"reference":"Hope, Annette (2005). Londoners' Larder. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84018-965-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-965-0","url_text":"978-1-84018-965-0"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Kathryn (2006). The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton. London: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7524-6122-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Hughes","url_text":"Hughes, Kathryn"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p5NvuLMB3tYC&pg=PP1","url_text":"The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6122-9","url_text":"978-0-7524-6122-9"}]},{"reference":"Humble, Nicola (2006). Culinary Pleasures. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-22871-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22871-3","url_text":"978-0-571-22871-3"}]},{"reference":"Hyde, Montgomery (1951). Mr and Mrs Beeton. London: George G. Harrap and Co. OCLC 4729698.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Montgomery_Hyde","url_text":"Hyde, Montgomery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4729698","url_text":"4729698"}]},{"reference":"Nown, Graham (1986). Mrs Beeton: 150 Years of Cookery and Household Management. London: Ward Lock. ISBN 978-0-7063-6459-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7063-6459-0","url_text":"978-0-7063-6459-0"}]},{"reference":"Paxman, Jeremy (2009). The Victorians: Britain Through the Paintings of the Age. London: BBC Books. ISBN 978-1-84607-743-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paxman","url_text":"Paxman, Jeremy"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Og5v5dUeaoIC&pg=PP1","url_text":"The Victorians: Britain Through the Paintings of the Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84607-743-2","url_text":"978-1-84607-743-2"}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Sarah (2013). The Political Worlds of Women: Gender and Politics in Nineteenth Century Britain. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-96493-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4c-FA8SQ-H8C&pg=PP1","url_text":"The Political Worlds of Women: Gender and Politics in Nineteenth Century Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96493-1","url_text":"978-1-135-96493-1"}]},{"reference":"Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2004). Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45572-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Snodgrass","url_text":"Snodgrass, Mary Ellen"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Kitchen History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45572-9","url_text":"978-1-135-45572-9"}]},{"reference":"Spain, Nancy (1948). Mrs Beeton and her Husband. London: Collins. OCLC 3178766.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Spain","url_text":"Spain, Nancy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mrsbeetonherhusb00spai","url_text":"Mrs Beeton and her Husband"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3178766","url_text":"3178766"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Roger; Wilson, Nancy (1983). Please Pass the Salt. Philadelphia, PA: George F. Stickley. ISBN 978-0-89313-027-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89313-027-5","url_text":"978-0-89313-027-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160107184442/http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-englishwomans-domestic-magazine","external_links_name":"\"The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-englishwomans-domestic-magazine","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fvpr.0.0032","external_links_name":"10.1353/vpr.0.0032"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20084239","external_links_name":"20084239"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161900658","external_links_name":"161900658"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160106044610/http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mrs-beeton-and-the-art-of-household-management","external_links_name":"\"Mrs Beeton and the Art of Household Management\""},{"Link":"http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/mrs-beeton-and-the-art-of-household-management","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208042814/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/02/guardianhayfestival2006.books","external_links_name":"\"Mrs Beeton couldn't cook but she could copy, reveals historian\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jun/02/guardianhayfestival2006.books","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1060150308080236","external_links_name":"10.1017/S1060150308080236"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40347194","external_links_name":"40347194"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS106015030808025X","external_links_name":"10.1017/S106015030808025X"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40347196","external_links_name":"40347196"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208154047/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/be9d91a6-fcd8-11df-ae2d-00144feab49a.html","external_links_name":"\"Mrs Beeton, the first domestic goddess\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/be9d91a6-fcd8-11df-ae2d-00144feab49a.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144153/https://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/detail.page?id=GzYOp1Khopg8mafdWYf7jW%2FQGyh%2FFPXDWXoVKv3ZPk4XTfZMd-SqIXaIVgntiQ__","external_links_name":"\"Isabella Beeton\""},{"Link":"https://www.orionbooks.co.uk/authors/detail.page?id=GzYOp1Khopg8mafdWYf7jW/QGyh/FPXDWXoVKv3ZPk4XTfZMd-SqIXaIVgntiQ__","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4023454","external_links_name":"10.2307/4023454"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4023454","external_links_name":"4023454"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41212151","external_links_name":"41212151"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170306200223/https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Mrs+Beeton&qt=results_page#x0:book-,(x0:book+x4:printbook),(x0:book+x4:digital),(x0:book+x4:mic),(x0:book+x4:thsis),(x0:book+x4:largeprint)format","external_links_name":"\"Search results for 'Mrs Beeton'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Mrs+Beeton&qt=results_page#x0:book-,(x0:book+x4:printbook),(x0:book+x4:digital),(x0:book+x4:mic),(x0:book+x4:thsis),(x0:book+x4:largeprint)format","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112911/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/08/the-language-of-cooking-from-forme-of-cury-to-pukka-tucker/","external_links_name":"\"The language of cooking: from 'Forme of Cury' to 'Pukka Tucker'\""},{"Link":"http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/08/the-language-of-cooking-from-forme-of-cury-to-pukka-tucker/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6eJIo8HlL?url=http://www.oed.com/;jsessionid=B0E5B07FA17D330635385081454904DA?authRejection=true&url=/view/Entry/123116?rskey=O99oOJ&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid35841492","external_links_name":"\"Mrs, n.1\""},{"Link":"http://www.oed.com/;jsessionid=B0E5B07FA17D330635385081454904DA?authRejection=true&url=/view/Entry/123116?rskey=O99oOJ&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid35841492","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.b3866","external_links_name":"10.1136/bmj.b3866"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25672776","external_links_name":"25672776"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72911468","external_links_name":"72911468"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8616.1996.tb00113.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1467-8616.1996.tb00113.x"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150205/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d8328c94b0174b709a8be1ad4026e7c2","external_links_name":"\"Meet Mrs Beeton\""},{"Link":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/d8328c94b0174b709a8be1ad4026e7c2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208222016/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3689ba42ad7e43acaa3e7b443c0fdfc9","external_links_name":"\"Mrs Beeton\""},{"Link":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3689ba42ad7e43acaa3e7b443c0fdfc9","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151119092338/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/apr/05/julianbarnes.houseandgarden","external_links_name":"\"Mrs Beeton to the rescue\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/apr/05/julianbarnes.houseandgarden","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208222633/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3d79278cd34f4c1f994e32379ad26425","external_links_name":"\"Solo: Margaret Tyzack as Mrs Beeton\""},{"Link":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/3d79278cd34f4c1f994e32379ad26425","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208184836/http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/b8ae8cf643b04802be60b1ed85cd14a6","external_links_name":"\"The Secret Life of Mrs Beeton\""},{"Link":"http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/b8ae8cf643b04802be60b1ed85cd14a6","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160102103648/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0152d7l","external_links_name":"\"The Marvellous Mrs Beeton, with Sophie Dahl\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0152d7l","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://repository.brynmawr.edu/engl_pubs/5","external_links_name":"\"Arthur Conan Doyle and Isabella Beeton\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1060150308080248","external_links_name":"10.1017/S1060150308080248"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40347195","external_links_name":"40347195"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210103171343/https://repository.brynmawr.edu/engl_pubs/5/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071102182500/http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780192833457","external_links_name":"\"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management\""},{"Link":"http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-283345-6","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080144/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/mrs-beetons-book-of-household-management-9780199536337?q=beeton&lang=en&cc=gb","external_links_name":"\"Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management\""},{"Link":"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/mrs-beetons-book-of-household-management-9780199536337?q=beeton&lang=en&cc=gb","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1OhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"Serialization in Popular Culture"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54053","external_links_name":"54053"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wvWEAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"A Magazine of Her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800–1914"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/45481","external_links_name":"\"Beeton, Samuel Orchart (1831–1877)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F45481","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/45481"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37172","external_links_name":"\"Beeton, Isabella Mary (1836–1865)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37172","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/37172"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/bookhouseholdma00goog#page/n6/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Book of Household Management"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8586799","external_links_name":"8586799"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hxQqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7","external_links_name":"Mrs Beeton's Dictionary of Every-day Cookery"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/681270556","external_links_name":"681270556"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fKzSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine Publishing in Britain"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/omeletteandglass00davi#page/n1/mode/2up","external_links_name":"An Omelette and a Glass of Wine"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/realmrsbeetonsto0000hard","external_links_name":"The Real Mrs Beeton: The Story of Eliza Acton"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/realmrsbeetonsto0000hard/page/n214","external_links_name":"1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p5NvuLMB3tYC&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4729698","external_links_name":"4729698"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Og5v5dUeaoIC&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"The Victorians: Britain Through the Paintings of the Age"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4c-FA8SQ-H8C&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"The Political Worlds of Women: Gender and Politics in Nineteenth Century Britain"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SJGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Kitchen History"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mrsbeetonherhusb00spai","external_links_name":"Mrs Beeton and her Husband"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3178766","external_links_name":"3178766"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3324","external_links_name":"Works by Isabella Beeton"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Beeton%2C%20Isabella%20Mary%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Beeton%2C%20Isabella%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Beeton%2C%20I%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Isabella%20Mary%20Beeton%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Isabella%20M%2E%20Beeton%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22I%2E%20M%2E%20Beeton%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Beeton%2C%20Isabella%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Isabella%20Beeton%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Isabella%20Mary%20Beeton%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Isabella%20M%2E%20Beeton%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22I%2E%20M%2E%20Beeton%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22I%2E%20Mary%20Beeton%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beeton%2C%20Isabella%20Mary%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beeton%2C%20Isabella%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beeton%2C%20I%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beeton%2C%20I%2E%20Mary%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Isabella%20Beeton%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Beeton%2C%20Isabella%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Isabella%20Mary%20Beeton%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Isabella%20M%2E%20Beeton%22%20OR%20title%3A%22I%2E%20M%2E%20Beeton%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Isabella%20Beeton%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Isabella%20Mary%20Beeton%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Isabella%20M%2E%20Beeton%22%20OR%20description%3A%22I%2E%20M%2E%20Beeton%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Beeton%2C%20Isabella%20Mary%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Beeton%2C%20Isabella%20M%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Isabella%20Beeton%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Beeton%2C%20Isabella%22%29%20OR%20%28%221836-1865%22%20AND%20Beeton%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Isabella Beeton"},{"Link":"http://www.mrsbeeton.com/","external_links_name":"Beeton's Book of Household Management"},{"Link":"http://www.exclassics.com/beeton/beetintr.htm","external_links_name":"Beeton's Book of Household Management"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/author/4484","external_links_name":"Works by Isabella Beeton"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/2026/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110711656","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/74650577","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6003935","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/26190","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169941715","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169941715","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118850121","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007427191205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50007394","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/75knsdcr2kftsfn","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00770180","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36539601","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000166737&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p111240883","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810670437905606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07957255?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1280647","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6744f5h","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/097524875","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_P._Wellman	Michael Wellman	["1 See also","2 References"]	American computer scientist Not to be confused with Sean Michael Wellman. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Michael Wellman" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Michael P. WellmanBornMichael Paul Wellman (1961-03-27) 27 March 1961 (age 63)Brooklyn, New York, USEducationMIT, Ph.D.AwardsFellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence and the Association for Computing MachineryScientific careerFieldsComputer ScienceInstitutionsUniversity of Michigan Michael Paul Wellman (born March 27, 1961) is the Richard H. Orenstein Division Chair of Computer Science and Engineering and Lynn A. Conway Collegiate Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Wellman received a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1988 for his work in qualitative probabilistic reasoning and decision-theoretic planning. From 1988 to 1992, Wellman conducted research in these areas at the USAF's Wright Laboratory. For the past 25 years, his research has focused on computational market mechanisms and game-theoretic reasoning methods, with applications in electronic commerce, finance, and cyber-security. As Chief Market Technologist for TradingDynamics, Inc. (now part of Ariba), he designed configurable auction technology for dynamic business-to-business commerce. Wellman previously served as Chair of the ACM Special Interest Group on Electronic Commerce (SIGecom), and as Executive Editor of the Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. He is a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence and the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2014 Wellman won the ACM/SIGAI Autonomous Agents Research Award. See also SIGECOM Mechanism design Reinforcement Learning References ^ "Michael P. Wellman, University of Michigan". Retrieved 20 February 2013. ^ Autonomous Agents Research Award recipients, retrieved on April 3, 2015. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Academics Association for Computing Machinery CiNii DBLP Google Scholar MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project ORCID Scopus zbMATH Other IdRef This biography of an American academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sean Michael Wellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Michael_Wellman"},{"link_name":"Lynn A. Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Conway"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Artificial_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Sean Michael Wellman.Michael Paul Wellman (born March 27, 1961) is the Richard H. Orenstein Division Chair of Computer Science and Engineering and Lynn A. Conway Collegiate Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.[1]Wellman received a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1988 for his work in qualitative probabilistic reasoning and decision-theoretic planning. From 1988 to 1992, Wellman conducted research in these areas at the USAF's Wright Laboratory. For the past 25 years, his research has focused on computational market mechanisms and game-theoretic reasoning methods, with applications in electronic commerce, finance, and cyber-security. As Chief Market Technologist for TradingDynamics, Inc. (now part of Ariba), he designed configurable auction technology for dynamic business-to-business commerce. Wellman previously served as Chair of the ACM Special Interest Group on Electronic Commerce (SIGecom), and as Executive Editor of the Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. He is a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence and the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2014 Wellman won the ACM/SIGAI Autonomous Agents Research Award.[2]","title":"Michael Wellman"}]	[]	[{"title":"SIGECOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SIGECOM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Mechanism design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_design"},{"title":"Reinforcement Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_Learning"}]	[{"reference":"\"Michael P. Wellman, University of Michigan\". Retrieved 20 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/wellman/","url_text":"\"Michael P. Wellman, University of Michigan\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Michael+Wellman%22","external_links_name":"\"Michael Wellman\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Michael+Wellman%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Michael+Wellman%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Michael+Wellman%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Michael+Wellman%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Michael+Wellman%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/wellman/","external_links_name":"\"Michael P. Wellman, University of Michigan\""},{"Link":"http://sigai.acm.org/awards/autonomous_agents_award.html","external_links_name":"Autonomous Agents Research Award recipients"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083043962","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/111398499","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4Wk8C9xbTrhckGqFR8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90630817","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007449459805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90603677","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=stk2008477210&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202354486","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p133646319","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dl.acm.org/profile/81100214409","external_links_name":"Association for Computing Machinery"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0489386X?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://dblp.org/pid/w/MichaelPWellman","external_links_name":"DBLP"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=UruIct4AAAAJ","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/273914","external_links_name":"MathSciNet"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=112817","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1691-6844","external_links_name":"ORCID"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7005153459","external_links_name":"Scopus"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:wellman.michael-p","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/255586973","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Wellman&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_in_a_Million	Once in a Million	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	1936 film by Arthur B. Woods Once in a MillionAmerican posterDirected byArthur B. WoodsWritten byJack Davies Geoffrey Kerr Max KesterProduced byWalter C. MycroftStarringCharles 'Buddy' Rogers Mary Brian Jimmy GoddenCinematographyRonald NeameEdited byGeorge Black Jr.Music byHarry AcresProductioncompanyBritish International PicturesDistributed byWardour FilmsRelease date 13 March 1936 (1936-03-13) Running time79 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Once in a Million is a 1936 British comedy film directed by Arthur B. Woods and starring Charles 'Buddy' Rogers, Mary Brian and Jimmy Godden. It was shot at the Welwyn Studios of British International Pictures near London. The film's sets were designed by the art director Cedric Dawe. Plot A bank clerk is left to guard a million pounds and fantasises about how he would spend the money. Cast Charles "Buddy" Rogers as Pierre Mary Brian as Suzanne W.H. Berry as Gallivert Haver and Lee as Joe and Chief Norah Gale as Princess Billy Milton as Prince Charles Carson asPresident Nadine March as Josette Iris Hoey as Mrs. Fenwick Veronica Rose as Caroline Jimmy Godden as Plume References ^ BFI.org ^ Wood p.87 Bibliography Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927–1939. British Film Institute, 1986. External links Once in a Million at IMDb vteFilms directed by Arthur B. Woods Timbuctoo (1933) On Secret Service (1933) Radio Parade of 1935 (1934) Give Her a Ring (1934) Music Hath Charms (1935) Drake of England (1935) Once in a Million (1936) Rhythm in the Air (1936) Where's Sally? (1936) Irish for Luck (1936) Mayfair Melody (1937) The Windmill (1937) The Compulsory Wife (1937) Don't Get Me Wrong (1937) You Live and Learn (1937) The Singing Cop (1938) The Dark Stairway (1938) Mr. Satan (1938) Thistledown (1938) Glamour Girl (1938) The Return of Carol Deane (1938) Dangerous Medicine (1938) They Drive by Night (1938) Q Planes (1939) The Nursemaid Who Disappeared (1939) Confidential Lady (1939) Busman's Honeymoon (1940) This article related to a British comedy film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Arthur B. Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_B._Woods"},{"link_name":"Charles 'Buddy' Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%27Buddy%27_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Mary Brian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Brian"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Godden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Godden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Welwyn Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welwyn_Studios"},{"link_name":"British International Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Pictures"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Cedric Dawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Dawe"}],"text":"Once in a Million is a 1936 British comedy film directed by Arthur B. Woods and starring Charles 'Buddy' Rogers, Mary Brian and Jimmy Godden.[1] It was shot at the Welwyn Studios of British International Pictures near London. [2] The film's sets were designed by the art director Cedric Dawe.","title":"Once in a Million"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A bank clerk is left to guard a million pounds and fantasises about how he would spend the money.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_%22Buddy%22_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Mary Brian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Brian"},{"link_name":"Haver and Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haver_and_Lee"},{"link_name":"Billy Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Milton"},{"link_name":"Charles Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Carson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Iris Hoey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Hoey"},{"link_name":"Veronica Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Rose"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Godden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Godden"}],"text":"Charles \"Buddy\" Rogers as Pierre\nMary Brian as Suzanne\nW.H. Berry as Gallivert\nHaver and Lee as Joe and Chief\nNorah Gale as Princess\nBilly Milton as Prince\nCharles Carson asPresident\nNadine March as Josette\nIris Hoey as Mrs. Fenwick\nVeronica Rose as Caroline\nJimmy Godden as Plume","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927–1939. British Film Institute, 1986.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090114114619/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/44983","external_links_name":"BFI.org"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027190/","external_links_name":"Once in a Million"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_in_a_Million&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_T._Clerk	Nicholas T. Clerk	["1 Early life and family","2 Education and training","3 Career","3.1 Academia","3.2 Public service","3.3 Church work","4 Personal life","5 Death and funeral","5.1 Legacy and memorial","6 Selected works","7 References"]	Ghanaian academic, administrator and minister (1930–2012) This article is about the Ghanaian academic, administrator and Presbyterian minister, Nicholas T. Clerk. For his grandfather, the Gold Coast-born theologian, clergyman and missionary, see Nicholas Timothy Clerk. For the English politician from the Middle Ages, see Nicholas Clerk. The Rev. Dr.Nicholas Timothy ClerkNicholas T. Clerk in 20004th Rector of the Ghana Institute of Management and Public AdministrationIn office1977–1982Preceded byJames NtiSucceeded byR. K. O. Djang Personal detailsBorn(1930-03-03)3 March 1930Adawso, Gold CoastDied22 September 2012(2012-09-22) (aged 82)Accra, GhanaNationalityBritish subject (1930–1957)Ghanaian (1957–2012)EducationPresbyterian Boys' Secondary SchoolPresbyterian Training College, AkropongUniversity College of GhanaUniversity College, LeicesterUniversity of London (BA, PGCE)University of Southern California (MPA, DPA)Trinity Theological Seminary, Legon (Dipl.-Theol.)Known forContributions to public sector performance and productivity improvement in AfricaAcademic backgroundThesisBureaucracy And The One-Party State: Politics And Administrative Transformation In Ghana (1972)Doctoral advisorGilbert Byron SiegelOther advisorsWilliam Bruce StormLouis B. BishopAcademic workDisciplinePublic administrationPublic policyPolitical scienceInstitutionsGhana Institute of Management and Public AdministrationKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyTrinity Theological Seminary, Legon Ecclesiastical careerChurchPresbyterian Church of Ghana Nicholas Timothy Clerk (3 March 1930 – 22 September 2012) was a Ghanaian academic, administrator and Presbyterian minister who served as the Rector of the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA) from 1977 to 1982. He was also the vice-chairman of the Public Services Commission of Ghana. Clerk chaired the Public Services Commission of Uganda from 1989 to 1990. Early life and family Further information: Clerk family Nicholas Timothy Clerk was born on 3 March 1930 in Adawso in the Eastern Region of Ghana. His father, Carl Henry Clerk (1895–1982), an agricultural educator, journalist, editor and Presbyterian minister, was the fourth Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast from 1950 to 1954 and the Editor of the Christian Messenger, the newspaper of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana from 1960 to 1963. Nicholas Clerk's mother, Martha Ayorkor Quao (1911–1989) hailed from La and Ga-Mashie. She was the granddaughter of Nii Ngleshie Addy I, the eldest son of Nii Tetteh Tsuru I, the founder and ruler of the Otuopai Clan, a royal house in Ga Mashie. Nicholas Timothy Clerk was a fourth generation member of the historically important Clerk family. His paternal great-grandfather, Alexander Worthy Clerk (1820–1906), a Jamaican Moravian missionary arrived in the Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg (now the suburb of Osu) in Accra on the Gold Coast in 1843, as part of the original group of 24 West Indian missionaries who worked under the auspices of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society of Basel, Switzerland. A.W. Clerk co-founded a boarding middle school, the Salem School in 1843. His paternal great-grandmother, Pauline Hesse (1831–1909) was of Danish, Ga and German heritage. His great-grandaunt was Regina Hesse (1832 –1898), a pioneer educator and school principal who worked with the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast. His grandfather, Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862 –1961), a theologian was the first Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast from 1918 to 1932 and a founding father of the all boys’ boarding high school, the Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School, established in 1938. His grandmother, Anna Alice Meyer (1873–1934) was of Ga-Danish descent. His uncle, Theodore S. Clerk (1909 -1965), was the first Ghanaian architect of the Gold Coast who planned and developed the port city of Tema. His aunts were Jane E. Clerk (1904–1999), a female education administration pioneer and Matilda J. Clerk (1916–1984), the second Ghanaian woman to become a medical doctor. He was the cousin of Pauline M. Clerk (1935 - 2013), a diplomat and a presidential advisor and Alexander Adu Clerk (born 1947), a sleep medicine specialist and psychiatrist His granduncle, Emmanuel Charles Quist (1880–1959), a barrister and judge, became the first African President of the Legislative Council from 1949 to 1951, Speaker of the National Assembly of the Gold Coast from 1951 to 1957, and Speaker of the National Assembly of Ghana from March 1957 to November 1957. Maternally, Clerk's uncle was the barrister and judge, Nii Amaa Ollennu (1906–1986), elected the Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana during the Second Republic as well as serving as the Chairman of the Presidential Commission and acting President of Ghana from 7 August 1970 to 31 August 1970. His other maternal uncle was Nathan Quao (1915–2005), a diplomat, educationist and public servant who became a presidential advisor to the governments of several Heads of State of Ghana. In addition, his first cousin was an economist and diplomat, Amon Nikoi (1930–2002), the Governor of the Bank of Ghana from 1973 to 1977 and Finance minister from 1979 to 1981. Education and training He had his primary education at Presbyterian schools at Kpong, Odumase Krobo, Somanya and Osu according to the teaching postings of his father. He attended the boys' middle boarding school, the Salem School at Osu from 1942 to 1945. He had his secondary education at the Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School, Odumase-Krobo where he was elected the Senior Prefect in 1949. He received theology and pedagogy training at the Presbyterian Training College, Akropong, originally named, the Basel Mission Seminary, Akropong. The college was founded by the Basel Mission in 1848 as the second oldest higher educational institution in early modern West Africa after Fourah Bay College which was established in 1827. He won a colonial scholarship to study English Language and Literature at the University College, Leicester, then part of the University of London external system, receiving his honours bachelor's degree in 1955. To qualify as an education officer, he obtained his professional certification, a Postgraduate Certificate in Education, from the Institute of Education at the University College of Ghana, also an affiliate of the University of London external system at the time. He later attended the University of Southern California on a fellowship and obtained a master's degree and a doctorate in public administration. He also earned a diploma in theology from the Trinity Theological Seminary, Legon and was ordained a Presbyterian minister. Career Academia In his early career, he taught English Language and Literature at his alma mater, the Presbyterian Boys Secondary School, Odumase-Krobo, the Government Training College at Peki and Tamale and at the Department of Liberal Arts at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. He was later recruited as a lecturer in public policy, administration and management at the then newly established Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA), Greenhill, Legon in 1962, and rose through the ranks to become the Rector of the institute from 1977 to 1982. The location of GIMPA, "Greenhill", was named by Clerk. The name, "Greenhill", is a reference to the lush greenery and hilly topography of the main campus, as well as its location in Legon which was historically on the periphery of the Ghanaian capital, Accra. Previously known as the Institute of Public Administration, the school was established in 1961 by the Government of Ghana with financial backing from the United Nations Special Fund Project, for the professional training of the country's civil servants. Today, GIMPA is the country's principal school of public policy, public administration and governance. Clerk served on the Ghana Education Service Council. He was also a guest lecturer at the School of Administration (now the University of Ghana Business School); the Department of Political Science at the University of Ghana; the Ghana Police College; the Ghana Military Academy and the Armed Forces Staff College. Public service In 1982, he was reassigned by the PNDC government to the Public Services Commission of Ghana as a Commissioner and later became the de facto vice-chairman. Between 1989 and 1990, he was appointed by the United Nations Development Programme as a Chief Technical Advisor on Administrative Reforms and the Chairman of the Public Services Commission of Uganda, a role in which he led the review, reorganisation and reform of the Ugandan public service through statecraft. Furthermore, he performed similar roles in his capacity as a public sector, management and health administration consultant in other African countries including Botswana, Kenya, Liberia, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and The Gambia. Church work Clerk worked with the Presbyterian Church of Ghana in a senior administrative capacity as the Director of Administration and Human Resource Management at its headquarters in Accra and was also a lecturer at the Trinity Theological Seminary, Legon where he taught church management and administration courses. Moreover, he was the Chairperson of the Missions and Monuments Committee of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana. Earlier in his pastoral career, he had a stint as an associate minister at the Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu. For a long time, he was the minister-in-charge of the Grace Presbyterian Church, Nungua North in Accra. Additionally, Nicholas Clerk sat on the school board of the Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School and was active in the alumni association. Personal life Clerk was married and had six children: Carl, Martha, Nicholas Jnr., Pauline, Christine and Caroline, with careers in architecture, corporate management, medicine, finance, public health and nonprofits. His younger brother was the plant pathologist, George C. Clerk (1931–2019). N. T. Clerk was also a trained pianist and a flautist. Death and funeral Nicholas Clerk died on 22 September 2012 of natural causes at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. His funeral service was held at the Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu after which his remains were buried at the Basel Mission Cemetery in Osu, Accra. Legacy and memorial At the dedication of its chapel in 2019, the Grace Presbyterian Church, Nungua-North unveiled a memorial plaque in honour of Nicholas T. Clerk. Selected works Clerk, N. T. (1972) Bureaucracy and the One-party State: Politics and Administrative Transformation in Ghana Clerk, N. T. & Dabi-Dankwa, S.N.O. (1988) Half a century of secondary school education by the Presbyterian Church : the story of Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School, Odumase Krobo / Legon golden jubilee, 1938–1988 Clerk, N. T. (1990) Report of the Public Service Review and Reorganization Commission, 1989–1990 / Vol. 1, Main report. Entebbe: Ministry of Public Service and Cabinet Affairs References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "PRESEC \| ALUMINI PORTAL". 11 November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b c d e "70 years of excellent secondary education" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ "Public Services Commission of Ghana". psc.gov.gh. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2019. ^ a b c Uganda; Public Service Review and Reorganization Commission; Clerk, Nicholas T; Uganda; Ministry of Public Service and Cabinet Affairs (1990). Report of the Public Service Review and Reorganization Commission, 1989–1990 Vol. 1, Vol. 1. Entebbe: Ministry of Public Service and Cabinet Affairs. OCLC 651089969. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Obituary: The Rev. Dr. Nicholas Timothy Clerk. Accra: Christian Messenger – Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Funeral Bulletin. 27 October 2012. ^ Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. 26 August 1954. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. ^ a b Clerk, Nicholas, T. (5 June 1982). Obituary: The Reverend Carl Henry Clerk. Accra: Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Funeral Bulletin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "FamilySearch.org". familysearch.org. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ a b Anquandah, James (November 2006). Ghana-Caribbean Relations – From Slavery Times to Present: Lecture to the Ghana-Caribbean Association (PDF). Accra: National Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ a b Debrunner, Hans W. (1965). Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862–1961: pioneer and church leader. Watervile Publishing House. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. ^ Debrunner, Hans W. (1967). A history of Christianity in Ghana. Waterville Pub. House. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. ^ a b Sill, Ulrike (2010). Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004188884. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. ^ a b "Clerk, Nicholas Timothy, Ghana, Basel Mission". dacb.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ Goold, David. "Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (June 11, 2017, 7:51 pm)". scottisharchitects.org.uk. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ Ofori-Mensah. "22 Successful Ghanaians Who Went To Achimota School". OMGVoice. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ "Profile of THEODORE SHEALTIEL CLERK". MyHeritage.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ Patton, Adell Jr. (13 April 1996). Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa (1st ed.). Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 29. ISBN 9780813014326. ^ Steinberg, S. (27 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1962: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. Springer. ISBN 9780230270916. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. ^ Steinberg, S. (27 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. Springer. ISBN 9780230270923. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. ^ Steinberg, S. (26 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1964–65: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. Springer. ISBN 9780230270930. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. ^ "Sleep Medicine Services". sleepmedicineservice.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ "Dr. Alexander Clerk, MD – San Jose, CA – Psychiatry & Sleep Medicine \| Healthgrades.com". www.healthgrades.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ "Alexander A. Clerk, MD: Sleep Medicine, Psychiatry". doctor.webmd.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ "Alex A. Clerk, M.D." Physicians Medical Group of San Jose. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ "Dr. Alex Clerk, MD – San Jose, CA \| Psychiatry on Doximity". Doximity. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ "Dr. Alex Clerk, MD \| San Jose, CA \| Psychiatrist". www.vitals.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ "Dr. Alex Clerk MD: Psychiatry, San Jose, CA". U.S. News. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017. ^ Ebony. Johnson Publishing Company. 1 July 1992. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. ^ "Janus: Progress in the Colonies, 1940s–1950s". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017. ^ "Official Web Site for the Judicial Service of the Republic of Ghana". 14 April 2005. Archived from the original on 14 April 2005. Retrieved 6 June 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Countries Ga-Gi". rulers.org. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2017. ^ "Nathan Quao to be given state burial on April 8". ModernGhana.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ "Nathan Quao to be given state burial on April 8". ghanaweb.com. 30 November 2001. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017. ^ "Former Bank of Ghana Governor buried at La". ghanaweb.com. 30 November 2001. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017. ^ "Dr Amon Nikoi, Former Governor of the Bank of Ghana". ghanaweb.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2017. ^ "Presbyterian Boys Boarding School, Osu Salem". osusalem.org. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017. ^ "PRESEC \| ALUMINI PORTAL". www.odadee.net (in Russian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017. ^ "Presbyterian College of Education (Akropong Akuapem) – T-TEL". t-tel.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2017. ^ "Presby – PTC COLLEGE OF EDUCATION". Presby. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018. ^ "Welcome – Trinity Theological Seminary". new.trinity.edu.gh. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017. ^ a b "Presbyterian Church of Ghana". app.razorplanet.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017. ^ Aggrey, Joe (16 June 1998). Graphic Sports: Issue 701 June 16 – 18 1998. Graphic Communications Group. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. ^ "Nicholas Clerk – Historical records and family trees – MyHeritage". myheritage.com. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017. ^ "Mr Nicholas Clerk: Obstetrics and gynaecology". finder.bupa.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ "Mr Nick Clerk \| Consultant Gynaecologist \| Spire Healthcare". www.spirehealthcare.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017. ^ "Announcement: Join PATH at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene conference – PATH". path.org. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017. ^ PATH (November 2012). "Guiding product development of malaria diagnostics to support elimination programs: The Target Product Profile" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2017. ^ PATH (November 2012). "Zambia Trip Report: Project DIAMETER (Diagnostics for Malaria Elimination Toward Eradication)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2017. ^ "Ghana Medical Journal". www.ghanamedj.org. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017. ^ "Review of antenatal-linked voluntary counselling and HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons and options for Ghana" (PDF). Ghana Medical Journal. 39. March 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2017. ^ Clerk, Christine Alexandra; Bruce, Jane; Greenwood, Brian; Chandramohan, Daniel (1 June 2009). "The epidemiology of malaria among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in an area with intense and highly seasonal malaria transmission in northern Ghana". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 14 (6): 688–695. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02280.x. ISSN 1365-3156. PMID 19392740. S2CID 3150052. ^ "Christine Alexandra Clerk Obituary - COLLEYVILLE, TX". Dignity Memorial. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018. ^ Kukula, Vida Ami; Dodoo, Alexander A. N.; Akpakli, Jonas; Narh-Bana, Solomon A.; Clerk, Christine; Adjei, Alexander; Awini, Elizabeth; Manye, Simon; Nagai, Richard Afedi (19 October 2015). "Feasibility and cost of using mobile phones for capturing drug safety information in peri-urban settlement in Ghana: a prospective cohort study of patients with uncomplicated malaria". Malaria Journal. 14: 411. doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0932-8. PMC 4615326. PMID 26481106. ^ Baiden, Frank; Awini, Elizabeth; Clerk, Christine (July 2002). "Perception of university students in Ghana about emergency contraception". Contraception. 66 (1): 23–26. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00315-3. ISSN 0010-7824. PMID 12169377. ^ "Christine Clerk \| Profiles RNS". profiles.tdr-global.net. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018. ^ "Household cost of treating fevers in Ghana \| Tropical Health Matters". malariamatters.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018. ^ Henry, Clerk, Carl (9 September 1986). "Institution of Management and Administration – Kumasi". Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Contact Us \| Department of Botany". www.ug.edu.gh. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Membership". gaas-gh.org. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ "Fellowship". gaas-gh.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ Clerk, Nicholas Timothy (1972). Bureaucracy and the One-party State: Politics and Administrative Transformation in Ghana. University of Southern California. ^ Clerk, Nicholas Timothy (1972). Bureaucracy and the one-party state: Politics and administrative tranformation in Ghana (Thesis). OCLC 914999075. ^ Clerk, Nicholas T; Dabi-Dankwa, Seth N. O (1988). Half a century of secondary school education by the Presbyterian Church: the story of Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School, Odumase Krobo/Legon golden jubilee, 1938–1988. Place of publication not identified: publisher not identified. OCLC 20045010. ^ Uganda; Public Service Review and Re-organization Commission; Clerk, Nicholas T (1990). Public Service Review and Reorganisation Commission, 1989–1990. Volume 1, Volume 1. Kampala: Public Service Review and Reorganisation Commission. OCLC 1006053621. Christianity portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas Timothy Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Timothy_Clerk"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Clerk"},{"link_name":"Ghanaian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_people"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_minister"},{"link_name":"Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(academia)"},{"link_name":"Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Institute_of_Management_and_Public_Administration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Public Services Commission of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Services_Commission_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"}],"text":"This article is about the Ghanaian academic, administrator and Presbyterian minister, Nicholas T. Clerk. For his grandfather, the Gold Coast-born theologian, clergyman and missionary, see Nicholas Timothy Clerk. For the English politician from the Middle Ages, see Nicholas Clerk.Nicholas Timothy Clerk (3 March 1930 – 22 September 2012) was a Ghanaian academic, administrator and Presbyterian minister who served as the Rector of the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA) from 1977 to 1982.[1][2] He was also the vice-chairman of the Public Services Commission of Ghana.[1][2][3] Clerk chaired the Public Services Commission of Uganda from 1989 to 1990.[1][4][5]","title":"Nicholas T. Clerk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clerk family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_family"},{"link_name":"Adawso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adawso"},{"link_name":"Eastern Region of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Region_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Carl Henry Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Henry_Clerk"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Christian Messenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Messenger_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labadi_Beach"},{"link_name":"Ga-Mashie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga-Mashie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Clerk family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_family"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"Alexander Worthy Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Worthy_Clerk"},{"link_name":"Jamaican Moravian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Province_of_the_Moravian_Church"},{"link_name":"Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"Osu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osu,_Accra"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)"},{"link_name":"Basel Evangelical Missionary Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Mission"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"Salem School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_School,_Osu"},{"link_name":"Ga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga-Adangbe_people"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"Regina Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Hesse"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-12"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Timothy Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Timothy_Clerk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-10"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Boys%27_Senior_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Ga-Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Euro-Africans"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"Theodore S. Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_S._Clerk"},{"link_name":"Tema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jane E. Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_E._Clerk"},{"link_name":"Matilda J. Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_J._Clerk"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pauline M. Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_M._Clerk"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:122-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-20"},{"link_name":"Alexander Adu Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Adu_Clerk"},{"link_name":"sleep medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_medicine"},{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Charles Quist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Charles_Quist"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the National Assembly of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Nii Amaa Ollennu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nii_Amaa_Ollennu"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Second Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busia_government"},{"link_name":"President of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Nathan Quao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Quao"},{"link_name":"Heads of State of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Amon Nikoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_Nikoi"},{"link_name":"Bank of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Further information: Clerk familyNicholas Timothy Clerk was born on 3 March 1930 in Adawso in the Eastern Region of Ghana.[1] His father, Carl Henry Clerk (1895–1982), an agricultural educator, journalist, editor and Presbyterian minister, was the fourth Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast from 1950 to 1954[6][7] and the Editor of the Christian Messenger, the newspaper of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana from 1960 to 1963.[7] Nicholas Clerk's mother, Martha Ayorkor Quao (1911–1989) hailed from La and Ga-Mashie.[8] She was the granddaughter of Nii Ngleshie Addy I, the eldest son of Nii Tetteh Tsuru I, the founder and ruler of the Otuopai Clan, a royal house in Ga Mashie.Nicholas Timothy Clerk was a fourth generation member of the historically important Clerk family.[2][9] His paternal great-grandfather, Alexander Worthy Clerk (1820–1906), a Jamaican Moravian missionary arrived in the Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg (now the suburb of Osu) in Accra on the Gold Coast in 1843, as part of the original group of 24 West Indian missionaries who worked under the auspices of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society of Basel, Switzerland.[10][11][9] A.W. Clerk co-founded a boarding middle school, the Salem School in 1843. His paternal great-grandmother, Pauline Hesse (1831–1909) was of Danish, Ga and German heritage.[12] His great-grandaunt was Regina Hesse (1832 –1898), a pioneer educator and school principal who worked with the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast.[12] His grandfather, Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862 –1961), a theologian was the first Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast from 1918 to 1932[13][10] and a founding father of the all boys’ boarding high school, the Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School, established in 1938.[1][2] His grandmother, Anna Alice Meyer (1873–1934) was of Ga-Danish descent.[13]His uncle, Theodore S. Clerk (1909 -1965), was the first Ghanaian architect of the Gold Coast who planned and developed the port city of Tema.[14][15][16] His aunts were Jane E. Clerk (1904–1999), a female education administration pioneer and Matilda J. Clerk (1916–1984), the second Ghanaian woman to become a medical doctor.[17] He was the cousin of Pauline M. Clerk (1935 - 2013), a diplomat and a presidential advisor[18][19][20] and Alexander Adu Clerk (born 1947), a sleep medicine specialist and psychiatrist[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] His granduncle, Emmanuel Charles Quist (1880–1959), a barrister and judge, became the first African President of the Legislative Council from 1949 to 1951, Speaker of the National Assembly of the Gold Coast from 1951 to 1957, and Speaker of the National Assembly of Ghana from March 1957 to November 1957.[29]Maternally, Clerk's uncle was the barrister and judge, Nii Amaa Ollennu (1906–1986), elected the Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana during the Second Republic as well as serving as the Chairman of the Presidential Commission and acting President of Ghana from 7 August 1970 to 31 August 1970.[30][31] His other maternal uncle was Nathan Quao (1915–2005), a diplomat, educationist and public servant who became a presidential advisor to the governments of several Heads of State of Ghana.[32][33] In addition, his first cousin was an economist and diplomat, Amon Nikoi (1930–2002), the Governor of the Bank of Ghana from 1973 to 1977 and Finance minister from 1979 to 1981.[34][35]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kpong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpong"},{"link_name":"Odumase Krobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odumase_Krobo"},{"link_name":"Somanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somanya"},{"link_name":"Osu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osu,_Accra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"Salem School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_School,_Osu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Boys%27_Senior_High_School"},{"link_name":"Odumase-Krobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odumase_Krobo"},{"link_name":"Senior Prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_girl_and_head_boy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology"},{"link_name":"pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Training College, Akropong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_College_of_Education,_Akropong"},{"link_name":"Basel Mission Seminary, Akropong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_College_of_Education,_Akropong"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Fourah Bay College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourah_Bay_College"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"University College, Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Leicester"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"Postgraduate Certificate in Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_Certificate_in_Education"},{"link_name":"University College of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_of_the_Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Trinity Theological Seminary, Legon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Theological_Seminary,_Legon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"He had his primary education at Presbyterian schools at Kpong, Odumase Krobo, Somanya and Osu according to the teaching postings of his father.[1][5] He attended the boys' middle boarding school, the Salem School at Osu from 1942 to 1945.[1][36] He had his secondary education at the Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School, Odumase-Krobo where he was elected the Senior Prefect in 1949.[1][2] He received theology and pedagogy training at the Presbyterian Training College, Akropong, originally named, the Basel Mission Seminary, Akropong.[1] The college was founded by the Basel Mission in 1848 as the second oldest higher educational institution in early modern West Africa after Fourah Bay College which was established in 1827.[37][38][39] He won a colonial scholarship to study English Language and Literature at the University College, Leicester, then part of the University of London external system, receiving his honours bachelor's degree in 1955.[1][5] To qualify as an education officer, he obtained his professional certification, a Postgraduate Certificate in Education, from the Institute of Education at the University College of Ghana, also an affiliate of the University of London external system at the time.[1][5] He later attended the University of Southern California on a fellowship and obtained a master's degree and a doctorate in public administration.[1] He also earned a diploma in theology from the Trinity Theological Seminary, Legon and was ordained a Presbyterian minister.[1][40]","title":"Education and training"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odumase-Krobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odumase_Krobo"},{"link_name":"Peki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peki"},{"link_name":"Tamale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Liberal Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_education"},{"link_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Institute_of_Management_and_Public_Administration"},{"link_name":"Legon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"topography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"Government of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"public policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"public administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"},{"link_name":"governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance"},{"link_name":"Ghana Education Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Education_Service"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"University of Ghana Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghana_Business_School"},{"link_name":"University of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Ghana Police College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Police_Academy"},{"link_name":"Ghana Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"}],"sub_title":"Academia","text":"In his early career, he taught English Language and Literature at his alma mater, the Presbyterian Boys Secondary School, Odumase-Krobo, the Government Training College at Peki and Tamale and at the Department of Liberal Arts at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.[1] He was later recruited as a lecturer in public policy, administration and management at the then newly established Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA), Greenhill, Legon in 1962, and rose through the ranks to become the Rector of the institute from 1977 to 1982.[1][5] The location of GIMPA, \"Greenhill\", was named by Clerk.[5] The name, \"Greenhill\", is a reference to the lush greenery and hilly topography of the main campus, as well as its location in Legon which was historically on the periphery of the Ghanaian capital, Accra.[5] Previously known as the Institute of Public Administration, the school was established in 1961 by the Government of Ghana with financial backing from the United Nations Special Fund Project, for the professional training of the country's civil servants.[5] Today, GIMPA is the country's principal school of public policy, public administration and governance. Clerk served on the Ghana Education Service Council.[5] He was also a guest lecturer at the School of Administration (now the University of Ghana Business School); the Department of Political Science at the University of Ghana; the Ghana Police College; the Ghana Military Academy and the Armed Forces Staff College.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PNDC government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_National_Defence_Council"},{"link_name":"Public Services Commission of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Services_Commission_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"United Nations Development Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-4"},{"link_name":"management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_consulting"},{"link_name":"health administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_administration"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"}],"sub_title":"Public service","text":"In 1982, he was reassigned by the PNDC government to the Public Services Commission of Ghana as a Commissioner and later became the de facto vice-chairman.[1] Between 1989 and 1990, he was appointed by the United Nations Development Programme as a Chief Technical Advisor on Administrative Reforms and the Chairman of the Public Services Commission of Uganda, a role in which he led the review, reorganisation and reform of the Ugandan public service through statecraft.[1][4] Furthermore, he performed similar roles in his capacity as a public sector, management and health administration consultant in other African countries including Botswana, Kenya, Liberia, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and The Gambia.[1][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"pastoral career","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_ministry"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Presbyterian_Church,_Osu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Nungua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nungua"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Church work","text":"Clerk worked with the Presbyterian Church of Ghana in a senior administrative capacity as the Director of Administration and Human Resource Management at its headquarters in Accra and was also a lecturer at the Trinity Theological Seminary, Legon where he taught church management and administration courses.[1][5][41] Moreover, he was the Chairperson of the Missions and Monuments Committee of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana.[41][42] Earlier in his pastoral career, he had a stint as an associate minister at the Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu.[1][5] For a long time, he was the minister-in-charge of the Grace Presbyterian Church, Nungua North in Accra.[1][5] Additionally, Nicholas Clerk sat on the school board of the Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School and was active in the alumni association.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corporate management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_management"},{"link_name":"finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"nonprofits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"plant pathologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_pathology"},{"link_name":"George C. Clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Clerk"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"}],"text":"Clerk was married and had six children: Carl, Martha, Nicholas Jnr., Pauline, Christine and Caroline, with careers in architecture, corporate management, medicine, finance, public health and nonprofits.[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] His younger brother was the plant pathologist, George C. Clerk (1931–2019).[58][59][60] N. T. Clerk was also a trained pianist and a flautist.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes"},{"link_name":"Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korle-Bu_Teaching_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Basel Mission Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Accra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Nicholas Clerk died on 22 September 2012 of natural causes at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital.[1] His funeral service was held at the Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu after which his remains were buried at the Basel Mission Cemetery in Osu, Accra.[1]","title":"Death and funeral"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Legacy and memorial","text":"At the dedication of its chapel in 2019, the Grace Presbyterian Church, Nungua-North unveiled a memorial plaque in honour of Nicholas T. Clerk.","title":"Death and funeral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-4"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Clerk, N. T. (1972) Bureaucracy and the One-party State: Politics and Administrative Transformation in Ghana[61][62]\nClerk, N. T. & Dabi-Dankwa, S.N.O. (1988) Half a century of secondary school education by the Presbyterian Church : the story of Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School, Odumase Krobo / Legon golden jubilee, 1938–1988[63]\nClerk, N. T. (1990) Report of the Public Service Review and Reorganization Commission, 1989–1990 / Vol. 1, Main report. Entebbe: Ministry of Public Service and Cabinet Affairs[4][64]","title":"Selected works"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"PRESEC \| ALUMINI PORTAL\". 11 November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161111065106/http://www.odadee.net/school","url_text":"\"PRESEC \| ALUMINI PORTAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"70 years of excellent secondary education\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722010817/http://www.odadee75.org/downloads/70years.pdf","url_text":"\"70 years of excellent secondary education\""},{"url":"http://www.odadee75.org/downloads/70years.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Public Services Commission of Ghana\". psc.gov.gh. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psc.gov.gh/","url_text":"\"Public Services Commission of Ghana\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170317104717/http://www.psc.gov.gh/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Uganda; Public Service Review and Reorganization Commission; Clerk, Nicholas T; Uganda; Ministry of Public Service and Cabinet Affairs (1990). Report of the Public Service Review and Reorganization Commission, 1989–1990 Vol. 1, Vol. 1. Entebbe: Ministry of Public Service and Cabinet Affairs. OCLC 651089969.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/651089969","url_text":"651089969"}]},{"reference":"Obituary: The Rev. Dr. Nicholas Timothy Clerk. Accra: Christian Messenger – Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Funeral Bulletin. 27 October 2012.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. 26 August 1954. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nL8DAAAAMBAJ&q=carl+henry+clerk+gold+coast&pg=PA47","url_text":"Jet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329232757/https://books.google.com/books?id=nL8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=carl%20henry%20clerk%20gold%20coast&source=bl&ots=OOY7DOpf-W&sig=gFZwpVK6_fm38SYCEfqu1bVK6c4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-jYWErOXSAhVK6GMKHVXKCOQQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=carl%20henry%20clerk%20gold%20coast&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clerk, Nicholas, T. (5 June 1982). Obituary: The Reverend Carl Henry Clerk. Accra: Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Funeral Bulletin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"FamilySearch.org\". familysearch.org. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://familysearch.org/search/collection/results?count=75&query=+surname:CLERK~&collection_id=1496208","url_text":"\"FamilySearch.org\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170822012904/https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/results?count=75&query=%20surname%3ACLERK~&collection_id=1496208","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Anquandah, James (November 2006). Ghana-Caribbean Relations – From Slavery Times to Present: Lecture to the Ghana-Caribbean Association (PDF). Accra: National Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160730230651/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/privatecontent/File/GHANA%20CARIBBEAN%20RELATIONS%20pdf.pdf","url_text":"Ghana-Caribbean Relations – From Slavery Times to Present: Lecture to the Ghana-Caribbean Association"},{"url":"http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/privatecontent/File/GHANA%20CARIBBEAN%20RELATIONS%20pdf.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Debrunner, Hans W. (1965). Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862–1961: pioneer and church leader. Watervile Publishing House. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9AoXAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862–1961: pioneer and church leader"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330122609/https://books.google.com/books/about/Owura_Nico_the_Rev_Nicholas_Timothy_Cler.html?id=9AoXAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Debrunner, Hans W. (1967). A history of Christianity in Ghana. Waterville Pub. House. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/history-Christianity-Ghana-Hans-Debrunner/dp/B0006CO3YQ","url_text":"A history of Christianity in Ghana"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130703222956/http://www.amazon.com/history-Christianity-Ghana-Hans-Debrunner/dp/B0006CO3YQ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sill, Ulrike (2010). Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004188884. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a5loknGzxTQC","url_text":"Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004188884","url_text":"978-9004188884"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330122402/https://books.google.com/books/about/Encounters_in_Quest_of_Christian_Womanho.html?id=a5loknGzxTQC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Clerk, Nicholas Timothy, Ghana, Basel Mission\". dacb.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://dacb.org/stories/ghana/clerk-nt/","url_text":"\"Clerk, Nicholas Timothy, Ghana, Basel Mission\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160328135331/http://dacb.org/stories/ghana/clerk_n.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goold, David. \"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (June 11, 2017, 7:51 pm)\". scottisharchitects.org.uk. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=403511","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (June 11, 2017, 7:51 pm)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170407150018/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=403511","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ofori-Mensah. \"22 Successful Ghanaians Who Went To Achimota School\". OMGVoice. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330084031/http://omgvoice.com/lifestyle/successful-ghanaians-achimota-school/","url_text":"\"22 Successful Ghanaians Who Went To Achimota School\""},{"url":"http://omgvoice.com/lifestyle/successful-ghanaians-achimota-school/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of THEODORE SHEALTIEL CLERK\". MyHeritage.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myheritage.com/person-1000060_58948112_58948112/theodore-shealtiel-clerk","url_text":"\"Profile of THEODORE SHEALTIEL CLERK\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170407145232/https://www.myheritage.com/person-1000060_58948112_58948112/theodore-shealtiel-clerk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Patton, Adell Jr. (13 April 1996). Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa (1st ed.). Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 29. ISBN 9780813014326.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813014326","url_text":"9780813014326"}]},{"reference":"Steinberg, S. (27 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1962: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. Springer. ISBN 9780230270916. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pNjMDQAAQBAJ&q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&pg=PA513","url_text":"The Statesman's Year-Book 1962: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230270916","url_text":"9780230270916"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171312/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNjMDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA513&lpg=PA513&dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&source=bl&ots=Y-7q7EETsw&sig=i5r4oZqszx94pgk-1GPo9CBFVo0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steinberg, S. (27 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. Springer. ISBN 9780230270923. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ&q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&pg=PA514","url_text":"The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230270923","url_text":"9780230270923"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171312/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA514&lpg=PA514&dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&source=bl&ots=1NoNfXNGXX&sig=SRAnHnze_QvqKNjT1GypkfX3m0M&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEILzAC#v=onepage&q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steinberg, S. (26 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1964–65: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. Springer. ISBN 9780230270930. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O43LDQAAQBAJ&q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&pg=PA484","url_text":"The Statesman's Year-Book 1964–65: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230270930","url_text":"9780230270930"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171313/https://books.google.com/books?id=O43LDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA484&lpg=PA484&dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&source=bl&ots=AiqyBbH-AN&sig=odZlLsm3AS5IHiygv99aKDsvXvw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sleep Medicine Services\". sleepmedicineservice.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160125073055/http://sleepmedicineservice.com/meetourspecialist.html","url_text":"\"Sleep Medicine Services\""},{"url":"http://www.sleepmedicineservice.com/meetourspecialist.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Alexander Clerk, MD – San Jose, CA – Psychiatry & Sleep Medicine \| Healthgrades.com\". www.healthgrades.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.healthgrades.com/physician/dr-alex-clerk-2gvl9","url_text":"\"Dr. Alexander Clerk, MD – San Jose, CA – Psychiatry & Sleep Medicine \| Healthgrades.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170412224648/https://www.healthgrades.com/physician/dr-alex-clerk-2gvl9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alexander A. Clerk, MD: Sleep Medicine, Psychiatry\". doctor.webmd.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://doctor.webmd.com/doctor/alexander-clerk-md-fcc31742-6475-4cee-b4e6-35dc9efdfa0b-overview","url_text":"\"Alexander A. Clerk, MD: Sleep Medicine, Psychiatry\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170412224711/http://doctor.webmd.com/doctor/alexander-clerk-md-fcc31742-6475-4cee-b4e6-35dc9efdfa0b-overview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Alex A. Clerk, M.D.\" Physicians Medical Group of San Jose. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pmgmd.com/provider/alex-a-clerk-m-d/","url_text":"\"Alex A. Clerk, M.D.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170413070839/http://www.pmgmd.com/provider/alex-a-clerk-m-d/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Alex Clerk, MD – San Jose, CA \| Psychiatry on Doximity\". Doximity. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.doximity.com/pub/alex-clerk-md","url_text":"\"Dr. Alex Clerk, MD – San Jose, CA \| Psychiatry on Doximity\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170413071311/https://www.doximity.com/pub/alex-clerk-md","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Alex Clerk, MD \| San Jose, CA \| Psychiatrist\". www.vitals.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170413071249/http://www.vitals.com/doctors/Dr_Alex_Clerk.html","url_text":"\"Dr. Alex Clerk, MD \| San Jose, CA \| Psychiatrist\""},{"url":"http://www.vitals.com/doctors/Dr_Alex_Clerk.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Alex Clerk MD: Psychiatry, San Jose, CA\". U.S. News. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170412230206/http://health.usnews.com/doctors/alex-clerk-509347","url_text":"\"Dr. Alex Clerk MD: Psychiatry, San Jose, CA\""},{"url":"http://health.usnews.com/doctors/alex-clerk-509347","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ebony. Johnson Publishing Company. 1 July 1992. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201229060559/https://books.google.com/books?id=qcwDAAAAMBAJ&q=alexander+adu+clerk+date+of+birth&pg=PA60","url_text":"Ebony"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qcwDAAAAMBAJ&q=alexander+adu+clerk+date+of+birth&pg=PA60","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Janus: Progress in the Colonies, 1940s–1950s\". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD/GBR/0115/Y3011R/26","url_text":"\"Janus: Progress in the Colonies, 1940s–1950s\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170806062620/https://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY3011R%2F26","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Web Site for the Judicial Service of the Republic of Ghana\". 14 April 2005. Archived from the original on 14 April 2005. Retrieved 6 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050414064831/http://www.judicial.gov.gh/history/list_lawyers/home.htm","url_text":"\"Official Web Site for the Judicial Service of the Republic of Ghana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Countries Ga-Gi\". rulers.org. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://rulers.org/rulg1.html#ghana","url_text":"\"Countries Ga-Gi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070403074857/http://www.rulers.org/rulg1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nathan Quao to be given state burial on April 8\". ModernGhana.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.modernghana.com/news/74014/nathan-quao-to-be-given-state-burial-on-april-8.html","url_text":"\"Nathan Quao to be given state burial on April 8\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170611201449/https://www.modernghana.com/news/74014/nathan-quao-to-be-given-state-burial-on-april-8.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nathan Quao to be given state burial on April 8\". ghanaweb.com. 30 November 2001. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Nathan-Quao-to-be-given-state-burial-on-April-8-77485","url_text":"\"Nathan Quao to be given state burial on April 8\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170611201449/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Nathan-Quao-to-be-given-state-burial-on-April-8-77485","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Bank of Ghana Governor buried at La\". ghanaweb.com. 30 November 2001. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Former-Bank-of-Ghana-Governor-buried-at-La-28089","url_text":"\"Former Bank of Ghana Governor buried at La\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170421092109/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Former-Bank-of-Ghana-Governor-buried-at-La-28089","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Amon Nikoi, Former Governor of the Bank of Ghana\". ghanaweb.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=171","url_text":"\"Dr Amon Nikoi, Former Governor of the Bank of Ghana\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161027192942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=171","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Presbyterian Boys Boarding School, Osu Salem\". osusalem.org. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170706182955/http://www.osusalem.org/pages/heads.php","url_text":"\"Presbyterian Boys Boarding School, Osu Salem\""},{"url":"http://www.osusalem.org/pages/heads.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PRESEC \| ALUMINI PORTAL\". www.odadee.net (in Russian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174159/http://www.odadee.net/school","url_text":"\"PRESEC \| ALUMINI PORTAL\""},{"url":"http://www.odadee.net/school#history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Presbyterian College of Education (Akropong Akuapem) – T-TEL\". t-tel.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.t-tel.org/coes-network/colleges/articles/presbyterian-college-of-education-akropong-akuapem.html","url_text":"\"Presbyterian College of Education (Akropong Akuapem) – T-TEL\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151225131521/http://www.t-tel.org/coes-network/colleges/articles/presbyterian-college-of-education-akropong-akuapem.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Presby – PTC COLLEGE OF EDUCATION\". Presby. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180605144550/http://ptc.edu.gh/website/","url_text":"\"Presby – PTC COLLEGE OF EDUCATION\""},{"url":"http://ptc.edu.gh/website/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome – Trinity Theological Seminary\". new.trinity.edu.gh. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330084937/http://new.trinity.edu.gh/","url_text":"\"Welcome – Trinity Theological Seminary\""},{"url":"http://new.trinity.edu.gh/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Presbyterian Church of Ghana\". app.razorplanet.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171123170933/http://app.razorplanet.com/acct/43730-2333/tmpl/index.php?s=au&nid=152094&news_id=30453&null=0","url_text":"\"Presbyterian Church of Ghana\""},{"url":"http://app.razorplanet.com/acct/43730-2333/tmpl/index.php?s=au&nid=152094&news_id=30453&null=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aggrey, Joe (16 June 1998). Graphic Sports: Issue 701 June 16 – 18 1998. Graphic Communications Group. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rBFV009AcBoC&q=rev+dr+nt+clerk&pg=PA31","url_text":"Graphic Sports: Issue 701 June 16 – 18 1998"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180208162608/https://books.google.com/books?id=rBFV009AcBoC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=rev+dr+nt+clerk&source=bl&ots=OtKYx2YqTs&sig=5mVWhX7M74goT7u5dBLLyILBx74&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1tZ_s2pbZAhUMOKwKHWb3AaUQ6AEIajAP#v=onepage&q=rev%20dr%20nt%20clerk&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nicholas Clerk – Historical records and family trees – MyHeritage\". myheritage.com. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myheritage.com/names/nicholas_clerk","url_text":"\"Nicholas Clerk – Historical records and family trees – MyHeritage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182655/https://www.myheritage.com/names/nicholas_clerk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Nicholas Clerk: Obstetrics and gynaecology\". finder.bupa.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://finder.bupa.co.uk/Consultant/view/34604/mr_nicholas_clerk","url_text":"\"Mr Nicholas Clerk: Obstetrics and gynaecology\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170406110547/https://finder.bupa.co.uk/Consultant/view/34604/mr_nicholas_clerk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Nick Clerk \| Consultant Gynaecologist \| Spire Healthcare\". www.spirehealthcare.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170422124907/https://www.spirehealthcare.com/consultant-profiles/mr-nick-clerk-c4245766/","url_text":"\"Mr Nick Clerk \| Consultant Gynaecologist \| Spire Healthcare\""},{"url":"https://www.spirehealthcare.com/consultant-profiles/mr-nick-clerk-c4245766/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Announcement: Join PATH at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene conference – PATH\". path.org. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.path.org/news/press-room/658/","url_text":"\"Announcement: Join PATH at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene conference – PATH\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151259/http://www.path.org/news/press-room/658/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"PATH (November 2012). \"Guiding product development of malaria diagnostics to support elimination programs: The Target Product Profile\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sites.path.org/dx/files/2012/11/DIAMETER-poster_FINAL1.pdf","url_text":"\"Guiding product development of malaria diagnostics to support elimination programs: The Target Product Profile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003057/http://sites.path.org/dx/files/2012/11/DIAMETER-poster_FINAL1.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"PATH (November 2012). \"Zambia Trip Report: Project DIAMETER (Diagnostics for Malaria Elimination Toward Eradication)\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sites.path.org/dx/files/2012/11/Zambia-trip-report_forweb.pdf","url_text":"\"Zambia Trip Report: Project DIAMETER (Diagnostics for Malaria Elimination Toward Eradication)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151713/http://sites.path.org/dx/files/2012/11/Zambia-trip-report_forweb.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ghana Medical Journal\". www.ghanamedj.org. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170610013251/http://www.ghanamedj.org/search.php","url_text":"\"Ghana Medical Journal\""},{"url":"http://www.ghanamedj.org/search.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of antenatal-linked voluntary counselling and HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons and options for Ghana\" (PDF). Ghana Medical Journal. 39. March 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ghanamedj.org/articles/March2005/Antenatal%20linked.pdf","url_text":"\"Review of antenatal-linked voluntary counselling and HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons and options for Ghana\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171214213517/http://www.ghanamedj.org/articles/March2005/Antenatal%20linked.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clerk, Christine Alexandra; Bruce, Jane; Greenwood, Brian; Chandramohan, Daniel (1 June 2009). \"The epidemiology of malaria among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in an area with intense and highly seasonal malaria transmission in northern Ghana\". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 14 (6): 688–695. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02280.x. ISSN 1365-3156. PMID 19392740. S2CID 3150052.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2009.02280.x","url_text":"\"The epidemiology of malaria among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in an area with intense and highly seasonal malaria transmission in northern Ghana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2009.02280.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02280.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3156","url_text":"1365-3156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19392740","url_text":"19392740"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3150052","url_text":"3150052"}]},{"reference":"\"Christine Alexandra Clerk Obituary - COLLEYVILLE, TX\". Dignity Memorial. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/colleyville-tx/christine-clerk-7802829","url_text":"\"Christine Alexandra Clerk Obituary - COLLEYVILLE, TX\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180330190718/https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/colleyville-tx/christine-clerk-7802829","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kukula, Vida Ami; Dodoo, Alexander A. N.; Akpakli, Jonas; Narh-Bana, Solomon A.; Clerk, Christine; Adjei, Alexander; Awini, Elizabeth; Manye, Simon; Nagai, Richard Afedi (19 October 2015). \"Feasibility and cost of using mobile phones for capturing drug safety information in peri-urban settlement in Ghana: a prospective cohort study of patients with uncomplicated malaria\". Malaria Journal. 14: 411. doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0932-8. PMC 4615326. PMID 26481106.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615326","url_text":"\"Feasibility and cost of using mobile phones for capturing drug safety information in peri-urban settlement in Ghana: a prospective cohort study of patients with uncomplicated malaria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12936-015-0932-8","url_text":"10.1186/s12936-015-0932-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615326","url_text":"4615326"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26481106","url_text":"26481106"}]},{"reference":"Baiden, Frank; Awini, Elizabeth; Clerk, Christine (July 2002). \"Perception of university students in Ghana about emergency contraception\". Contraception. 66 (1): 23–26. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00315-3. ISSN 0010-7824. PMID 12169377.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(02)00315-3/abstract?code=contra-site","url_text":"\"Perception of university students in Ghana about emergency contraception\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0010-7824%2802%2900315-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00315-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7824","url_text":"0010-7824"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12169377","url_text":"12169377"}]},{"reference":"\"Christine Clerk \| Profiles RNS\". profiles.tdr-global.net. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://profiles.tdr-global.net/profiles/display/Person/4867","url_text":"\"Christine Clerk \| Profiles RNS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180516235958/http://profiles.tdr-global.net/profiles/display/Person/4867","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Household cost of treating fevers in Ghana \| Tropical Health Matters\". malariamatters.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://malariamatters.org/household-cost-of-treating-fevers-in-ghana/","url_text":"\"Household cost of treating fevers in Ghana \| Tropical Health Matters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181120003656/http://malariamatters.org/household-cost-of-treating-fevers-in-ghana/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Henry, Clerk, Carl (9 September 1986). \"Institution of Management and Administration – Kumasi\". Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ir.knust.edu.gh/xmlui/handle/123456789/3737","url_text":"\"Institution of Management and Administration – Kumasi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181124050812/http://ir.knust.edu.gh/xmlui/handle/123456789/3737","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Contact Us \| Department of Botany\". www.ug.edu.gh. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329232450/http://www.ug.edu.gh/botany/visitors/contact_us","url_text":"\"Contact Us \| Department of Botany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Membership\". gaas-gh.org. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaas-gh.org/fellowship/membership/","url_text":"\"Membership\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329143021/http://gaas-gh.org/fellowship/membership/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fellowship\". gaas-gh.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaas-gh.org/fellowship/","url_text":"\"Fellowship\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330011437/http://gaas-gh.org/fellowship/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clerk, Nicholas Timothy (1972). Bureaucracy and the One-party State: Politics and Administrative Transformation in Ghana. University of Southern California.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wpqeoAEACAAJ","url_text":"Bureaucracy and the One-party State: Politics and Administrative Transformation in Ghana"}]},{"reference":"Clerk, Nicholas Timothy (1972). Bureaucracy and the one-party state: Politics and administrative tranformation in Ghana (Thesis). OCLC 914999075.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/914999075","url_text":"914999075"}]},{"reference":"Clerk, Nicholas T; Dabi-Dankwa, Seth N. O (1988). Half a century of secondary school education by the Presbyterian Church: the story of Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School, Odumase Krobo/Legon golden jubilee, 1938–1988. Place of publication not identified: publisher not identified. OCLC 20045010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20045010","url_text":"20045010"}]},{"reference":"Uganda; Public Service Review and Re-organization Commission; Clerk, Nicholas T (1990). Public Service Review and Reorganisation Commission, 1989–1990. Volume 1, Volume 1. Kampala: Public Service Review and Reorganisation Commission. OCLC 1006053621.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1006053621","url_text":"1006053621"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.latlong.net/place/adawso-ghana-10826.html","external_links_name":"Adawso"},{"Link":"http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15799coll18/id/672102/rec/1","external_links_name":"Bureaucracy And The One-Party State: Politics And Administrative Transformation In Ghana"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161111065106/http://www.odadee.net/school","external_links_name":"\"PRESEC \| ALUMINI PORTAL\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722010817/http://www.odadee75.org/downloads/70years.pdf","external_links_name":"\"70 years of excellent secondary education\""},{"Link":"http://www.odadee75.org/downloads/70years.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.psc.gov.gh/","external_links_name":"\"Public Services Commission of Ghana\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170317104717/http://www.psc.gov.gh/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/651089969","external_links_name":"651089969"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nL8DAAAAMBAJ&q=carl+henry+clerk+gold+coast&pg=PA47","external_links_name":"Jet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329232757/https://books.google.com/books?id=nL8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=carl%20henry%20clerk%20gold%20coast&source=bl&ots=OOY7DOpf-W&sig=gFZwpVK6_fm38SYCEfqu1bVK6c4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-jYWErOXSAhVK6GMKHVXKCOQQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=carl%20henry%20clerk%20gold%20coast&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://familysearch.org/search/collection/results?count=75&query=+surname:CLERK~&collection_id=1496208","external_links_name":"\"FamilySearch.org\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170822012904/https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/results?count=75&query=%20surname%3ACLERK~&collection_id=1496208","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160730230651/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/privatecontent/File/GHANA%20CARIBBEAN%20RELATIONS%20pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"Ghana-Caribbean Relations – From Slavery Times to Present: Lecture to the Ghana-Caribbean Association"},{"Link":"http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/privatecontent/File/GHANA%20CARIBBEAN%20RELATIONS%20pdf.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9AoXAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862–1961: pioneer and church leader"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330122609/https://books.google.com/books/about/Owura_Nico_the_Rev_Nicholas_Timothy_Cler.html?id=9AoXAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/history-Christianity-Ghana-Hans-Debrunner/dp/B0006CO3YQ","external_links_name":"A history of Christianity in Ghana"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130703222956/http://www.amazon.com/history-Christianity-Ghana-Hans-Debrunner/dp/B0006CO3YQ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a5loknGzxTQC","external_links_name":"Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330122402/https://books.google.com/books/about/Encounters_in_Quest_of_Christian_Womanho.html?id=a5loknGzxTQC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://dacb.org/stories/ghana/clerk-nt/","external_links_name":"\"Clerk, Nicholas Timothy, Ghana, Basel Mission\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160328135331/http://dacb.org/stories/ghana/clerk_n.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=403511","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (June 11, 2017, 7:51 pm)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170407150018/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=403511","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330084031/http://omgvoice.com/lifestyle/successful-ghanaians-achimota-school/","external_links_name":"\"22 Successful Ghanaians Who Went To Achimota School\""},{"Link":"http://omgvoice.com/lifestyle/successful-ghanaians-achimota-school/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.myheritage.com/person-1000060_58948112_58948112/theodore-shealtiel-clerk","external_links_name":"\"Profile of THEODORE SHEALTIEL CLERK\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170407145232/https://www.myheritage.com/person-1000060_58948112_58948112/theodore-shealtiel-clerk","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pNjMDQAAQBAJ&q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&pg=PA513","external_links_name":"The Statesman's Year-Book 1962: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171312/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNjMDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA513&lpg=PA513&dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&source=bl&ots=Y-7q7EETsw&sig=i5r4oZqszx94pgk-1GPo9CBFVo0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ&q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&pg=PA514","external_links_name":"The Statesman's Year-Book 1963: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171312/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NbMDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA514&lpg=PA514&dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&source=bl&ots=1NoNfXNGXX&sig=SRAnHnze_QvqKNjT1GypkfX3m0M&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEILzAC#v=onepage&q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O43LDQAAQBAJ&q=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&pg=PA484","external_links_name":"The Statesman's Year-Book 1964–65: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180112171313/https://books.google.com/books?id=O43LDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA484&lpg=PA484&dq=pauline+clerk+diplomat+ghana&source=bl&ots=AiqyBbH-AN&sig=odZlLsm3AS5IHiygv99aKDsvXvw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY-93ZnsbYAhXQ21MKHVfUDk8Q6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&q=pauline%20clerk%20diplomat%20ghana&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160125073055/http://sleepmedicineservice.com/meetourspecialist.html","external_links_name":"\"Sleep Medicine Services\""},{"Link":"http://www.sleepmedicineservice.com/meetourspecialist.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.healthgrades.com/physician/dr-alex-clerk-2gvl9","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Alexander Clerk, MD – San Jose, CA – Psychiatry & Sleep Medicine \| Healthgrades.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170412224648/https://www.healthgrades.com/physician/dr-alex-clerk-2gvl9","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://doctor.webmd.com/doctor/alexander-clerk-md-fcc31742-6475-4cee-b4e6-35dc9efdfa0b-overview","external_links_name":"\"Alexander A. Clerk, MD: Sleep Medicine, Psychiatry\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170412224711/http://doctor.webmd.com/doctor/alexander-clerk-md-fcc31742-6475-4cee-b4e6-35dc9efdfa0b-overview","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pmgmd.com/provider/alex-a-clerk-m-d/","external_links_name":"\"Alex A. Clerk, M.D.