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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage,_New_Jersey | Osage, New Jersey | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 39°51′01″N 75°00′25″W / 39.85028°N 75.00694°W / 39.85028; -75.00694Populated place in Camden County, New Jersey, US
Unincorporated community in New Jersey, United StatesOsage, New JerseyUnincorporated communityOsageLocation in Camden County (Inset: Camden County in New Jersey)Show map of Camden County, New JerseyOsageOsage (New Jersey)Show map of New JerseyOsageOsage (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 39°51′01″N 75°00′25″W / 39.85028°N 75.00694°W / 39.85028; -75.00694Country United StatesState New JerseyCountyCamdenTownshipVoorheesElevation21 m (69 ft)Time zoneUTC−05:00 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)GNIS feature ID879016
Osage is an unincorporated community located within the Echelon section of Voorhees Township in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The name Osage derives from a small group of Indians of the Sioux tribe from the Midwestern United States that settled in the area.
In the area of Osage is Osage Elementary School, one of four elementary schools in the township. Osage has over 500 students. It is located directly across from the Voorhees Town Center (formerly known as the Echelon Mall).
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Osage, New Jersey
^ Locality Search, State of New Jersey. Accessed June 9, 2016.
^ "History of Voorhees". Voorhees Township website. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Camden County, New Jersey, United StatesCounty seat: CamdenCities
Camden
Gloucester
Map of New Jersey highlighting Camden CountyBoroughs
Audubon
Audubon Park
Barrington
Bellmawr
Berlin
Brooklawn
Chesilhurst
Clementon
Collingswood
Gibbsboro
Haddon Heights
Haddonfield
Hi-Nella
Laurel Springs
Lawnside
Lindenwold
Magnolia
Merchantville
Mount Ephraim
Oaklyn
Pine Hill
Runnemede
Somerdale
Stratford
Tavistock
Woodlynne
Townships
Berlin
Cherry Hill
Gloucester
Haddon
Pennsauken
Voorhees
Waterford
Winslow
CDPs
Ashland
Atco
Barclay
Blackwood
Cherry Hill Mall
Echelon
Ellisburg
Glendora
Golden Triangle
Greentree
Grenloch‡
Kingston Estates
Sicklerville
Springdale
West Berlin
Westmont
Otherunincorporatedcommunities
Ancora
Blenheim
Blue Anchor
Braddock
Cedar Brook
Chews Landing
Coffins Corner
Downs Farm
Erial
Glendale
Iron Rock
Ivystone Farms
Jackson
Kirkwood
Kresson
Lakeland
New Freedom
Osage
Pine Valley
Tansboro
Waterford Works
West Atco
Woodcrest
Woodcrest Acres
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
New Jersey portal
United States portal
This Camden County, New Jersey state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Jersey#Unincorporated_communities"},{"link_name":"Echelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echelon,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Voorhees Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorhees_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Camden County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Osage Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Elementary_School"},{"link_name":"elementary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"Voorhees Town Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorhees_Town_Center"}],"text":"Populated place in Camden County, New Jersey, USUnincorporated community in New Jersey, United StatesOsage is an unincorporated community located within the Echelon section of Voorhees Township in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.[2] The name Osage derives from a small group of Indians of the Sioux tribe from the Midwestern United States that settled in the area.[3]In the area of Osage is Osage Elementary School, one of four elementary schools in the township. Osage has over 500 students. It is located directly across from the Voorhees Town Center (formerly known as the Echelon Mall).","title":"Osage, New Jersey"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of New Jersey highlighting Camden County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Map_of_New_Jersey_highlighting_Camden_County.svg/80px-Map_of_New_Jersey_highlighting_Camden_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"History of Voorhees\". Voorhees Township website. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717231405/http://voorheesnj.com/content/history/","url_text":"\"History of Voorhees\""},{"url":"http://voorheesnj.com/content/history/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Osage,_New_Jersey¶ms=39_51_01_N_75_00_25_W_region:US-NJ_type:city","external_links_name":"39°51′01″N 75°00′25″W / 39.85028°N 75.00694°W / 39.85028; -75.00694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Osage,_New_Jersey¶ms=39_51_01_N_75_00_25_W_region:US-NJ_type:city","external_links_name":"39°51′01″N 75°00′25″W / 39.85028°N 75.00694°W / 39.85028; -75.00694"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/879016","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Osage, New Jersey"},{"Link":"http://www.state.nj.us/infobank/localnames.txt","external_links_name":"Locality Search"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717231405/http://voorheesnj.com/content/history/","external_links_name":"\"History of Voorhees\""},{"Link":"http://voorheesnj.com/content/history/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osage,_New_Jersey&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery_(Jamestown,_New_York) | Lake View Cemetery (Jamestown, New York) | ["1 History","2 Notable burials","3 References"] | Coordinates: 42°06′35″N 79°14′17″W / 42.1096451°N 79.2381382°W / 42.1096451; -79.2381382Lake View CemeteryDetailsEstablished1859Location907 Lakeview Ave.,Jamestown, New YorkCountryUnited StatesOwned byLake View Cemetery AssociationNo. of graves43,000+Websitelakeviewcemeteryny.comFind a GraveLake View Cemetery
Lake View Cemetery is a cemetery in the city of Jamestown, in Chautauqua County, New York.
History
The cemetery was established in 1859 after two prior cemeteries had been established in Jamestown, New York. THe cemetery is located on 37.5 acres and contains more than 43,000 burials.
The Fenton History Center hosts the annual Saints and Sinners Cemetery Tours in the cemetery.
Notable burials
Edith Ainge (1873–1948), American suffragist
Lucille Ball (1911–1989), American comedian and actress
Samuel A. Brown (1795–1863), American attorney and New York State Assemblyman (1827, 1845)
Henri Le Fevre Brown (1845–1910), Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
Samuel A. Carlson (1868–1961), 7th & 9th Mayor of Jamestown, New York
Reuben Fenton (1819–1885), 22nd Governor of New York (1865–1868) and U.S. Senator from New York (1869–1875)
Elial T. Foote (1796–1877), New York State Assemblyman and Chautauqua County Judge
Charles Goodell (1926–1987), U.S. Congressman (1959–1968) and U.S. Senator from New York (1968–1971)
Benjamin Goodrich (1841–1888), American industrialist and founder of the B.F. Goodrich Company
Chapin Hall (1816–1879), U.S. Congressman (1859–1861)
Abner Hazeltine (1793–1879), U.S. Congressman (1833–1837)
Richard P. Marvin (1803–1892), U.S. Congressman (1837–1941)
James Prendergast (1764–1846), founder of Jamestown, New York
Edgar Pierpont Putnam (1844–1921), Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
Porter Sheldon (1831–1908), U.S. Congressman (1869–1871)
James Marvin Young (1843–1913), Civil War Soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
References
^ "Homepage". Lake View Cemetery.
^ "Lake View Cemetery Records". New York Heritage.
^ Frudd, Timothy (August 30, 2022). "Lake View Cemetery Tours Help Bring History To Life". The Post-Journal. Jamestown.
^ "New Historical Marker Honors Local and National Suffrage Leader". WRFA. September 8, 2020.
^ Articola, Christy (August 26, 2022). "The Charming Small Town In New York That Was Home To Lucille Ball Once Upon A Time". Only In Your State.
^ Edgar Pierpoint Putnam – Congressional Medal of Honor Society
42°06′35″N 79°14′17″W / 42.1096451°N 79.2381382°W / 42.1096451; -79.2381382 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Chautauqua County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_New_York"}],"text":"Lake View Cemetery is a cemetery in the city of Jamestown, in Chautauqua County, New York.","title":"Lake View Cemetery (Jamestown, New York)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fenton History Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gov._Reuben_Fenton_Mansion"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The cemetery was established in 1859 after two prior cemeteries had been established in Jamestown, New York.[1] THe cemetery is located on 37.5 acres and contains more than 43,000 burials.[2]The Fenton History Center hosts the annual Saints and Sinners Cemetery Tours in the cemetery.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edith Ainge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Ainge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lucille Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Ball"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Samuel A. 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Goodrich Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.F._Goodrich_Company"},{"link_name":"Chapin Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapin_Hall"},{"link_name":"Abner Hazeltine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Hazeltine"},{"link_name":"Richard P. Marvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_P._Marvin"},{"link_name":"James Prendergast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prendergast_(pioneer)"},{"link_name":"Jamestown, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Edgar Pierpont Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_P._Putnam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Porter Sheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Sheldon"},{"link_name":"James Marvin Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marvin_Young"}],"text":"Edith Ainge (1873–1948), American suffragist[4]\nLucille Ball (1911–1989), American comedian and actress[5]\nSamuel A. Brown (1795–1863), American attorney and New York State Assemblyman (1827, 1845)\nHenri Le Fevre Brown (1845–1910), Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient\nSamuel A. Carlson (1868–1961), 7th & 9th Mayor of Jamestown, New York\nReuben Fenton (1819–1885), 22nd Governor of New York (1865–1868) and U.S. Senator from New York (1869–1875)\nElial T. Foote (1796–1877), New York State Assemblyman and Chautauqua County Judge\nCharles Goodell (1926–1987), U.S. Congressman (1959–1968) and U.S. Senator from New York (1968–1971)\nBenjamin Goodrich (1841–1888), American industrialist and founder of the B.F. Goodrich Company\nChapin Hall (1816–1879), U.S. Congressman (1859–1861)\nAbner Hazeltine (1793–1879), U.S. Congressman (1833–1837)\nRichard P. Marvin (1803–1892), U.S. Congressman (1837–1941)\nJames Prendergast (1764–1846), founder of Jamestown, New York\nEdgar Pierpont Putnam (1844–1921), Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient[6]\nPorter Sheldon (1831–1908), U.S. Congressman (1869–1871)\nJames Marvin Young (1843–1913), Civil War Soldier and Medal of Honor recipient","title":"Notable burials"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Homepage\". Lake View Cemetery.","urls":[{"url":"https://lakeviewcemeteryny.com/","url_text":"\"Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lake View Cemetery Records\". New York Heritage.","urls":[{"url":"https://nyheritage.org/collections/lake-view-cemetery-records#:~:text=Lake%20View%20Cemetery%2C%20Jamestown%2C%20NY,burial%20sites%20in%20the%20cemetery","url_text":"\"Lake View Cemetery Records\""}]},{"reference":"Frudd, Timothy (August 30, 2022). \"Lake View Cemetery Tours Help Bring History To Life\". The Post-Journal. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Forks,_Greenville_County,_South_Carolina | Five Forks, South Carolina | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","3.1 2010","3.2 2020","4 Education","5 Government","6 Fire and safety","7 References"] | Coordinates: 34°48′21″N 82°13′49″W / 34.80583°N 82.23028°W / 34.80583; -82.23028
Census-designated place in South Carolina, United StatesFive Forks, South CarolinaCensus-designated placeFive Forks, South CarolinaLocation of Five Forks, South CarolinaCoordinates: 34°48′21″N 82°13′49″W / 34.80583°N 82.23028°W / 34.80583; -82.23028CountryUnited StatesStateSouth CarolinaCountyGreenvilleArea • Total7.61 sq mi (19.72 km2) • Land7.57 sq mi (19.61 km2) • Water0.04 sq mi (0.11 km2)Elevation876 ft (267 m)Population (2020) • Total17,737 • Density2,342.76/sq mi (904.58/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP codes29681 (Simpsonville), 29651 (Greer)Area code864FIPS code45-25540GNIS feature ID1222418
Five Forks is a census-designated place (CDP) in Greenville County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 17,737 at the 2020 census, up from 14,140 in 2010, and 8,064 in 2000. It is a growing, affluent suburb of Greenville and is part of the Greenville–Mauldin–Easley Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Five Forks is located in eastern Greenville County at 34°48′21″N 82°13′49″W / 34.80583°N 82.23028°W / 34.80583; -82.23028 (34.805912, -82.230346). It is 11 miles (18 km) east of Downtown Greenville.
The area is bounded by SC 14 to the west, Roper Mountain and Anderson Ridge roads to the north, Jonesville Road to the east, and Gilder Creek (a tributary of the Enoree River) to the south. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.6 square miles (19.7 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 0.59%, is water.
History
Woodruff Road in 2021 between Batesville and Five Forks Roads
The Five Forks area is named for a conflux of five roads, which the Greenville edition of The Post and Courier identifies as Woodruff (the main east–west artery), Batesville, Scuffletown, Bennetts Bridge, and one now called Five Forks Road. The area was still very rural into the early 1990s before rapid growth made it a destination for shopping, restaurants, and entertainment. A 1983 USGS map of the region shows an asterisk- or star-shaped intersection of roads – Woodruff passing through, with Adams Mill, Five Forks, and Scuffletown – before a Woodruff bypass and other realignment changed it.
In 2019, Niche.com ranked Five Forks as the best place to live, and second best place to raise a family, out of 190 best places in South Carolina.
In April 2019, an EF1 tornado was confirmed to have touched down, beginning in Simpsonville and ending its path in Five Forks.
In March 2021, an area plan for Five Forks was posted by Greenville County for comment. The plan had been developed since 2018 by a committee of Five Forks residents to address heavy traffic, loss of trees, and inconsistent growth, and covers commercial design, environmental protection, and goals for residential control. All three county council members who represent parts of Five Forks support the plan, and no one spoke against it at a public hearing in May 2021. The county's addition of overlay districts, as suggested by the plan, would legally govern future development in Five Forks. A motion for the council to adopt the plan as an amendment to the county's comprehensive plan was unanimously carried in August 2021.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
20008,064—201014,14075.3%202017,73725.4%U.S. Decennial Census
2010
As of the census of 2010, there were 14,140 people and 4,630 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,860.5 inhabitants per square mile (718.3/km2). There were 4,805 housing units at an average density of 632.2 per square mile (244.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.5% White, 5.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 4.4% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.0% some other race, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.2% of the population.
There were 4,630 households, out of which 53.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.3% were headed by married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.1% were non-families. 11.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05, and the average family size was 3.31.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 33.3% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.
For the period 2011–15, the estimated median annual income for a household in the CDP was $115,050, and $120,139 for families. Male full-time workers had a median income of $86,543 versus $53,879 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $43,114. About 1.3% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.3% of those under age 18 and 1.9% of those age 65 or over.
2020
Five Forks racial composition
Race
No.
Pct.
White (non-Hispanic)
13,555
76.42%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)
1,029
5.8%
Native American
34
0.19%
Asian
1,122
6.33%
Pacific Islander
6
0.03%
Other/Mixed
800
4.51%
Hispanic or Latino
1,191
6.71%
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 17,737 people, 5,627 households, and 5,029 families residing in the CDP. 27.2% of residents were under the age of 18.
As of 2021, average household income in Five Forks was twice the average for the rest of Greenville County.
Education
Public education in Five Forks is administered by the Greenville County School District. The district operates Monarch Elementary School in Five Forks. Southside Christian School is a large private school within the CDP, and Primrose Schools has a local campus.
Five Forks has a public library, a branch of the Greenville County Library System.
Government
Five Forks is governed by Greenville County, whose 12-member council includes three who represent portions of the CDP: Butch Kirven, Dan Tripp, and Chris Harrison. All three are members of the Republican Party.
Districts 21 and 35 of the South Carolina House of Representatives cover portions of Five Forks, as do state senate districts 8, 12, and 13. The CDP is within South Carolina's 4th congressional district, represented by William Timmons since 2019.
Fire and safety
Five Forks is served by Clear Spring Fire and Rescue, as well as the Pelham Batesville Fire Department station 3. It has no police force of its own and is served by the Greenville County Sheriff's Office.