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170413070839/http://www.pmgmd.com/provider/alex-a-clerk-m-d/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.doximity.com/pub/alex-clerk-md","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Alex Clerk, MD – San Jose, CA \| Psychiatry on Doximity\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170413071311/https://www.doximity.com/pub/alex-clerk-md","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170413071249/http://www.vitals.com/doctors/Dr_Alex_Clerk.html","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Alex Clerk, MD \| San Jose, CA \| Psychiatrist\""},{"Link":"http://www.vitals.com/doctors/Dr_Alex_Clerk.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170412230206/http://health.usnews.com/doctors/alex-clerk-509347","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Alex Clerk MD: Psychiatry, San Jose, CA\""},{"Link":"http://health.usnews.com/doctors/alex-clerk-509347","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201229060559/https://books.google.com/books?id=qcwDAAAAMBAJ&q=alexander+adu+clerk+date+of+birth&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"Ebony"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qcwDAAAAMBAJ&q=alexander+adu+clerk+date+of+birth&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD/GBR/0115/Y3011R/26","external_links_name":"\"Janus: Progress in the Colonies, 1940s–1950s\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170806062620/https://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY3011R%2F26","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050414064831/http://www.judicial.gov.gh/history/list_lawyers/home.htm","external_links_name":"\"Official Web Site for the Judicial Service of the Republic of Ghana\""},{"Link":"http://rulers.org/rulg1.html#ghana","external_links_name":"\"Countries Ga-Gi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070403074857/http://www.rulers.org/rulg1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.modernghana.com/news/74014/nathan-quao-to-be-given-state-burial-on-april-8.html","external_links_name":"\"Nathan Quao to be given state burial on April 8\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170611201449/https://www.modernghana.com/news/74014/nathan-quao-to-be-given-state-burial-on-april-8.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Nathan-Quao-to-be-given-state-burial-on-April-8-77485","external_links_name":"\"Nathan Quao to be given state burial on April 8\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170611201449/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Nathan-Quao-to-be-given-state-burial-on-April-8-77485","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Former-Bank-of-Ghana-Governor-buried-at-La-28089","external_links_name":"\"Former Bank of Ghana Governor buried at La\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170421092109/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Former-Bank-of-Ghana-Governor-buried-at-La-28089","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=171","external_links_name":"\"Dr Amon Nikoi, Former Governor of the Bank of Ghana\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161027192942/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=171","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170706182955/http://www.osusalem.org/pages/heads.php","external_links_name":"\"Presbyterian Boys Boarding School, Osu Salem\""},{"Link":"http://www.osusalem.org/pages/heads.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174159/http://www.odadee.net/school","external_links_name":"\"PRESEC \| ALUMINI PORTAL\""},{"Link":"http://www.odadee.net/school#history","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.t-tel.org/coes-network/colleges/articles/presbyterian-college-of-education-akropong-akuapem.html","external_links_name":"\"Presbyterian College of Education (Akropong Akuapem) – T-TEL\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151225131521/http://www.t-tel.org/coes-network/colleges/articles/presbyterian-college-of-education-akropong-akuapem.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180605144550/http://ptc.edu.gh/website/","external_links_name":"\"Presby – PTC COLLEGE OF EDUCATION\""},{"Link":"http://ptc.edu.gh/website/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330084937/http://new.trinity.edu.gh/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome – Trinity Theological Seminary\""},{"Link":"http://new.trinity.edu.gh/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171123170933/http://app.razorplanet.com/acct/43730-2333/tmpl/index.php?s=au&nid=152094&news_id=30453&null=0","external_links_name":"\"Presbyterian Church of Ghana\""},{"Link":"http://app.razorplanet.com/acct/43730-2333/tmpl/index.php?s=au&nid=152094&news_id=30453&null=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rBFV009AcBoC&q=rev+dr+nt+clerk&pg=PA31","external_links_name":"Graphic Sports: Issue 701 June 16 – 18 1998"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180208162608/https://books.google.com/books?id=rBFV009AcBoC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=rev+dr+nt+clerk&source=bl&ots=OtKYx2YqTs&sig=5mVWhX7M74goT7u5dBLLyILBx74&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1tZ_s2pbZAhUMOKwKHWb3AaUQ6AEIajAP#v=onepage&q=rev%20dr%20nt%20clerk&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.myheritage.com/names/nicholas_clerk","external_links_name":"\"Nicholas Clerk – Historical records and family trees – MyHeritage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182655/https://www.myheritage.com/names/nicholas_clerk","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://finder.bupa.co.uk/Consultant/view/34604/mr_nicholas_clerk","external_links_name":"\"Mr Nicholas Clerk: Obstetrics and gynaecology\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170406110547/https://finder.bupa.co.uk/Consultant/view/34604/mr_nicholas_clerk","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170422124907/https://www.spirehealthcare.com/consultant-profiles/mr-nick-clerk-c4245766/","external_links_name":"\"Mr Nick Clerk \| Consultant Gynaecologist \| Spire Healthcare\""},{"Link":"https://www.spirehealthcare.com/consultant-profiles/mr-nick-clerk-c4245766/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.path.org/news/press-room/658/","external_links_name":"\"Announcement: Join PATH at the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene conference – PATH\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151259/http://www.path.org/news/press-room/658/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sites.path.org/dx/files/2012/11/DIAMETER-poster_FINAL1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Guiding product development of malaria diagnostics to support elimination programs: The Target Product Profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003057/http://sites.path.org/dx/files/2012/11/DIAMETER-poster_FINAL1.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://sites.path.org/dx/files/2012/11/Zambia-trip-report_forweb.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Zambia Trip Report: Project DIAMETER (Diagnostics for Malaria Elimination Toward Eradication)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151713/http://sites.path.org/dx/files/2012/11/Zambia-trip-report_forweb.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170610013251/http://www.ghanamedj.org/search.php","external_links_name":"\"Ghana Medical Journal\""},{"Link":"http://www.ghanamedj.org/search.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ghanamedj.org/articles/March2005/Antenatal%20linked.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Review of antenatal-linked voluntary counselling and HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons and options for Ghana\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171214213517/http://www.ghanamedj.org/articles/March2005/Antenatal%20linked.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2009.02280.x","external_links_name":"\"The epidemiology of malaria among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in an area with intense and highly seasonal malaria transmission in northern Ghana\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2009.02280.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02280.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3156","external_links_name":"1365-3156"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19392740","external_links_name":"19392740"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3150052","external_links_name":"3150052"},{"Link":"https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/colleyville-tx/christine-clerk-7802829","external_links_name":"\"Christine Alexandra Clerk Obituary - COLLEYVILLE, TX\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180330190718/https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/colleyville-tx/christine-clerk-7802829","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615326","external_links_name":"\"Feasibility and cost of using mobile phones for capturing drug safety information in peri-urban settlement in Ghana: a prospective cohort study of patients with uncomplicated malaria\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12936-015-0932-8","external_links_name":"10.1186/s12936-015-0932-8"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4615326","external_links_name":"4615326"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26481106","external_links_name":"26481106"},{"Link":"https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824(02)00315-3/abstract?code=contra-site","external_links_name":"\"Perception of university students in Ghana about emergency contraception\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0010-7824%2802%2900315-3","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00315-3"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7824","external_links_name":"0010-7824"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12169377","external_links_name":"12169377"},{"Link":"http://profiles.tdr-global.net/profiles/display/Person/4867","external_links_name":"\"Christine Clerk \| Profiles RNS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180516235958/http://profiles.tdr-global.net/profiles/display/Person/4867","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://malariamatters.org/household-cost-of-treating-fevers-in-ghana/","external_links_name":"\"Household cost of treating fevers in Ghana \| Tropical Health Matters\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181120003656/http://malariamatters.org/household-cost-of-treating-fevers-in-ghana/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ir.knust.edu.gh/xmlui/handle/123456789/3737","external_links_name":"\"Institution of Management and Administration – Kumasi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181124050812/http://ir.knust.edu.gh/xmlui/handle/123456789/3737","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329232450/http://www.ug.edu.gh/botany/visitors/contact_us","external_links_name":"\"Contact Us \| Department of Botany\""},{"Link":"http://gaas-gh.org/fellowship/membership/","external_links_name":"\"Membership\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170329143021/http://gaas-gh.org/fellowship/membership/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://gaas-gh.org/fellowship/","external_links_name":"\"Fellowship\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170330011437/http://gaas-gh.org/fellowship/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wpqeoAEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Bureaucracy and the One-party State: Politics and Administrative Transformation in Ghana"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/914999075","external_links_name":"914999075"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20045010","external_links_name":"20045010"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1006053621","external_links_name":"1006053621"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General	Dollar General	["1 History","1.1 J.L. Turner and Son: 1939–1964","1.2 1968–2002","1.3 2003–present","2 Major sponsorships","2.1 Auto racing","2.2 Sports","3 Merchandise","3.1 Private brands","3.2 Rexall","4 Corporate affairs","4.1 Board of directors","5 Operations","6 Subsidiaries","6.1 Dolgencorp","6.2 Dollar General Global Sourcing Ltd.","6.3 Dollar General Literacy Foundation","7 Controversies","7.1 Perpetuating economic distress","7.2 Financial irregularities","7.3 OSHA fines","7.4 Dollar General Corp. v. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians","7.5 Pricing irregularities","8 See also","9 Further reading","10 References","11 External links"]	American discount store chain Dollar General CorporationLogo since 2008Dollar General corporate headquarters in Goodlettsville, TennesseeFormerlyJ.L. Turner and SonCompany typePublicTraded asNYSE: DGS&P 500 ComponentIndustryDiscount retailerFoundedOctober 1939; 84 years ago (1939-10) (as J.L. Turner and Son)June 1955; 69 years ago (1955-06) (as Dollar General)FoundersJames Luther TurnerCal TurnerHeadquartersGoodlettsville, Tennessee, United StatesNumber of locations19,643 stores (January 8, 2024)Areas servedUnited States (except for Alaska and Hawaii), MexicoKey peopleMichael M. Calbert (Chairman)Todd Vasos (CEO)John W. Garratt (CFO)ProductsClothing, cleaning supplies, home decor, health & beauty aids, pet supplies, toys, seasonal items, grocery, pharmacy, electronics, outdoor furniture, footwear, hygiene products, auto, books, gifts, movies, sporting goods, school and office supplies, baby products, furniture & accessoriesRevenue US$37.885 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended February 3, 2023)Operating income US$3.328 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended February 3, 2023)Net income US$2.416 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended February 3, 2023)Total assets US$29.083 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended February 3, 2023)Total equity US$5.542 Billion (Fiscal Year Ended February 3, 2023)Number of employees170,000 (2023)DivisionsDollar General MarketDGX PopshelfSubsidiariesDolgencorp, LLC.Old East Main Co.Dollar General FinancialDollar General Global SourcingDollar General Literacy FoundationWebsitewww.dollargeneral.com Dollar General Corporation is an American chain of discount stores headquartered in Goodlettsville, Tennessee. As of January 8, 2024, Dollar General operated 19,643 stores in the continental United States and Mexico. The company began in 1939 as a family-owned business called J.L. Turner and Son in Scottsville, Kentucky, owned by James Luther Turner and Cal Turner. In 1955, the name changed to Dollar General Corporation and in 1968 the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange. The Fortune 500 recognized Dollar General in 1999, and in 2020 it reached #112 on the list. Dollar General has grown to become one of the most profitable stores in the rural United States, with revenue reaching around $27 billion in 2019. The company and its business practices have been subject to criticism, particularly regarding how it may be creating and perpetuating food deserts and stifling local businesses while offering fewer and lower-paying jobs. History J.L. Turner and Son: 1939–1964 J.L. Turner and Son Building in Scottsville, Kentucky Dollar General has its origin in Scottsville, Kentucky, with James Luther "J.L." Turner and his son Cal Turner. James Turner's father died in an accident in 1902 when James was only 11. James quit school to work on the family farm, helping to provide for his mother and siblings, and subsequently never completed his education. After two unsuccessful attempts at retailing, James became a traveling dry goods salesman for a Nashville wholesale grocer. James left the sales job after 10 years and settled his family in Scottsville, Kentucky. During the Great Depression, he began buying and liquidating bankrupt general stores. Cal accompanied his father to these closeouts at a young age, gaining valuable business knowledge and skills. In October 1939, James and Cal opened J.L. Turner and Son with an initial investment of $5,000 each (equivalent to $109522 in 2023). The switch to retailing resulted in annual sales above $2 million by the early 1950s. By the mid-1950s Turner had 35 department stores in Kentucky and Tennessee. In 1955, Cal Turner developed his idea of a retail store selling goods for a dollar, based on the Dollar Days promotions held at other department stores, by converting Turner's Department Store in Springfield, Kentucky, into the first Dollar General Store. In 1964 J.L. Turner died, leaving his son Cal Turner to succeed him. 1968–2002 The company Cal Turner co-founded went public as Dollar General Corporation in 1968, posting annual sales of more than $40 million and net income in excess of $1.5 million. In 1977, Cal Turner Jr., who joined the company in 1965 as a third-generation Turner, succeeded his father as president of Dollar General. Cal Jr. led the company until his retirement in 2002. Under his leadership, the company grew to more than 6,000 stores and $6 billion in sales. In 1997 a distribution center was established in South Boston, Virginia. In 2000, Dollar General opened a new corporate headquarters in Goodlettsville, Tennessee. By the end of 2000, sales at Dollar General exceeded $4 billion. The distribution center in Homerville, Georgia, was closed in April 2000 and operations were moved to a new distribution center in Alachua, Florida. Cal Jr. retired in 2002 and was succeeded by David Perdue on April 2, 2003. 2003–present Dollar General entered the grocery market with the establishment of Dollar General Market in 2003. In 2004, Dollar General expanded to low-cost Asian markets by opening a sourcing office in Hong Kong. On June 21, 2007, CEO David Perdue announced his resignation, leaving David Bere as interim CEO. One month later, all shares of Dollar General stock were acquired by private equity investors for $22 per share. An investment group consisting of affiliates of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR), GS Capital Partners (an affiliate of Goldman Sachs), Citigroup Private Equity, and other co-investors completed an acquisition of Dollar General Corporation for $6.9 billion. As a part of the transition to a privately held company, Dollar General assessed each location at the end of its lease against a model known as "EZ Stores". This assessment included evaluating whether the location had a loading dock, garbage dumpsters, adequate parking, and acceptable profitability. Stores that did not pass this evaluation were relocated or closed. Over 400 stores were closed as part of this initiative. Construction of a Dollar General store in Lowndes County, Georgia, in 2015 Dollar General filed on August 20, 2009, for an initial public offering of up to $750 million, turning the company once again into a publicly traded corporation. In 2013, Dollar General started selling cigarettes in response to its competitor Family Dollar selling cigarettes in 2012. Dollar General's 12th distribution center opened on May 31, 2014, in Bethel, Pennsylvania, to serve the northeast and midwest stores. On August 18, 2014, Dollar General lodged a competing bid of $9.7 billion against Dollar Tree for Family Dollar. The bid was rejected on August 20, 2014, by the Family Dollar board, which said it would proceed with the deal with Dollar Tree. On June 3, 2015, Chief Operating Officer Todd Vasos replaced Rick Dreiling as chief executive. Dreiling remained as senior advisor and chairman until his retirement in January 2016. Dollar General's 13th distribution center opened in San Antonio, Texas, on June 6, 2016, with a local investment of $100 million and the creation of over 500 jobs. In September 2015, the Janesville City Council, in Wisconsin, approved an agreement to bring a Dollar General distribution center to the town. The center created more than 500 jobs in the area and became the 14th Dollar General distribution center. An Alachua, Florida Dollar General distribution center in 2018 On September 15, 2016, Dollar General announced plans to hire 10,000 new employees and open 900 new stores in fiscal 2016 and 1,000 in fiscal 2017. Dollar General operated 13,000 stores as of August 2016. In January 2017, Dollar General opened a concept store in Nashville, Tennessee, called DGX. The DGX store concept focuses on urban shoppers and is geared toward instant-consumption services such as a coffee station and a soda fountain. The following month another DGX store opened in Raleigh, North Carolina, and in September a third DGX opened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As of May 2020, Dollar General operated 12 DGX locations in nine states. A pOpshelf store in Mishawaka, Indiana. In Jackson, Georgia, Dollar General opened its 15th distribution center in fall 2017 to serve stores in Georgia and the surrounding states. In 2017, Dollar General began construction for its 16th distribution center in Amsterdam, New York. The distribution center was to cost $91 million and was expected to create 400 jobs in Montgomery County, New York. Dollar General planned to open 900 new stores in 2018. The distribution center became fully operational in 2019. Also in 2017, Dollar General acquired stores from Dollar Express, a spinoff from the Family Dollar–Dollar Tree deal, and converted the store. In September 2019, Dollar General celebrated the grand opening of its 16,000th store, in Panama City, Florida, following damage sustained from Hurricane Michael in October 2018. To commemorate the opening, Dollar General presented two $16,000 checks in partnership with Kellogg's to two local elementary schools displaced from the hurricane. On December 5, 2019, Dollar General announced plans for fiscal 2020 that included the opening of 1,000 new stores, remodeling of 1,500 mature stores, and relocation of 80 stores. In February 2020, Dollar General announced plans to create 8,000 net new career opportunities in fiscal year 2020. Dollar General expanded to 46 states in 2020 with the addition of new stores in Wyoming in March and Washington in April. Dollar General store in Minneapolis destroyed by arson, 2020 In late May 2020, two Dollar General stores were destroyed by arson during the George Floyd riots in Minneapolis–Saint Paul, and three others had property damage. In October 2020, Dollar General opened its first pOpshelf stores in Hendersonville and Clarksville, Tennessee, selling mostly items costing less than $5. By the end of 2021, the company planned 50 free-standing pOpshelf locations and 25 store-within-a-store locations. In April 2021, the company said it was planning to hire 20,000 employees, less than the number hired in 2020 (50,000). On 5 March 2022, Dollar General opened its first store in the state of Idaho, located in Athol. On 12 October 2023, Dollar General announced the return of former CEO Todd Vasos, replacing Jeff Owen. Chairman Michael Calbert said in a statement, “At this time the Board has determined that a change in leadership is necessary to restore stability and confidence in the Company moving forward". Major sponsorships Auto racing Brian Vickers' 2013 Nationwide Series car at Road America For several years, Dollar General has had a connection with motorsports, particularly in NASCAR. The company has previously been a primary sponsor for Joe Gibbs Racing. Dollar General sponsored Brian Vickers in the Nationwide Series in 2013. Dollar General became a primary sponsor for Matt Kenseth in the Sprint Cup Series starting in 2013. Dollar General and Turner (formerly Braun Racing) have been partnered together since 2008, with the team previously sponsoring cars for Frank Cicci Racing and Kevin Harvick Incorporated. In 2010, Dollar General sponsored some races in the Camping World Truck Series for Kyle Busch Motorsports, with Kyle Busch in the No. 18 Toyota Tundra, and sponsored Kyle Busch's Motorsports No. 51 Toyota Tundra for four races in 2014, with Busch driving three and Erik Jones driving one. Dollar General was the title sponsor for Nationwide Series races held in Charlotte every fall, Chicagoland every summer, and Phoenix in the spring. On May 23, 2016, Dollar General announced it would withdraw its sponsorship from NASCAR at the end of the 2016 season. Dollar General has also been active in the IndyCar Series since 2008, serving initially as the primary sponsor for owner/driver Sarah Fisher's Sarah Fisher Racing team. In 2010, both Fisher and Graham Rahal drove part-time for the team, finishing 9th at the Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg. Fisher also led the field at the Peak Antifreeze & Motor Oil Indy 300 at Chicagoland Speedway. In 2011, Dollar General continued to sponsor Sarah Fisher Racing; the team was still part-time, but Ed Carpenter drove for nines races starting at the 2011 Indianapolis 500. Dollar General ceased its sponsorship of Sarah Fisher Racing in 2012. Sports Dollar General became the sponsor of the Dollar General Bowl, formerly the GoDaddy Bowl, in Mobile, Alabama, on August 17, 2016. In May 2019, Dollar General withdrew its title sponsorship of the Mobile bowl game. Merchandise Dollar General sells products from national name brands like Clorox, Energizer, Procter & Gamble, Hanes, Coca-Cola, Mars, Unilever, Nestlé, Kimberly-Clark, Kellogg's, General Mills, and PepsiCo. In 2018, Dollar General expanded its product offerings to include the "Better for You" assortment, which aims to offer healthier options from brands like Kashi, Annie's, Back to Nature, and Kind. By the end of its 2019 fiscal year, Dollar General offered its produce assortments in more than 650 stores, with plans to expand its produce offerings to an additional 400 stores in fiscal 2020. Private brands Dollar General has used its abbreviation, the letters "DG", as a store brand for "inexpensive" household products sold through its stores; the brand is in the process of being phased out for most products as of the early 2020s. DG is also the company's NYSE ticker symbol. Dollar General private brands include Clover Valley (groceries), Good & Smart (health foods), Smart & Simple (a low-end discount brand), Sweet Smiles (bulk candy), Ntense (Dollar General's in-house energy drink), Nature's Menu, Forever Pals and Heartland Farms (pet food and products, formerly EverPet), Gentle Steps (diapers, training pants, and wipes), Studio Selection (beauty and skin care), Believe Beauty (beauty care and makeup), Root to End (hair care), TrueLiving (housewares and laundry), Comfort Bay (towels, blankets, and pillows), Open Trails (men's apparel), Mission Ridge (blue jeans), Zone Pro (sportswear), Composure (adult diapers and incontinence pads), Breeze (feminine hygiene), ProEssentials (hardware), DriveMXD (automotive), OfficeHub (office supplies), and Bobbie Brooks (women's apparel). Dollar General DG products Clover Valley water bottles Sweet Smiles candy Rexall ibuprofen Rexall The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with US-centric section and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The brand name Rexall was first established in 1903 by Louis K. Liggett and gradually became a powerhouse as a pharmaceutical drug store chain. In March 2010, Dollar General became the exclusive retailer for Rexall products. Rexall vitamins and supplements began appearing at Dollar General stores in March and by fall 2010 a full line of Rexall products was available at Dollar General. Corporate affairs Board of directors Dollar General Board of Directors as of June 2020 are: Michael M. Calbert (Chairman of the Board), Todd Vasos (CEO), Warren Bryant, Patricia Fili-Krushel, Timothy I. McGuire, William Rhodes III, Debra A. Sandler, and Ralph E. Santana. Operations Dollar General has more than 19,400 stores in 48 states, the District of Columbia, and Mexico, and approximately 158,000 employees. Dollar General also has 17 distribution centers in 16 states. Since 2017, DG has opened stores in North Dakota, Wyoming, and Washington. As of early 2020, only three states lacked DG stores: Alaska, Hawaii, and Montana. In the first half of 2024, Dollar General shut down self-checkout in more than half of its stores across the US because of losses from theft. Dollar General distribution center in Alachua, Florida Truck delivering Dollar General goods to a store in Corydon, Iowa Dollar General Market in Clarksville, Tennessee Dollar General store in Arlington, Georgia Inside a Dollar General store in Fort White, Florida (As of January 1, 2023) Stores Distribution centers Fresh distribution facilities Alabama 883 1 0 Arizona 130 0 0 Arkansas 502 0 0 California 246 1 1 Colorado 66 0 0 Connecticut 76 0 0 Delaware 50 0 0 Florida 1,012 1 0 Georgia 1,023 1 1 Idaho 2 0 0 Illinois 637 0 0 Indiana 641 1 1 Iowa 297 0 0 Kansas 261 0 0 Kentucky 690 1 0 Louisiana 615 0 0 Maine 63 0 0 Maryland 156 0 0 Massachusetts 55 0 0 Michigan 684 0 0 Minnesota 192 0 0 Mississippi 587 1 0 Missouri 600 1 1 Montana 1 0 0 Nebraska 141 0 0 Nevada 21 0 0 New Hampshire 43 0 0 New Jersey 175 0 0 New Mexico 111 0 0 New York 555 1 0 North Carolina 997 0 1 North Dakota 60 0 0 Ohio 968 1 1 Oklahoma 503 1 0 Oregon 77 0 0 Pennsylvania 904 1 1 Rhode Island 20 0 0 South Carolina 614 1 0 South Dakota 71 0 0 Tennessee 925 0 0 Texas 1,755 2 0 Utah 11 0 0 Vermont 39 0 0 Virginia 456 1 0 Washington 29 0 0 West Virginia 271 0 0 Wisconsin 236 1 0 Wyoming 10 0 0 Subsidiaries Dollar General brand duct tape showing Dolgencorp on the side Dolgencorp Dolgencorp is a wholly owned subsidiary of Dollar General Corporation. Dollar General brand products are manufactured under the Dolgencorp subsidiary. Dollar General Global Sourcing Ltd. In 2004, a Dollar General office was opened in Hong Kong to oversee the global sourcing operations through exporting and importing products of Dollar General–related goods. Dollar General Literacy Foundation Since 1993, Dollar General has provided funding of literacy and education programs through its subsidiary Dollar General Literacy Foundation. Every year the Foundation awards funds to nonprofit organizations, schools, and libraries within a 15-mile radius of a Dollar General store or distribution center. It has awarded more than $182 million in grants to literacy organizations, which have helped more than 11 million individuals learn to read, prepare for the high school equivalency test, or learn English. In 2020, the Dollar General Literacy Foundation awarded $8.6 million to approximately 970 nonprofit organizations, schools, and libraries, its largest one-day grant announcement. The Foundation celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2018. In April 2022, the Dollar General Literacy Foundation announced an approximately $9.2 million commitment to support literacy within the surrounding communities. $8.2 million was earmarked for the spring grants to support family literacy programs across the country, while the remaining $1 million was pledged to the DonorsChoose program. Controversies Short documentary by the Economic Policy Institute featuring a Dollar Store manager who was required to work 70-hour weeks Perpetuating economic distress Dollar General, along with other dollar store chains, while "sometimes a need in cash-strapped communities" where supermarkets have closed, are regarded not "merely a byproduct of economic distress. They're a cause of it." Dollar store chains, in "capitalizing on a series of powerful economic and social forces—white flight, the recent recession, the so-called "retail apocalypse"—all of which have opened up gaping holes in food access...might not be causing these inequalities per se, they appear to be perpetuating them". The rapid growth in dollar stores across the US has created food deserts and a "dollar store belt". After originally granting them local tax incentives, a number of municipalities have been adding zoning bylaws to discourage dollar stores. ) According to a study done by the Institute for Local Self-Reliance, dollar stores tend to create fewer and lower-wage jobs than independent grocery stores. The report claims that dollar stores stifle local competition, thereby hurting the communities they are serving. In March 2020, Dollar General announced plans for its 2020 fiscal year to begin offering produce assortments at approximately 400 stores in addition to the 650 stores that already did so. In February 2019, the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, published a story which found that the quality of fruits and vegetables at dollar stores is just as good as at regular grocery stores. Financial irregularities On April 30, 2001, Dollar General Corp was judged liable for making false statements or failing to disclose adverse facts about the company's financial results, and paid $162 million for settlement. The company also announced a restatement of its earnings for the previous three fiscal years, due to accounting irregularities including allegations of fraudulent behavior. On March 3, 2005, Dollar General restated its results for 2000 through 2003, due to a clarification of lease-accounting matters issued by the SEC. OSHA fines In November 2014, Dollar General was fined $51,700 by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) following an inspection of a Brooklyn, Mississippi, branch of the store. The statement from OSHA noted that Dollar General had had repeated health and safety violations: "Since 2009, OSHA has conducted 72 inspections of Dollar General nationwide. Of those inspections, 39 have resulted in citations." In April 2016, OSHA reported that further citations had been given to the store for exposing employees to the risk of electrical hazards due to missing face plates on electrical outlets. The store was fined $107,620. In December 2016, OSHA noted that some Dollar General stores continued to block fire exits with merchandise in disregard of safety violations, resulting in several fines. Inspections at Dollar General stores in 2022 in Pembroke in February, and Hogansville and Smyrna in March, identified four willful and seven repeat violations. Specifically, OSHA cited the company for failing to keep receiving areas clean and orderly and for stacking materials in an unsafe manner. These hazards exposed workers to slips, trips, and being struck by objects. OSHA also issued citations for exposing workers to fire and entrapment hazards by failing to keep exit routes and electrical panels clear and unobstructed. Dollar General's pattern of disregarding worker safety was apparent at five other Southeast locations. In February 2022, OSHA proposed $1,048,309 in penalties after inspections at three locations in Mobile, Alabama, and one in Dalton, Georgia, found similar hazards. At another Mobile location, a December 2021 inspection led OSHA to propose $321,827 in penalties for exposing workers to slip and trip hazards and not keeping the main storeroom orderly to allow a safe exit during an emergency. In March 2023 it was reported that Dollar General was added to OSHA's severe-violator enforcement program. Dollar General Corp. v. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Main article: Dollar General Corp. v. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians Pricing irregularities In March 2023 a Barron's article found that North Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arizona together had fined Dollar General more than $1 million for price irregularities during 2021 and 2022, and the company was also facing multiple potential class-action lawsuits relating to the issue. In 2019, Dollar General was fined $1.75 million by the state of Vermont over pricing irregularities for charging a higher price for products at the register than was advertised at the shelf. During 2022, the State of Ohio brought a lawsuit for deceptive pricing. See also J.L. Turner and Son Building Further reading "How Dollar General Became Rural America's Store of Choice," The Wall Street Journal. Nassauer, Sarah. (December 4, 2017) References ^ a b "Number of Dollar General locations in the United States in 2023". scrapehero.com. January 1, 2023. ^ a b "Dollar General Plans To Hire Up To 20K New Employees". Bloomberg. April 14, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021. ^ Mya Frazier (October 11, 2017). "Dollar General Hits a Gold Mine in Rural America". BusinessWeek. Retrieved October 17, 2017. ^ "Dollar General expanding to its 47th state". 27 September 2021. ^ a b "Store Locations". Dollar General. Retrieved September 17, 2021. ^ a b c d e "Dollar General Corporation 2023 Annual Form 10-K Report". investor.dollargeneral.com. March 24, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023. ^ "Dollar General Market". www2.dollargeneral.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2015-01-13. ^ a b "DGX". www.dgxstore.com. ^ "Dollar General tested a store for wealthier shoppers. Now, it will grow to 1,000 locations". CNBC. December 2, 2021. ^ "Dollar General Marks International Expansion into Mexico with First Mi Súper Dollar General Store Opening \| Dollar General Newsroom". newscenter.dollargeneral.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2023-03-28. ^ Post, Mexico Daily (2022-12-20). "Dollar General supermarket arrives in Mexico -". Mexico Daily Post. Retrieved 2023-03-28. ^ "Dollar General". Retrieved May 22, 2020. ^ a b "Dollar General Corporation 2019 Annual Report" (PDF). ^ "The Impact of Dollar Stores and How Communities Can Fight Back (Fact Sheet)". Institute for Local Self-Reliance. Retrieved June 2, 2020. ^ Jackman, Caresse (May 29, 2015). "Swartz Creek woman takes push for overtime reform to Washington D.C." ABC 12 News. Retrieved December 7, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ^ Neiman, Haven; Summers, Keyonna (February 20, 2019). "The Dollar Store Diet: Produce Quality Matches Traditional Chains". University of Nevada, Las Vegas News Center. Retrieved June 2, 2020. ^ "Cal Turner, 85; Founded Dollar General". New York Times. November 20, 2000. Retrieved June 4, 2017. ^ Scavotto, Andrew. "Dollar General Founder Cal Turner Sr. Loved Small Town Life". Nashville Post. Retrieved June 2, 2017. ^ "Former Dollar General Chairman and CEO Cal Turner Receives Lifetime Achievement Award from Retail Merchandiser Magazine" (Press release). Retrieved January 19, 2014. ^ "Dollar General South Boston Distribution Center Celebrates 20 Years" (Press release). April 13, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2017. ^ "Dollar General Reports Financial Results for Fiscal 2000 And Restated Results for 1999 and 1998" (Press release). Retrieved 4 June 2017. ^ "Dollar General Closes Georgia Distribution Center". Nashville Post. April 19, 2000. Retrieved June 4, 2017. ^ "Dollar General Corporation Names David A. Perdue, Jr. CEO" (Press release). Archived from the original on 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2017-06-05. ^ Springer, Jon (August 23, 2010). "Dollar General Market: Still in the Lab". Supermarket News. Retrieved 4 June 2017. ^ Malloy, Daniel (October 30, 2014). "On David Perdue, Dollar General and recalls of Chinese-made toys". AJC. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017. ^ "Perdue steps down from Dollar General". Nashville Business Journal. June 21, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2017. ^ "KKR signs a record $6.9 billion buyout of Dollar General". The New York Times. March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2018. ^ Susan Elzey (July 19, 2007). "Location part of store closing". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007. ^ Rooney, Ben (August 20, 2009). "Dollar General files $750 million IPO". CNN Money. Retrieved February 20, 2022. ^ Merced, Michael J. de la. "Dollar General Files for an I.P.O." The New York Times. ^ Peterson, Kim (December 12, 2013). "Dollar General is opening full-sized grocery stores". CBS News. Retrieved June 4, 2017. ^ "Dollar General Celebrates Grand Opening of its 12th Distribution Center in Bethel, Pennsylvania" (Press release). May 31, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2017. ^ "Family Dollar rejects $9.7 bn acquisition bid by Dollar General". Charlotte News.Net. August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014. ^ RAMAKRISHNAN, SRUTHI (May 28, 2015). "Dollar General says COO Vasos to replace Dreiling as CEO". Reuters. Retrieved June 1, 2015. ^ "Dollar General Celebrates Grand Opening of Its 13th Distribution Center in San Antonio, Texas" (Press release). June 6, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2017. ^ Noggle, Amber. "Development agreement approved for Dollar General distribution center". WKOW.com. WKOW Madison, WI. Archived from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2015. ^ "Dollar General to add 10,000 workers in hiring spree". The Tennessean. Retrieved September 18, 2016. ^ Davis, Ennis (January 23, 2018). "DOLLAR GENERAL INVESTING IN CITIES WITH DGX CONCEPT". Modern Cities. Retrieved June 13, 2018. ^ "Dollar General Building New Distribution Center in Central Georgia" (Press release). May 9, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2017. ^ Subik, Jason (July 1, 2017). "Dollar General breaks ground for new warehouse distribution center". The Leader-Herald. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2017. ^ Meyersohn, Nathaniel (December 7, 2017). "Dollar General is opening 900 new stores next year". CNN Money. Retrieved December 16, 2017. ^ "FIRST DELIVERY ARRIVES AT NEW DOLLAR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION CENTER". Recorder News. October 23, 2019. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2020. ^ "Dollar Express Chain Sells Out To Competitor Dollar General After 1.5 Years". Consumerist. April 4, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017. ^ Garcia, Tonya (April 6, 2017). "Dollar General acquires all 323 Dollar Express stores". Market Watch. Retrieved June 8, 2017. ^ "Dollar General's 16,000th Store Helps Florida Community Recover from Hurricane Michael" (Press release). October 15, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2020. ^ "Dollar General Corporation Reports Strong Third Quarter 2019 Financial Results" (Press release). December 5, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2020. ^ "Dollar General Plans to Create 8,000 Net New Career Opportunities in FY 2020" (Press release). February 3, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020. ^ "Dollar General Expands Presence to 45 States" (Press release). March 7, 2020. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2020. ^ "Dollar General Opens First Store in Washington State" (Press release). April 20, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020. ^ Penrod, Josh; Sinner, C.J. (2020-07-13). "Buildings damaged in Minneapolis, St. Paul after riots". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2022-05-05. ^ Farhat, Jenna (February 11, 2022). "Second discount retailer from Dollar General company open in Myrtle Beach area". The Sun News. Retrieved February 11, 2022. ^ "Dollar General to hire up to 20,000 workers as economy rebounds". Reuters. April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021. ^ "Dollar General Opens 1st Store in Idaho". progressivegrocer.com. April 16, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2022. ^ Delouya, Samantha (2023-10-12). "Dollar General brings former CEO Todd Vasos back to lead the struggling retailer \| CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved 2023-10-13. ^ "Vickers to run for Nationwide title with JGR". Yahoo! Sports. November 7, 2012. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012. ^ "Dollar General to Sponsor Four Races on No. 51 Tundra in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series". Kyle Busch Motosports. March 18, 2014. Archived from the original on March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014. ^ Jensen, Tom (May 23, 2016). "Dollar General leaving Joe Gibbs Racing, NASCAR at end of season". Foxsports.com. Retrieved May 23, 2016. ^ "Dollar General Expands Sarah Fisher IndyCar Sponsorship To Six Races; Texas And Miami Presidents Weigh In" (Press release). Retrieved June 4, 2017. ^ Petry, Tori (May 23, 2013). "Sarah Fisher isn't slowing down with racing". ESPN. Retrieved June 4, 2017. ^ Moriarty, Morgan (December 23, 2016). "Yep, the Dollar General Bowl is the new name for the GoDaddy Bowl". SB Nation. Retrieved June 21, 2017. ^ "Mobile's college bowl game no longer called 'Dollar General Bowl'". WKRG-TV. May 29, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2019. ^ "About Us". Dollar General. Retrieved June 3, 2020. ^ Hallett, Louisa (December 6, 2018). "Dollar General is now 'better for you'". Store Brands. Retrieved June 3, 2020. ^ Rueter, Thad (May 26, 2020). "Dollar General Expands Fresh Produce Offerings". Progressive Grocer. Retrieved June 3, 2020. ^ "Dollar General Private Brands". Dollar General. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020. ^ Mrozinzski, Josh. "Once a powerhouse in pharmaceuticals, Rexall is now for many a memory". The Times-Tribune. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ "My Private Brand – Rexall Private Brands Come to Dollar General". My Private Brand. March 25, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2014. ^ "Board of Directors". Dollar General Investor Relations. Retrieved June 2, 2020. ^ "Number of Dollar General locations in the United States in 2023". scrapehero.com. January 1, 2023. ^ "Store Locations & Map". dollargeneral.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2017-06-02. ^ "Dollar General". Fortune. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020. ^ "Dollar General Expands Presence to 45 States". dollargeneral.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2020-05-22. ^ Bitter, Alex (2024-06-07). "Dollar General has shut down self-checkout at a whooping 12,000 stores in the last few months. Here's why". Business Insider Africa. Retrieved 2024-06-10. ^ "Company Overview of Dolgencorp, LLC". bloomberg.com. Retrieved October 16, 2017. ^ "Company Overview of Dollar General Global Sourcing Limited". Bloomberg News. Retrieved October 17, 2017. ^ "Dollar General Literacy Foundation - About Us". Dollar General Literacy Foundation. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2020. ^ "Dollar General Literacy Foundation Makes Largest One-Day Grant Announcement to Support National Literacy Programs". May 14, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020. ^ "Dollar General Literacy Foundation Awards More Than $8.3 Million to More Than 1,000 Schools, Nonprofits and Literacy Organizations". Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ "Dollar General Literacy Foundation Announces Nearly $9.2M Commitment to Literacy in May". Business Wire. 2 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022. ^ a b Jackman, Caresse (May 29, 2015). "Swartz Creek woman takes push for overtime reform to Washington D.C." ABC 12 News. Retrieved December 7, 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ^ Misra, Tanvi (December 20, 2018). "The Dollar Store Backlash Has Begun". CityLab. Retrieved May 20, 2019. ^ "The Impact of Dollar Stores and How Communities Can Fight Back (Fact Sheet)". Institute for Local Self-Reliance. Retrieved June 2, 2020. ^ Nathaniel Meyersohn (19 July 2019). "Dollar stores are facing backlash across America". CNN. Retrieved July 19, 2019. ^ Neiman, Haven; Summers, Keyonna (February 20, 2019). "The Dollar Store Diet: Produce Quality Matches Traditional Chains". University of Nevada, Las Vegas News Center. Retrieved June 2, 2020. ^ "U.S. District Court CIVIL DOCKET FOR CASE #: 3:01-cv-0038" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2013. ^ "Dollar General Reports Financial Results for Fiscal 2000 And Restated Results for 1999 and 1998". Archived from the original on 2022-12-04. Retrieved 2013-10-18. ^ Ward, Jennifer Inez. "Dollar General Corp to restate 2000–2003 results". Marketwatch. ^ "Dollar General in Brooklyn, Mississippi, cited for repeat safety hazards; more than $51K in fines proposed". Occupational Safety and Health Administration. ^ "OSHA inspection finds Mississippi Dollar General store continues to expose workers to safety hazards despite recent citations, penalties". OSHA. April 14, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016. ^ Gollan, Jennifer (December 20, 2016). "Why Dollar General has a fire problem". Retrieved December 1, 2017. ^ a b "Profits over people: Federal safety inspectors find 3 more Dollar General stores habitually disregarding workplace safety, risking employees' lives \| Occupational Safety and Health Administration". ^ Corkery, Michael (2023-03-28). "Dollar General Is Deemed a 'Severe Violator' by the Labor Dept". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-28. ^ Dunn, Catherine. "Analysis: At Dollar General, a Record of Overcharging". barrons. Retrieved 2023-04-07. ^ "VT to Receive $1.75 Million From Dollar General For Pricing Inaccuracies \| Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets". agriculture.vermont.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-15. ^ "state of ohio class action". November 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dollar General. Official website Business data for Dollar General: GoogleSEC filingsYahoo! vteMajor retail companiesCompanies with global retail sales of over US$25 billion (according to Kantar Group, in order of decreasing revenue) Walmart Amazon (incl. Whole Foods Market) Costco Schwarz Gruppe (incl. Lidl and Kaufland) Kroger Walgreens Boots Alliance Aldi The Home Depot Carrefour JD.com Seven & i Tesco CVS Pharmacy Ahold Delhaize Target Corporation AEON Lowe's Auchan Edeka Albertsons Apple IKEA REWE Group Groupe Casino Alibaba Group E.Leclerc Intermarché Best Buy Woolworths Group (Australia) Metro AG TJX Companies Publix Sainsbury's FamilyMart Mercadona Loblaw Companies Coles Group H&M Suning.com China Resources Enterprise X5 Group (incl. Pyaterochka and Perekrestok) H-E-B Dollar General Ceconomy (incl. MediaMarkt) Macy's vteVariety storesAsia 100-yen shop (Japan and East Asia) Daiso (East and Southeast Asia) Living Plaza by Aeon (Hong Kong) Watashi to Seikatsu (Hong Kong) Loft (Japan) Hands (Japan et al.) Eslite Spectrum (Taiwan et al.) EuropeMainland Action (Netherlands) Dealz (Ireland, Poland, Spain) El Corte Inglés (Spain) EuroGiant (Ireland) Flying Tiger Copenhagen (Denmark) føtex (Denmark) HEMA (Netherlands) Monoprix (France) UPIM (Italy) Karstadt (Germany) Zeeman (Netherlands) UnitedKingdom B&M Bargain Buys Boyes Card Factory Home Bargains OneBeyond The Original Factory Shop The Range (retailer) The Works (retailer) Poundland Poundstretcher QD stores Quality Save Savers (UK retailer) Wilko WHSmith Yorkshire Trading Company NorthAmericaCanada A Buck or Two Dollar Tree Canada Dollarama Fields Giant Tiger Great Canadian Dollar Store Hart Stores Red Apple and The Bargain! Shop Rossy Your Dollar Store with More Mexico Casa Ley Waldo's Dollar Mart UnitedStates 99 Cents Only Stores ABC Stores Big Lots Daiso (also Canada) Dollar General Dollar Tree Family Dollar Five Below Ollie's Bargain Outlet Ocean State Job Lot Oceania Daiso (Australia) The Reject Shop (Australia) vteMajor corporations headquartered in the Nashville metropolitan areaNYSE listed AllianceBernstein Brookdale Senior Living Community Health Systems CoreCivic Delek US Dollar General Genesco HCA Healthcare Louisiana-Pacific Ryman Hospitality Properties Nasdaq listed Acadia Healthcare Change Healthcare Clover Health Cracker Barrel Harrow Health Kaiser Aluminum Pinnacle Financial Partners Tractor Supply Company NYSE American listed National Healthcare Major private companies Advance Financial Ardent Health Services Asurion CKE Restaurants Envision Healthcare Gibson Brands Ingram Industries LifePoint Health Tivity Health Law firms Waller Lansden Dortch & Davis Authority control databases International VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discount stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_store"},{"link_name":"Goodlettsville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodlettsville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dollar_General_locations-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Locations-2"},{"link_name":"continental United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mainland_USA-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"family-owned business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family-owned_business"},{"link_name":"Scottsville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"James Luther Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Luther_Turner"},{"link_name":"Cal Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Turner"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"rural United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_areas_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annualreport2019-13"},{"link_name":"food deserts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_desert"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_12_News2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Dollar General Corporation is an American chain of discount stores headquartered in Goodlettsville, Tennessee. As of January 8, 2024, Dollar General operated 19,643 stores[1][2] in the continental United States and Mexico.[5][10][11]The company began in 1939 as a family-owned business called J.L. Turner and Son in Scottsville, Kentucky, owned by James Luther Turner and Cal Turner. In 1955, the name changed to Dollar General Corporation and in 1968 the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange. The Fortune 500 recognized Dollar General in 1999, and in 2020 it reached #112 on the list.[12] Dollar General has grown to become one of the most profitable stores in the rural United States, with revenue reaching around $27 billion in 2019.[13]The company and its business practices have been subject to criticism, particularly regarding how it may be creating and perpetuating food deserts and stifling local businesses while offering fewer and lower-paying jobs.[14][15][16]","title":"Dollar General"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J.L._Turner_and_Son_Building.jpg"},{"link_name":"J.L. Turner and Son Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.L._Turner_and_Son_Building"},{"link_name":"Scottsville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Scottsville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"James Luther \"J.L.\" Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Luther_Turner"},{"link_name":"Cal Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Turner"},{"link_name":"Scottsville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"J.L. Turner and Son: 1939–1964","text":"J.L. Turner and Son Building in Scottsville, KentuckyDollar General has its origin in Scottsville, Kentucky, with James Luther \"J.L.\" Turner and his son Cal Turner. James Turner's father died in an accident in 1902 when James was only 11. James quit school to work on the family farm, helping to provide for his mother and siblings, and subsequently never completed his education. After two unsuccessful attempts at retailing, James became a traveling dry goods salesman for a Nashville wholesale grocer. James left the sales job after 10 years and settled his family in Scottsville, Kentucky. During the Great Depression, he began buying and liquidating bankrupt general stores. Cal accompanied his father to these closeouts at a young age, gaining valuable business knowledge and skills.[17]In October 1939, James and Cal opened J.L. Turner and Son with an initial investment of $5,000 each (equivalent to $109522 in 2023). The switch to retailing resulted in annual sales above $2 million by the early 1950s. By the mid-1950s Turner had 35 department stores in Kentucky and Tennessee. In 1955, Cal Turner developed his idea of a retail store selling goods for a dollar, based on the Dollar Days promotions held at other department stores, by converting Turner's Department Store in Springfield, Kentucky, into the first Dollar General Store.[18] In 1964 J.L. Turner died, leaving his son Cal Turner to succeed him.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cal Turner Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Turner_Jr."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"distribution center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_center"},{"link_name":"South Boston, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Boston,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Goodlettsville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodlettsville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Homerville, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Alachua, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alachua,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"David Perdue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Perdue"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"1968–2002","text":"The company Cal Turner co-founded went public as Dollar General Corporation in 1968, posting annual sales of more than $40 million and net income in excess of $1.5 million. In 1977, Cal Turner Jr., who joined the company in 1965 as a third-generation Turner, succeeded his father as president of Dollar General. Cal Jr.[19] led the company until his retirement in 2002. Under his leadership, the company grew to more than 6,000 stores and $6 billion in sales. In 1997 a distribution center was established in South Boston, Virginia.[20]In 2000, Dollar General opened a new corporate headquarters in Goodlettsville, Tennessee. By the end of 2000, sales at Dollar General exceeded $4 billion.[21] The distribution center in Homerville, Georgia, was closed in April 2000 and operations were moved to a new distribution center in Alachua, Florida.[22]Cal Jr. retired in 2002 and was succeeded by David Perdue on April 2, 2003.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock"},{"link_name":"Kohlberg Kravis Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts"},{"link_name":"GS Capital Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS_Capital_Partners"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Citigroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigroup"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dollar_General,_Davidson_Rd,_GA125,_Lowndes_County.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lowndes County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowndes_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"cigarettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette"},{"link_name":"Family Dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Dollar"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Bethel, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Dollar Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_Tree"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BidRebuffed-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"San Antonio, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DollarGeneralDC2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Raleigh, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgxstore.com-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Popshelf_store.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mishawaka, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishawaka,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Jackson, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montgomery County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Panama City, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Michael"},{"link_name":"Kellogg's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg%27s"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dollar_General_on_fire_after_protest_and_riot_aftermath_on_East_Lake_Street_(49956694648).jpg"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"arson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"arson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_arson_damage_during_the_George_Floyd_protests_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"George Floyd riots in Minneapolis–Saint Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-50"},{"link_name":"Hendersonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendersonville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Clarksville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Athol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athol,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"2003–present","text":"Dollar General entered the grocery market with the establishment of Dollar General Market in 2003.[24] In 2004, Dollar General expanded to low-cost Asian markets by opening a sourcing office in Hong Kong.[25]On June 21, 2007, CEO David Perdue announced his resignation, leaving David Bere as interim CEO.[26] One month later, all shares of Dollar General stock were acquired by private equity investors for $22 per share. An investment group consisting of affiliates of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR), GS Capital Partners (an affiliate of Goldman Sachs), Citigroup Private Equity, and other co-investors completed an acquisition of Dollar General Corporation for $6.9 billion.[27]As a part of the transition to a privately held company, Dollar General assessed each location at the end of its lease against a model known as \"EZ Stores\". This assessment included evaluating whether the location had a loading dock, garbage dumpsters, adequate parking, and acceptable profitability. Stores that did not pass this evaluation were relocated or closed. Over 400 stores were closed as part of this initiative.[28]Construction of a Dollar General store in Lowndes County, Georgia, in 2015Dollar General filed on August 20, 2009, for an initial public offering of up to $750 million, turning the company once again into a publicly traded corporation.[29][30] In 2013, Dollar General started selling cigarettes in response to its competitor Family Dollar selling cigarettes in 2012.[31] Dollar General's 12th distribution center opened on May 31, 2014, in Bethel, Pennsylvania, to serve the northeast and midwest stores.[32] On August 18, 2014, Dollar General lodged a competing bid of $9.7 billion against Dollar Tree for Family Dollar. The bid was rejected on August 20, 2014, by the Family Dollar board, which said it would proceed with the deal with Dollar Tree.[33]On June 3, 2015, Chief Operating Officer Todd Vasos replaced Rick Dreiling as chief executive. Dreiling remained as senior advisor and chairman until his retirement in January 2016.[34] Dollar General's 13th distribution center opened in San Antonio, Texas, on June 6, 2016, with a local investment of $100 million and the creation of over 500 jobs.[35] In September 2015, the Janesville City Council, in Wisconsin, approved an agreement to bring a Dollar General distribution center to the town. The center created more than 500 jobs in the area and became the 14th Dollar General distribution center.[36]An Alachua, Florida Dollar General distribution center in 2018On September 15, 2016, Dollar General announced plans to hire 10,000 new employees and open 900 new stores in fiscal 2016 and 1,000 in fiscal 2017. Dollar General operated 13,000 stores as of August 2016.[37]In January 2017, Dollar General opened a concept store in Nashville, Tennessee, called DGX. The DGX store concept focuses on urban shoppers and is geared toward instant-consumption services such as a coffee station and a soda fountain. The following month another DGX store opened in Raleigh, North Carolina, and in September a third DGX opened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[38] As of May 2020, Dollar General operated 12 DGX locations in nine states.[8]A pOpshelf store in Mishawaka, Indiana.In Jackson, Georgia, Dollar General opened its 15th distribution center in fall 2017 to serve stores in Georgia and the surrounding states.[39] In 2017, Dollar General began construction for its 16th distribution center in Amsterdam, New York. The distribution center was to cost $91 million and was expected to create 400 jobs in Montgomery County, New York.[40] Dollar General planned to open 900 new stores in 2018.[41] The distribution center became fully operational in 2019.[42] Also in 2017, Dollar General acquired stores from Dollar Express, a spinoff from the Family Dollar–Dollar Tree deal, and converted the store.[43][44]In September 2019, Dollar General celebrated the grand opening of its 16,000th store, in Panama City, Florida, following damage sustained from Hurricane Michael in October 2018. To commemorate the opening, Dollar General presented two $16,000 checks in partnership with Kellogg's to two local elementary schools displaced from the hurricane.[45]On December 5, 2019, Dollar General announced plans for fiscal 2020 that included the opening of 1,000 new stores, remodeling of 1,500 mature stores, and relocation of 80 stores.[46] In February 2020, Dollar General announced plans to create 8,000 net new career opportunities in fiscal year 2020.[47] Dollar General expanded to 46 states in 2020 with the addition of new stores in Wyoming[48] in March and Washington in April.[49]Dollar General store in Minneapolis destroyed by arson, 2020In late May 2020, two Dollar General stores were destroyed by arson during the George Floyd riots in Minneapolis–Saint Paul, and three others had property damage.[50]In October 2020, Dollar General opened its first pOpshelf stores in Hendersonville and Clarksville, Tennessee, selling mostly items costing less than $5. By the end of 2021, the company planned 50 free-standing pOpshelf locations and 25 store-within-a-store locations.[51]In April 2021, the company said it was planning to hire 20,000 employees, less than the number hired in 2020 (50,000).[52]On 5 March 2022, Dollar General opened its first store in the state of Idaho, located in Athol.[53]On 12 October 2023, Dollar General announced the return of former CEO Todd Vasos, replacing Jeff Owen. Chairman Michael Calbert said in a statement, “At this time the Board has determined that a change in leadership is necessary to restore stability and confidence in the Company moving forward\".[54]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major sponsorships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Road_America_2013_Nationwide_20_Brian_Vickers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brian Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Vickers"},{"link_name":"Road America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_America"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Joe Gibbs Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing"},{"link_name":"Brian Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Vickers"},{"link_name":"Nationwide Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationwide_Series"},{"link_name":"Matt Kenseth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Kenseth"},{"link_name":"Sprint Cup Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Frank Cicci Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cicci_Racing"},{"link_name":"Kevin Harvick Incorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Harvick_Incorporated"},{"link_name":"Camping World Truck Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping_World_Truck_Series"},{"link_name":"Kyle Busch Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Busch_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Kyle Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Busch"},{"link_name":"Toyota Tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Tundra"},{"link_name":"Erik Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Jones"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kbm31814-56"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General_300"},{"link_name":"Chicagoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General_300_(Chicagoland)"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General_200"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"IndyCar Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar_Series"},{"link_name":"Sarah Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Sarah Fisher Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Fisher_Racing"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Graham Rahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Rahal"},{"link_name":"Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Grand_Prix_of_St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Peak Antifreeze & Motor Oil Indy 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Antifreeze_%26_Motor_Oil_Indy_300"},{"link_name":"Ed Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Carpenter_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"2011 Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Auto racing","text":"Brian Vickers' 2013 Nationwide Series car at Road AmericaFor several years, Dollar General has had a connection with motorsports, particularly in NASCAR. The company has previously been a primary sponsor for Joe Gibbs Racing. Dollar General sponsored Brian Vickers in the Nationwide Series in 2013. Dollar General became a primary sponsor for Matt Kenseth in the Sprint Cup Series starting in 2013.[55] Dollar General and Turner (formerly Braun Racing) have been partnered together since 2008, with the team previously sponsoring cars for Frank Cicci Racing and Kevin Harvick Incorporated. In 2010, Dollar General sponsored some races in the Camping World Truck Series for Kyle Busch Motorsports, with Kyle Busch in the No. 18 Toyota Tundra, and sponsored Kyle Busch's Motorsports No. 51 Toyota Tundra for four races in 2014, with Busch driving three and Erik Jones driving one.[56] Dollar General was the title sponsor for Nationwide Series races held in Charlotte every fall, Chicagoland every summer, and Phoenix in the spring. On May 23, 2016, Dollar General announced it would withdraw its sponsorship from NASCAR at the end of the 2016 season.[57]Dollar General has also been active in the IndyCar Series since 2008, serving initially as the primary sponsor for owner/driver Sarah Fisher's Sarah Fisher Racing team.[58] In 2010, both Fisher and Graham Rahal drove part-time for the team, finishing 9th at the Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg. Fisher also led the field at the Peak Antifreeze & Motor Oil Indy 300 at Chicagoland Speedway. In 2011, Dollar General continued to sponsor Sarah Fisher Racing; the team was still part-time, but Ed Carpenter drove for nines races starting at the 2011 Indianapolis 500. Dollar General ceased its sponsorship of Sarah Fisher Racing in 2012.[59]","title":"Major sponsorships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dollar General Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General_Bowl"},{"link_name":"GoDaddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoDaddy"},{"link_name":"Mobile, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Dollar General became the sponsor of the Dollar General Bowl, formerly the GoDaddy Bowl, in Mobile, Alabama, on August 17, 2016.[60] In May 2019, Dollar General withdrew its title sponsorship of the Mobile bowl game.[61]","title":"Major sponsorships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clorox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorox"},{"link_name":"Energizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energizer"},{"link_name":"Procter & Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble"},{"link_name":"Hanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars,_Incorporated"},{"link_name":"Unilever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilever"},{"link_name":"Nestlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Kimberly-Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly-Clark"},{"link_name":"Kellogg's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg%27s"},{"link_name":"General Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Mills"},{"link_name":"PepsiCo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Kashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashi_(company)"},{"link_name":"Annie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%27s_Homegrown"},{"link_name":"Back to Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26G_Foods"},{"link_name":"Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kind_(company)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Dollar General sells products from national name brands like Clorox, Energizer, Procter & Gamble, Hanes, Coca-Cola, Mars, Unilever, Nestlé, Kimberly-Clark, Kellogg's, General Mills, and PepsiCo.[62]In 2018, Dollar General expanded its product offerings to include the \"Better for You\" assortment, which aims to offer healthier options from brands like Kashi, Annie's, Back to Nature, and Kind.[63]By the end of its 2019 fiscal year, Dollar General offered its produce assortments in more than 650 stores, with plans to expand its produce offerings to an additional 400 stores in fiscal 2020.[64]","title":"Merchandise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"store brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_brand"},{"link_name":"NYSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYSE"},{"link_name":"ticker symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol"},{"link_name":"energy drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_drink"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DGProducts.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CloverValleyDG.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DGSweetsmilesbrand.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RexallDG.jpg"},{"link_name":"ibuprofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen"}],"sub_title":"Private brands","text":"Dollar General has used its abbreviation, the letters \"DG\", as a store brand for \"inexpensive\" household products sold through its stores; the brand is in the process of being phased out for most products as of the early 2020s. DG is also the company's NYSE ticker symbol.Dollar General private brands include Clover Valley (groceries), Good & Smart (health foods), Smart & Simple (a low-end discount brand), Sweet Smiles (bulk candy), Ntense (Dollar General's in-house energy drink), Nature's Menu, Forever Pals and Heartland Farms (pet food and products, formerly EverPet), Gentle Steps (diapers, training pants, and wipes), Studio Selection (beauty and skin care), Believe Beauty (beauty care and makeup), Root to End (hair care), TrueLiving (housewares and laundry), Comfort Bay (towels, blankets, and pillows), Open Trails (men's apparel), Mission Ridge (blue jeans), Zone Pro (sportswear), Composure (adult diapers and incontinence pads), Breeze (feminine hygiene), ProEssentials (hardware), DriveMXD (automotive), OfficeHub (office supplies), and Bobbie Brooks (women's apparel).[65]Dollar General DG products\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClover Valley water bottles\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSweet Smiles candy\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRexall ibuprofen","title":"Merchandise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis K. Liggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_K._Liggett"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Rexall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexall"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Rexall","text":"The brand name Rexall was first established in 1903 by Louis K. Liggett and gradually became a powerhouse as a pharmaceutical drug store chain.[66] In March 2010, Dollar General became the exclusive retailer for Rexall products.[citation needed] Rexall vitamins and supplements began appearing at Dollar General stores in March and by fall 2010 a full line of Rexall products was available at Dollar General.[67]","title":"Merchandise"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Board of directors","text":"Dollar General Board of Directors as of June 2020 are: Michael M. Calbert (Chairman of the Board), Todd Vasos (CEO), Warren Bryant, Patricia Fili-Krushel, Timothy I. McGuire, William Rhodes III, Debra A. Sandler, and Ralph E. Santana.[68]","title":"Corporate affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"distribution centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_center"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annualreport2019-13"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"self-checkout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-checkout"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DollarGeneralDCALACHUA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alachua, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alachua,_Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Werner_dollar_general_delivery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corydon, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corydon,_Iowa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dollar_General_Market_Clarksville,_TN_(7259537954).jpg"},{"link_name":"Clarksville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksville,_Tennessee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dollar_General,_Arlington.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DGRegisterStore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort White, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_White,_Florida"}],"text":"Dollar General has more than 19,400 stores in 48 states, the District of Columbia, and Mexico,[69][70] and approximately 158,000 employees.[71] Dollar General also has 17 distribution centers in 16 states.[13] Since 2017, DG has opened stores in North Dakota, Wyoming, and Washington. As of early 2020, only three states lacked DG stores: Alaska, Hawaii, and Montana.[72]In the first half of 2024, Dollar General shut down self-checkout in more than half of its stores across the US because of losses from theft.[73]Dollar General distribution center in Alachua, FloridaTruck delivering Dollar General goods to a store in Corydon, IowaDollar General Market in Clarksville, TennesseeDollar General store in Arlington, GeorgiaInside a Dollar General store in Fort White, Florida","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DGproductducttape.jpg"},{"link_name":"duct tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duct_tape"}],"text":"Dollar General brand duct tape showing Dolgencorp on the side","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Dolgencorp","text":"Dolgencorp is a wholly owned subsidiary of Dollar General Corporation. Dollar General brand products are manufactured under the Dolgencorp subsidiary.[74]","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Dollar General Global Sourcing Ltd.","text":"In 2004, a Dollar General office was opened in Hong Kong to oversee the global sourcing operations through exporting and importing products of Dollar General–related goods.[75]","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"Dollar General Literacy Foundation","text":"Since 1993, Dollar General has provided funding of literacy and education programs through its subsidiary Dollar General Literacy Foundation. Every year the Foundation awards funds to nonprofit organizations, schools, and libraries within a 15-mile radius of a Dollar General store or distribution center. It has awarded more than $182 million in grants to literacy organizations, which have helped more than 11 million individuals learn to read, prepare for the high school equivalency test, or learn English.[76]In 2020, the Dollar General Literacy Foundation awarded $8.6 million to approximately 970 nonprofit organizations, schools, and libraries, its largest one-day grant announcement.[77] The Foundation celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2018.[78]In April 2022, the Dollar General Literacy Foundation announced an approximately $9.2 million commitment to support literacy within the surrounding communities[clarification needed]. $8.2 million was earmarked for the spring grants to support family literacy programs across the country, while the remaining $1 million was pledged to the DonorsChoose program.[79]","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Economic Policy Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Policy_Institute"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_12_News-80"}],"text":"Short documentary by the Economic Policy Institute featuring a Dollar Store manager who was required to work 70-hour weeks[80]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dollar store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_store"},{"link_name":"supermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket"},{"link_name":"retail apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_apocalypse"},{"link_name":"food deserts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_desert"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_12_News-80"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"University of Nevada, Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Perpetuating economic distress","text":"Dollar General, along with other dollar store chains, while \"sometimes [filling] a need in cash-strapped communities\" where supermarkets have closed, are regarded not \"merely a byproduct of economic distress. They're a cause of it.\" Dollar store chains, in \"capitalizing on a series of powerful economic and social forces—white flight, the recent recession, the so-called \"retail apocalypse\"—all of which have opened up gaping holes in food access...might not be causing these inequalities per se, they appear to be perpetuating them\". The rapid growth in dollar stores across the US has created food deserts and a \"dollar store belt\". After originally granting them local tax incentives, a number of municipalities have been adding zoning bylaws to discourage dollar stores.[81] [citation needed]) According to a study done by the Institute for Local Self-Reliance, dollar stores tend to create fewer and lower-wage jobs than independent grocery stores.[82][80] The report claims that dollar stores stifle local competition, thereby hurting the communities they are serving.[83]In March 2020, Dollar General announced plans for its 2020 fiscal year to begin offering produce assortments at approximately 400 stores in addition to the 650 stores that already did so. In February 2019, the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, published a story which found that the quality of fruits and vegetables at dollar stores is just as good as at regular grocery stores.[84]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"Financial irregularities","text":"On April 30, 2001, Dollar General Corp was judged liable for making false statements or failing to disclose adverse facts about the company's financial results,[85] and paid $162 million for settlement. The company also announced a restatement of its earnings for the previous three fiscal years, due to accounting irregularities including allegations of fraudulent behavior.[86]On March 3, 2005, Dollar General restated its results for 2000 through 2003, due to a clarification of lease-accounting matters issued by the SEC.[87]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osha.gov-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-osha.gov-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"sub_title":"OSHA fines","text":"In November 2014, Dollar General was fined $51,700 by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) following an inspection of a Brooklyn, Mississippi, branch of the store. The statement from OSHA noted that Dollar General had had repeated health and safety violations: \"Since 2009, OSHA has conducted 72 inspections of Dollar General nationwide. Of those inspections, 39 have resulted in citations.\"[88] In April 2016, OSHA reported that further citations had been given to the store for exposing employees to the risk of electrical hazards due to missing face plates on electrical outlets. The store was fined $107,620.[89] In December 2016, OSHA noted that some Dollar General stores continued to block fire exits with merchandise in disregard of safety violations, resulting in several fines.[90]\nInspections at Dollar General stores in 2022 in Pembroke in February, and Hogansville and Smyrna[clarification needed] in March, identified four willful and seven repeat violations. Specifically, OSHA cited the company for failing to keep receiving areas clean and orderly and for stacking materials in an unsafe manner. These hazards exposed workers to slips, trips, and being struck by objects. OSHA also issued citations for exposing workers to fire and entrapment hazards by failing to keep exit routes and electrical panels clear and unobstructed.[91]\nDollar General's pattern of disregarding worker safety was apparent at five other Southeast locations. In February 2022, OSHA proposed $1,048,309 in penalties after inspections at three locations in Mobile, Alabama, and one in Dalton, Georgia, found similar hazards. At another Mobile location, a December 2021 inspection led OSHA to propose $321,827 in penalties for exposing workers to slip and trip hazards and not keeping the main storeroom orderly to allow a safe exit during an emergency.[91]In March 2023 it was reported that Dollar General was added to OSHA's severe-violator enforcement program.[92]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dollar General Corp. v. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barron's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barron%27s_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Pricing irregularities","text":"In March 2023 a Barron's article found that North Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arizona together had fined Dollar General more than $1 million for price irregularities during 2021 and 2022, and the company was also facing multiple potential class-action lawsuits relating to the issue.[93]In 2019, Dollar General was fined $1.75 million by the state of Vermont over pricing irregularities for charging a higher price for products at the register than was advertised at the shelf.[94]During 2022, the State of Ohio brought a lawsuit for deceptive pricing.\n[95]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"How Dollar General Became Rural America's Store of Choice,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wsj.com/articles/how-dollar-general-became-rural-americas-store-of-choice-1512401992"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"}],"text":"\"How Dollar General Became Rural America's Store of Choice,\" The Wall Street Journal. Nassauer, Sarah. (December 4, 2017)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"J.L. Turner and Son Building in Scottsville, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/J.L._Turner_and_Son_Building.jpg/280px-J.L._Turner_and_Son_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"Construction of a Dollar General store in Lowndes County, Georgia, in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Dollar_General%2C_Davidson_Rd%2C_GA125%2C_Lowndes_County.JPG/250px-Dollar_General%2C_Davidson_Rd%2C_GA125%2C_Lowndes_County.JPG"},{"image_text":"An Alachua, Florida Dollar General distribution center in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/DollarGeneralDC2018.jpg/250px-DollarGeneralDC2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"A pOpshelf store in Mishawaka, Indiana.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Popshelf_store.jpg/220px-Popshelf_store.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dollar General store in Minneapolis destroyed by arson, 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dollar_General_on_fire_after_protest_and_riot_aftermath_on_East_Lake_Street_%2849956694648%29.jpg/250px-Dollar_General_on_fire_after_protest_and_riot_aftermath_on_East_Lake_Street_%2849956694648%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brian Vickers' 2013 Nationwide Series car at Road America","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Road_America_2013_Nationwide_20_Brian_Vickers.jpg/290px-Road_America_2013_Nationwide_20_Brian_Vickers.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dollar General distribution center in Alachua, Florida","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DollarGeneralDCALACHUA.jpg/230px-DollarGeneralDCALACHUA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Truck delivering Dollar General goods to a store in Corydon, Iowa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Werner_dollar_general_delivery.jpg/240px-Werner_dollar_general_delivery.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dollar General Market in Clarksville, Tennessee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dollar_General_Market_Clarksville%2C_TN_%287259537954%29.jpg/230px-Dollar_General_Market_Clarksville%2C_TN_%287259537954%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dollar General store in Arlington, Georgia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dollar_General%2C_Arlington.jpg/230px-Dollar_General%2C_Arlington.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inside a Dollar General store in Fort White, Florida","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DGRegisterStore.jpg/230px-DGRegisterStore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dollar General brand duct tape showing Dolgencorp on the side","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DGproductducttape.jpg/295px-DGproductducttape.jpg"},{"image_text":"Short documentary by the Economic Policy Institute featuring a Dollar Store manager who was required to work 70-hour weeks[80]"}]	[{"title":"J.L. Turner and Son Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.L._Turner_and_Son_Building"}]	[{"reference":"\"Number of Dollar General locations in the United States in 2023\". scrapehero.com. January 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scrapehero.com/location-reports/Dollar%20General-USA/","url_text":"\"Number of Dollar General locations in the United States in 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Plans To Hire Up To 20K New Employees\". Bloomberg. April 14, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2021-04-14/dollar-general-plans-to-hire-up-to-20-000-new-employees-through-national-hiring-events","url_text":"\"Dollar General Plans To Hire Up To 20K New Employees\""}]},{"reference":"Mya Frazier (October 11, 2017). \"Dollar General Hits a Gold Mine in Rural America\". BusinessWeek. Retrieved October 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-10-11/dollar-general-hits-a-gold-mine-in-rural-america","url_text":"\"Dollar General Hits a Gold Mine in Rural America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General expanding to its 47th state\". 27 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://chainstoreage.com/dollar-general-expanding-its-47th-state#:~:text=The%20location%20will%20mark%20Dollar,remodels%2C%20and%20100%20store%20relocations.","url_text":"\"Dollar General expanding to its 47th state\""}]},{"reference":"\"Store Locations\". Dollar General. Retrieved September 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dollargeneral.com/about-us/locations.html","url_text":"\"Store Locations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Corporation 2023 Annual Form 10-K Report\". investor.dollargeneral.com. March 24, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://investor.dollargeneral.com/websites/dollargeneral/English/310010/us-sec-filing.html?shortDesc=Annual%20Report&format=convpdf&secFilingId=003b8c70-dfa4-4f21-bfe7-40e6d8b26f63","url_text":"\"Dollar General Corporation 2023 Annual Form 10-K Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Market\". www2.dollargeneral.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2015-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219130037/http://www2.dollargeneral.com/market/Pages/index.aspx","url_text":"\"Dollar General Market\""},{"url":"http://www2.dollargeneral.com/market/Pages/index.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DGX\". www.dgxstore.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dgxstore.com/Pages/Index.aspx","url_text":"\"DGX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General tested a store for wealthier shoppers. Now, it will grow to 1,000 locations\". CNBC. December 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2021/12/02/dollar-general-to-open-1000-popshelf-stores-aimed-at-wealthier-shoppers.html","url_text":"\"Dollar General tested a store for wealthier shoppers. Now, it will grow to 1,000 locations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC","url_text":"CNBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Marks International Expansion into Mexico with First Mi Súper Dollar General Store Opening \| Dollar General Newsroom\". newscenter.dollargeneral.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328143253/https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/our-story/blog-posts/dollar-general-marks-international-expansion-into-mexico.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General Marks International Expansion into Mexico with First Mi Súper Dollar General Store Opening \| Dollar General Newsroom\""},{"url":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/our-story/blog-posts/dollar-general-marks-international-expansion-into-mexico.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Post, Mexico Daily (2022-12-20). \"Dollar General supermarket arrives in Mexico -\". Mexico Daily Post. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://mexicodailypost.com/2022/12/19/dollar-general-supermarket-arrives-in-mexico/","url_text":"\"Dollar General supermarket arrives in Mexico -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General\". Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://fortune.com/company/dollar-general/fortune500/","url_text":"\"Dollar General\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Corporation 2019 Annual Report\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://investor.dollargeneral.com/download/companies/dollargeneral/Annual%20Reports/AR_2019_Dollar%20General_Web%20PDF.pdf","url_text":"\"Dollar General Corporation 2019 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Impact of Dollar Stores and How Communities Can Fight Back (Fact Sheet)\". Institute for Local Self-Reliance. Retrieved June 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ilsr.org/dollar-stores/","url_text":"\"The Impact of Dollar Stores and How Communities Can Fight Back (Fact Sheet)\""}]},{"reference":"Jackman, Caresse (May 29, 2015). \"Swartz Creek woman takes push for overtime reform to Washington D.C.\" ABC 12 News. Retrieved December 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc12.com/home/headlines/Swartz-Creek-woman-takes-push-for-overtime-reform-to-Washington-DC--305516641.html","url_text":"\"Swartz Creek woman takes push for overtime reform to Washington D.C.\""}]},{"reference":"Neiman, Haven; Summers, Keyonna (February 20, 2019). \"The Dollar Store Diet: Produce Quality Matches Traditional Chains\". University of Nevada, Las Vegas News Center. Retrieved June 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unlv.edu/news/article/dollar-store-diet-produce-quality-matches-traditional-chains","url_text":"\"The Dollar Store Diet: Produce Quality Matches Traditional Chains\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cal Turner, 85; Founded Dollar General\". New York Times. November 20, 2000. Retrieved June 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/20/business/cal-turner-85-founded-dollar-general.html","url_text":"\"Cal Turner, 85; Founded Dollar General\""}]},{"reference":"Scavotto, Andrew. \"Dollar General Founder Cal Turner Sr. Loved Small Town Life\". Nashville Post. Retrieved June 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nashvillepost.com/home/article/20447214/dollar-general-founder-cal-turner-sr-loved-small-town-life","url_text":"\"Dollar General Founder Cal Turner Sr. Loved Small Town Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Dollar General Chairman and CEO Cal Turner Receives Lifetime Achievement Award from Retail Merchandiser Magazine\" (Press release). Retrieved January 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1558","url_text":"\"Former Dollar General Chairman and CEO Cal Turner Receives Lifetime Achievement Award from Retail Merchandiser Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General South Boston Distribution Center Celebrates 20 Years\" (Press release). April 13, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/our-story/blog-posts/dollar-general-south-boston-distribution-center-celebrates-20-years.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General South Boston Distribution Center Celebrates 20 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Reports Financial Results for Fiscal 2000 And Restated Results for 1999 and 1998\" (Press release). Retrieved 4 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-reports-financial-results-for-fiscal-2000-and-restated-results-for-1999-and-1998.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General Reports Financial Results for Fiscal 2000 And Restated Results for 1999 and 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Closes Georgia Distribution Center\". Nashville Post. April 19, 2000. Retrieved June 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nashvillepost.com/home/article/20442153/dollar-general-closes-georgia-distribution-center","url_text":"\"Dollar General Closes Georgia Distribution Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Post","url_text":"Nashville Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Corporation Names David A. Perdue, Jr. CEO\" (Press release). Archived from the original on 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2017-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170728212736/https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-corporation-names-david-a-perdue-jr-ceo.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General Corporation Names David A. Perdue, Jr. CEO\""},{"url":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-corporation-names-david-a-perdue-jr-ceo.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Springer, Jon (August 23, 2010). \"Dollar General Market: Still in the Lab\". Supermarket News. Retrieved 4 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.supermarketnews.com/retail-amp-financial/dollar-general-market-still-lab","url_text":"\"Dollar General Market: Still in the Lab\""}]},{"reference":"Malloy, Daniel (October 30, 2014). \"On David Perdue, Dollar General and recalls of Chinese-made toys\". AJC. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100158/http://politics.blog.ajc.com/2014/10/30/on-david-perdue-dollar-general-and-recalls-of-chinese-made-toys/","url_text":"\"On David Perdue, Dollar General and recalls of Chinese-made toys\""},{"url":"http://politics.blog.ajc.com/2014/10/30/on-david-perdue-dollar-general-and-recalls-of-chinese-made-toys/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Perdue steps down from Dollar General\". Nashville Business Journal. June 21, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/nashville/stories/2007/06/18/daily22.html","url_text":"\"Perdue steps down from Dollar General\""}]},{"reference":"\"KKR signs a record $6.9 billion buyout of Dollar General\". The New York Times. March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/12/business/worldbusiness/12iht-dollar.4885571.html","url_text":"\"KKR signs a record $6.9 billion buyout of Dollar General\""}]},{"reference":"Susan Elzey (July 19, 2007). \"Location part of store closing\". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060623/http://www.registerbee.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=DRB%2FMGArticle%2FDRB_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1173352055222","url_text":"\"Location part of store closing\""},{"url":"http://www.registerbee.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=DRB%2FMGArticle%2FDRB_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1173352055222","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rooney, Ben (August 20, 2009). \"Dollar General files $750 million IPO\". CNN Money. Retrieved February 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2009/08/20/news/companies/Dollar_General_IPO/index.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General files $750 million IPO\""}]},{"reference":"Merced, Michael J. de la. \"Dollar General Files for an I.P.O.\" The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/20/dollar-general-files-for-an-ipo/","url_text":"\"Dollar General Files for an I.P.O.\""}]},{"reference":"Peterson, Kim (December 12, 2013). \"Dollar General is opening full-sized grocery stores\". CBS News. Retrieved June 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dollar-general-is-opening-full-sized-grocery-stores/","url_text":"\"Dollar General is opening full-sized grocery stores\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Celebrates Grand Opening of its 12th Distribution Center in Bethel, Pennsylvania\" (Press release). May 31, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-celebrates-grand-opening-of-its-12th-distribution-center-in-bethel-pennsylvania.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General Celebrates Grand Opening of its 12th Distribution Center in Bethel, Pennsylvania\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family Dollar rejects $9.7 bn acquisition bid by Dollar General\". Charlotte News.Net. August 21, 2014. Retrieved August 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charlottenews.net/index.php/sid/224972437","url_text":"\"Family Dollar rejects $9.7 bn acquisition bid by Dollar General\""}]},{"reference":"RAMAKRISHNAN, SRUTHI (May 28, 2015). \"Dollar General says COO Vasos to replace Dreiling as CEO\". Reuters. Retrieved June 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dollargeneral-ceo-idUSKBN0OD1L020150528","url_text":"\"Dollar General says COO Vasos to replace Dreiling as CEO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Celebrates Grand Opening of Its 13th Distribution Center in San Antonio, Texas\" (Press release). June 6, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-celebrates-grand-opening-of-its-13th-distribution-center-in-san-antonio-texas.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General Celebrates Grand Opening of Its 13th Distribution Center in San Antonio, Texas\""}]},{"reference":"Noggle, Amber. \"Development agreement approved for Dollar General distribution center\". WKOW.com. WKOW Madison, WI. Archived from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved September 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180113202925/http://www.wkow.com/story/30030349/2015/09/14/development-agreement-approved-for-dollar-general-distribution-center","url_text":"\"Development agreement approved for Dollar General distribution center\""},{"url":"http://www.wkow.com/story/30030349/2015/09/14/development-agreement-approved-for-dollar-general-distribution-center","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General to add 10,000 workers in hiring spree\". The Tennessean. Retrieved September 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennessean.com/story/money/2016/09/15/dollar-general-add-10000-workers-hiring-spree/90402730/","url_text":"\"Dollar General to add 10,000 workers in hiring spree\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tennessean","url_text":"The Tennessean"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Ennis (January 23, 2018). \"DOLLAR GENERAL INVESTING IN CITIES WITH DGX CONCEPT\". Modern Cities. Retrieved June 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moderncities.com/article/2018-jan-dollar-general-investing-in-cities-with-dgx-concept","url_text":"\"DOLLAR GENERAL INVESTING IN CITIES WITH DGX CONCEPT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Building New Distribution Center in Central Georgia\" (Press release). May 9, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-building-new-distribution-center-in-central-georgia.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General Building New Distribution Center in Central Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"Subik, Jason (July 1, 2017). \"Dollar General breaks ground for new warehouse distribution center\". The Leader-Herald. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211019001116/http://leaderherald.com/news/local-news/2017/07/dollar-general-breaks-ground-for-new-warehouse-distribution-center/","url_text":"\"Dollar General breaks ground for new warehouse distribution center\""},{"url":"http://www.leaderherald.com/news/local-news/2017/07/dollar-general-breaks-ground-for-new-warehouse-distribution-center/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Meyersohn, Nathaniel (December 7, 2017). \"Dollar General is opening 900 new stores next year\". CNN Money. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2017/12/07/news/companies/dollar-general-store-openings/index.html","url_text":"\"Dollar General is opening 900 new stores next year\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIRST DELIVERY ARRIVES AT NEW DOLLAR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION CENTER\". Recorder News. October 23, 2019. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706005546/https://www.recordernews.com/news/local-news/167235","url_text":"\"FIRST DELIVERY ARRIVES AT NEW DOLLAR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION CENTER\""},{"url":"https://www.recordernews.com/news/local-news/167235","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar Express Chain Sells Out To Competitor Dollar General After 1.5 Years\". Consumerist. April 4, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://consumerist.com/2017/04/04/dollar-express-chain-sells-out-to-competitor-dollar-general-after-1-5-years/","url_text":"\"Dollar Express Chain Sells Out To Competitor Dollar General After 1.5 Years\""}]},{"reference":"Garcia, Tonya (April 6, 2017). \"Dollar General acquires all 323 Dollar Express stores\". Market Watch. Retrieved June 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/dollar-general-acquires-all-323-dollar-express-stores-2017-04-06","url_text":"\"Dollar General acquires all 323 Dollar Express stores\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General's 16,000th Store Helps Florida Community Recover from Hurricane Michael\" (Press release). October 15, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/our-story/blog-posts/dollar-generals-16000th-store-helps-florida-community-recover-from-hurricane-michael.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General's 16,000th Store Helps Florida Community Recover from Hurricane Michael\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Corporation Reports Strong Third Quarter 2019 Financial Results\" (Press release). December 5, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-corporation-reports-strong-third-quarter-2019-financial-results.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General Corporation Reports Strong Third Quarter 2019 Financial Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Plans to Create 8,000 Net New Career Opportunities in FY 2020\" (Press release). February 3, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-plans-to-create-8000-net-new-career-opportunities-in-fy-2020.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General Plans to Create 8,000 Net New Career Opportunities in FY 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Expands Presence to 45 States\" (Press release). March 7, 2020. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706005447/https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-expands-presence-to-45-states.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General Expands Presence to 45 States\""},{"url":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-expands-presence-to-45-states.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Opens First Store in Washington State\" (Press release). April 20, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-opens-first-store-in-washington-state.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General Opens First Store in Washington State\""}]},{"reference":"Penrod, Josh; Sinner, C.J. (2020-07-13). \"Buildings damaged in Minneapolis, St. Paul after riots\". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2022-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/a-deeper-look-at-areas-most-damaged-by-rioting-looting-in-minneapolis-st-paul/569930671/","url_text":"\"Buildings damaged in Minneapolis, St. Paul after riots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Farhat, Jenna (February 11, 2022). \"Second discount retailer from Dollar General company open in Myrtle Beach area\". The Sun News. Retrieved February 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/news/local/article258295163.html#storylink=mainstage_card3","url_text":"\"Second discount retailer from Dollar General company open in Myrtle Beach area\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_News","url_text":"The Sun News"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General to hire up to 20,000 workers as economy rebounds\". Reuters. April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dollar-general-hiring-idUSKBN2C11I2","url_text":"\"Dollar General to hire up to 20,000 workers as economy rebounds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Opens 1st Store in Idaho\". progressivegrocer.com. April 16, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://progressivegrocer.com/dollar-general-opens-1st-store-idaho","url_text":"\"Dollar General Opens 1st Store in Idaho\""}]},{"reference":"Delouya, Samantha (2023-10-12). \"Dollar General brings former CEO Todd Vasos back to lead the struggling retailer \| CNN Business\". CNN. Retrieved 2023-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/12/business/dollar-general-new-ceo-todd-vasos/index.html","url_text":"\"Dollar General brings former CEO Todd Vasos back to lead the struggling retailer \| CNN Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vickers to run for Nationwide title with JGR\". Yahoo! Sports. November 7, 2012. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110115226/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/vickers-run-nationwide-title-jgr-012745351--nascar.html","url_text":"\"Vickers to run for Nationwide title with JGR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Sports","url_text":"Yahoo! Sports"},{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/news/vickers-run-nationwide-title-jgr-012745351--nascar.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General to Sponsor Four Races on No. 51 Tundra in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series\". Kyle Busch Motosports. March 18, 2014. Archived from the original on March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140324065731/http://www.kylebuschmotorsports.com/news/entry.php?nid=1059","url_text":"\"Dollar General to Sponsor Four Races on No. 51 Tundra in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series\""},{"url":"http://www.kylebuschmotorsports.com/news/entry.php?nid=1059","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jensen, Tom (May 23, 2016). \"Dollar General leaving Joe Gibbs Racing, NASCAR at end of season\". Foxsports.com. Retrieved May 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxsports.com/nascar/story/report-dollar-general-sponsor-joe-gibbs-racing-leaving-at-end-of-sprint-cup-season-052316","url_text":"\"Dollar General leaving Joe Gibbs Racing, NASCAR at end of season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxsports.com","url_text":"Foxsports.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Expands Sarah Fisher IndyCar Sponsorship To Six Races; Texas And Miami Presidents Weigh In\" (Press release). Retrieved June 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-expands-sarah-fisher-indycar-sponsorship-to-six-races-texas-and-miami-presidents-weigh-in.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General Expands Sarah Fisher IndyCar Sponsorship To Six Races; Texas And Miami Presidents Weigh In\""}]},{"reference":"Petry, Tori (May 23, 2013). \"Sarah Fisher isn't slowing down with racing\". ESPN. Retrieved June 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/9305935/espnw-sarah-fisher-slowing-racing","url_text":"\"Sarah Fisher isn't slowing down with racing\""}]},{"reference":"Moriarty, Morgan (December 23, 2016). \"Yep, the Dollar General Bowl is the new name for the GoDaddy Bowl\". SB Nation. Retrieved June 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbnation.com/college-football/2016/12/23/14068070/godaddy-bowl-dollar-general-bowl-name-sponsor","url_text":"\"Yep, the Dollar General Bowl is the new name for the GoDaddy Bowl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mobile's college bowl game no longer called 'Dollar General Bowl'\". WKRG-TV. May 29, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wkrg.com/sports/mobiles-college-bowl-game-no-longer-called-dollar-general-bowl/","url_text":"\"Mobile's college bowl game no longer called 'Dollar General Bowl'\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Dollar General. Retrieved June 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://aboutus.dollargeneral.com/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"Hallett, Louisa (December 6, 2018). \"Dollar General is now 'better for you'\". Store Brands. Retrieved June 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://storebrands.com/dollar-general-now-better-you","url_text":"\"Dollar General is now 'better for you'\""}]},{"reference":"Rueter, Thad (May 26, 2020). \"Dollar General Expands Fresh Produce Offerings\". Progressive Grocer. Retrieved June 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://progressivegrocer.com/dollar-general-expands-fresh-produce-offerings","url_text":"\"Dollar General Expands Fresh Produce Offerings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Private Brands\". Dollar General. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026020626/https://www.dollargeneral.com/private-brand.html","url_text":"\"Dollar General Private Brands\""},{"url":"https://www.dollargeneral.com/private-brand.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mrozinzski, Josh. \"Once a powerhouse in pharmaceuticals, Rexall is now for many a memory\". The Times-Tribune. Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/business/once-a-powerhouse-in-pharmaceuticals-rexall-is-now-for-many-a-memory-1.1293378","url_text":"\"Once a powerhouse in pharmaceuticals, Rexall is now for many a memory\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Private Brand – Rexall Private Brands Come to Dollar General\". My Private Brand. March 25, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mypbrand.com/2010/03/25/rexall-private-brands-come-to-dollar-general/","url_text":"\"My Private Brand – Rexall Private Brands Come to Dollar General\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". Dollar General Investor Relations. Retrieved June 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://investor.dollargeneral.com/websites/dollargeneral/English/5100/board-of-directors.html","url_text":"\"Board of Directors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Number of Dollar General locations in the United States in 2023\". scrapehero.com. January 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scrapehero.com/location-reports/Dollar%20General-USA/","url_text":"\"Number of Dollar General locations in the United States in 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Store Locations & Map\". dollargeneral.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2017-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706102137/http://www2.dollargeneral.com/About-Us/pages/store-locations-map.aspx","url_text":"\"Store Locations & Map\""},{"url":"http://www2.dollargeneral.com/About-Us/pages/store-locations-map.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General\". Fortune. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200229010242/https://fortune.com/fortune500/dollar-general/","url_text":"\"Dollar General\""},{"url":"http://fortune.com/fortune500/dollar-general/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Expands Presence to 45 States\". dollargeneral.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2020-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706005447/https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-expands-presence-to-45-states.htm","url_text":"\"Dollar General Expands Presence to 45 States\""},{"url":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-expands-presence-to-45-states.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bitter, Alex (2024-06-07). \"Dollar General has shut down self-checkout at a whooping 12,000 stores in the last few months. Here's why\". Business Insider Africa. Retrieved 2024-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://africa.businessinsider.com/retail/dollar-general-has-shut-down-self-checkout-at-a-whooping-12000-stores-in-the-last-few/ll26sby","url_text":"\"Dollar General has shut down self-checkout at a whooping 12,000 stores in the last few months. Here's why\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company Overview of Dolgencorp, LLC\". bloomberg.com. Retrieved October 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4227713","url_text":"\"Company Overview of Dolgencorp, LLC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company Overview of Dollar General Global Sourcing Limited\". Bloomberg News. Retrieved October 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=33544663","url_text":"\"Company Overview of Dollar General Global Sourcing Limited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Literacy Foundation - About Us\". Dollar General Literacy Foundation. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210419001808/https://www.dgliteracy.org/about-us/","url_text":"\"Dollar General Literacy Foundation - About Us\""},{"url":"https://www.dgliteracy.org/about-us/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Literacy Foundation Makes Largest One-Day Grant Announcement to Support National Literacy Programs\". May 14, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200514005034/en/Dollar-General-Literacy-Foundation-Largest-One-Day-Grant","url_text":"\"Dollar General Literacy Foundation Makes Largest One-Day Grant Announcement to Support National Literacy Programs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Literacy Foundation Awards More Than $8.3 Million to More Than 1,000 Schools, Nonprofits and Literacy Organizations\". Retrieved October 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180510005012/en/Dollar-General-Literacy-Foundation-Awards-8.3-Million","url_text":"\"Dollar General Literacy Foundation Awards More Than $8.3 Million to More Than 1,000 Schools, Nonprofits and Literacy Organizations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Literacy Foundation Announces Nearly $9.2M Commitment to Literacy in May\". Business Wire. 2 May 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220502005154/en","url_text":"\"Dollar General Literacy Foundation Announces Nearly $9.2M Commitment to Literacy in May\""}]},{"reference":"Jackman, Caresse (May 29, 2015). \"Swartz Creek woman takes push for overtime reform to Washington D.C.\" ABC 12 News. Retrieved December 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc12.com/home/headlines/Swartz-Creek-woman-takes-push-for-overtime-reform-to-Washington-DC--305516641.html","url_text":"\"Swartz Creek woman takes push for overtime reform to Washington D.C.\""}]},{"reference":"Misra, Tanvi (December 20, 2018). \"The Dollar Store Backlash Has Begun\". CityLab. Retrieved May 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citylab.com/equity/2018/12/closest-grocery-store-to-me-dollar-store-food-desert-bargain/577777/","url_text":"\"The Dollar Store Backlash Has Begun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityLab_(web_magazine)","url_text":"CityLab"}]},{"reference":"\"The Impact of Dollar Stores and How Communities Can Fight Back (Fact Sheet)\". Institute for Local Self-Reliance. Retrieved June 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ilsr.org/dollar-stores/","url_text":"\"The Impact of Dollar Stores and How Communities Can Fight Back (Fact Sheet)\""}]},{"reference":"Nathaniel Meyersohn (19 July 2019). \"Dollar stores are facing backlash across America\". CNN. Retrieved July 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/19/business/dollar-general-opposition/index.html","url_text":"\"Dollar stores are facing backlash across America\""}]},{"reference":"Neiman, Haven; Summers, Keyonna (February 20, 2019). \"The Dollar Store Diet: Produce Quality Matches Traditional Chains\". University of Nevada, Las Vegas News Center. Retrieved June 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unlv.edu/news/article/dollar-store-diet-produce-quality-matches-traditional-chains","url_text":"\"The Dollar Store Diet: Produce Quality Matches Traditional Chains\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. District Court CIVIL DOCKET FOR CASE #: 3:01-cv-0038\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090411093957/http://securities.stanford.edu/1018/DG01/20021219_r01k_010388.pdf","url_text":"\"U.S. District Court CIVIL DOCKET FOR CASE #: 3:01-cv-0038\""},{"url":"http://securities.stanford.edu/1018/DG01/20021219_r01k_010388.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General Reports Financial Results for Fiscal 2000 And Restated Results for 1999 and 1998\". Archived from the original on 2022-12-04. Retrieved 2013-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221204151830/https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1633","url_text":"\"Dollar General Reports Financial Results for Fiscal 2000 And Restated Results for 1999 and 1998\""},{"url":"http://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1633","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Jennifer Inez. \"Dollar General Corp to restate 2000–2003 results\". Marketwatch.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/dollar-general-corp-to-restate-2000-2003-results","url_text":"\"Dollar General Corp to restate 2000–2003 results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dollar General in Brooklyn, Mississippi, cited for repeat safety hazards; more than $51K in fines proposed\". Occupational Safety and Health Administration.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=27015","url_text":"\"Dollar General in Brooklyn, Mississippi, cited for repeat safety hazards; more than $51K in fines proposed\""}]},{"reference":"\"OSHA inspection finds Mississippi Dollar General store continues to expose workers to safety hazards despite recent citations, penalties\". OSHA. April 14, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=31188","url_text":"\"OSHA inspection finds Mississippi Dollar General store continues to expose workers to safety hazards despite recent citations, penalties\""}]},{"reference":"Gollan, Jennifer (December 20, 2016). \"Why Dollar General has a fire problem\". Retrieved December 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revealnews.org/blog/why-dollar-general-has-a-fire-problem/","url_text":"\"Why Dollar General has a fire problem\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profits over people: Federal safety inspectors find 3 more Dollar General stores habitually disregarding workplace safety, risking employees' lives \| Occupational Safety and Health Administration\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osha.gov/news/newsreleases/region4/08152022","url_text":"\"Profits over people: Federal safety inspectors find 3 more Dollar General stores habitually disregarding workplace safety, risking employees' lives \| Occupational Safety and Health Administration\""}]},{"reference":"Corkery, Michael (2023-03-28). \"Dollar General Is Deemed a 'Severe Violator' by the Labor Dept\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/28/business/dollar-general-osha-fines.html","url_text":"\"Dollar General Is Deemed a 'Severe Violator' by the Labor Dept\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Catherine. \"Analysis: At Dollar General, a Record of Overcharging\". barrons. Retrieved 2023-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.barrons.com/articles/dollar-general-stores-overcharging-prices-129addef","url_text":"\"Analysis: At Dollar General, a Record of Overcharging\""}]},{"reference":"\"VT to Receive $1.75 Million From Dollar General For Pricing Inaccuracies \| Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets\". agriculture.vermont.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://agriculture.vermont.gov/vt-receive-175-million-dollar-general-pricing-inaccuracies","url_text":"\"VT to Receive $1.75 Million From Dollar General For Pricing Inaccuracies \| Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets\""}]},{"reference":"\"state of ohio class action\". November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wlwt.com/amp/article/ohio-attorney-general-dave-yost-lawsuit-against-dollar-general-for-deceptive-pricing/41835251","url_text":"\"state of ohio class action\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:DG","external_links_name":"DG"},{"Link":"http://www.dollargeneral.com/","external_links_name":"www.dollargeneral.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dollar_General&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-dollar-general-became-rural-americas-store-of-choice-1512401992","external_links_name":"\"How Dollar General Became Rural America's Store of Choice,\""},{"Link":"https://www.scrapehero.com/location-reports/Dollar%20General-USA/","external_links_name":"\"Number of Dollar General locations in the United States in 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2021-04-14/dollar-general-plans-to-hire-up-to-20-000-new-employees-through-national-hiring-events","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Plans To Hire Up To 20K New Employees\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-10-11/dollar-general-hits-a-gold-mine-in-rural-america","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Hits a Gold Mine in Rural America\""},{"Link":"https://chainstoreage.com/dollar-general-expanding-its-47th-state#:~:text=The%20location%20will%20mark%20Dollar,remodels%2C%20and%20100%20store%20relocations.","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General expanding to its 47th state\""},{"Link":"https://www.dollargeneral.com/about-us/locations.html","external_links_name":"\"Store Locations\""},{"Link":"https://investor.dollargeneral.com/websites/dollargeneral/English/310010/us-sec-filing.html?shortDesc=Annual%20Report&format=convpdf&secFilingId=003b8c70-dfa4-4f21-bfe7-40e6d8b26f63","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Corporation 2023 Annual Form 10-K Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219130037/http://www2.dollargeneral.com/market/Pages/index.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Market\""},{"Link":"http://www2.dollargeneral.com/market/Pages/index.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dgxstore.com/Pages/Index.aspx","external_links_name":"\"DGX\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2021/12/02/dollar-general-to-open-1000-popshelf-stores-aimed-at-wealthier-shoppers.html","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General tested a store for wealthier shoppers. Now, it will grow to 1,000 locations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328143253/https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/our-story/blog-posts/dollar-general-marks-international-expansion-into-mexico.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Marks International Expansion into Mexico with First Mi Súper Dollar General Store Opening \| Dollar General Newsroom\""},{"Link":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/our-story/blog-posts/dollar-general-marks-international-expansion-into-mexico.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mexicodailypost.com/2022/12/19/dollar-general-supermarket-arrives-in-mexico/","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General supermarket arrives in Mexico -\""},{"Link":"https://fortune.com/company/dollar-general/fortune500/","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General\""},{"Link":"https://investor.dollargeneral.com/download/companies/dollargeneral/Annual%20Reports/AR_2019_Dollar%20General_Web%20PDF.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Corporation 2019 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://ilsr.org/dollar-stores/","external_links_name":"\"The Impact of Dollar Stores and How Communities Can Fight Back (Fact Sheet)\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc12.com/home/headlines/Swartz-Creek-woman-takes-push-for-overtime-reform-to-Washington-DC--305516641.html","external_links_name":"\"Swartz Creek woman takes push for overtime reform to Washington D.C.\""},{"Link":"https://www.unlv.edu/news/article/dollar-store-diet-produce-quality-matches-traditional-chains","external_links_name":"\"The Dollar Store Diet: Produce Quality Matches Traditional Chains\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/20/business/cal-turner-85-founded-dollar-general.html","external_links_name":"\"Cal Turner, 85; Founded Dollar General\""},{"Link":"http://www.nashvillepost.com/home/article/20447214/dollar-general-founder-cal-turner-sr-loved-small-town-life","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Founder Cal Turner Sr. Loved Small Town Life\""},{"Link":"http://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1558","external_links_name":"\"Former Dollar General Chairman and CEO Cal Turner Receives Lifetime Achievement Award from Retail Merchandiser Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/our-story/blog-posts/dollar-general-south-boston-distribution-center-celebrates-20-years.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General South Boston Distribution Center Celebrates 20 Years\""},{"Link":"http://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-reports-financial-results-for-fiscal-2000-and-restated-results-for-1999-and-1998.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Reports Financial Results for Fiscal 2000 And Restated Results for 1999 and 1998\""},{"Link":"http://www.nashvillepost.com/home/article/20442153/dollar-general-closes-georgia-distribution-center","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Closes Georgia Distribution Center\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170728212736/https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-corporation-names-david-a-perdue-jr-ceo.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Corporation Names David A. Perdue, Jr. CEO\""},{"Link":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-corporation-names-david-a-perdue-jr-ceo.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.supermarketnews.com/retail-amp-financial/dollar-general-market-still-lab","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Market: Still in the Lab\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100158/http://politics.blog.ajc.com/2014/10/30/on-david-perdue-dollar-general-and-recalls-of-chinese-made-toys/","external_links_name":"\"On David Perdue, Dollar General and recalls of Chinese-made toys\""},{"Link":"http://politics.blog.ajc.com/2014/10/30/on-david-perdue-dollar-general-and-recalls-of-chinese-made-toys/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/nashville/stories/2007/06/18/daily22.html","external_links_name":"\"Perdue steps down from Dollar General\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/12/business/worldbusiness/12iht-dollar.4885571.html","external_links_name":"\"KKR signs a record $6.9 billion buyout of Dollar General\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928060623/http://www.registerbee.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=DRB%2FMGArticle%2FDRB_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1173352055222","external_links_name":"\"Location part of store closing\""},{"Link":"http://www.registerbee.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=DRB%2FMGArticle%2FDRB_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1173352055222","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/2009/08/20/news/companies/Dollar_General_IPO/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General files $750 million IPO\""},{"Link":"http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/20/dollar-general-files-for-an-ipo/","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Files for an I.P.O.\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dollar-general-is-opening-full-sized-grocery-stores/","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General is opening full-sized grocery stores\""},{"Link":"http://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-celebrates-grand-opening-of-its-12th-distribution-center-in-bethel-pennsylvania.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Celebrates Grand Opening of its 12th Distribution Center in Bethel, Pennsylvania\""},{"Link":"http://www.charlottenews.net/index.php/sid/224972437","external_links_name":"\"Family Dollar rejects $9.7 bn acquisition bid by Dollar General\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dollargeneral-ceo-idUSKBN0OD1L020150528","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General says COO Vasos to replace Dreiling as CEO\""},{"Link":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-celebrates-grand-opening-of-its-13th-distribution-center-in-san-antonio-texas.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Celebrates Grand Opening of Its 13th Distribution Center in San Antonio, Texas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180113202925/http://www.wkow.com/story/30030349/2015/09/14/development-agreement-approved-for-dollar-general-distribution-center","external_links_name":"\"Development agreement approved for Dollar General distribution center\""},{"Link":"http://www.wkow.com/story/30030349/2015/09/14/development-agreement-approved-for-dollar-general-distribution-center","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tennessean.com/story/money/2016/09/15/dollar-general-add-10000-workers-hiring-spree/90402730/","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General to add 10,000 workers in hiring spree\""},{"Link":"https://www.moderncities.com/article/2018-jan-dollar-general-investing-in-cities-with-dgx-concept","external_links_name":"\"DOLLAR GENERAL INVESTING IN CITIES WITH DGX CONCEPT\""},{"Link":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-building-new-distribution-center-in-central-georgia.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Building New Distribution Center in Central Georgia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211019001116/http://leaderherald.com/news/local-news/2017/07/dollar-general-breaks-ground-for-new-warehouse-distribution-center/","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General breaks ground for new warehouse distribution center\""},{"Link":"http://www.leaderherald.com/news/local-news/2017/07/dollar-general-breaks-ground-for-new-warehouse-distribution-center/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/2017/12/07/news/companies/dollar-general-store-openings/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General is opening 900 new stores next year\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706005546/https://www.recordernews.com/news/local-news/167235","external_links_name":"\"FIRST DELIVERY ARRIVES AT NEW DOLLAR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION CENTER\""},{"Link":"https://www.recordernews.com/news/local-news/167235","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://consumerist.com/2017/04/04/dollar-express-chain-sells-out-to-competitor-dollar-general-after-1-5-years/","external_links_name":"\"Dollar Express Chain Sells Out To Competitor Dollar General After 1.5 Years\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/dollar-general-acquires-all-323-dollar-express-stores-2017-04-06","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General acquires all 323 Dollar Express stores\""},{"Link":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/our-story/blog-posts/dollar-generals-16000th-store-helps-florida-community-recover-from-hurricane-michael.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General's 16,000th Store Helps Florida Community Recover from Hurricane Michael\""},{"Link":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-corporation-reports-strong-third-quarter-2019-financial-results.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Corporation Reports Strong Third Quarter 2019 Financial Results\""},{"Link":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-plans-to-create-8000-net-new-career-opportunities-in-fy-2020.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Plans to Create 8,000 Net New Career Opportunities in FY 2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706005447/https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-expands-presence-to-45-states.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Expands Presence to 45 States\""},{"Link":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-expands-presence-to-45-states.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-opens-first-store-in-washington-state.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Opens First Store in Washington State\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/a-deeper-look-at-areas-most-damaged-by-rioting-looting-in-minneapolis-st-paul/569930671/","external_links_name":"\"Buildings damaged in Minneapolis, St. Paul after riots\""},{"Link":"https://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/news/local/article258295163.html#storylink=mainstage_card3","external_links_name":"\"Second discount retailer from Dollar General company open in Myrtle Beach area\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dollar-general-hiring-idUSKBN2C11I2","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General to hire up to 20,000 workers as economy rebounds\""},{"Link":"https://progressivegrocer.com/dollar-general-opens-1st-store-idaho","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Opens 1st Store in Idaho\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/12/business/dollar-general-new-ceo-todd-vasos/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General brings former CEO Todd Vasos back to lead the struggling retailer \| CNN Business\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121110115226/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/vickers-run-nationwide-title-jgr-012745351--nascar.html","external_links_name":"\"Vickers to run for Nationwide title with JGR\""},{"Link":"https://sports.yahoo.com/news/vickers-run-nationwide-title-jgr-012745351--nascar.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140324065731/http://www.kylebuschmotorsports.com/news/entry.php?nid=1059","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General to Sponsor Four Races on No. 51 Tundra in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series\""},{"Link":"http://www.kylebuschmotorsports.com/news/entry.php?nid=1059","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.foxsports.com/nascar/story/report-dollar-general-sponsor-joe-gibbs-racing-leaving-at-end-of-sprint-cup-season-052316","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General leaving Joe Gibbs Racing, NASCAR at end of season\""},{"Link":"http://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-expands-sarah-fisher-indycar-sponsorship-to-six-races-texas-and-miami-presidents-weigh-in.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Expands Sarah Fisher IndyCar Sponsorship To Six Races; Texas And Miami Presidents Weigh In\""},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/9305935/espnw-sarah-fisher-slowing-racing","external_links_name":"\"Sarah Fisher isn't slowing down with racing\""},{"Link":"https://www.sbnation.com/college-football/2016/12/23/14068070/godaddy-bowl-dollar-general-bowl-name-sponsor","external_links_name":"\"Yep, the Dollar General Bowl is the new name for the GoDaddy Bowl\""},{"Link":"https://www.wkrg.com/sports/mobiles-college-bowl-game-no-longer-called-dollar-general-bowl/","external_links_name":"\"Mobile's college bowl game no longer called 'Dollar General Bowl'\""},{"Link":"https://aboutus.dollargeneral.com/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://storebrands.com/dollar-general-now-better-you","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General is now 'better for you'\""},{"Link":"https://progressivegrocer.com/dollar-general-expands-fresh-produce-offerings","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Expands Fresh Produce Offerings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201026020626/https://www.dollargeneral.com/private-brand.html","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Private Brands\""},{"Link":"https://www.dollargeneral.com/private-brand.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/business/once-a-powerhouse-in-pharmaceuticals-rexall-is-now-for-many-a-memory-1.1293378","external_links_name":"\"Once a powerhouse in pharmaceuticals, Rexall is now for many a memory\""},{"Link":"http://mypbrand.com/2010/03/25/rexall-private-brands-come-to-dollar-general/","external_links_name":"\"My Private Brand – Rexall Private Brands Come to Dollar General\""},{"Link":"https://investor.dollargeneral.com/websites/dollargeneral/English/5100/board-of-directors.html","external_links_name":"\"Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"https://www.scrapehero.com/location-reports/Dollar%20General-USA/","external_links_name":"\"Number of Dollar General locations in the United States in 2023\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706102137/http://www2.dollargeneral.com/About-Us/pages/store-locations-map.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Store Locations & Map\""},{"Link":"http://www2.dollargeneral.com/About-Us/pages/store-locations-map.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200229010242/https://fortune.com/fortune500/dollar-general/","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General\""},{"Link":"http://fortune.com/fortune500/dollar-general/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706005447/https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-expands-presence-to-45-states.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Expands Presence to 45 States\""},{"Link":"https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/news/dollar-general-expands-presence-to-45-states.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://africa.businessinsider.com/retail/dollar-general-has-shut-down-self-checkout-at-a-whooping-12000-stores-in-the-last-few/ll26sby","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General has shut down self-checkout at a whooping 12,000 stores in the last few months. Here's why\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=4227713","external_links_name":"\"Company Overview of Dolgencorp, LLC\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=33544663","external_links_name":"\"Company Overview of Dollar General Global Sourcing Limited\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210419001808/https://www.dgliteracy.org/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Literacy Foundation - About Us\""},{"Link":"https://www.dgliteracy.org/about-us/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200514005034/en/Dollar-General-Literacy-Foundation-Largest-One-Day-Grant","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Literacy Foundation Makes Largest One-Day Grant Announcement to Support National Literacy Programs\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180510005012/en/Dollar-General-Literacy-Foundation-Awards-8.3-Million","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Literacy Foundation Awards More Than $8.3 Million to More Than 1,000 Schools, Nonprofits and Literacy Organizations\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220502005154/en","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Literacy Foundation Announces Nearly $9.2M Commitment to Literacy in May\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc12.com/home/headlines/Swartz-Creek-woman-takes-push-for-overtime-reform-to-Washington-DC--305516641.html","external_links_name":"\"Swartz Creek woman takes push for overtime reform to Washington D.C.\""},{"Link":"https://www.citylab.com/equity/2018/12/closest-grocery-store-to-me-dollar-store-food-desert-bargain/577777/","external_links_name":"\"The Dollar Store Backlash Has Begun\""},{"Link":"https://ilsr.org/dollar-stores/","external_links_name":"\"The Impact of Dollar Stores and How Communities Can Fight Back (Fact Sheet)\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/19/business/dollar-general-opposition/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Dollar stores are facing backlash across America\""},{"Link":"https://www.unlv.edu/news/article/dollar-store-diet-produce-quality-matches-traditional-chains","external_links_name":"\"The Dollar Store Diet: Produce Quality Matches Traditional Chains\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090411093957/http://securities.stanford.edu/1018/DG01/20021219_r01k_010388.pdf","external_links_name":"\"U.S. District Court CIVIL DOCKET FOR CASE #: 3:01-cv-0038\""},{"Link":"http://securities.stanford.edu/1018/DG01/20021219_r01k_010388.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221204151830/https://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1633","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Reports Financial Results for Fiscal 2000 And Restated Results for 1999 and 1998\""},{"Link":"http://newscenter.dollargeneral.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1633","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/dollar-general-corp-to-restate-2000-2003-results","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Corp to restate 2000–2003 results\""},{"Link":"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=27015","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General in Brooklyn, Mississippi, cited for repeat safety hazards; more than $51K in fines proposed\""},{"Link":"https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=31188","external_links_name":"\"OSHA inspection finds Mississippi Dollar General store continues to expose workers to safety hazards despite recent citations, penalties\""},{"Link":"https://www.revealnews.org/blog/why-dollar-general-has-a-fire-problem/","external_links_name":"\"Why Dollar General has a fire problem\""},{"Link":"https://www.osha.gov/news/newsreleases/region4/08152022","external_links_name":"\"Profits over people: Federal safety inspectors find 3 more Dollar General stores habitually disregarding workplace safety, risking employees' lives \| Occupational Safety and Health Administration\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/28/business/dollar-general-osha-fines.html","external_links_name":"\"Dollar General Is Deemed a 'Severe Violator' by the Labor Dept\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.barrons.com/articles/dollar-general-stores-overcharging-prices-129addef","external_links_name":"\"Analysis: At Dollar General, a Record of Overcharging\""},{"Link":"https://agriculture.vermont.gov/vt-receive-175-million-dollar-general-pricing-inaccuracies","external_links_name":"\"VT to Receive $1.75 Million From Dollar General For Pricing Inaccuracies \| Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets\""},{"Link":"https://www.wlwt.com/amp/article/ohio-attorney-general-dave-yost-lawsuit-against-dollar-general-for-deceptive-pricing/41835251","external_links_name":"\"state of ohio class action\""},{"Link":"http://www.dollargeneral.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/finance/quote/DG","external_links_name":"Google"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=DG","external_links_name":"SEC filings"},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DG","external_links_name":"Yahoo!"},{"Link":"https://consulting.kantar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/2019-Kantar-Global-Top-50.pdf","external_links_name":"according to"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/145743377","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99061469","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ygnacio_Coronel	Ygnacio Coronel	["1 Life","2 References"]	American politician Ygnacio Coronel (1795–1862) was a settler in the Pueblo de Los Ángeles of Mexican Alta California. He was a member of the Los Angeles Common Council. Life Jose Ygnacio Franco Coronel was born in Mexico City, during the colonial New Spain period. He joined the Spanish army and by 1814 rose to the rank of corporal of the cavalry. He married Maria Josefa Francisca Romero (1802 –1871), a native of Toluca. In 1834, as a part of the Híjar-Padrés Colony, Ygnacio brought his family (two sons, Antonio F. Coronel and Manuel F. Coronel, four daughters, and his nephew Agustín Olvera) to Alta California, where he started a new life as a civilian. Ygnacio Coronel was a schoolmaster. His son, Antonio, married Mariana W. de Coronel. In 1836, Coronel was appointed commissioner of the secularized Mission San Miguel Arcángel. In 1837 he taught in the Pueblo de Los Angeles, and afterwards he was secretary of the Ayuntamiento (Los Angeles City Council). In 1843 he was granted Rancho La Cañada. Ygnacio Coronel died in 1862, after the U.S. statehood of California in 1850. References ^ Jose Ygnacio Franco Coronel genealogy ^ C. Alan Hutchinson, An Official List of the Members of the Hijar-Padres Colony for Mexican California, 1834, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Aug., 1973), pp. 407-418, University of California Press. vteMembers of the Los Angeles Common Council (1850–1889)Presidents: AlexanderRequenaMellusNicholsDrownCoronelPotterSternsWoodworthHuberPerryMorrisonKingJonesO'MelvenySabichiBeaudryMacDougallCohnBeckLawlorSpenceMoranMooreMilesSinsabaughBreedHumphreysKuhrtsMembers (1850–1870) Cristobal Aguilar David W. Alexander David Anderson James Baldwin Peter Baltz Phineas Banning John Barre Joseph Bayer Alexander Bell Dionisio Botiller Leonicio Botiller Narciso Botello Andrew A. Boyle George Henry Carson Samuel Bradford Caswell Caro W. Childs Ozro W. Childs T. B. Collins Antonio Franco Coronel Ygnacio Coronel George Dalton Ygnacio del Valle Jose Maria Doporto Arthur McKenzie Dodson John Gately Downey Ezra Drown James Edwards Stephen Clark Foster John Frohling Ira Gilchrist Morris L. Goodman John Goller Lewis Granger John Strother Griffin Joseph Lancaster Grant Jose Vicente Guerrero Vincent A. Hoover Alexander W. Hope Joseph Huber Sr. Arnold Jacobi Charles H. Johnson John F. Jones Wilson W. Jones Matthew Keller John King Solomon Lazard Obed Macy Damien Marchesseault Luis B. Martinez Hiram McLaughlin Lewis Meinzer Francis Mellus Jacob Metzger William Moore Moritz Morris Murray Morrison Elijah Moulton Henry R. Myles Myron Norton Agustin Olvera William H. Perry William H. Peterson Nehemiah A. Potter David M. Porter Augustine Poulain William R. Rand Manuel Requena William Whipple Robinson Louis Roeder Tomas A. Sanchez William T. B. Sanford John Schumacher Juan María Sepúlveda Philip Sichel Felix Signoret Abel Stearns Eli Taylor Jonathan Temple John B. Thompson James R. Toberman John Turner August Ulyard Juan C. Vejar Collins Wadhams Henry Wartenberg Jacob Weizel John Ozias Wheeler George N. Whitman Benjamin Davis Wilson James Brown Winston Wallace Woodworth Geronimo Ybarra Wards (1870–1889)1st Ward Julian A. Chavez Bernard Dubourdin John Jones Thornton P. Campbell Oscar Macy Julian Valdes Joseph Mullaly George R. Long Jacob F. Gherkins Ramon R. Sotelo Joseph G. Carmona F. Tamiet B. Valle Cayetano Apablasa Ezra M. Hamilton Louis Meinzer John Schaeffer R. L. Beauchet William Norton Monroe J. G. Bower Clinton S. Scheiffelin Charles W. Schroeder William Thomas Lambie James Velsir Thomas Goss George L. Stearns Edward A. Gibbs James Hanley Newell Mathews C. N. Earl George O. Ford 2nd Ward William Ferguson George Fall Matthew Teed Prudent Beaudry William H. Workman Jose Mascarel Louis Lichtenberger Jacob Kuhrts Bernard Cohn James W. Potts John Edward Hollenbeck C. C. Lips Richard Molony Jesse Houston Butler John Bobenreith H. Schumacher Pascal Ballade Henry Hammel Frank R. Day John Frederick Holbrook Martin V. Biscailuz Michael Thomas Collins Thomas J. Cuddy John Moriarty H. T. D. Wilson 3rd Ward Frank Sabichi Henry Dockweiler William S. Hammel Sr. John Osborn Elijah H. Workman H.K.S. O'Melveny William H. Dennison Eulogio F. de Celis William Osborn Charles E. Huber Louis Wolfskill Thomas Leahy D.V. Waldron Elisha K. Green John S. Thompson John H. Jones Albert Fenner Kercheval Charles Brode Simon A. Francis S. H. Buchanan Edward Falles Spence George Gephard Andrew S. Ryan Robert Steere J. B. O'Neil Charles Gassen Charles R. Johnson Loring A. French Albert Brown Levi Newton Breed Edward Wadsworth Jones Edward C. Bosbyshell John F. Humphreys J. H. Book John Henry Bryant 4th Ward William H. Workman Samuel J. Beck Samuel Marshall Perry O. H. Bliss Bernard Cohn Burdette Chandler George Kerckhoff Joseph W. Wolfskill Alfred Louis Bush D. E. Miles Frank Sabichi Milton Santee James D. Bullis John Lovell Joseph Hyans Anthony McNally Edward R. Threlkeld 5th Ward William B. Lawlor Nathan R. Vail James Greer McDonald John P. Moran Walter Scott Moore Otto G. Weyse Daniel Michael McGarry John B. Niles Hiram Sinsabaugh Cyrus Willard Jacob Frankenfeld Horace Hiller A. W. Barrett Austin C. Shafer Related articles Los Angeles City Council, 1889–1909 Los Angeles City Council This biographical article related to the military of Mexico is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This California-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pueblo de Los Ángeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Common Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Common_Council"}],"text":"Ygnacio Coronel (1795–1862) was a settler in the Pueblo de Los Ángeles of Mexican Alta California. He was a member of the Los Angeles Common Council.","title":"Ygnacio Coronel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Antonio F. Coronel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_F._Coronel"},{"link_name":"Manuel F. Coronel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_F._Coronel"},{"link_name":"Agustín Olvera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Olvera"},{"link_name":"Alta California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mariana W. de Coronel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_W._de_Coronel"},{"link_name":"Mission San Miguel Arcángel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel"},{"link_name":"Rancho La Cañada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_La_Ca%C3%B1ada"},{"link_name":"U.S. statehood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"}],"text":"Jose Ygnacio Franco Coronel was born in Mexico City, during the colonial New Spain period. He joined the Spanish army and by 1814 rose to the rank of corporal of the cavalry. He married Maria Josefa Francisca Romero (1802 –1871), a native of Toluca.[1]In 1834, as a part of the Híjar-Padrés Colony, Ygnacio brought his family (two sons, Antonio F. Coronel and Manuel F. Coronel, four daughters, and his nephew Agustín Olvera) to Alta California,[2] where he started a new life as a civilian. Ygnacio Coronel was a schoolmaster. His son, Antonio, married Mariana W. de Coronel.In 1836, Coronel was appointed commissioner of the secularized Mission San Miguel Arcángel. In 1837 he taught in the Pueblo de Los Angeles, and afterwards he was secretary of the Ayuntamiento (Los Angeles City Council). In 1843 he was granted Rancho La Cañada.Ygnacio Coronel died in 1862, after the U.S. statehood of California in 1850.","title":"Life"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/w/e/b/Lucy-S-Webb-California/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0260.html","external_links_name":"Jose Ygnacio Franco Coronel genealogy"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ygnacio_Coronel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ygnacio_Coronel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNR_Dalian	CRRC Dalian	["1 History","1.1 1899–1952","1.2 1952–2000","1.3 2000–present","2 Products and services","3 Sister companies and organizations","3.1 Research, development and education","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 38°55′08″N 121°34′39″E / 38.9190°N 121.5776°E / 38.9190; 121.5776Chinese railway rolling stock manufacturing company CRRC Dalian Co., Ltd.Native name中车大连机车车辆有限公司FormerlyShahekou factoryDalian Locomotive WorksCNR Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd.Company typeSubsidiary IndustryManufacturingFounded1899; 125 years ago (1899)2003 (incorporation as company)HeadquartersShahekou District, Dalian, Liaoning, ChinaArea servedChinaexported worldwideProductsDiesel locomotiveselectric locomotiveselectric multiple unitsdiesel enginesLight Rail VehiclesOwnerCRRC (100%)Number of employees~8000ParentCRRCWebsitecrrcgc.cc/dlen CRRC Dalian Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中车大连机车车辆有限公司; lit. 'CRRC Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co.', 'Ltd.'), often abbreviated as DLoco, is a company located in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China, producing railway locomotives, multiple units and diesel engines. The factory was established in 1899 during the period of construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway, as the Shahekou works, and was under Japanese control from 1905, and later part of the Manchukuo state. After the end of the Second World War the railway was under joint Chinese and Russian control until the 1950s when the Chinese Eastern Railroad and the city of Dalian were transferred to sole Chinese control. The factory was state owned, and controlled by the Ministry of Railways until 2001 when LORIC (China National Railway Locomotive & Rolling Stock Industry Corporation) was split into two groups (as part of CNR Group); it then became one of the constituent companies of listed company China CNR, and after June 1, 2015, CRRC, an unification of two listed companies that derived from 2001 split. History 1899–1952 Dalian in relation to the South Manchurian branch (NE-SW) of the Chinese Eastern Railway (map draw in 1912). This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2011) The locomotive factory in Dalian was founded in 1899, contemporary with the construction of the southern branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway during the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula from China to the Russian Empire, and to the development of Dalian as a port and town. In 1905, the "Shahekou Plant" came under Japanese control as a result of the Treaty of Portsmouth, and in 1906 the railway from Dalian to Changchun became part of the Japanese controlled South Manchurian Railway. In 1934 the factory together with Kawasaki Heavy Industries, manufactured the Asia Express high speed steam train for the South Manchuria Railway. In 1945 at the end of the Second World War the city came under Soviet Russian control. The Changchun Railway was jointly operated by China and Russia until 1952, when control was passed entirely to the Chinese government. Soviet Russian occupation ended in 1955. 1952–2000 In 1956 the company manufactured the China Railways HP prototype 2-10-2 steam locomotive. and in 1957, the first China Railways JS class 2-8-2 locomotive, of which 1916 were built at different plants. as well as other steam locomotives. Diesel locomotives were developed and produced at the plant, a prototype diesel electric type "JuLong" (Chinese: 巨龙; pinyin: Jù Lóng; lit. 'grand dragon') was produced in 1958 based on the Russian ТЭ10 locomotive and Fairbanks-Morse FM38D opposed piston engine, which led to the DF class diesel electric locomotives entered production in 1964. The change from steam to diesel production began in 1965, and in 1969, the first of the China Railways DF4 class of locomotives was produced. The DF4 series of locomotive type became the main mainline diesel locomotive type in China, and developments were produced in the following decades; including the DF4B in 1984, the DF4D in 1996. In the 1980s the company began a decade long research partnership with Ricardo plc into increasing the power output and efficiency of its DL240 diesel engine products. In 1997 it began working with Southwest Research Institute (USA) on the design of a new locomotive diesel engine. The company first exported a mainline diesel locomotive in 1993 (to Myanmar), by the middle of the first decade of the 21st century the company had exported over 200 diesel locomotives. By 2000 the company was producing half of China's internal supply of diesel locomotives, and manufactured 80% of the countries diesel locomotive exports. 2000–present Dalian locomotive works' parent company, state-owned China National Railway Locomotive & Rolling Stock Industry Corporation (LORIC), was split into the northern and southern groups in 2002; the locomotive works part of China Northern Locomotive & Rolling Stock Industry (Group) Corporation along with other rail vehicle manufacturers in China. The locomotive works was also incorporated as a limited company in 2003, known as CNR Group Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock (Chinese: 中国北车集团大连机车车辆有限公司) or just CNR Dalian. In the first decade of the 21st century the plant began producing two new mainline locomotive product types; the China Railways HXD3 electric locomotives in association with Toshiba, a joint venture with Toshiba (Chinese: 大连东芝机车电气设备有限公司; lit. 'Dalian Toshiba Locomotive Electric Equipment Co.', 'Ltd.') was formed in 2002 to manufacture electric equipment for rolling stock. Also in the 2000s the diesel electric locomotives China Railways HXN3 were produced at Dalian in association with GM EMD. As part of the initial public offering, the stake of CRN Dalian was transferred to an intermediate holding company China CNR in 2008. In 2009 the company obtained its first export order to supply locomotives to a western country, an order for 20 New Zealand DL class locomotives. In 2009 the groundbreaking ceremony took place for a new plant in the Lüshun economic development zone (Lushunkou District); the new facility was developed in conjunction with the municipal council of Dalian city. The facility, on a 2 km (1.2 mi) site, is designed to have a production of around 1000 locomotives, 1000 rail vehicles and 1000 diesel engines per year. The plant officially opened in August 2011, the first vehicles on the production line were metro passenger units for Line 2, Tianjin Metro. In 2015, they delivered the prototype of the 8MLB LRV in Manila as part of the Manila Metro Rail Transit Line 3 capacity expansion. Currently there are no any Dalian Trainsets were running in the line due to the controversies surrounding it including the incompatibility with the line's signaling system and tare weight and the line rehabilitation contract restrictions made with the Department of Transportation (DOTr) and Sumitomo Corporation-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries-TES Philippines (TESP). One of the company's latest export orders came in January 2015 from the Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority for 15 metro trains for the Lagos Rail Mass Transit system in Nigeria, with an option for 14 more. This order came about following a failed acquisition of old H-series carriages retired from the Toronto Subway. In the same year an order was placed for 14 eight car trains for Line 1 of the Kolkata Metro. Products and services The company's primary products are railway rolling stock and related parts; it has a production capacity of ~600 locomotives and 300 metro rail vehicles per year. CKD8 8MLB LRV Sister companies and organizations Sharing the same registered address in the Shahekou District, CRRC Dalian Dali Railway Transportation Equipment Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 大连大力轨道交通装备有限公司) was found in 2007. The company was not listed and remained in the unlisted portion of CRRC Group. Another company, "Daqi company" or "Dalian Qiqihar Railway Rolling Stock Railway Transportation Equipment Co., Ltd." (Chinese: 大连齐车轨道交通装备有限责任公司) by CRRC Qiqihar Railway Rolling Stock in 2007. The company was based in Lüshun Economic Development Zone of Lüshunkou District. In 2016 it was renamed to Chinese: 大连中车大齐车辆有限公司; lit. 'Dalian CRRC Daqi Railway Rolling Stock'. It was part of CRRC (via CRRC Qiqihar Railway Rolling Stock), the listed portion of CRRC Group. Research, development and education The Entrance to CRRC Dalian Research Institute on Zhongchang Street, Dalian. In 1956, Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Manufacturing School was established nearby on Huanghe Road, which became the Dalian Railway Institute (Chinese: 大连铁道学院) in 1958, and in 2004 Dalian Jiaotong University (Chinese: 大连交通大学). Also located in Dalian, CRRC Dalian Locomotive Research Institute Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中车大连机车研究所有限公司) was founded in 1922 by South Manchuria Railway Company as a closely associated institute of the railway and the locomotive works; the organisation was incorporated as a company and as a subsidiary of China CNR in 2007. In 2001, another research institute, CRRC Dalian R&D (Chinese: 中车大连电力牵引研发中心), was founded. It was incorporated as a company in 2013. Gallery A CKD8 diesel-electric locomotive operating in Argentina for Trenes Argentinos. Pashina-class locomotive for Asia Express; trial run in year 1934. A DF4B Diesel Locomotive, serial number 2319. See also Ministry of Railways (China) CNR Group CNR Corporation CRRC Category:CRRC Dalian locomotives Notes ^ The lease and railway construction rights were obtained in the Li–Lobanov Treaty of 1896 ^ Treaty of Portsmouth, Article VI : "The Imperial Russian Government engages to transfer and assign to the Imperial Government of Japan, without compensation and with the consent of the Chinese Government, the railway between Chang-chunfu and Kuanchangtsu and Port Arthur, and all the branches, together with all the rights, privileges and properties appertaining thereto in that region .." ^ abbreviation of Heping (Chinese: 和平; pinyin: Hé Píng; lit. 'Peace') ^ abbreviation of Jianshe (Chinese: 建设; pinyin: Jiàn Shè; lit. 'Construction') ^ abbreviation of Dongfeng (Chinese: 东风; pinyin: Dōng Fēng; lit. 'East Wind') References ^ a b 发展历史 (in Chinese). CRRC Dalian. Retrieved 30 September 2017. ^ a b c Sources:企业简介. www.dloco.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved June 1, 2012.中国北车集团大连机车车辆有限公司_公司介绍_成员企业_中国北车股份有限公司 . www.chinacnr.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-03-04. ^ Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing and The Rosen Publishing Group. Dalian (Dairen), pp.167-8. ISBN 9781615301829. ^ a b "Dalian". World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, Volume 2. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2007. p. 158. ISBN 9780761476337. ^ "The Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905 - September 5, 1905". www.russojapanesewar.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011. ^ Melvin Eugene Page; Penny M. Sonnenburg (2003). Colonialism: an international social, cultural, and political encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. "Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905)" , pp.480-1, "Treaty of Portsmouth (September 5, 1905)", article VI , pp.1002. ISBN 9781576073353. ^ Alvin D. Coox (1990). Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939, Volumes 1-2. Stanford University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9780804718356. ^ 1934年（昭和9年）パシナ形蒸気機関車979号が当社製造蒸気機関車の1,500両目となる : 沿革 : 川崎重工車両カンパニー. www.khi.co.jp (in Japanese). Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Retrieved 8 February 2011. ^ Christian A. Hess (2007). "Chapter 7: Big Brother Is Watching: Local Sino-Soviet Relations and the Building of New Dalian 1945-55". In Jeremy Brown, Paul Pickowicz (ed.). Dilemmas of victory: the early years of the People's Republic of China. Harvard University Press. pp. 160–1. ISBN 9780674026162. ^ Л. М. Малухин. "Китайская Чанчуньская железная дорога". bse.sci-lib.com Большой Советской Энциклопедии (in Russian). ^ a b Duncan Cotteril. "QJ Class 2-10-2". www.railography.co.uk. ^ a b Hans Schaefer. "History and technical data of steam locomotive type QJ". home.c2i.net. Archived from the original on 2002-04-16. ^ a b Duncan Cotteril. "Railography : Class Profiles : JS Class 2-8-2". www.railography.co.uk. ^ a b Robin J Gibbons. "DF (DF3) 东风". www.railwaysofchina.com. Archived from the original on 2002-08-18. Retrieved 2011-02-09. ^ 东风、东风2、东风3型内燃机车 . www.kepu.net.cn (in Chinese). 铁道馆_中国科普博览, 中国科学院计算机网络信息中心. ^ a b 中国北车集团大连机车车辆有限公司 . www.dloco.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. ^ Robbin R Gibbons. "DF4 / DF4A/ DF4B 东风4". www.railwaysofchina.com. Archived from the original on 2002-08-20. Retrieved 2011-02-11. ^ Duncan Cotterill. "Railography : Class Profiles : DF4, DF4A, DF4B Class Co'-Co' DE". www.railography.co.uk. ^ 东风4型内燃机车 . www.kepu.net/cn (in Chinese). ^ Mark Dodgson (1993). Technological collaboration in industry: strategy, policy, and internationalization in innovation. Routledge. Case Study: Ricardo/DLW, pp. 119-125. ISBN 9780415082303. ^ "Railway Age: China's Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works - Southwest Research Institute wins light locomotive design contract - World Update - Brief Article". Archived from the original on 2005-04-28. ^ "China's Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works". Railway Age. April 1997. ^ "Design of a New Generation Locomotive Diesel Engine". www.swri.org. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-02-12. ^ 王国振 (Wang Guozhen) (2001). 中国北方明珠——大连 . 五洲传播出版社 (China intercontinental press). p. 9. ISBN 9787801139054. ^ wikisource:zh:国务院关于组建中国北方机车车辆工业集团公司有关问题的批复 (in Chinese) ^ "Toshiba Establishes Joint Venture for Rolling Stock Electric Equipment with Major Chinese Locomotive Manufacturer". www.toshiba.co.jp (Press release). Toshiba. 28 August 2002. ^ "KiwiRail's first Chinese locomotive arrives next month". railwaygazette.com. Railway Gazette International. 22 September 2010. ^ 陆世光; 解传平 (24 November 2009). 大连机车旅顺基地隆重奠基 . www.dloco.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011. ^ 大连机车旅顺基地正式启用, liaoning.nen.com.cn (in Chinese), 24 August 2011, archived from the original on January 1, 2013 ^ de Guzman, Kristine (August 14, 2015). "MRT-3 train prototype arrives". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023. ^ News, G. M. A. "EDSA railway needs 30 more cars". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2023-01-17. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help) ^ Ilas, Joyce (March 16, 2017). "48 new MRT-3 coaches cannot be used until next year - DOTr exec". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023. ^ Bondoc, Jarius. "Overweight Dalian trains will crush MRT-3 tracks". Philstar.com. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ News, LLANESCA T. PANTI, GMA. "COA: DOTr-Sumitomo deal on MRT3 rehab, maintenance should lift ban on using Dalian trains". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2023-01-17. {{cite web}}: \|last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "LAMATA opts for Chinese Trains for the Lagos Light Rail". Black Border Build. January 11, 2015. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-22. ^ "First look of your future Metro". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2019-05-03. ^ 企业能力 (in Chinese), CNR Dalian, archived from the original on 2011-07-10, retrieved 2009-11-04 ^ "2016 Annual Report" (in Chinese). CRRC Group. 30 April 2017. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017 – via Shanghai Clearing House. ^ 公司简介 (in Chinese). CRRC Qiqihar Railway Rolling Stock. Retrieved 30 September 2017. ^ "DaLian JiaoTong University : History". Dalian Jiaotong University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-04. Retrieved 2011-02-08. ^ "About Us". CRRC Dalian Locomotive Research Institute. Retrieved 30 September 2017. ^ a b 中国北车集团大连机车研究所有限公司简介 (in Chinese). China CNR. 23 August 2005. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. ^ a b 公司简介 (in Chinese). CRRC Dalian Locomotive Research Institute. Retrieved 30 September 2017. ^ 公司简介 (in Chinese). CRRC Dalian R&D. Retrieved 30 September 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Company. 38°55′08″N 121°34′39″E / 38.9190°N 121.5776°E / 38.9190; 121.5776 Dalian Locomotive factory (entrance) Official website vteCRRC GroupCRRC CRRC Changchun CRRC Chengdu CRRC Dalian CRRC Datong CRRC Luoyang CRRC Nanjing Puzhen CRRC Qingdao Sifang CRRC Qishuyan CRRC Shandong CRRC Tangshan CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive CRRC Ziyang Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology CRRC Massachusetts Predecessors China CNR CNR Group CSR Corporation CSR Group Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Dalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian"},{"link_name":"Liaoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"multiple units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"Chinese Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Manchukuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)"},{"link_name":"CNR Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNR_Group"},{"link_name":"China CNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_CNR"},{"link_name":"CRRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC"}],"text":"Chinese railway rolling stock manufacturing companyCRRC Dalian Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中车大连机车车辆有限公司; lit. 'CRRC Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co.', 'Ltd.'), often abbreviated as DLoco, is a company located in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China, producing railway locomotives, multiple units and diesel engines.The factory was established in 1899 during the period of construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway, as the Shahekou works, and was under Japanese control from 1905, and later part of the Manchukuo state. After the end of the Second World War the railway was under joint Chinese and Russian control until the 1950s when the Chinese Eastern Railroad and the city of Dalian were transferred to sole Chinese control. The factory was state owned, and controlled by the Ministry of Railways until 2001 when LORIC (China National Railway Locomotive & Rolling Stock Industry Corporation) was split into two groups (as part of CNR Group); it then became one of the constituent companies of listed company China CNR, and after June 1, 2015, CRRC, an unification of two listed companies that derived from 2001 split.","title":"CRRC Dalian"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dalian_and_the_South_Manchurian_branch_of_the_Chinese_Eastern_Railway.PNG"},{"link_name":"Chinese Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Liaodong Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch2-5"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"[nb 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Changchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changchun"},{"link_name":"South Manchurian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Manchurian_Railway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"Asia Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Express"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch2-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"1899–1952","text":"Dalian in relation to the South Manchurian branch (NE-SW) of the Chinese Eastern Railway (map draw in 1912).The locomotive factory in Dalian was founded in 1899,[2] contemporary with the construction of the southern branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway during the lease of the Liaodong Peninsula from China to the Russian Empire,[nb 1] and to the development of Dalian as a port and town.[3][4]In 1905, the \"Shahekou Plant\" came under Japanese control as a result of the Treaty of Portsmouth,[nb 2] and in 1906 the railway from Dalian to Changchun became part of the Japanese controlled South Manchurian Railway.[7]In 1934 the factory together with Kawasaki Heavy Industries, manufactured the Asia Express high speed steam train for the South Manchuria Railway.[8]In 1945 at the end of the Second World War the city came under Soviet Russian control. The Changchun Railway was jointly operated by China and Russia until 1952, when control was passed entirely to the Chinese government. Soviet Russian occupation ended in 1955.[4][9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China Railways HP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_HP"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"steam locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hp1-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hp2-14"},{"link_name":"China Railways JS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_JS"},{"link_name":"[nb 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-js-16"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"ТЭ10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TE3"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks-Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks-Morse"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rc-18"},{"link_name":"DF class diesel electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_DF"},{"link_name":"[nb 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rc-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl-21"},{"link_name":"China Railways DF4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_DF4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ricardo plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_plc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Southwest Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hd-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"1952–2000","text":"In 1956 the company manufactured the China Railways HP[nb 3] prototype 2-10-2 steam locomotive.[11][12] and in 1957, the first China Railways JS class 2-8-2 locomotive,[nb 4] of which 1916 were built at different plants.[13] as well as other steam locomotives.Diesel locomotives were developed and produced at the plant, a prototype diesel electric type \"JuLong\" (Chinese: 巨龙; pinyin: Jù Lóng; lit. 'grand dragon') was produced in 1958 based on the Russian ТЭ10 locomotive and Fairbanks-Morse FM38D opposed piston engine,[14] which led to the DF class diesel electric locomotives[nb 5] entered production in 1964.[14][15]The change from steam to diesel production began in 1965,[16] and in 1969, the first of the China Railways DF4 class of locomotives was produced. The DF4 series of locomotive type became the main mainline diesel locomotive type in China,[17][18] and developments were produced in the following decades; including the DF4B in 1984, the DF4D in 1996.[16][19]In the 1980s the company began a decade long research partnership with Ricardo plc into increasing the power output and efficiency of its DL240 diesel engine products.[2][20] In 1997 it began working with Southwest Research Institute (USA) on the design of a new locomotive diesel engine.[21][22][23]The company first exported a mainline diesel locomotive in 1993 (to Myanmar), by the middle of the first decade of the 21st century the company had exported over 200 diesel locomotives.[2]By 2000 the company was producing half of China's internal supply of diesel locomotives, and manufactured 80% of the countries diesel locomotive exports.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China Northern Locomotive & Rolling Stock Industry (Group) Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNR_Group"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"China Railways HXD3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_HXD3"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"rolling stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_stock"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"China Railways HXN3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_HXN3"},{"link_name":"GM EMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_EMD"},{"link_name":"initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"China CNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_CNR"},{"link_name":"New Zealand DL class locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_DL_class_locomotive"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Lushunkou District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushunkou_District"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Line 2, Tianjin Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_2,_Tianjin_Metro"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"8MLB LRV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRTC_3100_class"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Manila Metro Rail Transit Line 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRT_Line_3_(Metro_Manila)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Sumitomo Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Lagos Rail Mass Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_Rail_Mass_Transit"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"H-series carriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-series_(Toronto_subway_car)"},{"link_name":"Toronto Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metro_Line_1"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metro"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"2000–present","text":"Dalian locomotive works' parent company, state-owned China National Railway Locomotive & Rolling Stock Industry Corporation (LORIC), was split into the northern and southern groups in 2002; the locomotive works part of China Northern Locomotive & Rolling Stock Industry (Group) Corporation along with other rail vehicle manufacturers in China.[25] The locomotive works was also incorporated as a limited company in 2003,[1] known as CNR Group Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock (Chinese: 中国北车集团大连机车车辆有限公司) or just CNR Dalian.In the first decade of the 21st century the plant began producing two new mainline locomotive product types; the China Railways HXD3 electric locomotives in association with Toshiba, a joint venture with Toshiba (Chinese: 大连东芝机车电气设备有限公司; lit. 'Dalian Toshiba Locomotive Electric Equipment Co.', 'Ltd.') was formed in 2002 to manufacture electric equipment for rolling stock.[26] Also in the 2000s the diesel electric locomotives China Railways HXN3 were produced at Dalian in association with GM EMD.As part of the initial public offering, the stake of CRN Dalian was transferred to an intermediate holding company China CNR in 2008.In 2009 the company obtained its first export order to supply locomotives to a western country, an order for 20 New Zealand DL class locomotives.[27]In 2009 the groundbreaking ceremony took place for a new plant in the Lüshun economic development zone (Lushunkou District); the new facility was developed in conjunction with the municipal council of Dalian city. The facility, on a 2 km (1.2 mi) site, is designed to have a production of around 1000 locomotives, 1000 rail vehicles and 1000 diesel engines per year.[28] The plant officially opened in August 2011, the first vehicles on the production line were metro passenger units for Line 2, Tianjin Metro.[29]In 2015, they delivered the prototype of the 8MLB LRV in Manila[30] as part of the Manila Metro Rail Transit Line 3 capacity expansion.[31] Currently there are no any Dalian Trainsets were running in the line due to the controversies surrounding it including the incompatibility with the line's signaling system and tare weight[32][33] and the line rehabilitation contract restrictions made with the Department of Transportation (DOTr) and Sumitomo Corporation-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries-TES Philippines (TESP).[34]One of the company's latest export orders came in January 2015 from the Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority for 15 metro trains for the Lagos Rail Mass Transit system in Nigeria, with an option for 14 more.[35] This order came about following a failed acquisition of old H-series carriages retired from the Toronto Subway. In the same year an order was placed for 14 eight car trains for Line 1 of the Kolkata Metro.[36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"CKD8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNR_CKD8"},{"link_name":"8MLB LRV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRTC_3100_class"}],"text":"The company's primary products are railway rolling stock and related parts; it has a production capacity of ~600 locomotives and 300 metro rail vehicles per year.[37]CKD8\n8MLB LRV","title":"Products and services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"CRRC Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC_Group"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRRCGroup2016AR-43"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"CRRC Qiqihar Railway Rolling Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CRRC_Qiqihar_Railway_Rolling_Stock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Lüshunkou District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou_District"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"CRRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC"}],"text":"Sharing the same registered address in the Shahekou District, CRRC Dalian Dali Railway Transportation Equipment Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 大连大力轨道交通装备有限公司) was found in 2007. The company was not listed and remained in the unlisted portion of CRRC Group.[38]Another company, \"Daqi company\" or \"Dalian Qiqihar Railway Rolling Stock Railway Transportation Equipment Co., Ltd.\" (Chinese: 大连齐车轨道交通装备有限责任公司) by CRRC Qiqihar Railway Rolling Stock in 2007.[39] The company was based in Lüshun Economic Development Zone of Lüshunkou District. In 2016 it was renamed to Chinese: 大连中车大齐车辆有限公司; lit. 'Dalian CRRC Daqi Railway Rolling Stock'. It was part of CRRC (via CRRC Qiqihar Railway Rolling Stock), the listed portion of CRRC Group.","title":"Sister companies and organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dalian_Locomotive-Research.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Dalian Jiaotong University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian_Jiaotong_University"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"CRRC Dalian Locomotive Research Institute Co., Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CRRC_Dalian_Locomotive_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%BD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E%E6%9C%BA%E8%BD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboususc1-47"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboususc2-48"},{"link_name":"South Manchuria Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Manchuria_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"China CNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_CNR"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboususc1-47"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboususc2-48"},{"link_name":"CRRC Dalian R&D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CRRC_Dalian_R%26D&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%BD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B%E7%89%B5%E5%BC%95%E7%A0%94%E5%8F%91%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Research, development and education","text":"The Entrance to CRRC Dalian Research Institute on Zhongchang Street, Dalian.In 1956, Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Manufacturing School was established nearby on Huanghe Road, which became the Dalian Railway Institute (Chinese: 大连铁道学院) in 1958, and in 2004 Dalian Jiaotong University (Chinese: 大连交通大学).[40]Also located in Dalian, CRRC Dalian Locomotive Research Institute Co., Ltd. [zh] (Chinese: 中车大连机车研究所有限公司) was founded in 1922[41][42][43] by South Manchuria Railway Company as a closely associated institute of the railway and the locomotive works; the organisation was incorporated as a company and as a subsidiary of China CNR in 2007.[42][43]In 2001, another research institute, CRRC Dalian R&D [zh] (Chinese: 中车大连电力牵引研发中心), was founded. It was incorporated as a company in 2013.[44]","title":"Sister companies and organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CKD8G-0006_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"CKD8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNR_CKD8"},{"link_name":"diesel-electric locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive#Diesel-electric"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Trenes Argentinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenes_Argentinos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Manchuria_Pashina_973.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pashina-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_SL7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_Railways_DF4B_2319.jpg"},{"link_name":"DF4B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railways_DF4"}],"text":"A CKD8 diesel-electric locomotive operating in Argentina for Trenes Argentinos.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPashina-class locomotive for Asia Express; trial run in year 1934.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA DF4B Diesel Locomotive, serial number 2319.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Li–Lobanov Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hp1-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hp2-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-js-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"}],"text":"^ The lease and railway construction rights were obtained in the Li–Lobanov Treaty of 1896\n\n^ Treaty of Portsmouth, Article VI : \"The Imperial Russian Government engages to transfer and assign to the Imperial Government of Japan, without compensation and with the consent of the Chinese Government, the railway between Chang-chunfu and Kuanchangtsu and Port Arthur, and all the branches, together with all the rights, privileges and properties appertaining thereto in that region ..\"[5][6]\n\n^ abbreviation of Heping (Chinese: 和平; pinyin: Hé Píng; lit. 'Peace')[11][12]\n\n^ abbreviation of Jianshe (Chinese: 建设; pinyin: Jiàn Shè; lit. 'Construction'[13])\n\n^ abbreviation of Dongfeng (Chinese: 东风; pinyin: Dōng Fēng; lit. 'East Wind')","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Dalian in relation to the South Manchurian branch (NE-SW) of the Chinese Eastern Railway (map draw in 1912).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dalian_and_the_South_Manchurian_branch_of_the_Chinese_Eastern_Railway.PNG/220px-Dalian_and_the_South_Manchurian_branch_of_the_Chinese_Eastern_Railway.PNG"},{"image_text":"The Entrance to CRRC Dalian Research Institute on Zhongchang Street, Dalian.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dalian_Locomotive-Research.jpg/220px-Dalian_Locomotive-Research.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Ministry of Railways (China)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)"},{"title":"CNR Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNR_Group"},{"title":"CNR Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_CNR"},{"title":"CRRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC"},{"title":"Category:CRRC Dalian locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CRRC_Dalian_locomotives"}]	[{"reference":"发展历史 [History] (in Chinese). CRRC Dalian. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crrcgc.cc/dl/g8411.aspx","url_text":"发展历史"}]},{"reference":"企业简介. www.dloco.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2012-04-22. Retrieved June 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120422195308/http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/jtgk/default2.aspx?classid=418","url_text":"企业简介"},{"url":"http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/jtgk/default2.aspx?classid=418","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"中国北车集团大连机车车辆有限公司_公司介绍_成员企业_中国北车股份有限公司 [CNR Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co. Company Profile : CNR member company]. www.chinacnr.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110304035505/http://www.chinacnr.com/266-692-2957.aspx","url_text":"中国北车集团大连机车车辆有限公司_公司介绍_成员企业_中国北车股份有限公司"},{"url":"http://www.chinacnr.com/266-692-2957.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing and The Rosen Publishing Group. Dalian (Dairen), pp.167-8. ISBN 9781615301829.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-P_u2AIzbEC&pg=PA167","url_text":"The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615301829","url_text":"9781615301829"}]},{"reference":"\"Dalian\". World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, Volume 2. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2007. p. 158. ISBN 9780761476337.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oms5xjI7ba0C&q=dalian&pg=PA158","url_text":"\"Dalian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761476337","url_text":"9780761476337"}]},{"reference":"\"The Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905 - September 5, 1905\". www.russojapanesewar.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608022227/http://www.russojapanesewar.com/top.html","url_text":"\"The Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905 - September 5, 1905\""},{"url":"http://www.russojapanesewar.com/top.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Melvin Eugene Page; Penny M. Sonnenburg (2003). Colonialism: an international social, cultural, and political encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. \"Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905)\" , pp.480-1, \"Treaty of Portsmouth (September 5, 1905)\", article VI , pp.1002. ISBN 9781576073353.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC","url_text":"Colonialism: an international social, cultural, and political encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576073353","url_text":"9781576073353"}]},{"reference":"Alvin D. Coox (1990). Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939, Volumes 1-2. Stanford University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9780804718356.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Coox","url_text":"Alvin D. Coox"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SIAwKiNRmrAC&q=SMR&pg=PA1","url_text":"Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939, Volumes 1-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804718356","url_text":"9780804718356"}]},{"reference":"1934年（昭和9年）パシナ形蒸気機関車979号が当社製造蒸気機関車の1,500両目となる : 沿革 : 川崎重工車両カンパニー. www.khi.co.jp (in Japanese). Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Retrieved 8 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.khi.co.jp/rs/company/history/since_1934.html","url_text":"1934年（昭和9年）パシナ形蒸気機関車979号が当社製造蒸気機関車の1,500両目となる : 沿革 : 川崎重工車両カンパニー"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Heavy_Industries","url_text":"Kawasaki Heavy Industries"}]},{"reference":"Christian A. Hess (2007). \"Chapter 7: Big Brother Is Watching: Local Sino-Soviet Relations and the Building of New Dalian 1945-55\". In Jeremy Brown, Paul Pickowicz (ed.). Dilemmas of victory: the early years of the People's Republic of China. Harvard University Press. pp. 160–1. ISBN 9780674026162.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&q=Dalian&pg=PA160","url_text":"\"Chapter 7: Big Brother Is Watching: Local Sino-Soviet Relations and the Building of New Dalian 1945-55\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC","url_text":"Dilemmas of victory: the early years of the People's Republic of China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674026162","url_text":"9780674026162"}]},{"reference":"Л. М. Малухин. \"Китайская Чанчуньская железная дорога\". bse.sci-lib.com Большой Советской Энциклопедии (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"http://bse.sci-lib.com/article061561.html","url_text":"bse.sci-lib.com Большой Советской Энциклопедии"}]},{"reference":"Duncan Cotteril. \"QJ Class 2-10-2\". www.railography.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railography.co.uk/info/cn_steam/profiles/qj.htm","url_text":"\"QJ Class 2-10-2\""}]},{"reference":"Hans Schaefer. \"History and technical data of steam locomotive type QJ\". home.c2i.net. Archived from the original on 2002-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20020416163204/http://home.c2i.net/schaefer/qjdetails/qjhistory.html","url_text":"\"History and technical data of steam locomotive type QJ\""},{"url":"http://home.c2i.net/schaefer/qjdetails/qjhistory.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Duncan Cotteril. \"Railography : Class Profiles : JS Class 2-8-2\". www.railography.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railography.co.uk/info/cn_steam/profiles/js.htm","url_text":"\"Railography : Class Profiles : JS Class 2-8-2\""}]},{"reference":"Robin J Gibbons. \"DF (DF3) 东风\". www.railwaysofchina.com. Archived from the original on 2002-08-18. Retrieved 2011-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020818211030/http://www.railwaysofchina.com/df.htm","url_text":"\"DF (DF3) 东风\""},{"url":"http://www.railwaysofchina.com/df.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"东风、东风2、东风3型内燃机车 [DF, DF2, and DF3 diesel locomotives]. www.kepu.net.cn (in Chinese). 铁道馆_中国科普博览, 中国科学院计算机网络信息中心.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/technology/railway/railway_engine/200402020034.html","url_text":"东风、东风2、东风3型内燃机车"}]},{"reference":"中国北车集团大连机车车辆有限公司 [CNR Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd.]. www.dloco.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002075508/http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/jtgk/default2.aspx?classid=255","url_text":"中国北车集团大连机车车辆有限公司"},{"url":"http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/jtgk/default2.aspx?classid=255","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robbin R Gibbons. \"DF4 / DF4A/ DF4B 东风4\". www.railwaysofchina.com. Archived from the original on 2002-08-20. Retrieved 2011-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020820050330/http://www.railwaysofchina.com/df4.htm","url_text":"\"DF4 / DF4A/ DF4B 东风4\""},{"url":"http://www.railwaysofchina.com/df4.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Duncan Cotterill. \"Railography : Class Profiles : DF4, DF4A, DF4B Class Co'-Co' DE\". www.railography.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railography.co.uk/info/cn_diesels/p04.htm","url_text":"\"Railography : Class Profiles : DF4, DF4A, DF4B Class Co'-Co' DE\""}]},{"reference":"东风4型内燃机车 [DF4 locomotive]. www.kepu.net/cn (in Chinese).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/technology/railway/railway_engine/200402020028.html","url_text":"东风4型内燃机车"}]},{"reference":"Mark Dodgson (1993). Technological collaboration in industry: strategy, policy, and internationalization in innovation. Routledge. Case Study: Ricardo/DLW, pp. 119-125. ISBN 9780415082303.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftw9AAAAIAAJ&q=dalian%20ricardo&pg=PA119","url_text":"Technological collaboration in industry: strategy, policy, and internationalization in innovation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415082303","url_text":"9780415082303"}]},{"reference":"\"Railway Age: China's Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works - Southwest Research Institute wins light locomotive design contract - World Update - Brief Article\". Archived from the original on 2005-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050428101716/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1215/is_n4_v198/ai_19350945","url_text":"\"Railway Age: China's Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works - Southwest Research Institute wins light locomotive design contract - World Update - Brief Article\""},{"url":"http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1215/is_n4_v198/ai_19350945","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"China's Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works\". Railway Age. April 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1215/is_n4_v198/ai_19350945/","url_text":"\"China's Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works\""}]},{"reference":"\"Design of a New Generation Locomotive Diesel Engine\". www.swri.org. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110525124935/http://www.swri.org/4org/d03/engdes/brf-8702.htm","url_text":"\"Design of a New Generation Locomotive Diesel Engine\""},{"url":"http://www.swri.org/4org/d03/engdes/brf-8702.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"王国振 (Wang Guozhen) (2001). 中国北方明珠——大连 [Pearl of North China : Dalian]. 五洲传播出版社 (China intercontinental press). p. 9. ISBN 9787801139054.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EuwhDGvktUwC&q=locomotive&pg=PA9","url_text":"中国北方明珠——大连"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787801139054","url_text":"9787801139054"}]},{"reference":"\"Toshiba Establishes Joint Venture for Rolling Stock Electric Equipment with Major Chinese Locomotive Manufacturer\". www.toshiba.co.jp (Press release). Toshiba. 28 August 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2002_08/pr2801.htm","url_text":"\"Toshiba Establishes Joint Venture for Rolling Stock Electric Equipment with Major Chinese Locomotive Manufacturer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba","url_text":"Toshiba"}]},{"reference":"\"KiwiRail's first Chinese locomotive arrives next month\". railwaygazette.com. Railway Gazette International. 22 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/kiwirails-first-chinese-locomotive-arrives-next-month.html","url_text":"\"KiwiRail's first Chinese locomotive arrives next month\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International","url_text":"Railway Gazette International"}]},{"reference":"陆世光; 解传平 (24 November 2009). 大连机车旅顺基地隆重奠基 [Dalian locomotive Port Arthur foundation stone laying ceremony]. www.dloco.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110710140855/http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/news/default3.aspx?id=3384","url_text":"大连机车旅顺基地隆重奠基"},{"url":"http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/news/default3.aspx?id=3384","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"大连机车旅顺基地正式启用, liaoning.nen.com.cn (in Chinese), 24 August 2011, archived from the original on January 1, 2013","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130101095545/http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/89/3927089.shtml","url_text":"大连机车旅顺基地正式启用"},{"url":"http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/89/3927089.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"de Guzman, Kristine (August 14, 2015). \"MRT-3 train prototype arrives\". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117011029/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/metro/2015/08/14/MRT-3-train-prototype-arrives.html","url_text":"\"MRT-3 train prototype arrives\""},{"url":"https://www.cnnphilippines.com/metro/2015/08/14/MRT-3-train-prototype-arrives.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"News, G. M. A. \"EDSA railway needs 30 more cars\". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/102215/edsa-railway-needs-30-more-cars/story/","url_text":"\"EDSA railway needs 30 more cars\""}]},{"reference":"Ilas, Joyce (March 16, 2017). \"48 new MRT-3 coaches cannot be used until next year - DOTr exec\". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117011028/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/16/new-mrt-coaches-48-next-year-use.html","url_text":"\"48 new MRT-3 coaches cannot be used until next year - DOTr exec\""},{"url":"https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/16/new-mrt-coaches-48-next-year-use.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bondoc, Jarius. \"Overweight Dalian trains will crush MRT-3 tracks\". Philstar.com. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2017/07/27/1722110/overweight-dalian-trains-will-crush-mrt-3-tracks","url_text":"\"Overweight Dalian trains will crush MRT-3 tracks\""}]},{"reference":"News, LLANESCA T. PANTI, GMA. \"COA: DOTr-Sumitomo deal on MRT3 rehab, maintenance should lift ban on using Dalian trains\". GMA News Online. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/760561/coa-dotr-sumitomo-deal-on-mrt3-rehab-maintenance-should-lift-ban-on-using-dalian-trains/story/","url_text":"\"COA: DOTr-Sumitomo deal on MRT3 rehab, maintenance should lift ban on using Dalian trains\""}]},{"reference":"\"LAMATA opts for Chinese Trains for the Lagos Light Rail\". Black Border Build. January 11, 2015. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925120446/http://www.blackborderbuild.com/nigeria-updates/lamata-opts-for-chinese-trains-for-the-lagos-light-rail","url_text":"\"LAMATA opts for Chinese Trains for the Lagos Light Rail\""},{"url":"http://www.blackborderbuild.com/nigeria-updates/lamata-opts-for-chinese-trains-for-the-lagos-light-rail","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"First look of your future Metro\". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2019-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/first-look-of-your-future-metro/cid/1504124","url_text":"\"First look of your future Metro\""}]},{"reference":"企业能力 (in Chinese), CNR Dalian, archived from the original on 2011-07-10, retrieved 2009-11-04","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110710143020/http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/jtgk/default2.aspx?classid=256","url_text":"企业能力"},{"url":"http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/jtgk/default2.aspx?classid=256","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Annual Report\" (in Chinese). CRRC Group. 30 April 2017. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017 – via Shanghai Clearing House.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930175005/http://www.shclearing.com/xxpl/cwbg/nb/201704/t20170430_254868.html","url_text":"\"2016 Annual Report\""},{"url":"http://www.shclearing.com/xxpl/cwbg/nb/201704/t20170430_254868.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"公司简介 (in Chinese). CRRC Qiqihar Railway Rolling Stock. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crrcgc.cc/qqhe/g7432.aspx","url_text":"公司简介"}]},{"reference":"\"DaLian JiaoTong University : History\". Dalian Jiaotong University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-04. Retrieved 2011-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110704094233/http://202.199.128.81/en/index.asp?f_head_id=2&f_menu_id=2","url_text":"\"DaLian JiaoTong University : History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian_Jiaotong_University","url_text":"Dalian Jiaotong University"},{"url":"http://202.199.128.81/en/index.asp?f_head_id=2&f_menu_id=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". CRRC Dalian Locomotive Research Institute. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crrcgc.cc/dlsen/g10532.aspx","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"中国北车集团大连机车研究所有限公司简介 [About CNR Dalian Locomotive Research Institute Co., Ltd.] (in Chinese). China CNR. 23 August 2005. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308055104/http://www.chinacnr.com/266-692-2942.aspx","url_text":"中国北车集团大连机车研究所有限公司简介"},{"url":"http://www.chinacnr.com/266-692-2942.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"公司简介 [About us] (in Chinese). CRRC Dalian Locomotive Research Institute. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crrcgc.cc/dls/g8926.aspx","url_text":"公司简介"}]},{"reference":"公司简介 [About us] (in Chinese). CRRC Dalian R&D. Retrieved 30 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crrcgc.cc/dldq/g7507.aspx","url_text":"公司简介"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CRRC_Dalian&params=38.919_N_121.5776_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°55′08″N 121°34′39″E / 38.9190°N 121.5776°E / 38.9190; 121.5776"},{"Link":"https://www.crrcgc.cc/dlen","external_links_name":"crrcgc.cc/dlen"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CRRC_Dalian&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.crrcgc.cc/dl/g8411.aspx","external_links_name":"发展历史"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120422195308/http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/jtgk/default2.aspx?classid=418","external_links_name":"企业简介"},{"Link":"http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/jtgk/default2.aspx?classid=418","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110304035505/http://www.chinacnr.com/266-692-2957.aspx","external_links_name":"中国北车集团大连机车车辆有限公司_公司介绍_成员企业_中国北车股份有限公司"},{"Link":"http://www.chinacnr.com/266-692-2957.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-P_u2AIzbEC&pg=PA167","external_links_name":"The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oms5xjI7ba0C&q=dalian&pg=PA158","external_links_name":"\"Dalian\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608022227/http://www.russojapanesewar.com/top.html","external_links_name":"\"The Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905 - September 5, 1905\""},{"Link":"http://www.russojapanesewar.com/top.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC","external_links_name":"Colonialism: an international social, cultural, and political encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SIAwKiNRmrAC&q=SMR&pg=PA1","external_links_name":"Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939, Volumes 1-2"},{"Link":"http://www.khi.co.jp/rs/company/history/since_1934.html","external_links_name":"1934年（昭和9年）パシナ形蒸気機関車979号が当社製造蒸気機関車の1,500両目となる : 沿革 : 川崎重工車両カンパニー"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&q=Dalian&pg=PA160","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 7: Big Brother Is Watching: Local Sino-Soviet Relations and the Building of New Dalian 1945-55\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC","external_links_name":"Dilemmas of victory: the early years of the People's Republic of China"},{"Link":"http://bse.sci-lib.com/article061561.html","external_links_name":"bse.sci-lib.com Большой Советской Энциклопедии"},{"Link":"http://www.railography.co.uk/info/cn_steam/profiles/qj.htm","external_links_name":"\"QJ Class 2-10-2\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20020416163204/http://home.c2i.net/schaefer/qjdetails/qjhistory.html","external_links_name":"\"History and technical data of steam locomotive type QJ\""},{"Link":"http://home.c2i.net/schaefer/qjdetails/qjhistory.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.railography.co.uk/info/cn_steam/profiles/js.htm","external_links_name":"\"Railography : Class Profiles : JS Class 2-8-2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020818211030/http://www.railwaysofchina.com/df.htm","external_links_name":"\"DF (DF3) 东风\""},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysofchina.com/df.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/technology/railway/railway_engine/200402020034.html","external_links_name":"东风、东风2、东风3型内燃机车"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002075508/http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/jtgk/default2.aspx?classid=255","external_links_name":"中国北车集团大连机车车辆有限公司"},{"Link":"http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/jtgk/default2.aspx?classid=255","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020820050330/http://www.railwaysofchina.com/df4.htm","external_links_name":"\"DF4 / DF4A/ DF4B 东风4\""},{"Link":"http://www.railwaysofchina.com/df4.