References
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Five Forks, South Carolina
^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Five Forks CDP, South Carolina". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ Mitchell, Anna B. (March 14, 2018). "Suburbia unites: Greenville County's Five Forks residents demand better planning". The Greenville News. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
^ "Areas Used for Placer Appraisal between the Savannah and Catawba Rivers" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved June 4, 2021. 17 Gilder Creek and other tributaries to the Enoree River
^ a b Mitchell, Anna B. (March 12, 2021). "A traffic-choked Greenville suburb wants to stop sprawl but keep growing. It won't be easy". The Post and Courier Greenville. South Carolina. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
^ "SC_Pelham_261431_1983_24000_geo" (JPEG). United States Geological Survey. 1983. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
^ Collier, Kimberly (October 26, 2019). "Places: Five Forks: one of the most popular 8 square miles in Greenville County". Greenville Journal. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
^ "Tornado confirmed in Simpsonville, NWS says". WYFF. April 15, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
^ a b c Cary, Nathaniel (May 17, 2021). "Five Forks Area Plan, seeking to manage rapid growth, begins county approval process". Post and Courier Greenville. South Carolina. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
^ "Regular Council Meeting Minutes" (PDF). Greenville County Council. August 17, 2021. p. 4. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ a b c "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (DP-1): Five Forks CDP, South Carolina". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Five Forks CDP, South Carolina". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
^ "Five Forks, South Carolina, Table Results". United States Census Bureau. 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
^ "Homepage". Greenville County Schools. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
^ "Primrose School of Simpsonville at Five Forks". Greenville Journal. April 5, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
^ "Five Forks Branch". Greenville County Library System. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
^ Cary, Nathaniel (October 7, 2020). "Greenville County Council candidate accuses council of mishandling coronavirus pandemic". The Post and Courier. Greenville. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
^ "Dan Tripp, District 28". Greenville County, South Carolina. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
^ "House District 21" (PDF). South Carolina House of Representatives. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ "House District 35" (PDF). South Carolina House of Representatives. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ "South Carolina Senate Districts". South Carolina Senate Judiciary Committee. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
^ "Clear Spring Fire & Rescue". South Carolina Volunteer Firefighters. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
^ "About". Pelham Batesvilled Fire Department. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Greenville County, South Carolina, United StatesCounty seat: GreenvilleCities
Fountain Inn‡
Greenville
Greer‡
Mauldin
Simpsonville
Travelers Rest
Map of South Carolina highlighting Greenville CountyCDPs
Berea
Caesars Head
City View
Conestee
Dunean
Five Forks
Gantt
Golden Grove
Judson
Parker
Piedmont‡
Sans Souci
Slater-Marietta
Taylors
The Cliffs Valley
Tigerville
Wade Hampton
Ware Place
Welcome
Othercommunities
Batesville
Cleveland
Gowensville
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
South Carolina portal
United States portal
vteGreenville, South CarolinaAttractions
Greenville County Museum of Art
Greenville Zoo
Roper Mountain Science Center
Greenville Symphony Orchestra
Peace Center
BJU Museum and Gallery
Furman University Asian Garden
Bon Secours Wellness Arena
Upcountry History Museum
Education
Bob Jones University
Furman University
Greenville Technical College
Greenville County School District
North Greenville University
MediaTelevision
WYFF
WHNS
WGGS-TV
Print
The Greenville News
Radio
List of Greenville radio stations
WRTH-LP
WPJF
WYRD-FM
WYRD (AM)
WKVG
WEPR
WNGR-LP
WLFJ-FM
Landmarks
Liberty Bridge
Falls Park
Swamp Rabbit Trail
Cleveland Park
County Courthouse
Hampton-Pinckney Historic District
McPherson Park
Isaqueena
Paris Mountain State Park
McDaniel Park
Springwood Cemetery
Lake Conestee Nature Park
Shopping
Magnolia Park Town Center
Haywood Mall
Stradley and Barr Dry Goods Store
West End Commercial Historic District
Airports
Greenville Spartanburg International Airport
Donaldson Air Force Base
Downtown Airport
Donaldson Center Airport
Greenville County
Upstate
South Carolina
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Greenville County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"},{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Mauldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauldin,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Easley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easley,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville-Mauldin-Easley_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"Census-designated place in South Carolina, United StatesFive Forks is a census-designated place (CDP) in Greenville County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 17,737 at the 2020 census, up from 14,140 in 2010,[5] and 8,064 in 2000. It is a growing, affluent suburb of Greenville and is part of the Greenville–Mauldin–Easley Metropolitan Statistical Area.","title":"Five Forks, South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°48′21″N 82°13′49″W / 34.80583°N 82.23028°W / 34.80583; -82.23028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Five_Forks,_South_Carolina¶ms=34_48_21_N_82_13_49_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"Downtown Greenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"SC 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Enoree River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoree_River"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"Five Forks is located in eastern Greenville County at 34°48′21″N 82°13′49″W / 34.80583°N 82.23028°W / 34.80583; -82.23028 (34.805912, -82.230346).[6] It is 11 miles (18 km) east of Downtown Greenville.The area is bounded by SC 14 to the west, Roper Mountain and Anderson Ridge roads to the north, Jonesville Road to the east,[7] and Gilder Creek (a tributary of the Enoree River[8]) to the south. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.6 square miles (19.7 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 0.59%, is water.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Five_Forks,_South_Carolina.webp"},{"link_name":"The Post and Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier"},{"link_name":"Woodruff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_146"},{"link_name":"Bennetts Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_296"},{"link_name":"Five Forks Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_296"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pandc-9"},{"link_name":"USGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USGS"},{"link_name":"asterisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterisk"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Niche.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_(company)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"April 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_13%E2%80%9315,_2019"},{"link_name":"EF1 tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF1_tornado"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pandc-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcnc-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Woodruff Road in 2021 between Batesville and Five Forks RoadsThe Five Forks area is named for a conflux of five roads, which the Greenville edition of The Post and Courier identifies as Woodruff (the main east–west artery), Batesville, Scuffletown, Bennetts Bridge, and one now called Five Forks Road.[9] The area was still very rural into the early 1990s before rapid growth made it a destination for shopping, restaurants, and entertainment. A 1983 USGS map of the region shows an asterisk- or star-shaped intersection of roads – Woodruff passing through, with Adams Mill, Five Forks, and Scuffletown – before a Woodruff bypass and other realignment changed it.[10]In 2019, Niche.com ranked Five Forks as the best place to live, and second best place to raise a family, out of 190 best places in South Carolina.[11]In April 2019, an EF1 tornado was confirmed to have touched down, beginning in Simpsonville and ending its path in Five Forks.[12]In March 2021, an area plan for Five Forks was posted by Greenville County for comment. The plan had been developed since 2018 by a committee of Five Forks residents to address heavy traffic, loss of trees, and inconsistent growth, and covers commercial design, environmental protection, and goals for residential control.[9] All three county council members who represent parts of Five Forks support the plan, and no one spoke against it at a public hearing in May 2021. The county's addition of overlay districts, as suggested by the plan, would legally govern future development in Five Forks.[13] A motion for the council to adopt the plan as an amendment to the county's comprehensive plan was unanimously carried in August 2021.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"some other race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-1-16"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-1-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010_DP-1-16"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"As of the census[4] of 2010, there were 14,140 people and 4,630 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,860.5 inhabitants per square mile (718.3/km2). There were 4,805 housing units at an average density of 632.2 per square mile (244.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.5% White, 5.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 4.4% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.0% some other race, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.2% of the population.[16]There were 4,630 households, out of which 53.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.3% were headed by married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.1% were non-families. 11.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05, and the average family size was 3.31.[16]In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 33.3% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.[16]For the period 2011–15, the estimated median annual income for a household in the CDP was $115,050, and $120,139 for families. Male full-time workers had a median income of $86,543 versus $53,879 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $43,114. About 1.3% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.3% of those under age 18 and 1.9% of those age 65 or over.[17]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb2020-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcnc-13"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 17,737 people, 5,627 households, and 5,029 families residing in the CDP. 27.2% of residents were under the age of 18.[19]As of 2021, average household income in Five Forks was twice the average for the rest of Greenville County.[13]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenville County School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_County_School_District"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Southside Christian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southside_Christian_School"},{"link_name":"Primrose Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primrose_Schools"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"public library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Public education in Five Forks is administered by the Greenville County School District.[20] The district operates Monarch Elementary School in Five Forks. Southside Christian School is a large private school within the CDP, and Primrose Schools has a local campus.[21]Five Forks has a public library, a branch of the Greenville County Library System.[22]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greenville County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcnc-13"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"South Carolina House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"state senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"South Carolina's 4th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"William Timmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Timmons_(politician)"}],"text":"Five Forks is governed by Greenville County, whose 12-member council includes three who represent portions of the CDP: Butch Kirven,[23] Dan Tripp,[24] and Chris Harrison.[13] All three are members of the Republican Party.Districts 21 and 35 of the South Carolina House of Representatives cover portions of Five Forks,[25][26] as do state senate districts 8, 12, and 13.[27] The CDP is within South Carolina's 4th congressional district, represented by William Timmons since 2019.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Greenville County Sheriff's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_County_Sheriff%27s_Office"}],"text":"Five Forks is served by Clear Spring Fire and Rescue,[28] as well as the Pelham Batesville Fire Department station 3.[29] It has no police force of its own and is served by the Greenville County Sheriff's Office.","title":"Fire and safety"}] | [{"image_text":"Woodruff Road in 2021 between Batesville and Five Forks Roads","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Five_Forks%2C_South_Carolina.webp/220px-Five_Forks%2C_South_Carolina.webp.png"},{"image_text":"Map of South Carolina highlighting Greenville County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Greenville_County.svg/180px-Map_of_South_Carolina_highlighting_Greenville_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2745%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:45&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Five Forks CDP, South Carolina\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4525540","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Five Forks CDP, South Carolina\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Anna B. (March 14, 2018). \"Suburbia unites: Greenville County's Five Forks residents demand better planning\". The Greenville News. Retrieved June 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/2018/03/14/surburbia-unites-greenville-countys-five-forks-residents-demand-better-planning/417456002/","url_text":"\"Suburbia unites: Greenville County's Five Forks residents demand better planning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Areas Used for Placer Appraisal between the Savannah and Catawba Rivers\" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved June 4, 2021. 17 Gilder Creek and other tributaries to the Enoree River","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0035/plate-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Areas Used for Placer Appraisal between the Savannah and Catawba Rivers\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Anna B. (March 12, 2021). \"A traffic-choked Greenville suburb wants to stop sprawl but keep growing. It won't be easy\". The Post and Courier Greenville. South Carolina. Retrieved May 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/greenville/business/a-traffic-choked-greenville-suburb-wants-to-stop-sprawl-but-keep-growing-it-wont-be/article_7a243fea-8042-11eb-b9c5-27060dda350f.html","url_text":"\"A traffic-choked Greenville suburb wants to stop sprawl but keep growing. It won't be easy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier","url_text":"The Post and Courier"}]},{"reference":"\"SC_Pelham_261431_1983_24000_geo\" (JPEG). United States Geological Survey. 1983. Retrieved October 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/img4/ht_icons/overlay/SC/SC_Pelham_261431_1983_24000_geo.jpg","url_text":"\"SC_Pelham_261431_1983_24000_geo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG","url_text":"JPEG"}]},{"reference":"Collier, Kimberly (October 26, 2019). \"Places: Five Forks: one of the most popular 8 square miles in Greenville County\". Greenville Journal. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://greenvillejournal.com/homes/places-five-forks-one-of-the-most-popular-8-square-miles-in-greenville-county/","url_text":"\"Places: Five Forks: one of the most popular 8 square miles in Greenville County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tornado confirmed in Simpsonville, NWS says\". WYFF. April 15, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wyff4.com/article/severe-storms-possible-tornadoes-forecast-sunday/27129491","url_text":"\"Tornado confirmed in Simpsonville, NWS says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYFF","url_text":"WYFF"}]},{"reference":"Cary, Nathaniel (May 17, 2021). \"Five Forks Area Plan, seeking to manage rapid growth, begins county approval process\". Post and Courier Greenville. South Carolina. Retrieved June 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/greenville/business/five-forks-area-plan-seeking-to-manage-rapid-growth-begins-county-approval-process/article_261dcf46-b77a-11eb-b61c-5fea0a8c6164.html","url_text":"\"Five Forks Area Plan, seeking to manage rapid growth, begins county approval process\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regular Council Meeting Minutes\" (PDF). Greenville County Council. August 17, 2021. p. 4. Retrieved October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenvillecounty.org/council/_agenda/meetings%20of%202021/county%20council/2021.09.07/August%2017%20%20CC%20minutes.pdf#page=4","url_text":"\"Regular Council Meeting Minutes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (DP-1): Five Forks CDP, South Carolina\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213134636/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/1600000US4525540","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (DP-1): Five Forks CDP, South Carolina\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/1600000US4525540","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Five Forks CDP, South Carolina\". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213094236/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP03/1600000US4525540","url_text":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Five Forks CDP, South Carolina\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP03/1600000US4525540","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4525540&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five Forks, South Carolina, Table Results\". United States Census Bureau. 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Five%20Forks,%20South%20Carolina%202020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","url_text":"\"Five Forks, South Carolina, Table Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homepage\". Greenville County Schools. Retrieved June 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenville.k12.sc.us/","url_text":"\"Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Primrose School of Simpsonville at Five Forks\". Greenville Journal. April 5, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://greenvillejournal.com/community/primrose-school-of-simpsonville-at-five-forks/","url_text":"\"Primrose School of Simpsonville at Five Forks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five Forks Branch\". Greenville County Library System. Retrieved May 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenvillelibrary.org/locations/five-forks","url_text":"\"Five Forks Branch\""}]},{"reference":"Cary, Nathaniel (October 7, 2020). \"Greenville County Council candidate accuses council of mishandling coronavirus pandemic\". The Post and Courier. Greenville. Retrieved October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.postandcourier.com/greenville/business/greenville-county-council-candidate-accuses-council-of-mishandling-coronavirus-pandemic/article_e44657b6-0903-11eb-a78b-97397cad5155.html","url_text":"\"Greenville County Council candidate accuses council of mishandling coronavirus pandemic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier","url_text":"The Post and Courier"}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Tripp, District 28\". Greenville County, South Carolina. Retrieved October 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenvillecounty.org/Council/CouncilMember.aspx?m=DanTripp","url_text":"\"Dan Tripp, District 28\""}]},{"reference":"\"House District 21\" (PDF). South Carolina House of Representatives. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://redistricting.schouse.gov/docs/State%20House%20Data/SH-021/HD-021.pdf","url_text":"\"House District 21\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives","url_text":"South Carolina House of Representatives"}]},{"reference":"\"House District 35\" (PDF). South Carolina House of Representatives. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://redistricting.schouse.gov/docs/State%20House%20Data/SH-035/HD-035.pdf","url_text":"\"House District 35\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_House_of_Representatives","url_text":"South Carolina House of Representatives"}]},{"reference":"\"South Carolina Senate Districts\". South Carolina Senate Judiciary Committee. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://scsenate.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=145aec0a1b0049009a9170d93b785aec","url_text":"\"South Carolina Senate Districts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate","url_text":"South Carolina Senate"}]},{"reference":"\"Clear Spring Fire & Rescue\". South Carolina Volunteer Firefighters. Retrieved July 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scvolunteerfire.org/department/clear-spring-fire-rescue/","url_text":"\"Clear Spring Fire & Rescue\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Pelham Batesvilled Fire Department. Retrieved June 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbfd.com/about","url_text":"\"About\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Five_Forks,_South_Carolina¶ms=34_48_21_N_82_13_49_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"34°48′21″N 82°13′49″W / 34.80583°N 82.23028°W / 34.80583; -82.23028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Five_Forks,_South_Carolina¶ms=34_48_21_N_82_13_49_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"34°48′21″N 82°13′49″W / 34.80583°N 82.23028°W / 34.80583; -82.23028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Five_Forks,_South_Carolina¶ms=34_48_21_N_82_13_49_W_type:city","external_links_name":"34°48′21″N 82°13′49″W / 34.80583°N 82.23028°W / 34.80583; -82.23028"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2745%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1222418","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Five Forks, South Carolina"},{"Link":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:45&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","external_links_name":"\"Census Population API\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4525540","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Five Forks CDP, South Carolina\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/2018/03/14/surburbia-unites-greenville-countys-five-forks-residents-demand-better-planning/417456002/","external_links_name":"\"Suburbia unites: Greenville County's Five Forks residents demand better planning\""},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0035/plate-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Areas Used for Placer Appraisal between the Savannah and Catawba Rivers\""},{"Link":"https://www.postandcourier.com/greenville/business/a-traffic-choked-greenville-suburb-wants-to-stop-sprawl-but-keep-growing-it-wont-be/article_7a243fea-8042-11eb-b9c5-27060dda350f.html","external_links_name":"\"A traffic-choked Greenville suburb wants to stop sprawl but keep growing. It won't be easy\""},{"Link":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/img4/ht_icons/overlay/SC/SC_Pelham_261431_1983_24000_geo.jpg","external_links_name":"\"SC_Pelham_261431_1983_24000_geo\""},{"Link":"https://greenvillejournal.com/homes/places-five-forks-one-of-the-most-popular-8-square-miles-in-greenville-county/","external_links_name":"\"Places: Five Forks: one of the most popular 8 square miles in Greenville County\""},{"Link":"https://www.wyff4.com/article/severe-storms-possible-tornadoes-forecast-sunday/27129491","external_links_name":"\"Tornado confirmed in Simpsonville, NWS says\""},{"Link":"https://www.postandcourier.com/greenville/business/five-forks-area-plan-seeking-to-manage-rapid-growth-begins-county-approval-process/article_261dcf46-b77a-11eb-b61c-5fea0a8c6164.html","external_links_name":"\"Five Forks Area Plan, seeking to manage rapid growth, begins county approval process\""},{"Link":"https://www.greenvillecounty.org/council/_agenda/meetings%20of%202021/county%20council/2021.09.07/August%2017%20%20CC%20minutes.pdf#page=4","external_links_name":"\"Regular Council Meeting Minutes\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200213134636/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/1600000US4525540","external_links_name":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (DP-1): Five Forks CDP, South Carolina\""},{"Link":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/SF1DP1/1600000US4525540","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200213094236/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP03/1600000US4525540","external_links_name":"\"Selected Economic Characteristics: 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (DP03): Five Forks CDP, South Carolina\""},{"Link":"https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/DP03/1600000US4525540","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4525540&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Five%20Forks,%20South%20Carolina%202020&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","external_links_name":"\"Five Forks, South Carolina, Table Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.greenville.k12.sc.us/","external_links_name":"\"Homepage\""},{"Link":"https://greenvillejournal.com/community/primrose-school-of-simpsonville-at-five-forks/","external_links_name":"\"Primrose School of Simpsonville at Five Forks\""},{"Link":"https://www.greenvillelibrary.org/locations/five-forks","external_links_name":"\"Five Forks Branch\""},{"Link":"https://www.postandcourier.com/greenville/business/greenville-county-council-candidate-accuses-council-of-mishandling-coronavirus-pandemic/article_e44657b6-0903-11eb-a78b-97397cad5155.html","external_links_name":"\"Greenville County Council candidate accuses council of mishandling coronavirus pandemic\""},{"Link":"https://www.greenvillecounty.org/Council/CouncilMember.aspx?m=DanTripp","external_links_name":"\"Dan Tripp, District 28\""},{"Link":"https://redistricting.schouse.gov/docs/State%20House%20Data/SH-021/HD-021.pdf","external_links_name":"\"House District 21\""},{"Link":"https://redistricting.schouse.gov/docs/State%20House%20Data/SH-035/HD-035.pdf","external_links_name":"\"House District 35\""},{"Link":"https://scsenate.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=145aec0a1b0049009a9170d93b785aec","external_links_name":"\"South Carolina Senate Districts\""},{"Link":"https://www.scvolunteerfire.org/department/clear-spring-fire-rescue/","external_links_name":"\"Clear Spring Fire & Rescue\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbfd.com/about","external_links_name":"\"About\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha,_daughter_of_Lothair_II | Bertha, daughter of Lothair II | ["1 Life","2 Issue","3 References","4 Bibliography"] | Bertha (born between 863 and 868 – March 925 in Lucca) was countess of Arles by marriage to Theobald of Arles, and margravine of Tuscany by marriage to Adalbert II of Tuscany. She served as regent of Lucca and Tuscany from 915 until 916 during the minority of her son Guy of Tuscany. She was described as beautiful, spirited and courageous, while her influence over her spouse was, coupled with ambition, attributed to have involved her husbands in many wars.