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.railography.co.uk/info/cn_diesels/p04.htm","external_links_name":"\"Railography : Class Profiles : DF4, DF4A, DF4B Class Co'-Co' DE\""},{"Link":"http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/technology/railway/railway_engine/200402020028.html","external_links_name":"东风4型内燃机车"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftw9AAAAIAAJ&q=dalian%20ricardo&pg=PA119","external_links_name":"Technological collaboration in industry: strategy, policy, and internationalization in innovation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050428101716/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1215/is_n4_v198/ai_19350945","external_links_name":"\"Railway Age: China's Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works - Southwest Research Institute wins light locomotive design contract - World Update - Brief Article\""},{"Link":"http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1215/is_n4_v198/ai_19350945","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1215/is_n4_v198/ai_19350945/","external_links_name":"\"China's Dalian Locomotive and Rolling Stock Works\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110525124935/http://www.swri.org/4org/d03/engdes/brf-8702.htm","external_links_name":"\"Design of a New Generation Locomotive Diesel Engine\""},{"Link":"http://www.swri.org/4org/d03/engdes/brf-8702.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EuwhDGvktUwC&q=locomotive&pg=PA9","external_links_name":"中国北方明珠——大连"},{"Link":"http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2002_08/pr2801.htm","external_links_name":"\"Toshiba Establishes Joint Venture for Rolling Stock Electric Equipment with Major Chinese Locomotive Manufacturer\""},{"Link":"http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/kiwirails-first-chinese-locomotive-arrives-next-month.html","external_links_name":"\"KiwiRail's first Chinese locomotive arrives next month\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110710140855/http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/news/default3.aspx?id=3384","external_links_name":"大连机车旅顺基地隆重奠基"},{"Link":"http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/news/default3.aspx?id=3384","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130101095545/http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/89/3927089.shtml","external_links_name":"大连机车旅顺基地正式启用"},{"Link":"http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/89/3927089.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117011029/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/metro/2015/08/14/MRT-3-train-prototype-arrives.html","external_links_name":"\"MRT-3 train prototype arrives\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnnphilippines.com/metro/2015/08/14/MRT-3-train-prototype-arrives.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/102215/edsa-railway-needs-30-more-cars/story/","external_links_name":"\"EDSA railway needs 30 more cars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117011028/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/16/new-mrt-coaches-48-next-year-use.html","external_links_name":"\"48 new MRT-3 coaches cannot be used until next year - DOTr exec\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/16/new-mrt-coaches-48-next-year-use.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2017/07/27/1722110/overweight-dalian-trains-will-crush-mrt-3-tracks","external_links_name":"\"Overweight Dalian trains will crush MRT-3 tracks\""},{"Link":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/760561/coa-dotr-sumitomo-deal-on-mrt3-rehab-maintenance-should-lift-ban-on-using-dalian-trains/story/","external_links_name":"\"COA: DOTr-Sumitomo deal on MRT3 rehab, maintenance should lift ban on using Dalian trains\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150925120446/http://www.blackborderbuild.com/nigeria-updates/lamata-opts-for-chinese-trains-for-the-lagos-light-rail","external_links_name":"\"LAMATA opts for Chinese Trains for the Lagos Light Rail\""},{"Link":"http://www.blackborderbuild.com/nigeria-updates/lamata-opts-for-chinese-trains-for-the-lagos-light-rail","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/first-look-of-your-future-metro/cid/1504124","external_links_name":"\"First look of your future Metro\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110710143020/http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/jtgk/default2.aspx?classid=256","external_links_name":"企业能力"},{"Link":"http://www.dloco.com/LISTS/article/_MAINPAGE/jtgk/default2.aspx?classid=256","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170930175005/http://www.shclearing.com/xxpl/cwbg/nb/201704/t20170430_254868.html","external_links_name":"\"2016 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.shclearing.com/xxpl/cwbg/nb/201704/t20170430_254868.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.crrcgc.cc/qqhe/g7432.aspx","external_links_name":"公司简介"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110704094233/http://202.199.128.81/en/index.asp?f_head_id=2&f_menu_id=2","external_links_name":"\"DaLian JiaoTong University : History\""},{"Link":"http://202.199.128.81/en/index.asp?f_head_id=2&f_menu_id=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.crrcgc.cc/dlsen/g10532.aspx","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308055104/http://www.chinacnr.com/266-692-2942.aspx","external_links_name":"中国北车集团大连机车研究所有限公司简介"},{"Link":"http://www.chinacnr.com/266-692-2942.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.crrcgc.cc/dls/g8926.aspx","external_links_name":"公司简介"},{"Link":"http://www.crrcgc.cc/dldq/g7507.aspx","external_links_name":"公司简介"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=CRRC_Dalian&params=38.919_N_121.5776_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"38°55′08″N 121°34′39″E / 38.9190°N 121.5776°E / 38.9190; 121.5776"},{"Link":"https://www.crrcgc.cc/dlen","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Peter_Maxwell_Davies	Peter Maxwell Davies	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Political views","5 Music","5.1 Career highlights","6 Selected compositions","7 Recordings","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]	English composer and conductor (1934–2016) SirPeter Maxwell DaviesCH CBEDavies in 2012Born(1934-09-08)8 September 1934Salford, Lancashire, EnglandDied14 March 2016(2016-03-14) (aged 81)Sanday, Orkney, ScotlandOccupationsComposerconductorWorksList of compositions20th Master of the Queen's MusicIn office2004–2014MonarchElizabeth IIPreceded byMalcolm WilliamsonSucceeded byJudith Weir Sir Peter Maxwell Davies CH CBE (8 September 1934 – 14 March 2016) was an English composer and conductor, who in 2004 was made Master of the Queen's Music. As a student at both the University of Manchester and the Royal Manchester College of Music, Davies formed a group dedicated to contemporary music called the New Music Manchester with fellow students Harrison Birtwistle, Alexander Goehr, Elgar Howarth and John Ogdon. Davies's compositions include eight works for the stage—from the monodrama Eight Songs for a Mad King, which shocked the audience in 1969, to Kommilitonen!, first performed in 2011—and ten symphonies, written between 1973 and 2013. As a conductor, Davies was artistic director of the Dartington International Summer School from 1979 to 1984 and associate conductor/composer with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from 1992 to 2002, holding the latter position with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra as well. Early life and education Davies was born in Holly Street, Langworthy, Salford, Lancashire, and lived in Trafford Road before moving to Wyville Drive in Swinton. He was the son of Thomas Davies, a manufacturer of optical instruments, and his wife Hilda, an amateur painter. At age four, after being taken to a performance of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Gondoliers, he told his parents that he was going to be a composer. He took piano lessons and composed from an early age. As a 14-year-old, he submitted a composition called Blue Ice to the radio programme Children's Hour in Manchester. BBC producer Trevor Hill showed it to resident singer and entertainer Violet Carson, who said, "He's either quite brilliant or mad". Conductor Charles Groves nodded his approval and said, "I'd get him in". Davies's rise to fame began under the careful mentorship of Hill, who made him the programme's resident composer and introduced him to various professional musicians both in the UK and Germany. After attending Leigh Boys Grammar School, Davies studied at the University of Manchester and at the Royal Manchester College of Music (amalgamated into the Royal Northern College of Music in 1973), where one of his teachers was Hedwig Stein; his fellow students included Harrison Birtwistle, Alexander Goehr, Elgar Howarth and John Ogdon. Together they formed New Music Manchester, a group committed to contemporary music. After graduating in 1956, he studied on an Italian government scholarship for a year with Goffredo Petrassi in Rome. In 1959, Davies became Director of Music at Cirencester Grammar School. He left in 1962 after securing a Harkness Fellowship at Princeton University (with the help of Aaron Copland and Benjamin Britten); there he studied with Roger Sessions, Milton Babbitt and Earl Kim. He then moved to Australia, where he was Composer in Residence at the Elder Conservatorium of Music, University of Adelaide, 1965–66. Career For Davies's notable students, see List of music students by teacher: C to F § Peter Maxwell Davies. Davies was known as an enfant terrible of the 1960s, whose music frequently shocked audiences and critics. One of his overtly theatrical and shocking pieces was Eight Songs for a Mad King (1969), in which he used "musical parody" by taking a canonical piece of music – Handel's Messiah – and subverting it to explore the periods of madness of King George III. In 1966 Davies returned to the United Kingdom and moved to the Orkney Islands, initially to Hoy in 1971, and later to Sanday. Orkney (particularly its capital, Kirkwall) hosts the St Magnus Festival, an arts festival founded by Davies in 1977. He frequently used the festival to premiere new works (often played by the local school orchestra). Davies was artistic director of the Dartington International Summer School from 1979 to 1984. From 1992 to 2002 he was associate conductor/composer with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, a position he also held with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, and he has conducted a number of other prominent orchestras, including the Philharmonia, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. In 2000 Davies was Artist in Residence at the Barossa Music Festival when he presented some of his music theatre works and worked with students from the Barossa Spring Academy. Davies was also Composer Laureate of the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, for whom he wrote a series of ten Strathclyde Concertos. Davies was one of the first classical composers to open a music download website, MaxOpus (in 1996). He was awarded a number of honorary doctorates, including Honorary Doctor of Music from Oxford University in July 2005. He had been President of Making Music (The National Federation of Music Societies) since 1989. Davies was made a CBE in 1981 and knighted in 1987. He was appointed Master of the Queen's Music in March 2004 but, in a break from the tradition of lifetime tenure, his appointment was limited to ten years. He was made a Freeman of the City of Salford August 2004. On 25 November 2006, he was appointed an Honorary Fellow of Canterbury Christ Church University at a service in Canterbury Cathedral. He was visiting professor of composition at the Royal Academy of Music, and in 2009 became an Honorary Fellow of Homerton College, Cambridge. Davies received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2002 Personal life Davies was known by friends and colleagues as "Max", after his middle name "Maxwell", and was openly homosexual throughout his adult life. Although he sometimes set sacred texts, Davies was an atheist. In 2005 his house on Sanday was raided by police, who removed parts of a whooper swan (a protected species under the Wildlife and Countryside Act) which Davies had been planning to eat; he stated he had found the swan electrocuted beneath power lines. In 2007, a controversy arose regarding an intended civil partnership with Davies' partner of five years, builder Colin Parkinson. They were told that the ceremony could not take place on the Sanday Light Railway. The couple later abandoned their plans but remained together until a break-up in 2012. The same year, the composer's MaxOpus site became temporarily unavailable after the arrest in June 2007 of Michael Arnold (one of MaxOpus's directors) on fraud charges arising from money missing from Davies's business accounts. In October 2008 Arnold and his wife Judith (Davies's former agent) were charged with the theft of almost £450,000. In November 2009, Michael Arnold was sentenced to 18 months in jail on a charge of false accounting. Charges of stealing against the couple, to which both had pleaded not guilty, were dropped when the prosecution offered no evidence. MaxOpus was relaunched earlier in 2009. Davies was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2014 New Year Honours for "services to music". He died from leukaemia on 14 March 2016, aged 81, at his home in Orkney. Political views Davies was a life-long supporter of gay rights and a vice-president of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality. Davies had a keen interest in environmentalism. He wrote The Yellow Cake Revue, a collection of cabaret-style pieces that he performed with actress Eleanor Bron, in protest at plans to mine uranium ore in Orkney. It is from this suite of pieces that his famous instrumental chanson triste interlude Farewell to Stromness is taken. The slow, walking bass line that pervades the Farewell portrays the residents of the town of Stromness having to leave their homes as a result of uranium contamination. The Revue was first performed at the St Magnus Festival, in Orkney, by Bron, with the composer at the piano, in June 1980. Stromness, the second largest town in Orkney, would have been two miles from the uranium mine's core, and the centre most threatened by pollution, had the proposed development been approved. In the run-up to the Iraq War in 2003 he marched in protest, and he was an outspoken critic of the Labour governments of both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. Davies's appointment to the post of Master of the Queen's Music was initially controversial, as he had expressed republican views. However, he confirmed in 2010 that contact with the Queen had converted him to monarchism. He told The Daily Telegraph, "I have come to realise that there is a lot to be said for the monarchy. It represents continuity, tradition and stability." He was a member of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) and the Incorporated Society of Musicians. Music This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Davies was a prolific composer who wrote in a variety of styles and idioms over his career, often combining disparate styles in one piece. Early works include the Trumpet Sonata (1955), written while he was at college, and his first orchestral work, Prolation (1958), written while under the tutelage of Petrassi. Early works often use serial techniques (for example Sinfonia for chamber orchestra, 1962), sometimes combined with Mediaeval and Renaissance compositional methods. Fragments of plainsong are often used as basic source material to be adapted and developed. His "O Magnum Mysterium" (1960) features on several YouTube clips, and was, for some time, his most talked-about work. Pieces from the late 1960s take up these techniques and tend towards the experimental and to have a violent character. These include Revelation and Fall (based on a poem by Georg Trakl), the music theatre pieces Eight Songs for a Mad King and Vesalii Icones, and the opera Taverner. Taverner, again, shows an interest in Renaissance music, taking as its subject the composer John Taverner, and consisting of parts resembling Renaissance forms. The orchestral piece St Thomas Wake (1969) shows this interest and is a particularly obvious example of Davies's polystylism. It combines a suite of foxtrots (played by a twenties-style dance band), a pavane by John Bull and Davies' "own" music (the work is described by Davies as a "Foxtrot for orchestra on a pavan by John Bull"). Many works from this period were performed by the Pierrot Players, which Davies founded with Harrison Birtwistle in 1967; they were reformed as the Fires of London in 1970, then disbanded in 1987. After his move to Orkney, Davies often drew on Orcadian or more generally Scottish themes in his music, and has sometimes set the words of Orcadian writer George Mackay Brown. He has written a number of other operas, including The Martyrdom of St Magnus (1976), The Lighthouse (1980, his most popular opera), and The Doctor of Myddfai (1996). The ambitious, nihilistic parable Resurrection (1987), which includes parts for a rock band, was nearly twenty years in gestation. Davies was interested in classical forms, completing his first symphony in 1976. He wrote ten numbered symphonies – a symphonic cycle of the Symphonies Nos.1–7 (1976–2000), a Symphony No. 8 titled the Antarctic (2000), a Ninth Symphony (premiered on 9 June 2012 by the Royal Liverpool Symphony Orchestra), a Tenth Symphony (see below), a Sinfonia Concertante (1982), as well as the series of ten Strathclyde Concertos for various instruments (pieces born out of his association with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, 1987–1996). In 2002, he began work on a series of string quartets for the Maggini String Quartet to record on Naxos Records (the Naxos Quartets). The whole series was completed in 2007, and was viewed by the composer as a "novel in ten chapters". Davies's lighter orchestral works have included Mavis in Las Vegas (a title inspired by a Las Vegas hotelier's mishearing of "Maxwell Davies" and registering him as "Mavis") and An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise (which features the bagpipes), as well as a number of theatre pieces for children and a good deal of music with educational purposes. Additionally he wrote the scores for Ken Russell's films The Devils and The Boy Friend. His Violin Concerto No. 2 received its UK premiere on 8 September 2009 (the composer's 75th birthday) in the Royal Albert Hall, London, as part of the 2009 season of The Proms. On 13 October 2009, his string sextet The Last Island was first performed by the Nash Ensemble at Wigmore Hall in a 75th birthday concert for the composer. His Symphony No. 10 had its world premiere at the Barbican Hall, London on 2 February 2014. Throstle's Nest Junction, opus 181 (1996), and A Spell for Green Corn – The MacDonald Dances both had their London premiere at the BBC's Maida Vale studios, broadcast live on Radio 3 with the composer's participation on 19 June 2014, in celebration of his 80th birthday. The music was played by the BBC Symphony Orchestra, and presented by Petroc Trelawny. Insignia of C.H. The last months of his life, as he struggled with terminal illness, showed continuing creative power and energy. There was The Hogboon (op. 335, a children's opera), the epiphany carol A Torrent of Gold, and the short choral work The Golden Solstice. He was working on a String Quartet (op.338) at the time of his death; only the first movement was completed. Career highlights 1953–58 – studied in Manchester and Rome. 1967 – together with Harrison Birtwistle, founded the contemporary music touring ensemble the Pierrot Players (later renamed The Fires of London). 1971 – moved to Hoy in the Orkney Islands. 1977 – founded the St Magnus Festival. 1987 – knighted. 1987–96 – wrote the ten Strathclyde Concertos for the Scottish Chamber Orchestra. 2001–07 – wrote a cycle of ten string quartets, commissioned by Naxos. 2004 – appointed Master of the Queen's Music. 2005 – the Honorary Doctorate of Music conferred by the University of Oxford. 2008 – became Patron of the Manchester University Music Society (MUMS). 2009 – became an Honorary Fellow of Homerton College, Cambridge. 2014 – appointed to the Order of Companions of Honour. 2015 – awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society. Selected compositions Main article: List of compositions by Peter Maxwell Davies First Taverner Fantasia (1962) Second Taverner Fantasia (1964) Revelation and Fall (1966) Worldes Blis (1966–69) St Thomas Wake (1969) Eight Songs for a Mad King (1968; for singer/narrator/actor and chamber ensemble) Missa super l'homme armé (1968, rev. 1971; for male or female speaker or singer and ensemble) Stone Litany (1973) Ave Maris Stella (1975; chamber ensemble) The Door of the Sun for Viola Solo, J.132 (1975) Symphony No. 1 (1973–76; orchestra) The Martyrdom of St Magnus (1977; chamber opera) The Lighthouse (1979; chamber opera) Black Pentecost (1979; for mezzo-soprano, baritone, & orchestra) Cinderella (1980; children's opera) Symphony No. 2 (1980) The Yellow Cake Review (1980), including Farewell to Stromness Image, Reflection, Shadow (1982; ensemble) Symphony No. 3 (1984) An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise (1985; orchestra) Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (1985; dedicated to Isaac Stern who gave the first performance on 21 June 1986 at the St. Magnus Festival in the Orkney Islands) Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra (1988) Symphony No. 4 (1989) Caroline Mathilde (1991; ballet) Strathclyde Concerto No. 3 for horn, trumpet, and symphony orchestra, (German Premiere: Markus Wittgens, horn / Otto Sauter, trumpet / Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Bremen / Conductor: Peter Maxwell Davies – Bremen) (1994) Strathclyde Concerto No. 5 for violin, viola, and string orchestra, J.245 (1991) A Spell for Green Corn: The MacDonald Dances (1993; violin, orchestra) Symphony No. 5 (1994) The Doctor of Myddfai (1996; opera) Symphony No. 6 (1996) Concerto for Piccolo and Orchestra (1996, opus 182) Job (1997; singers, orchestra) Mr Emmet Takes a Walk (2000; chamber opera) Symphony No. 7 (2000) Symphony No. 8 (Antarctic Symphony) (2001) Naxos Quartets (2001–2007; string quartet) Homerton (2010; for the choir of Homerton College, Cambridge) Kommilitonen! (2011; opera) Symphony No. 9 (2012) Symphony No. 10 (Alla ricerca di Borromini) (2013) Recordings Naxos Quartets – Maggini Quartet – Naxos 5-CD set 8.505225 Mass; Missa parvula; two organ pieces; two motets – Hyperion CDA67454 Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis and O Sacrum Convivium – Delphian DCD34037 Symphonies 1–6 – BBC Philharmonic, Scottish Chamber Orchestra, Philharmonia, Royal Philharmonic / composer – Collins Classics Ave Maris Stella; Image, Reflection, Shadow; Runes from a Holy Island – Fires of London / composer – Unicorn-Kanchana References ^ Dunnett, Roderic (August 2009). "Life & Career – Sir Peter Maxwell Davies". Maxopus.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. ^ "Sir Peter Maxwell Davies CBE Archived 3 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine", Manchester's Theatrical & Musical Celebrities: Papillon Graphics Virtual Encyclopedia of Greater Manchester (Accessed 9 April 2010). ^ "Maxwell Davies, Peter". Classical Music. Retrieved 30 October 2022. ^ "BBC Radio 3 Live in Concert". BBC. Retrieved 22 September 2014. ^ The story is detailed in Trevor Hill's autobiography, Over the Airwaves, published by Book Guild in 2005. ^ Gaster, Adrian (1980). International Who's Who in Music. Cambridge : Melrose Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0900332517. ^ John Warnaby, "Davies, Peter Maxwell", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001). ^ "Profile: Peter Maxwell Davies". The Guardian. 19 June 2004. Retrieved 20 January 2022. ^ Gaster, Adrian (1980). International Who's Who in Music. Cambridge : Melrose Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0900332517. ^ "Orkney Music Festival Menu". Aberdeen Press and Journal. 7 November 1988. p. 23. ^ "Peter Maxwell Davies Biography". Boosey & Hawkes, Inc. Retrieved 14 August 2008. ^ "Staff list". Royal Academy of Music. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011. ^ "College Notices – Cambridge University Reporter 6160". University of Cambridge. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2014. ^ "Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh & Scottish Borders: Annual Review 2002". www1.hw.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016. ^ Interviewing Davies, Ivan Hewett wrote: "An avant-gardist who uses ancient Christian chants, an atheist who's written pieces entitled Antichrist and Revelation and Fall – clearly there are tensions beneath that carefully controlled surface." 'A Life on the Edge', The Daily Telegraph, 7 April 2005, Features Pg. 015. ^ "Sir Peter's taste for swan has him fall foul of law \| The Scotsman". 19 March 2005. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022. ^ "Orkney Council moves to quell civil partnerships row". PinkNews \| LGBT+ news. 8 January 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2022. ^ "Orkney composer cancels ceremony plans". PinkNews \| LGBT+ news. 11 January 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2022. ^ Hewett, Ivan (14 March 2016). "Sir Peter Maxwell Davies obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2016. ^ "Husband of Peter Maxwell Davies's Manager Arrested in Connection with Disappearance of £500,000". Playbillarts.com. 22 May 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2014. ^ Coren, Victoria (2009). For Richer, For Poorer: A Love Affair with Poker. Canongate. page 336 in Kindle edition ^ Brown, David (29 October 2008). "Former managers stole 450000 from Master of the Queens Music". The Times. London, UK. Retrieved 22 May 2010. ^ Pierce, Andrew (8 September 2009). "Former manager of Queen's composer Sir Peter Maxwell Davies admits Â£5000,000 false accounting". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 25 June 2019. ^ Paul Cheston, "Agent Faces Jail for Stealing £1/2m from Queen's Composer", Evening Standard (Wednesday, 21 October 2009); Derek Watson, "Jail for Manager Who Stole from Royal Composer", Daily Express (Tuesday 3 November 2009); Mike Wade. 2009. "Accountant Made Me Feel Worthless, Says Sir Peter; 'He Is Beneath Contempt. That Man Tortured Me'", The Times (Monday 9 November 2009). ^ "No. 60728". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2013. p. 5. ^ "New Year's Honours: Lansbury and Keith become dames". BBC News. 31 December 2013. ^ "Sir Peter Maxwell Davies CH CBE (1934–2016)". Intermusica. Retrieved 14 March 2016. ^ a b "Peter Maxwell Davies says Queen has converted him to a monarchist". The Telegraph. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2014. ^ Founder of UBR (18 May 2009). "British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors". The Unsigned band review. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2012. ^ Cog Design. "ISM Incorporated Society of Musicians – Incorporated Society of Musicians". ISM. Retrieved 22 September 2014. ^ "Review". Gramophone. Retrieved 20 January 2022. ^ Information on the Naxos Quartets from Canterbury Christ Church University, including detailed information on Nos. 1 and 8. Canterbury.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 July 2010. ^ "Gramophone review – Mavis in Las Vegas". Retrieved 10 April 2016. ^ "Sir Peter Maxwell Davies World Premiere". London Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 22 September 2014. ^ "BBC SO – Peter Maxwell Davies Studio Concert". Retrieved 15 March 2016. ^ The Homertonian Archived 25 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Newsletter of Homerton College No 13, May 2009, p. 2 ^ "Peter Maxwell Davies awarded RPS Gold Medal". Royal Philharmonic Society. Retrieved 20 January 2022. ^ "Naxos Quartets". Naxos.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014. ^ "Missa parvula; two organ pieces; two motets". Chesternovello.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014. Further reading Palmer, Andrew (2015). Encounters with British Composers. Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-78327-070-5. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt1814gv6. Payne, Anthony (Spring 1965). "Peter Maxwell Davies's Five Motets". Tempo (72). Cambridge University Press: 7–11. doi:10.1017/S0040298200033337. JSTOR 943722. S2CID 145764346. External links Official website Peter Maxwell Davies: Miss Donnithorne's Maggot on YouTube Peter Maxwell Davies: Farewell to Stromness, arr. Timothy Walker on YouTube: Sean Shibe (solo guitar) A portrait in words of the composer by Stephen Moss in The Guardian The Profile Page of Sir Peter Maxwell Davies at Schott Music ltd Sir Peter Maxwell Davies's homepage at Chester Music Peter Maxwell Davies interview with Bruce Duffie Peter Maxwell Davies at Boosey & Hawkes "Peter Maxwell Davies (biography, works, resources)" (in French and English). IRCAM. "Archival material relating to Peter Maxwell Davies". UK National Archives. Portraits of Sir Peter Maxwell Davies at the National Portrait Gallery, London Peter Maxwell Davies' biography on Cdmc website Andrew Clements: Maxwell Davies: Revelation & Fall; Leopardi Fragments; Five Pieces Op 2; Birtwistle: Tragoedia, Ogdon/ Thomas/ Philips/Pierrot Players/ Melos Ensemble/ Carewe/ Davies/ Foster The Guardian, 29 October 2004 Court offices Preceded byMalcolm Williamson Master of the Queen's Music 2004–2014 Succeeded byJudith Weir vtePeter Maxwell DaviesList of compositionsOpera Eight Songs for a Mad King (1968) Taverner (1972) The Martyrdom of St Magnus (1977) The Lighthouse (1979) Resurrection (1987) The Doctor of Myddfai (1996) Mr Emmet Takes a Walk (2000) Kommilitonen! (2011) Ballet Caroline Mathilde (1991) Symphony Symphony No. 1 (1973) Symphony No. 2 (1980) Symphony No. 3 (1984) Symphony No. 4 (1989) Symphony No. 5 (1994) Symphony No. 6 (1996) Symphony No. 7 (2000) Symphony No. 8 (2001) Symphony No. 9 (2012) Symphony No. 10 (2013) Concerto Violin Concerto No. 1 (1985) Trumpet Concerto (1988) Strathclyde Concertos (1986–96) Piano Concerto (1997) Other works Worldes Blis (1969) Points and Dances from "Taverner" (1970) The Yellow Cake Revue (1980) An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise (1985) Naxos Quartets (2001–2007) Related Polystylism Category vteNew Music Manchester School Harrison Birtwistle Peter Maxwell Davies Alexander Goehr Elgar Howarth John Ogdon Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Finland United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists BRAHMS MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other RISM SNAC IdRef Portals: Biography Classical music LGBT Music Opera United KingdomPeter Maxwell Davies at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Master of the Queen's Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_the_Queen%27s_Music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Royal Manchester College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Manchester_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"New Music Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Music_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Harrison Birtwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle"},{"link_name":"Alexander Goehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Goehr"},{"link_name":"Elgar Howarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgar_Howarth"},{"link_name":"John Ogdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ogdon"},{"link_name":"monodrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodrama"},{"link_name":"Eight Songs for a Mad King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Songs_for_a_Mad_King"},{"link_name":"Kommilitonen!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommilitonen!"},{"link_name":"symphonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony"},{"link_name":"Dartington International Summer School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartington_International_Summer_School"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"BBC Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Philharmonic_Orchestra"}],"text":"Sir Peter Maxwell Davies CH CBE (8 September 1934 – 14 March 2016) was an English composer and conductor, who in 2004 was made Master of the Queen's Music.[1]As a student at both the University of Manchester and the Royal Manchester College of Music, Davies formed a group dedicated to contemporary music called the New Music Manchester with fellow students Harrison Birtwistle, Alexander Goehr, Elgar Howarth and John Ogdon. Davies's compositions include eight works for the stage—from the monodrama Eight Songs for a Mad King, which shocked the audience in 1969, to Kommilitonen!, first performed in 2011—and ten symphonies, written between 1973 and 2013.As a conductor, Davies was artistic director of the Dartington International Summer School from 1979 to 1984 and associate conductor/composer with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from 1992 to 2002, holding the latter position with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra as well.","title":"Peter Maxwell Davies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Borough_of_Salford"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gilbert and Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"The Gondoliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gondoliers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Children's Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Hour"},{"link_name":"Trevor Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Hill_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Violet Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Carson"},{"link_name":"Charles Groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Groves"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Leigh Boys Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_High_School_(Leigh)"},{"link_name":"University of Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Royal Manchester College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Manchester_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Royal Northern College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Hedwig Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_Stein"},{"link_name":"Harrison Birtwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle"},{"link_name":"Alexander Goehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Goehr"},{"link_name":"Elgar Howarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgar_Howarth"},{"link_name":"John Ogdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ogdon"},{"link_name":"New Music Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Music_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Goffredo Petrassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goffredo_Petrassi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cirencester Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirencester_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Harkness Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkness_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Aaron Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Roger Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Sessions"},{"link_name":"Milton Babbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Babbitt"},{"link_name":"Earl Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Kim"},{"link_name":"Elder Conservatorium of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Conservatorium_of_Music"},{"link_name":"University of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Davies was born in Holly Street, Langworthy, Salford, Lancashire, and lived in Trafford Road before moving to Wyville Drive in Swinton. He was the son of Thomas Davies, a manufacturer of optical instruments, and his wife Hilda, an amateur painter.[2][3] At age four, after being taken to a performance of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Gondoliers, he told his parents that he was going to be a composer.[4]He took piano lessons and composed from an early age. As a 14-year-old, he submitted a composition called Blue Ice to the radio programme Children's Hour in Manchester. BBC producer Trevor Hill showed it to resident singer and entertainer Violet Carson, who said, \"He's either quite brilliant or mad\". Conductor Charles Groves nodded his approval and said, \"I'd get him in\". Davies's rise to fame began under the careful mentorship of Hill, who made him the programme's resident composer and introduced him to various professional musicians both in the UK and Germany.[5]After attending Leigh Boys Grammar School, Davies studied at the University of Manchester and at the Royal Manchester College of Music (amalgamated into the Royal Northern College of Music in 1973), where one of his teachers was Hedwig Stein; his fellow students included Harrison Birtwistle, Alexander Goehr, Elgar Howarth and John Ogdon. Together they formed New Music Manchester, a group committed to contemporary music. After graduating in 1956, he studied on an Italian government scholarship for a year with Goffredo Petrassi in Rome.[6]In 1959, Davies became Director of Music at Cirencester Grammar School.[7] He left in 1962 after securing a Harkness Fellowship at Princeton University (with the help of Aaron Copland and Benjamin Britten);[8] there he studied with Roger Sessions, Milton Babbitt and Earl Kim. He then moved to Australia, where he was Composer in Residence at the Elder Conservatorium of Music, University of Adelaide, 1965–66.[9]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of music students by teacher: C to F § Peter Maxwell Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_C_to_F#Peter_Maxwell_Davies"},{"link_name":"Eight Songs for a Mad King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Songs_for_a_Mad_King"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"King George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_III"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Orkney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney"},{"link_name":"Hoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney"},{"link_name":"Sanday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanday,_Orkney"},{"link_name":"Kirkwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwall"},{"link_name":"St Magnus Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Magnus_Festival"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dartington International Summer School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartington_International_Summer_School"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"BBC Philharmonic Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Philharmonic_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Philharmonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonia"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Boston Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"music theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theatre"},{"link_name":"Scottish Chamber Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Chamber_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"music download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"Honorary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Making Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_Music_(National_Federation_of_Music_Societies)"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"Master of the Queen's Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_the_Queen%27s_Music"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Christ Church University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Christ_Church_University"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Honorary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"Homerton College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerton_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Heriot-Watt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"For Davies's notable students, see List of music students by teacher: C to F § Peter Maxwell Davies.Davies was known as an enfant terrible of the 1960s, whose music frequently shocked audiences and critics. One of his overtly theatrical and shocking pieces was Eight Songs for a Mad King (1969), in which he used \"musical parody\" by taking a canonical piece of music – Handel's Messiah – and subverting it to explore the periods of madness of King George III.[citation needed]In 1966 Davies returned to the United Kingdom and moved to the Orkney Islands, initially to Hoy in 1971, and later to Sanday. Orkney (particularly its capital, Kirkwall) hosts the St Magnus Festival, an arts festival founded by Davies in 1977. He frequently used the festival to premiere new works (often played by the local school orchestra).[10]Davies was artistic director of the Dartington International Summer School from 1979 to 1984. From 1992 to 2002 he was associate conductor/composer with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, a position he also held with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, and he has conducted a number of other prominent orchestras, including the Philharmonia, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. In 2000 Davies was Artist in Residence at the Barossa Music Festival when he presented some of his music theatre works and worked with students from the Barossa Spring Academy. Davies was also Composer Laureate of the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, for whom he wrote a series of ten Strathclyde Concertos.[11]Davies was one of the first classical composers to open a music download website, MaxOpus (in 1996).He was awarded a number of honorary doctorates, including Honorary Doctor of Music from Oxford University in July 2005. He had been President of Making Music (The National Federation of Music Societies) since 1989. Davies was made a CBE in 1981 and knighted in 1987. He was appointed Master of the Queen's Music in March 2004 but, in a break from the tradition of lifetime tenure, his appointment was limited to ten years. He was made a Freeman of the City of Salford August 2004. On 25 November 2006, he was appointed an Honorary Fellow of Canterbury Christ Church University at a service in Canterbury Cathedral. He was visiting professor of composition at the Royal Academy of Music,[12] and in 2009 became an Honorary Fellow of Homerton College, Cambridge.[13] Davies received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2002[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"whooper swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooper_swan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"civil partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_partnership_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sanday Light Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanday_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"2014 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Davies was known by friends and colleagues as \"Max\", after his middle name \"Maxwell\", and was openly homosexual throughout his adult life.Although he sometimes set sacred texts, Davies was an atheist.[15]In 2005 his house on Sanday was raided by police, who removed parts of a whooper swan (a protected species under the Wildlife and Countryside Act) which Davies had been planning to eat; he stated he had found the swan electrocuted beneath power lines.[16]In 2007, a controversy arose regarding an intended civil partnership with Davies' partner of five years, builder Colin Parkinson. They were told that the ceremony could not take place on the Sanday Light Railway.[17] The couple later abandoned their plans[18] but remained together until a break-up in 2012.[19]The same year, the composer's MaxOpus site became temporarily unavailable after the arrest in June 2007 of Michael Arnold (one of MaxOpus's directors) on fraud charges arising from money missing from Davies's business accounts.[20][21] In October 2008 Arnold and his wife Judith (Davies's former agent) were charged with the theft of almost £450,000.[22] In November 2009, Michael Arnold was sentenced to 18 months in jail on a charge of false accounting. Charges of stealing against the couple, to which both had pleaded not guilty, were dropped when the prosecution offered no evidence.[23][24] MaxOpus was relaunched earlier in 2009.Davies was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2014 New Year Honours for \"services to music\".[25][26] He died from leukaemia on 14 March 2016, aged 81, at his home in Orkney.[27]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campaign for Homosexual Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Homosexual_Equality"},{"link_name":"environmentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"The Yellow Cake Revue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yellow_Cake_Revue"},{"link_name":"cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Bron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Bron"},{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"instrumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental"},{"link_name":"interlude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interlude"},{"link_name":"Stromness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromness"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph1-28"},{"link_name":"republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"},{"link_name":"monarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchism"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph1-28"},{"link_name":"British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Songwriters,_Composers_and_Authors"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UBR-29"},{"link_name":"Incorporated Society of Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporated_Society_of_Musicians"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Davies was a life-long supporter of gay rights and a vice-president of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality.Davies had a keen interest in environmentalism. He wrote The Yellow Cake Revue, a collection of cabaret-style pieces that he performed with actress Eleanor Bron, in protest at plans to mine uranium ore in Orkney. It is from this suite of pieces that his famous instrumental chanson triste interlude Farewell to Stromness is taken. The slow, walking bass line that pervades the Farewell portrays the residents of the town of Stromness having to leave their homes as a result of uranium contamination. The Revue was first performed at the St Magnus Festival, in Orkney, by Bron, with the composer at the piano, in June 1980. Stromness, the second largest town in Orkney, would have been two miles from the uranium mine's core, and the centre most threatened by pollution, had the proposed development been approved.In the run-up to the Iraq War in 2003 he marched in protest, and he was an outspoken critic of the Labour governments of both Tony Blair and Gordon Brown.[28]Davies's appointment to the post of Master of the Queen's Music was initially controversial, as he had expressed republican views. However, he confirmed in 2010 that contact with the Queen had converted him to monarchism. He told The Daily Telegraph, \"I have come to realise that there is a lot to be said for the monarchy. It represents continuity, tradition and stability.\"[28]He was a member of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA)[29] and the Incorporated Society of Musicians.[30]","title":"Political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialism"},{"link_name":"plainsong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainsong"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"experimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_music"},{"link_name":"Georg Trakl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Trakl"},{"link_name":"Eight Songs for a Mad King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Songs_for_a_Mad_King"},{"link_name":"Taverner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taverner_(opera)"},{"link_name":"John Taverner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taverner"},{"link_name":"foxtrots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtrot_(dance)"},{"link_name":"pavane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavane"},{"link_name":"John Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bull_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Fires of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fires_of_London"},{"link_name":"George Mackay Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mackay_Brown"},{"link_name":"The Martyrdom of St Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martyrdom_of_St_Magnus"},{"link_name":"The Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lighthouse_(opera)"},{"link_name":"The Doctor of Myddfai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_of_Myddfai"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_(opera)"},{"link_name":"symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony"},{"link_name":"Strathclyde Concertos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathclyde_Concertos"},{"link_name":"Scottish Chamber Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Chamber_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"string quartets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_quartet"},{"link_name":"Maggini String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggini_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Naxos Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_Records"},{"link_name":"Naxos Quartets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_Quartets"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Orkney_Wedding,_with_Sunrise"},{"link_name":"bagpipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipes"},{"link_name":"Ken Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Russell"},{"link_name":"The Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devils_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Boy Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_Friend_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"The Proms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Proms"},{"link_name":"Nash Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"Wigmore Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigmore_Hall"},{"link_name":"Barbican Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbican_Hall"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Petroc Trelawny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroc_Trelawny"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Companion_of_Honour.jpg"}],"text":"Davies was a prolific composer who wrote in a variety of styles and idioms over his career, often combining disparate styles in one piece. Early works include the Trumpet Sonata (1955), written while he was at college, and his first orchestral work, Prolation (1958), written while under the tutelage of Petrassi. Early works often use serial techniques (for example Sinfonia for chamber orchestra, 1962), sometimes combined with Mediaeval and Renaissance compositional methods. Fragments of plainsong are often used as basic source material to be adapted and developed. His \"O Magnum Mysterium\" (1960)[31] features on several YouTube clips, and was, for some time, his most talked-about work.Pieces from the late 1960s take up these techniques and tend towards the experimental and to have a violent character. These include Revelation and Fall (based on a poem by Georg Trakl), the music theatre pieces Eight Songs for a Mad King and Vesalii Icones, and the opera Taverner. Taverner, again, shows an interest in Renaissance music, taking as its subject the composer John Taverner, and consisting of parts resembling Renaissance forms. The orchestral piece St Thomas Wake (1969) shows this interest and is a particularly obvious example of Davies's polystylism. It combines a suite of foxtrots (played by a twenties-style dance band), a pavane by John Bull and Davies' \"own\" music (the work is described by Davies as a \"Foxtrot for orchestra on a pavan by John Bull\"). Many works from this period were performed by the Pierrot Players, which Davies founded with Harrison Birtwistle in 1967; they were reformed as the Fires of London in 1970, then disbanded in 1987.After his move to Orkney, Davies often drew on Orcadian or more generally Scottish themes in his music, and has sometimes set the words of Orcadian writer George Mackay Brown. He has written a number of other operas, including The Martyrdom of St Magnus (1976), The Lighthouse (1980, his most popular opera), and The Doctor of Myddfai (1996). The ambitious, nihilistic parable Resurrection (1987), which includes parts for a rock band, was nearly twenty years in gestation.Davies was interested in classical forms, completing his first symphony in 1976. He wrote ten numbered symphonies – a symphonic cycle of the Symphonies Nos.1–7 (1976–2000), a Symphony No. 8 titled the Antarctic (2000), a Ninth Symphony (premiered on 9 June 2012 by the Royal Liverpool Symphony Orchestra), a Tenth Symphony (see below), a Sinfonia Concertante (1982), as well as the series of ten Strathclyde Concertos for various instruments (pieces born out of his association with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, 1987–1996). In 2002, he began work on a series of string quartets for the Maggini String Quartet to record on Naxos Records (the Naxos Quartets). The whole series was completed in 2007, and was viewed by the composer as a \"novel in ten chapters\".[32]Davies's lighter orchestral works have included Mavis in Las Vegas (a title inspired by a Las Vegas hotelier's mishearing of \"Maxwell Davies\" and registering him as \"Mavis\"[33]) and An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise (which features the bagpipes), as well as a number of theatre pieces for children and a good deal of music with educational purposes. Additionally he wrote the scores for Ken Russell's films The Devils and The Boy Friend. His Violin Concerto No. 2 received its UK premiere on 8 September 2009 (the composer's 75th birthday) in the Royal Albert Hall, London, as part of the 2009 season of The Proms.On 13 October 2009, his string sextet The Last Island was first performed by the Nash Ensemble at Wigmore Hall in a 75th birthday concert for the composer. His Symphony No. 10 had its world premiere at the Barbican Hall, London on 2 February 2014.[34]Throstle's Nest Junction, opus 181 (1996), and A Spell for Green Corn – The MacDonald Dances both had their London premiere at the BBC's Maida Vale studios, broadcast live on Radio 3 with the composer's participation on 19 June 2014, in celebration of his 80th birthday. The music was played by the BBC Symphony Orchestra, and presented by Petroc Trelawny.[35]Insignia of C.H.The last months of his life, as he struggled with terminal illness, showed continuing creative power and energy. There was The Hogboon (op. 335, a children's opera), the epiphany carol A Torrent of Gold, and the short choral work The Golden Solstice. He was working on a String Quartet (op.338) at the time of his death; only the first movement was completed.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrison Birtwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle"},{"link_name":"Pierrot Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierrot_Players"},{"link_name":"Hoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoy,_Orkney"},{"link_name":"St Magnus Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Magnus_Festival"},{"link_name":"Strathclyde Concertos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathclyde_Concertos"},{"link_name":"Scottish Chamber Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Chamber_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"cycle of ten string quartets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_Quartets"},{"link_name":"Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_Records"},{"link_name":"Master of the Queen's Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_the_Queen%27s_Music"},{"link_name":"Honorary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"Homerton College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerton_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Royal Philharmonic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Career highlights","text":"1953–58 – studied in Manchester and Rome.\n1967 – together with Harrison Birtwistle, founded the contemporary music touring ensemble the Pierrot Players (later renamed The Fires of London).\n1971 – moved to Hoy in the Orkney Islands.\n1977 – founded the St Magnus Festival.\n1987 – knighted.\n1987–96 – wrote the ten Strathclyde Concertos for the Scottish Chamber Orchestra.\n2001–07 – wrote a cycle of ten string quartets, commissioned by Naxos.\n2004 – appointed Master of the Queen's Music.\n2005 – the Honorary Doctorate of Music conferred by the University of Oxford.\n2008 – became Patron of the Manchester University Music Society (MUMS).\n2009 – became an Honorary Fellow of Homerton College, Cambridge.[36]\n2014 – appointed to the Order of Companions of Honour.\n2015 – awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society.[37]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worldes Blis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldes_Blis"},{"link_name":"Eight Songs for a Mad King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Songs_for_a_Mad_King"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Davies)"},{"link_name":"The Martyrdom of St Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martyrdom_of_St_Magnus"},{"link_name":"chamber opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_opera"},{"link_name":"The Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lighthouse_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Davies)"},{"link_name":"The Yellow Cake Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yellow_Cake_Review"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Davies)"},{"link_name":"An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Orkney_Wedding,_with_Sunrise"},{"link_name":"Isaac Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Stern"},{"link_name":"Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_Concerto_(Davies)"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Davies)"},{"link_name":"Caroline Mathilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Mathilde_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Strathclyde Concerto No. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathclyde_Concertos"},{"link_name":"Strathclyde Concerto No. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathclyde_Concertos"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Davies)"},{"link_name":"The Doctor of Myddfai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doctor_of_Myddfai"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Davies)"},{"link_name":"Mr Emmet Takes a Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Emmet_Takes_a_Walk"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Davies)"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Davies)"},{"link_name":"Naxos Quartets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_Quartets"},{"link_name":"Kommilitonen!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommilitonen!"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Davies)"},{"link_name":"Symphony No. 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._10_(Davies)"}],"text":"First Taverner Fantasia (1962)\nSecond Taverner Fantasia (1964)\nRevelation and Fall (1966)\nWorldes Blis (1966–69)\nSt Thomas Wake (1969)\nEight Songs for a Mad King (1968; for singer/narrator/actor and chamber ensemble)\nMissa super l'homme armé (1968, rev. 1971; for male or female speaker or singer and ensemble)\nStone Litany (1973)\nAve Maris Stella (1975; chamber ensemble)\nThe Door of the Sun for Viola Solo, J.132 (1975)\nSymphony No. 1 (1973–76; orchestra)\nThe Martyrdom of St Magnus (1977; chamber opera)\nThe Lighthouse (1979; chamber opera)\nBlack Pentecost (1979; for mezzo-soprano, baritone, & orchestra)\nCinderella (1980; children's opera)\nSymphony No. 2 (1980)\nThe Yellow Cake Review (1980), including Farewell to Stromness\nImage, Reflection, Shadow (1982; ensemble)\nSymphony No. 3 (1984)\nAn Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise (1985; orchestra)\nConcerto for Violin and Orchestra (1985; dedicated to Isaac Stern who gave the first performance on 21 June 1986 at the St. Magnus Festival in the Orkney Islands)\nConcerto for Trumpet and Orchestra (1988)\nSymphony No. 4 (1989)\nCaroline Mathilde (1991; ballet)\nStrathclyde Concerto No. 3 for horn, trumpet, and symphony orchestra, (German Premiere: Markus Wittgens, horn / Otto Sauter, trumpet / Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Bremen / Conductor: Peter Maxwell Davies – Bremen) (1994)\nStrathclyde Concerto No. 5 for violin, viola, and string orchestra, J.245 (1991)\nA Spell for Green Corn: The MacDonald Dances (1993; violin, orchestra)\nSymphony No. 5 (1994)\nThe Doctor of Myddfai (1996; opera)\nSymphony No. 6 (1996)\nConcerto for Piccolo and Orchestra (1996, opus 182)\nJob (1997; singers, orchestra)\nMr Emmet Takes a Walk (2000; chamber opera)\nSymphony No. 7 (2000)\nSymphony No. 8 (Antarctic Symphony) (2001)\nNaxos Quartets (2001–2007; string quartet)\nHomerton (2010; for the choir of Homerton College, Cambridge)\nKommilitonen! (2011; opera)\nSymphony No. 9 (2012)\nSymphony No. 10 (Alla ricerca di Borromini) (2013)","title":"Selected compositions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Unicorn-Kanchana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorn-Kanchana"}],"text":"Naxos Quartets – Maggini Quartet – Naxos 5-CD set 8.505225[38]\nMass; Missa parvula; two organ pieces; two motets – Hyperion CDA67454[39]\nMagnificat and Nunc Dimittis and O Sacrum Convivium – Delphian DCD34037\nSymphonies 1–6 – BBC Philharmonic, Scottish Chamber Orchestra, Philharmonia, Royal Philharmonic / composer – Collins Classics\nAve Maris Stella; Image, Reflection, Shadow; Runes from a Holy Island – Fires of London / composer – Unicorn-Kanchana","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encounters with British Composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4QU3CwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Boydell & Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78327-070-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-070-5"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.7722/j.ctt1814gv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt1814gv6"},{"link_name":"Payne, Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Payne"},{"link_name":"Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0040298200033337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040298200033337"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"943722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/943722"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145764346","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145764346"}],"text":"Palmer, Andrew (2015). Encounters with British Composers. Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-78327-070-5. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt1814gv6.\nPayne, Anthony (Spring 1965). \"Peter Maxwell Davies's Five Motets\". Tempo (72). Cambridge University Press: 7–11. doi:10.1017/S0040298200033337. JSTOR 943722. S2CID 145764346.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Insignia of C.H.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Companion_of_Honour.jpg/100px-Companion_of_Honour.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Dunnett, Roderic (August 2009). \"Life & Career – Sir Peter Maxwell Davies\". Maxopus.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072846/http://www.maxopus.com/life_career.aspx","url_text":"\"Life & Career – Sir Peter Maxwell Davies\""},{"url":"http://www.maxopus.com/life_career.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maxwell Davies, Peter\". Classical Music. Retrieved 30 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.classical-music.com/composers/peter-maxwell-davies-4/","url_text":"\"Maxwell Davies, Peter\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio 3 Live in Concert\". BBC. Retrieved 22 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03vd8vp","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 3 Live in Concert\""}]},{"reference":"Gaster, Adrian (1980). International Who's Who in Music. Cambridge : Melrose Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0900332517.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900332517","url_text":"978-0900332517"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Peter Maxwell Davies\". The Guardian. 19 June 2004. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/jun/19/classicalmusicandopera.proms2004","url_text":"\"Profile: Peter Maxwell Davies\""}]},{"reference":"Gaster, Adrian (1980). International Who's Who in Music. Cambridge : Melrose Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0900332517.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900332517","url_text":"978-0900332517"}]},{"reference":"\"Orkney Music Festival Menu\". Aberdeen Press and Journal. 7 November 1988. p. 23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Peter Maxwell Davies Biography\". Boosey & Hawkes, Inc. Retrieved 14 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?composerid=2695&ttype=BIOGRAPHY&ttitle=Biography/","url_text":"\"Peter Maxwell Davies Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staff list\". Royal Academy of Music. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111001125215/http://www.ram.ac.uk/staff-list","url_text":"\"Staff list\""},{"url":"http://www.ram.ac.uk/staff-list","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"College Notices – Cambridge University Reporter 6160\". University of Cambridge. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2009-10/weekly/6160/section15.shtml#heading2-52","url_text":"\"College Notices – Cambridge University Reporter 6160\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh & Scottish Borders: Annual Review 2002\". www1.hw.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413145419/http://www1.hw.ac.uk/annual-review/2002/people.htm#4","url_text":"\"Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh & Scottish Borders: Annual Review 2002\""},{"url":"http://www1.hw.ac.uk/annual-review/2002/people.htm#4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Peter's taste for swan has him fall foul of law \| The Scotsman\". 19 March 2005. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707170504/https://www.scotsman.com/news/sir-peters-taste-swan-has-him-fall-foul-law-2473713","url_text":"\"Sir Peter's taste for swan has him fall foul of law \| The Scotsman\""},{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/sir-peters-taste-swan-has-him-fall-foul-law-2473713","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Orkney Council moves to quell civil partnerships row\". PinkNews \| LGBT+ news. 8 January 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2007/01/08/orkney-council-moves-to-quell-civil-partnerships-row/","url_text":"\"Orkney Council moves to quell civil partnerships row\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orkney composer cancels ceremony plans\". PinkNews \| LGBT+ news. 11 January 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2007/01/11/orkney-composer-cancels-ceremony-plans/","url_text":"\"Orkney composer cancels ceremony plans\""}]},{"reference":"Hewett, Ivan (14 March 2016). \"Sir Peter Maxwell Davies obituary\". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/mar/14/sir-peter-maxwell-davies-obituary","url_text":"\"Sir Peter Maxwell Davies obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Husband of Peter Maxwell Davies's Manager Arrested in Connection with Disappearance of £500,000\". Playbillarts.com. 22 May 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbillarts.com/news/article/6528.html","url_text":"\"Husband of Peter Maxwell Davies's Manager Arrested in Connection with Disappearance of £500,000\""}]},{"reference":"Coren, Victoria (2009). For Richer, For Poorer: A Love Affair with Poker. Canongate.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brown, David (29 October 2008). \"Former managers stole 450000 from Master of the Queens Music\". The Times. London, UK. Retrieved 22 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5033657.ece","url_text":"\"Former managers stole 450000 from Master of the Queens Music\""}]},{"reference":"Pierce, Andrew (8 September 2009). \"Former manager of Queen's composer Sir Peter Maxwell Davies admits Â£5000,000 false accounting\". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 25 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/6157120/Former-manager-of-Queens-composer-Sir-Peter-Maxwell-Davies-admits-5000000-false-accounting.html","url_text":"\"Former manager of Queen's composer Sir Peter Maxwell Davies admits Â£5000,000 false accounting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60728\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2013. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60728/supplement/5","url_text":"\"No. 60728\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"New Year's Honours: Lansbury and Keith become dames\". BBC News. 31 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25550751","url_text":"\"New Year's Honours: Lansbury and Keith become dames\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Peter Maxwell Davies CH CBE (1934–2016)\". Intermusica. Retrieved 14 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://intermusica.co.uk/news/1613","url_text":"\"Sir Peter Maxwell Davies CH CBE (1934–2016)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Maxwell Davies says Queen has converted him to a monarchist\". The Telegraph. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/7741318/Peter-Maxwell-Davies-says-Queen-has-converted-him-to-a-monarchist.html","url_text":"\"Peter Maxwell Davies says Queen has converted him to a monarchist\""}]},{"reference":"Founder of UBR (18 May 2009). \"British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors\". The Unsigned band review. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520023122/http://www.unsignedbandreview.com/british-academy-of-songwriters-composers-and-authors.html","url_text":"\"British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors\""},{"url":"http://www.unsignedbandreview.com/british-academy-of-songwriters-composers-and-authors.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cog Design. \"ISM Incorporated Society of Musicians – Incorporated Society of Musicians\". ISM. Retrieved 22 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ism.org/","url_text":"\"ISM Incorporated Society of Musicians – Incorporated Society of Musicians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review\". Gramophone. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gramophone.co.uk/reviews/review","url_text":"\"Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gramophone review – Mavis in Las Vegas\". Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/maxwell-davies-mavis-in-las-vegas","url_text":"\"Gramophone review – Mavis in Las Vegas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Peter Maxwell Davies World Premiere\". London Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 22 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://lso.co.uk/sir-peter-maxwell-davies-world-premiere","url_text":"\"Sir Peter Maxwell Davies World Premiere\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC SO – Peter Maxwell Davies Studio Concert\". Retrieved 15 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b046cryx","url_text":"\"BBC SO – Peter Maxwell Davies Studio Concert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Maxwell Davies awarded RPS Gold Medal\". Royal Philharmonic Society. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalphilharmonicsociety.org.uk/index.php/rps_today/news/peter_maxwell_davies_awarded_rps_gold_medal","url_text":"\"Peter Maxwell Davies awarded RPS Gold Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Naxos Quartets\". Naxos.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.505225","url_text":"\"Naxos Quartets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Missa parvula; two organ pieces; two motets\". Chesternovello.com. Retrieved 22 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2441&State_2934=2&discId_2934=797","url_text":"\"Missa parvula; two organ pieces; two motets\""}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Andrew (2015). Encounters with British Composers. Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-78327-070-5. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt1814gv6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4QU3CwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Encounters with British Composers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer","url_text":"Boydell & Brewer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78327-070-5","url_text":"978-1-78327-070-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt1814gv6","url_text":"10.7722/j.ctt1814gv6"}]},{"reference":"Payne, Anthony (Spring 1965). \"Peter Maxwell Davies's Five Motets\". Tempo (72). Cambridge University Press: 7–11. doi:10.1017/S0040298200033337. JSTOR 943722. S2CID 145764346.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Payne","url_text":"Payne, Anthony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(journal)","url_text":"Tempo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040298200033337","url_text":"10.1017/S0040298200033337"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/943722","url_text":"943722"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145764346","url_text":"145764346"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Maxwell Davies (biography, works, resources)\" (in French and English). IRCAM.","urls":[{"url":"https://brahms.ircam.fr/composers/composer/1047/","url_text":"\"Peter Maxwell Davies (biography, works, resources)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM","url_text":"IRCAM"}]},{"reference":"\"Archival material relating to Peter Maxwell Davies\". UK National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F69357","url_text":"\"Archival material relating to Peter Maxwell Davies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"UK National Archives"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072846/http://www.maxopus.com/life_career.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Life & Career – Sir Peter Maxwell Davies\""},{"Link":"http://www.maxopus.com/life_career.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/music-theatre3.html","external_links_name":"Sir Peter Maxwell Davies CBE"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071103014744/http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/celebs/music-theatre3.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.classical-music.com/composers/peter-maxwell-davies-4/","external_links_name":"\"Maxwell Davies, Peter\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03vd8vp","external_links_name":"\"BBC Radio 3 Live in Concert\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/jun/19/classicalmusicandopera.proms2004","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Peter Maxwell Davies\""},{"Link":"http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?composerid=2695&ttype=BIOGRAPHY&ttitle=Biography/","external_links_name":"\"Peter Maxwell Davies Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111001125215/http://www.ram.ac.uk/staff-list","external_links_name":"\"Staff list\""},{"Link":"http://www.ram.ac.uk/staff-list","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2009-10/weekly/6160/section15.shtml#heading2-52","external_links_name":"\"College Notices – Cambridge University Reporter 6160\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413145419/http://www1.hw.ac.uk/annual-review/2002/people.htm#4","external_links_name":"\"Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh & Scottish Borders: Annual Review 2002\""},{"Link":"http://www1.hw.ac.uk/annual-review/2002/people.htm#4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707170504/https://www.scotsman.com/news/sir-peters-taste-swan-has-him-fall-foul-law-2473713","external_links_name":"\"Sir Peter's taste for swan has him fall foul of law \| The Scotsman\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/sir-peters-taste-swan-has-him-fall-foul-law-2473713","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2007/01/08/orkney-council-moves-to-quell-civil-partnerships-row/","external_links_name":"\"Orkney Council moves to quell civil partnerships row\""},{"Link":"https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2007/01/11/orkney-composer-cancels-ceremony-plans/","external_links_name":"\"Orkney composer cancels ceremony plans\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/mar/14/sir-peter-maxwell-davies-obituary","external_links_name":"\"Sir Peter Maxwell Davies obituary\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbillarts.com/news/article/6528.html","external_links_name":"\"Husband of Peter Maxwell Davies's Manager Arrested in Connection with Disappearance of £500,000\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5033657.ece","external_links_name":"\"Former managers stole 450000 from Master of the Queens Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/6157120/Former-manager-of-Queens-composer-Sir-Peter-Maxwell-Davies-admits-5000000-false-accounting.html","external_links_name":"\"Former manager of Queen's composer Sir Peter Maxwell Davies admits Â£5000,000 false accounting\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60728/supplement/5","external_links_name":"\"No. 60728\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25550751","external_links_name":"\"New Year's Honours: Lansbury and Keith become dames\""},{"Link":"http://intermusica.co.uk/news/1613","external_links_name":"\"Sir Peter Maxwell Davies CH CBE (1934–2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/7741318/Peter-Maxwell-Davies-says-Queen-has-converted-him-to-a-monarchist.html","external_links_name":"\"Peter Maxwell Davies says Queen has converted him to a monarchist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520023122/http://www.unsignedbandreview.com/british-academy-of-songwriters-composers-and-authors.html","external_links_name":"\"British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors\""},{"Link":"http://www.unsignedbandreview.com/british-academy-of-songwriters-composers-and-authors.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ism.org/","external_links_name":"\"ISM Incorporated Society of Musicians – Incorporated Society of Musicians\""},{"Link":"https://www.gramophone.co.uk/reviews/review","external_links_name":"\"Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.canterbury.ac.uk/arts-humanities/Music/SirPeter/NaxosStringQuartets/Home.aspx","external_links_name":"Information on the Naxos Quartets from Canterbury Christ Church University, including detailed information on Nos. 1 and 8"},{"Link":"http://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/maxwell-davies-mavis-in-las-vegas","external_links_name":"\"Gramophone review – Mavis in Las Vegas\""},{"Link":"http://lso.co.uk/sir-peter-maxwell-davies-world-premiere","external_links_name":"\"Sir Peter Maxwell Davies World Premiere\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b046cryx","external_links_name":"\"BBC SO – Peter Maxwell Davies Studio Concert\""},{"Link":"http://www.homerton.cam.ac.uk/pdf/homertonian.pdf","external_links_name":"The Homertonian"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070625064110/http://www.homerton.cam.ac.uk/pdf/homertonian.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://royalphilharmonicsociety.org.uk/index.php/rps_today/news/peter_maxwell_davies_awarded_rps_gold_medal","external_links_name":"\"Peter Maxwell Davies awarded RPS Gold Medal\""},{"Link":"http://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.505225","external_links_name":"\"Naxos Quartets\""},{"Link":"http://www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2441&State_2934=2&discId_2934=797","external_links_name":"\"Missa parvula; two organ pieces; two motets\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4QU3CwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Encounters with British Composers"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt1814gv6","external_links_name":"10.7722/j.ctt1814gv6"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040298200033337","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0040298200033337"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/943722","external_links_name":"943722"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145764346","external_links_name":"145764346"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031002030840/http://www.maxopus.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vneq5u1TRlc","external_links_name":"Peter Maxwell Davies: Miss Donnithorne's Maggot"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oy5pByCySm4&t=18m17s","external_links_name":"Peter Maxwell Davies: Farewell to Stromness, arr. Timothy Walker"},{"Link":"http://arts.guardian.co.uk/proms2004/story/0,,1257047,00.html","external_links_name":"A portrait in words"},{"Link":"http://www.schott-music.com/shop/persons/az/4482/","external_links_name":"The Profile Page of Sir Peter Maxwell Davies at Schott Music ltd"},{"Link":"http://www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2431&State_2905=2&composerId_2905=1020","external_links_name":"Sir Peter Maxwell Davies's homepage at Chester Music"},{"Link":"http://www.bruceduffie.com/pmd.html","external_links_name":"Peter Maxwell Davies interview with Bruce Duffie"},{"Link":"http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?site-lang=en&composerid=2695&ttype=SNAPSHOT&ttitle=Snapshot","external_links_name":"Peter Maxwell Davies at Boosey & Hawkes"},{"Link":"https://brahms.ircam.fr/composers/composer/1047/","external_links_name":"\"Peter Maxwell Davies (biography, works, resources)\""},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F69357","external_links_name":"\"Archival material relating to Peter Maxwell Davies\""},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp06061","external_links_name":"Portraits of Sir Peter Maxwell Davies"},{"Link":"http://www.cdmc.asso.fr/en/ressources/compositeurs/biographies/maxwell-davies-peter-1934","external_links_name":"Peter Maxwell Davies' biography"},{"Link":"http://www.cdmc.asso.fr/en","external_links_name":"Cdmc"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/oct/29/classicalmusicandopera.shopping4","external_links_name":"Maxwell Davies: Revelation & Fall; Leopardi Fragments; Five Pieces Op 2; Birtwistle: Tragoedia, Ogdon/ Thomas/ Philips/Pierrot Players/ Melos Ensemble/ Carewe/ Davies/ Foster"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52851/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120273020","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/64271053","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmpc78yhRd43Fj8vV97HC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90227734","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1178750","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14789354h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14789354h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118679031","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V075511","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260263705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000186256","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80040337","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/wt79b25f16h1k34","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000066621&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01064323","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601281&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36172558","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069485488","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810605157105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08189705?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"http://brahms.ircam.fr/sir-peter-maxwell-davies","external_links_name":"BRAHMS"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/db16dadb-0024-4758-b35e-111ca52c53ea","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118679031.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1223808","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/30010715","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wd4569","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/080006612","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C5%A1tani	Peštani	["1 History","2 Demographics","3 References"]	Coordinates: 41°00′N 20°48′E / 41.000°N 20.800°E / 41.000; 20.800Village in the municipality of Ohrid, North Macedonia For the village in Prilep Municipality, see Peštani, Prilep. Place in Southwestern, North MacedoniaPeštani ПештаниPeštani and surrounding area as seen from GaličicaPeštaniLocation within North MacedoniaCoordinates: 41°00′55″N 20°48′39″E / 41.01528°N 20.81083°E / 41.01528; 20.81083Country North MacedoniaRegion SouthwesternMunicipality OhridPopulation (2002) • Total1,326Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) Peštani (Macedonian: Пештани) is a village in the municipality of Ohrid, North Macedonia, located 12 kilometres south of the city of Ohrid. It is a popular beachside town along Lake Ohrid and lies at the foot of Galičica National Park. Originally a fishing village, it now gets most of its income from tourism. History At the beginning of the 20th century the village was a homestead owned by a landlord. The houses of the natives were built on his land and that is why they paid an annual fee of 13 groschen per house and a certain amount of firewood. The "La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne" survey by Dimitar Mishev (D. Brankov) concluded that the Christian part of the local population in 1905 was composed of 720 Bulgarian Exarchists. There was a Bulgarian school in the beginning of 20th century. Demographics Traditionally Peštani is inhabited by Orthodox Macedonians and in the Ottoman period by a small Turkish minority. In statistics gathered by Vasil Kanchov in 1900, the village of Peštani was inhabited by 560 Bulgarian Christians and 50 Muslim Bulgarians. The chief Bulgarian teacher in the region of Ohrid, Yakim Derebanov wrote in his report from 1905 that there were 110 Bulgarian houses in the village, inhabited by 640 Bulgarian Christians and 16 Turkish houses, inhabited by 70 Turks-Muslims. There was a tendency for emigration of the local Turks. By 1920, the Turks of Peštani (Turkish: Peştan) sold their houses and fields, some arable, moving to Ohrid where a few families live today known as Peştanlı. Elderly inhabitants of Peštani relate that the Turks of the village were not Islamised Slavs or Albanians, but of pure Ottoman Turkish stock and local traditions are absent about any Islamisation of local Slavic population. According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 1,326 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include: Macedonians 1319 Serbs 1 Others 6 Panorama of Peštani. References ^ Known locally in the Ohrid dialect as Peščani (Пешчани) ^ Из рапорт на главния учител Ян. Деребанов за ревизията на селските училища в Охридско и Стружко, съдържащ сведения за населението и неговия поминък, в: Етнография на Македония. Извори и материали в два тома, т. 2, София 1992, с. 29 (A report by the chief teacher, Y. Derebanov on the revision of the rural schools in the regions of Ohrid and Struga, containing information on the population and its livelihood, in: Ethnography of Macedonia. Sources and materials in two volumes, vol. 2, Sofia 1992, p. 29.) - "Селото е чифлик. Къщите са построени на чужда земя, за което плащат годишно по 13 гроша и един съжен дърва на къща". ^ D.M.Brancoff. "La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne". Paris, 1905, pp. 162-163. Accessed 30 January 2018 (in French) ^ a b c Wrocławski, Krzysztof (1979). Македонскиот народен раскажувач Димо Стенкоски. Институт за фолклор. p. 74. "Денеска во Охридско живеат неколку турски семејства познати како Пештанлии. Тие се, имено, преселници од селото. По 1920 год. нема во Пештани „Турци" староседелци. Напуштајќи го селото, муслиманите ги продале куќите и полињата. Главниот дел од обработливата земја ја откупило семејството Зимоски, понапрешни месни богаташи.... Слично како и другите постари жители на селото, така и Зимоски тврди дека Пештанските муслимани биле чистокрвни османлиски Турци, а не биле потурчени Словени или пак Албанци. Потврда за потурчување на месните жители најверојатно би се зачувала во усната традиција." ^ Vasil Kanchov (1900). Macedonia: Ethnography and Statistics. Sofia. p. 252. ^ Етнография на Македония. Извори и материали в два тома, т. 2, София 1992, с. 29 (Ethnography of Macedonia. Sources and materials in two volumes, vol. 2, Sofia 1992, p. 29.) - "Селото има 110 къщи с 640 д. бълг.-християнско население и 16 къщи със 70 д. турско-мохамеданско население...Турците от някое време насам почнали да напускат селото и да продават имуществата си на българите...". ^ a b Macedonian Census (2002), Book 5 - Total population according to the Ethnic Affiliation, Mother Tongue and Religion, The State Statistical Office, Skopje, 2002, p. 151. 41°00′N 20°48′E / 41.000°N 20.800°E / 41.000; 20.800 vteOhrid MunicipalityCities Ohrid Villages Dolno Konjsko Dolno Lakočerej Elešec Elšani Gorno Lakočerej Konjsko Kosel Kuratica Lagadin Leskoec Livoišta Ljubaništa Naselba Istok Openica Orman Peštani Plakje Rača Ramne Rasino Rečica Šipokno Sirula Skrebatno Sveti Stefan Sviništa Trpejca Vapila Velestovo Velgošti Zavoj	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peštani, Prilep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C5%A1tani,_Prilep"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid_Municipality"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Lake Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Galičica National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gali%C4%8Dica"}],"text":"Village in the municipality of Ohrid, North MacedoniaFor the village in Prilep Municipality, see Peštani, Prilep.Place in Southwestern, North MacedoniaPeštani (Macedonian: Пештани)[1] is a village in the municipality of Ohrid, North Macedonia, located 12 kilometres south of the city of Ohrid. It is a popular beachside town along Lake Ohrid and lies at the foot of Galičica National Park. Originally a fishing village, it now gets most of its income from tourism.","title":"Peštani"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"groschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groschen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Exarchists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"At the beginning of the 20th century the village was a homestead owned by a landlord. The houses of the natives were built on his land and that is why they paid an annual fee of 13 groschen per house and a certain amount of firewood.[2]The \"La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne\" survey by Dimitar Mishev (D. Brankov) concluded that the Christian part of the local population in 1905 was composed of 720 Bulgarian Exarchists. There was a Bulgarian school in the beginning of 20th century.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wroc%C5%82awski74-4"},{"link_name":"Vasil Kanchov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Kanchov"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_(Bulgarians)"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wroc%C5%82awski74-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wroc%C5%82awski74-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statisticaloffice-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statisticaloffice-7"},{"link_name":"Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PestaniPanorama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PestaniPanorama.jpg"}],"text":"Traditionally Peštani is inhabited by Orthodox Macedonians[citation needed] and in the Ottoman period by a small Turkish minority.[4]In statistics gathered by Vasil Kanchov in 1900, the village of Peštani was inhabited by 560 Bulgarian Christians and 50 Muslim Bulgarians.[5] The chief Bulgarian teacher in the region of Ohrid, Yakim Derebanov wrote in his report from 1905 that there were 110 Bulgarian houses in the village, inhabited by 640 Bulgarian Christians and 16 Turkish houses, inhabited by 70 Turks-Muslims. There was a tendency for emigration of the local Turks.[6]By 1920, the Turks of Peštani (Turkish: Peştan) sold their houses and fields, some arable, moving to Ohrid where a few families live today known as Peştanlı.[4] Elderly inhabitants of Peštani relate that the Turks of the village were not Islamised Slavs or Albanians, but of pure Ottoman Turkish stock and local traditions are absent about any Islamisation of local Slavic population.[4]According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 1,326 inhabitants.[7] Ethnic groups in the village include:[7]Macedonians 1319\nSerbs 1\nOthers 6Panorama of Peštani.","title":"Demographics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Wrocławski, Krzysztof (1979). Македонскиот народен раскажувач Димо Стенкоски. Институт за фолклор. p. 74.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a2_YAAAAMAAJ&dq=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8&q=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8+","url_text":"Македонскиот народен раскажувач Димо Стенкоски"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pe%C5%A1tani&params=41_00_N_20_48_E_region:MK_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"41°00′N 20°48′E / 41.000°N 20.800°E / 41.000; 20.800"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pe%C5%A1tani&params=41_00_55_N_20_48_39_E_region:MK_type:city(1326)","external_links_name":"41°00′55″N 20°48′39″E / 41.01528°N 20.81083°E / 41.01528; 20.81083"},{"Link":"http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/php/pdf_pager.php?filename=%2Fvar%2Fwww%2Fanemi-portal%2Fmetadata%2F6%2F9%2F5%2Fattached-metadata-5d3c137498cf87397083652dec9dfdac_1242889374%2F154547_w.pdf&rec=&do=&width=1031&height=728&pagestart=1&maxpage=141&lang=en&pageno=86&pagenotop=86&pagenobottom=87","external_links_name":"D.M.Brancoff. \"La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne\". Paris, 1905, pp. 162-163."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a2_YAAAAMAAJ&dq=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8&q=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8+","external_links_name":"Македонскиот народен раскажувач Димо Стенкоски"},{"Link":"http://www.promacedonia.org/vk/vk_2_39.htm","external_links_name":"Macedonia: Ethnography and Statistics"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.mk/publikacii/knigaX.pdf","external_links_name":"Book 5 - Total population according to the Ethnic Affiliation, Mother Tongue and Religion"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pe%C5%A1tani&params=41_00_N_20_48_E_region:MK_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"41°00′N 20°48′E / 41.000°N 20.800°E / 41.000; 20.800"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shree_Venkatesh_Films	Shree Venkatesh Films	["1 Background","2 Film production","3 Digital cinema","4 Television","5 OTT platform","6 Awards","7 Music videos and movies","8 Films","9 TV shows","10 References","11 External links"]	Indian media and entertainment company This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) SVF Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.SVF LogoSVF's co-founder Shri Mahendra Soni (right) receives the Silver Peacock Best Director award for the Bengali film 'Apur Panchali', at the 44th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2013)Company typeMedia and Entertainment CompanyFounded1995FounderShrikant MohtaMahendra SoniHeadquartersKolkata, West Bengal, IndiaKey peopleShrikant MohtaMahendra Soni Vishnu MohtaSubsidiaries SVF Films SVF Television SVF Music SVF Cinemas SVF Distribution SVF Brands SVF Devotional SVF Stories SVF Talent SVF Digital Cinema SVF Movies SVF Bharat Sangeet Bangla Hoichoi Hoichoi Studios WebsiteSVF SVF Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. is an Indian film production and distribution company, founded by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni in 1995. Apart from producing and distributing Bengali films in West Bengal, Bangladesh, Assam and Tripura, SVF also distributes Bollywood and Hollywood films in East India. The other divisions of the company include Exhibition, TV Content Production, Digital Cinema, Music, New Media and IPR syndication. SVF was in Anandabazar Patrika's powerlist for 2008 and 2010. Background SVF Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. was founded in 1995 by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni. They started off as distributors of Hindi films like Bekaar Ka Number, Khamoshi in Eastern India. Their first film production is in 1996, Bhai Amar Bhai starring Prosenjit Chatterjee and Chiranjeet Chakraborty and directed by Swapan Saha which became a blockbuster. Later, they produced the Prosenjit Chatterjee starrer Sasurbari Zindabad in 2000 which became the highest-grossing Bengali movie until then. They followed it up with successful films like Sathi (2002), I Love You (2007), Chirodini ...Tumi Je Aamar (2008) etc. Along with commercial entertainers they have also backed experimental films by directors like Rituparno Ghosh, Kaushik Ganguly, Srijit Mukherji, Sandip Ray and Dhrubo Banerjee. In the film entertainment space, SVF has the following divisions: Production, Television, Distribution, Music, Digital Cinema, Exhibition and New Media. Film production SVF Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. is one of the biggest integrated production houses in Eastern India. So far it has produced more than 160 films including National Award winning films like Memories in March, Chokher Bali, Raincoat, Chotoder Chobi, Ek Je Chhilo Raja, Gumnaami etc.; blockbusters like Sasurbari Zindabad, Sathi, Minister Fatakeshto, Champion, Jackpot, Chirodini Tumi Je Amar, Paran Jai Jaliya Re, Josh, Awara, Guptodhoner Sondhane, Ek Je Chhilo Raja, Durgeshgorer Guptodhon, Chander Pahar, Amazon Obhijaan, Karnasubarner Guptodhon and many others. It has also produced critically acclaimed films like Autograph, Iti Mrinalini, Memories in March, Baishe Srabon, Hemlock Society, Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish, Uma, Byomkesh Gotro, Guptodhoner Sondhane, Durgeshgorer Guptodhon, Golondaaj and many others. Digital cinema In January 2008, SVF Entertainment Pvt Ltd. entered a partnership with Real Image Media Technologies to bring their Qube Digital Cinema technology to Eastern India. Television In the television space, SVF has co-promoted Media Worldwide Limited and its four leading channels: Music India, Sangeet Bangla, Sangeet Bhojpuri, Sangeet Marathi and Music India UK. The company has also produced prime-time shows for Zee Bangla, Star Jalsha, Colors Bangla, Rupashi Bangla, Mahua Bangla, Sananda TV. Some of the popular shows include Trinayani, Bojhena Se Bojhena, Goyenda Ginni, Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena, Behula, Durga, Bandhan, I Love You, Sindoorkhela, Janmantar, Mrs Singha Roy, Bisharjan, Sangsar Sukher Hoy Ramanir Guney, Bodhu Kon Alo Laglo Chokhe, Bhootu, Dashi, Anurager Chhowa and many others. OTT platform In 2017, SVF launched Hoichoi, an OTT platform. Awards Film Award Category Recipient Year Ajab Gayer Ajab Kotha BFJA Awards Best Film (Bengali) SVF 1998 Sasurbari Zindabad Kalakar Awards Best Film SVF 2000 Protibad Uttam Kumar Awards Best Film SVF 2001 Sasurbari Zindabad Anandalok Awards Shreshtho Banijjyo Shofol Chobi SVF 2001 Sasurbari Zindabad Kalakar Awards Best Actor (Female) Rituparna Sengupta 2001 Sathi BFJA Awards Best Film SVF 2002 Chokher Bali 51st National Film Awards Best Feature Film SVF 2003 Chokher Bali Locarno International Film Festival The Golden Leopard Best Film SVF 2003 Sathi Anandalok Awards Best Actor Jeet 2003 Sathi Anandalok Awards Best Film SVF 2003 Sathi ETV Bangla Film Awards Best Film SVF 2003 Chokher Bali 67th BFJA Awards Best Film SVF 2003 Chokher Bali Anandalok Awards Best actress Aishwarya Rai 2003 Chokher Bali Anandalok Awards Best playback Singer (Female) Swagatalakshmi Dasgupta 2003 Chokher Bali Toronto International Film Festival Best Feature Film SVF 2003 Sathi Uttam Kumar Awards Best Hero Jeet 2003 Sathi BFJA Awards Best Clean and Entertainment film SVF 2003 Chokher Bali Apsara Film Producers Best Regional Film SVF 2004 Chokher Bali Indian Film Festivals of Los Angeles Best Film SVF 2004 Raincoat Karlovy Vary International Film Festival Crystal Globe award (Best Feature Film) SVF 2004 Raincoat 52nd National Film Awards Best Feature Film (Hindi) SVF 2004 Chokher Bali BFJA Awards Best Actor Prosenjit Chatterjee 2004 Chokher Bali BFJA Awards Best Music Debojyoti Mishra 2004 Chokher Bali BFJA Awards Best Film SVF 2004 Shubhodrishti Uttam Kumar Awards Best Film SVF 2005 Bandhan Kalakar Awards Best Actor Jeet 2005 Bandhan Anandalok Awards Best playback singer (Male) Sonu Nigam 2005 Yuddho 69th BFJA Awards Best Clean & Entertaining Film SVF 2005 Raincoat ETV Bangla Film Awards Kinnor Kinnori SVF 2005 Chokher Bali 3rd Bali International Film Festival (Sarasvati People Choice Award) Best Film SVF 2005 Raincoat Zee Cine Awards Best actress Aishwarya Rai 2005 Raincoat Filmfare Awards Best Actress Aishwarya Rai 2005 Shubhodrishti BFJA Awards Best playback Singer (Female) Shreya Ghosal 2006 Shubhodrishti Anandalok Awards Best Music Jeet Ganguly 2006 Shubhodrishti Anandalok Awards Best Director Prabhat Ray 2006 Shubhodrishti Anandalok Awards Best Film SVF 2006 Refugee BFJA awards Best actor in a supporting role Rudranil Ghosh 2007 Minister Phatakeshto Anandalok Awards Best Actor Mithun Chakraborty 2007 Minister Phatakeshto Anandalok Awards Best Film SVF 2007 Chirodini Tumi Je Amar Anandalok Awards Best Music Jeet Ganguly 2008 Chirodini Tumi Je Amar Anandalok Awards Best Director Raj Chakraborty 2008 Chirodini Tumi Je Amar Anandalok Awards Best Film SVF 2008 Challenge Anandalok Awards Best actor (Male) Dev 2009 Challenge Anandalok Awards Best Director Raj Chakraborty 2009 Challenge Anandalok Awards Best Action Hero Dev 2009 Challenge Anandalok Awards Best Music Director Jeet Ganguly 2009 Challenge Anandalok Awards Best Film SVF 2009 Challenge Uttam Kumar Awards Best Movie Shrikant Mohta & Mahendra Soni 2010 Poran Jaye Joliya Re Star Jalsha Entertainment Award Sera Film Album SVF 2010 Memories in March MIAAC Film Festival, New York Best Screenplay Rituparno Ghosh 2010 Poran Jaye Joliya Re Star Jalsha Entertainment Award Superhit film SVF 2010 Memories in March ETC Bollywood Business Awards Best Distributor West Bengal Circuit SVF 2010 Memories in March 58th National Film Awards Best English Film SVF 2010 Autograph Big Bangla Movie Awards Big Film SVF 2010 Autograph Big Bangla Movies Award Best Film SVF 2011 Memories in March (English) 42nd International Film Festival of India, Goa Best Film, Director Sanjoy Nag 2011 Iti Mrinalini Kalakar Awards Best Director Aparna Sen 2011 Iti Mrinalini New York Indian Film Festival Best Actress Konkona Sen Sharma 2011 Iti Mrinalini New York Indian Film Festival Best Director Aparna Sen 2011 Autograph Big Bangla Rising Star Awards Best Director Srijit Mukherji 2011 Autograph 15th Tele Cine Awards Best Lyricist (Amake amar moto) Anupam Roy 2011 Autograph 14th Tele Cine Awards Best Male Playback (Beche Thakar Gaan) Rupam Islam 2011 Autograph Tele Cine Awards Best Actress Nandana Sen 2011 Autograph 12th Tele Cine Awards Best Director Srijit Mukherji 2011 Autograph 11th Tele Cine Awards Best Film SVF 2011 Autograph Star Jalsha Entertainment Award Best Lyricist (Chawl Raastaye) Srijato 2011 Autograph Star Jalsha Entertainment Award Best Female Playback (Chawl Raastaye) Shreya Ghoshal 2011 Autograph Star Jalsha Entertainment Award Best Actor Prosenjit Chatterjee 2011 Autograph Star Jalsha Entertainment Award Best Director Srijit Mukherji 2011 Autograph ABP Bangla Music Awards Best Album SVF 2011 Autograph Big Bangla Movie Awards Best Female Playback (Chawl Raastaye) Shreya Ghoshal 2011 Autograph Big Bangla Movie Awards Best Male Playback (Beche Thakar Gaan) Rupam Islam 2011 Autograph Big Bangla Movie Awards Best Music Director Anupam Roy 2011 Autograph Big Bangla Movie Awards Best Actor in a Negative Role Indraneil Sengupta 2011 Autograph Big Bangla Movie Awards Best Actor Prosenjit Chatterjee 2011 Autograph Big Bangla Movie Awards Best Director Srijit Mukherji 2011 Autograph Big Bangla Movie Awards Best Film SVF 2011 Poran Jaye Joliya Re Star Jalsha Entertainment Award Best Mega Film SVF 2011 Poran Jaye Joliya Re Star Jalsha Entertainment Award Superhit Film SVF 2011 Poran Jaye Joliya Re Star Jalsha Entertainment Award Sera Film Album SVF 2011 Chitrangada 43rd International Film Festival of India, Goa Best Film, Director Rituparno Ghosh 2012 Hemlock Society Mirchi Music Awards Song of the Year (Ekhon Onek Raat) Anupam Roy 2012 Hemlock Society Mirchi Music Awards Album of the Year V Music 2012 Baishe Srabon ABP-Friend's FM Bangla Music Awards Best Film Album V Music 2012 Baishe Srabon ABP-Friend's FM Bangla Music Awards Best Music Director Anupam Roy 2012 Baishe Srabon Kalakar Awards Best Film SVF 2012 Baishe Srabon Mirchi Music Awards Best Film Album (Critic's Choice) V Music 2012 Baishe Srabon Mirchi Music Awards Best Film Album (Popular Choice) V Music 2012 Baishe Srabon Mirchi Music Awards Best Background Score Anupam Roy 2012 Baishe Srabon Mirchi Music Awards Album of the Year V Music 2012 Baishe Srabon Mirchi Music Awards Song of the Year (Gobhire Jao) Anupam Roy 2012 Baishe Srabon IBFCA Indo-Bangladesh Film Awards Best Director Srijit Mukherji 2012 Baishe Srabon IBFCA Indo-Bangladesh Film Awards Best Actor Prosenjit Chatterjee 2012 Baishe Srabon IBFCA Indo-Bangladesh Film Awards Best Supporting Actor Parambrata Chatterjee 2012 Baishe Srabon International Bangla Film Academy, Pattaya Best Critic's Choice Performance Parambrata Chatterjee 2012 Baishe Srabon International Bangla Film Academy, Pattaya Best Director Srijit Mukherji 2012 Baishe Srabon Kalakar Awards Best Film SVF 2012 Baishe Srabon Zee Banglar Gourab Awards Best Male Playback (Gobhire Jao) Rupankar 2012 Baishe Srabon Zee Banglar Gourab Awards Best Actor Prosenjit Chatterjee 2012 Baishe Srabon Zee Banglar Gourab Awards Best Director Srijit Mukherji 2012 Baishe Srabon Zee Banglar Gourab Awards Best Film SVF 2012 Baishe Srabon Tele Cine Awards Best Supporting Actor (Male) Parambrata Chatterjee 2012 Baishe Srabon Tele Cine Awards Best Director Srijit Mukherji 2012 Baishe Srabon Srijon Samman Best Movie Poster Award SVF 2012 Meghe Dhaka Tara International Film Festival, Kerala Best Director Kamaleswar Mukherjee 2013 Meghe Dhaka Tara 44th International Film Festival of India, Goa Centenary Award Kamaleswar Mukherjee 2013 Apur Panchali 44th International Film Festival of India, Goa (Indian Panorama) Best Director Kaushik Ganguly 2013 Bojhena Shey Bojhena Mirchi Music Awards Song of the Year Arindam Chatterjee & Indraadip Dasgupta 2013 Bojhena Shey Bojhena Mirchi Music Awards Album of the Year SVF 2013 Chitrangada Hidden Gems Film Festival Ammonite Award Rituparno Ghosh 2013 Chitrangada 44th International Film Festival of India Royal Emblem of Kadambas of Goa SVF 2013 Nirbashito 3rd Delhi International Film Festival Best Film SVF 2014 Mishawr Rawhoshyo Zee Bangla Cinema Superhit Film of the Year SVF 2014 Nirbashito Delhi International Film Festival Best Director Churni Ganguly 2014 Chotoder Chobi 45th International Film Festival of India, Goa Silver Peacock, Best Actor Dulal Sarkar 2014 Meghe Dhaka Tara Cinema of Resistance Director Kamaleshwar Mukherjee 2014 Mishawr Rawhoshyo Filmfare Awards Best Supporting Role Male Indraneil Sengupta 2014 Goynar Baksho Filmfare Awards Best Supporting Role Female Moushumi Chatterjee 2014 Goynar Baksho Filmfare Awards Best Actor Female Konkona Sen Sharma 2014 Chander Pahar Filmfare Awards Best Film SVF 2014 Chotoder Chobi 62nd National Film Awards Best Film on Other Social Issues Kaushik Ganguly 2015 Zulfiqar Filmfare Awards East Best Singer Nachiketa 2017 Amazon Obhijaan IIFTC Tourism Impact Award Cinematic excellence SVF 2018 Ek Je Chhilo Raja 66th National Film Awards Best Feature Film in Bengali SVF, Srijit Mukherjee 2019 Ek Je Chhilo Raja West Bengal Film Journalists Association Award Best Director Srijit Mukherjee 2019 Ek Je Chhilo Raja West Bengal Film Journalists Association Award Best Actor Jisshu Sengupta 2019 Ek Je Chhilo Raja West Bengal Film Journalists Association Award Best Music Director Inderadip Dasgupta 2019 Byomkesh Gotro West Bengal Film Journalists Association Award Best Music Director (Background Score) Bickram Ghosh 2019 Byomkesh Gotro West Bengal Film Journalists Association Award Best Performance In A Negative Role Arjun Chakrabarty 2019 Uma West Bengal Film Journalists Association Award Best Performance In A Supporting Role Anjan Dutt 2019 Byomkesh Gotro BBFA Award Best Music Director Bickram Ghosh 2019 Byomkesh Gotro BBFA Award Best Supporting Actor Arjun Chakrabarty 2019 Gumnaami 67th National Film Awards Best Feature Film In Bengali SVF, Srijit Mukherjee 2021 Gumnaami 67th National Film Awards Best Adapted Screenplay Srijit Mukherjee 2021 Dracula Sir West Bengal Film Journalists Association Award Best Supporting Actress Bidipta Chakraborty 2022 Dracula Sir West Bengal Film Journalists Association Award Best Male Playback Ishaan Mitra 2022 Dwitiyo Purush West Bengal Film Journalists Association Award Best Actor (Critics' Choice) Parambrata Chatterjee 2022 Dwitiyo Purush West Bengal Film Journalists Association Award Best Actor (Popular Choice) Anirban Bhattacharya 2022 Dwitiyo Purush Filmfare Awards Bangla Best Actor (Critic's Choice) Anirban Bhattacharya 2022 Golondaaj Filmfare Awards Bangla Best Screenplay Dhrubo Banerjee 2022 Ballabhpurer Roopkotha Filmfare Awards Bangla Best Film SVF 2023 Ballabhpurer Roopkotha Filmfare Awards Bangla Best Supporting Actor Shyamal Chakraborty 2023 Ballabhpurer Roopkotha Filmfare Awards Bangla Best Dialogue Prateek Dutta, Anirban Bhattacharya 2023 The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan West Bengal Film Journalists Association Award Best Popular Film SVF 2024 Music videos and movies SVF has a YouTube channel called SVF Music where music singles like Mitthey Kotha, Bolo Dugga Maiki, Amar Chalaki, O Mon Re etc., and songs of the films produced by it and other production companies are released. It also has a YouTube channel called SVF Movies where movies and short films like Amar Bodyguard, Encounter, Karunamoyee, Iti Kunti, Network and others are broadcast. Films Main article: List of films produced by Shree Venkatesh Films TV shows Shows shaded in light blue are currently in production. Year Shows Channel Genre Lead cast Notes 2008 Bandhan Star Jalsha Drama, Family Victor Banerjee Durga Drama Sandipta SenGourab Chatterjee Sandipta Sen played titular role Enjoy Guru non-fiction Mir Afsar Ali comedy 2009 I Laugh U comedy U Laugh Me comedy Behula Mythological Drama, Romance Payel DeArka Majumder Hindu mythological story of Manasamangal Kavya and Behula. Maa Drama, Romance Tithy BoseSritama BhattacharjeeAnindya Chatterjee Number one serial on Star Jalsha for 3 years. 