She was the second daughter of Lothair II, King of Lotharingia, by his concubine,
Waldrada.
Life
Between 879 and 880, Bertha married her first husband, Theobald of Arles. A Bosonid, his father was Hucbert. Hucbert's brother-in-law was Lothair II.
Bertha is also known for her curious correspondence to Caliph al-Muktafi in 906, in which she described herself rather grandly as "Queen of the Franks." Bertha's letter is of interest in that she appears to have little knowledge of Baghdad politics or culture, and it is for this reason that details of her correspondence were recorded by one of the Muslim chroniclers. Bertha was seeking a marriage alliance between herself and the Emir of Sicily, unaware that al-Mukfati had little influence over the Aghlabid colony in Sicily. Moreover, the letter was written in a language unfamiliar to the Caliph's translators, and the accompanying gifts (among them a multicoloured woollen coat) which no doubt indicated largesse on Bertha's part, were unlikely to have impressed al-Muktafi beyond their novelty value.
After the death of Adalbert II in 915, her son Guy became count and duke of Lucca and margrave of Tuscany. Bertha, as his mother, was his regent. She stepped down from regency in 916.
Bertha died on 8 March 925 in Lucca.
Issue
Bertha and Theobald of Arles had four children:
Hugh (882 – 10 April 947);
Boso (885–936)
Theutberga of Arles (890–948), married Warner, viscount of Sens
An unknown daughter (d. after 924)
Bertha and Adalbert II of Tuscany had three children:
Guy (d. 3 February 929);
Lambert (d. after 938);
Ermengarde (d. 932).
References
^ C. W. Previté Orton. "Italy and Provence, 900-950."
^ Muslims of Medieval Italy, Google Books
^ Previté Orton, 347.
^ Poole 1912, p. 306.
^ Townsend, Geo (1847) Ecclesiastical and Civil History Philosophically Considered, Vol. II, p. 157
Bibliography
Metcalfe, A. (2009) Muslims of Medieval Italy (Edinburgh University Press). ISBN 9780748620074.
Poole, Reginald L. (1912). "Burgundian Notes". The English Historical Review. 27 (106 April).
Previté Orton, C. W. "Italy and Provence, 900-950." The English Historical Review Vol. 32, No. 127 (July, 1917) (pp. 335–347)
König, Daniel G. (2023). 906: Bertha of Tuscany’s Correspondence with al-Muktafī bi-llāh in the Version of Ibn al-Zubayr. Transmediterranean History, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.18148/tmh/2023.5.1.66. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lothair II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_II_of_Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"King of Lotharingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"Waldrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldrada_of_Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orton-1"}],"text":"She was the second daughter of Lothair II, King of Lotharingia, by his concubine,\nWaldrada.[1]","title":"Bertha, daughter of Lothair II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theobald of Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_of_Arles"},{"link_name":"Bosonid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonid"},{"link_name":"Hucbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hucbert"},{"link_name":"Caliph al-Muktafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muktafi"},{"link_name":"Aghlabid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke"},{"link_name":"Lucca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucca"},{"link_name":"margrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrave"},{"link_name":"of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrave_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"}],"text":"Between 879 and 880, Bertha married her first husband, Theobald of Arles. A Bosonid, his father was Hucbert. Hucbert's brother-in-law was Lothair II.Bertha is also known for her curious correspondence to Caliph al-Muktafi in 906, in which she described herself rather grandly as \"Queen of the Franks.\" Bertha's letter is of interest in that she appears to have little knowledge of Baghdad politics or culture, and it is for this reason that details of her correspondence were recorded by one of the Muslim chroniclers. Bertha was seeking a marriage alliance between herself and the Emir of Sicily, unaware that al-Mukfati had little influence over the Aghlabid colony in Sicily. Moreover, the letter was written in a language unfamiliar to the Caliph's translators, and the accompanying gifts (among them a multicoloured woollen coat) which no doubt indicated largesse on Bertha's part, were unlikely to have impressed al-Muktafi beyond their novelty value.[2]After the death of Adalbert II in 915, her son Guy became count and duke of Lucca and margrave of Tuscany. Bertha, as his mother, was his regent. She stepped down from regency in 916.Bertha died on 8 March 925 in Lucca.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theobald of Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_of_Arles"},{"link_name":"Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Boso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boso_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole1912306-4"},{"link_name":"Adalbert II of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalbert_II_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Ermengarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Tuscany"}],"text":"Bertha and Theobald of Arles had four children:Hugh (882 – 10 April 947);[3]\nBoso (885–936)\nTheutberga of Arles (890–948), married Warner, viscount of Sens[4]\nAn unknown daughter (d. after 924)Bertha and Adalbert II of Tuscany had three children:Guy (d. 3 February 929);[5]\nLambert (d. after 938);\nErmengarde (d. 932).","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780748620074","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748620074"},{"link_name":"Previté Orton, C. W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Previt%C3%A9-Orton"},{"link_name":"https://doi.org/10.18148/tmh/2023.5.1.66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.18148/tmh/2023.5.1.66"}],"text":"Metcalfe, A. (2009) Muslims of Medieval Italy (Edinburgh University Press). ISBN 9780748620074.\nPoole, Reginald L. (1912). \"Burgundian Notes\". The English Historical Review. 27 (106 April).\nPrevité Orton, C. W. \"Italy and Provence, 900-950.\" The English Historical Review Vol. 32, No. 127 (July, 1917) (pp. 335–347)\nKönig, Daniel G. (2023). 906: Bertha of Tuscany’s Correspondence with al-Muktafī bi-llāh in the Version of Ibn al-Zubayr. Transmediterranean History, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.18148/tmh/2023.5.1.66.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Poole, Reginald L. (1912). \"Burgundian Notes\". The English Historical Review. 27 (106 April).","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/551042","external_links_name":"C. W. Previté Orton. \"Italy and Provence, 900-950.\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VRXTzPOly-oC&q=muslims+of+medieval+italy+alex+metcalfe","external_links_name":"Muslims of Medieval Italy, Google Books"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18148/tmh/2023.5.1.66","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.18148/tmh/2023.5.1.66"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Smet,_Idaho | De Smet, Idaho | ["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Climate","4 Education","5 See also","6 References"] | Coordinates: 47°08′46″N 116°54′57″W / 47.14611°N 116.91583°W / 47.14611; -116.91583
Census-designated place in Idaho, United StatesDe Smet, IdahoCensus-designated placeLocation of De Smet in Benewah County, Idaho.De Smet, IdahoCoordinates: 47°08′46″N 116°54′57″W / 47.14611°N 116.91583°W / 47.14611; -116.91583CountryUnited StatesStateIdahoCountyBenewahArea • Total0.957 sq mi (2.48 km2) • Land0.957 sq mi (2.48 km2) • Water0 sq mi (0 km2)Elevation2,598 ft (792 m)Population (2020) • Total145 • Density145.0/sq mi (55.98/km2)Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP code83824Area code(s)208, 986GNIS feature ID397609
De Smet (also spelled Desmet) is an unincorporated census-designated place in the northwestern United States, located on the Coeur d'Alene Reservation in Benewah County, Idaho.
U.S. Route 95 passes nearby and the community is located about a mile (1.6 km) south of Tensed, which was originally also to be titled Desmet before the name was ordered to be reversed and was subsequently misspelled by the post office. Latah Creek flows between the two communities. De Smet has a post office with a ZIP code of 83824. As of the 2010 census, its population was 145, and its elevation is approximately 2,600 feet (790 m) above sea level.
History
De Smet was named for the Belgian Catholic priest Pierre De Smet, a 19th-century Jesuit missionary. He worked with the Coeur d'Alène and other native peoples of western North America for most of his life, periodically returning to his chapter based in St. Louis, Missouri.
De Smet's population was estimated at 200 in 1909, and was 100 in 1960.
Demographics
Population censusYearPop.±% p.a. 1909 200— 1960 100−1.35% 2010 175+1.13% 2020 145−1.86%Source: "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Climate
This region has warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, De Smet has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.
Education
There is a tribal K-8 school, associated with the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE), Coeur d'Alene Tribal School.
See also
Mary Immaculate School for Native Americans
Tensed, Idaho
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: De Smet, Idaho
^ "Tensed Quadrangle" (Topographical Map). usgs.gov. U.S. Geological Survey. 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
^ ZIP Code Lookup
^ "U.S. Census website". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 105.
^ Davis, Ellis A. (1909). Davis' New Commercial Encyclopedia: Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, the Pacific Northwest. Ellis A. Davis. p. 189.
^ World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. I. Field Enterprises Corporation. 1960. p. 27.
^ Climate Summary for De Smet, Idaho
^ "Coeur d'Alene Tribal School". Bureau of Indian Education. Retrieved August 4, 2021. Physical Address 30 Moctelme St, DeSmet, ID, 83824
vteMunicipalities and communities of Benewah County, Idaho, United StatesCounty seat: St. MariesCities
Plummer
St. Maries
Tensed
Map of Idaho highlighting Benewah CountyCDPs
De Smet
Fernwood
Parkline
Other unincorporatedcommunities
Chatcolet
Emida
Flat Creek
Saint Joe
Santa
Indian reservation
Coeur d'Alene Reservation‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Idaho portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
This Benewah County, Idaho state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"northwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Coeur d'Alene Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Benewah County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benewah_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_95_in_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Tensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensed,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Latah Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latah_Creek"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-2"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"},{"link_name":"ZIP code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_code"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2010"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-4"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Idaho, United StatesDe Smet (also spelled Desmet) is an unincorporated census-designated place in the northwestern United States, located on the Coeur d'Alene Reservation in Benewah County, Idaho.U.S. Route 95 passes nearby and the community is located about a mile (1.6 km) south of Tensed, which was originally also to be titled Desmet before the name was ordered to be reversed and was subsequently misspelled by the post office. Latah Creek flows between the two communities.[2] De Smet has a post office with a ZIP code of 83824.[3] As of the 2010 census, its population was 145,[4] and its elevation is approximately 2,600 feet (790 m) above sea level.","title":"De Smet, Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Catholic priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Pierre De Smet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jean_De_Smet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"De Smet was named for the Belgian Catholic priest Pierre De Smet,[5] a 19th-century Jesuit missionary. He worked with the Coeur d'Alène and other native peoples of western North America for most of his life, periodically returning to his chapter based in St. Louis, Missouri.De Smet's population was estimated at 200 in 1909,[6] and was 100 in 1960.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"warm-summer Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"This region has warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, De Smet has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated \"Csb\" on climate maps.[8]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K-8 school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-8_school"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Indian Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Education"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"There is a tribal K-8 school, associated with the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE), Coeur d'Alene Tribal School.[9]","title":"Education"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Idaho highlighting Benewah County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Benewah_County.svg/48px-Map_of_Idaho_highlighting_Benewah_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Mary Immaculate School for Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Immaculate_School_for_Native_Americans"},{"title":"Tensed, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensed,_Idaho"}] | [{"reference":"\"Tensed Quadrangle\" (Topographical Map). usgs.gov. U.S. Geological Survey. 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ht-bin/tv_browse.pl?id=f06b0a716bddf30002572493558f5b18","url_text":"\"Tensed Quadrangle\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 105.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n104","url_text":"105"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Ellis A. (1909). Davis' New Commercial Encyclopedia: Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, the Pacific Northwest. Ellis A. Davis. p. 189.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyRPAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Davis' New Commercial Encyclopedia: Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, the Pacific Northwest"}]},{"reference":"World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. I. Field Enterprises Corporation. 1960. p. 27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Coeur d'Alene Tribal School\". Bureau of Indian Education. Retrieved August 4, 2021. Physical Address 30 Moctelme St, DeSmet, ID, 83824","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bie.edu/schools/directory/coeur-dalene-tribal-school","url_text":"\"Coeur d'Alene Tribal School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Education","url_text":"Bureau of Indian Education"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=De_Smet,_Idaho¶ms=47_08_46_N_116_54_57_W_region:US-ID_type:city(145)","external_links_name":"47°08′46″N 116°54′57″W / 47.14611°N 116.91583°W / 47.14611; -116.91583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=De_Smet,_Idaho¶ms=47_08_46_N_116_54_57_W_region:US-ID_type:city(145)","external_links_name":"47°08′46″N 116°54′57″W / 47.14611°N 116.91583°W / 47.14611; -116.91583"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/397609","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: De Smet, Idaho"},{"Link":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/ht-bin/tv_browse.pl?id=f06b0a716bddf30002572493558f5b18","external_links_name":"\"Tensed Quadrangle\""},{"Link":"http://www.zipinfo.com/cgi-local/zipsrch.exe?cnty=cnty&zip=83824&Go=Go","external_links_name":"ZIP Code Lookup"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n104","external_links_name":"105"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyRPAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Davis' New Commercial Encyclopedia: Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, the Pacific Northwest"},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=315201&cityname=De+Smet%2C+Idaho%2C+United+States+of+America&units=","external_links_name":"Climate Summary for De Smet, Idaho"},{"Link":"https://www.bie.edu/schools/directory/coeur-dalene-tribal-school","external_links_name":"\"Coeur d'Alene Tribal School\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134149636","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542625905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr97010855","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Smet,_Idaho&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large,_Medium-Speed_Roll-on/Roll-off#Shughart_Class | Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off | ["1 Bob Hope Class","2 Watson Class","3 Gordon Class","4 Shughart Class","5 See also","6 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off (LMSR) refers to several classes of Military Sealift Command (MSC) roll-on/roll-off type cargo ships. Some are purpose-built for military cargo, while others were converted.
Bob Hope Class
USNS Bob Hope at anchorage in Souda harbor
The Bob Hope class are a group of seven Diesel powered vessels built at Avondale Shipyard in Louisiana between 1993 and 2001 for MSC. They are 951 ft 5 in (289.99 m) long and 106 ft (32 m) wide.
USNS Bob Hope (T-AKR-300)
USNS Fisher (T-AKR-301)
USNS Seay (T-AKR-302)
USNS Mendonca (T-AKR-303)
USNS Pililaau (T-AKR-304)
USNS Brittin (T-AKR-305)
USNS Benavidez (T-AKR-306)
Watson Class
USNS Watson at sea
The Watson class are a group of eight gas-turbine-powered vessels built at National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO) in San Diego, California between 1996 and 2002 for MSC. They are 951.4 ft (290.0 m) long and 106 ft (32 m) wide.
USNS Watson (T-AKR-310)
USNS Sisler (T-AKR-311)
USNS Dahl (T-AKR-312)
USNS Red Cloud (T-AKR-313)
USNS Charlton (T-AKR-314)
USNS Watkins (T-AKR-315)
USNS Pomeroy (T-AKR-316)
USNS Soderman (T-AKR-317)
Gordon Class
USNS Gordon at sea
The Gordon class are group of two LMSR's. Gordon was built in Denmark in 1972 as MV Jutlandia, and entered commercial service on 1 June 1973. After some time spent in commercial service she was lengthened by Hyundai Heavy Industries in 1984, and later went on to be acquired by the US Navy under a long term charter. She was converted for the Navy at Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company and on delivery to the Navy was assigned to the Military Sealift Command on 23 August 1996 under the name USNS Gordon.
They are diesel powered, 954 ft (291 m) long and 105 ft 9 in (32.23 m) wide ships.
USNS Gordon (T-AKR-296)
USNS Gilliland (T-AKR-298)
Shughart Class
USNS Shughart at sea
The Shughart class are group of three LMSR's. Shughart was built as the Laura Maersk in 1980 in Denmark by Lindovaerftet for A. P. Moller-Maersk Group (Maersk). She was lengthened in 1987 and again in the early 1990s by Hyundai. On May 7, 1996 Laura Maersk was delivered to Military Sealift Command and was outfitted at NASSCO. They are diesel powered, 908.8 ft (277.0 m) long and 105.6 ft (32.2 m) wide ships.
USNS Shughart (T-AKR-295)
USNS Yano (T-AKR-297)
USNS GySgt. Fred W. Stockham (T-AK-3017) (ex-USNS Soderman (T-AKR-299))
See also
List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy § Vehicle Cargo Ships (T-AKR)
References
^
"USNS Gordon (T-AKR-296)". United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 2010-02-22.
vteLarge, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off shipsBob Hope class
Bob Hope
Fisher
Seay
Mendonca
Pililaau
Brittin
Benavidez
Watson class
Watson
Sisler
Dahl
Red Cloud
Charlton
Watkins
Pomeroy
Soderman
Gordon class
Gordon
Gilliland
Shughart class
Shughart
Yano
GySgt. Fred W. Stockham
List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military Sealift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command"},{"link_name":"roll-on/roll-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off"}],"text":"Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off (LMSR) refers to several classes of Military Sealift Command (MSC) roll-on/roll-off type cargo ships. Some are purpose-built for military cargo, while others were converted.","title":"Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USNS_Bob_Hope_(T-AKR_300)_at_anchorage_in_Souda_harbor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Souda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souda"},{"link_name":"Bob Hope class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope_class_vehicle_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Diesel powered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vessel"},{"link_name":"Avondale Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"USNS Bob Hope (T-AKR-300)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Bob_Hope_(T-AKR-300)"},{"link_name":"USNS Fisher (T-AKR-301)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Fisher_(T-AKR-301)"},{"link_name":"USNS Seay (T-AKR-302)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Seay_(T-AKR-302)"},{"link_name":"USNS Mendonca (T-AKR-303)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Mendonca_(T-AKR-303)"},{"link_name":"USNS Pililaau (T-AKR-304)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Pililaau_(T-AKR-304)"},{"link_name":"USNS Brittin (T-AKR-305)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Brittin_(T-AKR-305)"},{"link_name":"USNS Benavidez (T-AKR-306)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Benavidez_(T-AKR-306)"}],"text":"USNS Bob Hope at anchorage in Souda harborThe Bob Hope class are a group of seven Diesel powered vessels built at Avondale Shipyard in Louisiana between 1993 and 2001 for MSC. They are 951 ft 5 in (289.99 m) long and 106 ft (32 m) wide.USNS Bob Hope (T-AKR-300)\nUSNS Fisher (T-AKR-301)\nUSNS Seay (T-AKR-302)\nUSNS Mendonca (T-AKR-303)\nUSNS Pililaau (T-AKR-304)\nUSNS Brittin (T-AKR-305)\nUSNS Benavidez (T-AKR-306)","title":"Bob Hope Class"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watson_(T-AKR-310).jpg"},{"link_name":"Watson class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_class_vehicle_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"gas-turbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_Turbine#Marine_applications"},{"link_name":"National Steel and Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Steel_and_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"USNS Watson (T-AKR-310)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Watson_(T-AKR-310)"},{"link_name":"USNS Sisler (T-AKR-311)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Sisler_(T-AKR-311)"},{"link_name":"USNS Dahl (T-AKR-312)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Dahl_(T-AKR-312)"},{"link_name":"USNS Red Cloud (T-AKR-313)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Red_Cloud_(T-AKR-313)"},{"link_name":"USNS Charlton (T-AKR-314)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Charlton_(T-AKR-314)"},{"link_name":"USNS Watkins (T-AKR-315)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Watkins_(T-AKR-315)"},{"link_name":"USNS Pomeroy (T-AKR-316)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Pomeroy_(T-AKR-316)"},{"link_name":"USNS Soderman (T-AKR-317)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Soderman_(T-AKR-317)"}],"text":"USNS Watson at seaThe Watson class are a group of eight gas-turbine-powered vessels built at National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO) in San Diego, California between 1996 and 2002 for MSC. They are 951.4 ft (290.0 m) long and 106 ft (32 m) wide.USNS Watson (T-AKR-310)\nUSNS Sisler (T-AKR-311)\nUSNS Dahl (T-AKR-312)\nUSNS Red Cloud (T-AKR-313)\nUSNS Charlton (T-AKR-314)\nUSNS Watkins (T-AKR-315)\nUSNS Pomeroy (T-AKR-316)\nUSNS Soderman (T-AKR-317)","title":"Watson Class"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USNS_Gordon_(T-AKR_296).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gordon class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Gordon_(T-AKR-296)"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Hyundai Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News_Shipbuilding_and_Drydock_Company"},{"link_name":"Military Sealift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"USNS Gordon (T-AKR-296)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Gordon_(T-AKR-296)"},{"link_name":"USNS Gilliland (T-AKR-298)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Gilliland_(T-AKR-298)"}],"text":"USNS Gordon at seaThe Gordon class are group of two LMSR's. Gordon was built in Denmark in 1972 as MV Jutlandia, and entered commercial service on 1 June 1973. After some time spent in commercial service she was lengthened by Hyundai Heavy Industries in 1984, and later went on to be acquired by the US Navy under a long term charter. She was converted for the Navy at Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company and on delivery to the Navy was assigned to the Military Sealift Command on 23 August 1996 under the name USNS Gordon.[1]\nThey are diesel powered, 954 ft (291 m) long and 105 ft 9 in (32.23 m) wide ships.USNS Gordon (T-AKR-296)\nUSNS Gilliland (T-AKR-298)","title":"Gordon Class"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USNS_Shughart.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shughart class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Shughart_(T-AKR-295)"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"A. P. Moller-Maersk Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Moller-Maersk_Group"},{"link_name":"Hyundai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Group"},{"link_name":"Military Sealift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command"},{"link_name":"USNS Shughart (T-AKR-295)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Shughart_(T-AKR-295)"},{"link_name":"USNS Yano (T-AKR-297)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Yano_(T-AKR-297)"},{"link_name":"USNS GySgt. Fred W. Stockham (T-AK-3017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_GySgt._Fred_W._Stockham_(T-AK-3017)"}],"text":"USNS Shughart at seaThe Shughart class are group of three LMSR's. Shughart was built as the Laura Maersk in 1980 in Denmark by Lindovaerftet for A. P. Moller-Maersk Group (Maersk). She was lengthened in 1987 and again in the early 1990s by Hyundai. On May 7, 1996 Laura Maersk was delivered to Military Sealift Command and was outfitted at NASSCO. They are diesel powered, 908.8 ft (277.0 m) long and 105.6 ft (32.2 m) wide ships.USNS Shughart (T-AKR-295)\nUSNS Yano (T-AKR-297)\nUSNS GySgt. Fred W. Stockham (T-AK-3017) (ex-USNS Soderman (T-AKR-299))","title":"Shughart Class"}] | [{"image_text":"USNS Bob Hope at anchorage in Souda harbor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/USNS_Bob_Hope_%28T-AKR_300%29_at_anchorage_in_Souda_harbor.jpg/220px-USNS_Bob_Hope_%28T-AKR_300%29_at_anchorage_in_Souda_harbor.jpg"},{"image_text":"USNS Watson at sea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Watson_%28T-AKR-310%29.jpg/220px-Watson_%28T-AKR-310%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"USNS Gordon at sea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/USNS_Gordon_%28T-AKR_296%29.jpg/220px-USNS_Gordon_%28T-AKR_296%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"USNS Shughart at sea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USNS_Shughart.jpg/220px-USNS_Shughart.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy § Vehicle Cargo Ships (T-AKR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_auxiliaries_of_the_United_States_Navy#Vehicle_Cargo_Ships_(T-AKR)"}] | [{"reference":"\"USNS Gordon (T-AKR-296)\". United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 2010-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.msc.navy.mil/inventory/ships.asp?ship=94","url_text":"\"USNS Gordon (T-AKR-296)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense","url_text":"United States Department of Defense"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Large%2C+Medium-Speed+Roll-on%2FRoll-off%22","external_links_name":"\"Large, Medium-Speed Roll-on/Roll-off\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Large%2C+Medium-Speed+Roll-on%2FRoll-off%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Large%2C+Medium-Speed+Roll-on%2FRoll-off%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Large%2C+Medium-Speed+Roll-on%2FRoll-off%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Large%2C+Medium-Speed+Roll-on%2FRoll-off%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Large%2C+Medium-Speed+Roll-on%2FRoll-off%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.msc.navy.mil/inventory/ships.asp?ship=94","external_links_name":"\"USNS Gordon (T-AKR-296)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_City,_New_Mexico | Navajo City, New Mexico | ["1 History","2 Notes"] | Coordinates: 36°45′06″N 107°35′59″W / 36.75167°N 107.59972°W / 36.75167; -107.59972Unincorporated community in New Mexico, US
36°45′06″N 107°35′59″W / 36.75167°N 107.59972°W / 36.75167; -107.59972
Navajo City is an unincorporated community in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States, just north and east, of the Navajo Nation in the northwestern part of the state. Housing for workers was set up during the construction of Navajo Dam in the early 1960s at the junction of the Los Pinos and the San Juan Rivers. At the intersection of U.S. Route 64 and New Mexico State Road 539 the settlement is on the south side of Martinez Mesa to the south of the lake. Today there is little left and economic activity has shifted to the community of Navajo Dam, in San Juan County. Located below the dam a few miles down the valley, through the state park and its world class trout fishing areas and access points. There are several outfitters, fly shops, and cafes. Abe's offers gasoline, snacks, supplies, guides, boat rentals, motel rooms, and campsites.
History
Navajos had settled in this area as early as 1630. The Hubbell family had a trading post here between 1880 and 1882.
Notes
^ Wagner, Marilyn R. ; Travis, Richard W. and Jett, Stephen C. (September 1979) "In Search of the Navajo's Canadian Connection"
Annals of the Association of American Geographers 69(3): pp. 480-485, p. 481
^ "Hubbell Trading Post - National Historic Site" National Park Service, USA
vteMunicipalities and communities of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United StatesCounty seat: Tierra AmarillaCity
Española‡
Map of New Mexico highlighting Rio Arriba CountyVillage
Chama
CDPs
Abiquiú
Alcalde
Brazos
Canjilon
Cañones
Canova
Chamita
Chili
Chimayo‡
Cordova
Coyote
Dixon
Dulce
El Duende
El Rito
Ensenada
Gallina
Hernandez
La Madera
La Mesilla
La Villita
Lindrith
Los Luceros
Los Ojos
Lumberton
Lybrook
Lyden
Medanales
Ohkay Owingeh
Ojo Caliente‡
Ojo Sarco
Pueblito
Rio Chiquito‡
San Jose
San Juan
Santa Clara Pueblo
Tierra Amarilla
Truchas
Velarde
Youngsville
Othercommunities
Arroyo Del Agua
Cañoncito
Cebolla
Embudo
Las Tablas
Navajo City
Petaca
Rutheron
San Lorenzo
Vallecitos
Ghost towns and former settlements
Hopewell
Riverside
Santa Rosa de Lima
Sublette
Indianreservations
Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation‡
Santa Clara Indian Reservation‡
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
New Mexico portal
United States portal
This New Mexico state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"36°45′06″N 107°35′59″W / 36.75167°N 107.59972°W / 36.75167; -107.59972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Navajo_City,_New_Mexico¶ms=36_45_06_N_107_35_59_W_"},{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Rio Arriba County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Navajo Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Nation"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Mexico State Road 539","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_539"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in New Mexico, US36°45′06″N 107°35′59″W / 36.75167°N 107.59972°W / 36.75167; -107.59972\nNavajo City is an unincorporated community in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States, just north and east, of the Navajo Nation in the northwestern part of the state. Housing for workers was set up during the construction of Navajo Dam in the early 1960s at the junction of the Los Pinos and the San Juan Rivers. At the intersection of U.S. Route 64 and New Mexico State Road 539 the settlement is on the south side of Martinez Mesa to the south of the lake. Today there is little left and economic activity has shifted to the community of Navajo Dam, in San Juan County. Located below the dam a few miles down the valley, through the state park and its world class trout fishing areas and access points. There are several outfitters, fly shops, and cafes. Abe's offers gasoline, snacks, supplies, guides, boat rentals, motel rooms, and campsites.","title":"Navajo City, New Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navajos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hubbell family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Lorenzo_Hubbell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Navajos had settled in this area as early as 1630.[1] The Hubbell family had a trading post here between 1880 and 1882.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Hubbell Trading Post - National Historic Site\" National Park Service, 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Duende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Duende,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"El Rito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Rito,_Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Ensenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensenada,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Gallina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallina,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernandez,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"La Madera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Madera,_Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"La Mesilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mesilla,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"La Villita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Villita,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Lindrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindrith,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Los Luceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Luceros,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Los Ojos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Ojos,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Lumberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumberton,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Lybrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lybrook,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Lyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyden,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Medanales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medanales,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Ohkay Owingeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohkay_Owingeh,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Ojo Caliente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojo_Caliente,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Ojo Sarco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojo_Sarco,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Pueblito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblito,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Rio Chiquito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Chiquito,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Pueblo,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Tierra Amarilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Amarilla,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Truchas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truchas,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Velarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarde,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Youngsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngsville,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Othercommunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Del Agua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Del_Agua,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Cañoncito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1oncito,_Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Cebolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebolla,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Embudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embudo,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Las Tablas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Tablas,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Navajo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Petaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petaca,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Rutheron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheron,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Vallecitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallecitos,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Ghost towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"Hopewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Rio_Arriba_County,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa de Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa_de_Lima_(Abiquiu,_New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Sublette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublette,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Indianreservations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reservation"},{"link_name":"Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"New Mexico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Mexico_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-map_of_New_Mexico.svg"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navajo_City,_New_Mexico&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NewMexico-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NewMexico-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NewMexico-geo-stub"}],"text":"^ Wagner, Marilyn R. ; Travis, Richard W. and Jett, Stephen C. (September 1979) \"In Search of the Navajo's Canadian Connection\"\nAnnals of the Association of American Geographers 69(3): pp. 480-485, p. 481\n\n^ \"Hubbell Trading Post - National Historic Site\" National Park Service, USAvteMunicipalities and communities of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United StatesCounty seat: Tierra AmarillaCity\nEspañola‡\nMap of New Mexico highlighting Rio Arriba CountyVillage\nChama\nCDPs\nAbiquiú\nAlcalde\nBrazos\nCanjilon\nCañones\nCanova\nChamita\nChili\nChimayo‡\nCordova\nCoyote\nDixon\nDulce\nEl Duende\nEl Rito\nEnsenada\nGallina\nHernandez\nLa Madera\nLa Mesilla\nLa Villita\nLindrith\nLos Luceros\nLos Ojos\nLumberton\nLybrook\nLyden\nMedanales\nOhkay Owingeh\nOjo Caliente‡\nOjo Sarco\nPueblito\nRio Chiquito‡\nSan Jose\nSan Juan\nSanta Clara Pueblo\nTierra Amarilla\nTruchas\nVelarde\nYoungsville\nOthercommunities\nArroyo Del Agua\nCañoncito\nCebolla\nEmbudo\nLas Tablas\nNavajo City\nPetaca\nRutheron\nSan Lorenzo\nVallecitos\nGhost towns and former settlements\nHopewell\nRiverside\nSanta Rosa de Lima\nSublette\nIndianreservations\nJicarilla Apache Indian Reservation‡\nSanta Clara Indian Reservation‡\nFootnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties\nNew Mexico portal\nUnited States portalThis New Mexico state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of New Mexico highlighting Rio Arriba County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Map_of_New_Mexico_highlighting_Rio_Arriba_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_Mexico_highlighting_Rio_Arriba_County.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Navajo_City,_New_Mexico¶ms=36_45_06_N_107_35_59_W_","external_links_name":"36°45′06″N 107°35′59″W / 36.75167°N 107.59972°W / 36.75167; -107.59972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Navajo_City,_New_Mexico¶ms=36_45_06_N_107_35_59_W_","external_links_name":"36°45′06″N 107°35′59″W / 36.75167°N 107.59972°W / 36.75167; -107.59972"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/archive/hutr/hubbell.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hubbell Trading Post - National Historic Site\" National Park Service, USA"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navajo_City,_New_Mexico&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_II,_Count_of_Ligny | Anthony II, Count of Ligny | [] | The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Anthony II, Count of Ligny" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Anthony II, Count of Ligny" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Anthony II, Count of LignyDied(1557-02-08)8 February 1557Noble familyHouse of LuxembourgSpouse(s)Margaret of SavoyFatherCharles I, Count of LignyMotherCharlotte of Estouteville
Anthony II, Count of Ligny (d. 8 February 1557) was the son of Count Charles I and his wife Charlotte of Estouteville. In 1530, he succeeded his father as Count of Ligny and Brienne.