2010 Swaymber non-fiction Reality show. Harano Sur Mahuaa Bangla Drama Parichay Drama Sindoorkhela Star Jalsha Drama, Romance, Family, Thriller Sweta Mou BhattacharyaRohit Samanta Samrat Bhattacharjee Gargi Roychowdhury Popular Bengali television soap opera premiered on 6 December 2010 2011 Subhasini Ruposhi Bangla Drama I Laugh U 2 Star Jalsha non-fiction Stand-up-comedian show. Bisarjon ETV Bangla Drama Sangsar Sukher Hoy Romonir Guney Star Jalsha Drama, Romance, Family, Comedy Bijoylakshmi Chatterjee Sukdeep Ghosh Mrs Sinha Roy Sananda TV Drama 2012 Bodhu Kon Alo Laaglo Chokhe Star Jalsha Drama, Romance Payel DeSourav Chakraborty Took its name from Tagore's dance drama Chitrangada Janamantar Mahuaa Bangla Drama, Romance Meri Maa Life Ok Drama Sayantani Ghosh Remake of Maa (Star Jalsha) Romani Star Jalsha Drama FIR Bengal Fiction Based on crime stories. Shotin Kanta ETV Bangla Drama Mission 1000 Ghanta Star Jalsha non-fiction Indranil Sengupta Action-packed adventure reality show. 2013 Jay Hey non-fiction Star Jalsha Parivaar Award non-fiction Star Jalsha award show. Bojhena Se Bojhena Drama, Comedy, Family, Romance Yash DasguptaMadhumita Sarkar Romantic series and a remake of Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon Tele Award Star Jalsha/ Zee Bangla/ ETV Bangla non-fiction television award show 2014 Thik Jeno Love Story Star Jalsha Drama, Romance Neel BhattacharyaSairity Banerjee Shot extensively in North Bengal Gouridaan ETV Bangla Drama, Romance Sarmishtha Archarjee Somraj Maity TV series on child marriage starring Torsha and Soumik as child artists. Maa Durga Mythology Payel De starring Payel De Film Fare Award Star Jalsha non-fiction Cinema awards show 2015 Mon Niye Kachakachi Drama, Comedy, Romance, Family Basabdatta ChatterjeeTathagata Mukherjee Remake of the Hindi show Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Star Jalsha Parivaar Award non-fiction Star Jalsha award show. Mahishasur Mardini ETV Bangla non-fiction Mahalaya programme Patal Kumar Ganwaala Star Jalsha Drama, Family, Romance Hiya DeySaheb ChatterjeeMoushumi Priya Debnath (later replaced by Aishwarya Sen) Rudrajit Mukherjee Adrija Auddy Roy Shyamoupti Mudly Hindi remake version is Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala (Star Plus) I Laugh U 3 non-fiction comedy Nagleela ETV Bangla (Colors Bangla) Mythology, Drama, Romance Sairity BanerjeeShreema BhattacharyaJohn Bhattacharya Mystical tale of love and revenge Goyenda Ginni Zee Bangla Drama, Thriller Indrani HaldarSaheb ChatterjeeIndrajeet Bose Story of a housewife-turned-detective Egiye Bangla non-fiction Jisshu Sengupta Sourav Ganguly Contest-cum-TV reality show for start ups 2016 Bhootu Drama, Comedy Arshiya Mukherjee Little Arshiya Mukherjee starred Dasi ETV Drama, Thriller, Family Shyamoupti Mudly Ishaan Majumdar Tania Kar Agnijal Star Jalsha Drama, Fantasy, Romance Rohit SamantaTumpa Ghosh Jhanjh Lobongo Phool Drama, Family, Romance Ishaa SahaRajdeep Gupta Mahanayak Biopic Prosenjit Chatterjee Based on life story of Uttam Kumar 2017 Premer Kahini Drama, Romance, Family, Comedy Indrasish RoyRoshni Bhattacharya Tobu Mone Rekho Zee Bangla Drama, Romance, Family Payel DeFarhan ImrozePratyusha Paul Romantic drama television series starring Farhan Imroze, Payal Dey, and Pratyusha Paul Gopal Bhar Star Jalsha Comedy, Drama Based on the true story of Gopal Bhar Jai Kali Kalkattawali Drama, Thriller Ananya ChatterjeeBiswanath Basu A thriller and Detective Story 2018 Bangla Cine Carnival non-fiction Amloki Zee Bangla Drama, Family Aishwarya Sen Antara Pakira Nandi Bhaswar Chatterjee Indrajeet Bose Story of a six-year-old deaf and dumb girl Joy Baba Loknath Mythology Bhaswar Chatterjee Souptik Chakraborty Aranya Roy Chowdhury Story of Loknath, a great devotee of Goddess Kali Ranu Pelo Lottery Drama, Romance, Comedy Bijaylakshmi ChatterjeeKrushal Ahuja TV serial Ranu Pelo Lottery to launch soon Nishir Daak Colors Bangla Horror, Family, Drama Tumpa GhoshSairity Banerjee New TV Show Nishir Dak to premiere soon Ami Sirajer Begum Star Jalsha Historical, Romance Sean Banerjee Pallavi Dey Based on the life of Lutfunnisa Begum, Empress of Bengal & primary consort of Siraj ud-Daulah - The last independent Nawab of Bengal 2019 Guriya Jekhane Guddu Sekhane Drama, Romance Pratyusha PaulJeetu KamalArya Dasgupta (replaced by Uday Pratap Singh Rajput) Story of two friends Trinayani Zee Bangla Supernatural, Family, Drama, Romance Shruti DasGourab Roy Chowdhury Story of a girl who can foresee the future Durga Durgeshwari Star Jalsha Drama, Thriller, Family Sompurna MondalBishwarup BandyopadhyayRavi Shaw Adrija Auddy Roy Sequel of Star Jalsha's popular show Durga Aye Khuku Aye Sun Bangla Drama Sandipta SenRahul Banerjee Story of a helpless mother and a man who has Autism Chuni Panna Star Jalsha Horror, Comedy, Family, Romance, Drama Annwesha HazraDibyojyoti DuttaTulika Basu Story of an around Chunni, a simple girl And Panna, a ghost 2020 Bagh Bondi Khela Zee Bangla Superhero, Supernatural, Horror, Romance Rubel DasIshani Das Prothoma Kadambini Star Jalsha Biopic, Historical, Social, Romance Solanki RoyHoney Bafna True story of the first practising female doctor of British-ruled India and South Asia, Kadambini Ganguly 2021 Sagar Jyoti Enterr10 Bangla Romance Rahul Dev Bose,Nabanita Malakar A love tale of two love birds Sagar and Jyoti Basanta Bilas Mesbari Colors Bangla Comedy Romance Arpan Ghosal, Nandini Dutta 2022 Anurager Chhowa Star Jalsha Drama Romance Dibyojoti Dutta, Swastika Ghosh Remake of Malayalam TV show Karuthamuthu 2022 Nabab Nandini Star Jalsha Drama Rezwan Rabbani Shekh, Indrani Paul 2023 Meyebela Drama Swikriti Majumder, Roopa Ganguly 2023 Roopsagore Moner Manush Sun Bangla Drama Rooqma Ray, Debayan Bhattacharyya Remake of Sun TV show Anandha Ragam 2023 Tumi Ashe Pashe Takle Star Jalsha DramaRomance Rohan Bhattacharjee, Angana Roy/Rooqma Ray References ^ a b "A Journey to Excellence-Making of The Most Reliable Entertainment Brand". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ a b c d e "The Versatile Leadership at SVF Makes Impossible Possible". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ "SVF Is All Set To Create A Difference in Film and Media Entertainment". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ "When It Comes to Television Entertainment, SVF Needs No Introduction". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ "Music Has Been An Integral Part of SVF". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ Jha, Lata (31 May 2021). "SVF to bring old unreleased Bengali film songs to YouTube". mint. ^ "SVF Feels Proud to Be one of the Largest Cinema Chains in Eastern India". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ "SVF - A Trusted Name In Film Distribution in Eastern India". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ "SVF Devotional". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ "SVF Pioneers The Digital Systems In Cinemas Across West Bengal". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ "Sangeet Bangla is the undisputed no.1 music channel in Bengali Music & Entertainment". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ "New Media Becomes the Youngest Division of SVF". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ "Power List". The Telegraph. Calcutta. 21 July 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012. ^ Das, Soujannya (2018-12-03). "How SVF Became The One-stop Shop for Bengali Entertainment". Film Companion. Retrieved 2020-08-26. ^ Roy, Tasmayee Laha (4 January 2014). "Meet the duo behind Shree Ventakesh Films who helped turn around Bengali cinema" – via The Economic Times - The Times of India. ^ Dasgupta, Priyanka (22 May 2011). "Memories are made of this". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012. ^ Khera, Ekanshu (20 August 1996). "Film Reviews: Chokher Bali". Planet Bollywood. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012. ^ Parayath, Chitra (8 September 2004). "Bollywood Baatein – 51st National Film Awards". Lokvani. Retrieved 8 July 2012. ^ "Launch of the music album of Minister Phatakeshto". Candid Communication. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. ^ "Srijit Mukherjee's– '22shey-Srabon'". CelebRise. 3 March 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012. ^ Ganguly, Ruman (22 August 2011). "Romeo Blows Lakhs on a Song". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2013. ^ Scroll Staff. "Shree Venkatesh Films to roll out 25 Bengali films over next three years". Scroll.in. ^ "Shree Venkatesh Films on a new high with its 100th film production" – via The Economic Times - The Times of India. ^ Jha, Lata (29 June 2021). "Bengali film company SVF announces theatrical releases for the year". mint. ^ "Digital Cinema". Shree Venkatesh Films. ^ "Qube". Real Image Media Technologies. 30 May 2012. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012. ^ "Qube Digital Cinemas in Calcutta". Calcutta Tube. 2 September 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2012. ^ "Media Worldwide Private Limited". Retrieved 20 July 2012. ^ "Areas of Operation". Shree Venkatesh Films. Retrieved 4 December 2013. ^ "STAR Jalsha strengthens prime time with Gaaner Oparey". Star Jalsha. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. ^ "Maa". Star Jalsha. ^ Mukherjee, Riddhi (21 September 2017). "Shree Venkatesh Films launches Bengali language on-demand video streaming platform Hoichoi". ^ "SVF launches Bengali digital content platform". www.thehindubusinessline.com. 21 September 2017. External links Shree Venkatesh Films at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF National United States People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"film production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_production"},{"link_name":"distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_distribution"},{"link_name":"Shrikant Mohta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie"},{"link_name":"Mahendra Soni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Tripura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"East India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India"},{"link_name":"Anandabazar Patrika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandabazar_Patrika"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"SVF Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. is an Indian film production and distribution company, founded by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni in 1995. Apart from producing and distributing Bengali films in West Bengal, Bangladesh, Assam and Tripura, SVF also distributes Bollywood and Hollywood films in East India. The other divisions of the company include Exhibition, TV Content Production, Digital Cinema, Music, New Media and IPR syndication. SVF was in Anandabazar Patrika's powerlist for 2008[13] and 2010.","title":"Shree Venkatesh Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-1"},{"link_name":"Khamoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamoshi:_The_Musical"},{"link_name":"Bhai Amar Bhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Amar_Bhai"},{"link_name":"Prosenjit Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosenjit_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"Chiranjeet Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiranjeet_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"Swapan Saha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swapan_Saha"},{"link_name":"Prosenjit Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosenjit_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"Sasurbari Zindabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasurbari_Zindabad"},{"link_name":"Sathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathi_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"I Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_You_(2007_Bengali_film)"},{"link_name":"Chirodini ...Tumi Je Aamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirodini_Tumi_Je_Amar"},{"link_name":"Rituparno Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituparno_Ghosh"},{"link_name":"Kaushik Ganguly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushik_Ganguly"},{"link_name":"Srijit Mukherji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srijit_Mukherji"},{"link_name":"Sandip Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandip_Ray"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"SVF Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. was founded in 1995[1] by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni. They started off as distributors of Hindi films like Bekaar Ka Number, Khamoshi in Eastern India. Their first film production is in 1996, Bhai Amar Bhai starring Prosenjit Chatterjee and Chiranjeet Chakraborty and directed by Swapan Saha which became a blockbuster. Later, they produced the Prosenjit Chatterjee starrer Sasurbari Zindabad in 2000 which became the highest-grossing Bengali movie until then. They followed it up with successful films like Sathi (2002), I Love You (2007), Chirodini ...Tumi Je Aamar (2008) etc. Along with commercial entertainers they have also backed experimental films by directors like Rituparno Ghosh, Kaushik Ganguly, Srijit Mukherji, Sandip Ray and Dhrubo Banerjee.[14]In the film entertainment space, SVF has the following divisions: Production, Television, Distribution, Music, Digital Cinema, Exhibition and New Media.[15]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Memories in March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_in_March"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Chokher Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokher_Bali_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Raincoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raincoat_(film)"},{"link_name":"Chotoder Chobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chotoder_Chobi"},{"link_name":"Ek Je Chhilo Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Je_Chhilo_Raja"},{"link_name":"Gumnaami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumnaami"},{"link_name":"Sasurbari Zindabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasurbari_Zindabad"},{"link_name":"Sathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathi_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"Minister Fatakeshto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_Fatakeshto"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"Jackpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpot_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Chirodini Tumi Je Amar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirodini_Tumi_Je_Amar"},{"link_name":"Paran Jai Jaliya Re","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran_Jai_Jaliya_Re"},{"link_name":"Josh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Awara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awara_(film)"},{"link_name":"Guptodhoner Sondhane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptodhoner_Sondhane"},{"link_name":"Ek Je Chhilo Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Je_Chhilo_Raja"},{"link_name":"Durgeshgorer Guptodhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgeshgorer_Guptodhon"},{"link_name":"Chander Pahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chander_Pahar"},{"link_name":"Amazon Obhijaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Obhijaan"},{"link_name":"Karnasubarner Guptodhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnasubarner_Guptodhon"},{"link_name":"Autograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Iti Mrinalini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iti_Mrinalini"},{"link_name":"Memories in March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memories_in_March"},{"link_name":"Baishe Srabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baishe_Srabon"},{"link_name":"Hemlock Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlock_Society"},{"link_name":"Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitrangada:_The_Crowning_Wish"},{"link_name":"Uma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Byomkesh Gotro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byomkesh_Gotro"},{"link_name":"Guptodhoner Sondhane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guptodhoner_Sondhane"},{"link_name":"Durgeshgorer Guptodhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgeshgorer_Guptodhon"},{"link_name":"Golondaaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golondaaj"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"SVF Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. is one of the biggest integrated production houses in Eastern India. So far it has produced more than 160 films including National Award winning films like Memories in March,[16] Chokher Bali,[17][18] Raincoat, Chotoder Chobi, Ek Je Chhilo Raja, Gumnaami etc.; blockbusters like Sasurbari Zindabad, Sathi, Minister Fatakeshto,[19] Champion, Jackpot, Chirodini Tumi Je Amar, Paran Jai Jaliya Re, Josh, Awara, Guptodhoner Sondhane, Ek Je Chhilo Raja, Durgeshgorer Guptodhon, Chander Pahar, Amazon Obhijaan, Karnasubarner Guptodhon and many others. It has also produced critically acclaimed films like Autograph, Iti Mrinalini, Memories in March, Baishe Srabon, Hemlock Society, Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish, Uma, Byomkesh Gotro, Guptodhoner Sondhane, Durgeshgorer Guptodhon, Golondaaj and many others.[20][21][22][23][24]","title":"Film production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Image Media Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Image_Media_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"In January 2008, SVF Entertainment Pvt Ltd. entered a partnership with Real Image Media Technologies[25][26] to bring their Qube Digital Cinema technology to Eastern India.[27]","title":"Digital cinema"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Media Worldwide Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Worldwide_Limited"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Music India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_India"},{"link_name":"Sangeet Bangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeet_Bangla"},{"link_name":"Sangeet Bhojpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeet_Bhojpuri"},{"link_name":"Sangeet Marathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeet_Marathi"},{"link_name":"Music India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_India"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Zee Bangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Bangla"},{"link_name":"Star Jalsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Jalsha"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Colors Bangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colors_Bangla"},{"link_name":"Sananda TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sananda_TV"},{"link_name":"Trinayani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinayani_(Bengali_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bojhena Se Bojhena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojhena_Se_Bojhena_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Goyenda Ginni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goyenda_Ginni"},{"link_name":"Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa....Tomay_Chara_Ghum_Ashena"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Behula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behula"},{"link_name":"Durga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga"},{"link_name":"Janmantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janmantar"},{"link_name":"Bhootu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhootu"},{"link_name":"Anurager Chhowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anurager_Chhowa"}],"text":"In the television space, SVF has co-promoted Media Worldwide Limited[28] and its four leading channels: Music India, Sangeet Bangla, Sangeet Bhojpuri, Sangeet Marathi and Music India UK.[29] The company has also produced prime-time shows for Zee Bangla, Star Jalsha,[30] Colors Bangla, Rupashi Bangla, Mahua Bangla, Sananda TV. Some of the popular shows include Trinayani, Bojhena Se Bojhena, Goyenda Ginni, Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena,[31] Behula, Durga, Bandhan, I Love You, Sindoorkhela, Janmantar, Mrs Singha Roy, Bisharjan, Sangsar Sukher Hoy Ramanir Guney, Bodhu Kon Alo Laglo Chokhe, Bhootu, Dashi, Anurager Chhowa and many others.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"In 2017, SVF launched Hoichoi, an OTT platform.[32][33]","title":"OTT platform"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"SVF has a YouTube channel called SVF Music where music singles like Mitthey Kotha, Bolo Dugga Maiki, Amar Chalaki, O Mon Re etc., and songs of the films produced by it and other production companies are released.It also has a YouTube channel called SVF Movies where movies and short films like Amar Bodyguard, Encounter, Karunamoyee, Iti Kunti, Network and others are broadcast.","title":"Music videos and movies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"TV shows"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"A Journey to Excellence-Making of The Most Reliable Entertainment Brand\". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://svf.in/brand-story/","url_text":"\"A Journey to Excellence-Making of The Most Reliable Entertainment Brand\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Versatile Leadership at SVF Makes Impossible Possible\". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://svf.in/leadership/","url_text":"\"The Versatile Leadership at SVF Makes Impossible Possible\""}]},{"reference":"\"SVF Is All Set To Create A Difference in Film and Media Entertainment\". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://svf.in/films/","url_text":"\"SVF Is All Set To Create A Difference in Film and Media Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"\"When It Comes to Television Entertainment, SVF Needs No Introduction\". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://svf.in/tv/","url_text":"\"When It Comes to Television Entertainment, SVF Needs No Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music Has Been An Integral Part of SVF\". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://svf.in/svf-music/","url_text":"\"Music Has Been An Integral Part of SVF\""}]},{"reference":"Jha, Lata (31 May 2021). \"SVF to bring old unreleased Bengali film songs to YouTube\". mint.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/svf-to-bring-old-unreleased-bengali-film-songs-to-youtube-11622441859244.html","url_text":"\"SVF to bring old unreleased Bengali film songs to YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"\"SVF Feels Proud to Be one of the Largest Cinema Chains in Eastern India\". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://svf.in/cinemas/","url_text":"\"SVF Feels Proud to Be one of the Largest Cinema Chains in Eastern India\""}]},{"reference":"\"SVF - A Trusted Name In Film Distribution in Eastern India\". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://svf.in/distribution/","url_text":"\"SVF - A Trusted Name In Film Distribution in Eastern India\""}]},{"reference":"\"SVF Devotional\". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://svf.in/svf-devotional/","url_text":"\"SVF Devotional\""}]},{"reference":"\"SVF Pioneers The Digital Systems In Cinemas Across West Bengal\". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://svf.in/digital/","url_text":"\"SVF Pioneers The Digital Systems In Cinemas Across West Bengal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sangeet Bangla is the undisputed no.1 music channel in Bengali Music & Entertainment\". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://svf.in/sangeet-bangla/","url_text":"\"Sangeet Bangla is the undisputed no.1 music channel in Bengali Music & Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Media Becomes the Youngest Division of SVF\". SVF Entertainment. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://svf.in/hoichoi/","url_text":"\"New Media Becomes the Youngest Division of SVF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Power List\". The Telegraph. Calcutta. 21 July 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120913114856/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080721/jsp/entertainment/story_9575991.jsp","url_text":"\"Power List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)","url_text":"The Telegraph"},{"url":"http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080721/jsp/entertainment/story_9575991.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Das, Soujannya (2018-12-03). \"How SVF Became The One-stop Shop for Bengali Entertainment\". Film Companion. Retrieved 2020-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bengali-features/how-svf-became-the-one-stop-shop-for-bengali-entertainment/","url_text":"\"How SVF Became The One-stop Shop for Bengali Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"Roy, Tasmayee Laha (4 January 2014). \"Meet the duo behind Shree Ventakesh Films who helped turn around Bengali cinema\" – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/meet-the-duo-behind-shree-ventakesh-films-who-helped-turn-around-bengali-cinema/articleshow/28355473.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"Meet the duo behind Shree Ventakesh Films who helped turn around Bengali cinema\""}]},{"reference":"Dasgupta, Priyanka (22 May 2011). \"Memories are made of this\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120403230459/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-22/news-interviews/29571161_1_national-award-debut-director-new-directors","url_text":"\"Memories are made of this\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-22/news-interviews/29571161_1_national-award-debut-director-new-directors","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khera, Ekanshu (20 August 1996). \"Film Reviews: Chokher Bali\". Planet Bollywood. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722003150/http://planetbollywood.com/Film/ChokherBali/","url_text":"\"Film Reviews: Chokher Bali\""},{"url":"http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/ChokherBali/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Parayath, Chitra (8 September 2004). \"Bollywood Baatein – 51st National Film Awards\". Lokvani. Retrieved 8 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=1949","url_text":"\"Bollywood Baatein – 51st National Film Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Launch of the music album of Minister Phatakeshto\". Candid Communication. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331044428/http://www.candidcommunication.net/showDetails.asp?articleid=60","url_text":"\"Launch of the music album of Minister Phatakeshto\""},{"url":"http://www.candidcommunication.net/showDetails.asp?articleid=60","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Srijit Mukherjee's– '22shey-Srabon'\". CelebRise. 3 March 2011. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322225730/http://www.tollyrise.com/gossip/tollywood/2011/03/03/srijit-mukherjee%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9822shey-srabon%E2%80%99.html","url_text":"\"Srijit Mukherjee's– '22shey-Srabon'\""},{"url":"http://www.tollyrise.com/gossip/tollywood/2011/03/03/srijit-mukherjee%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9822shey-srabon%E2%80%99.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ganguly, Ruman (22 August 2011). \"Romeo Blows Lakhs on a Song\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120412033713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-22/news-interviews/29914112_1_jeet-gannguli-song-devs","url_text":"\"Romeo Blows Lakhs on a Song\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-22/news-interviews/29914112_1_jeet-gannguli-song-devs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scroll Staff. \"Shree Venkatesh Films to roll out 25 Bengali films over next three years\". Scroll.in.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/reel/864939/shree-venkatesh-films-to-roll-out-25-bengali-films-over-next-three-years","url_text":"\"Shree Venkatesh Films to roll out 25 Bengali films over next three years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shree Venkatesh Films on a new high with its 100th film production\" – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Shree-Venkatesh-Films-on-a-new-high-with-its-100th-film-production/articleshow/52024602.cms","url_text":"\"Shree Venkatesh Films on a new high with its 100th film production\""}]},{"reference":"Jha, Lata (29 June 2021). \"Bengali film company SVF announces theatrical releases for the year\". mint.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/bengali-film-company-svf-announces-theatrical-releases-for-the-year-11624944315645.html","url_text":"\"Bengali film company SVF announces theatrical releases for the year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Digital Cinema\". Shree Venkatesh Films.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.venkateshfilms.com/Digital-Cinema","url_text":"\"Digital Cinema\""}]},{"reference":"\"Qube\". Real Image Media Technologies. 30 May 2012. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120621150205/http://www.realimage.com/products-services/qube","url_text":"\"Qube\""},{"url":"http://www.realimage.com/products-services/qube","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Qube Digital Cinemas in Calcutta\". Calcutta Tube. 2 September 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://calcuttatube.com/qube-digital-cinemas-in-calcutta/840/","url_text":"\"Qube Digital Cinemas in Calcutta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Media Worldwide Private Limited\". Retrieved 20 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mediaworldwide.in/","url_text":"\"Media Worldwide Private Limited\""}]},{"reference":"\"Areas of Operation\". Shree Venkatesh Films. Retrieved 4 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.venkateshfilms.com/Areas-of-operation","url_text":"\"Areas of Operation\""}]},{"reference":"\"STAR Jalsha strengthens prime time with Gaaner Oparey\". Star Jalsha. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302195643/http://www.starjalsha.com/media/media.asp","url_text":"\"STAR Jalsha strengthens prime time with Gaaner Oparey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Jalsha","url_text":"Star Jalsha"},{"url":"http://www.starjalsha.com/media/media.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maa\". Star Jalsha.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.starjalsha.com/show/maa/about_162.aspx","url_text":"\"Maa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Jalsha","url_text":"Star Jalsha"}]},{"reference":"Mukherjee, Riddhi (21 September 2017). \"Shree Venkatesh Films launches Bengali language on-demand video streaming platform Hoichoi\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.medianama.com/2017/09/223-bengali-video-streaming-platform-hoichoi/","url_text":"\"Shree Venkatesh Films launches Bengali language on-demand video streaming platform Hoichoi\""}]},{"reference":"\"SVF launches Bengali digital content platform\". www.thehindubusinessline.com. 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/svf-launches-bengali-digital-content-platform/article9867589.ece","url_text":"\"SVF launches Bengali digital content platform\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shree_Venkatesh_Films&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://svf.in/","external_links_name":"SVF"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/6-actresses-who-played-ma-durga-on-screen/6-actresses-who-played-ma-durga-on-screen/photostory/46209875.cms","external_links_name":"Sandipta Sen played titular role"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Star-Jalshas-Maa-to-wrap-up-with-a-dhamaka/articleshow/37846715.cms","external_links_name":"Number one serial on Star Jalsha for 3 years."},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/6-actresses-who-played-ma-durga-on-screen/6-actresses-who-played-ma-durga-on-screen/photostory/46209875.cms","external_links_name":"starring Payel De"},{"Link":"http://sholoanabangaliana.in/2016/03/04/new-colors-bangla-serial-nagleela-is-a-mystical-tale-of-love-and-revenge-serial-starts-march-7/","external_links_name":"Mystical tale of love and revenge"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Egiye-Bangla-TV-show-of-Bengal-government-to-boost-entrepreneurship/articleshow/50072699.cms","external_links_name":"Contest-cum-TV reality show for start ups"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/How-can-you-not-fall-in-love-with-Bhutu-after-this/articleshow/52451292.cms","external_links_name":"Little Arshiya Mukherjee starred"},{"Link":"https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/tobu-mone-rekho/0-6-313","external_links_name":"Romantic drama television series starring Farhan Imroze, Payal Dey, and Pratyusha Paul"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/gopal-bhar/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550406005","external_links_name":"Based on the true story of Gopal Bhar"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/clash-between-abhaya-and-radharani-continues-in-jai-kali-kalkattawali/articleshow/64528375.cms","external_links_name":"A thriller and Detective Story"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-serial-ranu-pelo-lottery-to-launch-soon/articleshow/66459075.cms","external_links_name":"TV serial Ranu Pelo Lottery to launch soon"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-tv-show-nishir-dak-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/66782723.cms","external_links_name":"New TV Show Nishir Dak to premiere soon"},{"Link":"https://svf.in/brand-story/","external_links_name":"\"A Journey to Excellence-Making of The Most Reliable Entertainment Brand\""},{"Link":"https://svf.in/leadership/","external_links_name":"\"The Versatile Leadership at SVF Makes Impossible Possible\""},{"Link":"https://svf.in/films/","external_links_name":"\"SVF Is All Set To Create A Difference in Film and Media Entertainment\""},{"Link":"https://svf.in/tv/","external_links_name":"\"When It Comes to Television Entertainment, SVF Needs No Introduction\""},{"Link":"https://svf.in/svf-music/","external_links_name":"\"Music Has Been An Integral Part of SVF\""},{"Link":"https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/svf-to-bring-old-unreleased-bengali-film-songs-to-youtube-11622441859244.html","external_links_name":"\"SVF to bring old unreleased Bengali film songs to YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://svf.in/cinemas/","external_links_name":"\"SVF Feels Proud to Be one of the Largest Cinema Chains in Eastern India\""},{"Link":"https://svf.in/distribution/","external_links_name":"\"SVF - A Trusted Name In Film Distribution in Eastern India\""},{"Link":"https://svf.in/svf-devotional/","external_links_name":"\"SVF Devotional\""},{"Link":"https://svf.in/digital/","external_links_name":"\"SVF Pioneers The Digital Systems In Cinemas Across West Bengal\""},{"Link":"https://svf.in/sangeet-bangla/","external_links_name":"\"Sangeet Bangla is the undisputed no.1 music channel in Bengali Music & Entertainment\""},{"Link":"https://svf.in/hoichoi/","external_links_name":"\"New Media Becomes the Youngest Division of SVF\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120913114856/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080721/jsp/entertainment/story_9575991.jsp","external_links_name":"\"Power List\""},{"Link":"http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080721/jsp/entertainment/story_9575991.jsp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bengali-features/how-svf-became-the-one-stop-shop-for-bengali-entertainment/","external_links_name":"\"How SVF Became The One-stop Shop for Bengali Entertainment\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/meet-the-duo-behind-shree-ventakesh-films-who-helped-turn-around-bengali-cinema/articleshow/28355473.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"Meet the duo behind Shree Ventakesh Films who helped turn around Bengali cinema\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120403230459/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-22/news-interviews/29571161_1_national-award-debut-director-new-directors","external_links_name":"\"Memories are made of this\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-22/news-interviews/29571161_1_national-award-debut-director-new-directors","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722003150/http://planetbollywood.com/Film/ChokherBali/","external_links_name":"\"Film Reviews: Chokher Bali\""},{"Link":"http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/ChokherBali/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=1949","external_links_name":"\"Bollywood Baatein – 51st National Film Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331044428/http://www.candidcommunication.net/showDetails.asp?articleid=60","external_links_name":"\"Launch of the music album of Minister Phatakeshto\""},{"Link":"http://www.candidcommunication.net/showDetails.asp?articleid=60","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322225730/http://www.tollyrise.com/gossip/tollywood/2011/03/03/srijit-mukherjee%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9822shey-srabon%E2%80%99.html","external_links_name":"\"Srijit Mukherjee's– '22shey-Srabon'\""},{"Link":"http://www.tollyrise.com/gossip/tollywood/2011/03/03/srijit-mukherjee%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9822shey-srabon%E2%80%99.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120412033713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-22/news-interviews/29914112_1_jeet-gannguli-song-devs","external_links_name":"\"Romeo Blows Lakhs on a Song\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-22/news-interviews/29914112_1_jeet-gannguli-song-devs","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://scroll.in/reel/864939/shree-venkatesh-films-to-roll-out-25-bengali-films-over-next-three-years","external_links_name":"\"Shree Venkatesh Films to roll out 25 Bengali films over next three years\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Shree-Venkatesh-Films-on-a-new-high-with-its-100th-film-production/articleshow/52024602.cms","external_links_name":"\"Shree Venkatesh Films on a new high with its 100th film production\""},{"Link":"https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/bengali-film-company-svf-announces-theatrical-releases-for-the-year-11624944315645.html","external_links_name":"\"Bengali film company SVF announces theatrical releases for the year\""},{"Link":"http://www.venkateshfilms.com/Digital-Cinema","external_links_name":"\"Digital Cinema\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120621150205/http://www.realimage.com/products-services/qube","external_links_name":"\"Qube\""},{"Link":"http://www.realimage.com/products-services/qube","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://calcuttatube.com/qube-digital-cinemas-in-calcutta/840/","external_links_name":"\"Qube Digital Cinemas in Calcutta\""},{"Link":"http://www.mediaworldwide.in/","external_links_name":"\"Media Worldwide Private Limited\""},{"Link":"http://www.venkateshfilms.com/Areas-of-operation","external_links_name":"\"Areas of Operation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302195643/http://www.starjalsha.com/media/media.asp","external_links_name":"\"STAR Jalsha strengthens prime time with Gaaner Oparey\""},{"Link":"http://www.starjalsha.com/media/media.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.starjalsha.com/show/maa/about_162.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Maa\""},{"Link":"https://www.medianama.com/2017/09/223-bengali-video-streaming-platform-hoichoi/","external_links_name":"\"Shree Venkatesh Films launches Bengali language on-demand video streaming platform Hoichoi\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/svf-launches-bengali-digital-content-platform/article9867589.ece","external_links_name":"\"SVF launches Bengali digital content platform\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/company/co0107097/","external_links_name":"Shree Venkatesh Films"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/157323044","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006208449","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1529601","external_links_name":"Trove"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leifite	Leifite	["1 Structure","2 Appearance","3 Physical Properties","4 Optical Properties","5 Occurrence","6 References"]	LeifiteGeneralCategorySilicate mineralFormula(repeating unit)Na2(Si; Al; Be)7(O; OH; F)14IMA symbolLfStrunz classification9.EH.25 (10 ed) 8/J.10-10 (8 ed)Dana classification78.07.10.01Crystal systemTrigonalCrystal classHexagonal scalenohedral (3m) H-M symbol: (3 2/m)Space groupP3m1IdentificationFormula mass425.47 g/mol Colourwhite, colourless to pale violetCrystal habitTypically radiating aggregates of fine needlesTwinningNone CleavageDistinct on {1010} FractureUneven to splinteryTenacityBrittleMohs scale hardness6LustreSilky to vitreousStreakWhiteDiaphaneityTransparent to translucentSpecific gravity2.6Optical propertiesUniaxial (+)Refractive indexnω = 1.516 and nε = 1.520.Birefringenceδ = 0. 011References Leifite is a rare tectosilicate. Tectosilicates are built on a framework of tetrahedra with silicon or aluminium at the centre and oxygen at the vertices; they include feldspars and zeolites, but leifite does not belong in either of these categories. It is a member of the leifite group, which includes telyushenkoite (Cs,Na,K)Na6(Be2Al3Si15O39) and eirikite KNa6Be2(Si15Al3)O39F2). Leifite was discovered in 1915, and named after Leif Ericson who was a Norse explorer who lived around 1000 AD, and was probably the first European to land in North America, nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus. Eirikite was named in 2007 after Eirik Raude, or Erik the Red, (950–1003), who discovered Greenland and who was the father of Leif Ericson. The third mineral in the group, telyushenkoite, was discovered in 2001. It was not named after any of Leif Ericson's family members, but after a professor of geology in Turkmenistan. Structure Leifite is a trigonal mineral, class 3 2/m, space group P3m1. There are 3 formula units in the unit cell (Z = 3), and cell dimensions are 14.4 Å in the a direction and 4.9 Å in the c direction. It contains OH groups, but no water of crystallization as was previously assumed. Tetrahedrons of silicon or aluminium atoms surrounded by four oxygen atoms link to form six-membered rings stacked along the c direction to form channels, similar to those in zeolites. Appearance Leifite is generally white or colourless, with a white streak and a silky or vitreous lustre. It occurs as fine needles making up radiating aggregates and rosettes. Individual crystals are deeply striated hexagonal prisms that are transparent to translucent. Physical Properties The mineral is hard, with Mohs hardness 6, the same as that of feldspar, and specific gravity 2.6, again like the feldspars. It is brittle, with an uneven to splintery fracture. Optical Properties Leifite is uniaxial(+) with refractive indices nω = 1.516 and nε = 1.520. The maximum birefringence δ = 0. 011. Leifite is not luminescent. Occurrence The type locality is the Narsaarsuk pegmatite on the Narsaarsuk Plateau, Igaliku, Narsaq, Kujalleq, Greenland and type material is kept at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington DC, US. Leifite occurs in cavities in alkali-pegmatite veins. At Mont Saint-Hilaire it occurs as crystals up to 5 cm long and as disk-shaped aggregates and radially fibrous spheres associated with albite, natrolite, serandite and catapleite. In Greenland it occurs in a pegmatite with microcline, calcite, zinnwaldite and acmite. In Russia it occurs in the Lovozero Massif associated with albite and natrolite. In Norway it occurs in a nepheline syenite pegmatite on the south eastern part of the island of Vesle Aroya in the Langesundsfjord District, Oslo Region, as white to colourless fibrous masses and radiating bundles. References ^ a b c d e Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (2005). "Leifite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineral Data Publishing. Retrieved 14 March 2022. ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616. ^ a b c "Leifite Mineral Data". ^ a b "ClassicGems.net". ^ a b c d e f g "Leifite". ^ a b c American Mineralogist (1972) 57:1006 ^ a b c Gaines et al (1997) Dana’s New Mineralogy Eighth Edition. Wiley ^ a b c Canadian Mineralogist (2002)40:183-192 ^ Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 20:134 (1970) ^ a b c d e Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift (1995) 75:243-246	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tectosilicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectosilicate"},{"link_name":"silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"feldspars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspars"},{"link_name":"zeolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolites"},{"link_name":"telyushenkoite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telyushenkoite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"eirikite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eirikite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mindat-5"},{"link_name":"Leif Ericson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif_Ericson"},{"link_name":"Christopher Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mindat-5"},{"link_name":"Eirik Raude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirik_Raude"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"}],"text":"Leifite is a rare tectosilicate. Tectosilicates are built on a framework of tetrahedra with silicon or aluminium at the centre and oxygen at the vertices; they include feldspars and zeolites, but leifite does not belong in either of these categories. It is a member of the leifite group, which includes telyushenkoite (Cs,Na,K)Na6(Be2Al3Si15O39) and eirikite KNa6Be2(Si15Al3)O39F2).[5] Leifite was discovered in 1915, and named after Leif Ericson who was a Norse explorer who lived around 1000 AD, and was probably the first European to land in North America, nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus.[5] Eirikite was named in 2007 after Eirik Raude, or Erik the Red, (950–1003), who discovered Greenland and who was the father of Leif Ericson. The third mineral in the group, telyushenkoite, was discovered in 2001. It was not named after any of Leif Ericson's family members, but after a professor of geology in Turkmenistan.","title":"Leifite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trigonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system"},{"link_name":"space group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_group"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM-8"},{"link_name":"unit cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_cell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM57-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGSD-9"},{"link_name":"OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxide"},{"link_name":"water of crystallization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_crystallization"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGT-10"},{"link_name":"Tetrahedrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedrons"},{"link_name":"silicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"zeolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolites"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM-8"}],"text":"Leifite is a trigonal mineral, class 3 2/m, space group P3m1.[8] There are 3 formula units in the unit cell (Z = 3), and cell dimensions are 14.4 Å in the a direction and 4.9 Å in the c direction.[6][9] It contains OH groups, but no water of crystallization as was previously assumed.[10] \nTetrahedrons of silicon or aluminium atoms surrounded by four oxygen atoms link to form six-membered rings stacked along the c direction to form channels, similar to those in zeolites.[8]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"streak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)"},{"link_name":"lustre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)"},{"link_name":"aggregates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_(geology)"},{"link_name":"hexagonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal"},{"link_name":"prisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGT-10"}],"text":"Leifite is generally white or colourless, with a white streak and a silky or vitreous lustre. It occurs as fine needles making up radiating aggregates and rosettes. Individual crystals are deeply striated hexagonal prisms that are transparent to translucent.[10]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness"},{"link_name":"feldspar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldspar"},{"link_name":"specific gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGT-10"},{"link_name":"fracture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mindat-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOM-1"}],"text":"The mineral is hard, with Mohs hardness 6, the same as that of feldspar, and specific gravity 2.6,[10] again like the feldspars. It is brittle, with an uneven to splintery fracture.[5][1]","title":"Physical Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uniaxial(+)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGT-10"},{"link_name":"refractive indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_indices"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AM57-6"},{"link_name":"birefringence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mindat-5"},{"link_name":"luminescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminescent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CG-4"}],"text":"Leifite is uniaxial(+)[10] with refractive indices nω = 1.516 and nε = 1.520.[6] The maximum birefringence δ = 0. 011.[5] Leifite is not luminescent.[4]","title":"Optical Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Narsaarsuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narsaarsuk"},{"link_name":"pegmatite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatite"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mindat-5"},{"link_name":"University of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOM-1"},{"link_name":"veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Webmin-3"},{"link_name":"Mont Saint-Hilaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Saint-Hilaire"},{"link_name":"albite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albite"},{"link_name":"natrolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrolite"},{"link_name":"serandite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serandite"},{"link_name":"catapleite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catapleite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dana-7"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"microcline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcline"},{"link_name":"calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite"},{"link_name":"zinnwaldite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinnwaldite"},{"link_name":"acmite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acmite"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dana-7"},{"link_name":"Lovozero Massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovozero_Massif"},{"link_name":"albite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albite"},{"link_name":"natrolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrolite"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOM-1"},{"link_name":"nepheline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepheline"},{"link_name":"syenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syenite"},{"link_name":"Langesundsfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langesundsfjord"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGT-10"}],"text":"The type locality is the Narsaarsuk pegmatite on the Narsaarsuk Plateau, Igaliku, Narsaq, Kujalleq, Greenland[5] and type material is kept at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington DC, US.[1] Leifite occurs in cavities in alkali-pegmatite veins.[3] At Mont Saint-Hilaire it occurs as crystals up to 5 cm long and as disk-shaped aggregates and radially fibrous spheres associated with albite, natrolite, serandite and catapleite.[7] In Greenland it occurs in a pegmatite with microcline, calcite, zinnwaldite and acmite.[7] In Russia it occurs in the Lovozero Massif associated with albite and natrolite.[1] In Norway it occurs in a nepheline syenite pegmatite on the south eastern part of the island of Vesle Aroya in the Langesundsfjord District, Oslo Region, as white to colourless fibrous masses and radiating bundles.[10]","title":"Occurrence"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. (2005). \"Leifite\" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineral Data Publishing. Retrieved 14 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/leifite.pdf","url_text":"\"Leifite\""}]},{"reference":"Warr, L.N. (2021). \"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","url_text":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","url_text":"235729616"}]},{"reference":"\"Leifite Mineral Data\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webmineral.com/data/Leifite.shtml","url_text":"\"Leifite Mineral Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"ClassicGems.net\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classicgems.net/gem_leifite.htm","url_text":"\"ClassicGems.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leifite\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mindat.org/min-2368.html","url_text":"\"Leifite\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/leifite.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Leifite\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","external_links_name":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","external_links_name":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","external_links_name":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","external_links_name":"235729616"},{"Link":"http://www.webmineral.com/data/Leifite.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Leifite Mineral Data\""},{"Link":"http://www.classicgems.net/gem_leifite.htm","external_links_name":"\"ClassicGems.net\""},{"Link":"http://www.mindat.org/min-2368.html","external_links_name":"\"Leifite\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Old_Sacramento	In Old Sacramento	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","4 References","5 External links"]	1946 film In Old SacramentoTheatrical release posterDirected byJoseph KaneScreenplay byFrances HylandFrank GruberStory byJerome OdlumProduced byJoseph KaneStarringWild Bill ElliottConstance MooreHenry H. Daniels Jr.Ruth DonnellyEugene PalletteJack La RueCinematographyJack A. MartaEdited byFred AllenMusic byCharles MaxwellProductioncompanyRepublic PicturesDistributed byRepublic PicturesRelease date May 31, 1946 (1946-05-31) Running time89 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish In Old Sacramento is a 1946 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and written by Frances Hyland and Frank Gruber. The film stars Wild Bill Elliott, Constance Moore, Henry H. Daniels Jr., Ruth Donnelly, Eugene Pallette and Jack La Rue. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast Wild Bill Elliott as Johnny Barrett / Spanish Jack Constance Moore as Belle Malone Henry H. Daniels Jr. as Sam Chase Ruth Donnelly as Zebby Booker Eugene Pallette as Sheriff Jim Wales Jack La Rue as Laramie Grant Withers as Captain Mark Slayter Charles Judels as Tony Marchetti Paul Hurst as Stagecoach Driver Lionel Stander as Eddie Dodge Robert Blake as Newsboy Dick Wessel as Oscar Ellen Hansen Corby as Scrubwoman (uncredited) Release The film was released on May 31, 1946, by Republic Pictures. It premiered at the Capitol and Hippodrome theaters in Sacramento, California. The film was re-edited and released in 1951 as Flame of Sacramento. References ^ "In Old Sacramento (1946) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved November 17, 2015. ^ Hal Erickson (2015). "In-Old-Sacramento - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2015. ^ a b In Old Sacramento at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films ^ "In Old Sacramento (advertisement)". Variety. April 24, 1946. p. 25. Retrieved April 4, 2023 – via Archive.org. External links In Old Sacramento at IMDb vteFilms directed by Joseph Kane In Old Santa Fe (1934) Tumbling Tumbleweeds (1935) The Headline Woman (1935) Melody Trail (1935) The Lawless Nineties (1936) King of the Pecos (1936) The Lonely Trail (1936) Guns and Guitars (1936) Oh, Susanna! (1936) Ride Ranger Ride (1936) The Old Corral (1936) Undersea Kingdom (1936) Git Along Little Dogies (1937) Round-Up Time in Texas (1937) Yodelin' Kid from Pine Ridge (1937) Public Cowboy No. 1 (1937) Boots and Saddles (1937) Springtime in the Rockies (1937) Heart of the Rockies (1937) The Old Barn Dance (1938) Born to Be Wild (1938) Arson Gang Busters (1938) Under Western Stars (1938) Gold Mine in the Sky (1938) Man from Music Mountain (1938) Shine On, Harvest Moon (1938) Days of Jesse James (1939) Colorado (1940) The Border Legion (1940) Robin Hood of the Pecos (1941) Sheriff of Tombstone (1941) Nevada City (1941) Rags to Riches (1941) Jesse James at Bay (1941) South of Santa Fe (1942) Sons of the Pioneers (1942) Romance on the Range (1942) The Man from Music Mountain (1943) King of the Cowboys (1943) The Yellow Rose of Texas (1944) Flame of Barbary Coast (1945) In Old Sacramento (1946) Plainsman and the Lady (1946) Old Los Angeles (1948) The Gallant Legion (1948) The Plunderers (1948) The Last Bandit (1949) Brimstone (1949) Rock Island Trail (1950) The Savage Horde (1950) California Passage (1950) Oh! Susanna (1951) Fighting Coast Guard (1951) The Sea Hornet (1951) Hoodlum Empire (1952) Woman of the North Country (1952) Ride the Man Down (1952) San Antone (1953) Jubilee Trail (1954) Hell's Outpost (1954) The Road to Denver (1955) The Vanishing American (1955) Thunder Over Arizona (1956) Spoilers of the Forest (1957) The Lawless Eighties (1957) The Last Stagecoach West (1957) The Crooked Circle (1957) Gunfire at Indian Gap (1957) The Notorious Mr. Monks (1958) The Man Who Died Twice (1958) Track of Thunder (1967) Smoke in the Wind (1975) This 1940s Western film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kane"},{"link_name":"Frances Hyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Hyland"},{"link_name":"Frank Gruber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gruber_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Wild Bill Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Constance Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Moore"},{"link_name":"Ruth Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Donnelly"},{"link_name":"Eugene Pallette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Pallette"},{"link_name":"Jack La Rue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_La_Rue"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-3"}],"text":"In Old Sacramento is a 1946 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and written by Frances Hyland and Frank Gruber. The film stars Wild Bill Elliott, Constance Moore, Henry H. Daniels Jr., Ruth Donnelly, Eugene Pallette and Jack La Rue.[1][2][3]","title":"In Old Sacramento"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wild Bill Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Constance Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Moore"},{"link_name":"Ruth Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Donnelly"},{"link_name":"Eugene Pallette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Pallette"},{"link_name":"Jack La Rue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_La_Rue"},{"link_name":"Grant Withers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Withers"},{"link_name":"Charles Judels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Judels"},{"link_name":"Paul Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hurst_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lionel Stander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Stander"},{"link_name":"Robert Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blake_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Dick Wessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Wessel"},{"link_name":"Ellen Hansen Corby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Hansen_Corby"}],"text":"Wild Bill Elliott as Johnny Barrett / Spanish Jack\nConstance Moore as Belle Malone\nHenry H. Daniels Jr. as Sam Chase\nRuth Donnelly as Zebby Booker\nEugene Pallette as Sheriff Jim Wales\nJack La Rue as Laramie\nGrant Withers as Captain Mark Slayter\nCharles Judels as Tony Marchetti\nPaul Hurst as Stagecoach Driver\nLionel Stander as Eddie Dodge\nRobert Blake as Newsboy\nDick Wessel as Oscar\nEllen Hansen Corby as Scrubwoman (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varapr46-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-3"}],"text":"The film was released on May 31, 1946, by Republic Pictures. It premiered at the Capitol and Hippodrome theaters in Sacramento, California.[4] The film was re-edited and released in 1951 as Flame of Sacramento.[3]","title":"Release"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"In Old Sacramento (1946) - Overview\". TCM.com. Retrieved November 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/79109/In-Old-Sacramento/","url_text":"\"In Old Sacramento (1946) - Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Hal Erickson (2015). \"In-Old-Sacramento - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Erickson_(author)","url_text":"Hal Erickson"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151118124446/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/96414/In-Old-Sacramento/overview","url_text":"\"In-Old-Sacramento - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_(database)","url_text":"Baseline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Movie_Guide","url_text":"All Movie Guide"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/96414/In-Old-Sacramento/overview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In Old Sacramento (advertisement)\". Variety. April 24, 1946. p. 25. Retrieved April 4, 2023 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety162-1946-04/page/n232/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"In Old Sacramento (advertisement)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org","url_text":"Archive.org"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Old_Sacramento&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/79109/In-Old-Sacramento/","external_links_name":"\"In Old Sacramento (1946) - Overview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151118124446/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/96414/In-Old-Sacramento/overview","external_links_name":"\"In-Old-Sacramento - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/96414/In-Old-Sacramento/overview","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/24831","external_links_name":"In Old Sacramento"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety162-1946-04/page/n232/mode/1up?view=theater","external_links_name":"\"In Old Sacramento (advertisement)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038637/","external_links_name":"In Old Sacramento"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Old_Sacramento&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Friedrich_H%C3%B6fling	Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling	["1 Published works","2 References"]	Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling (ca. 1845) Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling (December 30, 1802 – April 5, 1853) was a German Lutheran theologian born in Neudrossenfeld, Bavaria. He specialized in the field of liturgical science. He studied philology and theology at Erlangen, and following his theological exam served as a vicar in Würzburg (1823) and as a minister in Nuremberg (1827). In 1831 he earned his doctorate in philosophy at Tübingen, and in 1835 received his theological degree. In 1833 he was appointed professor of practical theology at the University of Erlangen. He died in Munich. Published works Höfling was a prominent member of the so-called "Erlangen School" within the German Neo-Lutheranism movement. He collaborated with Gottlieb Christian Harless (1806–1879) on edition of the periodical "Zeitschrift für Protestantismus und Kirche". Among his more important publications are the following: Das Sacrament der Taufe nebst den anderen damit zusammenhängenden Akten der Initiation, (The sacrament of baptism, together with other related acts of initiation); (volume 1- 1846, volume 2- 1848). Grundsätze evangelisch-lutherischer Kirchenverfassung,(Principles of Evangelical Lutheran faith) 1850. Die Lehre der ältesten Kirche vom Opfer im Leben und Cultus der Christen, Zeugenverhör in einer Reihe akademischer Programme, angestellt, (The teaching of the Early Christian Church in regards to sacrifice in the life and worship of Christians) 1851. Publications about Höfling: Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling. Leben und Werk by Manfred Kiesseg, Gütersloh, Mohn 1991. References Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1990). "Höfling, Johann Wilhelm Friedrich". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 2. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 925–927. ISBN 3-88309-032-8. English translation ^ HathiTrust Digital Library published works vteConfessional Lutheran revivalsAwakening J. G. Hamann Paul Henkel Hans Nielsen Hauge (Haugeanism) Paavo Ruotsalainen (Finnish Awakening) Claus Harms Lars Levi Laestadius (Laestadianism) Carl Olof Rosenius N. F. S. Grundtvig Friedrich August Tholuck Old LutheranGermany Schism of the Old Lutherans Background J. G. Scheibel Eduard Huschke Henrik Steffens H. E. F. Guericke G. P. E. Huschke Free churches Australia and Papua New Guinea August Kavel Gotthard Fritzsche Johann Flierl Lutheran Church of Australia United States of America Martin Stephan J. A. A. Grabau Wilhelm Sihler F. C. D. Wyneken C. F. W. Walther H. A. Preus F. W. Stellhorn Synodical Conference of North America Neo-LutheranRepristination School E.W. Hengstenberg F. A. Philippi F. G. Hedberg C. P. Caspari C. P. Krauth L. A. Gotwald Erlangen School G. C. A. von Harless J. W. F. Höfling Gottfried Thomasius J. C. K. von Hofmann Franz Delitzsch K. F. A. Kahnis Theodosius Harnack C. E. Luthardt F. H. R. von Frank Paul Althaus Werner Elert High Church A. F. C. Vilmar F. J. Stahl A. F. O. Münchmeyer J. K. W. Löhe Theodor Kliefoth Heinrich Hansen High Church Union of the Augsburg Confession Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States Greece Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologian"},{"link_name":"Neudrossenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neudrossenfeld"},{"link_name":"liturgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Erlangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlangen"},{"link_name":"Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"practical theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practical_theology"},{"link_name":"University of Erlangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Erlangen"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"}],"text":"Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling (December 30, 1802 – April 5, 1853) was a German Lutheran theologian born in Neudrossenfeld, Bavaria. He specialized in the field of liturgical science.He studied philology and theology at Erlangen, and following his theological exam served as a vicar in Würzburg (1823) and as a minister in Nuremberg (1827). In 1831 he earned his doctorate in philosophy at Tübingen, and in 1835 received his theological degree. In 1833 he was appointed professor of practical theology at the University of Erlangen. He died in Munich.","title":"Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erlangen School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlangen_School"},{"link_name":"Neo-Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Gottlieb Christian Harless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Christoph_Adolf_von_Harless"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Early Christian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Höfling was a prominent member of the so-called \"Erlangen School\" within the German Neo-Lutheranism movement. He collaborated with Gottlieb Christian Harless (1806–1879) on edition of the periodical \"Zeitschrift für Protestantismus und Kirche\". Among his more important publications are the following:Das Sacrament der Taufe nebst den anderen damit zusammenhängenden Akten der Initiation, (The sacrament of baptism, together with other related acts of initiation); (volume 1- 1846, volume 2- 1848).\nGrundsätze evangelisch-lutherischer Kirchenverfassung,(Principles of Evangelical Lutheran faith) 1850.\nDie Lehre der ältesten Kirche vom Opfer im Leben und Cultus der Christen, Zeugenverhör in einer Reihe akademischer Programme, angestellt, (The teaching of the Early Christian Church in regards to sacrifice in the life and worship of Christians) 1851.[1]\nPublications about Höfling:\nJohann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling. Leben und Werk by Manfred Kiesseg, Gütersloh, Mohn 1991.","title":"Published works"}]	[{"image_text":"Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling (ca. 1845)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/H%C3%B6fling%2C_Johann_Wilhelm_Friedrich.JPG/220px-H%C3%B6fling%2C_Johann_Wilhelm_Friedrich.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1990). \"Höfling, Johann Wilhelm Friedrich\". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 2. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 925–927. ISBN 3-88309-032-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbkl.de/h/hoefling_j_w_f.shtml","url_text":"Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88309-032-8","url_text":"3-88309-032-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.bbkl.de/h/hoefling_j_w_f.shtml","external_links_name":"Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/h/hoefling_j_w_f.shtml&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=3&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DH%25C3%25B6fling%2B1802-1853%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG","external_links_name":"English translation"},{"Link":"http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22H%C3%B6fling,Joh.Wilh.Friedr.1802-1853.%22&type=author&inst=","external_links_name":"HathiTrust Digital Library"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/328357/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066310408","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/203148996000959752190","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119025639","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007287409005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no93026700","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record164735","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06860310X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119025639.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/155996282","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Old_Sweet_Song_(disambiguation)	Love's Old Sweet Song (disambiguation)	[]	"Love's Old Sweet Song" is a Victorian parlour song published in 1884. Love's Old Sweet Song may also refer to: Love's Old Sweet Song (1917 film), a British silent drama film Love's Old Sweet Song (1923 film), a two-reel short film Love's Old Sweet Song (1933 film), a British romance film Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Love's Old Sweet Song.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Love's Old Sweet Song (1917 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Old_Sweet_Song_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"Love's Old Sweet Song (1923 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Old_Sweet_Song_(1923_film)"},{"link_name":"Love's Old Sweet Song (1933 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Old_Sweet_Song_(1933_film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Love%27s_Old_Sweet_Song_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Love's Old Sweet Song may also refer to:Love's Old Sweet Song (1917 film), a British silent drama film\nLove's Old Sweet Song (1923 film), a two-reel short film\nLove's Old Sweet Song (1933 film), a British romance filmTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Love's Old Sweet Song.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Love's Old Sweet Song (disambiguation)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Love%27s_Old_Sweet_Song_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Vessyl_of_Sound	Golden Vessyl of Sound	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Release history","4 References","5 External links"]	2002 studio album by Yume BitsuGolden Vessyl of SoundStudio album by Yume BitsuReleasedMay 7, 2002RecordedFall 2001StudioRadsoul and Dub Narcotic Studios (Portland, OR)GenrePost-rock, psychedelic rock, shoegazeLength62:03 (CD), 83:55 (vinyl)LabelKYume Bitsu chronology Auspicious Winds(2000) Golden Vessyl of Sound(2002) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicPitchfork Media(8.5/10) Golden Vessyl of Sound is the fourth studio album by Yume Bitsu, released on May 7, 2002 through K Records. Track listing All tracks are written by Yume BitsuNo.TitleLength1.""8:202.""5:353.""2:034.""6:465.""1:576.""18:137.""7:018.""4:079.""8:01 Vinyl versionNo.TitleLength1.""8:202.""5:353.""2:034.""8:455.""7:096.""4:077.""18:138.""8:019.""22:40 Personnel Adapted from the Golden Vessyl of Sound liner notes. Yume Bitsu Adam Forkner – vocals, guitar, engineering Franz Prichard – guitar Additional musicians Jason Anderson – drums (1, 7), guitar (6) Alex Bundy – keyboards (1, 3–7), guitar (2) Daniel Eaton – trombone (6) McCloud Zicmuse – alto clarinet (6) Production and additional personnel Wade Chamberlain – mastering Johannah Goldstein – cover art Release history Region Date Label Format Catalog United States 2002 K CD, LP KLP 137 References ^ Richardson, Mark. "The Golden Vessyl of Sound album review". Pitchfork. Retrieved October 3, 2002. ^ Richardson, Mark. "The Golden Vessyl of Sound album review". Pitchfork. Retrieved October 3, 2002. ^ Spano, Charles. "Yume Bitsu: The Golden Vessyl of Sound > Review". Allmusic. Retrieved April 6, 2013. ^ Richardson, Mark (October 3, 2002). "Yume Bitsu: The Golden Vessyl of Sound". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved April 6, 2013. ^ Golden Vessyl of Sound (booklet). Yume Bitsu. Olympia, Washington: K. 2002.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) External links The Golden Vessyl Of Sound at Discogs (list of releases) vteYume Bitsu Adam Forkner Franz Prichard Jason Anderson Alex Bundy Studio albums Giant Surface Music Falling to Earth Like Jewels from the Sky Yume Bitsu Auspicious Winds Golden Vessyl of Sound	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yume Bitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yume_Bitsu"},{"link_name":"K Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_Records"}],"text":"2002 studio album by Yume BitsuGolden Vessyl of Sound is the fourth studio album by Yume Bitsu, released on May 7, 2002 through K Records.","title":"Golden Vessyl of Sound"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yume Bitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yume_Bitsu"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Yume BitsuNo.TitleLength1.\"[untitled]\"8:202.\"[untitled]\"5:353.\"[untitled]\"2:034.\"[untitled]\"6:465.\"[untitled]\"1:576.\"[untitled]\"18:137.\"[untitled]\"7:018.\"[untitled]\"4:079.\"[untitled]\"8:01Vinyl versionNo.TitleLength1.\"[untitled]\"8:202.\"[untitled]\"5:353.\"[untitled]\"2:034.\"[untitled]\"8:455.\"[untitled]\"7:096.\"[untitled]\"4:077.\"[untitled]\"18:138.\"[untitled]\"8:019.\"[untitled]\"22:40","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linearnotes-5"},{"link_name":"Adam Forkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Forkner"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"},{"link_name":"alto clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_clarinet"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"cover art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_art"}],"text":"Adapted from the Golden Vessyl of Sound liner notes.[5]Yume Bitsu\nAdam Forkner – vocals, guitar, engineering\nFranz Prichard – guitar\nAdditional musicians\nJason Anderson – drums (1, 7), guitar (6)\nAlex Bundy – keyboards (1, 3–7), guitar (2)\nDaniel Eaton – trombone (6)\nMcCloud Zicmuse – alto clarinet (6)\n\n\nProduction and additional personnel\nWade Chamberlain – mastering\nJohannah Goldstein – cover art","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Richardson, Mark. \"The Golden Vessyl of Sound album review\". Pitchfork. Retrieved October 3, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8836-the-golden-vessyl-of-sound/","url_text":"\"The Golden Vessyl of Sound album review\""}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Mark. \"The Golden Vessyl of Sound album review\". Pitchfork. Retrieved October 3, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8836-the-golden-vessyl-of-sound/","url_text":"\"The Golden Vessyl of Sound album review\""}]},{"reference":"Spano, Charles. \"Yume Bitsu: The Golden Vessyl of Sound > Review\". Allmusic. Retrieved April 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000659751","url_text":"\"Yume Bitsu: The Golden Vessyl of Sound > Review\""}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Mark (October 3, 2002). \"Yume Bitsu: The Golden Vessyl of Sound\". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved April 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8836-the-golden-vessyl-of-sound/","url_text":"\"Yume Bitsu: The Golden Vessyl of Sound\""}]},{"reference":"Golden Vessyl of Sound (booklet). Yume Bitsu. Olympia, Washington: K. 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yume_Bitsu","url_text":"Yume Bitsu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_Records","url_text":"K"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8836-the-golden-vessyl-of-sound/","external_links_name":"\"The Golden Vessyl of Sound album review\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8836-the-golden-vessyl-of-sound/","external_links_name":"\"The Golden Vessyl of Sound album review\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000659751","external_links_name":"\"Yume Bitsu: The Golden Vessyl of Sound > Review\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8836-the-golden-vessyl-of-sound/","external_links_name":"\"Yume Bitsu: The Golden Vessyl of Sound\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/263749","external_links_name":"The Golden Vessyl Of Sound"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_City_of_Edinburgh_Council_election	2022 City of Edinburgh Council election	["1 Background","1.1 Previous election","1.2 Electoral system","1.3 Composition","1.4 Retiring councillors","1.5 Candidates","2 Results","2.1 Ward summary","2.2 Seats changing hands","3 Ward results","3.1 Almond","3.2 Pentland Hills","3.3 Drum Brae/Gyle","3.4 Forth","3.5 Inverleith","3.6 Corstorphine/Murrayfield","3.7 Sighthill/Gorgie","3.8 Colinton/Fairmilehead","3.9 Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart","3.10 Morningside","3.11 City Centre","3.12 Leith Walk","3.13 Leith","3.14 Craigentinny/Duddingston","3.15 Southside/Newington","3.16 Liberton/Gilmerton","3.17 Portobello/Craigmillar","4 Aftermath","4.1 Corstorphine/Murrayfield by-election","5 Notes","6 References"]	City of Edinburgh Council election 2022 City of Edinburgh Council election ← 2017 5 May 2022 (2022-05-05) 2027 → All 63 seats to City of Edinburgh Council32 seats needed for a majorityRegistered399,239Turnout47.2% First party Second party Third party SNP Lab LD Leader Adam McVey Cammy Day Robert Aldridge Party SNP Labour Liberal Democrats Leader's seat Leith Forth Drum Brae/Gyle Last election 19 seats, 27.1% 12 seats, 18.4% 6 seats, 13.6% Seats before 15 11 6 Seats won 19 13 12 Seat change 1 6 Popular vote 48,199 35,608 38,263 Percentage 25.9% 19.1% 20.6% Swing 1.1% 0.8% 6.9% Fourth party Fifth party Grn Con Leader Steve Burgess / Claire Miller (co-conveners) Iain Whyte Party Scottish Green Conservative Leader's seat Southside/Newington (Burgess) City Centre (Miller) Craigentinny/Duddingston Last election 8 seats, 12.4% 18 seats, 27.7% Seats before 7 17 Seats won 10 9 Seat change 2 9 Popular vote 26,411 32,612 Percentage 14.2% 17.5% Swing 1.8% 10.2% Election result by council wards Leader before election Adam McVey(SNP) No overall control Leader after election Cammy Day(Labour) No overall control Elections to the City of Edinburgh Council took place on 5 May 2022 on the same day as the 31 other Scottish local government elections. As with other Scottish council elections, it was held using single transferable vote (STV) – a form of proportional representation – in which multiple candidates are elected in each ward and voters rank candidates in order of preference. For the second consecutive elections, the Scottish National Party (SNP) were returned as the largest party with 19 seats albeit with a slightly reduced vote share (down 1.1%). Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the Greens all made gains at the expense of the Conservatives who fell from the second-largest party to the smallest representative group on the council. Labour overtook the Conservatives into second place as they gained one seat to return 13 councillors. The Liberal Democrats doubled their number of councillors as they were returned as the third-largest party with 12 seats while the Greens gained two seats to hold 10. The number of Conservative councillors halved as they fell from 18 seats to nine. Following the election, the ruling SNP-Labour coalition was replaced by a Labour minority administration supported by the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives. Background Previous election Main article: 2017 City of Edinburgh Council election For the first time, the Scottish National Party (SNP) were returned as the largest party in an election in Edinburgh after increasing their vote share by 0.2% to win 19 seats – an increase of one from 2012. Despite topping the popular vote, the Conservatives only returned 18 seats as they overtook Labour to become the second-largest party on the council. Labour fell from the largest party to third after losing eight seats to return 12 councillors. The Greens recorded their best result in an election in Edinburgh as they returned eight councillors – up two – and the remaining six seats were won by the Liberal Democrats – up three. 2017 City of Edinburgh Council election result Party Seats Vote share SNP 19 27.0% Conservatives 18 27.7% Labour 12 18.4% Greens 8 12.4% Liberal Democrats 6 13.6% Source: Electoral system The election used the 17 wards created following the fourth statutory review of electoral arrangements conducted by Local Government Boundary Commission for Scotland in 2007, with 63 councillors elected. Each ward elected either three or four councillors, using the single transferable vote (STV) electoral system – a form of proportional representation – where candidates are ranked in order of preference. Composition Since the previous election, several changes in the composition of the council occurred. Most were changes to the political affiliation of councillors including SNP councillors Lewis Ritchie, Gavin Barrie, Claire Bridgman and Derek Howie and Conservative councillor Ashley Graczyk who resigned from their respective parties and became independents. Two by-elections were held and resulted in an SNP gain from Labour and an SNP hold. Green councillor Gavin Corbett resigned from the council after being made a special adviser to the Scottish Government but as his resignation was less than six months prior to the election, a by-election was not called to replace him. Composition of the City of Edinburgh Council Party 2017 election Dissolution SNP 19 15 Conservative 18 17 Labour 12 11 Green 8 7 Liberal Democrats 6 6 Independents 0 6 Notes ^ Note 1: A vacancy created less than six months before the election was not filled so there were only 62 councillors prior to the poll. Retiring councillors Ward Party Retiring councillor Almond Conservative Graham Hutchison Pentland Hills Labour Ricky Henderson Conservative Sue Webber Drum Brae/Gyle Independent Claire Bridgman Forth SNP Eleanor Bird George Gordon Inverleith Independent Gavin Barrie Corstorphine/Murrayfield Conservative Scott Douglas Liberal Democrats Gillian Gloyer Sighthill/Gorgie Labour Donald Wilson Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart Conservative Andrew Johnston Morningside Conservative Nick Cook Green Melanie Main City Centre Labour Karen Doran SNP Alasdair Rankin Leith Walk Independent Lewis Ritchie Leith Labour Gordon Munro Craigentinny/Duddingston Conservative John McLellan SNP Ethan Young Southside/Newington Independent Alison Dickie Labour Ian Perry Liberton/Gilmerton Independent Derek Howie Conservative Stephanie Smith Portobello/Craigmillar Green Mary Campbell Labour Maureen Child Conservative Callum Laidlaw Source: Candidates The total number of candidates increased from 120 in 2017 to 143. As was the case five years previous, the SNP fielded the highest number of candidates at 25 (two less than in 2017) across the 17 wards. The Liberal Democrats overtook both Labour and the Conservatives to field the second-largest number of candidates at 22 – an increase of four. Both the Conservatives (20 candidates) and Labour (19) stood fewer candidates than they had in 2017 – a decrease of one and four respectively. The Greens were the only other party to contest all 17 wards as, like they had done at the previous election, they put forward 17 candidates. The number of independent candidates increased from seven in 2017 to 10. As they had done five year previous, the Libertarians contested the election, standing five candidates (up one). For the first time, the Alba Party (seven candidates), the Women's Equality Party (two), the Workers Party (one), the Communist Party (one) and the Freedom Alliance (one) contested an election in Edinburgh. The Scottish Socialist Party (one) contested an election in Edinburgh for the first time since 2012. As they had in 2017, Socialist Labour put forward one candidate while UKIP – who put forward two candidates in 2017 – did not contest the election. Results 2022 City of Edinburgh Council election Party Seats Gains Losses Net gain/loss Seats % Votes % Votes +/− SNP 19 2 2 30.2 25.9 48,199 1.1 Labour 13 1 0 1 20.6 19.1 35,608 0.7 Liberal Democrats 12 6 0 6 19.1 20.5 38,263 6.9 Scottish Green 10 3 1 2 15.9 14.2 26,411 1.8 Conservative 9 0 9 9 14.3 17.5 32,612 10.2 Independent 0 0 0 0.0 0.9 1,663 0.2 Scottish Family 0 0 0 0.0 0.7 1,355 New Alba 0 0 0 0.0 0.6 1,029 New Scottish Socialist 0 0 0 0.0 0.2 295 New Women's Equality 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 228 New Scottish Libertarian 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 202 New Communist 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 119 New Socialist Labour 0 0 0 0.0 0.1 113 0.1 Workers Party 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 61 New Freedom Alliance 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 60 New Total 63 186,218 Source: Note: Votes are the sum of first preference votes across all council wards. The net gain/loss and percentage changes relate to the result of the previous Scottish local elections on 4 May 2017. This is because STV has an element of proportionality which is not present unless multiple seats are being elected. This may differ from other published sources showing gain/loss relative to seats held at the dissolution of Scotland's councils. Ward summary Results of the 2022 City of Edinburgh Council election by ward Ward % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats Total SNP Lib Dem Lab Grn Con Others Almond 20.9 1 59.9 3 4.9 0 5.3 0 7.5 0 1.5 0 4 Pentland Hills 31.3 2 8.0 0 17.1 1 7.8 0 34.0 1 1.7 0 4 Drum Brae/Gyle 23.9 1 51.8 2 6.2 0 5.9 0 11.1 0 1.1 0 3 Forth 31.0 1 19.7 1 18.9 1 12.7 1 15.1 0 2.7 0 4 Inverleith 19.7 1 33.7 1 12.6 0 12.8 1 20.0 1 1.2 0 4 Corstorphine/Murrayfield 18.7 1 49.8 2 7.8 0 6.9 0 16.0 0 0.8 0 3 Sighthill/Gorgie 36.2 2 4.2 0 23.0 1 13.3 1 11.8 0 11.5 0 4 Colinton/Fairmilehead 17.3 1 12.4 0 33.4 1 5.4 0 29.9 1 1.6 0 3 Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart 22.7 1 7.1 0 22.4 1 19.9 0 26.6 1 1.2 0 3 Morningside 15.5 0 21.2 1 23.2 1 21.1 1 17.6 1 1.4 0 4 City Centre 24.5 1 15.1 0 14.6 1 19.8 1 21.4 1 4.5 0 4 Leith Walk 30.7 1 12.0 1 18.7 1 25.9 1 6.9 0 5.7 0 4 Leith 32.6 1 4.3 0 21.4 1 25.7 1 9.0 0 7.0 0 3 Craigentinny/Duddingston 36.7 1 6.7 0 20.6 1 16.5 1 19.4 1 4 Southside/Newington 19.2 1 16.1 1 24.1 1 23.0 1 17.6 0 4 Liberton/Gilmerton 30.7 2 4.1 0 33.3 1 8.2 0 18.0 1 5.7 0 4 Portobello/Craigmillar 37.4 1 4.3 0 23.9 1 16.2 1 15.3 1 2.9 0 4 Total 25.9 19 20.5 12 19.1 13 14.2 10 17.5 9 2.8 0 63 Source: Seats changing hands Below is a list of seats which elected a different party or parties from 2017 in order to highlight the change in political composition of the council from the previous election. The list does not include defeated incumbents who resigned or defected from their party and subsequently failed re-election while the party held the seat. Seats changing hands Seat 2017 2022 Party Member Party Member Almond Conservative Graham Hutchison Liberal Democrats Lewis James Younie Pentland Hills Conservative Sue Webber SNP Fiona Glasgow Drum Brae/Gyle Conservative Mark Brown Liberal Democrats Edward John Thornley Forth Conservative Jim Campbell Liberal Democrats Sanne Dijkstra-Downie SNP George Gordon Greens Kayleigh O'Neill Inverleith Conservative Iain Whyte Greens Jule Bandel Corstorphine/Murrayfield Conservative Scott Douglas Liberal Democrats Euan Robert Davidson Sighthill/Gorgie Conservative Ashley Graczyk Greens Dan Heap Colinton/Fairmilehead Conservative Philip Doggart SNP Marco Biagi Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart Greens Gavin Corbett Labour Val Walker Leith Walk SNP Rob Munn Liberal Democrats Jack Caldwell Southside/Newington Conservative Cameron Rose Liberal Democrats Pauline Flannery Notes ^ Note 1: In 2017, Ashley Graczyk was elected as a Conservative candidate but later resigned from the party. Source: Ward results Almond The Liberal Democrats (2) and the SNP (1) retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Conservatives lost their only seat to the Liberal Democrats. Almond - 4 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Liberal Democrats Kevin Lang (incumbent) 42.4 5,904 SNP Norrie Work (incumbent) 20.9 2,911 Liberal Democrats Louise Young (incumbent) 16.0 2,221 4,937 Conservative James Hill 7.5 1,040 1,162 1,242 1,244 1,245 1,290 1,355 1,416 Scottish Green Andrew Brough 5.3 736 799 852 918 938 958 1,187 Labour Fred Hessler 4.9 688 742 786 803 816 837 Liberal Democrats Lewis James Younie 1.4 200 313 2,207 2,218 2,223 2,251 2,435 2,870 Scottish Family Stewart Geddes 1.1 148 153 160 162 174 Workers Party Annemarie Baillie 0.4 61 65 67 69 Electorate: 27,454 Valid: 13,909 Spoilt: 115 Quota: 2,782 Turnout: 51.1% Source: Pentland Hills The SNP and Labour retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Conservatives retained one of their two seats and lost one seat to the SNP. Pentland Hills - 4 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Conservative Graeme Bruce (incumbent) 22.8 2,531 SNP Neil Thomas Gardiner (incumbent) 21.3 2,360 Labour Stephen Philip Jenkinson 17.1 1,896 1,911 1,917 1,918 1,944 2,155 2,632 Conservative Emma Gilchrist 11.2 1,239 1,482 1,484 1,487 1,532 1,558 1,760 1,827 SNP Fiona Glasgow 10.1 1,115 1,121 1,236 1,239 1,254 1,674 1,755 1,841 1,994 Liberal Democrats Michael William Chappell 8.0 885 909 911 918 940 1,094 Scottish Green Ross Muller 7.8 870 875 883 890 908 Scottish Family Richard Fettes 1.4 159 165 166 172 Scottish Libertarian Louis Rowlands 0.3 32 32 33 Electorate: 24,312 Valid: 11,087 Spoilt: 179 Quota: 2,218 Turnout: 46.3% Source: Drum Brae/Gyle The Liberal Democrats and the SNP retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Conservatives lost their only seat to the Liberal Democrats. Drum Brae/Gyle - 3 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Liberal Democrats Robert Christopher Aldridge (incumbent) 42.2 3,988 SNP Euan Hyslop 23.9 2,263 2,345 2,349 2,355 2,655 Conservative Mark Brown (incumbent) 11.1 1,047 1,232 1,235 1,266 1,283 1,296 1,387 Liberal Democrats Edward John Thornley 9.6 909 2,074 2,079 2,089 2,213 2,263 2,578 Labour Nkechi Okoro 6.2 587 659 661 671 772 861 Scottish Green Anne Scott 5.9 554 595 599 616 Scottish Family Eileen Johnston 0.8 79 88 94 Scottish Libertarian Gary Smith 0.3 24 29 Electorate: 18,822 Valid: 9,451 Spoilt: 109 Quota: 2,363 Turnout: 50.8% Source: Forth Labour retained the seat they had won at the previous election while the SNP retained one of their two seats and the Conservatives lost their only seat. The Greens and the Liberal Democrats both gained one seat. Forth - 4 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Liberal Democrats Sanne Dijkstra-Downie 19.7 2,077 2,094 2,113 Labour Cammy Day (incumbent) 18.9 1,995 2,014 2,044 2,044 2,104 2,252 SNP Stuart Dobbin 18.2 1,917 1,923 1,938 1,938 3,007 Conservative Jim Campbell (incumbent) 15.1 1,594 1,598 1,646 1,646 1,654 1,675 1,701 SNP Carrie Gooch 12.8 1,353 1,365 1,369 1,369 Scottish Green Kayleigh O'Neill 12.7 1,337 1,375 1,390 1,390 1,571 2,014 2,063 2,321 Scottish Family Linda Lenora Campbell 1.4 152 162 Women's Equality Kerry Elizabeth Heathcote 1.2 130 Electorate: 24,934 Valid: 10,555 Spoilt: 178 Quota: 2,112 Turnout: 43.0% Source: Inverleith The SNP and the Liberal Democrats retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Conservatives retained one of their two seats and the Greens gained one seat from the Conservatives. Inverleith - 4 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Liberal Democrats Hal Osler (incumbent) 23.2 3,117 SNP Vicky Nicolson 19.7 2,641 2,657 2,659 2,663 2,668 2,683 2,937 Conservative Max Mitchell (incumbent) 13.7 1,836 1,878 1,879 1,884 1,897 2,644 2,768 Scottish Green Jule Bandel 12.8 1,714 1,740 1,740 1,741 1,752 1,768 2,222 2,380 2,384 2,959 Labour Mhairi Munro-Brian 12.6 1,684 1,713 1,715 1,721 1,736 1,755 Liberal Democrats Malcolm Alexander Wood 10.5 1,405 1,701 1,703 1,712 1,725 1,765 2,276 2,303 2,338 Conservative Stuart Herring 6.4 853 863 863 867 889 Scottish Family Phil Holden 0.7 96 97 98 109 Scottish Libertarian Tam Laird 0.4 53 54 54 Independent Stephen McNamara 0.1 17 17 Electorate: 24,608 Valid: 13,416 Spoilt: 126 Quota: 2,684 Turnout: 55.0% Source: Corstorphine/Murrayfield The Liberal Democrats and the SNP retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Conservatives lost their only seat to the Liberal Democrats. Corstorphine/Murrayfield - 3 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 Liberal Democrats Alan Christopher Beal 34.2 3,897 SNP Frank Ross (incumbent) 18.7 2,132 2,152 2,163 2,567 2,570 2,941 Conservative Hugh Findlay 16.0 1,818 1,856 1,878 1,894 1,905 2,015 Liberal Democrats Euan Robert Davidson 15.6 1,772 2,691 2,716 2,883 Labour Richard Parker 7.8 893 918 928 1,090 1,099 Scottish Green Connal Hughes 6.9 784 804 810 Scottish Family Norman David Colville 0.8 88 94 Electorate: 19,533 Valid: 11,384 Spoilt: 108 Quota: 2,847 Turnout: 58.8% Source: Sighthill/Gorgie The SNP (2) and Labour (1) retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Greens gained one seat from the Conservatives. Sighthill/Gorgie - 4 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Labour Ross McKenzie 23.0 1,929 SNP Catherine Fullerton (incumbent) 18.7 1,567 1,588 1,618 1,649 1,814 SNP Denis Dixon (incumbent) 17.5 1,462 1,480 1,514 1,530 1,592 1,701 Scottish Green Dan Heap 13.3 1,116 1,151 1,169 1,258 1,520 1,532 1,544 1,762 Conservative Mark Hooley 11.8 986 1,011 1,023 1,131 1,285 1,286 1,287 Independent Ashley Graczyk (incumbent) 9.5 797 820 857 935 Liberal Democrats Devin Scobie 4.2 354 421 439 Alba David Henry 2.0 164 170 Electorate: 23,850 Valid: 8,375 Spoilt: 182 Quota: 1,676 Turnout: 35.9% Source: Colinton/Fairmilehead Labour retained the seat they had won at the previous election while the Conservatives retained one of their two seats and the SNP gained one seat from the Conservatives. Colinton/Fairmilehead - 3 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Labour Scott Arthur (incumbent) 33.4 3,812 Conservative Jason Rust (incumbent) 20.3 2,317 2,435 2,480 2,507 3,512 SNP Marco Biagi 17.3 1,969 2,123 2,142 2,561 2,590 2,614 3,216 Liberal Democrats Louise Watson Spence 12.4 1,416 1,719 1,739 1,950 2,044 2,329 Conservative Neil Cuthbert 9.6 1,100 1,185 1,211 1,221 Scottish Green Helen McCabe 5.4 621 739 763 Scottish Family Richard Crewe Lucas 1.6 179 195 Electorate: 19,454 Valid: 11,414 Spoilt: 126 Quota: 2,854 Turnout: 59.3% Source: Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart The Conservatives and the SNP retained the seats they had won at the previous election while Labour gained one seat from the Greens. Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart - 3 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Conservative Christopher Cowdy 26.6 2,399 SNP David Key (incumbent) 22.7 2,051 2,053 2,058 2,064 2,121 2,145 3,546 Labour Val Walker 22.4 2,026 2,061 2,067 2,083 2,408 Scottish Green Megan McHaney 19.9 1,800 1,805 1,812 1,824 1,971 2,026 Liberal Democrats Fraser John Ashmore Graham 7.1 642 691 700 719 Scottish Family Fraser Kenneth Ramsay 0.8 69 76 85 Scottish Libertarian Gregor Masson 0.5 41 44 Electorate: 18,284 Valid: 9,028 Spoilt: 84 Quota: 2,258 Turnout: 49.8% Source: Morningside Labour, the Liberal Democrats, the Greens and the Conservatives retained the seats they had won at the previous elections. Morningside - 4 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Labour Mandy Helen Watt (incumbent) 23.2 3,145 Liberal Democrats Neil John Ross (incumbent) 21.2 2,877 Scottish Green Ben Parker 21.1 2,854 Conservative Marie-Clare Munro 17.6 2,390 2,489 2,560 2,564 2,589 2,616 3,020 SNP Mairianna Clyde 15.5 2,097 2,209 2,233 2,337 2,343 2,430 Alba Leah Gunn Barrett 1.0 132 136 138 140 151 Scottish Libertarian Peter Sidor 0.4 52 62 66 67 Electorate: 25,204 Valid: 13,547 Spoilt: 71 Quota: 2,710 Turnout: 54.0% Source: City Centre The Conservatives, the Greens, Labour and the SNP retained the seats they had won at the previous election. City Centre - 4 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Conservative Jo Mowat (incumbent) 21.4 1,896 Scottish Green Claire Miller (incumbent) 19.8 1,755 1,760 1,760 1,761 1,765 1,770 1,784 Liberal Democrats Andy Foxall 15.1 1,341 1,396 1,396 1,398 1,402 1,415 1,422 1,423 1,449 1,476 1,495 1,551 Labour Margaret Arma Graham 14.6 1,297 1,315 1,318 1,318 1,319 1,326 1,333 1,336 1,348 1,385 1,471 1,570 2,349 SNP Finlay McFarlane 13.3 1,182 1,183 1,185 1,187 1,190 1,191 1,203 1,206 1,210 1,237 2,120 SNP Marianne Mwiki 11.1 984 985 987 987 988 990 1,004 1,008 1,011 1,033 Independent Bonnie Prince Bob 1.3 117 119 119 119 121 125 153 153 182 Alba Kevan Shaw 1.2 105 106 108 108 109 110 Independent Norrie Rowan 0.9 84 90 90 97 100 114 126 126 Independent Kevin Illingworth 0.6 50 52 52 52 58 Independent Pete Carson 0.2 21 22 23 24 Independent Paul R. Penman 0.2 14 16 18 Independent Maria Pakpahan-Campbell 0.1 11 12 Electorate: 23,510 Valid: 8,857 Spoilt: 81 Quota: 1,772 Turnout: 37.7% Source: Leith Walk The Greens and Labour retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the SNP retained one of their two seats and the Liberal Democrats gained one seat from the SNP. Leith Walk - 4 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Scottish Green Susan Rae (incumbent) 25.9 2,847 SNP Amy McNeese-Mechan (incumbent) 20.4 2,248 Labour James Dalgleish 18.7 2,058 2,184 2,186 2,186 2,196 2,224 Liberal Democrats Jack Caldwell 12.0 1,317 1,400 1,402 1,413 1,433 1,446 1,456 1,469 1,506 1,563 1,995 2,513 SNP Rob Munn (incumbent) 10.3 1,132 1,405 1,447 1,449 1,459 1,485 1,488 1,534 1,580 1,633 1,648 Conservative Bonus Fombo 6.9 763 766 766 770 796 797 799 811 819 833 Alba Joe Smith 1.2 135 138 138 144 148 155 155 Communist Richard Charles Shillcock 1.1 119 141 141 145 147 Socialist Labour David Don Jacobson 1.0 113 139 139 141 148 184 187 206 242 Scottish Family Niel Deepnarain 1.0 106 108 108 119 Women's Equality David Renton 0.9 98 147 147 154 167 180 181 202 Freedom Alliance (UK) Jon Pullman 0.5 60 62 62 Electorate: 26,683 Valid: 10,996 Spoilt: 134 Quota: 2,200 Turnout: 41.7% Source: Leith The SNP, the Greens and Labour retained the seats they had won at the previous election. Leith - 3 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 SNP Adam McVey (incumbent) 32.6 2,754 Scottish Green Chas Booth (incumbent) 25.7 2,169 Labour Katrina Faccenda 21.4 1,804 2,025 2,056 2,077 2,111 Conservative Teresa Perchard 9.0 764 773 774 793 806 Independent Andy MacKenzie 4.4 370 413 418 439 513 Liberal Democrats Robin Thomas Rea 4.3 360 434 443 448 470 Alba Euan McGlynn 1.5 129 206 208 214 Scottish Family Jacqueline Mary Isseri 1.1 92 103 104 Electorate: 19,420 Valid: 8,442 Spoilt: 104 Quota: 2,111 Turnout: 44.0% Source: Craigentinny/Duddingston Labour, the SNP, the Conservatives and the Greens retained the seats they had won at the previous election. Craigentinny/Duddingston - 4 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 Labour Joan Griffiths (incumbent) 20.6 2,136 SNP Danny Aston 20.6 2,129 Conservative Ian Whyte 19.4 2,011 2,020 2,020 2,199 Scottish Green Alex Staniforth (incumbent) 16.5 1,706 1,719 1,723 1,938 1,956 3,286 SNP Shelly-Ann Brown 16.2 1,674 1,682 1,732 1,833 1,838 Liberal Democrats Elaine Ruth Ford 6.7 697 716 717 Electorate: 23,924 Valid: 10,353 Spoilt: 215 Quota: 2,071 Turnout: 44.2% Source: Southside/Newington Labour, the Greens and the SNP retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Liberal Democrats gained one seat from the Conservatives. Southside/Newington - 4 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 Labour Tim Pogson 24.1 2,837 Scottish Green Steve Burgess (incumbent) 23.0 2,717 SNP Simita Kumar 19.2 2,260 2,338 2,557 Conservative Cameron Rose (incumbent) 17.6 2,077 2,139 2,146 2,154 Liberal Democrats Pauline Flannery 16.1 1,897 2,141 2,236 2,331 3,739 Electorate: 24,152 Valid: 11,788 Spoilt: 96 Quota: 2,358 Turnout: 49.2% Source: Liberton/Gilmerton The SNP (2), Labour (1) and the Conservatives (1) retained the seats they had won at the previous election. Liberton/Gilmerton - 4 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Labour Lezley Marion Cameron (incumbent) 27.5 3,419 SNP Lesley MacInnes (incumbent) 23.4 2,906 Conservative Philip Doggart 18.0 2,239 2,313 2,317 2,374 2,389 2,414 2,537 Scottish Green John Nichol 8.2 1,023 1,069 1,092 1,111 1,138 1,227 1,357 1,361 SNP Martha Mattos Coelho 7.3 910 942 1,300 1,317 1,369 1,451 1,484 1,485 2,103 2,558 Labour Ishrat Measom 5.8 725 1,308 1,314 1,339 1,370 1,433 1,604 1,617 1,947 Liberal Democrats Madeleine Rani Frances Planche 4.1 507 548 551 565 580 608 Scottish Socialist Colin Fox 2.4 295 321 325 335 376 Alba Abu Meron 1.8 222 226 228 241 Scottish Family James Demare Christie 1.5 187 207 209 Electorate: 28,977 Valid: 12,433 Spoilt: 232 Quota: 2,487 Turnout: 43.7% Source: Portobello/Craigmillar The SNP, Labour, the Greens and the Conservatives retained the seats they had won at the previous election. Portobello/Craigmillar - 4 seats Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SNP Kate Campbell (incumbent) 30.7 3,438 Labour Jane Elizabeth Meagher 18.8 2,099 2,192 2,212 2,429 Scottish Green Alys Mumford 16.2 1,808 1,998 2,007 2,037 2,039 2,169 2,349 Conservative Tim Jones 15.3 1,712 1,729 1,743 1,776 1,777 1,869 1,986 1,990 2,290 SNP Simon Clark Shedden 6.7 744 1,534 1,574 1,593 1,593 1,616 1,710 1,770 Labour Heather Pugh 5.2 578 597 607 629 638 774 Liberal Democrats Jill Reilly 4.3 480 488 495 527 528 Independent Andrew McDonald 1.6 182 197 221 Alba Anne Todd 1.3 142 149 Electorate: 26,118 Valid: 11,183 Spoilt: 243 Quota: 2,237 Turnout: 43.7% Source: Aftermath After the election, the SNP remained the largest party, but Labour took control of the council after giving the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives "key non-political" posts. In a sign of internal unease at the deal, Labour councillors Katrina Faccenda and Ross McKenzie abstained. This came after a coalition between the SNP and Greens was blocked as a result of the deal between Labour, the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives, which combined obtained 32 votes, compared to the 29 votes for the SNP-Green deal. Several current and former elected Labour representatives were critical of the deal involving the Conservatives. Former Edinburgh North and Leith MP Mark Lazarowicz described the deal in the capital as "unacceptable", whilst Neil Findlay, who was a regional MSP for Lothian from 2011 and 2021, said: "I am appalled to see West Lothian Labour councillors voting Tories into office - the Tory party is the enemy of my class." On 28 June 2022, the Labour group suspended Leith councillor Katrina Faccenda and Sighthill/Gorgie councillor Ross McKenzie for eight weeks after they opposed the deal with the Conservatives, temporarily reducing the administration to 11 members. Cllr McKenzie later resigned from the Labour group on 23 February 2023 in protest at the way the council's 2023–24 budget was passed. Corstorphine/Murrayfield by-election SNP councillor for Corstorphine/Murrayfield, Frank Ross, resigned on 16 December 2022 causing a by-election. The by-election was held on 9 March 2023 and was won by Fiona Bennett of the Liberal Democrats. Corstorphine/Murrayfield by-election (10 March 2023) – 1 seat Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 Liberal Democrats Fiona Bennett 56.0 4,577 SNP Donald Rutherford 13.3 1,086 Conservative Hugh Findlay 9.6 788 Labour Richard Parker 7.0 568 Scottish Green Chris Young 5.1 417 Independent Elaine Miller 3.7 327 Independent Pete Gregson 3.6 295 Scottish Family Richard Fettes 1.1 90 Scottish Libertarian Gary Smith 0.2 20 Electorate: 19,435 Valid: 8,168 Spoilt: 57 Quota: 4,085 Turnout: 42.3% Source: Notes ^ Cllr McKenzie resigned from the Labour group in February 2023. ^ Sitting councillor for Inverleith. ^ Sitting councillor for Colinton/Fairmilehead. References ^ a b c d Teale, Andrew. "Local Elections Archive Project - 2017 - Edinburgh". Retrieved 12 November 2023. ^ "Notice of Election". City of Edinburgh Council. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2023. ^ Grant, Alistair (20 February 2018). "SNP councillor quits party amid punch claims". The Herald. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ Swanson, Ian (23 April 2018). "Senior councillor Gavin Barrie quits SNP". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ a b Swanson, Ian (4 July 2018). "Edinburgh Tory councillor quits in protest at benefit changes". The Scotsman. Retrieved 6 February 2019. ^ "Conservatives are biggest party in Edinburgh after third SNP councillor quits". Edinburgh Evening News. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ Hoffman, Noa (31 July 2020). "Edinburgh politicians and residents respond to local councillor's resignation from the SNP". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ "Edinburgh Labour councillor quits amid reports of internal party tensions". Edinburgh Evening News. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ "By-election for electoral ward 12: Leith Walk". City of Edinburgh Council. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019. ^ Bol, David (12 April 2019). "SNP candidate Rob Munn victorious in Leith Walk by-election". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ "Craigentinny/Duddingston by-election result". City of Edinburgh Council. ^ Swanson, Ian (21 October 2021). "Edinburgh Green councillor to step down after being made Scottish Government special adviser". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 4 April 2022. ^ a b c Swanson, Ian (31 March 2022). "Edinburgh council elections 2022: Here's the full list of candidates". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ a b Stephen, Phyllis (29 March 2017). "List of candidates for Council Elections 2017". The Edinburgh Reporter. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ a b c Faulds, Allan. "City of Edinburgh Council 2022". Ballot Box Scotland. Retrieved 13 November 2022. ^ Faulds, Allan. "The Local STV Voting System Explained". Ballot Box Scotland. Retrieved 24 October 2022. ^ "Single Transferable Vote". Electoral Reform Society. Retrieved 24 October 2022. ^ "Ward 1 Almond Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 1 Almond Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 2 Pentland Hills Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 2 Pentland Hills Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 3 Drum Brae/Gyle Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 3 Drum Brae/Gyle Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 4 Forth Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 4 Forth Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 5 Inverleith Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 5 Inverleith Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 6 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 6 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ a b Swanson, Ian (23 February 2023). "Edinburgh Budget: Councillor Ross McKenzie dramatically quits Labour in middle of full council meeting". Edinburgh Evening News. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. ^ "Ward 7 Sighthill/Gorgie Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 7 Sighthill/Gorgie Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 8 Colinton/Fairmilehead Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 8 Colinton/Fairmilehead Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 9 Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 9 Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 10 Morningside Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 10 Morningside Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 11 City Centre Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 11 City Centre Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 12 Leith Walk Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 12 Leith Walk Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 13 Leith Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 13 Leith Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 14 Craigentinny/Duddingston Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 14 Craigentinny/Duddingston Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 15 Southside/Newington Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 15 Southside/Newington Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 16 Liberton/Gilmerton Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 16 Liberton/Gilmerton Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 17 Portobello/Craigmillar Results". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Ward 17 Portobello/Craigmillar Transfer Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023. ^ "Council elections 2022: SNP looks to create coalition in Edinburgh". BBC News. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022. ^ Swanson, Ian (26 May 2022). "Labour takes control of Capital despite anger from within over Tory deal". Edinburgh News. Retrieved 26 May 2022. ^ Carrell, Severin (26 May 2022). "Scottish Labour seizes Edinburgh council with Lib Dem and Tory help". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2022. ^ Morrison, Rhoda (27 May 2022). "Labour gain control of Edinburgh council after Lib Dems and Tories agree to block SNP-Green coalition". Edinburgh News. Retrieved 27 May 2022. ^ Garton-Crosbie, Abbi (27 May 2022). "Cracks starting to show in Scottish Labour as key figures blast 'shameful' Tory council deals". The National. Retrieved 27 May 2022. ^ Swanson, Ian (28 June 2022). "Two Edinburgh Labour councillors suspended after abstaining on vote which put their party into power". Edinburgh News. Retrieved 13 November 2023. ^ Turvill, Donald (16 December 2022). "Leading Edinburgh SNP councillor resigns after failed compensation bid for traders". Edinburgh Live. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ Turvill, Donald (10 March 2023). "Edinburgh by-election win for Liberal Democrats makes them city's second biggest party". Edinburgh Live. Retrieved 10 March 2023. ^ "Ward 1 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Decleration of Results Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ "Ward 1 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Candidate Votes Per Stage Report". City of Edinburgh Council. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023. vte Elections in EdinburghEdinburgh Corporation 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 City of Edinburgh District Council 1974 1977 1980 1984 1988 1992 Lothian Regional Council 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 City of Edinburgh Council 1995 1999 2003 2007 2012 2017 2022 Referendums 2005 vte(2021 ←) 2022 United Kingdom local elections (→ 2023)London boroughs(England) Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden City of London Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth Westminster Metropolitan boroughs(England) Barnsley Birmingham Bolton Bradford Bury Calderdale Coventry Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside St Helens Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton Unitary authorities(England) Blackburn with Darwen Cumberland Derby Halton Hartlepool Kingston upon Hull Milton Keynes North East Lincolnshire North Yorkshire Peterborough Plymouth Portsmouth Reading Slough Somerset Southampton Southend-on-Sea Swindon Thurrock Westmorland and Furness Wokingham District councils(England) Adur Amber Valley Basildon Basingstoke and Deane Brentwood Broxbourne Burnley Cambridge Cannock Chase Castle Point Cheltenham Cherwell Chorley Colchester Crawley Eastleigh Elmbridge Epping Forest Exeter Fareham Gosport Harlow Hart Hastings Havant Huntingdonshire Hyndburn Ipswich Lincoln Maidstone Newcastle-under-Lyme Mole Valley North Hertfordshire Norwich Nuneaton and Bedworth Oxford Pendle Preston Redditch Reigate and Banstead Rochford Rossendale Rugby Runnymede Rushmoor South Cambridgeshire St Albans Stevenage Tamworth Tandridge Three Rivers Tunbridge Wells Watford Welwyn Hatfield West Lancashire West Oxfordshire Winchester Woking Worcester Worthing Mayoral elections Croydon Hackney Lewisham Newham South Yorkshire Tower Hamlets Watford Unitary authorities(Scotland) Aberdeen Aberdeenshire Angus Argyll and Bute Clackmannanshire Dumfries and Galloway Dundee East Ayrshire East Dunbartonshire East Lothian East Renfrewshire Edinburgh Falkirk Fife Glasgow Highland Inverclyde Midlothian Moray Na h-Eileanan Siar North Ayrshire North Lanarkshire Orkney Perth and Kinross Renfrewshire Scottish Borders Shetland South Ayrshire South Lanarkshire Stirling West Dunbartonshire West Lothian Unitary authorities(Wales) Blaenau Gwent Bridgend Caerphilly Cardiff Carmarthenshire Ceredigion Conwy Denbighshire Flintshire Gwynedd Isle of Anglesey Merthyr Tydfil Monmouthshire Neath Port Talbot Newport Pembrokeshire Powys Rhondda Cynon Taf Swansea Torfaen Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish local government elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Scottish_local_elections"},{"link_name":"single transferable vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_transferable_vote"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Green_Party"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Conservative_and_Unionist_Party"}],"text":"Elections to the City of Edinburgh Council took place on 5 May 2022 on the same day as the 31 other Scottish local government elections. As with other Scottish council elections, it was held using single transferable vote (STV) – a form of proportional representation – in which multiple candidates are elected in each ward and voters rank candidates in order of preference.For the second consecutive elections, the Scottish National Party (SNP) were returned as the largest party with 19 seats albeit with a slightly reduced vote share (down 1.1%). Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the Greens all made gains at the expense of the Conservatives who fell from the second-largest party to the smallest representative group on the council. Labour overtook the Conservatives into second place as they gained one seat to return 13 councillors. The Liberal Democrats doubled their number of councillors as they were returned as the third-largest party with 12 seats while the Greens gained two seats to hold 10. The number of Conservative councillors halved as they fell from 18 seats to nine.Following the election, the ruling SNP-Labour coalition was replaced by a Labour minority administration supported by the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives.","title":"2022 City of Edinburgh Council election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_City_of_Edinburgh_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Conservative_and_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Green_Party"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LEAP-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LEAP-1"}],"sub_title":"Previous election","text":"For the first time, the Scottish National Party (SNP) were returned as the largest party in an election in Edinburgh after increasing their vote share by 0.2% to win 19 seats – an increase of one from 2012. Despite topping the popular vote, the Conservatives only returned 18 seats as they overtook Labour to become the second-largest party on the council. Labour fell from the largest party to third after losing eight seats to return 12 councillors. The Greens recorded their best result in an election in Edinburgh as they returned eight councillors – up two – and the remaining six seats were won by the Liberal Democrats – up three.[1]Source:[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Local Government Boundary Commission for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundaries_Scotland"},{"link_name":"single transferable vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_transferable_vote"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Electoral system","text":"The election used the 17 wards created following the fourth statutory review of electoral arrangements conducted by Local Government Boundary Commission for Scotland in 2007, with 63 councillors elected. Each ward elected either three or four councillors, using the single transferable vote (STV) electoral system – a form of proportional representation – where candidates are ranked in order of preference.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graczyk-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note_1_1"}],"sub_title":"Composition","text":"Since the previous election, several changes in the composition of the council occurred. Most were changes to the political affiliation of councillors including SNP councillors Lewis Ritchie, Gavin Barrie, Claire Bridgman and Derek Howie and Conservative councillor Ashley Graczyk who resigned from their respective parties and became independents.[3][4][5][6][7] Two by-elections were held and resulted in an SNP gain from Labour and an SNP hold.[8][9][10][11] Green councillor Gavin Corbett resigned from the council after being made a special adviser to the Scottish Government but as his resignation was less than six months prior to the election, a by-election was not called to replace him.[12]Notes^ Note 1: A vacancy created less than six months before the election was not filled so there were only 62 councillors prior to the poll.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LEAP-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-candidates-13"}],"sub_title":"Retiring councillors","text":"Source:[1][13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Libertarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Libertarian_Party"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-candidates-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cands2017-14"},{"link_name":"Alba Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Party"},{"link_name":"Women's Equality Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Party"},{"link_name":"Workers Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Scottish Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_City_of_Edinburgh_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Socialist Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"UKIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKIP"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-candidates-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cands2017-14"}],"sub_title":"Candidates","text":"The total number of candidates increased from 120 in 2017 to 143. As was the case five years previous, the SNP fielded the highest number of candidates at 25 (two less than in 2017) across the 17 wards. The Liberal Democrats overtook both Labour and the Conservatives to field the second-largest number of candidates at 22 – an increase of four. Both the Conservatives (20 candidates) and Labour (19) stood fewer candidates than they had in 2017 – a decrease of one and four respectively. The Greens were the only other party to contest all 17 wards as, like they had done at the previous election, they put forward 17 candidates. The number of independent candidates increased from seven in 2017 to 10. As they had done five year previous, the Libertarians contested the election, standing five candidates (up one).[13][14]For the first time, the Alba Party (seven candidates), the Women's Equality Party (two), the Workers Party (one), the Communist Party (one) and the Freedom Alliance (one) contested an election in Edinburgh. The Scottish Socialist Party (one) contested an election in Edinburgh for the first time since 2012. As they had in 2017, Socialist Labour put forward one candidate while UKIP – who put forward two candidates in 2017 – did not contest the election.[13][14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBS-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Source: [15]Note: Votes are the sum of first preference votes across all council wards. The net gain/loss and percentage changes relate to the result of the previous Scottish local elections on 4 May 2017. This is because STV has an element of proportionality which is not present unless multiple seats are being elected. This may differ from other published sources showing gain/loss relative to seats held at the dissolution of Scotland's councils.[16][17]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBS-15"}],"sub_title":"Ward summary","text":"Source: [15]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Note_1_1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graczyk-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LEAP-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBS-15"}],"sub_title":"Seats changing hands","text":"Below is a list of seats which elected a different party or parties from 2017 in order to highlight the change in political composition of the council from the previous election. The list does not include defeated incumbents who resigned or defected from their party and subsequently failed re-election while the party held the seat.Notes^ Note 1: In 2017, Ashley Graczyk was elected as a Conservative candidate but later resigned from the party.[5]Source:[1][15]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Almond","text":"The Liberal Democrats (2) and the SNP (1) retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Conservatives lost their only seat to the Liberal Democrats.Source: [18][19]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Pentland Hills","text":"The SNP and Labour retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Conservatives retained one of their two seats and lost one seat to the SNP.Source: [20][21]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Drum Brae/Gyle","text":"The Liberal Democrats and the SNP retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Conservatives lost their only seat to the Liberal Democrats.Source: [22][23]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Forth","text":"Labour retained the seat they had won at the previous election while the SNP retained one of their two seats and the Conservatives lost their only seat. The Greens and the Liberal Democrats both gained one seat.Source: [24][25]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Inverleith","text":"The SNP and the Liberal Democrats retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Conservatives retained one of their two seats and the Greens gained one seat from the Conservatives.Source: [26][27]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Corstorphine/Murrayfield","text":"The Liberal Democrats and the SNP retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Conservatives lost their only seat to the Liberal Democrats.Source: [28][29]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Sighthill/Gorgie","text":"The SNP (2) and Labour (1) retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Greens gained one seat from the Conservatives.Source: [31][32]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Colinton/Fairmilehead","text":"Labour retained the seat they had won at the previous election while the Conservatives retained one of their two seats and the SNP gained one seat from the Conservatives.Source: [33][34]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart","text":"The Conservatives and the SNP retained the seats they had won at the previous election while Labour gained one seat from the Greens.Source: [35][36]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Morningside","text":"Labour, the Liberal Democrats, the Greens and the Conservatives retained the seats they had won at the previous elections.Source: [37][38]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"City Centre","text":"The Conservatives, the Greens, Labour and the SNP retained the seats they had won at the previous election.Source: [39][40]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Leith Walk","text":"The Greens and Labour retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the SNP retained one of their two seats and the Liberal Democrats gained one seat from the SNP.Source: [41][42]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Leith","text":"The SNP, the Greens and Labour retained the seats they had won at the previous election.Source: [43][44]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Craigentinny/Duddingston","text":"Labour, the SNP, the Conservatives and the Greens retained the seats they had won at the previous election.Source: [45][46]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Southside/Newington","text":"Labour, the Greens and the SNP retained the seats they had won at the previous election while the Liberal Democrats gained one seat from the Conservatives.Source: [47][48]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Liberton/Gilmerton","text":"The SNP (2), Labour (1) and the Conservatives (1) retained the seats they had won at the previous election.Source: [49][50]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Portobello/Craigmillar","text":"The SNP, Labour, the Greens and the Conservatives retained the seats they had won at the previous election.Source: [51][52]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh North and Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_North_and_Leith_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Mark Lazarowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lazarowicz"},{"link_name":"Neil Findlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Findlay"},{"link_name":"Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothian_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKenzie-30"}],"text":"After the election, the SNP remained the largest party,[53] but Labour took control of the council after giving the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives \"key non-political\" posts.[54] In a sign of internal unease at the deal, Labour councillors Katrina Faccenda and Ross McKenzie abstained.[55] This came after a coalition between the SNP and Greens was blocked as a result of the deal between Labour, the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives, which combined obtained 32 votes, compared to the 29 votes for the SNP-Green deal.[56]Several current and former elected Labour representatives were critical of the deal involving the Conservatives. Former Edinburgh North and Leith MP Mark Lazarowicz described the deal in the capital as \"unacceptable\", whilst Neil Findlay, who was a regional MSP for Lothian from 2011 and 2021, said: \"I am appalled to see West Lothian Labour councillors voting Tories into office - the Tory party is the enemy of my class.\"[57]On 28 June 2022, the Labour group suspended Leith councillor Katrina Faccenda and Sighthill/Gorgie councillor Ross McKenzie for eight weeks after they opposed the deal with the Conservatives, temporarily reducing the administration to 11 members.[58] Cllr McKenzie later resigned from the Labour group on 23 February 2023 in protest at the way the council's 2023–24 budget was passed.[30]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corstorphine/Murrayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corstorphine/Murrayfield_(ward)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Corstorphine/Murrayfield by-election","text":"SNP councillor for Corstorphine/Murrayfield, Frank Ross, resigned on 16 December 2022 causing a by-election.[59] The by-election was held on 9 March 2023 and was won by Fiona Bennett of the Liberal Democrats.[60]Source: [61][62]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKenzie-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"Inverleith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverleith_(ward)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Colinton/Fairmilehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colinton/Fairmilehead_(ward)"}],"text":"^ Cllr McKenzie resigned from the Labour group in February 2023.[30]\n\n^ Sitting councillor for Inverleith.\n\n^ Sitting councillor for Colinton/Fairmilehead.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Teale, Andrew. \"Local Elections Archive Project - 2017 - Edinburgh\". Retrieved 12 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/results/2017/444/","url_text":"\"Local Elections Archive Project - 2017 - Edinburgh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notice of Election\". City of Edinburgh Council. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/elections-voting/local-government-elections-2022/2","url_text":"\"Notice of Election\""}]},{"reference":"Grant, Alistair (20 February 2018). \"SNP councillor quits party amid punch claims\". The Herald. Retrieved 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16035519.snp-councillor-quits-party-amid-punch-claims/","url_text":"\"SNP councillor quits party amid punch claims\""}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Ian (23 April 2018). \"Senior councillor Gavin Barrie quits SNP\". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/senior-councillor-gavin-barrie-quits-snp-1-4728860","url_text":"\"Senior councillor Gavin Barrie quits SNP\""}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Ian (4 July 2018). \"Edinburgh Tory councillor quits in protest at benefit changes\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/edinburgh-tory-councillor-quits-protest-benefit-changes-2513232","url_text":"\"Edinburgh Tory councillor quits in protest at benefit changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conservatives are biggest party in Edinburgh after third SNP councillor quits\". Edinburgh Evening News. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/conservatives-are-biggest-party-in-edinburgh-after-third-snp-councillor-quits-1-4769865","url_text":"\"Conservatives are biggest party in Edinburgh after third SNP councillor quits\""}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, Noa (31 July 2020). \"Edinburgh politicians and residents respond to local councillor's resignation from the SNP\". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/edinburgh-politicians-and-residents-respond-local-councillors-resignation-snp-2929981","url_text":"\"Edinburgh politicians and residents respond to local councillor's resignation from the SNP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edinburgh Labour councillor quits amid reports of internal party tensions\". Edinburgh Evening News. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/edinburgh-labour-councillor-quits-amid-reports-of-internal-party-tensions-1-4863843","url_text":"\"Edinburgh Labour councillor quits amid reports of internal party tensions\""}]},{"reference":"\"By-election for electoral ward 12: Leith Walk\". City of Edinburgh Council. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190401202728/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/20033/elections_and_voting/1893/by-election_for_electoral_ward_12_leith_walk","url_text":"\"By-election for electoral ward 12: Leith Walk\""},{"url":"http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/20033/elections_and_voting/1893/by-election_for_electoral_ward_12_leith_walk","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bol, David (12 April 2019). \"SNP candidate Rob Munn victorious in Leith Walk by-election\". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/snp-candidate-rob-munn-victorious-in-leith-walk-by-election-1-4906191","url_text":"\"SNP candidate Rob Munn victorious in Leith Walk by-election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Craigentinny/Duddingston by-election result\". City of Edinburgh Council.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/news/article/13031/craigentinnyduddingston-by-election-result","url_text":"\"Craigentinny/Duddingston by-election result\""}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Ian (21 October 2021). \"Edinburgh Green councillor to step down after being made Scottish Government special adviser\". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/edinburgh-green-councillor-to-step-down-after-being-made-scottish-government-special-adviser-3427526","url_text":"\"Edinburgh Green councillor to step down after being made Scottish Government special adviser\""}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Ian (31 March 2022). \"Edinburgh council elections 2022: Here's the full list of candidates\". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/council/edinburgh-council-elections-2022-heres-the-full-list-of-candidates-3634445","url_text":"\"Edinburgh council elections 2022: Here's the full list of candidates\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen, Phyllis (29 March 2017). \"List of candidates for Council Elections 2017\". The Edinburgh Reporter. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2017/03/list-of-candidates-for-council-elections-2017/","url_text":"\"List of candidates for Council Elections 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Faulds, Allan. \"City of Edinburgh Council 2022\". Ballot Box Scotland. Retrieved 13 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotbox.scot/le22/edinburgh/","url_text":"\"City of Edinburgh Council 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Faulds, Allan. \"The Local STV Voting System Explained\". Ballot Box Scotland. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotbox.scot/councils/stv-explained","url_text":"\"The Local STV Voting System Explained\""}]},{"reference":"\"Single Transferable Vote\". Electoral Reform Society. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/single-transferable-vote/","url_text":"\"Single Transferable Vote\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 1 Almond Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/30995/ward-1-almond-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 1 Almond Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 1 Almond Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31015/ward-1-almond-transfer-report","url_text":"\"Ward 1 Almond Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 2 Pentland Hills Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/30998/ward-2-pentland-hills-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 2 Pentland Hills Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 2 Pentland Hills Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31043/ward-2-pentland-hills-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 2 Pentland Hills Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 3 Drum Brae/Gyle Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/30996/ward-3-drum-brae-gyle-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 3 Drum Brae/Gyle Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 3 Drum Brae/Gyle Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31018/ward-3-drum-brae-gyle-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 3 Drum Brae/Gyle Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 4 Forth Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/30997/ward-4-forth-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 4 Forth Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 4 Forth Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31047/ward-4-forth-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 4 Forth Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 5 Inverleith Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/30999/ward-5-inverleith-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 5 Inverleith Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 5 Inverleith Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31023/ward-5-inverleith-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 5 Inverleith Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 6 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31000/ward-6-corstorphine-murrayfield-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 6 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 6 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31049/ward-6-corstorphine-murrayfield-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 6 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Ian (23 February 2023). \"Edinburgh Budget: Councillor Ross McKenzie dramatically quits Labour in middle of full council meeting\". Edinburgh Evening News. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/council/edinburgh-budget-councillor-ross-mckenzie-dramatically-quits-labour-in-middle-of-full-council-meeting-4039047","url_text":"\"Edinburgh Budget: Councillor Ross McKenzie dramatically quits Labour in middle of full council meeting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Evening_News","url_text":"Edinburgh Evening News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321174756/https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/council/edinburgh-budget-councillor-ross-mckenzie-dramatically-quits-labour-in-middle-of-full-council-meeting-4039047","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 7 Sighthill/Gorgie Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31001/ward-7-sighthill-gorgie-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 7 Sighthill/Gorgie Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 7 Sighthill/Gorgie Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31025/ward-7-sighthill-gorgie-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 7 Sighthill/Gorgie Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 8 Colinton/Fairmilehead Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31002/ward-8-colinton-fairmilehead-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 8 Colinton/Fairmilehead Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 8 Colinton/Fairmilehead Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31053/ward-8-colinton-fairmilehead-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 8 Colinton/Fairmilehead Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 9 Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31004/ward-9-fountainbridge-craiglockhart-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 9 Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 9 Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31027/ward-9-fountainbridge-craiglockhart","url_text":"\"Ward 9 Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 10 Morningside Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31003/ward-10-morningside-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 10 Morningside Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 10 Morningside Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31054/ward-10-morningside-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 10 Morningside Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 11 City Centre Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31005/ward-11-city-centre-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 11 City Centre Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 11 City Centre Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31031/ward-11-city-centre-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 11 City Centre Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 12 Leith Walk Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31006/ward-12-leith-walk-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 12 Leith Walk Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 12 Leith Walk Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31059/ward-12-leith-walk-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 12 Leith Walk Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 13 Leith Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31007/ward-13-leith-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 13 Leith Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 13 Leith Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31033/ward-13-leith-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 13 Leith Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 14 Craigentinny/Duddingston Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31009/ward-14-craigentinny-duddingston-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 14 Craigentinny/Duddingston Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 14 Craigentinny/Duddingston Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31061/ward-14-craigentinny-duddingston-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 14 Craigentinny/Duddingston Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 15 Southside/Newington Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31010/ward-15-southside-newington-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 15 Southside/Newington Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 15 Southside/Newington Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31036/ward-15-southside-newington-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 15 Southside/Newington Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 16 Liberton/Gilmerton Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31011/ward-16-liberton-gilmerton-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 16 Liberton/Gilmerton Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 16 Liberton/Gilmerton Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31065/ward-16-liberton-gilmerton-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 16 Liberton/Gilmerton Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 17 Portobello/Craigmillar Results\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31012/ward-17-portobello-craigmillar-results-2022","url_text":"\"Ward 17 Portobello/Craigmillar Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 17 Portobello/Craigmillar Transfer Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31041/ward-17-portobello-craigmillar-transfers","url_text":"\"Ward 17 Portobello/Craigmillar Transfer Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Council elections 2022: SNP looks to create coalition in Edinburgh\". BBC News. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-61350352","url_text":"\"Council elections 2022: SNP looks to create coalition in Edinburgh\""}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Ian (26 May 2022). \"Labour takes control of Capital despite anger from within over Tory deal\". Edinburgh News. Retrieved 26 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/council/edinburgh-council-labour-takes-control-of-capital-3709238","url_text":"\"Labour takes control of Capital despite anger from within over Tory deal\""}]},{"reference":"Carrell, Severin (26 May 2022). \"Scottish Labour seizes Edinburgh council with Lib Dem and Tory help\". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/may/26/scottish-labour-seizes-edinburgh-council-with-lib-dem-and-tory-help","url_text":"\"Scottish Labour seizes Edinburgh council with Lib Dem and Tory help\""}]},{"reference":"Morrison, Rhoda (27 May 2022). \"Labour gain control of Edinburgh council after Lib Dems and Tories agree to block SNP-Green coalition\". Edinburgh News. Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/edinburgh-council-labour-will-run-city-as-minority-administration-after-snp-green-deal-blocked-3709973","url_text":"\"Labour gain control of Edinburgh council after Lib Dems and Tories agree to block SNP-Green coalition\""}]},{"reference":"Garton-Crosbie, Abbi (27 May 2022). \"Cracks starting to show in Scottish Labour as key figures blast 'shameful' Tory council deals\". The National. Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenational.scot/news/20171630.key-scottish-labour-figures-blast-shameful-tory-council-deals/","url_text":"\"Cracks starting to show in Scottish Labour as key figures blast 'shameful' Tory council deals\""}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Ian (28 June 2022). \"Two Edinburgh Labour councillors suspended after abstaining on vote which put their party into power\". Edinburgh News. Retrieved 13 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/council/two-edinburgh-labour-councillors-suspended-after-abstaining-on-vote-which-put-their-party-into-power-3748068","url_text":"\"Two Edinburgh Labour councillors suspended after abstaining on vote which put their party into power\""}]},{"reference":"Turvill, Donald (16 December 2022). \"Leading Edinburgh SNP councillor resigns after failed compensation bid for traders\". Edinburgh Live. Retrieved 10 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/leading-edinburgh-snp-councillor-resigns-25772574","url_text":"\"Leading Edinburgh SNP councillor resigns after failed compensation bid for traders\""}]},{"reference":"Turvill, Donald (10 March 2023). \"Edinburgh by-election win for Liberal Democrats makes them city's second biggest party\". Edinburgh Live. Retrieved 10 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/edinburgh-election-win-liberal-democrats-26436697","url_text":"\"Edinburgh by-election win for Liberal Democrats makes them city's second biggest party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 1 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Decleration of Results Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/32849/declaration-of-results","url_text":"\"Ward 1 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Decleration of Results Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ward 1 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Candidate Votes Per Stage Report\". City of Edinburgh Council. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/32848/candidate-votes-per-stage-report","url_text":"\"Ward 1 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Candidate Votes Per Stage Report\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/results/2017/444/","external_links_name":"\"Local Elections Archive Project - 2017 - Edinburgh\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/elections-voting/local-government-elections-2022/2","external_links_name":"\"Notice of Election\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16035519.snp-councillor-quits-party-amid-punch-claims/","external_links_name":"\"SNP councillor quits party amid punch claims\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/senior-councillor-gavin-barrie-quits-snp-1-4728860","external_links_name":"\"Senior councillor Gavin Barrie quits SNP\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/edinburgh-tory-councillor-quits-protest-benefit-changes-2513232","external_links_name":"\"Edinburgh Tory councillor quits in protest at benefit changes\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/conservatives-are-biggest-party-in-edinburgh-after-third-snp-councillor-quits-1-4769865","external_links_name":"\"Conservatives are biggest party in Edinburgh after third SNP councillor quits\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/edinburgh-politicians-and-residents-respond-local-councillors-resignation-snp-2929981","external_links_name":"\"Edinburgh politicians and residents respond to local councillor's resignation from the SNP\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/edinburgh-labour-councillor-quits-amid-reports-of-internal-party-tensions-1-4863843","external_links_name":"\"Edinburgh Labour councillor quits amid reports of internal party tensions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190401202728/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/20033/elections_and_voting/1893/by-election_for_electoral_ward_12_leith_walk","external_links_name":"\"By-election for electoral ward 12: Leith Walk\""},{"Link":"http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/20033/elections_and_voting/1893/by-election_for_electoral_ward_12_leith_walk","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/snp-candidate-rob-munn-victorious-in-leith-walk-by-election-1-4906191","external_links_name":"\"SNP candidate Rob Munn victorious in Leith Walk by-election\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/news/article/13031/craigentinnyduddingston-by-election-result","external_links_name":"\"Craigentinny/Duddingston by-election result\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/edinburgh-green-councillor-to-step-down-after-being-made-scottish-government-special-adviser-3427526","external_links_name":"\"Edinburgh Green councillor to step down after being made Scottish Government special adviser\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/council/edinburgh-council-elections-2022-heres-the-full-list-of-candidates-3634445","external_links_name":"\"Edinburgh council elections 2022: Here's the full list of candidates\""},{"Link":"https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2017/03/list-of-candidates-for-council-elections-2017/","external_links_name":"\"List of candidates for Council Elections 2017\""},{"Link":"https://ballotbox.scot/le22/edinburgh/","external_links_name":"\"City of Edinburgh Council 2022\""},{"Link":"https://ballotbox.scot/councils/stv-explained","external_links_name":"\"The Local STV Voting System Explained\""},{"Link":"https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/single-transferable-vote/","external_links_name":"\"Single Transferable Vote\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/30995/ward-1-almond-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 1 Almond Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31015/ward-1-almond-transfer-report","external_links_name":"\"Ward 1 Almond Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/30998/ward-2-pentland-hills-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 2 Pentland Hills Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31043/ward-2-pentland-hills-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 2 Pentland Hills Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/30996/ward-3-drum-brae-gyle-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 3 Drum Brae/Gyle Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31018/ward-3-drum-brae-gyle-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 3 Drum Brae/Gyle Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/30997/ward-4-forth-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 4 Forth Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31047/ward-4-forth-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 4 Forth Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/30999/ward-5-inverleith-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 5 Inverleith Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31023/ward-5-inverleith-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 5 Inverleith Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31000/ward-6-corstorphine-murrayfield-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 6 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31049/ward-6-corstorphine-murrayfield-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 6 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/council/edinburgh-budget-councillor-ross-mckenzie-dramatically-quits-labour-in-middle-of-full-council-meeting-4039047","external_links_name":"\"Edinburgh Budget: Councillor Ross McKenzie dramatically quits Labour in middle of full council meeting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321174756/https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/council/edinburgh-budget-councillor-ross-mckenzie-dramatically-quits-labour-in-middle-of-full-council-meeting-4039047","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31001/ward-7-sighthill-gorgie-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 7 Sighthill/Gorgie Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31025/ward-7-sighthill-gorgie-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 7 Sighthill/Gorgie Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31002/ward-8-colinton-fairmilehead-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 8 Colinton/Fairmilehead Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31053/ward-8-colinton-fairmilehead-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 8 Colinton/Fairmilehead Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31004/ward-9-fountainbridge-craiglockhart-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 9 Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31027/ward-9-fountainbridge-craiglockhart","external_links_name":"\"Ward 9 Fountainbridge/Craiglockhart Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31003/ward-10-morningside-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 10 Morningside Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31054/ward-10-morningside-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 10 Morningside Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31005/ward-11-city-centre-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 11 City Centre Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31031/ward-11-city-centre-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 11 City Centre Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31006/ward-12-leith-walk-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 12 Leith Walk Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31059/ward-12-leith-walk-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 12 Leith Walk Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31007/ward-13-leith-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 13 Leith Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31033/ward-13-leith-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 13 Leith Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31009/ward-14-craigentinny-duddingston-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 14 Craigentinny/Duddingston Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31061/ward-14-craigentinny-duddingston-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 14 Craigentinny/Duddingston Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31010/ward-15-southside-newington-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 15 Southside/Newington Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31036/ward-15-southside-newington-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 15 Southside/Newington Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31011/ward-16-liberton-gilmerton-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 16 Liberton/Gilmerton Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31065/ward-16-liberton-gilmerton-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 16 Liberton/Gilmerton Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31012/ward-17-portobello-craigmillar-results-2022","external_links_name":"\"Ward 17 Portobello/Craigmillar Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/31041/ward-17-portobello-craigmillar-transfers","external_links_name":"\"Ward 17 Portobello/Craigmillar Transfer Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-61350352","external_links_name":"\"Council elections 2022: SNP looks to create coalition in Edinburgh\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/council/edinburgh-council-labour-takes-control-of-capital-3709238","external_links_name":"\"Labour takes control of Capital despite anger from within over Tory deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/may/26/scottish-labour-seizes-edinburgh-council-with-lib-dem-and-tory-help","external_links_name":"\"Scottish Labour seizes Edinburgh council with Lib Dem and Tory help\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/edinburgh-council-labour-will-run-city-as-minority-administration-after-snp-green-deal-blocked-3709973","external_links_name":"\"Labour gain control of Edinburgh council after Lib Dems and Tories agree to block SNP-Green coalition\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenational.scot/news/20171630.key-scottish-labour-figures-blast-shameful-tory-council-deals/","external_links_name":"\"Cracks starting to show in Scottish Labour as key figures blast 'shameful' Tory council deals\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/politics/council/two-edinburgh-labour-councillors-suspended-after-abstaining-on-vote-which-put-their-party-into-power-3748068","external_links_name":"\"Two Edinburgh Labour councillors suspended after abstaining on vote which put their party into power\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/leading-edinburgh-snp-councillor-resigns-25772574","external_links_name":"\"Leading Edinburgh SNP councillor resigns after failed compensation bid for traders\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/edinburgh-election-win-liberal-democrats-26436697","external_links_name":"\"Edinburgh by-election win for Liberal Democrats makes them city's second biggest party\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/32849/declaration-of-results","external_links_name":"\"Ward 1 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Decleration of Results Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/32848/candidate-votes-per-stage-report","external_links_name":"\"Ward 1 Corstorphine/Murrayfield Candidate Votes Per Stage Report\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derzene	Tercan	["1 Neighborhoods","2 History","3 Monuments","3.1 Caravanserai","3.2 Türbe","4 Other nearby sights","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°46′46″N 40°23′03″E / 39.77944°N 40.38417°E / 39.77944; 40.38417Municipality in Erzincan Province, Turkey Municipality in Erzincan, TurkeyTercanMunicipalityTercanLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 39°46′46″N 40°23′03″E / 39.77944°N 40.38417°E / 39.77944; 40.38417CountryTurkeyProvinceErzincanDistrictTercanPopulation (2021)4,846Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)Websitewww.tercan.bel.tr Tercan (formerly Mama Hatun, and Derzene; Greek: Δερζηνή in the Byzantine era; Kurdish: Têrcan) is a town and seat of Tercan District of Erzincan Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It had a population of 4,846 in 2021. Located on the north bank of the Tuzla Su, a tributary of the Euphrates,: 243 Tercan is especially notable for the 12th century complex of buildings built by the Saltukid female ruler Melike Mama Hatun, which comprises her tomb, a mosque, a hammam and an impressive caravanserai which was heavily restored in recent years. Neighborhoods The town is divided into the neighborhoods of Ahmet Yesevi, Atatürk, Fatih, Kazımkarabekir, Mamahatun and Yavuz Selim. History Originally, the main town in the region of Derzene was Pekeriç.: 242 Tercan superseded it in perhaps the early Ottoman period.: 242 In the middle ages and early Ottoman period, two routes converged at Tercan.: 242–3 The first was the one connecting Erzurum with Erzincan and Sivas.: 242 The second was coming from the upper Kelkit basin via the Pekeriç plain.: 242–3 The 17th century Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi visited the place in 1647, calling it Mamahatun. He wrote about the Saltukid complex and described the town as "a Muslim village containing two hundred houses". Monuments Caravanserai East facade of the caravanserai, showing the monumental entrance portal. Located just east of the town center, the caravanserai is a roughly square building arranged around a central courtyard.: 243–4 There two rows of five separate rooms on the courtyard's north and south sides - these were used by better-off travelers.: 243–4 These are bordered by two long rooms that take up the entire north and south sides of the building; these served as stables and sleeping quarters for most guests.: 244 The monumental entrance is located on the building's east side.: 243 Each side of the entryway is flanked by a vaulted recess with a raised floor; this was where guards were posted.: 243 Inside the portal is an entrance hall leading to the courtyard.: 243 On either side of the hall there are several rooms that were used to store merchandise.: 243 A staircase leading up to the roof is on the right side.: 243 At the west end of the building are three tall iwans, which are awkwardly out of place in the building's design - the builders may have copied them wholesale from another building, such as a medrese.: 243 The iwans were used as places to sleep in the summer and possibly also as stables.: 243 Two large rooms border the iwans, one on the north and one on the south; like the rooms by the entrance hall, these were used to store merchandise.: 243 The caravanserai was changed significantly during the early Ottoman period.: 243 The original design had included two porticos on the north and south sides of the courtyard, in front of the first-class rooms; these no longer exist.: 245 There had also originally been six first-class rooms on each side; the two at the west end were later converted into iwans.: 245 Türbe The türbe is located in the middle of a circular courtyard surrounded by a thick wall.: 245 A walkway goes around the top of the outer wall, behind a small parapet.: 245 The entrance portal, which is on the southwest side, is richly decorated and is framed by a muqarnas.: 245–6 The wall is raised around the portal, and the upper walkway would have originally gone through a tunnel at this point.: 245 On the inside of the wall, beneath the walkway, are a series of wide arched niches.: 245 These were originally designed to accommodate tombs for family members.: 245 The wall above them overhangs slightly and probably represent the remains of a vaulted portico.: 246 One of these niches has since been replaced with a fountain.: 246 The türbe's main tower is a relatively simple structure without windows.: 246 Inside, a staircase leads down to the burial chamber, which is partly below ground.: 246 Tomb of Melike Mama Hatun. Entrance portal to the tomb complex. Interior view of the walkway on top of the outer wall. Interior of the tomb Other nearby sights Kötür bridge Pekeriç fortress Abrenk (Vank) church Kefrenci temple Gallery The main road running through Tercan View of Tercan Town hall building Street scene View of Tercan View of Tercan View showing both the caravanserai and türbe Outdoor seating area in the middle of town View of Tercan See also Saltukids Melike Mama Hatun References ^ Adem, Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56. ^ "31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume II. Pindar Press. ISBN 0-907132-33-2. Retrieved 4 September 2022. ^ "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Efendi, Evliya; Hammer (Translator), Joseph (1850). Narrative of Travels, Europe, Asia and Africa. London. p. 199. {{cite book}}: \|last2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tercan. "Mama Hatun Caravanserai, Tercan". Archnet. Archived from the original on 2006-05-25. "Mama Hatun Tomb, Tercan". Archnet. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Dick Osseman. "Photographs: Tercan". vteTercan DistrictMunicipalities Çadırkaya Kargın Mercan Tercan Villages Ağören Aktaş Akyurt Altınkaya Armutluk Bağpınar Balyayla Başbudak Beğendik Beşgöze Beşkaya Beykonak Bulmuş Büklümdere Çalkışla Çatakdere Çayırdüzü Çukuryurt Dallıca Darıtepe Doluca Edebük Elaldı Elmalı Esenevler Fındıklı Gafurefendi Gedikdere Gevenlik Gökçe Gökdere Gökpınar Göktaş Güzbulak Hacıbayram Ilısu İkizler Kalecik Karacakışlak Karacaören Karahüseyin Kavaklık Kemerçam Kızılca Konarlı Köprübaşı Kurukol Kuzören Küçükağa Küllüce Mantarlı Mustafabey Müftüoğlu Oğulveren Ortaköy Sağlıca Sarıkaya Şengül Tepebaşı Topalhasan Üçpınar Yalınkaş Yamanlar Yastıkköy Yaylacık Yaylayolu Yaylım Yazıören Yenibucak Yeşilyayla Yuvalı This geographical article about a location in Erzincan Province, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tercan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercan_District"},{"link_name":"Erzincan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzincan_Province"},{"link_name":"Eastern Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tuik-2"},{"link_name":"Tuzla Su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuzla_Su&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Euphrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"Saltukid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltukids"},{"link_name":"Melike Mama Hatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melike_Mama_Hatun"},{"link_name":"hammam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_bath"},{"link_name":"caravanserai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravanserai"}],"text":"Municipality in Erzincan Province, TurkeyMunicipality in Erzincan, TurkeyTercan (formerly Mama Hatun, and Derzene; Greek: Δερζηνή in the Byzantine era; Kurdish: Têrcan[1]) is a town and seat of Tercan District of Erzincan Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. It had a population of 4,846 in 2021.[2]Located on the north bank of the Tuzla Su, a tributary of the Euphrates,[3]: 243 Tercan is especially notable for the 12th century complex of buildings built by the Saltukid female ruler Melike Mama Hatun, which comprises her tomb, a mosque, a hammam and an impressive caravanserai which was heavily restored in recent years.","title":"Tercan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"The town is divided into the neighborhoods of Ahmet Yesevi, Atatürk, Fatih, Kazımkarabekir, Mamahatun and Yavuz Selim.[4]","title":"Neighborhoods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pekeriç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagayarich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"Erzurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum"},{"link_name":"Erzincan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzincan"},{"link_name":"Sivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"Kelkit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelkit_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"Evliya Çelebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evliya_Efendi-5"}],"text":"Originally, the main town in the region of Derzene was Pekeriç.[3]: 242 Tercan superseded it in perhaps the early Ottoman period.[3]: 242 In the middle ages and early Ottoman period, two routes converged at Tercan.[3]: 242–3 The first was the one connecting Erzurum with Erzincan and Sivas.[3]: 242 The second was coming from the upper Kelkit basin via the Pekeriç plain.[3]: 242–3The 17th century Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi visited the place in 1647, calling it Mamahatun. He wrote about the Saltukid complex and described the town as \"a Muslim village containing two hundred houses\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Monuments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_caravanserai_2780.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"iwans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan"},{"link_name":"medrese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medrese"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"porticos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"}],"sub_title":"Caravanserai","text":"East facade of the caravanserai, showing the monumental entrance portal.Located just east of the town center, the caravanserai is a roughly square building arranged around a central courtyard.[3]: 243–4 There two rows of five separate rooms on the courtyard's north and south sides - these were used by better-off travelers.[3]: 243–4 These are bordered by two long rooms that take up the entire north and south sides of the building; these served as stables and sleeping quarters for most guests.[3]: 244 The monumental entrance is located on the building's east side.[3]: 243 Each side of the entryway is flanked by a vaulted recess with a raised floor; this was where guards were posted.[3]: 243 Inside the portal is an entrance hall leading to the courtyard.[3]: 243 On either side of the hall there are several rooms that were used to store merchandise.[3]: 243 A staircase leading up to the roof is on the right side.[3]: 243At the west end of the building are three tall iwans, which are awkwardly out of place in the building's design - the builders may have copied them wholesale from another building, such as a medrese.[3]: 243 The iwans were used as places to sleep in the summer and possibly also as stables.[3]: 243 Two large rooms border the iwans, one on the north and one on the south; like the rooms by the entrance hall, these were used to store merchandise.[3]: 243The caravanserai was changed significantly during the early Ottoman period.[3]: 243 The original design had included two porticos on the north and south sides of the courtyard, in front of the first-class rooms; these no longer exist.[3]: 245 There had also originally been six first-class rooms on each side; the two at the west end were later converted into iwans.[3]: 245","title":"Monuments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"muqarnas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqarnas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair_1989-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_Mama_Hatun_T%C3%BCrbesi_interior_2770.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan,k%C3%BCmbet4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_Mama_Hatun_T%C3%BCrbesi_interior_9115.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_Mama_Hatun_T%C3%BCrbesi_interior_9111.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Türbe","text":"The türbe is located in the middle of a circular courtyard surrounded by a thick wall.[3]: 245 A walkway goes around the top of the outer wall, behind a small parapet.[3]: 245 The entrance portal, which is on the southwest side, is richly decorated and is framed by a muqarnas.[3]: 245–6 The wall is raised around the portal, and the upper walkway would have originally gone through a tunnel at this point.[3]: 245 On the inside of the wall, beneath the walkway, are a series of wide arched niches.[3]: 245 These were originally designed to accommodate tombs for family members.[3]: 245 The wall above them overhangs slightly and probably represent the remains of a vaulted portico.[3]: 246 One of these niches has since been replaced with a fountain.[3]: 246 The türbe's main tower is a relatively simple structure without windows.[3]: 246 Inside, a staircase leads down to the burial chamber, which is partly below ground.[3]: 246Tomb of Melike Mama Hatun.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance portal to the tomb complex.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior view of the walkway on top of the outer wall.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior of the tomb","title":"Monuments"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kötür bridge\nPekeriç fortress\nAbrenk (Vank) church\nKefrenci temple","title":"Other nearby sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_town_view_2731.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_area_on_hill_2809.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_town_view_2724.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_town_view_2727.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_area_on_hill_2821.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_town_view_9128.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_area_on_hill_2803.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_town_view_2722.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercan_town_view_2836.jpg"}],"text":"The main road running through Tercan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of Tercan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTown hall building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStreet scene\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of Tercan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of Tercan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView showing both the caravanserai and türbe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOutdoor seating area in the middle of town\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of Tercan","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"East facade of the caravanserai, showing the monumental entrance portal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tercan_caravanserai_2780.jpg/220px-Tercan_caravanserai_2780.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Saltukids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltukids"},{"title":"Melike Mama Hatun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melike_Mama_Hatun"}]	[{"reference":"Adem, Avcıkıran (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez Anamneza bi Kurmancî (in Turkish and Kurdish). p. 56.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\" (XLS). TÜİK (in Turkish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\""}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume II. Pindar Press. ISBN 0-907132-33-2. Retrieved 4 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3iMnEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907132-33-2","url_text":"0-907132-33-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri\". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","url_text":"\"Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri\""}]},{"reference":"Efendi, Evliya; Hammer (Translator), Joseph (1850). Narrative of Travels, Europe, Asia and Africa. London. p. 199.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mama Hatun Caravanserai, Tercan\". Archnet. Archived from the original on 2006-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060525085956/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=12201","url_text":"\"Mama Hatun Caravanserai, Tercan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archnet","url_text":"Archnet"},{"url":"http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=12201","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mama Hatun Tomb, Tercan\". Archnet. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070610101348/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=12001","url_text":"\"Mama Hatun Tomb, Tercan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archnet","url_text":"Archnet"},{"url":"http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=12001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dick Osseman. \"Photographs: Tercan\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/tercan","url_text":"\"Photographs: Tercan\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tercan&params=39_46_46_N_40_23_03_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"39°46′46″N 40°23′03″E / 39.77944°N 40.38417°E / 39.77944; 40.38417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tercan&params=39_46_46_N_40_23_03_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"39°46′46″N 40°23′03″E / 39.77944°N 40.38417°E / 39.77944; 40.38417"},{"Link":"http://www.tercan.bel.tr/","external_links_name":"www.tercan.bel.tr"},{"Link":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"31 ARALIK 2021 TARİHLİ ADRESE DAYALI NÜFUS KAYIT SİSTEMİ (ADNKS) SONUÇLARI\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3iMnEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume II"},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060525085956/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=12201","external_links_name":"\"Mama Hatun Caravanserai, Tercan\""},{"Link":"http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=12201","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070610101348/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=12001","external_links_name":"\"Mama Hatun Tomb, Tercan\""},{"Link":"http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=12001","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/tercan","external_links_name":"\"Photographs: Tercan\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tercan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Fairfax	Nathaniel Fairfax	["1 Life","2 References"]	English divine and physician Nathaniel Fairfax (1637–1690) was an English divine and physician. Life Fairfax was born on 24 July 1637, the third and youngest son of Benjamin Fairfax, the ejected incumbent of Rumburgh, Suffolk, by his wife Sarah, daughter of Roger and Joane Galliard. The family claimed kindred with the Fairfaxes of Yorkshire. Nathaniel was educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, as a member of which he proceeded M.A. in 1661. During the Commonwealth he was presented to the perpetual curacy of Willisham, Suffolk, whence he was ejected in 1662 for refusing to conform. He then turned his attention to physic as a means of livelihood, and took the degree of M.D. at Leyden in 1670, on which occasion he published his inaugural dissertation De Lumbricis. He removed to England and practised at Woodbridge, Suffolk. There he wrote A Treatise of the Bulk and Selvedge of the World. Wherein the Greatness, Littleness, and Lastingness of Bodies are freely handled. With an Answer to Tentamina de Deo, by S P, D.D., which is curious for the affected exclusion of all words borrowed from the learned languages. Although he was never a fellow, Fairfax contributed some papers to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, among them one giving ‘instances of peculiarities of nature both in men and brutes’. He died on 12 June 1690 and was buried at Woodbridge. He was twice married. By his first wife, Elizabeth Blackerby, he had four sons and four daughters, of whom one son, Blackerby Fairfax, and three daughters only, survived him. References ^ Cantabr. Graduati, 1787, 135 ^ "Fairfax, Nathaniel (FRFS655N)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Leyden Students, Index Society., 34 ^ 4to, Leyden, 1670 ^ 8vo, London, 1674 ^ ii. 549 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Fairfax, Nathaniel". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"divine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism#Anglican_divines"}],"text":"Nathaniel Fairfax (1637–1690) was an English divine and physician.","title":"Nathaniel Fairfax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rumburgh, Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumburgh,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Willisham, Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willisham,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Leyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyden_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"inaugural dissertation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaugural_dissertation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Woodbridge, Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Blackerby Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackerby_Fairfax"}],"text":"Fairfax was born on 24 July 1637, the third and youngest son of Benjamin Fairfax, the ejected incumbent of Rumburgh, Suffolk, by his wife Sarah, daughter of Roger and Joane Galliard. The family claimed kindred with the Fairfaxes of Yorkshire. Nathaniel was educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, as a member of which he proceeded M.A. in 1661.[1][2] During the Commonwealth he was presented to the perpetual curacy of Willisham, Suffolk, whence he was ejected in 1662 for refusing to conform. He then turned his attention to physic as a means of livelihood, and took the degree of M.D. at Leyden in 1670,[3] on which occasion he published his inaugural dissertation De Lumbricis.[4]He removed to England and practised at Woodbridge, Suffolk. There he wrote A Treatise of the Bulk and Selvedge of the World. Wherein the Greatness, Littleness, and Lastingness of Bodies are freely handled. With an Answer to Tentamina de Deo, by S[amuel] P[arker], D.D.,[5] which is curious for the affected exclusion of all words borrowed from the learned languages. Although he was never a fellow, Fairfax contributed some papers to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, among them one giving ‘instances of peculiarities of nature both in men and brutes’.[6]He died on 12 June 1690 and was buried at Woodbridge. He was twice married. By his first wife, Elizabeth Blackerby, he had four sons and four daughters, of whom one son, Blackerby Fairfax, and three daughters only, survived him.","title":"Life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Fairfax, Nathaniel (FRFS655N)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=FRFS655N&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Fairfax, Nathaniel (FRFS655N)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=FRFS655N&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"Fairfax, Nathaniel (FRFS655N)\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000025291933","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/56962668","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJq6XWXKvbym8kW9qFBF8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85356041","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p108775364","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/140702652","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Gilbertson	Ashley Gilbertson	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Publications","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]	Australian photographer (born 1978) Gilbertson in 2011 Ashley Gilbertson (born 22 January 1978) is an Australian photographer. He is known for his images of the Iraq War and the effects of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq on returning veterans and their families. Gilbertson is a member of VII Photo Agency. In 2004 Gilbertson won the Robert Capa Gold Medal Award from the Overseas Press Club for his photographic reportage on the Battle for Fallujah. Early life and education Born in Melbourne, Australia, Gilbertson started his career at thirteen taking pictures of skateboarders. After graduating secondary school, he was mentored by Filipino photographer Emmanuel Santos, and later Masao Endo in the Japanese highlands. Career While based in Australia, Gilbertson worked on socially driven photo essays including on drug addiction in Melbourne and war zones in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. In 1999 he photographed Kosovar refugees in Australia. For the next three years Gilbertson's work focused on refugee issues around the world. In 2002, Gilbertson travelled to the Kurdish enclave of northern Iraq. Shortly thereafter, President George W. Bush made a case for war in Iraq, and Gilbertson travelled back to cover the story at the beginning of 2003. His work was published widely. In 2004, The New York Times offered Gilberston and their senior writer, Dexter Filkins, an embed with the 1/8 Marines. Gilbertson continued to cover Iraq on contract for The New York Times until 2008. A photographic memoir of his time there entitled Whiskey Tango Foxtrot: A Photographer's Chronicle of the Iraq War was published in 2007. In March 2009, he became a member of the VII Photo Agency's VII Network, and in 2011 he became a full member. Gilbertson's book Bedrooms of the Fallen (2014) consists of panoramic black and white photographs of the bedrooms left behind by 40 U.S., Canadian, and European servicemen and women—the number of soldiers in a platoon. Publications 21 Days to Baghdad: Photos and Dispatches from the Battlefield. Time, 2003. ISBN 1-932273-12-3. Witness Iraq: A War Journal. PowerHouse, 2003. Beautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain. University of Chicago Press, 2006. Whiskey Tango Foxtrot: A Photographer's Chronicle of the Iraq War. University of Chicago Press, 2007. ISBN 0-226-29325-4. Bedrooms of the Fallen. University of Chicago Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-226-13511-3. With a foreword by Philip Gourevitch. Awards This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Ashley Gilbertson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2001 – Leica/CCP Documentary Award (Melbourne) One of his images from the invasion of Iraq was included in Time magazine's 'Pictures of the Year'. 2004 – Included in Photo District News '30 under 30' 2004 – Publisher's Award, The New York Times 2004 – Robert Capa Gold Medal, Overseas Press Club (New York) (winner) 2004 – Photographer of the Year, National Photo Awards (Minnesota) (winner) 2005 – Joop Swart Masterclass, World Press Photo (Amsterdam) (participant) 2008 – The Staige D. Blackford Prize for Nonfiction 2009 – Photo District News, Photo Annual 2010 – Aaron Siskind Foundation, grant recipient 2011 – National Magazine Award, Photography, for his series Bedrooms of the Fallen, published as a work in progress in The New York Times Magazine. 2014 – Photo District News, Photo Annual References ^ a b c Harrison, Dan (17 February 2008). "Eyes on cameraman with a conscience". The Age. Retrieved 23 February 2010. ^ Leigh Dicks, brett (21 November 2007). "Photographer Ashley Gilbertson Gets Personal in Iraq". Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved 23 February 2010. ^ McCauley, Adam (20 December 2012). "Overexposed: A Photographer's War With PTSD". The Atlantic. Retrieved 28 July 2020. ^ Filkins, Dexter (18 November 2007). "In Frying Pan and Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 February 2010. ^ Teicher, Jordan G. (3 July 2014). "Heartbreaking Photos of the Bedrooms of Fallen Soldiers". Slate. Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ "CCP Exhibition Preview". Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011. ^ "Ashley Gilbertson Wins The Robert Capa Gold Medal Award For Coverage of Fallujah". National Press Photographers Association. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2010. ^ "Gilbertson receives National Magazine Award". The New York Times. 17 May 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ashley Gilbertson. Official website Ashley Gilbertson collection at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History (Photographic History collection) Website for the book Whiskey Tango Foxtrot including a video interview with Gilbertson On The Road article Last Photographs with Joanna Gilbertson Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Artists Victoria Photographers' Identities	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashley_Gilbertson_(5820310613).jpg"},{"link_name":"photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographer"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"VII Photo Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Photo_Agency"},{"link_name":"Robert Capa Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Capa_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"Overseas Press Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Press_Club"},{"link_name":"Battle for Fallujah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah"}],"text":"Gilbertson in 2011Ashley Gilbertson (born 22 January 1978) is an Australian photographer. He is known for his images of the Iraq War and the effects of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq on returning veterans and their families. Gilbertson is a member of VII Photo Agency.In 2004 Gilbertson won the Robert Capa Gold Medal Award from the Overseas Press Club for his photographic reportage on the Battle for Fallujah.","title":"Ashley Gilbertson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Age-1"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Santos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Age-1"}],"text":"Born in Melbourne, Australia, Gilbertson started his career at thirteen taking pictures of skateboarders.[1] After graduating secondary school, he was mentored by Filipino photographer Emmanuel Santos,[1] and later Masao Endo in the Japanese highlands.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drug addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_addiction"},{"link_name":"Kosovar refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War"},{"link_name":"refugee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"war in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Dexter Filkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Filkins"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Age-1"},{"link_name":"memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoir"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"VII Photo Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Photo_Agency"},{"link_name":"platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"While based in Australia, Gilbertson worked on socially driven photo essays including on drug addiction in Melbourne and war zones in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. In 1999 he photographed Kosovar refugees in Australia. For the next three years Gilbertson's work focused on refugee issues around the world.[2]In 2002, Gilbertson travelled to the Kurdish enclave of northern Iraq. Shortly thereafter, President George W. Bush made a case for war in Iraq, and Gilbertson travelled back to cover the story at the beginning of 2003. His work was published widely. In 2004, The New York Times offered Gilberston and their senior writer, Dexter Filkins, an embed with the 1/8 Marines.[3] Gilbertson continued to cover Iraq on contract for The New York Times until 2008.[1] A photographic memoir of his time there entitled Whiskey Tango Foxtrot: A Photographer's Chronicle of the Iraq War was published in 2007.[4]In March 2009, he became a member of the VII Photo Agency's VII Network, and in 2011 he became a full member.Gilbertson's book Bedrooms of the Fallen (2014) consists of panoramic black and white photographs of the bedrooms left behind by 40 U.S., Canadian, and European servicemen and women—the number of soldiers in a platoon.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-932273-12-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932273-12-3"},{"link_name":"PowerHouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerHouse_Books"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-226-29325-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-29325-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-13511-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-13511-3"},{"link_name":"Philip Gourevitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Gourevitch"}],"text":"21 Days to Baghdad: Photos and Dispatches from the Battlefield. Time, 2003. ISBN 1-932273-12-3.\nWitness Iraq: A War Journal. PowerHouse, 2003.\nBeautiful Suffering: Photography and the Traffic in Pain. University of Chicago Press, 2006.\nWhiskey Tango Foxtrot: A Photographer's Chronicle of the Iraq War. University of Chicago Press, 2007. ISBN 0-226-29325-4.\nBedrooms of the Fallen. University of Chicago Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-226-13511-3. With a foreword by Philip Gourevitch.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Photo District News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_District_News"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Robert Capa Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Capa_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"Overseas Press Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Press_Club"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"World Press Photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Press_Photo"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Aaron Siskind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Siskind"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"2001 – Leica/CCP Documentary Award (Melbourne)[6]\nOne of his images from the invasion of Iraq was included in Time magazine's 'Pictures of the Year'.\n2004 – Included in Photo District News '30 under 30'\n2004 – Publisher's Award, The New York Times\n2004 – Robert Capa Gold Medal, Overseas Press Club (New York) (winner)[7]\n2004 – Photographer of the Year, National Photo Awards (Minnesota) (winner)\n2005 – Joop Swart Masterclass, World Press Photo (Amsterdam) (participant)\n2008 – The Staige D. Blackford Prize for Nonfiction\n2009 – Photo District News, Photo Annual\n2010 – Aaron Siskind Foundation, grant recipient\n2011 – National Magazine Award, Photography, for his series Bedrooms of the Fallen, published as a work in progress in The New York Times Magazine.[8]\n2014 – Photo District News, Photo Annual","title":"Awards"}]	[{"image_text":"Gilbertson in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ashley_Gilbertson_%285820310613%29.jpg/220px-Ashley_Gilbertson_%285820310613%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Harrison, Dan (17 February 2008). \"Eyes on cameraman with a conscience\". The Age. Retrieved 23 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/cameraman-with-a-conscience/2008/02/16/1202760669133.html","url_text":"\"Eyes on cameraman with a conscience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"Leigh Dicks, brett (21 November 2007). \"Photographer Ashley Gilbertson Gets Personal in Iraq\". Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved 23 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.com/news/2007/nov/21/photographer-ashley-gilbertson-gets-personal-iraq/","url_text":"\"Photographer Ashley Gilbertson Gets Personal in Iraq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Independent","url_text":"Santa Barbara Independent"}]},{"reference":"McCauley, Adam (20 December 2012). \"Overexposed: A Photographer's War With PTSD\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 28 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/12/overexposed-a-photographers-war-with-ptsd/266468/","url_text":"\"Overexposed: A Photographer's War With PTSD\""}]},{"reference":"Filkins, Dexter (18 November 2007). \"In Frying Pan and Fire\". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/arts/18gilb.html","url_text":"\"In Frying Pan and Fire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Teicher, Jordan G. (3 July 2014). \"Heartbreaking Photos of the Bedrooms of Fallen Soldiers\". Slate. Retrieved 13 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/blogs/behold/2014/07/03/ashley_gilbertson_bedrooms_of_the_fallen_bedrooms_of_soldiers_killed_in.html","url_text":"\"Heartbreaking Photos of the Bedrooms of Fallen Soldiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCP Exhibition Preview\". Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110221043457/http://www.ccp.org.au/exhibitions.php?f=20010908_Gallery_1","url_text":"\"CCP Exhibition Preview\""},{"url":"http://www.ccp.org.au/exhibitions.php?f=20010908_Gallery_1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ashley Gilbertson Wins The Robert Capa Gold Medal Award For Coverage of Fallujah\". National Press Photographers Association. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091008033229/http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2005/04/gilbertson.html","url_text":"\"Ashley Gilbertson Wins The Robert Capa Gold Medal Award For Coverage of Fallujah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Press_Photographers_Association","url_text":"National Press Photographers Association"},{"url":"http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2005/04/gilbertson.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gilbertson receives National Magazine Award\". The New York Times. 17 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://6thfloor.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/17/a-conversation-with-photographer-ashley-gilbertson/","url_text":"\"Gilbertson receives National Magazine Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ashley+Gilbertson%22","external_links_name":"\"Ashley Gilbertson\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ashley+Gilbertson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ashley+Gilbertson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ashley+Gilbertson%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ashley+Gilbertson%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ashley+Gilbertson%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/cameraman-with-a-conscience/2008/02/16/1202760669133.html","external_links_name":"\"Eyes on cameraman with a conscience\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.com/news/2007/nov/21/photographer-ashley-gilbertson-gets-personal-iraq/","external_links_name":"\"Photographer Ashley Gilbertson Gets Personal in Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/12/overexposed-a-photographers-war-with-ptsd/266468/","external_links_name":"\"Overexposed: A Photographer's War With PTSD\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/arts/18gilb.html","external_links_name":"\"In Frying Pan and Fire\""},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/blogs/behold/2014/07/03/ashley_gilbertson_bedrooms_of_the_fallen_bedrooms_of_soldiers_killed_in.html","external_links_name":"\"Heartbreaking Photos of the Bedrooms of Fallen Soldiers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110221043457/http://www.ccp.org.au/exhibitions.php?f=20010908_Gallery_1","external_links_name":"\"CCP Exhibition Preview\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccp.org.au/exhibitions.php?f=20010908_Gallery_1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091008033229/http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2005/04/gilbertson.html","external_links_name":"\"Ashley Gilbertson Wins The Robert Capa Gold Medal Award For Coverage of Fallujah\""},{"Link":"http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2005/04/gilbertson.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://6thfloor.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/17/a-conversation-with-photographer-ashley-gilbertson/","external_links_name":"\"Gilbertson receives National Magazine Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.ashleygilbertson.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://learninglab.si.edu/q/ll-c/NYT997wxftfspEgo","external_links_name":"Ashley Gilbertson collection"},{"Link":"http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/gilbertson/","external_links_name":"Website for the book Whiskey Tango Foxtrot"},{"Link":"http://www.pdngallery.com/cobrand/nikonnet/ontheroad/iraq/index.html","external_links_name":"On The Road article"},{"Link":"http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2007/summer/gilbertson-last-photographs/","external_links_name":"Last Photographs"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000049320962","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/48674150","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyxgqp4CFGGqqrkYFy8G3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/133717658","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007427497605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007017204","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/11496/","external_links_name":"Victoria"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/385522","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._W._Holtze	Maurice William Holtze	["1 Recognition","2 References"]	Maurice William Holtze Maurice William Holtze ISO (8 July 1840 – 12 October 1923) born in the Kingdom of Hanover, was a botanist who established Darwin's Botanical Gardens in Fannie Bay, Darwin in 1878. When he left to take charge of Adelaide's Botanic Garden in 1891, his son Nicholas was appointed curator of the Darwin Botanical Gardens in his place. Holtze studied at Hildesheim and Osnabrück before serving an apprenticeship in Hanover, where he subsequently worked for four years in the Royal Gardens. He spent two years in the Imperial Gardens of St. Petersburg before emigrating in 1872 to Melbourne, then to Darwin, Northern Territory. While in Darwin (then called Palmerston, later Port Darwin) he made trial plantings of a large number of tropical plants of potential economic importance: rubber, rice, peanuts, tobacco, sugar, coffee, indigo and maize. He supplied the sugarcane tubers for the Cox's (later Cox) Peninsula sugarcane venture in which B. C. DeLissa and W. H. and G. T. Bean had a large interest. He was involved in a private agricultural enterprise in Darwin's Jungle Creek and Palm Creek region, known as "Holtze Jungle", later "Holmes Jungle". Holtze sent a large number of botanic specimens from the Darwin area and nearby islands, many of which had not been previously described, to Ferdinand von Mueller. In Adelaide, succeeding the great Dr Schomburgk as curator, he did much to make the Botanic Gardens an attractive place for the general public to visit, a novel policy at the time. He established lakes populated with water-lilies and lotuses, which became quite famous. He retired in 1917 and died in 1923 at American River on Kangaroo Island in South Australia at the home of his daughter. He is buried in the Penneshaw Cemetery on Kangaroo Island along with his wife, Evlampia (née Mizinzoff), who died 5 July 1937. A son, Alexis Leopold Holtze (1883 – 26 November 1938), was horticultural correspondent for the Mount Barker Courier, and editor of Garden and Field, later manager of radio station 5AD. He was killed in a single-vehicle car crash. Another son, Vladimir or Wladimir "Wallaby" Holtze (c. 1869 – c. 1963), was a linesman with the Overland Telegraph Department (later Postmaster-General's Department) from 1881, and stationed at Powell Creek, Daly Waters and for a time as postmaster at Tennant Creek. He died in Darwin. Recognition Clerodendron holtzei (now Clerodendrum holtzei), Sida holtzei, Habenaria holtzei and Polyalthia holtzeana were named for him. Probably also Northern Territory natives Uvaria holtzei, Aristolochia holtzei, Polycarpaea holtzei (incorrectly Polycarpaea holtzii), Trichosanthes holtzei, Goodenia holtzeana, Utricularia holtzei, Calochilus holtzei, Habenaria holtzei (since renamed Habenaria rumphii), Sterculia holtzei, Eulophia holtzei, Piper holtzei, Hibbertia holtzei and Calogyne holtzeana, of which all but two were described by Ferdinand von Mueller. He was awarded the Imperial Service Order in 1913. The outer Darwin locality, Holtze, was named for him. References ^ a b c d Kraehenbuehl, D. K. "Holtze, Maurice William (1840–1923)" Australian Dictionary of Biography Online, accessed 20 March 2011 ^ a b "Holtze (Locality) Litchfield in "The Origin of Suburbs, Localities, Towns and Hundreds in the Greater Darwin area"". Place Names Committee for the Northern Territory. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2015. ^ a b Dr Holtze I.S.O. The Register 4 June 1913 p.13 accessed 20 March 2011 ^ "A Noted Botanist". The Register (Adelaide). Vol. LXXXVIII, no. 25, 834. South Australia. 15 October 1923. p. 9. Retrieved 2 March 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Penneshaw Cemetery". ^ "Personal". The Mount Barker Courier and Onkaparinga and Gumeracha Advertiser. SA: National Library of Australia. 9 February 1906. p. 3. Retrieved 26 December 2014. ^ "Mr. A. L. Holtze, Manager of 5AD, Killed". The News (Adelaide). Vol. XXXI, no. 4, 787. South Australia. 26 November 1938. p. 1. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "'Wallaby' goes to city after 80 years". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 33, 203. Victoria, Australia. 2 February 1953. p. 5. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via National Library of Australia. ^ Wladimir Holtze, retrieved 6 February 2018 ^ TENPS Checklist of NT Vascular Plant Species accessed 20 August 2011 ^ Checklist of Northern Territory Plants accessed 20 August 2011 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Australia Academics International Plant Names Index People Australia Deutsche Biographie Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"Fannie Bay, Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Bay,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Adelaide's Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"Hildesheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim"},{"link_name":"Osnabrück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Darwin, Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"Cox's (later Cox) Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagait_Shire"},{"link_name":"W. H. and G. T. Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Holmes Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmes_Jungle_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-committee-2"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand von Mueller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Mueller"},{"link_name":"Dr Schomburgk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Richard_Schomburgk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISO-3"},{"link_name":"American River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_River,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier_(Mount_Barker)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"5AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_102.3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Overland Telegraph Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_Telegraph_Department"},{"link_name":"Postmaster-General's Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmaster-General%27s_Department"},{"link_name":"Powell Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powell_Creek,_Northern_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daly Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daly_Waters,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Tennant Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennant_Creek"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Maurice William Holtze ISO (8 July 1840 – 12 October 1923) born in the Kingdom of Hanover, was a botanist who established Darwin's Botanical Gardens in Fannie Bay, Darwin in 1878. When he left to take charge of Adelaide's Botanic Garden in 1891, his son Nicholas was appointed curator of the Darwin Botanical Gardens in his place.[1]Holtze studied at Hildesheim and Osnabrück before serving an apprenticeship in Hanover, where he subsequently worked for four years in the Royal Gardens. He spent two years in the Imperial Gardens of St. Petersburg before emigrating in 1872 to Melbourne, then to Darwin, Northern Territory.[1]While in Darwin (then called Palmerston, later Port Darwin) he made trial plantings of a large number of tropical plants of potential economic importance: rubber, rice, peanuts, tobacco, sugar, coffee, indigo and maize.[1] He supplied the sugarcane tubers for the Cox's (later Cox) Peninsula sugarcane venture in which B. C. DeLissa and W. H. and G. T. Bean had a large interest.He was involved in a private agricultural enterprise in Darwin's Jungle Creek and Palm Creek region, known as \"Holtze Jungle\", later \"Holmes Jungle\".[2]Holtze sent a large number of botanic specimens from the Darwin area and nearby islands, many of which had not been previously described, to Ferdinand von Mueller.In Adelaide, succeeding the great Dr Schomburgk as curator, he did much to make the Botanic Gardens an attractive place for the general public to visit, a novel policy at the time. He established lakes populated with water-lilies and lotuses, which became quite famous.[3]He retired in 1917 and died in 1923 at American River on Kangaroo Island in South Australia at the home of his daughter.[4] He is buried in the Penneshaw Cemetery on Kangaroo Island along with his wife, Evlampia (née Mizinzoff), who died 5 July 1937.[5] A son, Alexis Leopold Holtze (1883 – 26 November 1938), was horticultural correspondent for the Mount Barker Courier, and editor of Garden and Field,[6] later manager of radio station 5AD. He was killed in a single-vehicle car crash.[7]\nAnother son, Vladimir or Wladimir \"Wallaby\" Holtze (c. 1869 – c. 1963), was a linesman with the Overland Telegraph Department (later Postmaster-General's Department) from 1881, and stationed at Powell Creek, Daly Waters and for a time as postmaster at Tennant Creek.[8] He died in Darwin.[9]","title":"Maurice William Holtze"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clerodendrum holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clerodendrum_holtzei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sida holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sida_holtzei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Habenaria holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habenaria_holtzei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polyalthia holtzeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyalthia_holtzeana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-1"},{"link_name":"Uvaria holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uvaria_holtzei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aristolochia holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aristolochia_holtzei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polycarpaea holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarpaea_holtzei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trichosanthes holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichosanthes_holtzei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goodenia holtzeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodenia_holtzeana"},{"link_name":"Utricularia holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricularia_holtzei"},{"link_name":"Calochilus holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calochilus_holtzei"},{"link_name":"Habenaria rumphii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenaria_rumphii"},{"link_name":"Sterculia holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sterculia_holtzei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eulophia holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eulophia_holtzei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piper holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piper_holtzei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hibbertia holtzei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibbertia_holtzei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Calogyne holtzeana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calogyne_holtzeana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"described by Ferdinand von Mueller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_plant_species_authored_by_Ferdinand_von_Mueller"},{"link_name":"Imperial Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISO-3"},{"link_name":"Holtze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtze,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-committee-2"}],"text":"Clerodendron holtzei (now Clerodendrum holtzei), Sida holtzei, Habenaria holtzei and Polyalthia holtzeana were named for him.[1]\nProbably also Northern Territory natives Uvaria holtzei, Aristolochia holtzei, Polycarpaea holtzei (incorrectly Polycarpaea holtzii), Trichosanthes holtzei, Goodenia holtzeana, Utricularia holtzei, Calochilus holtzei, Habenaria holtzei (since renamed Habenaria rumphii), Sterculia holtzei,[10] Eulophia holtzei, Piper holtzei, Hibbertia holtzei and Calogyne holtzeana,[11] of which all but two were described by Ferdinand von Mueller.\nHe was awarded the Imperial Service Order in 1913.[3]\nThe outer Darwin locality, Holtze, was named for him.[2]","title":"Recognition"}]	[{"image_text":"Maurice William Holtze","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Maurice_Holtze.jpg/220px-Maurice_Holtze.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Holtze (Locality) Litchfield in \"The Origin of Suburbs, Localities, Towns and Hundreds in the Greater Darwin area\"\". Place Names Committee for the Northern Territory. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629040718/http://www.nt.gov.au/lands/lis/placenames/origins/greaterdarwin.shtml#letter_h","url_text":"\"Holtze (Locality) Litchfield in \"The Origin of Suburbs, Localities, Towns and Hundreds in the Greater Darwin area\"\""},{"url":"http://www.nt.gov.au/lands/lis/placenames/origins/greaterdarwin.shtml#letter_h","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Noted Botanist\". The Register (Adelaide). Vol. LXXXVIII, no. 25, 834. South Australia. 15 October 1923. p. 9. Retrieved 2 March 2016 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65035948","url_text":"\"A Noted Botanist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Register (Adelaide)"}]},{"reference":"\"Penneshaw Cemetery\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ozburials.com/CemsSA/penneshaw.htm","url_text":"\"Penneshaw Cemetery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Personal\". The Mount Barker Courier and Onkaparinga and Gumeracha Advertiser. SA: National Library of Australia. 9 February 1906. p. 3. Retrieved 26 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article146308100","url_text":"\"Personal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mount_Barker_Courier_and_Onkaparinga_and_Gumeracha_Advertiser","url_text":"The Mount Barker Courier and Onkaparinga and Gumeracha Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. A. L. Holtze, Manager of 5AD, Killed\". The News (Adelaide). Vol. XXXI, no. 4, 787. South Australia. 26 November 1938. p. 1. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article131911189","url_text":"\"Mr. A. L. Holtze, Manager of 5AD, Killed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The News (Adelaide)"}]},{"reference":"\"'Wallaby' goes to city after 80 years\". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 33, 203. Victoria, Australia. 2 February 1953. p. 5. Retrieved 6 February 2018 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23225451","url_text":"\"'Wallaby' goes to city after 80 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus (Melbourne)"}]},{"reference":"Wladimir Holtze, retrieved 6 February 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/36624255","url_text":"Wladimir Holtze"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090353b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Holtze, Maurice William (1840–1923)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629040718/http://www.nt.gov.au/lands/lis/placenames/origins/greaterdarwin.shtml#letter_h","external_links_name":"\"Holtze (Locality) Litchfield in \"The Origin of Suburbs, Localities, Towns and Hundreds in the Greater Darwin area\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.nt.gov.au/lands/lis/placenames/origins/greaterdarwin.shtml#letter_h","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article56993663","external_links_name":"Dr Holtze I.S.O."},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65035948","external_links_name":"\"A Noted Botanist\""},{"Link":"http://www.ozburials.com/CemsSA/penneshaw.htm","external_links_name":"\"Penneshaw Cemetery\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article146308100","external_links_name":"\"Personal\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article131911189","external_links_name":"\"Mr. A. L. Holtze, Manager of 5AD, Killed\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23225451","external_links_name":"\"'Wallaby' goes to city after 80 years\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/36624255","external_links_name":"Wladimir Holtze"},{"Link":"http://tenpsnt.tripod.com/checklist.htm","external_links_name":"TENPS Checklist of NT Vascular Plant Species"},{"Link":"http://biostor.org/reference/67590.text","external_links_name":"Checklist of Northern Territory Plants"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/297498/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000006322108X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/28720157","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8Xjbty3crJdVkGpR7pP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136027539","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92003013","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35616530","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=M.Holtze","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/holtze-maurice-william-6720","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136027539.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1469018","external_links_name":"Trove"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Anson_by-election	1981 Anson by-election	["1 Candidates","2 Result","3 Aftermath","4 References","5 External links"]	1981 Anson by-election ← 1979 31 October 1981 1992 → Registered14,512Turnout13,746 (94.72%) 0.38% First party Second party Third party Candidate J. B. Jeyaretnam Pang Kim Hin Harbans Singh Party WP PAP PF Popular vote 7,012 6,359 131 Percentage 51.93% 47.10% 0.97% Swing 51.93% 37.00% 14.93% MP before election Devan Nair PAP Elected MP J. B. Jeyaretnam WP The by-election was held in Singapore on 31 October 1981. The by-election was to replace the vacant seat after the incumbent MP, Devan Nair, stood down in order to become President of Singapore. The result was a victory for J. B. Jeyaretnam from the Workers' Party winning 51.93% of the vote and he was declared as Member of Parliament for Anson Constituency. The by-election marked the first occasion since Singapore's independence in which a PAP candidate was defeated in an election for a seat in Parliament. The 37% swing against the PAP is the largest ever swing in a by-election in independent Singapore, and the second largest since 1961. Candidates The Nomination Day for the by-election was 21 October 1981. The election deposit for candidates was set at $1500. Three candidates stood in the by-election: Pang Kim Hin (the nephew of former minister Lim Kim San) of the PAP, J.B. Jeyaretnam of the Worker's Party and Harbans Singh of the United People's Front (UPF). The leader of the Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), Chiam See Tong, also considered standing in the by-election, but decided to withdraw at the last minute and leave Jeyaretnam to be the PAP's main opponent in the name of "opposition unity". Result By-election 1981: Anson Party Candidate Votes % ±% WP J.B. Jeyaretnam 7,012 51.93 +51.9 PAP Pang Kim Hin 6,359 47.10 -37.0 United People's Front Harbans Singh 131 0.97 -14.9 Majority 653 4.8 N/A Turnout 13,746 94.7 +0.3 WP gain from PAP Swing N/A Note: As Habans Singh of United People's Front failed to garner the minimum 12.5% (one-eighth) of the votes necessary to keep his deposit, his election deposit was forfeited. Aftermath This is one of the most significant elections in Singapore's political history because it was the first opposition victory since the Barisan Sosialis had left Parliament in 1966. It was the third by-election to have been held in Anson. The election marked the Workers' Party's return to Parliament after 18 years. The last time they won an election was back in 1961, when David Marshall also won a by-election in Anson as a candidate for the party (however he lost the seat in the 1963 general election). A number of factors are thought to have contributed to PAP's defeat in this by-election. One of them was Pang was a new face to the public in Singapore whereas Jeyaretnam was a veteran of several general elections and by-elections (though this was the first time he had stood in Anson). Another factor may have been that Pang did not make use of Anson's grassroots leaders during his campaign. Another issue surrounding the campaign was that residents in the Blair Plain area of the constituency were unhappy that they were not being given priority for HDB flats when their homes were being demolished to make way for a new Port of Singapore Authority container complex, and some voters may have used the by-election as an opportunity to express discontent regarding this. Following the by-election, Pang announced his retirement of politics, though he was offered a place in the next election, he ultimately declined, making him the first PAP candidate to never enter parliament. He remained the only candidate to do so until Eric Low in the 2001 election before retiring in 2011. Jeyaretnam successfully retained the seat with a larger majority of 2,376 votes in the 1984 general election, when he defeated the PAP's Ng Pock Too. He captured 56.8% of the votes in the constituency in that election. Harbans Singh became the first candidate in Singapore election history to have forfeited his election deposit twice, with the first occurring on the 1976 elections contesting under Tanjong Pagar with 11.0% of the valid votes. Although the PAP has remained the dominant party in Singapore politics due to a supermajority, it has never again held a complete monopoly of all the seats in Parliament since the 1981 by-election. References ^ Singapore Party Loses Vote, New York Times, 1 November 1981. ^ I'll start work right away says Jeya Archived 29 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, New Nation, 2 November 1981. ^ Anson by-election Archived 26 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Singapore - The Encyclopedia (retrieved 6 February 2012). External links 1981 By Election Results of 1981 BE vte Elections and referendums in SingaporeGeneral elections 1948 1951 1955 1959 1963 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1991 1997 2001 2006 2011 2015 2020 Next By-elections 1948 1952 1957 1961 1965 1966 1967 1970 1977 1979 1981 1992 2012 2013 2016 Presidential elections 1993 1999‡ 2005‡ 2011 2017‡ 2023 Local elections 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1949 (Apr) 1949 (Dec) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1957 1958 Referendums 1962 ‡ uncontested	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Devan Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devan_Nair"},{"link_name":"President of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"J. B. Jeyaretnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Jeyaretnam"},{"link_name":"Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"Anson Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anson_Constituency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Singaporean_by-elections"}],"text":"The by-election was held in Singapore on 31 October 1981. The by-election was to replace the vacant seat after the incumbent MP, Devan Nair, stood down in order to become President of Singapore.The result was a victory for J. B. Jeyaretnam from the Workers' Party winning 51.93% of the vote and he was declared as Member of Parliament for Anson Constituency.The by-election marked the first occasion since Singapore's independence in which a PAP candidate was defeated in an election for a seat in Parliament.[1][2] The 37% swing against the PAP is the largest ever swing in a by-election in independent Singapore, and the second largest since 1961.","title":"1981 Anson by-election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lim Kim San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim_Kim_San"},{"link_name":"Singapore Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Chiam See Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiam_See_Tong"}],"text":"The Nomination Day for the by-election was 21 October 1981. The election deposit for candidates was set at $1500. Three candidates stood in the by-election: Pang Kim Hin (the nephew of former minister Lim Kim San) of the PAP, J.B. Jeyaretnam of the Worker's Party and Harbans Singh of the United People's Front (UPF). The leader of the Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), Chiam See Tong, also considered standing in the by-election, but decided to withdraw at the last minute and leave Jeyaretnam to be the PAP's main opponent in the name of \"opposition unity\".","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: As Habans Singh of United People's Front failed to garner the minimum 12.5% (one-eighth) of the votes necessary to keep his deposit, his election deposit was forfeited.","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barisan Sosialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Sosialis"},{"link_name":"David Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Marshall_(Singaporean_politician)"},{"link_name":"1963 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_general_election,_1963"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang_Kim_Hin"},{"link_name":"HDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board"},{"link_name":"Port of Singapore Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Singapore_Authority"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Eric Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Low"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1984 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporean_general_election,_1984"},{"link_name":"Ng Pock Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng_Pock_Too"},{"link_name":"election deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_deposit"},{"link_name":"1976 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Singaporean_general_election"}],"text":"This is one of the most significant elections in Singapore's political history because it was the first opposition victory since the Barisan Sosialis had left Parliament in 1966. It was the third by-election to have been held in Anson.The election marked the Workers' Party's return to Parliament after 18 years. The last time they won an election was back in 1961, when David Marshall also won a by-election in Anson as a candidate for the party (however he lost the seat in the 1963 general election).[citation needed]A number of factors are thought to have contributed to PAP's defeat in this by-election. One of them was Pang was a new face to the public in Singapore whereas Jeyaretnam was a veteran of several general elections and by-elections (though this was the first time he had stood in Anson). Another factor may have been that Pang did not make use of Anson's grassroots leaders during his campaign. Another issue surrounding the campaign was that residents in the Blair Plain area of the constituency were unhappy that they were not being given priority for HDB flats when their homes were being demolished to make way for a new Port of Singapore Authority container complex, and some voters may have used the by-election as an opportunity to express discontent regarding this.[3]Following the by-election, Pang announced his retirement of politics, though he was offered a place in the next election, he ultimately declined, making him the first PAP candidate to never enter parliament. He remained the only candidate to do so until Eric Low in the 2001 election before retiring in 2011.[citation needed]Jeyaretnam successfully retained the seat with a larger majority of 2,376 votes in the 1984 general election, when he defeated the PAP's Ng Pock Too. He captured 56.8% of the votes in the constituency in that election.Harbans Singh became the first candidate in Singapore election history to have forfeited his election deposit twice, with the first occurring on the 1976 elections contesting under Tanjong Pagar with 11.0% of the valid votes.Although the PAP has remained the dominant party in Singapore politics due to a supermajority, it has never again held a complete monopoly of all the seats in Parliament since the 1981 by-election.","title":"Aftermath"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/01/world/singapore-party-loses-vote.html","external_links_name":"Singapore Party Loses Vote"},{"Link":"http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/dream/politics/headline/polh4.html","external_links_name":"I'll start work right away says Jeya"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120129131704/http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/dream/politics/headline/polh4.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.singapedia.com.sg/entries/a/anson_by-election.html","external_links_name":"Anson by-election"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226013317/http://www.singapedia.com.sg/entries/a/anson_by-election.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110502233707/http://www.singapore-elections.com/parl-1981-be/","external_links_name":"1981 By Election"},{"Link":"http://www.elections.gov.sg/elections_past_by1981.html","external_links_name":"Results of 1981 BE"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micanda	Micanda	["1 See also","2 References"]	Commune in Malanje, AngolaMicandacommuneCountry AngolaProvinceMalanjeTime zoneUTC+1 (WAT) Micanda is a town and commune of Angola , located in the province of Malanje. See also Communes of Angola References ^ "Census 2014". Official Portal of the 2014 INE Angola Census. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ^ "Micanda". google maps. Retrieved 31 May 2018. This Angola location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Angola"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Malanje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malanje_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Micanda is a town and commune of Angola , located in the province of Malanje.[1][2]","title":"Micanda"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Angola"}]	[{"reference":"\"Census 2014\". Official Portal of the 2014 INE Angola Census. Retrieved 31 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://censo.ine.gov.ao/xportal/xmain?xpid=censo2014&xpgid=provincias&provincias-generic-detail_qry=BOUI=10327842&actualmenu=10327842","url_text":"\"Census 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Micanda\". google maps. Retrieved 31 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Micanda,+Angola/@-8.5165804,16.3317332,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x1a49e7c8f4b29345:0xe5113037812ee269!8m2!3d-8.516667!4d16.366667","url_text":"\"Micanda\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://censo.ine.gov.ao/xportal/xmain?xpid=censo2014&xpgid=provincias&provincias-generic-detail_qry=BOUI=10327842&actualmenu=10327842","external_links_name":"\"Census 2014\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Micanda,+Angola/@-8.5165804,16.3317332,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x1a49e7c8f4b29345:0xe5113037812ee269!8m2!3d-8.516667!4d16.366667","external_links_name":"\"Micanda\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micanda&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Magnus_Craelius	Carl Magnus Craelius	["1 References"]	Carl Magnus Craelius painting Swedish opera singer and voice teacher Carl Magnus Craelius (1773-1842), was a Swedish opera singer (tenor) and voice teacher. He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music (1822). He was engaged at the Royal Swedish Opera in 1795-1806. He is known as the mentor of several later famous singers, most notably Jenny Lind. References Crælius, Karl Magnus i Nordisk familjebok (andra upplagans supplement, 1923) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish. (June 2018) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Swedish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|sv\|Carl Magnus Craelius}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Other RISM	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera"},{"link_name":"Jenny Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Lind"}],"text":"Swedish opera singer and voice teacherCarl Magnus Craelius (1773-1842), was a Swedish opera singer (tenor) and voice teacher. He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music (1822). He was engaged at the Royal Swedish Opera in 1795-1806. He is known as the mentor of several later famous singers, most notably Jenny Lind.","title":"Carl Magnus Craelius"}]	[{"image_text":"Carl Magnus Craelius painting","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Carl_Magnus_Craelius_painting.jpg/220px-Carl_Magnus_Craelius_painting.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4636155191938182440000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqK8byrmqJpQ7G9VGKKh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1179096266","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/30034435","external_links_name":"RISM"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(Guided_by_Voices_album)	Sandbox (Guided by Voices album)	["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	1987 studio album by Guided by VoicesSandboxStudio album by Guided by VoicesReleasedSeptember 1, 1987 (1987-09-01)RecordedMid-1987StudioSteve Wilbur's 8 Track Garage, Dayton, Ohio, United StatesGenreIndie rockLength27:11LanguageEnglishLabelHalo RecordsProducer Guided by Voices (Kevin Fennell, Mitch Mitchell, Jim Pollard, and Robert Pollard) Steve Wilbur Guided by Voices chronology Devil Between My Toes(1987) Sandbox(1987) Self-Inflicted Aerial Nostalgia(1989) Sandbox is the second studio album from American indie rock band Guided by Voices. Reception Editors at AllMusic rated this album 2 out of 5 stars, with critic Brian Egan writing that the band "took a short step back" from their previous album and that the songs "ultimately fail to register". Byron Coley of Spin pointed to the work on Sandbox to declare that Guided by Voices is "one of the sharpest sounding angle-pop bands out of the Midwest since the days of Green". In that publication's 1995 album guide, they rated Sandbox a 1 out of 5, stating that the band deviated from their lo-fi music roots after performing with R.E.M. Frontman Robert Pollard called this album "an attempt to make a huge power-pop record for less than a thousand dollars" in 1995 and journalist David Sprague reported that this album was painful for him to listen to. Track listing "Lips of Steel" (Kevin Fennell, Mitch Mitchell, and Jim Pollard) – 1:34 "A Visit to the Creep Doctor" (Robert Pollard) – 1:30 "Everyday" (R. Pollard) – 2:58 "Barricade" (R. Pollard) – 4:32 "Get to Know the Ropes" (R. Pollard) – 3:48 "Can't Stop" (J. Pollard, R. Pollard) – 2:26 "The Drinking Jim Crow" (R. Pollard) – 1:36 "Trap Soul Door" (Mitchell and R. Pollard) – 1:15 "Common Rebels" (Fennell, Mitchell, and J. Pollard) – 2:04 "Long Distance Man" (R. Pollard) – 1:17 "I Certainly Hope Not" (R. Pollard) – 2:01 "Adverse Wind" (R. Pollard) – 2:09 Personnel Guided by Voices Kevin Fennell – drums, production Mitch Mitchell – bass guitar, production Jim Pollard – guitar, production Robert Pollard – guitar, vocals, production Additional personnel Mark Greenwald – artwork Alan Moy – mastering at Masterdisk Steve Wilbur – guitar on "Barricade" and "Can't Stop", production See also List of 1987 albums References ^ Egan, Brian (n.d.). "Guided by Voices – Sandbox". AllMusic. RhythmOne. Retrieved June 13, 2023. ^ Coley, Byron (January 1989). "Underground". Spin. Vol. 4, no. 10. p. 80. ISSN 0886-3032. ^ Marks, Craig; Weisbard, Eric, eds. (1995). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. p. 171. ISBN 9780679755746. ^ Sprague, David (May 1995). "Guided by Voices Extraterrestrial Angst". CMJ New Music Monthly. No. 21. p. 19. ISSN 1074-6978. ^ Greer, James (December 2007). Guided by Voices: A Brief History. Grove Atlantic. ISBN 9781555846411. External links Sandbox at Discogs (list of releases) Sandbox at MusicBrainz (list of releases) Review from the Rock Robot's Guide to Guided by Voices vteGuided by Voices Robert Pollard Doug Gillard Mark Shue Bobby Bare Jr. Kevin March Tobin Sprout Mitch Mitchell Greg Demos Kevin Fennell Jim Macpherson James Greer Discography Studio albums Devil Between My Toes (1987) Sandbox (1987) Self-Inflicted Aerial Nostalgia (1989) Same Place the Fly Got Smashed (1990) Propeller (1992) Vampire on Titus (1993) Bee Thousand (1994) Alien Lanes (1995) Under the Bushes Under the Stars (1996) Tonics & Twisted Chasers (1996) Mag Earwhig! (1997) Do the Collapse (1999) Isolation Drills (2001) Universal Truths and Cycles (2002) Earthquake Glue (2003) Half Smiles of the Decomposed (2004) Let's Go Eat the Factory (2012) Class Clown Spots a UFO (2012) The Bears for Lunch (2012) English Little League (2013) Motivational Jumpsuit (2014) Cool Planet (2014) Please Be Honest (2016) August by Cake (2017) How Do You Spell Heaven (2017) Space Gun (2018) Zeppelin Over China (2019) Warp and Woof (2019) Sweating the Plague (2019) Surrender Your Poppy Field (2020) Mirrored Aztec (2020) Styles We Paid For (2020) Earth Man Blues (2021) It's Not Them. It Couldn't Be Them. It Is Them! (2021) Crystal Nuns Cathedral (2022) Tremblers and Goggles by Rank (2022) La La Land (2023) Welshpool Frillies (2023) Nowhere to Go but Up (2023) Strut of Kings (2024) EPs Forever Since Breakfast (1986) The Grand Hour (1993) Static Airplane Jive (1993) Get Out of My Stations (1994) Fast Japanese Spin Cycle (1994) Clown Prince of the Menthol Trailer (1994) I Am a Scientist (1994) Tigerbomb (1995) Sunfish Holy Breakfast (1996) Plantations of Pale Pink (1996) Wish in One Hand… (1997) Plugs for the Program (1999) Hold on Hope (2000) Dayton, Ohio–19 Something and 5 (2000) Daredevil Stamp Collector (2001) The Pipe Dreams of Instant Prince Whippet (2002) Down by the Racetrack (2013) Wine Cork Stonehenge (2018) 100 Dougs (2018) 1901 Acid Rock (2019) Umlaut Over the Ozone (2019) Live albums Live from Austin, TX (2007) Compilation albums The Best of Guided by Voices: Human Amusements at Hourly Rates (2003) Crickets: Best of the Fading Captain Series 1999–2007 (2007) Scalping the Guru (2022) Box sets Box (1995) Suitcase: Failed Experiments and Trashed Aircraft (2000) Hardcore UFOs: Revelations, Epiphanies and Fast Food in the Western Hemisphere (2003) Suitcase 2: American Superdream Wow (2005) Suitcase 3: Up We Go Now (2009) Suitcase 4: Captain Kangaroo Won the War (2015) Robert Pollardsolo albums Not in My Airforce (1996) Waved Out (1998) Kid Marine (1999) Motel of Fools (2003) Fiction Man (2004) Relaxation of the Asshole (2005) From a Compound Eye (2006) Normal Happiness (2006) Silverfish Trivia (2007) Standard Gargoyle Decisions (2007) Coast to Coast Carpet of Love (2007) Superman Was a Rocker (2008) Weatherman and Skin Goddess (2008) Robert Pollard Is Off to Business (2008) The Crawling Distance (2009) Elephant Jokes (2009) We All Got Out of the Army (2010) Moses on a Snail (2010) Space City Kicks (2011) Lord of the Birdcage (2011) Mouseman Cloud (2012) Jack Sells the Cow (2012) Honey Locust Honky Tonk (2013) Blazing Gentlemen (2013) Faulty Superheroes (2015) Of Course You Are (2016) Tobin Sprout albums Carnival Boy (1996) Moonflower Plastic (1997) Let's Welcome the Circus People (1999) Lost Planets & Phantom Voices (2003) The Bluebirds of Happiness Tried to Land on My Shoulder (2010) The Universe & Me (2017) Airport 5 albums Tower in the Fountain of Sparks (2001) Life Starts Here (2002) Boston Spaceships albums Brown Submarine (2008) The Planets are Blasted (2009) Zero to 99 (2009) Our Cubehouse Still Rocks (2010) Let It Beard (2011) Lifeguards andDoug Gillard albums Speak Kindly of Your Volunteer Fire Department (1999) Mist King Urth (2003) Waving at the Astronauts (2011) Robert Pollard side projects In Shop We Build Electric Chairs: Professional Music by Nightwalker 1984–1993 (1999) Big Trouble (2000) Choreographed Man of War (2001) Calling Zero (2002) Blues and Boogie Shoes (2006) Circus Devils albums Ringworm Interiors (2001) The Harold Pig Memorial (2002) Pinball Mars (2004) Five (2005) Sgt. Disco (2007) Ataxia (2008) Gringo (2009) Mother Skinny (2010) Capsized! (2011) When Machines Attack (2013) My Mind Has Seen the White Trick (2013) Escape (2014) Stomping Grounds (2015) Laughs Last (2017) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Guided by Voices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_by_Voices"}],"text":"1987 studio album by Guided by VoicesSandbox is the second studio album from American indie rock band Guided by Voices.","title":"Sandbox (Guided by Voices album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amg-1"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spin-2"},{"link_name":"lo-fi music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi_music"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spinalbum-3"},{"link_name":"Robert Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pollard"},{"link_name":"power-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-pop"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmj-4"}],"text":"Editors at AllMusic rated this album 2 out of 5 stars, with critic Brian Egan writing that the band \"took a short step back\" from their previous album and that the songs \"ultimately fail to register\".[1] Byron Coley of Spin pointed to the work on Sandbox to declare that Guided by Voices is \"one of the sharpest sounding angle-pop bands out of the Midwest since the days of Green\".[2] In that publication's 1995 album guide, they rated Sandbox a 1 out of 5, stating that the band deviated from their lo-fi music roots after performing with R.E.M.[3]Frontman Robert Pollard called this album \"an attempt to make a huge power-pop record for less than a thousand dollars\" in 1995 and journalist David Sprague reported that this album was painful for him to listen to.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Fennell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Fennell"},{"link_name":"Mitch Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Mitchell_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Jim Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Robert Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pollard"}],"text":"\"Lips of Steel\" (Kevin Fennell, Mitch Mitchell, and Jim Pollard) – 1:34\n\"A Visit to the Creep Doctor\" (Robert Pollard) – 1:30\n\"Everyday\" (R. Pollard) – 2:58\n\"Barricade\" (R. Pollard) – 4:32\n\"Get to Know the Ropes\" (R. Pollard) – 3:48\n\"Can't Stop\" (J. Pollard, R. Pollard) – 2:26\n\"The Drinking Jim Crow\" (R. Pollard) – 1:36\n\"Trap Soul Door\" (Mitchell and R. Pollard) – 1:15\n\"Common Rebels\" (Fennell, Mitchell, and J. Pollard) – 2:04\n\"Long Distance Man\" (R. Pollard) – 1:17\n\"I Certainly Hope Not\" (R. Pollard) – 2:01\n\"Adverse Wind\" (R. Pollard) – 2:09","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Fennell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Fennell"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Mitch Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Mitchell_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Jim Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Robert Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pollard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brief-5"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"}],"text":"Guided by VoicesKevin Fennell – drums, production\nMitch Mitchell – bass guitar, production\nJim Pollard – guitar, production\nRobert Pollard – guitar, vocals, productionAdditional personnelMark Greenwald – artwork[5]\nAlan Moy – mastering at Masterdisk\nSteve Wilbur – guitar on \"Barricade\" and \"Can't Stop\", production","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of 1987 albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_1987_albums"}]	[{"reference":"Egan, Brian (n.d.). \"Guided by Voices – Sandbox\". AllMusic. RhythmOne. Retrieved June 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://allmusic.com/album/mw0001071608","url_text":"\"Guided by Voices – Sandbox\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RhythmOne","url_text":"RhythmOne"}]},{"reference":"Coley, Byron (January 1989). \"Underground\". Spin. Vol. 4, no. 10. p. 80. ISSN 0886-3032.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3032","url_text":"0886-3032"}]},{"reference":"Marks, Craig; Weisbard, Eric, eds. (1995). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. p. 171. ISBN 9780679755746.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books","url_text":"Vintage Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679755746","url_text":"9780679755746"}]},{"reference":"Sprague, David (May 1995). \"Guided by Voices Extraterrestrial Angst\". CMJ New Music Monthly. No. 21. p. 19. ISSN 1074-6978.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMJ_New_Music_Monthly","url_text":"CMJ New Music Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-6978","url_text":"1074-6978"}]},{"reference":"Greer, James (December 2007). Guided by Voices: A Brief History. Grove Atlantic. ISBN 9781555846411.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555846411","url_text":"9781555846411"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://allmusic.com/album/mw0001071608","external_links_name":"\"Guided by Voices – Sandbox\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3032","external_links_name":"0886-3032"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-6978","external_links_name":"1074-6978"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/1231569","external_links_name":"Sandbox"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/04bcb506-e6e3-3cc9-a111-aecb41531219","external_links_name":"Sandbox"},{"Link":"https://gbvguide.blogspot.com/2005/12/guided-by-voices-sandbox-1987.html","external_links_name":"Review from the Rock Robot's Guide to Guided by Voices"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/04bcb506-e6e3-3cc9-a111-aecb41531219","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMAC_(cryptography)	One-key MAC	["1 History","2 Algorithm","3 Implementations","4 References","5 External links"]	"CMAC" redirects here. For other uses, see CMAC (disambiguation). One-key MAC (OMAC) is a family of message authentication codes constructed from a block cipher much like the CBC-MAC algorithm. It may be used to provide assurance of the authenticity and, hence, the integrity of data. Two versions are defined: The original OMAC of February 2003, which is seldom used. The preferred name is now "OMAC2". The OMAC1 refinement, which became an NIST recommendation in May 2005 under the name CMAC. OMAC is free for all uses: it is not covered by any patents. History The core of the CMAC algorithm is a variation of CBC-MAC that Black and Rogaway proposed and analyzed under the name "XCBC" and submitted to NIST. The XCBC algorithm efficiently addresses the security deficiencies of CBC-MAC, but requires three keys. Iwata and Kurosawa proposed an improvement of XCBC that requires less key material (just one key) and named the resulting algorithm One-Key CBC-MAC (OMAC) in their papers. They later submitted the OMAC1 (= CMAC), a refinement of OMAC, and additional security analysis. Algorithm To generate an ℓ-bit CMAC tag (t) of a message (m) using a b-bit block cipher (E) and a secret key (k), one first generates two b-bit sub-keys (k1 and k2) using the following algorithm (this is equivalent to multiplication by x and x2 in a finite field GF(2b)). Let ≪ denote the standard left-shift operator and ⊕ denote bit-wise exclusive or: Calculate a temporary value k0 = Ek(0). If msb(k0) = 0, then k1 = k0 ≪ 1, else k1 = (k0 ≪ 1) ⊕ C; where C is a certain constant that depends only on b. (Specifically, C is the non-leading coefficients of the lexicographically first irreducible degree-b binary polynomial with the minimal number of ones: 0x1B for 64-bit, 0x87 for 128-bit, and 0x425 for 256-bit blocks.) If msb(k1) = 0, then k2 = k1 ≪ 1, else k2 = (k1 ≪ 1) ⊕ C. Return keys (k1, k2) for the MAC generation process. As a small example, suppose b = 4, C = 00112, and k0 = Ek(0) = 01012. Then k1 = 10102 and k2 = 0100 ⊕ 0011 = 01112. The CMAC tag generation process is as follows: Divide message into b-bit blocks m = m1 ∥ ... ∥ mn−1 ∥ mn, where m1, ..., mn−1 are complete blocks. (The empty message is treated as one incomplete block.) If mn is a complete block then mn′ = k1 ⊕ mn else mn′ = k2 ⊕ (mn ∥ 10...02). Let c0 = 00...02. For i = 1, ..., n − 1, calculate ci = Ek(ci−1 ⊕ mi). cn = Ek(cn−1 ⊕ mn′) Output t = msbℓ(cn). The verification process is as follows: Use the above algorithm to generate the tag. Check that the generated tag is equal to the received tag. Implementations Python implementation: see the usage of the AES_CMAC() function in "impacket/blob/master/tests/misc/test_crypto.py", and its definition in "impacket/blob/master/impacket/crypto.py" Ruby implementation References ^ a b Iwata, Tetsu; Kurosawa, Kaoru (2003-02-24). "OMAC: One-Key CBC MAC". Fast Software Encryption. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2887. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 129–153. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-39887-5_11. ISBN 978-3-540-20449-7. ^ a b c Iwata, Tetsu; Kurosawa, Kaoru (2003). "OMAC: One-Key CBC MAC – Addendum" (PDF). In this note, we propose OMAC1, a new choice of the parameters of OMAC-family (see for the details). Test vectors are also presented. Accordingly, we rename the previous OMAC as OMAC2. (That is to say, test vectors for OMAC2 were already shown in .) We use OMAC as a generic name for OMAC1 and OMAC2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Dworkin, Morris (2016). "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The CMAC Mode for Authentication" (PDF). doi:10.6028/nist.sp.800-38b. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Rogaway, Phillip. "CMAC: Non-licensing". Retrieved May 27, 2020. Phillip Rogaway's statement on intellectual property status of CMAC ^ Black, John; Rogaway, Phillip (2000-08-20). Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2000. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 197–215. doi:10.1007/3-540-44598-6_12. ISBN 978-3540445982. ^ Black, J; Rogaway, P. "A Suggestion for Handling Arbitrary-Length Messages with the CBC MAC" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Iwata, Tetsu; Kurosawa, Kaoru (2003-12-08). "Stronger Security Bounds for OMAC, TMAC, and XCBC". In Johansson, Thomas; Maitra, Subhamoy (eds.). Progress in Cryptology - INDOCRYPT 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2904. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 402–415. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.13.8229. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24582-7_30. ISBN 9783540206095. ^ "Impacket is a collection of Python classes for working with network protocols.: SecureAuthCorp/impacket". 15 December 2018 – via GitHub. ^ "Ruby C extension for the AES-CMAC keyed hash function (RFC 4493): louismullie/cmac-rb". 4 May 2016 – via GitHub. External links RFC 4493 The AES-CMAC Algorithm RFC 4494 The AES-CMAC-96 Algorithm and Its Use with IPsec RFC 4615 The Advanced Encryption Standard-Cipher-based Message Authentication Code-Pseudo-Random Function-128 (AES-CMAC-PRF-128) OMAC Online Test More information on OMAC Rust implementation vteCryptographic hash functions and message authentication codes List Comparison Known attacks Common functions MD5 (compromised) SHA-1 (compromised) SHA-2 SHA-3 BLAKE2 SHA-3 finalists BLAKE Grøstl JH Skein Keccak (winner) Other functions BLAKE3 CubeHash ECOH FSB Fugue GOST HAS-160 HAVAL Kupyna LSH Lane MASH-1 MASH-2 MD2 MD4 MD6 MDC-2 N-hash RIPEMD RadioGatún SIMD SM3 SWIFFT Shabal Snefru Streebog Tiger VSH Whirlpool Password hashing/key stretching functions Argon2 Balloon bcrypt Catena crypt LM hash Lyra2 Makwa PBKDF2 scrypt yescrypt General purposekey derivation functions HKDF KDF1/KDF2 MAC functions CBC-MAC DAA GMAC HMAC NMAC OMAC/CMAC PMAC Poly1305 SipHash UMAC VMAC Authenticatedencryption modes CCM ChaCha20-Poly1305 CWC EAX GCM IAPM OCB Attacks Collision attack Preimage attack Birthday attack Brute-force attack Rainbow table Side-channel attack Length extension attack Design Avalanche effect Hash collision Merkle–Damgård construction Sponge function HAIFA construction Standardization CAESAR Competition CRYPTREC NESSIE NIST hash function competition Password Hashing Competition Utilization Hash-based cryptography Merkle tree Message authentication Proof of work Salt Pepper vteCryptographyGeneral History of cryptography Outline of cryptography Cryptographic protocol Authentication protocol Cryptographic primitive Cryptanalysis Cryptocurrency Cryptosystem Cryptographic nonce Cryptovirology Hash function Cryptographic hash function Key derivation function Digital signature Kleptography Key (cryptography) Key exchange Key generator Key schedule Key stretching Keygen Cryptojacking malware Ransomware Random number generation Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) Pseudorandom noise (PRN) Secure channel Insecure channel Subliminal channel Encryption Decryption End-to-end encryption Harvest now, decrypt later Information-theoretic security Plaintext Codetext Ciphertext Shared secret Trapdoor function Trusted timestamping Key-based routing Onion routing Garlic routing Kademlia Mix network Mathematics Cryptographic hash function Block cipher Stream cipher Symmetric-key algorithm Authenticated encryption Public-key cryptography Quantum key distribution Quantum cryptography Post-quantum cryptography Message authentication code Random numbers Steganography Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CMAC (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMAC_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"message authentication codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_authentication_code"},{"link_name":"block cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher"},{"link_name":"CBC-MAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC-MAC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omac03-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omac1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omac1-2"},{"link_name":"NIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"CMAC\" redirects here. For other uses, see CMAC (disambiguation).One-key MAC (OMAC) is a family of message authentication codes constructed from a block cipher much like the CBC-MAC algorithm. It may be used to provide assurance of the authenticity and, hence, the integrity of data. Two versions are defined:The original OMAC of February 2003, which is seldom used.[1] The preferred name is now \"OMAC2\".[2]\nThe OMAC1 refinement,[2] which became an NIST recommendation in May 2005 under the name CMAC.[3]OMAC is free for all uses: it is not covered by any patents.[4]","title":"One-key MAC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBC-MAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC-MAC"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Black_(cryptographer)"},{"link_name":"Rogaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Rogaway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"NIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omac03-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-omac1-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The core of the CMAC algorithm is a variation of CBC-MAC that Black and Rogaway proposed and analyzed under the name \"XCBC\"[5] and submitted to NIST.[6] The XCBC algorithm efficiently addresses the security deficiencies of CBC-MAC, but requires three keys.Iwata and Kurosawa proposed an improvement of XCBC that requires less key material (just one key) and named the resulting algorithm One-Key CBC-MAC (OMAC) in their papers.[1] They later submitted the OMAC1 (= CMAC),[2] a refinement of OMAC, and additional security analysis.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CMAC_-_Cipher-based_Message_Authentication_Code.pdf"},{"link_name":"finite field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field"},{"link_name":"exclusive or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or#Computer_science"}],"text":"To generate an ℓ-bit CMAC tag (t) of a message (m) using a b-bit block cipher (E) and a secret key (k), one first generates two b-bit sub-keys (k1 and k2) using the following algorithm (this is equivalent to multiplication by x and x2 in a finite field GF(2b)). Let ≪ denote the standard left-shift operator and ⊕ denote bit-wise exclusive or:Calculate a temporary value k0 = Ek(0).\nIf msb(k0) = 0, then k1 = k0 ≪ 1, else k1 = (k0 ≪ 1) ⊕ C; where C is a certain constant that depends only on b. (Specifically, C is the non-leading coefficients of the lexicographically first irreducible degree-b binary polynomial with the minimal number of ones: 0x1B for 64-bit, 0x87 for 128-bit, and 0x425 for 256-bit blocks.)\nIf msb(k1) = 0, then k2 = k1 ≪ 1, else k2 = (k1 ≪ 1) ⊕ C.\nReturn keys (k1, k2) for the MAC generation process.As a small example, suppose b = 4, C = 00112, and k0 = Ek(0) = 01012. Then k1 = 10102 and k2 = 0100 ⊕ 0011 = 01112.The CMAC tag generation process is as follows:Divide message into b-bit blocks m = m1 ∥ ... ∥ mn−1 ∥ mn, where m1, ..., mn−1 are complete blocks. (The empty message is treated as one incomplete block.)\nIf mn is a complete block then mn′ = k1 ⊕ mn else mn′ = k2 ⊕ (mn ∥ 10...02).\nLet c0 = 00...02.\nFor i = 1, ..., n − 1, calculate ci = Ek(ci−1 ⊕ mi).\ncn = Ek(cn−1 ⊕ mn′)\nOutput t = msbℓ(cn).The verification process is as follows:Use the above algorithm to generate the tag.\nCheck that the generated tag is equal to the received tag.","title":"Algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"impacket/blob/master/tests/misc/test_crypto.py","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/blob/master/tests/misc/test_crypto.py"},{"link_name":"impacket/blob/master/impacket/crypto.py","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/blob/master/impacket/crypto.py#L94"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Python implementation: see the usage of the AES_CMAC() function in \"impacket/blob/master/tests/misc/test_crypto.py\", and its definition in \"impacket/blob/master/impacket/crypto.py\"[8]\nRuby implementation[9]","title":"Implementations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Iwata, Tetsu; Kurosawa, Kaoru (2003-02-24). \"OMAC: One-Key CBC MAC\". Fast Software Encryption. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2887. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 129–153. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-39887-5_11. ISBN 978-3-540-20449-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-39887-5_11","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-540-39887-5_11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-20449-7","url_text":"978-3-540-20449-7"}]},{"reference":"Iwata, Tetsu; Kurosawa, Kaoru (2003). \"OMAC: One-Key CBC MAC – Addendum\" (PDF). In this note, we propose OMAC1, a new choice of the parameters of OMAC-family (see [4] for the details). Test vectors are also presented. Accordingly, we rename the previous OMAC as OMAC2. (That is to say, test vectors for OMAC2 were already shown in [3].) We use OMAC as a generic name for OMAC1 and OMAC2.","urls":[{"url":"http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/toolkit/BCM/documents/proposedmodes/omac/omac-ad.pdf","url_text":"\"OMAC: One-Key CBC MAC – Addendum\""}]},{"reference":"Dworkin, Morris (2016). \"Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The CMAC Mode for Authentication\" (PDF). doi:10.6028/nist.sp.800-38b.","urls":[{"url":"http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-38b.pdf","url_text":"\"Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The CMAC Mode for Authentication\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.6028%2Fnist.sp.800-38b","url_text":"10.6028/nist.sp.800-38b"}]},{"reference":"Rogaway, Phillip. \"CMAC: Non-licensing\". Retrieved May 27, 2020. Phillip Rogaway's statement on intellectual property status of CMAC","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/xcbc/ip.html","url_text":"\"CMAC: Non-licensing\""}]},{"reference":"Black, John; Rogaway, Phillip (2000-08-20). Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2000. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 197–215. doi:10.1007/3-540-44598-6_12. ISBN 978-3540445982.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-44598-6_12","url_text":"10.1007/3-540-44598-6_12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540445982","url_text":"978-3540445982"}]},{"reference":"Black, J; Rogaway, P. \"A Suggestion for Handling Arbitrary-Length Messages with the CBC MAC\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/papers/xcbc.pdf","url_text":"\"A Suggestion for Handling Arbitrary-Length Messages with the CBC MAC\""}]},{"reference":"Iwata, Tetsu; Kurosawa, Kaoru (2003-12-08). \"Stronger Security Bounds for OMAC, TMAC, and XCBC\". In Johansson, Thomas; Maitra, Subhamoy (eds.). Progress in Cryptology - INDOCRYPT 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2904. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 402–415. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.13.8229. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-24582-7_30. ISBN 9783540206095.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/progresscryptolo00joha","url_text":"Progress in Cryptology - INDOCRYPT 2003"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/progresscryptolo00joha/page/n412","url_text":"402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.8229","url_text":"10.1.1.13.8229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-24582-7_30","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-540-24582-7_30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540206095","url_text":"9783540206095"}]},{"reference":"\"Impacket is a collection of Python classes for working with network protocols.: SecureAuthCorp/impacket\". 15 December 2018 – via GitHub.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket","url_text":"\"Impacket is a collection of Python classes for working with network protocols.: SecureAuthCorp/impacket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruby C extension for the AES-CMAC keyed hash function (RFC 4493): louismullie/cmac-rb\". 4 May 2016 – via GitHub.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/louismullie/cmac-rb","url_text":"\"Ruby C extension for the AES-CMAC keyed hash function (RFC 4493): louismullie/cmac-rb\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/blob/master/tests/misc/test_crypto.py","external_links_name":"impacket/blob/master/tests/misc/test_crypto.py"},{"Link":"https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/blob/master/impacket/crypto.py#L94","external_links_name":"impacket/blob/master/impacket/crypto.py"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-39887-5_11","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-540-39887-5_11"},{"Link":"http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/toolkit/BCM/documents/proposedmodes/omac/omac-ad.pdf","external_links_name":"\"OMAC: One-Key CBC MAC – Addendum\""},{"Link":"http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-38b.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The CMAC Mode for Authentication\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.6028%2Fnist.sp.800-38b","external_links_name":"10.6028/nist.sp.800-38b"},{"Link":"http://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/xcbc/ip.html","external_links_name":"\"CMAC: Non-licensing\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-44598-6_12","external_links_name":"10.1007/3-540-44598-6_12"},{"Link":"https://web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/papers/xcbc.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Suggestion for Handling Arbitrary-Length Messages with the CBC MAC\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/progresscryptolo00joha","external_links_name":"Progress in Cryptology - INDOCRYPT 2003"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/progresscryptolo00joha/page/n412","external_links_name":"402"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.8229","external_links_name":"10.1.1.13.8229"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-24582-7_30","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-540-24582-7_30"},{"Link":"https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket","external_links_name":"\"Impacket is a collection of Python classes for working with network protocols.: SecureAuthCorp/impacket\""},{"Link":"https://github.com/louismullie/cmac-rb","external_links_name":"\"Ruby C extension for the AES-CMAC keyed hash function (RFC 4493): louismullie/cmac-rb\""},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4493","external_links_name":"4493"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4494","external_links_name":"4494"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4615","external_links_name":"4615"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223220648/http://adder.demo.iworks.ro/Go/OMAC/","external_links_name":"Online Test"},{"Link":"http://www.nuee.nagoya-u.ac.jp/labs/tiwata/omac/omac.html","external_links_name":"More information on OMAC"},{"Link":"https://github.com/RustCrypto/MACs/tree/master/cmac","external_links_name":"Rust implementation"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indy_Racing_League_season	1996 Indy Racing League	["1 Series news","2 Confirmed entries","2.1 Team announcements/changes","2.2 Driver announcements/changes","3 Season summary","3.1 Schedule","3.2 Race results","3.3 Driver standings","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1996 Indy Racing League" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sports season 1996 Indy Racing League seasonIndy Racing LeagueSeasonRaces3Start dateJanuary 27End dateMay 26AwardsDrivers' champion Buzz Calkins Scott SharpIndianapolis 500 winner Buddy Lazier← 1995 (ICWS)1996–97 → Buzz Calkins won his first Drivers' Championship while Scott Sharp became co-champion in the championship despite Calkins having one victory. The 1996 Indy Racing League was the first season in the history of the series, which was created and announced on March 11, 1994 by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, as a supplementary Indy-car series to the established Indy Car World Series sanctioned by Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) since 1979. It consisted of only three races, as the season concluded with the 80th Indianapolis 500 in May. Walt Disney World Speedway was completed in time to host the first ever event of the Indy Racing League (IRL), and Phoenix International Raceway switched alliances from CART to the IRL, in order to host the second event of the season. At the conclusion of the three-race schedule, Scott Sharp and Buzz Calkins ended up tied for first place in the season championship. With no tiebreaker rule in place, the two drivers were declared co-champions. Its creation, and the opposition of Indy Car's teams and drivers to take part in it, marked the start of 'the Split', a 12-year period of competition between rival series at the top level of American Open Wheel racing that had lasting negative effects in the sport. Series news The series was the initiative of IMS president Tony George, who had left the CART Board of Directors in January 1994 after disagreements over the direction of Indy car racing, and its potential effect on the Indianapolis 500. The new championship would feature the marquee race, effectively removing it from the CART schedule, and was to be sanctioned by the United States Auto Club, racing exclusively on oval tracks as a response to its perceived decline in recent Indy Car seasons. The Indy Racing League name was revealed on July 8, 1994, and its first set of rules was published later that year, but it encountered criticism and resistance from the established team owners that formed CART and its drivers, who derided the concept as a 'power grab' attempt from George. On January 23, 1995, the IRL announced that the Indy 200 at Walt Disney World Speedway would host the first event of the series on January 27, 1996, on a new oval track at the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida. On April 3, the IRL announced that Phoenix International Raceway and the then-under construction Las Vegas Motor Speedway would be on the 1996 schedule, its dates being finalized 10 days later. On May 30, 1995, New Hampshire Motor Speedway also switched alliances from CART to IRL, completing the five races that would be held in 1996. Initially, IRL officials hoped that competitors from the rival CART series would choose to race in some or all of the IRL events, since there were no foreseen conflicts in their respective schedules. Talks between both series in early 1995 resulted in the former delaying its new rules for 1997, instead adopting frozen regulations with 1995-and-older CART chassis with a fixed limit on how much a team could spend on its combination. However, CART would later adopt a lower-downforce philosophy for their new 1996 chassis that was similar to the delayed IRL rules (except for the initially planned engine downsizing), and announced a 1996 schedule that had multiple conflicts with the previously announced IRL dates. The race at Road America was scheduled for the same day as the IRL event at Loudon, while the races at Rio and Australia were bookended around the IRL race at Phoenix, creating an impossible travel situation. In a controversial move, on July 3, 1995, it was announced that the top 25 drivers in IRL points would secure guaranteed starting positions for the 1996 Indianapolis 500. The '25/8 rule', intended to encourage participation at Orlando and Phoenix, left only eight positions open for at-large competitors, which was interpreted by most CART teams as a de facto 'lock out' for its 26-car field. As a result, CART would later schedule a second 500-mile race at Michigan International Speedway in direct competition with the Indianapolis 500, and established that teams would be stripped of their voting rights in the Board of Directors if they competed in an IRL event. Therefore, almost all of Indy Car established drivers and teams stayed away from the upstart series, with Galles and Walker fielding additional cars at the Indy 500 without its regular drivers, in deference to their sponsors. The IRL, nonetheless, had its sights on becoming a low-cost alternative for American drivers over the influx of foreign drivers attracted by CART's increasing road racing focus, and for short-track open-wheel stars that had found the sport too expensive to compete in previous seasons, or had searched for a more viable option in stock-car racing. Only 11 of the 33 starters from the 1995 Indianapolis 500 were featured in the 1996 event, which had one Indy 500 champion (Arie Luyendyk), two former race winners, and only two full-time teams and drivers from the 1995 season. The rest of the IRL field was composed of new entrants, part-time drivers and a large contingent of rookies, which amounted for half of the starters (17 out of 33) at the Indianapolis 500, while leading detractors and most of the media to describe the event as a 'watered-down' affair. On August 28, 1995, it was announced that the inaugural 1996 season would end at the Indianapolis 500, the plan being to spread subsequent seasons over two calendar years and award the IRL championships at the conclusion of every Indy 500. As a result, the announced races at New Hampshire and Las Vegas would in fact open the 1996–97 season in late summer. This scheduling format went against the traditional motorsports grain, and the idea was eventually scrapped in October 1996, with the 1996–97 season being expanded in order to bring the schedule back in sync with the rest of the motorsports world for 1998. The IRL points system was to be staggered to adjust for the number of races each driver entered. The number of points awarded per race would be multiplied by the number of events the driver had participated in. If a driver entered all three events, the points awarded for that third race were multiplied by three. Despite the short season, only fifteen drivers competed in all three events, but all of them had a decent number of entrants due to the pool of older chassis made available by some of the teams with previous Indy 500 experience, as well as spare machinery being acquired from some CART teams. Ford Cosworth supplied most of the field with its V8 engines, with the rest relying on stock-block V6 units, either Buick or Menard-branded. Confirmed entries Team Chassis Engine Tires No. Driver(s) Rounds ABF Motorsports Lola T92/00 Buick G 96 Paul Durant 2–3 A. J. Foyt Enterprises Lola T95/00 Ford-Cosworth G 11 Scott Sharp All 14 Davey Hamilton All 41 Mike Groff 1–2 Lola T94/00 Marco Greco 3 Beck Motorsports/Zunne Group Beck Motorsports Lola T94/00Reynard 94I Ford-Cosworth F 52 Hideshi Matsuda 3 54 Robbie Buhl 1, 3 Blueprint Racing Lola T93/00 Menard F 16 Johnny Parsons All 27 Jim Guthrie 2–3 Lola T92/00 Buick 36 Dan Drinan 2 Loop Hole Racing Lola T91/00 G 3 Bradley Motorsports Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth F 12 Buzz Calkins All Brickell Racing Lola T93/00 Menard G 77 Danny Ongais 3 Tyce Carlson Byrd/Leberle–Treadway Racing Byrd–Treadway Racing Reynard 95IReynard 94I Ford-Cosworth FG 5 Arie Luyendyk All Cunningham Racing Reynard 95ILola T94/00 Ford-Cosworth F 75 Johnny O'Connell All Della Penna Motorsports Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth G 4 Richie Hearn All 44 Scott Harrington 3 DeLorto Motorsports Lola T92/00 Buick G 81 Rick DeLorto 1 Galles Racing Lola T95/00 Mercedes-Ilmor G 70 Davy Jones 3 Hemelgarn Racing Reynard 95IReynard 94I Ford-Cosworth F 9 Stéphan Grégoire All 10 Brad Murphey 3 91 Buddy Lazier All Leigh Miller Racing Lola T94/00 Ford-Cosworth F 17 Stan Wattles 1–2 Pagan Racing Reynard 94IReynard 95I Ford-Cosworth G 21 Roberto Guerrero All 99 Billy Boat 3 PDM/Automatic Sprinkler System PDM Racing Lola T93/00 Menard G 18 John Paul Jr. All Project Indy Lola T93/00 Ford-Cosworth G 46 Rob Wilson 3 Reynard 94IReynard 95I 64 Johnny Unser 2–3 Scandia/Simon Racing Team Scandia Lola T95/00Lola T94/00Lola T93/00Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth G 7 Eliseo Salazar 1, 3 Fermín Vélez 2 8 Alessandro Zampedri 3 22 Michel Jourdain Jr. 2–3 33 Michele Alboreto All 34 Fermín Vélez 3 43 Joe Gosek 3 90 Lyn St. James 1–2 Racin Gardner 3 Team Menard Lola T95/00 Menard FG 2 Scott Brayton 1–3 3 Eddie Cheever All 20 Tony Stewart All 30 Mark Dismore 3 32 Danny Ongais 3 Tempero–Giuffre Racing Lola T92/00Lola T93/00 Buick G 15 Bill Tempero 1 David Kudrave 2 Justin Bell 3 Joe Gosek 25 David Kudrave 1 Racin Gardner 2 Billy Roe Walker Racing Reynard 95I Ford-Cosworth G 60 Mike Groff 3 Zunne Group Racing Lola T93/00 Buick F 24 Randy Tolsma 3 Lola T94/00 Ford-Cosworth 45 Robbie Buhl 2 G Lyn St. James 3 Team announcements/changes A. J. Foyt Enterprises became the only Indy Car full-time team to join the Indy Racing League ranks for its 1996 inaugural season. The team would fill more than one car at every race for the first time since Roger McCluskey joined Foyt as teammate in the 1969 USAC Champ Car season. Indianapolis business man Fred Treadway formed an alliance with Andreas Leberle, owner of the Project Indy team that had run 15 Indy Car races in two years, and Jonathan Byrd, who had lent support to a number of teams in the Indy 500 since 1985. The one-car team, initially known as Byrd/Leberle–Treadway Racing, acquired a Reynard 95I acquired from Walker Racing, and a 94I that had been used by Team Green as a back-up car for Jacques Villeneuve, which would eventually become the pole-sitting, record-breaking car at Indianapolis. Four teams that had competed in Indy Car in a part-time basis, mainly at the Indianapolis 500, also entered the competition: Team Menard, who had been running an Indy 500 one-off program with stock-block engines for a decade, planned to compete in the Indy Racing League with a two-car program. Since 1985, their only Indy Car race outside Indianapolis was the 1990 Autoworks 200 at Phoenix International Raceway, with Jim Crawford. The team bought two brand-new Lola T95 to complement their effort. Hemelgarn Racing also entered the Indy Racing League, competing outside Indianapolis for the first time since 1990. The team only employed Ford Cosworth powerplants, phasing out entirely the use of Buick engines after 10 years, and purchased two Reynard chassis from Chip Ganassi Racing. Pagan Racing, a team that had run a 3-race program in Indy Car in 1995, entered the series. The team bought a Reynard 95I chassis from Forsythe Racing, and switched to Ford Cosworth powerplants, as Mercedes declined to lease their Ilmor powerplants outside of the Indy 500. Beck Motorsports, a team that had debuted at the 1995 Indianapolis 500 after four years running entries for other teams, partnered with The Zunne Group, a company that tried to promote San Antonio as a racing hub, to compete in the IRL season. Two teams joined the IRL from junior series: Bradley Motorsports, a family-run Indy Lights team created by the owner of Bradley Petroleum, and Della Penna Motorsports, winners of the 1995 Atlantic Championship, who also contested a partial Indy Car schedule. Both teams acquired Reynard 95I machinery; Della Penna from Arciero/Wells and Forsythe, while Bradley bought Christian Fittipaldi's 2nd place machine at the previous year's Indy 500 from Walker. Team Scandia was an IMSA GT outfit led by driver Andy Evans, who entered the IRL in a partnership with Indy Car team Dick Simon Racing, on which both sides would provide a full-time car each. This union was dissolved in January when Evans took full control of the team, although Simon remained as team manager. The team competed as Scandia/Simon Racing in the first race, before switching to its original name. Two further teams also came from IMSA GT competition: Cunningham Racing, a team that also had experience at Le Mans, and Leigh Miller Racing, a relatively novel team with two years of experience. Cunningham was one of the few teams to make use of a brand-new 1995 car during the season. Blueprint Aircraft Engines, an independent engine builder owned by former drag racer Ed Rachanski, entered the series as Team Blueprint, being later renamed to Blueprint Racing. Three weeks before the inaugural IRL race, long-time chief mechanics Paul Diatlovich and Chuck Buckman led the formation of a new race team, which would be known as PDM Racing. The team had bought the assets of the defunct Leader Card team, on which Diatlovich had been the Team Manager for its last three years. With the support of Frank and Dominic Giuffre, owners of a crane company and past Indy-backers, veteran driver Bill Tempero was able to set-up his own team, Tempero–Giuffre Racing. Out of all the driver-owner teams coming from the American Indycar Series, Tempero–Giuffre was the only one able to start an IRL race. On February, Beck Motorsports and Zunne Group ended their partnership. As Zunne Group was the legal owner of the cars employed by Beck, the team retained them to compete on their own, partnering with McCormack Motorsports to run the operation, and Beck had to sat out the Phoenix race while looking for new machinery. On February 13, Andreas Leberle stepped out of his partnership with Jonathan Byrd and Fred Treadway, as he desired to compete in selected events in the Indy Car World Series, while Treadway and Byrd wanted to concentrate exclusively on the IRL. From then on, the team was known as Byrd–Treadway Racing, while Project Indy competed independently in the IRL. On February 26, ABF Motorsports was registered as a new team under the leadership of Canadian owner Art Boulianne, a former super-modified driver. At some point between the Phoenix and Indianapolis races, Leigh Miller Racing's assets were bought by Beck Motorsports in order to compete at the Indy 500. On April, Galles Racing and Walker Racing, two teams competing in Indy Car, entered the Indianapolis 500 because of sponsorship commitments. Walker's main sponsor, Valvoline, was also a sponsor of the race telecast on ABC, while Delco Electronics, primary sponsor for Galles, was based in Indiana. Galles would have the only Mercedes-Ilmor engine in the field. After supporting Dan Drinan's entry at Phoenix, Loop Hole Racing entered the IRL for an Indy 500-only effort. The team owned by David & Bud Hoffpauir had previously competed in the Pikes Peak Hill Climb and the American Indycar Series with the same machine they entered for the race, a formerly Alfa Romeo-powered Lola T91 bought from the defunct Leader Card team in 1994. Driver announcements/changes On September 21, 1995, Team Menard became the first team to announce a driver for the IRL, selecting Eddie Cheever for one of their cars. Cheever had been out of a drive since losing his full-time seat with A. J. Foyt Racing a month prior. On October 3, 1995, Scandia/Simon Racing announced that Eliseo Salazar would continue with the team as their driver for their 1996 program. Salazar remained at the wheel of the No. 7 Simon car, on which he had finished 21st in his debut Indy Car season. Salazar and Cheever were the lone competitors coming from full-time Indy Car status in 1995. On November 9, 1995, Byrd/Leberle–Treadway Racing announced that 1990 Indianapolis 500 winner Arie Luyendyk would drive the No. 5 entry. Luyendyk was the most popular driver in the IRL roster, although he had only run a couple of oval races in 1995. On November 28, 1995, after the opening day of testing at Walt Disney World Speedway, A. J. Foyt Enterprises announced Davey Hamilton as the driver of the No. 14 car. A multiple supermodified champion in the Northwest, Hamilton had failed to qualify for that year's Indianapolis 500, after two scratched entries in years past. On November 29, 1995, Team Menard filled their two-car lineup with the announcement of Scott Brayton, who would drive the No. 2 car. Brayton was the reigning Indianapolis 500 pole-sitter, and would be the most-experienced Indy Car driver in the field at 148 starts. On December 2, 1995, Della Penna Motorsports announced their plans to field the No. 4 for 25-year old Richie Hearn, who had won the 1995 Atlantic Championship with the team. Hearn would also compete in selected Indy Car World Series races with the same team. Testing continued at Walt Disney World Speedway from November 28 – December 8, 1995, with prospective and yet-to-be-announced drivers, leading to a tentative entry list with 18 drivers: Hemelgarn Racing announced that Stéphan Grégoire would drive the No. 9 entry. Grégoire's only Indy car experience was a 19th-place finish at the 1993 Indianapolis 500. Pagan Racing announced that Roberto Guerrero, the 2-time pole-sitter at the Indianapolis 500, would drive the No. 21 entry, the same he had driven at Indianapolis in 1994 and 1995 after losing his full-time status. Bradley Motorsports fielded the No. 12 entry for Buzz Calkins, who had finished 6th in Indy Lights. The team had been formed around him by his father, in order to aid his racing career. Team Scandia, on their part of the Scandia/Simon partnership, arranged the signing of veteran driver Michele Alboreto in the No. 33 for a dual IRL/IMSA program. A former Ferrari driver with 15 seasons of Formula One experience, he had last driven in the DTM for Alfa Romeo. The Lola T95 he drove at Indianapolis was reported by IMS Radio to have belonged to Team Green and Jacques Villeneuve. Leigh Miller Racing entered the No. 17 for Stan Wattles, a road-racer in SCCA and IMSA who had been 12th in the 1995 Atlantic Championship, which would also contest in 1996. Cunningham Racing filled the No. 75 entry for Johnny O'Connell, who had raced for the team since 1991. O'Connell, champion of the Formula Atlantic Pacific division in 1987, was a consummate GT driver, having won the Le Mans 24 hour race in its class and finishing 5th in the IMSA GTS-1 class in 1995. Blueprint Racing submitted the No. 16 entry for 51-year old Johnny Parsons, with 11 Indianapolis 500 starts under his belt. Parsons had failed to qualify for the race since 1986, and his only Indy car race ever since had been in 1991. As owner of Tempero/Giuffre Racing, 52-year old Bill Tempero, who ran 25 Indy Car races in the early 1980s with his own team, entered himself to drive the No. 15 car. Tempero was the reigning American Indycar Series champion, which he owned and had won a record 4 times, but he had not run an Indy car race in 13 years. Butch Brickell entered the series as a driver-owner of Brickell Racing with the No. 77 entry, despite a lack of road racing experience. Brickell had been more proficient in off-road racing and offshore powerboat racing, and he worked full-time as a Hollywood stuntman. He broke two vertebrae in a January 13 testing crash, and never raced in the series. Jim Buick, a commercial airline pilot who used to double up as a racing driver in a variety of amateur series, entered the race at Walt Disney World Speedway with his own Buick Racing team, from the American Indycar Series. Buick, who was 55-year old, had run four oval CART races in 1981. Despite being present at Orlando, he never took to the track. Rick DeLorto was another driver with American Indycar Series, midget and amateur racing experience that entered the Orlando event as a driver-owner. DeLorto, a 46-year old, had unsuccessfully tried to qualify for two CART races in 1982. He would fail his rookie tests at Orlando practice and Phoenix testing for being too slow. Tony Turco, also of American Indycar Series background, entered the Orlando race with his own team, but he withdrew two weeks before the race, as he had no sponsor to field his car. On January 8, PDM Racing, by then under a provisional name, announced John Paul Jr. as the driver of the No. 18. Paul Jr., the 1983 Michigan 500 winner, had been mainly an Indy 500 one-off driver during the decade, years after serving time for drug-related charges. On January 10, Team Scandia announced that Lyn St. James would drive the No. 90 entry during the 1996 season. St. James had 11 Indy Car starts since 1992, four of them at the Indianapolis 500, where she qualified 6th in 1994. On January 12, Hemelgarn Racing announced that Buddy Lazier would drive the No. 91 entry for the season. Lazier had been a perennial backmarker in Indy Car since his debut in 1990, with only 3 top-10 finishes in 55 starts. On January 12, Beck Motorsports announced that Robbie Buhl would drive the No. 54 entry. Buhl, the 1992 champion and 1995 runner-up in Indy Lights competition, had contested 12 Indy Car rounds between 1993 and 1994. After Beck and The Zunne Group split, Buhl was allowed to run with Zunne at Phoenix in the No. 45 car, before returning to Beck Motorsports at Indianapolis. On January 15, A. J. Foyt Enterprises announced that Scott Sharp would drive the No. 41 entry (later the No. 11). Sharp was a former SCCA champion who had run the 1995 Indianapolis 500 with the team, having also competed in the whole 1994 Indy Car season with 2 top-10 finishes. On January 19, Team Menard announced that Tony Stewart would drive the No. 20 entry for the season. Stewart had been the first driver ever to achieve the USAC Triple Crown, and combined the IRL season with a partial schedule in the NASCAR Busch Series. On January 24, Tempero/Giuffre Racing announced that David Kudrave would drive a second car for the team. Kudrave had started 7 races in the 1993 Indy Car season, scoring points at Phoenix and the Michigan 500. After running the No. 25 entry at Orlando, Kudrave ran the No. 15 car at Phoenix, and was scheduled to do so at Indianapolis. On January 25, A. J. Foyt Enterprises announced that Mike Groff would drive the No. 41 car, just before the start of practice at Walt Disney World Speedway, and up to the Indianapolis 500. Groff had 53 IndyCar starts with 11 top-10 finishes under his belt since 1990, but he hadn't raced since losing his full-time ride at Rahal-Hogan Racing at the end of 1994. On February 19, Blueprint Racing announced that Jim Guthrie would drive the No. 27 entry from Phoenix onwards. Guthrie had finished 11th in the Atlantic Championship standings the previous year. On February 26, Team Scandia announced that Michel Jourdain Jr. would drive the No. 22 car at Phoenix and Indianapolis, along a part-time program in the Indy Car World Series, becoming one of the youngest Indy car drivers ever at 19 years old. Jourdain Jr. was the son of former Indy Car driver Bernard Jourdain, having finished third in the Mexican Formula 2 series. On March 8, Team Scandia announced that Fermín Vélez would drive the No. 7 entry at Phoenix, replacing Eliseo Salazar, who had been injured at Walt Disney World Speedway. Vélez would later be entered as an additional entry for the Indianapolis 500, initially in the No. 43 car. Vélez was the reigning IMSA GT champion with Scandia, and he last raced in an open-wheel car in the 1988 Formula 3000 season. On March 8, Blueprint Racing confirmed that Dan Drinan would drive the No. 36 entry at Phoenix. His entry, as well as Guthrie's, was co-owned by Loop Hole Racing's owners, who would later enter Drinan for the Indianapolis 500 on their own. A former mechanic in CART in the 80's, Drinan had run the USAC Silver Crown series in 1995, having been a midget racer the previous years. On March 15, ABF Motorsports announced 36-year old Paul Durant as the driver of the No. 96 entry. Durant was a three-time SMRA champion in supermodifieds, and had raced in the USAC Silver Crown series. On March 22, Project Indy announced that Johnny Unser would drive the No. 64 entry at Phoenix and Indianapolis. Unser had run five Indy Car races in 1993 and 1994, and finished 2nd in the GT2 class of the 1995 24 Hours of Le Mans. On March 22, Tempero/Giuffre Racing entered Racin Gardner in the No. 25 entry, vacant after Bill Tempero failed to pass his rookie test at Orlando. Gardner had raced in the American Indycar Series, and had been a test driver for Project Indy in 1995. However, he couldn't pass his rookie test because of engine failures, and he was replaced the next day by Billy Roe, a former racing mechanic that had sporadically driven in Super Vee, Indy Lights and Formula Atlantic. On April 7, Walker Racing announced that Mike Groff would drive the No. 60 entry at Indianapolis, with Groff switching from A. J. Foyt Enterprises. On April 7, Galles Racing announced that their test driver Davy Jones, a noted sports car driver with 11 Indy car races behind the wheel, would drive the No. 70 entry at Indianapolis. As the entry list for the Indianapolis 500 was unveiled on April 15, a number of deals were made public: Team Menard fielded Mark Dismore in the No. 30 entry. With four Indy Car starts, he had failed to qualify for the Indy 500 in 1991, suffering multiple injuries in a crash, and 1992, having run sporadically in the Atlantic Championship since then. Dismore had also won the 1993 24 Hours of Daytona for Dan Gurney's All American Racers. Hemelgarn Racing fielded Brad Murphey in the No. 10 entry. Murphey had failed to qualify twice for a CART race in 1984, and hadn't raced since suffering a concussion in an SCCA Corvette Challenge crash in 1988, also his third year of American Racing Series -Indy Lights- competition. Beck Motorsports fielded Hideshi Matsuda in the No. 52 entry. At the time, Matsuda was driving for Porsche in the All Japan GT Championship, and had run twice in the Indy 500, finishing 15th in 1995. McCormack Motorsports fielded Randy Tolsma in the No. 24 car, although his entry would be later integrated under the Zunne Group Racing banner. Tolsma had been since 1993 a regular in the USAC Midget and Silver Crown circuits, finishing 3rd in the latter in 1994. Scott Harrington entered the race as a driver-owner of the No. 39 entry, in an effort run by Larry Nash's LP Racing. The former motocross racer had one Indy Car start at Road America in 1989, and had last competed at the SCCA Can-Am series in 1994. His Lola T92 was the same machine A. J. Foyt drove to a 9th place finish in his last Indy 500 start in 1992. At the start of practice, three additional drivers had signed to drive in the Indy 500. A. J. Foyt Enterprises entered Brazilian driver Marco Greco in the vacant No. 41 car. Greco had been a regular of Indy Car's lower ranks for the past three years, with no top-10 finishes to his credit. Team Scandia signed Racin Gardner as a replacement to Lyn St. James, who had been unable to find enough sponsorship to keep her seat. Tempero-Giuffre Racing entered Joe Gosek to drive the No. 25 entry. 'Double-O Joe' had a cult following at grassroots level, being a Super-modified champion and a two-times track champion at the Oswego Speedway. On May 5, the first day of practice, Tempero-Giuffre Racing put Justin Bell in the No. 15 entry, replacing David Kudrave. Bell was a GT driver for multiple General Motors' brands, and had previously competed in the American Racing Series, precursor of Indy Lights. On May 16, he stepped out of the ride, as his chassis kept struggling for speed. On May 6, Team Scandia announced a deal with Alessandro Zampedri to drive the No. 8 entry. Zampedri had run in Indy Car for two years, collecting five top-10 finishes in 28 starts. On May 7, Zunne Group Racing announced that Lyn St. James would drive the No. 45 entry at Indianapolis. Unlike Robbie Buhl in the previous race and Randy Tolsma, she competed with Goodyear tires. On May 14, Pagan Racing announced that Billy Boat would attempt to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 in the team's back-up car, the No. 99 entry. Boat was the reigning USAC Western Midget Series champion, and had won the prestigious Turkey Night Grand Prix. On Bump Day, Boat sampled the No. 84 entry for A. J. Foyt Enterprises to prevent a possible bumping, but he crashed before being bumped from the grid. On May 16, Brickell Racing announced that Danny Ongais would drive the No. 77 entry at Indianapolis, as Butch Brickell had not been medically cleared to race. Ongais, who turned 54 on May 21, was the winningest driver in the field with 6 Indy car wins, but he hadn't raced since the 1987 Nissan Indy Challenge at the Tamiami Park street circuit. On May 16, Project Indy announced that Rob Wilson would drive the No. 46 entry at Indianapolis. Wilson, who had run in Europe since the mid 1970s, was the 1990 Barber Saab Pro Series champion, and had finished 12th in the 1994 Indy Lights season. On May 17, Scott Brayton was killed in a crash during practice for the Indianapolis 500 after suffering a basilar skull fracture. Two days later, Team Menard announced Danny Ongais as Brayton's replacement for the race. Brickell Racing replaced Ongais with Tyce Carlson, a dirt racer who had run in the three USAC national series the previous year. On May 19, Team Scandia fielded their seventh Indy 500 entry for Joe Gosek, who had left Tempero/Giuffre Racing after passing his rookie test two days before. He drove the No. 43 entry, as Fermín Vélez was moved to the No. 34 car. On May 19, Scott Harrington signed a last-minute deal to switch to the No. 44 back-up car for Della Penna Motorsports, after damaging his chassis in a practice crash on May 16. Season summary Schedule All races were run on Oval/Speedway. ABC Sports televised all three races. IMS Radio Network was the broadcaster for all races on the radio. Rd Date Race Name Track City 1 January 27 Indy 200 at Walt Disney World Walt Disney World Speedway Bay Lake, Florida 2 March 24 Dura Lube 200 Phoenix International Raceway Phoenix, Arizona 3 May 26 80th Indianapolis 500 Indianapolis Motor Speedway Speedway, Indiana Sources: Race results Rd Race Pole position Fastest lap Most laps led Race Winner Report Driver Team 1 Walt Disney World Buddy Lazier Buzz Calkins Buzz Calkins Buzz Calkins Bradley Motorsports Report 2 Phoenix Arie Luyendyk Arie Luyendyk Arie Luyendyk Arie Luyendyk Byrd-Treadway Racing Report 3 Indianapolis Tony StewartA Eddie Cheever Roberto Guerrero Buddy Lazier Hemelgarn Racing Report ^A Scott Brayton was the fastest qualifier for the 1996 Indianapolis 500, but was killed during practice. Hence, second-fastest qualifier Tony Stewart started from the pole. Driver standings Further information: List of American Championship car racing point scoring systems Pos Driver WDW PHX INDY Pts1 1 Buzz Calkins 1* 6 17 246 Scott Sharp 11 2 10 246 3 Robbie Buhl 3 13 9 240 4 Richie Hearn 19 4 3 237 Roberto Guerrero 5 16 5* 237 6 Mike Groff 6 3 20 228 7 Arie Luyendyk 14 1* 16 225 8 Tony Stewart 2 11 24 204 9 Johnny O'Connell 7 5 29 192 Davey Hamilton 12 17 12 192 11 Michele Alboreto 4 8 30 189 12 Lyn St. James 8 21 14 186 13 Stéphan Grégoire 16 7 27 165 14 Buddy Lazier 17 Wth 1 159 15 John Paul Jr. 9 14 31 153 16 Eddie Cheever 10 Wth 11 147 17 Johnny Parsons 18 12 28 141 18 Scott Brayton 15 18 Wth† 111 19 David Kudrave 20 10 80 20 Michel Jourdain Jr. 20 13 74 Jim Guthrie 15 18 74 22 Fermín Vélez 19 21 60 23 Eliseo Salazar Wth 6 58 24 Johnny Unser 9 33 56 25 Stan Wattles 13 Wth 44 26 Davy Jones 2 33 27 Paul Durant 22 32 32 28 Alessandro Zampedri 4 31 29 Danny Ongais 7 28 30 Hideshi Matsuda 8 27 31 Scott Harrington 15 20 32 Mark Dismore 19 16 33 Joe Gosek 22 13 34 Brad Murphey 23 12 35 Racin Gardner Wth 25 10 36 Marco Greco 26 9 — Dan Drinan Wth DNQ 0 — Billy Boat DNQ 0 — Tyce Carlson DNQ 0 — Randy Tolsma DNQ 0 — Rob Wilson DNQ 0 — Rick DeLorto Wth 0 — Bill Tempero Wth 0 — Billy Roe Wth 0 — Justin Bell Wth 0 Pos Driver WDW PHX INDY Pts1 Color Result Gold Winner Silver 2nd place Bronze 3rd place Green 4th & 5th place Light Blue 6th–10th place Dark Blue Finished(Outside Top 10) Purple Did not finish(Ret) Red Did not qualify(DNQ) Brown Withdrawn(Wth) Black Disqualified(DSQ) White Did not start(DNS) Blank Did notparticipate(DNP) Not competing In-line notation Bold Pole position Italics Ran fastest race lap * Led most race laps † Fatal accident Pts1 The number of points awarded per racewould be multiplied by the number of eventsthe driver had participated in. Note: † Scott Brayton, 37, won the pole for the 1996 Indianapolis 500, but was killed in a crash during practice after qualifying. See also 1996 Indianapolis 500 1996 Indy Lights season 1996 IndyCar season 1996 Toyota Atlantic Championship season Footnotes ^ #41 at Walt Disney World. ^ #11 at Walt Disney World. ^ a b c d At Walt Disney World. ^ a b c d Used at Walt Disney World. ^ Tyce Carlson and Andy Michner passed their Indianapolis rookie test in the car. ^ a b c At the Indy 500, Scott Brayton withdrew his already qualified #2 car and won the pole in the backup #32, but was fatally injured in a practice crash and replaced by Danny Ongais, who switched from Brickell Racing. Ongais was replaced by Tyce Carlson. ^ Used at the Indianapolis 500. ^ Switched from Harrington Motorsport during practice for the Indy 500. ^ Used by Brad Murphey. ^ Used by Roberto Guerrero at the Indy 500. ^ Used at Phoenix. ^ Used by Joe Gosek and Racin Gardner. ^ Used by Lyn St. James at Walt Disney World. ^ Used by Michele Alboreto at the Indy 500 and Lyn St. James at Phoenix. ^ a b Joe Gosek, first entered in the #25, switched to the #15 and replaced Justin Bell, before switching to Team Scandia during practice for the Indy 500. ^ Used by David Kudrave. References ^ "IRL: CHAMPCAR/CART: IRL press release 96–01–04". Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2007-04-03. ^ "1996 Indianapolis 500 – The 239.260 car". 8W Forix. December 29, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ a b c d Chow, SK (October 11, 2020). "The cars of the 1996 Indy 500". ChampWeb.net. ^ "The Changing Face of Racing;A Rival Indy-Car Circuit Puts a Damper on CART's Season". The New York Times. February 6, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "PDM Racing, Inc". Indy Racing League. 1997. Archived from the original on 1997-02-16. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "ABF Motorsports". Indy Racing League. 1996. Archived from the original on 1997-02-16. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Becks take on daunting task as a family". The Indianapolis Star. May 17, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Mike Groff, Davy Jones Only Drivers From CART Teams". The Associated Press. May 15, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Walt Disney World entry list (TENTATIVE)". Motorsport.com. January 6, 1996. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Indy Racing League Seeking Magic in Debut at Disney". The New York Times. January 21, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Two Teams To Double-Dip". SWX Right Now. April 7, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "Support Races Add Excitement to Grand Prix". Los Angeles Times. April 11, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2019. ^ "NTT IndyCar Series Calendar 1996". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved November 17, 2023. ^ "Indy Racing League: 1996 IRL Schedule, Winners". The News Herald. June 6, 1996. p. 4B. Retrieved November 17, 2023 – via Newspapers.com . vteAmerican Championship car racing (Indy car) seasonsAAA 1905 1906–1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942–1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 USAC 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 CART 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 CCWS 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 IRL 1996 1996–97 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 INDYCAR 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Years marked in italics are not official championship years or upcoming seasons. vteIndyCar SeriesLeadership Tony George (1996–2009) Randy Bernard (2010–2012) Mark Miles (2013–2019) Roger Penske (2020–present) Title sponsors Pep Boys (1998–1999) Northern Light Group (2000–2001) Firestone (2002) Izod (2010–2013) Verizon (2014–2018) NTT Data (2019–present) Major events Indianapolis 500 (1996–present) Texas 600K (1997–2023) Hy-Vee IndyCar Race Weekend (2007–2020, 2022–present) Grand Prix of Long Beach (2009–present) Grand Prix of Indianapolis (2014–present) IZOD IndyCar World Championships (2011) California 500 (2012–2015) Pocono 500 (2014–2019) Seasons 1996 1996–97 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Indianapolis 500s 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Champions Kenny Bräck Buzz Calkins Scott Dixon (six times) Dario Franchitti (four times) Sam Hornish Jr. (three times) Ryan Hunter-Reay Tony Kanaan Buddy Lazier Josef Newgarden (twice) Simon Pagenaud Álex Palou (twice) Will Power (twice) Greg Ray Scott Sharp Tony Stewart Dan Wheldon TracksOvals Gateway Indianapolis (Oval) Iowa Milwaukee Nashville (Oval) Road courses Barber Indianapolis (Road Course) Laguna Seca Mid-Ohio Portland Road America Street circuits Detroit Long Beach St. Petersburg Toronto Former Atlanta Austin Baltimore Charlotte Chicago Chicagoland Dover Edmonton Fontana Homestead Houston Kansas Kentucky Las Vegas Michigan Motegi Nashville (Street) Nazareth New Hampshire NOLA Phoenix Pikes Peak Pocono Richmond São Paulo Sonoma Surfers Paradise (NC) Texas Walt Disney World Watkins Glen Cancelled Boston Brasília Qingdao Road to Indy Indy NXT Indy Pro 2000 U.S. F2000 USF Juniors Media Broadcasting ABC (1996–2018) CBS (1997–1999) ESPN/ESPN2 (1997–2008) Fox Sports Net (1998–1999) IMS Radio Network (1996–present) NBC (2019–present) NBCSN (2012–2021) Peacock (2021–present) Speedvision (1998–1999) TNN (1998–1999) USA (2020, 2022–present) Versus (2009–2011) Side-by-side Lists All-time winners Champions Drivers Fatalities Female drivers Points Systems Races Rookies of the Year Teams Tracks Video games Ownership Hulman & Company (1996–2019) Penske Corporation (2020–present) Related topics IndyCar CART Champ Car History of IndyCar racing AAA Astor Cup Triple Crown U.S. 500 Dallara SAFER barrier Master Settlement Agreement USAC vteIndyCar Series Races (1996–1999)1996 Walt Disney World Phoenix Indianapolis 500 1996–97 New Hampshire Las Vegas Walt Disney World Phoenix Indianapolis 500 Texas Pikes Peak Charlotte New Hampshire Las Vegas 1998 Walt Disney World Phoenix Indianapolis 500 Texas New Hampshire Dover Charlotte Pikes Peak Atlanta Texas Las Vegas 1999 Walt Disney World Phoenix Charlotte Indianapolis 500 Texas Pikes Peak Atlanta Dover Pikes Peak Las Vegas Texas vteIndyCar Series on ABCRelated programs NASCAR on ABC Wide World of Sports Related articles RaceCam Side-by-side (graphic) WRTV Indy 500Wide World of Sports coverage 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Same-day tape delay coverage 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Live coverage (ABC Sports) 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Live coverage (ESPN on ABC) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 CommentatorsHosts Nicole Briscoe Charlie Brockman Lindsay Czarniak Dave Diles Terry Gannon Keith Jackson Bob Jenkins Jim McKay Al Michaels Brent Musburger Paul Page Chris Schenkel Jackie Stewart Lap-by-lap Rick Benjamin Allen Bestwick Charlie Brockman Todd Harris Keith Jackson Bob Jenkins Jim Lampley Jim McKay Paul Page Marty Reid Chris Schenkel Jackie Stewart Al Trautwig Bob Varsha Color commentators Jack Arute Jon Beekhuis Eddie Cheever Gil de Ferran Chris Economaki Scott Goodyear Parker Johnstone Arie Luyendyk Sam Posey Jason Priestley Larry Rice Tom Sneva Lyn St. James Jackie Stewart Danny Sullivan Bobby Unser Rusty Wallace Rodger Ward Pit reporters Jack Arute Jon Beekhuis Michelle Beisner Charlie Brockman Rick DeBruhl Donna de Varona Dave Diles Chris Economaki Bill Flemming Ray Gandolf Jerry Gappens Gary Gerould Leslie Gudel Brian Hammons Todd Harris Don Hein Penn Holderness Keith Jackson Jim Lampley David Letterman Jamie Little Jim McKay Larry Nuber Brienne Pedigo Jerry Punch Sam Posey Scott Pruett Marty Reid Lyn St. James Chris Schenkel Anne Simon Cameron Steele Bill Stephens Al Trautwig Jack Whitaker Music The Delta Force (Alan Silvestri) SeasonsIndyCar Series 1996 1996–97 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 CART / Champ Car 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2007 USAC 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Website: - ABCNews.com	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SharpIndy07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buzz Calkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Calkins"},{"link_name":"Scott Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Sharp"},{"link_name":"Calkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Calkins"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Motor Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Indy Car World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Auto_Racing_Teams"},{"link_name":"Championship Auto Racing Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Auto_Racing_Teams"},{"link_name":"80th Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Phoenix International Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Scott Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Sharp"},{"link_name":"Buzz Calkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Calkins"},{"link_name":"American Open Wheel racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_open-wheel_car_racing"}],"text":"Sports seasonBuzz Calkins won his first Drivers' Championship while Scott Sharp became co-champion in the championship despite Calkins having one victory.The 1996 Indy Racing League was the first season in the history of the series, which was created and announced on March 11, 1994 by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, as a supplementary Indy-car series to the established Indy Car World Series sanctioned by Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) since 1979. It consisted of only three races, as the season concluded with the 80th Indianapolis 500 in May. Walt Disney World Speedway was completed in time to host the first ever event of the Indy Racing League (IRL), and Phoenix International Raceway switched alliances from CART to the IRL, in order to host the second event of the season. At the conclusion of the three-race schedule, Scott Sharp and Buzz Calkins ended up tied for first place in the season championship. With no tiebreaker rule in place, the two drivers were declared co-champions. Its creation, and the opposition of Indy Car's teams and drivers to take part in it, marked the start of 'the Split', a 12-year period of competition between rival series at the top level of American Open Wheel racing that had lasting negative effects in the sport.","title":"1996 Indy Racing League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_George"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"CART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Auto_Racing_Teams"},{"link_name":"United States Auto Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club"},{"link_name":"Indy 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Magic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Phoenix International Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Motor Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Motor Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Motor_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Road America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_America"},{"link_name":"Loudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Motor_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Internacional_Nelson_Piquet"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_Indy_300"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Michigan International Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_International_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Galles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galles_Racing"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Racing"},{"link_name":"Arie Luyendyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Luyendyk"},{"link_name":"1996–97 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%931997_Indy_Racing_League"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Cosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosworth"},{"link_name":"Buick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick"},{"link_name":"Menard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Menard"}],"text":"The series was the initiative of IMS president Tony George, who had left the CART Board of Directors in January 1994 after disagreements over the direction of Indy car racing, and its potential effect on the Indianapolis 500. The new championship would feature the marquee race, effectively removing it from the CART schedule, and was to be sanctioned by the United States Auto Club, racing exclusively on oval tracks as a response to its perceived decline in recent Indy Car seasons. The Indy Racing League name was revealed on July 8, 1994, and its first set of rules was published later that year, but it encountered criticism and resistance from the established team owners that formed CART and its drivers, who derided the concept as a 'power grab' attempt from George.On January 23, 1995, the IRL announced that the Indy 200 at Walt Disney World Speedway would host the first event of the series on January 27, 1996, on a new oval track at the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida. On April 3, the IRL announced that Phoenix International Raceway and the then-under construction Las Vegas Motor Speedway would be on the 1996 schedule, its dates being finalized 10 days later. On May 30, 1995, New Hampshire Motor Speedway also switched alliances from CART to IRL, completing the five races that would be held in 1996. Initially, IRL officials hoped that competitors from the rival CART series would choose to race in some or all of the IRL events, since there were no foreseen conflicts in their respective schedules.Talks between both series in early 1995 resulted in the former delaying its new rules for 1997, instead adopting frozen regulations with 1995-and-older CART chassis with a fixed limit on how much a team could spend on its combination. However, CART would later adopt a lower-downforce philosophy for their new 1996 chassis that was similar to the delayed IRL rules (except for the initially planned engine downsizing), and announced a 1996 schedule that had multiple conflicts with the previously announced IRL dates. The race at Road America was scheduled for the same day as the IRL event at Loudon, while the races at Rio and Australia were bookended around the IRL race at Phoenix, creating an impossible travel situation.In a controversial move, on July 3, 1995, it was announced that the top 25 drivers in IRL points would secure guaranteed starting positions for the 1996 Indianapolis 500. The '25/8 rule', intended to encourage participation at Orlando and Phoenix, left only eight positions open for at-large competitors, which was interpreted by most CART teams as a de facto 'lock out' for its 26-car field.