In 1535, he married Margaret, a daughter of René of Savoy, Count of Villars. They had the following children:
John III (d. 1576)
François
Anthony (d. 1573)
Henry
Madeleine (d. 1588), married Christophe Jouvenel des Ursins. Marquis de Traînel
This biography of a French peer or noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
Anthony II, Count of Ligny House of Luxembourg Died: 8 February 1557
Preceded byCharles I
Count of LignyCount of Brienne 1530-1557
Succeeded byJohn III
vteCounts of BrienneHouse of Brienne
Engelbert I
Engelbert II
Engelbert III
Engelbert IV
Walter I
Erard I
Walter II
Erard II
Walter III
Walter IV
John
Hugh
Walter V
Walter VI
House of Enghien
Sohier
Walter VII
Louis I
Margaret with John of Luxemburg
House of Luxemburg
Peter I
Louis
Peter II
Anthony I
Charles I
Anthony II
John II
Charles II
Louise
House of Loménie
Louise de Béon with Henri-Auguste
Louis Henri
Nicholas
Athanase Louis Marie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I,_Count_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Ligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligny-en-Barrois"},{"link_name":"Brienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brienne"},{"link_name":"René of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"John III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III,_Count_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"François","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Traînel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tra%C3%AEnel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crown_of_a_Duke_of_France.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding 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II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_II,_Count_of_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Engelbert III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_III,_Count_of_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Engelbert IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_IV,_Count_of_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_I,_Count_of_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erard I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erard_I,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Walter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_II,_Count_of_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erard_II,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Walter III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_III,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Walter IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_IV,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Walter V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_V,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Walter VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_VI,_Count_of_Brienne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_Famille_Brienne.svg"},{"link_name":"Sohier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohier,_Count_of_Enghien"},{"link_name":"Walter VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_IV,_Count_of_Enghien"},{"link_name":"Louis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Enghien"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"John of Luxemburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Luxembourg,_Lord_of_Beauvoir"},{"link_name":"Peter I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I,_Count_of_Saint-Pol"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Luxembourg,_Count_of_Saint-Pol"},{"link_name":"Peter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II,_Count_of_Saint-Pol"},{"link_name":"Anthony I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_I,_Count_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I,_Count_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Anthony II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III,_Count_of_Ligny"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_de_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise,_Countess_of_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louise de Béon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise_de_B%C3%A9on&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henri-Auguste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Auguste_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Louis Henri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Henri_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Athanase Louis Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanase_Louis_Marie_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne"}],"text":"Anthony II, Count of Ligny (d. 8 February 1557) was the son of Count Charles I and his wife Charlotte of Estouteville. In 1530, he succeeded his father as Count of Ligny and Brienne.In 1535, he married Margaret, a daughter of René of Savoy, Count of Villars. They had the following children:John III (d. 1576)\nFrançois\nAnthony (d. 1573)\nHenry\nMadeleine (d. 1588), married Christophe Jouvenel des Ursins. Marquis de TraînelThis biography of a French peer or noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vtevteCounts of BrienneHouse of Brienne\nEngelbert I\nEngelbert II\nEngelbert III\nEngelbert IV\nWalter I\nErard I\nWalter II\nErard II\nWalter III\nWalter IV\nJohn\nHugh\nWalter V\nWalter VI\nHouse of Enghien\nSohier\nWalter VII\nLouis I\nMargaret with John of Luxemburg\nHouse of Luxemburg\nPeter I\nLouis\nPeter II\nAnthony I\nCharles I\nAnthony II\nJohn II\nCharles II\nLouise\nHouse of Loménie\nLouise de Béon with Henri-Auguste\nLouis Henri\nNicholas\nAthanase Louis Marie","title":"Anthony II, Count of Ligny"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anthony+II%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22","external_links_name":"\"Anthony II, Count of Ligny\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anthony+II%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anthony+II%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anthony+II%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anthony+II%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anthony+II%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_II,_Count_of_Ligny&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anthony+II%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22","external_links_name":"\"Anthony II, Count of Ligny\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anthony+II%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anthony+II%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anthony+II%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anthony+II%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anthony+II%2C+Count+of+Ligny%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_II,_Count_of_Ligny&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Service_Medal,_Gold | Long Service Medal, Gold | ["1 The Venda Defence Force","2 Institution","3 Award criteria","4 Order of wear","5 Description","6 Discontinuation","7 References"] | AwardLong Service Medal, GoldTypeMilitary long service medalAwarded forThirty years exemplary serviceCountry VendaPresented bythe PresidentEligibilityAll RanksStatusDiscontinued in 1994Established1985Ribbon bar
VDF pre-1994 & SANDF post-2002 orders of wearNext (higher)VDF precedence:
Independence Medal
SANDF precedence:
Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Gold
Next (lower)VDF succession:
Long Service Medal, Silver
SANDF succession:
Gold Service Medal
The Long Service Medal, Gold was instituted by the President of the Republic of Venda in 1985, for award to all ranks for thirty years exemplary service.
The Venda Defence Force
The 900 member Venda Defence Force (VDF) was established upon that country's independence on 13 September 1979. The Republic of Venda ceased to exist on 27 April 1994 and the Venda Defence Force was amalgamated with six other military forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).
Institution
The Long Service Medal, Gold was instituted by the President of Venda in 1985. It is the senior award of a set of three medals for long service, along with the Long Service Medal, Silver and the Long Service Medal, Bronze.
Venda's military decorations and medals were modelled on those of the Republic of South Africa and these three medals are the approximate equivalents of, respectively, the Good Service Medal, Gold, the Good Service Medal, Silver and the Good Service Medal, Bronze.
Award criteria
The medal could be awarded to all ranks for thirty years of exemplary service.
Order of wear
Main article: South African military decorations order of wear § Order of wear
Since the Long Service Medal, Gold was authorised for wear by one of the statutory forces which came to be part of the South African National Defence Force on 27 April 1994, it was accorded a position in the official South African order of precedence on that date. The position of the Long Service Medal, Gold in the official order of precedence was revised twice after 1994, to accommodate the inclusion or institution of new decorations and medals, first in April 1996 when decorations and medals were belatedly instituted for the two former non-statutory forces, the Azanian People's Liberation Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe, and again upon the institution of a new set of honours on 27 April 2003.
Venda Defence Force until 26 April 1994
Official VDF order of precedence:
Preceded by the Independence Medal.
Succeeded by the Long Service Medal, Silver.
Venda official national order of precedence:
Preceded by the National Force Long Service Medal, 30 Years.
Succeeded by the Police Star for Merit.
South African National Defence Force from 27 April 1994
Official SANDF order of precedence:
Preceded by the Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Gold of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
Succeeded by the John Chard Decoration (JCD) of the Republic of South Africa.
Official national order of precedence:
Preceded by the Medal for Faithful Service in the Prisons Service, Gold of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
Succeeded by the Police Star for Merit of the Republic of Venda.
South African National Defence Force from April 1996
Official SANDF order of precedence:
Preceded by the Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Gold of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
Succeeded by the Gold Service Medal of the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
Official national order of precedence:
Preceded by the Medal for Faithful Service in the Prisons Service, Gold of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
Succeeded by the Police Star for Merit of the Republic of Venda.
The position of the Long Service Medal, Gold remained unchanged, as it was in April 1996, when a new set of honours was instituted on 27 April 2003.
Description
Miniature medal
Obverse
The Long Service Medal, Gold is silver-gilt medallion, 38 millimetres in diameter, depicting the Coat of Arms of the Republic of Venda.
The suspender is in the form of a pair of crossed elephant tusks and is different on the full size and miniature medals. On the full-size medal, depicted at the top, the ends of the tusks reach to approximately the ten-thirty and one-thirty clock positions on the medallion, while on the miniature medal, as depicted alongside, they reach to approximately the nine-thirty and two-thirty clock positions on the medallion.
Reverse
The reverse is inscribed "MENDELE WA TSHUMELO YA TSHIFHINGA TSHILAPFU MIINWAHA YA FURARU", the number of years service.
Ribbon
The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide, with a 4 millimetres wide blue band and an 8 millimetres wide green band, repeated in reverse order and separated by an 8 millimetres wide yellow band.
Discontinuation
Conferment of the Long Service Medal, Gold was discontinued when the Republic of Venda ceased to exist on 27 April 1994.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Republic of South Africa Government Gazette Vol. 477, no. 27376, Pretoria, 11 March 2005, OCLC 72827981
^ a b c d South African Medal Website - Venda Defence Force (Accessed 30 April 2015)
^ South Africa Homeland Militaries, May 1996 (Accessed 1 May 2015)
^ Peled, Alon (1998), A Question of Loyalty: Military Manpower Policy in Multiethnic States, Cornell Studies in Security Affairs, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 50f, ISBN 0-8014-3239-1
^ a b Warrant of the President of the Republic of South Africa for the Institution of the "UNITAS MEDAL-UNITAS-MEDALJE", Gazette no. 16087 dated 25 November 1994.
^ South African Medal Website - Legal aspects - Fount of Honour (Accessed 1 May 2015)
^ a b Uniform: SA Army: Former Forces Medals - Venda Defence Force (BDF)
^ a b c Venda Long Service Medal Gold Full size
^ Venda Defence Medal for Long Service Full size Minature
vteSouth African military decorations and medalsSorted in order of wear per era or 1994 constituent forcePre-Unionuntil 6 April 1952
Victoria Cross
Dekoratie voor Trouwe Dienst
Distinguished Service Order
Distinguished Service Cross
Military Cross
Distinguished Flying Cross
Air Force Cross
Distinguished Conduct Medal
Distinguished Conduct Medal (Natal)
Conspicuous Gallantry Medal
Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (Flying)
Distinguished Service Medal
Military Medal
Distinguished Flying Medal
Air Force Medal
British Empire Medal (Military)
South Africa Medal (1853)
South Africa Medal (1880)
Cape of Good Hope General Service Medal
Queen's South Africa Medal
Medalje voor de Anglo-Boere Oorlog
Lint voor Verwonding
King's South Africa Medal
Natal Native Rebellion Medal
1914–15 Star
British War Medal
Victory Medal (South Africa)
Mercantile Marine War Medal
1939–1945 Star
Atlantic Star
Arctic Star
Air Crew Europe Star
Africa Star
Pacific Star
Burma Star
Italy Star
France and Germany Star
Defence Medal
War Medal
Africa Service Medal
King George V Coronation Medal
King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
King George VI Coronation Medal
Meritorious Service Medal (United Kingdom)
Meritorious Service Medal (Cape of Good Hope)
Meritorious Service Medal (Natal)
Meritorious Service Medal (South Africa)
Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (Cape of Good Hope)
Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (Natal)
Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal
Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct (South Africa)
Volunteer Officers' Decoration for India and the Colonies
Volunteer Long Service Medal for India and the Colonies
Colonial Auxiliary Forces Officers' Decoration
Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal
Efficiency Decoration (South Africa)
Efficiency Medal (South Africa)
Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Long Service and Good Conduct Medal
Air Efficiency Award
King's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces
Union of South Africa Commemoration Medal
South African Medal for War Services
Sir Harry Smith's Medal for Gallantry (Unofficial)
Johannesburg Vrijwilliger Corps Medal (Unofficial)
Kimberley Star (Unofficial)
Cape Copper Company Medal for the Defence of O'okiep (Unofficial)
1952–1994
Honoris Crux Gold
Star of South Africa, Gold
Star of South Africa, Silver
Star of South Africa (1952)
Louw Wepener Decoration
Honoris Crux (1952)
Honoris Crux Silver
Van Riebeeck Decoration
Honoris Crux (1975)
Pro Virtute Decoration
Southern Cross Decoration
Pro Merito Decoration
Van Riebeeck Medal
Louw Wepener Medal
Ad Astra Decoration
Army Cross
Air Force Cross
Navy Cross
Medical Service Cross
Southern Cross Medal (1952)
Pro Merito Medal (1967)
Southern Cross Medal (1975)
Pro Merito Medal (1975)
Danie Theron Medal
Jack Hindon Medal
Military Merit Medal
Korea Medal
Pro Patria Medal
Southern Africa Medal
General Service Medal (South Africa)
Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
Medal for Distinguished Conduct and Loyal Service
Good Service Medal, Gold
John Chard Decoration
De Wet Decoration
Cadet Corps Medal
Good Service Medal, Silver
Union Medal
Permanent Force Good Service Medal
John Chard Medal
Good Service Medal, Bronze
De Wet Medal
Queen's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces
Commandant General's Medal
SADF Champion Shot Medal
National Cadet Bisley Grand Champion Medal
Transkei
Cross for Bravery
Transkei Defence Force Medal
Independence Medal (Transkei)
Military Rule Medal
Faithful Service Medal
Bophuthatswana
Order of the Leopard, Commander
Distinguished Gallantry Cross
Defence Force Merit Decoration
Distinguished Gallantry Medal
Defence Force Merit Medal
Marumo Medal, Class I
Defence Force Commendation Medal
Marumo Medal, Class II
Nkwe Medal
General Service Medal
Independence Medal
Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Gold
Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Silver
Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Bronze
State President's Medal for Shooting
Venda
Gallantry Cross, Gold
Gallantry Cross, Silver
Distinguished Service Medal, Gold
Distinguished Service Medal, Silver
Venda Defence Force Medal
General Service Medal (Venda)
Independence Medal (Venda)
Long Service Medal, Gold
Long Service Medal, Silver
Long Service Medal, Bronze
Ciskei
Sandile Decoration
Sandile Medal
Chief C.D.F. Commendation Medal
Ciskei Defence Medal
Independence Medal (Ciskei)
Medal for Long Service, Bronze
President's Medal for Shooting
Umkhontowe Sizwe
Star for Bravery in Gold
Star for Bravery in Silver
Conspicuous Leadership Star
Decoration for Merit in Gold
Merit Medal in Silver
Merit Medal in Bronze
Operational Medal for Southern Africa
South Africa Service Medal
Service Medal in Gold
Service Medal in Silver
Service Medal in Bronze
Azanian People'sLiberation Army
Gold Star for Bravery
Bravery Star in Silver
Star for Conspicuous Leadership
Gold Decoration for Merit
Silver Medal for Merit
Bronze Medal for Merit
Operational Medal for Southern Africa
South Africa Service Medal
Gold Service Medal
Silver Service Medal
Bronze Service Medal
From 1994
Nkwe ya Gauta
Nkwe ya Selefera
iPhrothiya yeGolide
Nkwe ya Boronse
iPhrothiya yeSiliva
iPhrothiya yeBhronzi
Tshumelo Ikatelaho
Unitas Medal
Closure Commemoration Medal
Medalje vir Troue Diens | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Venda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Venda-2"}],"text":"AwardThe Long Service Medal, Gold was instituted by the President of the Republic of Venda in 1985, for award to all ranks for thirty years exemplary service.[1][2]","title":"Long Service Medal, Gold"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_16087-5"}],"text":"The 900 member Venda Defence Force (VDF) was established upon that country's independence on 13 September 1979. The Republic of Venda ceased to exist on 27 April 1994 and the Venda Defence Force was amalgamated with six other military forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).[3][4][5]","title":"The Venda Defence Force"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Service Medal, Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Service_Medal,_Silver"},{"link_name":"Long Service Medal, Bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Service_Medal,_Bronze"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Venda-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legal_aspects-6"},{"link_name":"Good Service Medal, Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Service_Medal,_Gold"},{"link_name":"Good Service Medal, Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Service_Medal,_Silver"},{"link_name":"Good Service Medal, Bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Service_Medal,_Bronze"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-1"}],"text":"The Long Service Medal, Gold was instituted by the President of Venda in 1985. It is the senior award of a set of three medals for long service, along with the Long Service Medal, Silver and the Long Service Medal, Bronze.[1][2][6]Venda's military decorations and medals were modelled on those of the Republic of South Africa and these three medals are the approximate equivalents of, respectively, the Good Service Medal, Gold, the Good Service Medal, Silver and the Good Service Medal, Bronze.[1]","title":"Institution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-1"}],"text":"The medal could be awarded to all ranks for thirty years of exemplary service.[1]","title":"Award criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South African National Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"Azanian People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Umkhonto we Sizwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Independence_Medal_(Venda).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Long_Service_Medal,_Gold.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Long_Service_Medal,_Silver.png"},{"link_name":"Independence Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Medal_(Venda)"},{"link_name":"Long Service Medal, Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Service_Medal,_Silver"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Medal_for_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct,_Gold.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Long_Service_Medal,_Gold.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_John_Chard_Decoration.png"},{"link_name":"Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_for_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct,_Gold"},{"link_name":"Republic of Bophuthatswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bophuthatswana"},{"link_name":"John Chard Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chard_Decoration"},{"link_name":"Republic of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-1"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Medal_for_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct,_Gold.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Long_Service_Medal,_Gold.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Gold_Service_Medal.png"},{"link_name":"Gold Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Azanian People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazette_27376-1"}],"text":"Since the Long Service Medal, Gold was authorised for wear by one of the statutory forces which came to be part of the South African National Defence Force on 27 April 1994, it was accorded a position in the official South African order of precedence on that date. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleton,_Maine | Littleton, Maine | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°13′51″N 67°50′28″W / 46.23083°N 67.84111°W / 46.23083; -67.84111 Town in the state of Maine, United States
Town in Maine, United StatesLittleton, MaineTownLocation of Littleton, MaineCoordinates: 46°13′51″N 67°50′28″W / 46.23083°N 67.84111°W / 46.23083; -67.84111CountryUnited StatesStateMaineCountyAroostookArea • Total38.55 sq mi (99.84 km2) • Land38.36 sq mi (99.35 km2) • Water0.19 sq mi (0.49 km2)Elevation472 ft (144 m)Population (2020) • Total997 • Density26/sq mi (10.0/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code04730Area code207FIPS code23-40595GNIS feature ID582565
Littleton is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 997 at the 2020 census.