[1] As a result, CART would later schedule a second 500-mile race at Michigan International Speedway in direct competition with the Indianapolis 500, and established that teams would be stripped of their voting rights in the Board of Directors if they competed in an IRL event. Therefore, almost all of Indy Car established drivers and teams stayed away from the upstart series, with Galles and Walker fielding additional cars at the Indy 500 without its regular drivers, in deference to their sponsors.The IRL, nonetheless, had its sights on becoming a low-cost alternative for American drivers over the influx of foreign drivers attracted by CART's increasing road racing focus, and for short-track open-wheel stars that had found the sport too expensive to compete in previous seasons, or had searched for a more viable option in stock-car racing. Only 11 of the 33 starters from the 1995 Indianapolis 500 were featured in the 1996 event, which had one Indy 500 champion (Arie Luyendyk), two former race winners, and only two full-time teams and drivers from the 1995 season. The rest of the IRL field was composed of new entrants, part-time drivers and a large contingent of rookies, which amounted for half of the starters (17 out of 33) at the Indianapolis 500, while leading detractors and most of the media to describe the event as a 'watered-down' affair.On August 28, 1995, it was announced that the inaugural 1996 season would end at the Indianapolis 500, the plan being to spread subsequent seasons over two calendar years and award the IRL championships at the conclusion of every Indy 500. As a result, the announced races at New Hampshire and Las Vegas would in fact open the 1996–97 season in late summer. This scheduling format went against the traditional motorsports grain, and the idea was eventually scrapped in October 1996, with the 1996–97 season being expanded in order to bring the schedule back in sync with the rest of the motorsports world for 1998.The IRL points system was to be staggered to adjust for the number of races each driver entered. The number of points awarded per race would be multiplied by the number of events the driver had participated in. If a driver entered all three events, the points awarded for that third race were multiplied by three. Despite the short season, only fifteen drivers competed in all three events, but all of them had a decent number of entrants due to the pool of older chassis made available by some of the teams with previous Indy 500 experience, as well as spare machinery being acquired from some CART teams. Ford Cosworth supplied most of the field with its V8 engines, with the rest relying on stock-block V6 units, either Buick or Menard-branded.","title":"Series news"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Confirmed entries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. J. Foyt Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Foyt_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Roger McCluskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_McCluskey"},{"link_name":"1969 USAC Champ Car season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_USAC_Championship_Car_season"},{"link_name":"Project Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Indy"},{"link_name":"Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Byrd%27s_Racing"},{"link_name":"Leberle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Indy"},{"link_name":"Treadway Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadway_Racing"},{"link_name":"Reynard 95I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynard_95I"},{"link_name":"Walker Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Racing"},{"link_name":"Team Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andretti_Autosport"},{"link_name":"Jacques Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RecordCar-18"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Team Menard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Menard"},{"link_name":"Jim Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crawford_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"Hemelgarn Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemelgarn_Racing"},{"link_name":"Ford Cosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosworth"},{"link_name":"Buick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick"},{"link_name":"Reynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynard_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"Chip Ganassi Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Ganassi_Racing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"Pagan Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Racing"},{"link_name":"Reynard 95I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynard_95I"},{"link_name":"Forsythe Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsythe/Pettit_Racing"},{"link_name":"Ford Cosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosworth"},{"link_name":"Ilmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IlmorOut-20"},{"link_name":"Beck Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"1995 Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bradley Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Indy Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"Della Penna Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Della_Penna_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"1995 Atlantic Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Atlantic_Championship"},{"link_name":"Reynard 95I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynard_95I"},{"link_name":"Arciero/Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPI_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Forsythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsythe/Pettit_Racing"},{"link_name":"Christian Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Racing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"Team Scandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Scandia"},{"link_name":"IMSA GT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSA_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"Andy Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Evans_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Dick Simon Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Simon_Racing"},{"link_name":"Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Leigh Miller Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Miller_Racing"},{"link_name":"PDM Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_Racing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDMRacing-21"},{"link_name":"Bill Tempero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tempero"},{"link_name":"American Indycar Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indycar_Series"},{"link_name":"McCormack Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormack_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Byrd%27s_Racing"},{"link_name":"Treadway Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadway_Racing"},{"link_name":"Project Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Indy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABF-22"},{"link_name":"Leigh Miller Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Miller_Racing"},{"link_name":"Beck Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeckZunne-23"},{"link_name":"Galles Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galles_Racing"},{"link_name":"Walker Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Racing"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Valvoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland_Inc."},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Delco Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delco_Electronics"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sponsors-24"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Ilmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Indy_V8_engine"},{"link_name":"Pikes Peak Hill Climb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikes_Peak_International_Hill_Climb"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_in_motorsport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"}],"sub_title":"Team announcements/changes","text":"A. J. Foyt Enterprises became the only Indy Car full-time team to join the Indy Racing League ranks for its 1996 inaugural season. The team would fill more than one car at every race for the first time since Roger McCluskey joined Foyt as teammate in the 1969 USAC Champ Car season.\nIndianapolis business man Fred Treadway formed an alliance with Andreas Leberle, owner of the Project Indy team that had run 15 Indy Car races in two years, and Jonathan Byrd, who had lent support to a number of teams in the Indy 500 since 1985. The one-car team, initially known as Byrd/Leberle–Treadway Racing, acquired a Reynard 95I acquired from Walker Racing, and a 94I that had been used by Team Green as a back-up car for Jacques Villeneuve,[2] which would eventually become the pole-sitting, record-breaking car at Indianapolis.\nFour teams that had competed in Indy Car in a part-time basis, mainly at the Indianapolis 500, also entered the competition:\nTeam Menard, who had been running an Indy 500 one-off program with stock-block engines for a decade, planned to compete in the Indy Racing League with a two-car program. Since 1985, their only Indy Car race outside Indianapolis was the 1990 Autoworks 200 at Phoenix International Raceway, with Jim Crawford. The team bought two brand-new Lola T95 to complement their effort.[3]\nHemelgarn Racing also entered the Indy Racing League, competing outside Indianapolis for the first time since 1990. The team only employed Ford Cosworth powerplants, phasing out entirely the use of Buick engines after 10 years, and purchased two Reynard chassis from Chip Ganassi Racing.[3]\nPagan Racing, a team that had run a 3-race program in Indy Car in 1995, entered the series. The team bought a Reynard 95I chassis from Forsythe Racing, and switched to Ford Cosworth powerplants, as Mercedes declined to lease their Ilmor powerplants outside of the Indy 500.[4]\nBeck Motorsports, a team that had debuted at the 1995 Indianapolis 500 after four years running entries for other teams, partnered with The Zunne Group, a company that tried to promote San Antonio as a racing hub, to compete in the IRL season.\nTwo teams joined the IRL from junior series: Bradley Motorsports, a family-run Indy Lights team created by the owner of Bradley Petroleum, and Della Penna Motorsports, winners of the 1995 Atlantic Championship, who also contested a partial Indy Car schedule. Both teams acquired Reynard 95I machinery; Della Penna from Arciero/Wells and Forsythe, while Bradley bought Christian Fittipaldi's 2nd place machine at the previous year's Indy 500 from Walker.[3]\nTeam Scandia was an IMSA GT outfit led by driver Andy Evans, who entered the IRL in a partnership with Indy Car team Dick Simon Racing, on which both sides would provide a full-time car each. This union was dissolved in January when Evans took full control of the team, although Simon remained as team manager. The team competed as Scandia/Simon Racing in the first race, before switching to its original name.\nTwo further teams also came from IMSA GT competition: Cunningham Racing, a team that also had experience at Le Mans, and Leigh Miller Racing, a relatively novel team with two years of experience. Cunningham was one of the few teams to make use of a brand-new 1995 car during the season.\nBlueprint Aircraft Engines, an independent engine builder owned by former drag racer Ed Rachanski, entered the series as Team Blueprint, being later renamed to Blueprint Racing.\nThree weeks before the inaugural IRL race, long-time chief mechanics Paul Diatlovich and Chuck Buckman led the formation of a new race team, which would be known as PDM Racing. The team had bought the assets of the defunct Leader Card team, on which Diatlovich had been the Team Manager for its last three years.[5]\nWith the support of Frank and Dominic Giuffre, owners of a crane company and past Indy-backers, veteran driver Bill Tempero was able to set-up his own team, Tempero–Giuffre Racing. Out of all the driver-owner teams coming from the American Indycar Series, Tempero–Giuffre was the only one able to start an IRL race.\nOn February, Beck Motorsports and Zunne Group ended their partnership. As Zunne Group was the legal owner of the cars employed by Beck, the team retained them to compete on their own, partnering with McCormack Motorsports to run the operation, and Beck had to sat out the Phoenix race while looking for new machinery.\nOn February 13, Andreas Leberle stepped out of his partnership with Jonathan Byrd and Fred Treadway, as he desired to compete in selected events in the Indy Car World Series, while Treadway and Byrd wanted to concentrate exclusively on the IRL. From then on, the team was known as Byrd–Treadway Racing, while Project Indy competed independently in the IRL.\nOn February 26, ABF Motorsports was registered as a new team under the leadership of Canadian owner Art Boulianne, a former super-modified driver.[6]\nAt some point between the Phoenix and Indianapolis races, Leigh Miller Racing's assets were bought by Beck Motorsports in order to compete at the Indy 500.[7]\nOn April, Galles Racing and Walker Racing, two teams competing in Indy Car, entered the Indianapolis 500 because of sponsorship commitments. Walker's main sponsor, Valvoline, was also a sponsor of the race telecast on ABC, while Delco Electronics, primary sponsor for Galles, was based in Indiana.[8] Galles would have the only Mercedes-Ilmor engine in the field.\nAfter supporting Dan Drinan's entry at Phoenix, Loop Hole Racing entered the IRL for an Indy 500-only effort. The team owned by David & Bud Hoffpauir had previously competed in the Pikes Peak Hill Climb and the American Indycar Series with the same machine they entered for the race, a formerly Alfa Romeo-powered Lola T91 bought from the defunct Leader Card team in 1994.[3]","title":"Confirmed entries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Team Menard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Menard"},{"link_name":"Eddie Cheever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Cheever"},{"link_name":"A. J. Foyt Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Foyt_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Scandia/Simon Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Scandia"},{"link_name":"Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Byrd%27s_Racing"},{"link_name":"Leberle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Indy"},{"link_name":"Treadway Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadway_Racing"},{"link_name":"1990 Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Arie Luyendyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Luyendyk"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Speedway"},{"link_name":"A. J. Foyt Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Foyt_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Davey Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"supermodified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermodified_racing"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Team Menard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Menard"},{"link_name":"Scott Brayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brayton"},{"link_name":"the reigning Indianapolis 500 pole-sitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Della Penna Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Della_Penna_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Richie Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Hearn"},{"link_name":"1995 Atlantic Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Atlantic_Championship"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Speedway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDWEntry-25"},{"link_name":"Hemelgarn Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemelgarn_Racing"},{"link_name":"Stéphan Grégoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phan_Gr%C3%A9goire"},{"link_name":"1993 Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Pagan Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Racing"},{"link_name":"Roberto Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Bradley Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Buzz Calkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Calkins"},{"link_name":"Team Scandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Scandia"},{"link_name":"Michele Alboreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Alboreto"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"DTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Tourenwagen_Meisterschaft"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo"},{"link_name":"Team Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andretti_Autosport"},{"link_name":"Jacques Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"Leigh Miller Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Miller_Racing"},{"link_name":"Stan Wattles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Wattles"},{"link_name":"1995 Atlantic Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Atlantic_Championship"},{"link_name":"Johnny O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_O%27Connell"},{"link_name":"Johnny Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Bill Tempero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tempero"},{"link_name":"American Indycar Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indycar_Series"},{"link_name":"Butch Brickell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Brickell"},{"link_name":"Jim Buick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Buick"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Speedway"},{"link_name":"American Indycar Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indycar_Series"},{"link_name":"Rick DeLorto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_DeLorto"},{"link_name":"American Indycar Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indycar_Series"},{"link_name":"Tony Turco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Turco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Indycar Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indycar_Series"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turco-26"},{"link_name":"PDM Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDM_Racing"},{"link_name":"John Paul Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jr._(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Michigan 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_500"},{"link_name":"Team Scandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Scandia"},{"link_name":"Lyn St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_St._James"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Hemelgarn Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemelgarn_Racing"},{"link_name":"Buddy Lazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Lazier"},{"link_name":"Beck Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Robbie Buhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Buhl"},{"link_name":"Indy Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"A. J. Foyt Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Foyt_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Scott Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Sharp"},{"link_name":"SCCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America"},{"link_name":"1995 Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"1994 Indy Car season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_PPG_Indy_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Team Menard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Menard"},{"link_name":"Tony Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stewart"},{"link_name":"USAC Triple Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club#Triple_crown"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Busch Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Xfinity_Series"},{"link_name":"Tempero/Giuffre Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tempero"},{"link_name":"David Kudrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kudrave"},{"link_name":"1993 Indy Car season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_PPG_Indy_Car_World_Series"},{"link_name":"A. J. Foyt Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Foyt_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Mike Groff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Groff"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Rahal-Hogan Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahal_Letterman_Lanigan_Racing"},{"link_name":"Jim Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Guthrie_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Championship"},{"link_name":"Team Scandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Scandia"},{"link_name":"Michel Jourdain Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Jourdain_Jr."},{"link_name":"Bernard Jourdain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Jourdain"},{"link_name":"Mexican Formula 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Two#Mexican_Formula_Two"},{"link_name":"Team Scandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Scandia"},{"link_name":"Fermín Vélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_V%C3%A9lez"},{"link_name":"Eliseo Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Salazar"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"IMSA GT champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_IMSA_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"1988 Formula 3000 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_International_Formula_3000_Championship"},{"link_name":"Dan Drinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Drinan"},{"link_name":"USAC Silver Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club"},{"link_name":"Paul Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Durant"},{"link_name":"Project Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Indy"},{"link_name":"Johnny Unser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Unser"},{"link_name":"1995 24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Tempero/Giuffre Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tempero"},{"link_name":"Racin Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racin_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Bill Tempero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tempero"},{"link_name":"American Indycar Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indycar_Series"},{"link_name":"Project Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Indy"},{"link_name":"Billy Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Roe"},{"link_name":"Indy Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"Formula Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Walker Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Racing"},{"link_name":"Mike Groff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Groff"},{"link_name":"A. J. Foyt Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Foyt_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GroffWalker-27"},{"link_name":"Galles Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galles_Racing"},{"link_name":"Davy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Jones_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-28"},{"link_name":"Team Menard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Menard"},{"link_name":"Mark Dismore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Dismore"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Championship"},{"link_name":"24 Hours of Daytona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Daytona"},{"link_name":"Dan Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gurney"},{"link_name":"All American Racers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_American_Racers"},{"link_name":"Hemelgarn Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemelgarn_Racing"},{"link_name":"Brad Murphey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Murphey"},{"link_name":"American Racing Series -Indy Lights-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"Beck Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Hideshi Matsuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideshi_Matsuda"},{"link_name":"Porsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_in_motorsport"},{"link_name":"All Japan GT Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Japan_Grand_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"McCormack Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormack_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Randy Tolsma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Tolsma"},{"link_name":"Scott Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Harrington_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Road America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_America"},{"link_name":"SCCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America"},{"link_name":"A. J. Foyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Foyt"},{"link_name":"A. J. Foyt Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Foyt_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Marco Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Greco"},{"link_name":"Team Scandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Scandia"},{"link_name":"Racin Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racin_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Lyn St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_St._James"},{"link_name":"Tempero-Giuffre Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tempero"},{"link_name":"Joe Gosek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gosek"},{"link_name":"Tempero-Giuffre Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tempero"},{"link_name":"Justin Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bell"},{"link_name":"David Kudrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kudrave"},{"link_name":"Team Scandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Scandia"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Zampedri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Zampedri"},{"link_name":"Lyn St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_St._James"},{"link_name":"Pagan Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Racing"},{"link_name":"Billy Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Boat"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Turkey Night Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_Night_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"A. J. Foyt Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Foyt_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Brickell Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Brickell"},{"link_name":"Danny Ongais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Ongais"},{"link_name":"Butch Brickell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Brickell"},{"link_name":"Project Indy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Indy"},{"link_name":"Rob Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Wilson_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Barber Saab Pro Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber_Saab_Pro_Series"},{"link_name":"1994 Indy Lights season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Indy_Lights_season"},{"link_name":"Scott Brayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brayton"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Team Menard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Menard"},{"link_name":"Danny Ongais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Ongais"},{"link_name":"Tyce Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyce_Carlson"},{"link_name":"Team Scandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Scandia"},{"link_name":"Joe Gosek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gosek"},{"link_name":"Tempero/Giuffre Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tempero"},{"link_name":"Fermín Vélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_V%C3%A9lez"},{"link_name":"Scott Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Harrington_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Della Penna Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Della_Penna_Motorsports"}],"sub_title":"Driver announcements/changes","text":"On September 21, 1995, Team Menard became the first team to announce a driver for the IRL, selecting Eddie Cheever for one of their cars. Cheever had been out of a drive since losing his full-time seat with A. J. Foyt Racing a month prior.\nOn October 3, 1995, Scandia/Simon Racing announced that Eliseo Salazar would continue with the team as their driver for their 1996 program. Salazar remained at the wheel of the No. 7 Simon car, on which he had finished 21st in his debut Indy Car season. Salazar and Cheever were the lone competitors coming from full-time Indy Car status in 1995.\nOn November 9, 1995, Byrd/Leberle–Treadway Racing announced that 1990 Indianapolis 500 winner Arie Luyendyk would drive the No. 5 entry. Luyendyk was the most popular driver in the IRL roster, although he had only run a couple of oval races in 1995.\nOn November 28, 1995, after the opening day of testing at Walt Disney World Speedway, A. J. Foyt Enterprises announced Davey Hamilton as the driver of the No. 14 car. A multiple supermodified champion in the Northwest, Hamilton had failed to qualify for that year's Indianapolis 500, after two scratched entries in years past.\nOn November 29, 1995, Team Menard filled their two-car lineup with the announcement of Scott Brayton, who would drive the No. 2 car. Brayton was the reigning Indianapolis 500 pole-sitter, and would be the most-experienced Indy Car driver in the field at 148 starts.\nOn December 2, 1995, Della Penna Motorsports announced their plans to field the No. 4 for 25-year old Richie Hearn, who had won the 1995 Atlantic Championship with the team. Hearn would also compete in selected Indy Car World Series races with the same team.\nTesting continued at Walt Disney World Speedway from November 28 – December 8, 1995, with prospective and yet-to-be-announced drivers, leading to a tentative entry list with 18 drivers:[9]\nHemelgarn Racing announced that Stéphan Grégoire would drive the No. 9 entry. Grégoire's only Indy car experience was a 19th-place finish at the 1993 Indianapolis 500.\nPagan Racing announced that Roberto Guerrero, the 2-time pole-sitter at the Indianapolis 500, would drive the No. 21 entry, the same he had driven at Indianapolis in 1994 and 1995 after losing his full-time status.\nBradley Motorsports fielded the No. 12 entry for Buzz Calkins, who had finished 6th in Indy Lights. The team had been formed around him by his father, in order to aid his racing career.\nTeam Scandia, on their part of the Scandia/Simon partnership, arranged the signing of veteran driver Michele Alboreto in the No. 33 for a dual IRL/IMSA program. A former Ferrari driver with 15 seasons of Formula One experience, he had last driven in the DTM for Alfa Romeo. The Lola T95 he drove at Indianapolis was reported by IMS Radio to have belonged to Team Green and Jacques Villeneuve.\nLeigh Miller Racing entered the No. 17 for Stan Wattles, a road-racer in SCCA and IMSA who had been 12th in the 1995 Atlantic Championship, which would also contest in 1996.\nCunningham Racing filled the No. 75 entry for Johnny O'Connell, who had raced for the team since 1991. O'Connell, champion of the Formula Atlantic Pacific division in 1987, was a consummate GT driver, having won the Le Mans 24 hour race in its class and finishing 5th in the IMSA GTS-1 class in 1995.\nBlueprint Racing submitted the No. 16 entry for 51-year old Johnny Parsons, with 11 Indianapolis 500 starts under his belt. Parsons had failed to qualify for the race since 1986, and his only Indy car race ever since had been in 1991.\nAs owner of Tempero/Giuffre Racing, 52-year old Bill Tempero, who ran 25 Indy Car races in the early 1980s with his own team, entered himself to drive the No. 15 car. Tempero was the reigning American Indycar Series champion, which he owned and had won a record 4 times, but he had not run an Indy car race in 13 years.\nButch Brickell entered the series as a driver-owner of Brickell Racing with the No. 77 entry, despite a lack of road racing experience. Brickell had been more proficient in off-road racing and offshore powerboat racing, and he worked full-time as a Hollywood stuntman. He broke two vertebrae in a January 13 testing crash, and never raced in the series.\nJim Buick, a commercial airline pilot who used to double up as a racing driver in a variety of amateur series, entered the race at Walt Disney World Speedway with his own Buick Racing team, from the American Indycar Series. Buick, who was 55-year old, had run four oval CART races in 1981. Despite being present at Orlando, he never took to the track.\nRick DeLorto was another driver with American Indycar Series, midget and amateur racing experience that entered the Orlando event as a driver-owner. DeLorto, a 46-year old, had unsuccessfully tried to qualify for two CART races in 1982. He would fail his rookie tests at Orlando practice and Phoenix testing for being too slow.\nTony Turco, also of American Indycar Series background, entered the Orlando race with his own team, but he withdrew two weeks before the race, as he had no sponsor to field his car.[10]\nOn January 8, PDM Racing, by then under a provisional name, announced John Paul Jr. as the driver of the No. 18. Paul Jr., the 1983 Michigan 500 winner, had been mainly an Indy 500 one-off driver during the decade, years after serving time for drug-related charges.\nOn January 10, Team Scandia announced that Lyn St. James would drive the No. 90 entry during the 1996 season. St. James had 11 Indy Car starts since 1992, four of them at the Indianapolis 500, where she qualified 6th in 1994.\nOn January 12, Hemelgarn Racing announced that Buddy Lazier would drive the No. 91 entry for the season. Lazier had been a perennial backmarker in Indy Car since his debut in 1990, with only 3 top-10 finishes in 55 starts.\nOn January 12, Beck Motorsports announced that Robbie Buhl would drive the No. 54 entry. Buhl, the 1992 champion and 1995 runner-up in Indy Lights competition, had contested 12 Indy Car rounds between 1993 and 1994. After Beck and The Zunne Group split, Buhl was allowed to run with Zunne at Phoenix in the No. 45 car, before returning to Beck Motorsports at Indianapolis.\nOn January 15, A. J. Foyt Enterprises announced that Scott Sharp would drive the No. 41 entry (later the No. 11). Sharp was a former SCCA champion who had run the 1995 Indianapolis 500 with the team, having also competed in the whole 1994 Indy Car season with 2 top-10 finishes.\nOn January 19, Team Menard announced that Tony Stewart would drive the No. 20 entry for the season. Stewart had been the first driver ever to achieve the USAC Triple Crown, and combined the IRL season with a partial schedule in the NASCAR Busch Series.\nOn January 24, Tempero/Giuffre Racing announced that David Kudrave would drive a second car for the team. Kudrave had started 7 races in the 1993 Indy Car season, scoring points at Phoenix and the Michigan 500. After running the No. 25 entry at Orlando, Kudrave ran the No. 15 car at Phoenix, and was scheduled to do so at Indianapolis.\nOn January 25, A. J. Foyt Enterprises announced that Mike Groff would drive the No. 41 car, just before the start of practice at Walt Disney World Speedway, and up to the Indianapolis 500. Groff had 53 IndyCar starts with 11 top-10 finishes under his belt since 1990, but he hadn't raced since losing his full-time ride at Rahal-Hogan Racing at the end of 1994.\nOn February 19, Blueprint Racing announced that Jim Guthrie would drive the No. 27 entry from Phoenix onwards. Guthrie had finished 11th in the Atlantic Championship standings the previous year.\nOn February 26, Team Scandia announced that Michel Jourdain Jr. would drive the No. 22 car at Phoenix and Indianapolis, along a part-time program in the Indy Car World Series, becoming one of the youngest Indy car drivers ever at 19 years old. Jourdain Jr. was the son of former Indy Car driver Bernard Jourdain, having finished third in the Mexican Formula 2 series.\nOn March 8, Team Scandia announced that Fermín Vélez would drive the No. 7 entry at Phoenix, replacing Eliseo Salazar, who had been injured at Walt Disney World Speedway. Vélez would later be entered as an additional entry for the Indianapolis 500, initially in the No. 43 car. Vélez was the reigning IMSA GT champion with Scandia, and he last raced in an open-wheel car in the 1988 Formula 3000 season.\nOn March 8, Blueprint Racing confirmed that Dan Drinan would drive the No. 36 entry at Phoenix. His entry, as well as Guthrie's, was co-owned by Loop Hole Racing's owners, who would later enter Drinan for the Indianapolis 500 on their own. A former mechanic in CART in the 80's, Drinan had run the USAC Silver Crown series in 1995, having been a midget racer the previous years.\nOn March 15, ABF Motorsports announced 36-year old Paul Durant as the driver of the No. 96 entry. Durant was a three-time SMRA champion in supermodifieds, and had raced in the USAC Silver Crown series.\nOn March 22, Project Indy announced that Johnny Unser would drive the No. 64 entry at Phoenix and Indianapolis. Unser had run five Indy Car races in 1993 and 1994, and finished 2nd in the GT2 class of the 1995 24 Hours of Le Mans.\nOn March 22, Tempero/Giuffre Racing entered Racin Gardner in the No. 25 entry, vacant after Bill Tempero failed to pass his rookie test at Orlando. Gardner had raced in the American Indycar Series, and had been a test driver for Project Indy in 1995. However, he couldn't pass his rookie test because of engine failures, and he was replaced the next day by Billy Roe, a former racing mechanic that had sporadically driven in Super Vee, Indy Lights and Formula Atlantic.\nOn April 7, Walker Racing announced that Mike Groff would drive the No. 60 entry at Indianapolis, with Groff switching from A. J. Foyt Enterprises.[11]\nOn April 7, Galles Racing announced that their test driver Davy Jones, a noted sports car driver with 11 Indy car races behind the wheel, would drive the No. 70 entry at Indianapolis.[12]\nAs the entry list for the Indianapolis 500 was unveiled on April 15, a number of deals were made public:\nTeam Menard fielded Mark Dismore in the No. 30 entry. With four Indy Car starts, he had failed to qualify for the Indy 500 in 1991, suffering multiple injuries in a crash, and 1992, having run sporadically in the Atlantic Championship since then. Dismore had also won the 1993 24 Hours of Daytona for Dan Gurney's All American Racers.\nHemelgarn Racing fielded Brad Murphey in the No. 10 entry. Murphey had failed to qualify twice for a CART race in 1984, and hadn't raced since suffering a concussion in an SCCA Corvette Challenge crash in 1988, also his third year of American Racing Series -Indy Lights- competition.\nBeck Motorsports fielded Hideshi Matsuda in the No. 52 entry. At the time, Matsuda was driving for Porsche in the All Japan GT Championship, and had run twice in the Indy 500, finishing 15th in 1995.\nMcCormack Motorsports fielded Randy Tolsma in the No. 24 car, although his entry would be later integrated under the Zunne Group Racing banner. Tolsma had been since 1993 a regular in the USAC Midget and Silver Crown circuits, finishing 3rd in the latter in 1994.\nScott Harrington entered the race as a driver-owner of the No. 39 entry, in an effort run by Larry Nash's LP Racing. The former motocross racer had one Indy Car start at Road America in 1989, and had last competed at the SCCA Can-Am series in 1994. His Lola T92 was the same machine A. J. Foyt drove to a 9th place finish in his last Indy 500 start in 1992.\nAt the start of practice, three additional drivers had signed to drive in the Indy 500.\nA. J. Foyt Enterprises entered Brazilian driver Marco Greco in the vacant No. 41 car. Greco had been a regular of Indy Car's lower ranks for the past three years, with no top-10 finishes to his credit.\nTeam Scandia signed Racin Gardner as a replacement to Lyn St. James, who had been unable to find enough sponsorship to keep her seat.\nTempero-Giuffre Racing entered Joe Gosek to drive the No. 25 entry. 'Double-O Joe' had a cult following at grassroots level, being a Super-modified champion and a two-times track champion at the Oswego Speedway.\nOn May 5, the first day of practice, Tempero-Giuffre Racing put Justin Bell in the No. 15 entry, replacing David Kudrave. Bell was a GT driver for multiple General Motors' brands, and had previously competed in the American Racing Series, precursor of Indy Lights. On May 16, he stepped out of the ride, as his chassis kept struggling for speed.\nOn May 6, Team Scandia announced a deal with Alessandro Zampedri to drive the No. 8 entry. Zampedri had run in Indy Car for two years, collecting five top-10 finishes in 28 starts.\nOn May 7, Zunne Group Racing announced that Lyn St. James would drive the No. 45 entry at Indianapolis. Unlike Robbie Buhl in the previous race and Randy Tolsma, she competed with Goodyear tires.\nOn May 14, Pagan Racing announced that Billy Boat would attempt to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 in the team's back-up car, the No. 99 entry. Boat was the reigning USAC Western Midget Series champion, and had won the prestigious Turkey Night Grand Prix. On Bump Day, Boat sampled the No. 84 entry for A. J. Foyt Enterprises to prevent a possible bumping, but he crashed before being bumped from the grid.\nOn May 16, Brickell Racing announced that Danny Ongais would drive the No. 77 entry at Indianapolis, as Butch Brickell had not been medically cleared to race. Ongais, who turned 54 on May 21, was the winningest driver in the field with 6 Indy car wins, but he hadn't raced since the 1987 Nissan Indy Challenge at the Tamiami Park street circuit.\nOn May 16, Project Indy announced that Rob Wilson would drive the No. 46 entry at Indianapolis. Wilson, who had run in Europe since the mid 1970s, was the 1990 Barber Saab Pro Series champion, and had finished 12th in the 1994 Indy Lights season.\nOn May 17, Scott Brayton was killed in a crash during practice for the Indianapolis 500 after suffering a basilar skull fracture. Two days later, Team Menard announced Danny Ongais as Brayton's replacement for the race. Brickell Racing replaced Ongais with Tyce Carlson, a dirt racer who had run in the three USAC national series the previous year.\nOn May 19, Team Scandia fielded their seventh Indy 500 entry for Joe Gosek, who had left Tempero/Giuffre Racing after passing his rookie test two days before. He drove the No. 43 entry, as Fermín Vélez was moved to the No. 34 car.\nOn May 19, Scott Harrington signed a last-minute deal to switch to the No. 44 back-up car for Della Penna Motorsports, after damaging his chassis in a practice crash on May 16.","title":"Confirmed entries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndyCar_Series_on_ABC"},{"link_name":"IMS Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway_Radio_Network"}],"sub_title":"Schedule","text":"All races were run on Oval/Speedway. ABC Sports televised all three races. IMS Radio Network was the broadcaster for all races on the radio.","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_A"},{"link_name":"Scott Brayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brayton"},{"link_name":"Tony Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stewart"}],"sub_title":"Race results","text":"^A Scott Brayton was the fastest qualifier for the 1996 Indianapolis 500, but was killed during practice. Hence, second-fastest qualifier Tony Stewart started from the pole.","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of American Championship car racing point scoring systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Championship_car_racing_point_scoring_systems"},{"link_name":"Scott Brayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brayton"}],"sub_title":"Driver standings","text":"Further information: List of American Championship car racing point scoring systemsNote: † Scott Brayton, 37, won the pole for the 1996 Indianapolis 500, but was killed in a crash during practice after qualifying.","title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Foyt1_2-0"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indy_200_at_Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Foyt2_3-0"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indy_200_at_Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NameWDW_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NameWDW_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NameWDW_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NameWDW_4-3"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indy_200_at_Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WDW96_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WDW96_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WDW96_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WDW96_5-3"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indy_200_at_Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-roo1_6-0"},{"link_name":"Tyce Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyce_Carlson"},{"link_name":"Andy Michner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Michner"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brayton_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brayton_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brayton_7-2"},{"link_name":"Indy 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Scott Brayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brayton"},{"link_name":"Danny Ongais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Ongais"},{"link_name":"Brickell Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Brickell"},{"link_name":"Tyce Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyce_Carlson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ArieRecord_8-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DPM_9-0"},{"link_name":"Indy 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Murphey_10-0"},{"link_name":"Brad Murphey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Murphey"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Indy500_11-0"},{"link_name":"Roberto Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Indy 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Phoenix_12-0"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Dura_Lube_200"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-T941_13-0"},{"link_name":"Joe Gosek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gosek"},{"link_name":"Racin Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racin_Gardner"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lyn_14-0"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indy_200_at_Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rey2_15-0"},{"link_name":"Indy 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"Lyn St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_St._James"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Dura_Lube_200"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gosek_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gosek_16-1"},{"link_name":"Joe Gosek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Gosek"},{"link_name":"Justin Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bell"},{"link_name":"Team Scandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Scandia"},{"link_name":"Indy 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indianapolis_500"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kudrave_17-0"},{"link_name":"David Kudrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kudrave"}],"text":"^ #41 at Walt Disney World.\n\n^ #11 at Walt Disney World.\n\n^ a b c d At Walt Disney World.\n\n^ a b c d Used at Walt Disney World.\n\n^ Tyce Carlson and Andy Michner passed their Indianapolis rookie test in the car.\n\n^ a b c At the Indy 500, Scott Brayton withdrew his already qualified #2 car and won the pole in the backup #32, but was fatally injured in a practice crash and replaced by Danny Ongais, who switched from Brickell Racing. Ongais was replaced by Tyce Carlson.\n\n^ Used at the Indianapolis 500.\n\n^ Switched from Harrington Motorsport during practice for the Indy 500.\n\n^ Used by Brad Murphey.\n\n^ Used by Roberto Guerrero at the Indy 500.\n\n^ Used at Phoenix.\n\n^ Used by Joe Gosek and Racin Gardner.\n\n^ Used by Lyn St. James at Walt Disney World.\n\n^ Used by Michele Alboreto at the Indy 500 and Lyn St. James at Phoenix.\n\n^ a b Joe Gosek, first entered in the #25, switched to the #15 and replaced Justin Bell, before switching to Team Scandia during practice for the Indy 500.\n\n^ Used by David Kudrave.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[]	[{"title":"1996 Indianapolis 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indianapolis_500"},{"title":"1996 Indy Lights season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indy_Lights_season"},{"title":"1996 IndyCar season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_IndyCar_season"},{"title":"1996 Toyota Atlantic Championship season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Atlantic_Championship_season"}]	[{"reference":"\"IRL: CHAMPCAR/CART: IRL press release 96–01–04\". Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2007-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606144553/http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=4140&FS=CHAMPCAR","url_text":"\"IRL: CHAMPCAR/CART: IRL press release 96–01–04\""},{"url":"http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=4140&FS=CHAMPCAR","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1996 Indianapolis 500 – The 239.260 car\". 8W Forix. December 29, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://8w.forix.com/indy96.html","url_text":"\"1996 Indianapolis 500 – The 239.260 car\""}]},{"reference":"Chow, SK (October 11, 2020). \"The cars of the 1996 Indy 500\". ChampWeb.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://champweb.net/the-cars-of-the-1996-indy-500-part-1/","url_text":"\"The cars of the 1996 Indy 500\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Changing Face of Racing;A Rival Indy-Car Circuit Puts a Damper on CART's Season\". The New York Times. February 6, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/06/sports/changing-face-racing-rival-indy-car-circuit-puts-damper-cart-s-season.html","url_text":"\"The Changing Face of Racing;A Rival Indy-Car Circuit Puts a Damper on CART's Season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"PDM Racing, Inc\". Indy Racing League. 1997. Archived from the original on 1997-02-16. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970216153844/http://brickyard.com/irl/teams/teampdm.htm","url_text":"\"PDM Racing, Inc\""},{"url":"http://brickyard.com/irl/teams/teampdm.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ABF Motorsports\". Indy Racing League. 1996. Archived from the original on 1997-02-16. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970216153725/http://brickyard.com/irl/teams/teamabf.htm","url_text":"\"ABF Motorsports\""},{"url":"http://brickyard.com/irl/teams/teamabf.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Becks take on daunting task as a family\". The Indianapolis Star. May 17, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/106746690/","url_text":"\"Becks take on daunting task as a family\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Groff, Davy Jones Only Drivers From CART Teams\". The Associated Press. May 15, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apnews.com/d982fd153930bc38af3ec31fbd9883ff","url_text":"\"Mike Groff, Davy Jones Only Drivers From CART Teams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Associated_Press","url_text":"The Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Walt Disney World entry list (TENTATIVE)\". Motorsport.com. January 6, 1996. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202011/https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/irl-walt-disney-world-entry-list-tentative/4054/","url_text":"\"Walt Disney World entry list (TENTATIVE)\""},{"url":"https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/irl-walt-disney-world-entry-list-tentative/4054/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Indy Racing League Seeking Magic in Debut at Disney\". The New York Times. January 21, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1996-01-21-9601210057-story.html","url_text":"\"Indy Racing League Seeking Magic in Debut at Disney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Two Teams To Double-Dip\". SWX Right Now. April 7, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swxrightnow.com/stories/1996/apr/07/two-teams-to-double-dip/","url_text":"\"Two Teams To Double-Dip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWX_Right_Now","url_text":"SWX Right Now"}]},{"reference":"\"Support Races Add Excitement to Grand Prix\". Los Angeles Times. April 11, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-04-11/sports/sp-57313_1_grand-prix","url_text":"\"Support Races Add Excitement to Grand Prix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"NTT IndyCar Series Calendar 1996\". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved November 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://motorsportstats.com/series/ntt-indycar-series/calendar/1996","url_text":"\"NTT IndyCar Series Calendar 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indy Racing League: 1996 IRL Schedule, Winners\". The News Herald. June 6, 1996. p. 4B. Retrieved November 17, 2023 – via Newspapers.com .","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-herald-indy-racing-league-1996/135330458/","url_text":"\"Indy Racing League: 1996 IRL Schedule, Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_Herald_(North_Carolina)","url_text":"The News Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221996+Indy+Racing+League%22","external_links_name":"\"1996 Indy Racing League\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221996+Indy+Racing+League%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221996+Indy+Racing+League%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221996+Indy+Racing+League%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221996+Indy+Racing+League%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221996+Indy+Racing+League%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606144553/http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=4140&FS=CHAMPCAR","external_links_name":"\"IRL: CHAMPCAR/CART: IRL press release 96–01–04\""},{"Link":"http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=4140&FS=CHAMPCAR","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://8w.forix.com/indy96.html","external_links_name":"\"1996 Indianapolis 500 – The 239.260 car\""},{"Link":"https://champweb.net/the-cars-of-the-1996-indy-500-part-1/","external_links_name":"\"The cars of the 1996 Indy 500\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/06/sports/changing-face-racing-rival-indy-car-circuit-puts-damper-cart-s-season.html","external_links_name":"\"The Changing Face of Racing;A Rival Indy-Car Circuit Puts a Damper on CART's Season\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970216153844/http://brickyard.com/irl/teams/teampdm.htm","external_links_name":"\"PDM Racing, Inc\""},{"Link":"http://brickyard.com/irl/teams/teampdm.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970216153725/http://brickyard.com/irl/teams/teamabf.htm","external_links_name":"\"ABF Motorsports\""},{"Link":"http://brickyard.com/irl/teams/teamabf.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/106746690/","external_links_name":"\"Becks take on daunting task as a family\""},{"Link":"https://www.apnews.com/d982fd153930bc38af3ec31fbd9883ff","external_links_name":"\"Mike Groff, Davy Jones Only Drivers From CART Teams\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202011/https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/irl-walt-disney-world-entry-list-tentative/4054/","external_links_name":"\"Walt Disney World entry list (TENTATIVE)\""},{"Link":"https://www.motorsport.com/indycar/news/irl-walt-disney-world-entry-list-tentative/4054/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1996-01-21-9601210057-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Indy Racing League Seeking Magic in Debut at Disney\""},{"Link":"http://www.swxrightnow.com/stories/1996/apr/07/two-teams-to-double-dip/","external_links_name":"\"Two Teams To Double-Dip\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-04-11/sports/sp-57313_1_grand-prix","external_links_name":"\"Support Races Add Excitement to Grand Prix\""},{"Link":"https://motorsportstats.com/series/ntt-indycar-series/calendar/1996","external_links_name":"\"NTT IndyCar Series Calendar 1996\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-herald-indy-racing-league-1996/135330458/","external_links_name":"\"Indy Racing League: 1996 IRL Schedule, Winners\""},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/search?searchtext=IndyCar%20","external_links_name":"- ABCNews.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yortan	Yortan	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 41°15′N 32°21′E / 41.250°N 32.350°E / 41.250; 32.350Municipality in Karabük, TurkeyYortanMunicipalityYortanLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 41°15′N 32°21′E / 41.250°N 32.350°E / 41.250; 32.350CountryTurkeyProvinceKarabükDistrictYeniceElevation250 m (820 ft)Population (2022)1,689Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)Postal code78720Area code0370 Yortan (formerly: Yortanpazarı) is a town (belde) in the Yenice District, Karabük Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,689 (2022). The town is situated in forests along a tributary of the Filyos River. The distance to Yenice is 9 kilometres (5.6 mi). There are several theories about the name of the town. It may refer to jars used as sepulcher in the ancient ages, sheep pens of Turkmens or feasts of Greeks of the medieval ages. The majority of Yortan people make their living as miners. According to mayor, Yortan has the highest percentage of mining-related accident or deaths for the total population in Turkey. References ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 13 March 2023. ^ Belde Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023. ^ Yortan school page (in Turkish) ^ Newspaper article (in Turkish) vte Yenice DistrictMunicipalities Yenice Yortan Villages Abdullahoğlu Akmanlar Bağbaşı Çakıllar Çamlıköy Çeltik Cihanbey Değirmenyanı Derebaşı Esenköy Gökbel Güney Hisarköy Hüseyinbeyoğlu Ibrıcak Kadıköy Kale Karahasanlar Kayaarkası Kayadibi Keyfallar Kuzdağ Nodullar Ören Saray Satuk Şenköy Şirinköy Tirköy Yamaçköy Yazıköy Yeniköy Yeşilköy Yirmibeşoğlu Authority control databases: National Israel This article about a Black Sea Region of Turkey location is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"belde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belde"},{"link_name":"Yenice District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenice_District,_Karab%C3%BCk"},{"link_name":"Karabük Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karab%C3%BCk_Province"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tuik-1"},{"link_name":"Filyos River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filyos_River"},{"link_name":"Turkmens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turk"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Municipality in Karabük, TurkeyYortan (formerly: Yortanpazarı) is a town (belde) in the Yenice District, Karabük Province, Turkey.[2] Its population is 1,689 (2022).[1] The town is situated in forests along a tributary of the Filyos River. The distance to Yenice is 9 kilometres (5.6 mi). There are several theories about the name of the town. It may refer to jars used as sepulcher in the ancient ages, sheep pens of Turkmens or feasts of Greeks of the medieval ages.[3] The majority of Yortan people make their living as miners. According to mayor, Yortan has the highest percentage of mining-related accident or deaths for the total population in Turkey.[4]","title":"Yortan"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 13 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yortan&params=41_15_N_32_21_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"41°15′N 32°21′E / 41.250°N 32.350°E / 41.250; 32.350"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yortan&params=41_15_N_32_21_E_region:TR_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"41°15′N 32°21′E / 41.250°N 32.350°E / 41.250; 32.350"},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Belde Belediyesi"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120919071744/http://www.ypl.k12.tr/?syf=sayfa&id=7","external_links_name":"Yortan school page (in Turkish)"},{"Link":"http://www.gazetegercek.com/her-gocukte-yortanlilarin-yurekleri-agizlarina-geliyor-ozel.html","external_links_name":"Newspaper article (in Turkish)"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007467474705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yortan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurens_van_Ravens	Laurens van Ravens	["1 Major matches","2 Personal life","3 References"]	Dutch football referee (1922–2018) Lau van Ravens Full name Laurens van RavensBorn (1922-09-18)18 September 1922Schiedam, NetherlandsDied 23 October 2018(2018-10-23) (aged 96)Rijswijk, NetherlandsOther occupation Beer salesmanDomesticYears League 1957–1972 Eredivisie InternationalYears League Role1966–1970 FIFA listed Referee Laurens "Lau" van Ravens (18 September 1922 – 23 October 2018) was a Dutch international football referee, who featured at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He officiated in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, becoming an international referee in 1966. He infamously was in charge of the November 1971 European Cup Winners' Cup second leg of the second round match between Glasgow Rangers and Sporting CP. The game originally finished 3–2 to Sporting after 90 minutes, and 4–3 to Sporting after extra time. Although Rangers had won the first leg 3–2 at home, van Ravens erroneously ordered a penalty shootout which Sporting won 3–0; UEFA later ruled that Rangers had won on away goals. Major matches Van Ravens refereed two European Cup Finals, the 1969 European Cup Winners' Cup Final between Slovan Bratislava and FC Barcelona in Basel, and the second leg of the 1972 UEFA Cup Final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Tottenham Hotspur. He was also in charge of the 1967 and 1971 KNVB Cup finals and both finalists of the 1971 final requested van Ravens to also lead the replay after he was in charge of the first match which ended 2–2. At the 1970 World Cup, van Ravens officiated the first round match between West Germany and Morocco as well as the quarter-final match between the Soviet Union and Uruguay. He started the second half of the former match not realizing that the Moroccan goalkeeper had not yet entered the pitch, and in the latter he mistakenly approved Uruguay's winning goal. His final game was Coen Moulijn's farewell match between Feyenoord and Uruguay on 9 June 1972. Personal life Van Ravens worked as a salesman for the Oranjeboom brewing company and was married twice. He had two children. He died in Rijswijk, Netherlands, aged 96. References ^ a b c Lau van Ravens (1922–2018), arbiter die bijna sportman van het jaar werd – Volkskrant (in Dutch) ^ Oud-scheidsrechter Lau van Ravens (96) overleden – Omroep West (in Dutch) ^ Oud-scheidsrechter Lau van Ravens (96) overleden – KNVB (in Dutch) ^ Schiedamse topscheidsrechter Van Ravens overleden – Rijnmond (in Dutch) Preceded byCup Winners' Cup Final 1968 José María Ortiz de Mendíbil European Cup Referees Final 1969 Laurens van Ravens Succeeded byCup Winners' Cup Final 1970 Paul Schiller	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"1970 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"November 1971 European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sporting CP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_CP"},{"link_name":"penalty shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volkskrant-1"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"}],"text":"Laurens \"Lau\" van Ravens (18 September 1922 – 23 October 2018) was a Dutch international football referee, who featured at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He officiated in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, becoming an international referee in 1966.He infamously was in charge of the November 1971 European Cup Winners' Cup second leg of the second round match between Glasgow Rangers and Sporting CP. The game originally finished 3–2 to Sporting after 90 minutes, and 4–3 to Sporting after extra time. Although Rangers had won the first leg 3–2 at home, van Ravens erroneously ordered a penalty shootout which Sporting won 3–0;[1] UEFA later ruled that Rangers had won on away goals.","title":"Laurens van Ravens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1969 European Cup Winners' Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Slovan Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"1972 UEFA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_UEFA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966%E2%80%9367_KNVB_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1971 KNVB Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_KNVB_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"the first round match between West Germany and Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_4"},{"link_name":"the quarter-final match between the Soviet Union and Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_knockout_stage"},{"link_name":"Moroccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volkskrant-1"},{"link_name":"Coen Moulijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coen_Moulijn"},{"link_name":"Feyenoord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyenoord"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Van Ravens refereed two European Cup Finals, the 1969 European Cup Winners' Cup Final between Slovan Bratislava and FC Barcelona in Basel, and the second leg of the 1972 UEFA Cup Final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Tottenham Hotspur.[2]He was also in charge of the 1967 and 1971 KNVB Cup finals[3] and both finalists of the 1971 final requested van Ravens to also lead the replay after he was in charge of the first match which ended 2–2.At the 1970 World Cup, van Ravens officiated the first round match between West Germany and Morocco as well as the quarter-final match between the Soviet Union and Uruguay. He started the second half of the former match not realizing that the Moroccan goalkeeper had not yet entered the pitch, and in the latter he mistakenly approved Uruguay's winning goal.[1]His final game was Coen Moulijn's farewell match between Feyenoord and Uruguay on 9 June 1972.[4]","title":"Major matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oranjeboom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranjeboom_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Volkskrant-1"},{"link_name":"Rijswijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijswijk"}],"text":"Van Ravens worked as a salesman for the Oranjeboom brewing company and was married twice. He had two children.[1] He died in Rijswijk, Netherlands, aged 96.","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.volkskrant.nl/mensen/lau-van-ravens-1922-2018-arbiter-die-bijna-sportman-van-het-jaar-werd~bcac6f59/","external_links_name":"Lau van Ravens (1922–2018), arbiter die bijna sportman van het jaar werd"},{"Link":"https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/3715453/Oud-scheidsrechter-Lau-van-Ravens-96-overleden","external_links_name":"Oud-scheidsrechter Lau van Ravens (96) overleden"},{"Link":"https://www.knvb.nl/nieuws/scheidsrechters/scheidsrechters/51076/oud-scheidsrechter-lau-van-ravens-96-overleden","external_links_name":"Oud-scheidsrechter Lau van Ravens (96) overleden"},{"Link":"https://www.rijnmond.nl/nieuws/174515/Schiedamse-topscheidsrechter-Van-Ravens-overleden","external_links_name":"Schiedamse topscheidsrechter Van Ravens overleden"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Frere	Lionel Frere	["1 References","2 External links"]	English cricketer Lionel FrerePersonal informationFull nameLionel Robert Temple FrereBorn10 December 1870Marylebone, London, EnglandDied15 March 1936(1936-03-15) (aged 65)Kensington, London, EnglandBattingRight-handedRoleWicket-keeperDomestic team information YearsTeam1892Cambridge University1895–1897Norfolk Career statistics Competition First-class Matches 1 Runs scored 3 Batting average 1.50 100s/50s –/– Top score 2 Catches/stumpings 2/–Source: Cricinfo, 14 July 2019 Lionel Robert Temple Frere (10 December 1870 – 15 March 1936) was an English first-class cricketer. Frere was born at Marylebone in December 1870. He was educated at Haileybury, before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Surrey at The Oval in 1892. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed for 2 runs by Bill Lockwood, while in their second-innings he was dismissed by the same bowler for a single run. He later played minor counties cricket for Norfolk from 1895–97, making three appearances in the Minor Counties Championship. Outside of cricket he also played tennis. He took part in the 1906 West Sussex Championships at East Grinstead, reaching the quarter-finals. In 1908, he took part in the East Cornwall Championship, where he was knocked out in the first round. Frere was a wine merchant by profession. He died at Kensington in March 1936. References ^ Haileybury Register, 1862-1891 (2 ed.). Stephen Austin and Sons. 1891. pp. 203. ^ "First-Class Matches played by Lionel Frere". CricketArchive. Retrieved 14 July 2019. ^ "Surrey v Cambridge University, 1892". CricketArchive. Retrieved 14 July 2019. ^ "Minor Counties Championship Matches played by Lionel Frere". CricketArchive. Retrieved 14 July 2019. ^ a b "Lionel Robert Temple Frere". Tennis Archives. Retrieved 14 July 2019. External links Lionel Frere at ESPNcricinfo	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone"},{"link_name":"Haileybury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haileybury_and_Imperial_Service_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"The Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oval"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bill Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lockwood_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"minor counties cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Counties_of_English_and_Welsh_cricket"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Minor Counties Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Counties_Championship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"West Sussex Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Sussex_Championships&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Grinstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Grinstead"},{"link_name":"East Cornwall Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Cornwall_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEN-5"},{"link_name":"wine merchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemaker#Vintner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEN-5"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington"}],"text":"Lionel Robert Temple Frere (10 December 1870 – 15 March 1936) was an English first-class cricketer.Frere was born at Marylebone in December 1870. He was educated at Haileybury, before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge.[1] While studying at Cambridge, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Cambridge University against Surrey at The Oval in 1892.[2] Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed for 2 runs by Bill Lockwood, while in their second-innings he was dismissed by the same bowler for a single run.[3] He later played minor counties cricket for Norfolk from 1895–97, making three appearances in the Minor Counties Championship.[4]Outside of cricket he also played tennis. He took part in the 1906 West Sussex Championships at East Grinstead, reaching the quarter-finals. In 1908, he took part in the East Cornwall Championship, where he was knocked out in the first round.[5] Frere was a wine merchant by profession.[5] He died at Kensington in March 1936.","title":"Lionel Frere"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Haileybury Register, 1862-1891 (2 ed.). Stephen Austin and Sons. 1891. pp. 203.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/haileyburyregis00milfgoog","url_text":"Haileybury Register, 1862-1891"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/haileyburyregis00milfgoog/page/n264","url_text":"203"}]},{"reference":"\"First-Class Matches played by Lionel Frere\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/29/29548/First-Class_Matches.html","url_text":"\"First-Class Matches played by Lionel Frere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surrey v Cambridge University, 1892\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/3/3815.html","url_text":"\"Surrey v Cambridge University, 1892\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minor Counties Championship Matches played by Lionel Frere\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/29/29548/Minor_Counties_Championship_Matches.html","url_text":"\"Minor Counties Championship Matches played by Lionel Frere\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lionel Robert Temple Frere\". Tennis Archives. Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ww.w.tennisarchives.com/player.php?playerid=10534","url_text":"\"Lionel Robert Temple Frere\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/13208.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/haileyburyregis00milfgoog","external_links_name":"Haileybury Register, 1862-1891"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/haileyburyregis00milfgoog/page/n264","external_links_name":"203"},{"Link":"http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/29/29548/First-Class_Matches.html","external_links_name":"\"First-Class Matches played by Lionel Frere\""},{"Link":"http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/3/3815.html","external_links_name":"\"Surrey v Cambridge University, 1892\""},{"Link":"http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/29/29548/Minor_Counties_Championship_Matches.html","external_links_name":"\"Minor Counties Championship Matches played by Lionel Frere\""},{"Link":"http://ww.w.tennisarchives.com/player.php?playerid=10534","external_links_name":"\"Lionel Robert Temple Frere\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/13208.html","external_links_name":"Lionel Frere"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Sadiq	Ibn Abi Sadiq	["1 Sources","2 See also"]	Persian physician Commentary on Hippocrates' Aphorisms Ibn Abi Sadiq al-Naishaburi, Abu al-Qasim ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Ali (Arabic and Persian: أبوالقاسم عبد الرحمن بن علي بن أبي صادق النيشابوري ) was an 11th-century Persian physician from Nishapur in Khorasan. He was a pupil of Avicenna. As he composed a popular commentary on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates, he was known in some circles as "the second Hippocrates" (Buqrat al-thani). Ismail Gorgani, the author of Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi, completed his studies under his guidance. His commentary on the Hunayn ibn Ishaq's Questions on Medicine, however, may have been even more popular, judging from the large number of copies preserved today. Ibn Abi Sadiq also wrote a commentary on the Prognostics of Hippocrates, on Galen's treatise On the Usefulness of the Parts, and on Razi's treatise Doubts about Galen (Shukuk ‘alá Jalinus). According to the medieval biographical sources, he completed the commentary on Galen's On the Usefulness of the Parts in the year 1068 AD, which provides us with the one firm date in his biography. Sources ^ Ahmed Ragab (14 October 2015). The Medieval Islamic Hospital: Medicine, Religion, and Charity. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-107-10960-5. ^ Shams Ardekani, Mohammad Reza (Medical University of Tehran); Moatar, Fariborz (Medical University of Isfahan), A Research Conducted on the Life and Works of Hakim Sayyid Esmail Jurjani. The article "Ebn Abi Sadeq" by Lutz Richter-Bernburg in Encyclopædia Iranica, ed. Ehsan Yarshater, 6+ vols. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul and Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1983 to present), vol. 7, p. 663 Manfred Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam, Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abteilung I, Ergänzungsband vi, Abschnitt 1 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1970), p 160. Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, 1st edition, 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1889–1936). Second edition, 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1943–49). Page references will be to those of the first edition, with the 2nd edition page numbers given in parentheses, vol. 1, p. 484 (638), Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, Supplement, 3 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1937–1942). vol. 1, pp. 886–7 Lutz Richter-Bernburg, Iran's Contribution to Medicine and Veterinary Science in Islam AD 100-900/AD 700-1500", in The Diffusion of Greco-Roman Medicine in the Middle East and the Caucasus, ed. J.A.C. Greppin, E. Savage-Smith, and J.L. Gueriguian (Delmar, New York: Caravan Press, 1999). See also List of Iranian scientists vteIslamic medicinePhysicians7th century Abu Hafsa Yazid Al-Harith ibn Kalada Bukhtishu Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi Ibn Uthal Masarjawaih Nafi ibn al-Harith Rufaida Al-Aslamia Zaynab al-Awadiya 8th century Bukhtishu Ja'ar al-Sadiq 9th century Al-Kindi Al-Ruhawi Albubather Ali al-Ridha Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari Bukhtishu Hunayn ibn Ishaq Ishaq ibn Hunayn Jabir ibn Hayyan Jabril ibn Bukhtishu Masawaiyh Salmawaih ibn Bunan Shapur ibn Sahl Yahya ibn Sarafyun Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu Yusuf al-Khuri 10th century 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi Aayon Ibn Aayon Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari Abu Bakr al-Razi Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi Abu Zayd al-Balkhi Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi Abu ul-Ala Shirazi Al-Kaŝkarī Al-Natili Al-Tamimi, the physician Eutychius of Alexandria Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath Ibn Juljul Ibn al-Jazzar Ibrahim ibn Baks Isaac Israeli ben Solomon Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali Muvaffak Qumri Qusta ibn Luqa 11th century Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani Al-Biruni Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal Ali ibn Ridwan Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili Avicenna Badi' al-Asturlabi Ibn Abi Sadiq Ibn Al-Thahabi Ibn Butlan Ibn Hindu Ibn Jazla Ibn al-Haytham Ibn al-Kattani Ibn al-Wafid Jonah ibn Janah Masawaih 12th century Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī Ahmad ibn Farrokh Al-Samawal al-Maghribi Avempace Averroes Ibn Habal Ibn Jumay‘ Ibn Tufayl Ibn Zuhr Ibn al-Tilmīdh Moshe ben Maimon Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi Serapion the Younger Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili Zayn al-Din Gorgani 13th century Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon Al-Dakhwar Al-Shahrazuri Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat As-Suwaydi Da'ud Abu al-Fadl Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi Ibn Abi Usaibia Ibn Tumlus Ibn al-Baitar Ibn al-Nafis Ibn al-Quff Ibn al‐Raqqam Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta Najib ad-Din Samarqandi Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi Rashidun al-Suri Sa'ad al-Dawla Zakariya al-Qazwini 14th century Al-Nagawri Aqsara'i Ibn Shuayb Ibn al-Akfani Ibn al-Khatib Jaghmini Mansur ibn Ilyas Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi Nakhshabi Rashid-al-Din Hamadani Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi Zayn-e-Attar 15th century Abu Sa'id al-Afif Burhan-ud-din Kermani Husayni Isfahani Muhammad Ali Astarabadi Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi Nurbakhshi Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb Şerafeddin Kadir 16th century Rostam Gorgani ʽImad Shirazi Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani Dawud al-Antaki Hakim-e-Gilani Sultan Ali Khorasani Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf 17th century Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri Qurayshi al-Shirazi Tunakabuni Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi 18th century Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi Concepts Ophthalmology Psychology Works Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah The Canon of Medicine Tacuinum Sanitatis Anatomy Charts of the Arabs The Book of Healing Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye De Gradibus Al-Tasrif Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi Adab al-Tabib Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya Al-Hawi Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon Lives of the Physicians Centers Al-'Adudi Hospital Bimarestan Nur al-Din Bimaristan Influences Ancient Greek medicine Ancient Iranian medicine Ayurveda Influenced Ibn Sina Academy Learned medicine Medical Renaissance Medieval medicine This article about an Iranian scientist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commentary_on_Hippocrates%27_Aphorisms_WDL4290.pdf"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ragab2015-1"},{"link_name":"Nishapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur"},{"link_name":"Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Avicenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"Aphorisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphorism"},{"link_name":"Hippocrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates"},{"link_name":"Hippocrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates"},{"link_name":"Ismail Gorgani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Gorgani"},{"link_name":"Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakhireye_Khwarazmshahi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishim-2"},{"link_name":"Hunayn ibn Ishaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq"},{"link_name":"Galen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen"},{"link_name":"Razi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi"}],"text":"Commentary on Hippocrates' AphorismsIbn Abi Sadiq al-Naishaburi, Abu al-Qasim ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Ali (Arabic and Persian: أبوالقاسم عبد الرحمن بن علي بن أبي صادق النيشابوري ) was an 11th-century Persian[1] physician from Nishapur in Khorasan.\nHe was a pupil of Avicenna. As he composed a popular commentary on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates, he was known in some circles as \"the second Hippocrates\" (Buqrat al-thani). Ismail Gorgani, the author of Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi, completed his studies under his guidance.[2]His commentary on the Hunayn ibn Ishaq's Questions on Medicine, however, may have been even more popular, judging from the large number of copies preserved today. Ibn Abi Sadiq also wrote a commentary on the Prognostics of Hippocrates, on Galen's treatise On the Usefulness of the Parts, and on Razi's treatise Doubts about Galen (Shukuk ‘alá Jalinus). According to the medieval biographical sources, he completed the commentary on Galen's On the Usefulness of the Parts in the year 1068 AD, which provides us with the one firm date in his biography.","title":"Ibn Abi Sadiq"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ragab2015_1-0"},{"link_name":"The Medieval Islamic Hospital: Medicine, Religion, and Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qpuNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-107-10960-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10960-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ishim_2-0"},{"link_name":"A Research Conducted on the Life and Works of Hakim Sayyid Esmail Jurjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ishim.net/ishimj/jishim4_7_8/Vol4No7/reza.doc"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ebn-abi-sadeq"},{"link_name":"Lutz Richter-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lutz_Richter-Bernburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Iranica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica"},{"link_name":"Manfred Ullmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Ullmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carl Brockelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Brockelmann"},{"link_name":"Carl Brockelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Brockelmann"},{"link_name":"Lutz Richter-Bernburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lutz_Richter-Bernburg&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"^ Ahmed Ragab (14 October 2015). The Medieval Islamic Hospital: Medicine, Religion, and Charity. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-107-10960-5.\n\n^ Shams Ardekani, Mohammad Reza (Medical University of Tehran); Moatar, Fariborz (Medical University of Isfahan), A Research Conducted on the Life and Works of Hakim Sayyid Esmail Jurjani.The article \"Ebn Abi Sadeq\" [1] by Lutz Richter-Bernburg in Encyclopædia Iranica, ed. Ehsan Yarshater, 6+ vols. (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul and Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1983 to present), vol. 7, p. 663\nManfred Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam, Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abteilung I, Ergänzungsband vi, Abschnitt 1 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1970), p 160.\nCarl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, 1st edition, 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1889–1936). Second edition, 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1943–49). Page references will be to those of the first edition, with the 2nd edition page numbers given in parentheses, vol. 1, p. 484 (638), Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, Supplement, 3 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1937–1942). vol. 1, pp. 886–7\nLutz Richter-Bernburg, Iran's Contribution to Medicine and Veterinary Science in Islam AD 100-900/AD 700-1500\", in The Diffusion of Greco-Roman Medicine in the Middle East and the Caucasus, ed. J.A.C. Greppin, E. Savage-Smith, and J.L. Gueriguian (Delmar, New York: Caravan Press, 1999).","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Commentary on Hippocrates' Aphorisms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Commentary_on_Hippocrates%27_Aphorisms_WDL4290.pdf/page1-220px-Commentary_on_Hippocrates%27_Aphorisms_WDL4290.pdf.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Iranian scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iranian_scientists"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamic_medicine"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_medicine"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_medicine"},{"title":"Islamic medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicine"},{"title":"Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Physicians_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world"},{"title":"Abu Hafsa Yazid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hafsa_Yazid"},{"title":"Al-Harith ibn Kalada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Kalada"},{"title":"Bukhtishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhtishu"},{"title":"Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Ramtha_al-Tamimi"},{"title":"Ibn Uthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Uthal"},{"title":"Masarjawaih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarjawaih"},{"title":"Nafi ibn al-Harith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Harith"},{"title":"Rufaida Al-Aslamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufaida_Al-Aslamia"},{"title":"Zaynab al-Awadiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaynab_al-Awadiya"},{"title":"Bukhtishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhtishu"},{"title":"Ja'ar al-Sadiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq"},{"title":"Al-Kindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi"},{"title":"Al-Ruhawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ruhawi"},{"title":"Albubather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albubather"},{"title":"Ali al-Ridha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Ridha"},{"title":"Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari"},{"title":"Bukhtishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhtishu"},{"title":"Hunayn ibn Ishaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq"},{"title":"Ishaq ibn Hunayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Hunayn"},{"title":"Jabir ibn Hayyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan"},{"title":"Jabril ibn Bukhtishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabril_ibn_Bukhtishu"},{"title":"Masawaiyh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masawaiyh"},{"title":"Salmawaih ibn Bunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmawaih_ibn_Bunan"},{"title":"Shapur ibn Sahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_ibn_Sahl"},{"title":"Yahya ibn Sarafyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Sarafyun"},{"title":"Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuhanna_ibn_Bukhtishu"},{"title":"Yusuf al-Khuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_al-Khuri"},{"title":"'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ali_ibn_al-%27Abbas_al-Majusi"},{"title":"Aayon Ibn Aayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aayon_Ibn_Aayon"},{"title":"Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Rabee_Ibn_Ahmad_Al-Akhawyni_Bokhari"},{"title":"Abu Bakr al-Razi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi"},{"title":"Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sahl_%27Isa_ibn_Yahya_al-Masihi"},{"title":"Abu Zayd al-Balkhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi"},{"title":"Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Tabari"},{"title":"Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_Muqane%27i"},{"title":"Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zahrawi"},{"title":"Abu ul-Ala Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_ul-Ala_Shirazi"},{"title":"Al-Kaŝkarī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kashkari"},{"title":"Al-Natili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Natili"},{"title":"Al-Tamimi, the physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tamimi,_the_physician"},{"title":"Eutychius of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutychius_of_Alexandria"},{"title":"Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi_al-Ash%CA%BFath"},{"title":"Ibn Juljul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Juljul"},{"title":"Ibn al-Jazzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazzar"},{"title":"Ibrahim ibn Baks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Baks"},{"title":"Isaac Israeli ben Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon"},{"title":"Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_Abdun_al-Jabali"},{"title":"Muvaffak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq"},{"title":"Qumri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumri"},{"title":"Qusta ibn Luqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qusta_ibn_Luqa"},{"title":"Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdollah_ibn_Bukhtishu"},{"title":"Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_%27Ubayd_al-Juzjani"},{"title":"Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Hakam_al-Kirmani"},{"title":"Al-Biruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni"},{"title":"Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_al-Kahhal"},{"title":"Ali ibn Ridwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ridwan"},{"title":"Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf_al-Ilaqi"},{"title":"Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammar_al-Mawsili"},{"title":"Avicenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"title":"Badi' al-Asturlabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Badi%27_al-Asturlabi"},{"title":"Ibn Abi Sadiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Ibn Al-Thahabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Al-Thahabi"},{"title":"Ibn Butlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Butlan"},{"title":"Ibn Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hindu"},{"title":"Ibn Jazla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jazla"},{"title":"Ibn al-Haytham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham"},{"title":"Ibn al-Kattani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Kattani"},{"title":"Ibn al-Wafid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid"},{"title":"Jonah ibn Janah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah"},{"title":"Masawaih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masawaih_al-Mardini"},{"title":"Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Jafar_ibn_Harun_al-Turjali"},{"title":"Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Bayan_ibn_al-Mudawwar"},{"title":"Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Majd_ibn_Abi_al-Hakam"},{"title":"Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB"},{"title":"Ahmad ibn Farrokh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Farrokh"},{"title":"Al-Samawal al-Maghribi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Samawal_al-Maghribi"},{"title":"Avempace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avempace"},{"title":"Averroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes"},{"title":"Ibn Habal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Habal"},{"title":"Ibn Jumay‘","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Jumay%CA%BF"},{"title":"Ibn Tufayl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl"},{"title":"Ibn Zuhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr"},{"title":"Ibn al-Tilmīdh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Tilmidh"},{"title":"Moshe ben Maimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"title":"Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Aslam_Al-Ghafiqi"},{"title":"Serapion the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serapion_the_Younger"},{"title":"Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Ishaq_al-Israili"},{"title":"Zayn al-Din Gorgani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayn_al-Din_Gorgani"},{"title":"Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi"},{"title":"Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maimonides"},{"title":"Al-Dakhwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dakhwar"},{"title":"Al-Shahrazuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shahrazuri"},{"title":"Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Din_Rashid_al-Din_Vatvat"},{"title":"As-Suwaydi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Suwaydi_(physician)"},{"title":"Da'ud Abu al-Fadl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%27ud_Abu_al-Fadl"},{"title":"Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussam_al-Din_al-Jarrahi"},{"title":"Ibn Abi Usaibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Usaybi%27a"},{"title":"Ibn Tumlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tumlus"},{"title":"Ibn al-Baitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar"},{"title":"Ibn al-Nafis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis"},{"title":"Ibn al-Quff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Quff"},{"title":"Ibn al‐Raqqam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al%E2%80%90Raqqam"},{"title":"Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta"},{"title":"Najib ad-Din Samarqandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najib_ad-Din_Samarqandi"},{"title":"Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi"},{"title":"Rashidun al-Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_al-Suri"},{"title":"Sa'ad al-Dawla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ad_al-Dawla"},{"title":"Zakariya al-Qazwini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini"},{"title":"Al-Nagawri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nagawri"},{"title":"Aqsara'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqsara%27i"},{"title":"Ibn Shuayb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Shuayb"},{"title":"Ibn al-Akfani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Akfani"},{"title":"Ibn al-Khatib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib"},{"title":"Jaghmini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaghmini"},{"title":"Mansur ibn Ilyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansur_ibn_Ilyas"},{"title":"Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%CA%BDud_ibn_Muhammad_Sijzi"},{"title":"Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Mahmud_Amuli"},{"title":"Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Mahmud_ibn_Ilyas_al-Shirazi"},{"title":"Nakhshabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhshabi"},{"title":"Rashid-al-Din Hamadani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani"},{"title":"Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadid_al-Din_al-Kazaruni"},{"title":"Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Ismail_al-Kutubi"},{"title":"Zayn-e-Attar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayn-e-Attar"},{"title":"Abu Sa'id al-Afif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Afif"},{"title":"Burhan-ud-din Kermani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhan-ud-din_Kermani"},{"title":"Husayni Isfahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayni_Isfahani"},{"title":"Muhammad Ali Astarabadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Astarabadi"},{"title":"Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Yusuf_al-Harawi"},{"title":"Nurbakhshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurbakhshi"},{"title":"Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Muhammad_ibn_Thaleb"},{"title":"Şerafeddin Kadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuncuo%C4%9Flu_%C5%9Eerafeddin"},{"title":"Rostam Gorgani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam_Gorgani"},{"title":"ʽImad Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BDImad_Shirazi"},{"title":"Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Qasim_ibn_Mohammed_al-Ghassani"},{"title":"Dawud al-Antaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawud_al-Antaki"},{"title":"Hakim-e-Gilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim-e-Gilani"},{"title":"Sultan Ali Khorasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ali_Khorasani"},{"title":"Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf"},{"title":"Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiwam_al-Din_Muhammad_al-Hasani"},{"title":"Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_El_Razzaq_Al-Jaza%C3%AFri"},{"title":"Qurayshi al-Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurayshi_al-Shirazi"},{"title":"Tunakabuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunakabuni"},{"title":"Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqsud-Ali_Tabrizi"},{"title":"Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khurasani_al-Shirazi"},{"title":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world"},{"title":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world"},{"title":"Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Medical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world"},{"title":"Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah"},{"title":"The Canon of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine"},{"title":"Tacuinum Sanitatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacuinum_Sanitatis"},{"title":"Anatomy Charts of the Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy_Charts_of_the_Arabs"},{"title":"The Book of Healing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing"},{"title":"Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Ten_Treatises_of_the_Eye"},{"title":"De Gradibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Gradibus"},{"title":"Al-Tasrif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tasrif"},{"title":"Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakhireye_Khwarazmshahi"},{"title":"Adab al-Tabib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adab_al-Tabib"},{"title":"Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamel_al-Sanaat_al-Tibbyya"},{"title":"Al-Hawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hawi"},{"title":"Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentary_on_Anatomy_in_Avicenna%27s_Canon"},{"title":"Lives of the Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Usaybi%27a"},{"title":"Al-'Adudi Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%27Adudi_Hospital"},{"title":"Bimarestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaristan"},{"title":"Nur al-Din Bimaristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan"},{"title":"Ancient Greek medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine"},{"title":"Ancient Iranian medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine"},{"title":"Ayurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"title":"Ibn Sina Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Academy_of_Medieval_Medicine_and_Sciences"},{"title":"Learned medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learned_medicine"},{"title":"Medical Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Renaissance"},{"title":"Medieval medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scientist.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Science-symbol-2.svg"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Abi_Sadiq&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iran-scientist-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iran-scientist-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran-scientist-stub"}]	[{"reference":"Ahmed Ragab (14 October 2015). The Medieval Islamic Hospital: Medicine, Religion, and Charity. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-107-10960-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qpuNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155","url_text":"The Medieval Islamic Hospital: Medicine, Religion, and Charity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10960-5","url_text":"978-1-107-10960-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qpuNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155","external_links_name":"The Medieval Islamic Hospital: Medicine, Religion, and Charity"},{"Link":"http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/jishim4_7_8/Vol4No7/reza.doc","external_links_name":"A Research Conducted on the Life and Works of Hakim Sayyid Esmail Jurjani"},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ebn-abi-sadeq","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Abi_Sadiq&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.