History
In 1800, the southern half of the town was given as a land grant to Williams College and in 1801, the northern half was given as a grant to Framingham Academy. Settlement began shortly thereafter, and the town was incorporated in 1856.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 38.55 square miles (99.84 km2), of which 38.36 square miles (99.35 km2) is land and 0.19 square miles (0.49 km2) is water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1860543—187070028.9%188090429.1%18909242.2%19009563.5%19101,0267.3%19201,0492.2%19301,035−1.3%19401,0491.4%19501,001−4.6%1960982−1.9%1970958−2.4%19801,0095.3%1990956−5.3%2000955−0.1%20101,06811.8%2020997−6.6%U.S. Decennial Census
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,068 people, 420 households, and 290 families living in the town. The population density was 27.8 inhabitants per square mile (10.7/km2). There were 469 housing units at an average density of 12.2 per square mile (4.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 91.7% White, 0.3% African American, 6.6% Native American, 0.1% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.
There were 420 households, of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.0% were non-families. 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.01.
The median age in the town was 40.8 years. 25.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.2% were from 25 to 44; 29.4% were from 45 to 64; and 15.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 52.1% male and 47.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 955 people, 371 households, and 273 families living in the town. The population density was 24.9 inhabitants per square mile (9.6/km2). There were 447 housing units at an average density of 11.6 per square mile (4.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.49% White, 0.10% African American, 1.47% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.84% of the population.
There were 371 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.2% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $31,172, and the median income for a family was $35,759. Males had a median income of $24,167 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,579. About 7.9% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 25.0% of those age 65 or over.
References
^ a b "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
^ "Town of Littleton". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
^ "Census - Geography Profile: Littleton town, Aroostook County, Maine". Retrieved January 21, 2022.
^ Maine League of Historical Societies and Museums (1970). Doris A. Isaacson (ed.). Maine: A Guide 'Down East'. Rockland, Me: Courier-Gazette, Inc. p. 291.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
External links
Varney, George J. (1886). "Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Littleton". Boston: Russell. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aroostook County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroostook_County,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Town in the state of Maine, United StatesTown in Maine, United StatesLittleton is a town in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 997 at the 2020 census.[3]","title":"Littleton, Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAGDE-4"}],"text":"In 1800, the southern half of the town was given as a land grant to Williams College and in 1801, the northern half was given as a grant to Framingham Academy. 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The population density was 24.9 inhabitants per square mile (9.6/km2). There were 447 housing units at an average density of 11.6 per square mile (4.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.49% White, 0.10% African American, 1.47% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.84% of the population.There were 371 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.2% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.93.In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hatley,_Quebec | North Hatley | ["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Local government","4 In media","5 Notable people","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 45°17′N 71°58′W / 45.283°N 71.967°W / 45.283; -71.967
Village municipality in Quebec, CanadaNorth HatleyVillage municipalityLocation within Memphrémagog RCMNorth HatleyLocation in southern QuebecCoordinates: 45°17′N 71°58′W / 45.283°N 71.967°W / 45.283; -71.967CountryCanadaProvinceQuebecRegionEstrieRCMMemphrémagogConstitutedOctober 25, 1897Named forHatley, CambridgeshireGovernment • MayorMarcella Davis Gerrish (2021–Present) • Federal ridingCompton—Stanstead • Prov. ridingOrfordArea • Total4.60 km2 (1.78 sq mi) • Land3.35 km2 (1.29 sq mi)Elevation167 m (548 ft)Population (2016) • Total632 • Density188.4/km2 (488/sq mi) • Pop 2011-2016 3.4% • Dwellings448Time zoneUTC−5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)Postal code(s)J0B 2C0Area code819Highways R-108Websitewww.northhatley.org
North Hatley is a village of 675 people (2021 Census), located at the north end of Lake Massawippi. It is part of the Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada, also known as Estrie or Cantons de l'Est in French.
A pier on Lake Massawippi.
Locals usually have to drive to the nearby towns of Magog or Sherbrooke to find big-city amenities, although there are smaller stores and cafés in the town which are open year-round. Those include Emporium (antiques), The Pomegranate (antiques), LeBaron's Store (grocery store and gift shop), The Pilsen Pub, and Accommodation Massawippi (convenience store) among others.
History
Many of the first settlers around North Hatley were United Empire Loyalists, mostly farmers, who left New England in the years following the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.
The village owes most of its great houses and particular architecture to its first aristocrats, and mostly Americans from south of the Mason–Dixon line.
Demographics
Historical census populationsYearPop.±%1986 715— 1991 704−1.5%1996 758+7.7%2001 746−1.6%2006 722−3.2%2011 654−9.4%2016 632−3.4%Source: Statistics Canada
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, North Hatley had a population of 675 living in 319 of its 450 total private dwellings, a change of 6.8% from its 2016 population of 632. With a land area of 3.35 km2 (1.29 sq mi), it had a population density of 201.5/km2 (521.9/sq mi) in 2021.
Canada census – North Hatley community profile
202120162011
Population675 (+6.8% from 2016)632 (-3.4% from 2011)654 (-9.4% from 2006)
Land area3.35 km2 (1.29 sq mi)3.35 km2 (1.29 sq mi)3.34 km2 (1.29 sq mi)
Population density201.5/km2 (522/sq mi)188.4/km2 (488/sq mi)195.9/km2 (507/sq mi)
Median age57.6 (M: 56.8, F: 58.4)56.1 (M: 54.0, F: 56.9)56.0 (M: 55.2, F: 57.6)
Private dwellings315 (total) 448 (total) 458 (total)
Median household income$57,024$51,891
References: 2021 2016 2011 earlier
Local government
List of former mayors:
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2020)
Stephan Doré (2001–2009)
Michael Page (2009–2021)
Marcella Davis Gerrish (2021–Present)
In media
North Hatley was the location for the shooting of a few films, including Secret Window with Johnny Depp.
North Hatley was mentioned in the television show The X-Files as the location of the Cigarette Smoking Man's hideout (in the episode "The Red and the Black").
North Hatley was the setting for the 2003 film Hatley High. Some of its landmarks, including the North Hatley sign, can be seen throughout the movie. However, the bulk of the movie was filmed in Hudson.
Notable people
Several Canadian Modernist poets, including F. R. Scott, Louis Dudek, Ralph Gustafson, Ronald Sutherland, and D. G. Jones, have lived in North Hatley.
It is also home to many artists and craftspeople, including Emily LeBaron, an artist, antiquarian, art teacher and community organizer, and also Naisi LeBaron, known locally for her "art naive" paintings of village life in North Hatley and environs, as well as local graphic artist Mellanie Beauchamp.
North Hatley also has in its history philanthropists well committed to their community, such as Arthur Russell Virgin and Janet Blake.
See also
List of anglophone communities in Quebec
List of village municipalities in Quebec
References
^ a b "Banque de noms de lieux du Québec: Reference number 142203". toponymie.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec.
^ a b "Répertoire des municipalités: Geographic code 45050". www.mamh.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Ministère des Affaires municipales et de l'Habitation.
^ "ParlInfo Has Moved". lop.parl.ca. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
^ a b c "North Hatley (Code 2445050) Census Profile". 2016 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada.
^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Quebec". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
^ "2021 Community Profiles". 2021 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
^ "2016 Community Profiles". 2016 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
^ "2011 Community Profiles". 2011 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
^ "2006 Community Profiles". 2006 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019.
^ "2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021.
^ "The Stanstead Journal - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
^ "North Hatley Travel Guide: North Hatley, Quebec (QC) | WORLDWEB.COM". www.southstlawrence.worldweb.com. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
^ Susan Stromberg-Stein, Louis Dudek: A Biographical Introduction to his Poetry, 131.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Hatley.
Official site
Adjacent Municipal Subdivisions
Hatley (township)
Sainte-Catherine-de-Hatley
North Hatley
Hatley (township)
Lake Massawippi
Hatley (township)
vte Subdivisions of Memphrémagog Regional County MunicipalityCities & Towns
Magog
Stanstead
Municipalities
Austin
East Bolton
Eastman
Hatley
Ogden
Saint-Benoît-du-Lac
Saint-Étienne-de-Bolton
Sainte-Catherine-de-Hatley
Townships
Hatley
Orford
Potton
Stanstead
Villages
Ayer's Cliff
North Hatley
Stukely-Sud
Regional County Municipalities in Estrie: Coaticook
Le Granit
Le Haut-Saint-François
Le Val-Saint-François
Les Sources
Memphrémagog
Independent Cities: Sherbrooke | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Massawippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Massawippi"},{"link_name":"Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphr%C3%A9magog_Regional_County_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Eastern Townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Townships"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pier_in_North_Hatley.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lake Massawippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Massawippi"},{"link_name":"Magog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magog,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Sherbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbrooke"}],"text":"Village municipality in Quebec, CanadaNorth Hatley is a village of 675 people (2021 Census), located at the north end of Lake Massawippi. It is part of the Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada, also known as Estrie or Cantons de l'Est in French.A pier on Lake Massawippi.Locals usually have to drive to the nearby towns of Magog or Sherbrooke to find big-city amenities, although there are smaller stores and cafés in the town which are open year-round. Those include Emporium (antiques), The Pomegranate (antiques), LeBaron's Store (grocery store and gift shop), The Pilsen Pub, and Accommodation Massawippi (convenience store) among others.","title":"North Hatley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mason–Dixon line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line"}],"text":"Many of the first settlers around North Hatley were United Empire Loyalists, mostly farmers, who left New England in the years following the American Declaration of Independence in 1776.The village owes most of its great houses and particular architecture to its first aristocrats, and mostly Americans from south of the Mason–Dixon line.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp16-4"},{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-5"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2021-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2016-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2011-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2006-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cp2001-10"}],"text":"Historical census populationsYearPop.±%1986 715— 1991 704−1.5%1996 758+7.7%2001 746−1.6%2006 722−3.2%2011 654−9.4%2016 632−3.4%Source: Statistics Canada[4]In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, North Hatley had a population of 675 living in 319 of its 450 total private dwellings, a change of 6.8% from its 2016 population of 632. With a land area of 3.35 km2 (1.29 sq mi), it had a population density of 201.5/km2 (521.9/sq mi) in 2021.[5]Canada census – North Hatley community profile\n\n\n202120162011\n\n\nPopulation675 (+6.8% from 2016)632 (-3.4% from 2011)654 (-9.4% from 2006)\n\n\nLand area3.35 km2 (1.29 sq mi)3.35 km2 (1.29 sq mi)3.34 km2 (1.29 sq mi)\n\n\nPopulation density201.5/km2 (522/sq mi)188.4/km2 (488/sq mi)195.9/km2 (507/sq mi)\n\n\nMedian age57.6 (M: 56.8, F: 58.4)56.1 (M: 54.0, F: 56.9)56.0 (M: 55.2, F: 57.6)\n\n\nPrivate dwellings315 (total) 448 (total) 458 (total) \n\n\nMedian household income$57,024$51,891\n\n\n References: 2021[6] 2016[7] 2011[8] earlier[9][10]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"List of former mayors:Stephan Doré (2001–2009)\nMichael Page (2009–2021)\nMarcella Davis Gerrish (2021–Present)","title":"Local government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secret Window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Window"},{"link_name":"Johnny Depp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The X-Files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files"},{"link_name":"Cigarette Smoking Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_Smoking_Man"},{"link_name":"Hatley High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatley_High"},{"link_name":"Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson,_Quebec"}],"text":"North Hatley was the location for the shooting of a few films, including Secret Window with Johnny Depp.[11][12]North Hatley was mentioned in the television show The X-Files as the location of the Cigarette Smoking Man's hideout (in the episode \"The Red and the Black\").North Hatley was the setting for the 2003 film Hatley High. Some of its landmarks, including the North Hatley sign, can be seen throughout the movie. However, the bulk of the movie was filmed in Hudson.","title":"In media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F. R. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._R._Scott"},{"link_name":"Louis Dudek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dudek"},{"link_name":"Ralph Gustafson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Gustafson"},{"link_name":"D. G. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._G._Jones"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Emily LeBaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_LeBaron"},{"link_name":"Janet Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Blake"}],"text":"Several Canadian Modernist poets, including F. R. Scott, Louis Dudek, Ralph Gustafson, Ronald Sutherland, and D. G. Jones, have lived in North Hatley.[13]It is also home to many artists and craftspeople, including Emily LeBaron, an artist, antiquarian, art teacher and community organizer, and also Naisi LeBaron, known locally for her \"art naive\" paintings of village life in North Hatley and environs, as well as local graphic artist Mellanie Beauchamp.North Hatley also has in its history philanthropists well committed to their community, such as Arthur Russell Virgin and Janet Blake.","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"A pier on Lake Massawippi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pier_in_North_Hatley.JPG/200px-Pier_in_North_Hatley.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of anglophone communities in Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anglophone_communities_in_Quebec"},{"title":"List of village municipalities in Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_village_municipalities_in_Quebec"}] | [{"reference":"\"Banque de noms de lieux du Québec: Reference number 142203\". toponymie.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec.","urls":[{"url":"https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=142203","url_text":"\"Banque de noms de lieux du Québec: Reference number 142203\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_de_toponymie_du_Qu%C3%A9bec","url_text":"Commission de toponymie du Québec"}]},{"reference":"\"Répertoire des municipalités: Geographic code 45050\". www.mamh.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Ministère des Affaires municipales et de l'Habitation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mamh.gouv.qc.ca/repertoire-des-municipalites/fiche/municipalite/45050/","url_text":"\"Répertoire des municipalités: Geographic code 45050\""}]},{"reference":"\"ParlInfo Has Moved\". lop.parl.ca. Retrieved August 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/SiteInformation/parlinfoMoved","url_text":"\"ParlInfo Has Moved\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Hatley (Code 2445050) Census Profile\". 2016 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2445050&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All","url_text":"\"North Hatley (Code 2445050) Census Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_census","url_text":"2016 census"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Quebec\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000224","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Quebec\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Community Profiles\". 2021 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDlist=2021A00052445050","url_text":"\"2021 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2021 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Community Profiles\". 2016 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021. Retrieved 2020-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2016 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2016 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Community Profiles\". 2011 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019. Retrieved 2020-08-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2011 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2011 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Community Profiles\". 2006 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2006 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2006 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"2001 Community Profiles\". 2001 Canadian Census. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Index.cfm?Lang=E","url_text":"\"2001 Community Profiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Canadian_Census","url_text":"2001 Canadian Census"}]},{"reference":"\"The Stanstead Journal - Google News Archive Search\". news.google.com. Retrieved August 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=805&dat=20030918&id=4-AuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UEkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4572,3989205","url_text":"\"The Stanstead Journal - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Hatley Travel Guide: North Hatley, Quebec (QC) | WORLDWEB.COM\". www.southstlawrence.worldweb.com. Retrieved August 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southstlawrence.worldweb.com/NorthHatley/","url_text":"\"North Hatley Travel Guide: North Hatley, Quebec (QC) | WORLDWEB.COM\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Hatley¶ms=45_17_N_71_58_W_region:CA-QC_type:city(632)","external_links_name":"45°17′N 71°58′W / 45.283°N 71.967°W / 45.283; -71.967"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Hatley¶ms=45_17_N_71_58_W_region:CA-QC_type:city(632)","external_links_name":"45°17′N 71°58′W / 45.283°N 71.967°W / 45.283; -71.967"},{"Link":"https://www.northhatley.org/","external_links_name":"www.northhatley.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Hatley&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=142203","external_links_name":"\"Banque de noms de lieux du Québec: Reference number 142203\""},{"Link":"https://www.mamh.gouv.qc.ca/repertoire-des-municipalites/fiche/municipalite/45050/","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire des municipalités: Geographic code 45050\""},{"Link":"https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/SiteInformation/parlinfoMoved","external_links_name":"\"ParlInfo Has Moved\""},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2445050&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All","external_links_name":"\"North Hatley (Code 2445050) Census Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000224","external_links_name":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Quebec\""},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDlist=2021A00052445050","external_links_name":"\"2021 Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","external_links_name":"\"2016 Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E","external_links_name":"\"2011 Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?Lang=E","external_links_name":"\"2006 Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Index.cfm?Lang=E","external_links_name":"\"2001 Community Profiles\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=805&dat=20030918&id=4-AuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UEkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4572,3989205","external_links_name":"\"The Stanstead Journal - Google News Archive Search\""},{"Link":"http://www.southstlawrence.worldweb.com/NorthHatley/","external_links_name":"\"North Hatley Travel Guide: North Hatley, Quebec (QC) | WORLDWEB.COM\""},{"Link":"https://www.northhatley.org/","external_links_name":"Official site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_Facility,_Riem | Riding Facility, Riem | ["1 References"] | German facility for the 1972 Summer Olympics
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Olympia-Reitstadion München
The Riding Facility, Riem, also known as Olympic Riding Stadium (German: Olympia-Reitstadion Riem), was a temporary facility constructed in the Riem area of Munich, Germany, for the 1972 Summer Olympics. It hosted the equestrian individual jumping, cross-country eventing, and the riding portion of the modern pentathlon competition. They were constructed on the grounds of the Riding Academy and the Munich Riding Club.
References
^ 1972 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 2. Part 2. pp. 207–8.
^ Olympiareitanlage.de: Geländeplan
^ Olympiareitanlage.de: Hauptseite
vte Venues of the 1972 Summer Olympics (Munich)Olympiapark
Boxhalle
Hockeyanlage
Olympiahalle
Olympiastadion
Olympisches Dorf
Olympiaturm
Radstadion
Schwimmhalle
Volleyballhalle
Greater Munich
Basketballhalle
Bogenschießanlage
Dantebad
Dressage Facility Nymphenburg
Grünwald
Messegelände, Fechthalle 1
Messegelände Fechthalle 2
Messegelände, Gewichtheberhalle
Messegelände, Judo- und Ringerhalle
Oberschleißheim Regatta Course
Riding Facility, Riem
Schießanlage
Football venues
Dreiflüssestadion (Passau)
ESV-Stadion (Ingolstadt)
Jahnstadion (Regensburg)
Rosenaustadion (Augsburg)
Urban Stadium (Nuremberg)
Handball venues
Böblingen Sportshalle
Donauhalle Ulm
Hohenstaufenhalle Göppingen
Sporthalle Augsburg
Other venues
Bay of Kiel
Bundesautobahn 96
Eiskanal (Augsburg)
vteOlympic venues in equestrian20th century
1900: 7th arrondissement of Paris
1912: Fältrittklubben, Liljeholmen, Lindarängen, Östermalms IP, Stockholm Olympic Stadium
1920: Olympisch Stadion
1924: Hippodrome d'Auteuil, Stade Yves-du-Manoir
1928: Hilversum, Olympic Stadium
1932: Olympic Stadium, Riviera Country Club, Westchester
1936: Döberitz, Mayfield, Olympic Stadium
1948: Aldershot, Empire Stadium, Tweseldown Racecourse
1952: Laakso, Olympic Stadium, Ruskeasuo Equestrian Hall, Tali Race Track
1956: Lill-Jansskogen, Olympic Stadium, Ulriksdal
1960: Piazza di Siena, Pratoni del Vivaro
1964: Karuizawa, National Stadium
1968: Avándaro Golf Club, Campo Marte, Estadio Olímpico Universitario
1972: Dressage Facility Nymphenburg, Olympiastadion, Riding Facility, Riem
1976: Olympic Equestrian Centre, Bromont, Olympic Stadium
1980: Grand Arena, Trade Unions' Equestrian Complex
1984: Fairbanks Ranch Country Club, Santa Anita Park
1988: Olympic Stadium, Seoul Equestrian Park
1992: Club Hípic El Montanyà, Real Club de Polo de Barcelona
1996: Georgia International Horse Park
21st century
2000: Sydney International Equestrian Centre
2004: Markopoulo Olympic Equestrian Centre
2008: Hong Kong Equestrian Venues
2012: Greenwich Park
2016: Olympic Equestrian Centre
2020: Tokyo Equestrian Park, Central Breakwater
2024: Palace of Versailles
2028: Sepulveda Dam
2032: Victoria Park, Brisbane Showgrounds
vteOlympic venues in modern pentathlon20th century
1912: Barkarby, Djurgårdsbrunnsviken, Kaknäs, Östermalms IP, Stockholm Olympic Stadium
1920: Olympisch Stadion
1924: Fontainebleau, Le Stand de Tir de Versailles, Piscine des Tourelles, Stade Yves-du-Manoir
1928: Amersfoort, Hilversum, Olympic Sports Park Swim Stadium, Schermzaal, Zeeburg Shooting Grounds
1932: 160th Regiment State Armory, Los Angeles Police Pistol Range, Riviera Country Club, Sunset Fields Golf Club, Swimming Stadium
1936: Döberitz, Haus des Deutschen Sports, Olympic Swimming Stadium, Ruhleben, Wannsee Golf Course
1948: Aldershot, Bisley Ranges, Royal Military Academy
1952: Hämeenlinna
1956: Oaklands Hunt Club, Royal Exhibition Building, Swimming/Diving Stadium, Williamstown
1960: Acqua Santa Golf Club Course, Palazzo dei Congressi, Passo Corese, Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto, Umberto I Shooting Range
1964: Asaka Nezu Park, Asaka Shooting Range, Kemigawa, National Gymnasium, Waseda Memorial Hall
1968: Campo Militar 1, Fernando Montes de Oca Fencing Hall, Francisco Márquez Olympic Pool, Vicente Suárez Shooting Range
1972: Messegelände Fechthalle 2, Olympiastadion, Riding Facility, Riem; Schießanlage, Schwimmhalle
1976: Montreal Botanical Garden, Olympic Equestrian Centre, Bromont; Olympic Pool, Olympic Shooting Range, L'Acadie; Winter Stadium, Université de Montréal
1980: CSKA Football Fieldhouse, Dynamo Shooting Range, Swimming Pool - Olimpisky, Trade Unions' Equestrian Complex
1984: Coto de Caza, Heritage Park Aquatic Center
1988: Jamsil Indoor Swimming Pool, Mongchontoseong, Olympic Fencing Gymnasium, Seoul Equestrian Park, Taenung International Shooting Range
1992: Cross-country course, Mollet del Vallès Shooting Range, Palau de la Metal·lúrgia, Piscines Bernat Picornell, Real Club de Polo de Barcelona
1996: Georgia International Horse Park, Georgia Tech Aquatic Center, Georgia World Congress Center
21st century
2000: Sydney Baseball Stadium, Sydney International Aquatic Centre, The Dome and Exhibition Complex
2004: Olympic Modern Pentathlon Centre
2008: Olympic Green Convention Center, Olympic Sports Centre, Ying Tung Natatorium
2012: Aquatics Centre, Greenwich Park, Copper Box, Royal Artillery Barracks
2016: Deodoro Aquatics Centre, Deodoro Stadium, Youth Arena
2020: Musashino Forest Sport Plaza, Tokyo Stadium
2024: Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Palace of Versailles
2028: VELO Sports Center, Dignity Health Sports Park
2032: TBD
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz place
This article about a German sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Bavarian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Summer Olympics venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olympia-Reitstadion_M%C3%BCnchen.JPG"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Riem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudering-Riem"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"1972 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"modern pentathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Pentathlon_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Olympia-Reitstadion MünchenThe Riding Facility, Riem, also known as Olympic Riding Stadium (German: Olympia-Reitstadion Riem), was a temporary facility constructed in the Riem area of Munich, Germany, for the 1972 Summer Olympics. It hosted the equestrian individual jumping, cross-country eventing, and the riding portion of the modern pentathlon competition. They were constructed on the grounds of the Riding Academy and the Munich Riding Club.[1][2][3]","title":"Riding Facility, Riem"}] | [{"image_text":"Olympia-Reitstadion München","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Olympia-Reitstadion_M%C3%BCnchen.JPG/220px-Olympia-Reitstadion_M%C3%BCnchen.JPG"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReitstadion_Riem&sl=de&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/1972s2pt2.pdf","external_links_name":"1972 Summer Olympics official report."},{"Link":"http://www.olympiareitanlage.de/index.php?article_id=3&clang=0","external_links_name":"Olympiareitanlage.de: Geländeplan"},{"Link":"http://www.olympiareitanlage.de/index.php?article_id=11&clang=0","external_links_name":"Olympiareitanlage.de: Hauptseite"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/36054be9-ca55-4d9e-8d9a-bce43a029f64","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_Facility,_Riem&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_Facility,_Riem&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_Facility,_Riem&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Archer | Johnny Archer | ["1 Early days","2 Career","3 Titles and achievements","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"] | American professional pool player
Johnny ArcherJohnny Archer posing with a fan, 2008Born (1968-11-12) 12 November 1968 (age 55)Waycross, GeorgiaSport country United StatesNickname"The Scorpion"Professional1985Tournament winsOther titles100World Champion9-ball (1992, 1997)
Johnny Archer (born November 12, 1968, in Waycross, Georgia) is an American professional pool player. He is nicknamed "the Scorpion" (his zodiac sign is Scorpio, and one of his sponsors is Scorpion Cues). On June 8, 2009, Johnny Archer was nominated to be inducted into the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame.
Early days
Archer grew up with his two brothers and two sisters in Twin City, Georgia, and began playing pool at the age of 12.
Career
He is one of the most successful nine-ball players of the 1990s and 2000s, having won the majority of the game's major tournaments at least once, culminating in his being named Billiards Digest Player of the Decade at the end of the 1990s. Archer is a two-time WPA World Nine-ball Champion, winning in both 1992 when he defeated Bobby Hunter, and later again in 1997 after beating Lee Kun-fang of Chinese Taipei (Taiwan). He was also a runner-up the following year, losing in the final to Kunihiko Takahashi of Japan. He was the 1999 US Open champion, and has won over 100 professional tournaments throughout his career.
He has also been a regular on the US Mosconi Cup team, having joined them a record seventeen times, winning on nine of those occasions.
In 2003, one of Archer's most successful years, he won tournaments such as Sudden Death Seven-ball and the first World Summit of Pool.
Archer also won the 2006 US$50,000 winner-take-all International Challenge of Champions by defeating Thorsten Hohmann in the finals.
In 2007, he won the Texas Hold 'Em Billiards Championship. While in the 2005 event the entire purse was awarded to the winner, in the 2007 event the purse was split.
The Ripley's Believe It or Not! television show, on September 3, 2003, pitted Archer and Jeremy Jones against each other in a challenge match in speed pool. The show had them timed against each other, to try to beat the record, which at that time stood at 1 minute 30 seconds to break a full rack of balls and then pocket all fifteen balls, and then move to another table and do it again. Archer was the victor. The event was recorded in a warehouse in Los Angeles where other challenge matches were also taking place to beat records.
Archer rejoined the staff of Inside Pool Magazine, where he writes a monthly instruction column.
For 2007, he was ranked #3 in Pool & Billiard Magazine's "Fans' Top 20 Favorite Players" poll.
Titles and achievements
2016 Hangelar 9-Ball Open
2016 Tennessee State 8-Ball Open
2015 Tornado Open 9-Ball Championship
2013 Music City Classic 9-Ball
2012 Music City Classic 9-Ball
2011 Maryland 14.1 Championship
2011 Music City Classic 9-Ball
2011 Challenge du St. Laurent 9-Ball
2010 Turning Stone Classic
2009 Steve Mizerak 10-Ball Championship
2009 Turning Stone Classic
2009 U.S. 10-Ball Invitational
2009 Gem City Classic
2009 Mosconi Cup
2008 Turning Stone Classic
2008 UPA Desert Shoot Out
2008 Turning Stone Classic
2008 Jay Swanson Memorial 9-Ball
2007 Texas Hold 'Em Billiards Championship
2007 Turning Stone Classic
2007 Great Southern Billiard Tour
2006 International Challenge of Champions
2006 Turning Stone Classic
2006 Music City Classic 9-Ball
2006 SML Entertainment Open 9-Ball Championship
2005 Predator Florida Pro 9-Ball Open
2005 Glass City Open 9-Ball Championship
2005 Mosconi Cup
2004 Super Billiards Expo Players Championship
2004 Big Apple 9-Ball Challenge
2004 North American Open Tour
2004 Carolinas Open 9-Ball Division
2004 Predator Florida Pro 9-Ball Open
2004 Derby City Classic 10-Ball Ring Game
2004 Mosconi Cup
2004 Billiards Digest Player of the Year
2004 Border Battle, Team USA VS Team Canada
2003 Glass City Open 9-Ball Championship
2003 Molson Cup
2003 Border Battle, Team USA VS Team Canada
2003 World Summit of Pool
2003 Super Billiards Expo Players Championship
2003 ESPN Sudden Death Seven-ball
2003 Predator Florida Pro 9-Ball Open
2003 Predator Atlanta 9-Ball Open
2003 LG Flatiron "On Cue 2" 9-Ball Tournament
2003 IBC Western Canadian Open 9-Ball
2003 Mosconi Cup
2003 Billiards Digest Player of the Year
2002 Capital City Classic 9-Ball
2002 Joss Northeast Tour
2001 Mosconi Cup
2001 Border Battle, Team USA VS Team Canada
2000 BCA Open Nine-ball Championship
2000 Music City Classic 9-Ball
2000 Euro Tour Portugal Open
2000 Euro Tour Italy Open
2000 Mosconi Cup
2000 Billiards Digest Player of the Decade- 1990s
1999 Billiards Digest Player of the Year
1999 Mosconi Cup
1999 US Open Nine-ball Championship
1999 Camel Kasson Open
1998 Mosconi Cup
1998 ESPN Ultimate Challenge 9-Ball
1997 Mosconi Cup
1997 PCA Viking Challenge
1997 WPA World Nine-ball Championship
1996 Billiards Digest Player of the Year
1996 PBT Pro Tour Nine-Ball Championship
1995 Sands Regency 9-Ball Open
1995 PBT Riviera Nine-Ball Championship
1994 PBT Florida Flare Up II
1994 Sands Regency 9-Ball Open
1994 Touch of Class Billiards 9-Ball Classic
1993 Billiards Digest Player of the Year
1993 PBT Riviera Nine-Ball Championship
1993 McDermott Masters 9-Ball Championship
1993 Capital City Open 9-Ball
1993 Bicycle Club 9-Ball Invitational
1993 Sands Regency 9-Ball Open
1993 Texas Tornado 9-Ball Tournament
1992 Billiards Digest Player of the Year
1992 WPA World Nine-ball Championship
1992 Sands Regency 9-Ball Open
1992 Beach Ball Open 9-Ball
1992 International 9-Ball Classic
1992 Q-Masters Championship
1992 Kupolen Challenge Cup
1991 Sands Last Call For 9-Ball
1991 Cleveland Open 9-Ball
1991 Spring Fling Open 9-Ball
1991 Sands Regency 9-Ball Open
1990 Willard's 9-Ball Classic
1989 Wiregrass Open 9-Ball
1989 B.C. Open 9-Ball Pro-Am Doubles
1988 Huebler Cup Open 9-Ball
Personal life
Archer lives in Acworth, Georgia, with his wife Melanie and two children. He's an avid golfer, and ascribes his strong pool break to playing a lot of golf, noting similarities in having the timing right and using one's whole body in the stroke.
References
^ "Johnny Archer, Allison Fisher Gain BCA Hall of Fame Election", AzBilliards.com. Retrieved July 14, 2009
^ Johnny "The Scorpion" Archer Archived March 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, scorpionCues.com. Retrieved June 7, 2008
^ "Archer Wins Sudden Death 7-Ball". InsidePOOL.com. October 1, 2003. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
^ "Archer wins World Summit of Pool". AzBilliards.com. October 12, 2003. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
^ "Archer Wins Challenge of Champions". AzBilliards.com. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2008.
^ "2005 Texas Hold'em Billiards Shootout" Archived February 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, at AZBilliards
^ "Johnny Archer Wins 2007 Texas Hold Em Billiards" Archived February 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, at AZBilliards
^ Episode 418 Archived February 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, www.TV.com. Retrieved August 5, 2007
^ Previous News, JohnnyArcher.net. Retrieved August 5, 2007
^ "Johnny Archer Billiards Instruction", InsidePoolMagazine.com.
^ "The Survey Says...: Pool & Billiard Magazine's 22nd Annual Player and Fan Poll". Pool & Billiard Magazine. Vol. 26, no. 2. Summerville, South Carolina: Sports Publications. February 2008. p. 14. ISSN 1049-2852.
^ Archer Interview Archived June 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, October 2, 1999, AzBilliards.com. Retrieved August 5, 2007
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johnny Archer.
Archer's official website
vteWorld pool championsNine-ball(men's)
1990: Earl Strickland
1991: Earl Strickland
1992: Johnny Archer
1993: Chao Fong-pang
1994: Takeshi Okumura
1995: Oliver Ortmann
1996: Ralf Souquet
1997: Johnny Archer
1998: Kunihiko Takahashi
1999: Efren Reyes & Nick Varner
2000: Chao Fong-pang
2001: Mika Immonen
2002: Earl Strickland
2003: Thorsten Hohmann
2004: Alex Pagulayan
2005: Wu Chia-ching
2006: Ronato Alcano
2007: Daryl Peach
2010: Francisco Bustamante
2011: Yukio Akakariyama
2012: Darren Appleton
2013: Thorsten Hohmann
2014: Niels Feijen
2015: Ko Pin-yi
2016: Albin Ouschan
2017: Carlo Biado
2018: Joshua Filler
2019: Fedor Gorst
2021: Albin Ouschan
2022: Shane Van Boening
2023: Francisco Sanchez Ruiz
2024: Fedor Gorst
Nine-ball(women's)
1990: Robin Bell
1991: Robin Bell
1992: Franziska Stark
1993: Loree Jon Jones
1994: Ewa Laurance
1995: Gerda Hofstätter
1996: Allison Fisher
1997: Allison Fisher
1998: Allison Fisher
1999: Liu Hsin-mei
2000: Julie Kelly
2001: Allison Fisher
2002: Liu Hsin-mei
2004: Kim Ga-young
2006: Kim Ga-young
2007: Pan Xiaoting
2008: Lin Yuan-chun
2009: Liu Shasha
2010: Fu Xiaofang
2011: Bi Zhu Qing
2012: Kelly Fisher
2013: Han Yu
2014: Liu Shasha
2015: Liu Shasha
2016: Han Yu
2017: Chen Siming
2018: Han Yu
2019: Kelly Fisher
Eight-ball(champions)
2004: Efren Reyes
2005: Wu Chia-ching
2007: Ronato Alcano
2008: Ralf Souquet
2010: Karl Boyes
2011: Dennis Orcollo
2012: Chang Jung-Lin
2022: Francisco Sanchez Ruiz
Ten-ball
2008: Darren Appleton
2009: Mika Immonen
2011: Huidji See
2015: Ko Pin-yi
2019: Ko Ping-chung
2021: Eklent Kaçi
2022: Wojciech Szewczyk
2023: Eklent Kaçi
2024: Carlo Biado
Straight pool
2006: Thorsten Hohmann
2007: Oliver Ortmann
2008: Niels Feijen
2009: Stephan Cohen
2010: Oliver Ortmann
2011: Thorsten Hohmann
2012: John Schmidt
2013: Thorsten Hohmann
2014: Darren Appleton
2015: Thorsten Hohmann
2016: Mika Immonen
2017: Lee Vann Corteza
2018: Thorsten Hohmann
2019: Shane Van Boening
Cue sports portal
Johnny Archer in Mosconi Cup
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 1997
Earl Strickland
Kim Davenport
Johnny Archer
James Rempe
Nick Varner
Reed Pierce
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 1998
Kim Davenport
Johnny Archer
Earl Strickland
Reed Pierce
Nick Varner
James Rempe
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 1999
Johnny Archer
Kim Davenport
Jeremy Jones
James Rempe
Earl Strickland
Michael Coltrain
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2000
Johnny Archer
Shannon Daulton
Jeremy Jones
Corey Deuel
Earl Strickland
Michael Coltrain
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2001
Johnny Archer
Nick Varner
Jeremy Jones
Corey Deuel
Earl Strickland
Charlie Williams
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2002
Johnny Archer
Nick Varner
Jeremy Jones
Corey Deuel
Earl Strickland
Charlie Williams
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2003
Johnny Archer
Jeremy Jones
Rodney Morris
Earl Strickland
Charlie Williams
Tony Robles
Nick Varner (non-playing captain)
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2004
Gabe Owen
Rodney Morris (MPV)
Earl Strickland
Charlie Williams
Tony Robles
Johnny Archer (captain)
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2005
Rodney Morris
Shawn Putnam
Jeremy Jones
Earl Strickland
Charlie Williams
Johnny Archer (captain)
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2006
Earl Strickland
Rodney Morris
Corey Deuel
Mike Davis
John Schmidt
Johnny Archer (captain)
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2007
Earl Strickland
Johnny Archer
Rodney Morris
Corey Deuel
Shane Van Boening
Kim Davenport (non-playing captain)
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2008
Earl Strickland
Johnny Archer
Rodney Morris
Jeremy Jones
Shane Van Boening
Nick Varner (non-playing captain)
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2009
Johnny Archer
Corey Deuel
Óscar Domínguez
Shane Van Boening
Dennis Hatch
Nick Varner (non-playing captain)
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2010
Johnny Archer
Dennis Hatch
Rodney Morris
Shane Van Boening
Corey Deuel
Nick Varner (non-playing captain)
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2011
Shane Van Boening
Shawn Putnam
Mike Dechaine
Johnny Archer
Rodney Morris
Charlie Williams (non-playing captain)
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2012
Johnny Archer
Mike Dechaine
Dennis Hatch
Brandon Shuff
Shane Van Boening
C.J. Wiley (non-playing captain)
vteUnited States Mosconi Cup team – 2013
Shane Van Boening
Rodney Morris
Dennis Hatch
Earl Strickland
Johnny Archer (captain)
Buddy Hall (non-playing vice captain) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waycross, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waycross,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_(cue_sports)"},{"link_name":"zodiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac"},{"link_name":"Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Billiard Congress of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiard_Congress_of_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Johnny Archer (born November 12, 1968, in Waycross, Georgia) is an American professional pool player. He is nicknamed \"the Scorpion\" (his zodiac sign is Scorpio, and one of his sponsors is Scorpion Cues). 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Archer is a two-time WPA World Nine-ball Champion, winning in both 1992 when he defeated Bobby Hunter, and later again in 1997 after beating Lee Kun-fang of Chinese Taipei (Taiwan). He was also a runner-up the following year, losing in the final to Kunihiko Takahashi of Japan. He was the 1999 US Open champion, and has won over 100 professional tournaments throughout his career.He has also been a regular on the US Mosconi Cup team, having joined them a record seventeen times, winning on nine of those occasions.In 2003, one of Archer's most successful years, he won tournaments such as Sudden Death Seven-ball[3] and the first World Summit of Pool.[4]Archer also won the 2006 US$50,000 winner-take-all International Challenge of Champions by defeating Thorsten Hohmann in the finals.[5]In 2007, he won the Texas Hold 'Em Billiards Championship. While in the 2005 event the entire purse was awarded to the winner, in the 2007 event the purse was split.[6][7]The Ripley's Believe It or Not! television show, on September 3, 2003,[8] pitted Archer and Jeremy Jones against each other in a challenge match in speed pool. The show had them timed against each other, to try to beat the record, which at that time stood at 1 minute 30 seconds[9] to break a full rack of balls and then pocket all fifteen balls, and then move to another table and do it again. Archer was the victor. The event was recorded in a warehouse in Los Angeles where other challenge matches were also taking place to beat records.Archer rejoined the staff of Inside Pool Magazine, where he writes a monthly instruction column.[10]For 2007, he was ranked #3 in Pool & Billiard Magazine's \"Fans' Top 20 Favorite Players\" poll.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acworth, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acworth,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"golfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Archer lives in Acworth, Georgia, with his wife Melanie and two children. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondrestrom_Air_Base | Sondrestrom Air Base | ["1 History","1.1 Names","1.2 Base operating units","1.3 Major commands to which assigned","1.4 Founding and construction","1.5 Operations","2 Rocket launches","2.1 Launch list","3 See also","4 Citations","5 References"] | Sondrestrom Air BaseSondrestrom Air Base, 1974Sondrestrom Air BaseLocation in GreenlandCoordinates67°00′38.00″N 050°42′33.00″W / 67.0105556°N 50.7091667°W / 67.0105556; -50.7091667TypeMilitary airfieldSite informationControlled byUnited States Air ForceSite historyBuilt1941In use1941–1992
Sondrestrom Air Base, originally Bluie West-8, was a United States Air Force base in central Greenland. The site is located 60 mi (97 km) north of the Arctic Circle and 90 mi (140 km) from the northeast end of Kangerlussuaq Fjord (formerly known by its Danish name Søndre Strømfjord). The base is approximately 11 mi (18 km) west-northwest of Ravneklippen and 80 mi (130 km) east of Sisimiut.
Following World War II, the base was briefly returned to Danish control between 9 October 1950 and 20 July 1951. The 1951 Greenland bases treaty led to the return of Sondrestrom to American control. The base was turned over to the Greenland government in 1992 and is now the civilian community of Kangerlussuaq and Kangerlussuaq Airport, although the USAF operates a small Air National Guard detachment in the former base.
History
Names
Established on 20 October 1941 and named Bluie West Eight (BW-8); codenamed "Bodkin" in communications.
Renamed: Sondrestromfjord Army Air Base, 1945
Renamed: Sondrestromfjord Air Base, 25 October 1947
Renamed: Sondrestrom Air Base, 10 January 1952
Base operating units
417th Base HQ & Air Base Squadron, 26 September 1942
1385th Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 October 1945
1004th Air Base Squadron (redesignated: 1234th Air Base Squadron, 1 October 1948), 1 June 1948
Greenland Base Command, 21 June 1949 – 9 October 1950
6621st Air Base Squadron, 20 July 1951
6621st Air Base Group, 25 September 1955
4084th Air Base Group, 1 April 1957
4684th Air Base Group, 1 July 1960 – 1 June 1992
1015th Air Base Squadron, a subordinate unit to the 1012th Air Base Group at Thule, was the unit designation from at least March, 1985 to closing in September, 1992
2004th Airways & Air Communications Squadron(AACS)(MATS)
Major commands to which assigned
First United States Army, 15 January 1941
Eastern Defense Command (U.S. Army), 12 December 1942
Air Transport Command, 1 January 1946
Military Air Transport Service, 1 April 1948
Northeast Air Command, 1–9 October 1950; 20 July 1951
Strategic Air Command, 1 April 1957
Air Defense (redesignated: Aerospace Defense) Command, 15 January 1968
Strategic Air Command, 1 December 1979 – 30 June 1983
Air Force Space Command from 1 July 1983 to September 1992 closing
Founding and construction
Following the fall of Denmark to Germany in World War II, responsibility for the security of Greenland passed to the American military under the terms of a 9 April 1941 treaty with the defected Danish ambassador in Washington, Henrik Kauffmann. Military leaders responded by building several bases in Greenland, the largest of which were Bluie West One in Narsarsuaq in southern Greenland and Bluie West Eight along the Kangerlussuaq fjord.
The site of BW-8 had already been contemplated for an airfield, and Professor William Hobbs of the University of Michigan had operated a meteorological station there in 1927–28. That station was named Mount Evans, while the supporting base camp at the site of the present seaport was named Camp Lloyd. A 1,500 foot long dirt airstrip eight miles east was prepared for the expected aircraft of Atlantic flyers Bert Hassell and Parker Cramer. They, however, ran out of fuel and walked the remaining distance to Sondrestrom. The location at the bottom of Sondrestromfjord is about as far from the coast as one can get on land in Greenland, and though the climate is severe, it is much more favorable for aviation than the coast. The approaches are clear, although the runway has a slope.
During August 1940, the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Duane supported an aerial survey commanded by Army Captain Julius K. Lacey. From Lacey's Curtiss SOC-4, numerous photographs were obtained of promising runway alignments in the area. From 6 to 11 May 1941, the South Greenland Survey Expedition led by Lieutenant Commander William E. Sinton further examined the area from the USCGC Northland, which now carried the same SOC-4 for aerial surveys. Charts and plans were drawn up in expectation of a major construction expedition that fall. The expedition also charted seaplane operating sites at Monroe Bay (Tatsip Ata) and Angujartorfik downfjords from Sondrestrom.
Bluie West-8 was founded on 7 October 1941 by a 31-man expedition commanded by Captain (later Colonel) Bernt Balchen of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). A major sealift followed. The airport was ready for operation in the spring of 1942. A road of about ten miles length connected the airfield site with the port location (Camp Lloyd) farther down the fjord. Seasonal access for ships is during late summer and early autumn, but during the early days the fjord ice was broken for a much longer period.
To identify and guide the approach to BW-8, an auxiliary station was placed at Cruncher Island, also known as Simiutak, at the entrance to Sondrestromfjord. This station, operational 4 September 1942, provided meteorological reports, radio communications, radio beacon and lights for air and sea traffic. It was known as BW-9.
Operations
BW-8 was intended as a link in a northern air ferry route known to U.S. planners as the Crimson Route, but it transpired that few aircraft were ferried to Europe through it. Instead, the base earned its keep as an alternate field, a radio and weather reporting station, and as a departure point for search-and-rescue operations elsewhere in Greenland. During the two years Colonel Balchen was in command, he led numerous expeditions throughout the island, primarily in rescue operations for downed aircrew.
As a reliever for the Greenland Command headquarters base in Narsarsuaq, Bluie West One, BW-8 was by late 1942 assisted by small fields at Bluie East Two in East Greenland, and Teague Field on the west coast about midways between BW-8 and BW-1.
The Danish government briefly controlled the base in 1950, but following a renewed base treaty (also resulting in the construction of Thule Air Base), the United States reopened BW-8 under the name of Sondrestrom Air Base on 27 April 1951. Sondrestrom AB then became instrumental in the airlift to build Thule AB, although it had little function of its own, and rarely had permanently stationed aircraft. However, the base also served to support air refueling tankers, and trans-Atlantic ferry flights for short-ranged jet fighters continued to transit in the post-war period.
When the Distant Early Warning Line was constructed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Sondrestrom AB received a new lease on life. It assisted especially in the building of the four radar stations spanning Greenland (DYE-1 through 4).
Passenger airplane at Sondrestrom Air Base in August 1974
In the mid-1950s, Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) began using the base as a refueling station on their then-new "Polar route" between Scandinavia and the United States. In 1956, SAS was operating three round trip flights a week with Douglas DC-6B propliners on a routing of Copenhagen – Sondrestrom – Winnipeg – Los Angeles. In the early 1960's, SAS' new DC-8-33 jets operated a Copenhagen-Sondrestrom-Los Angeles route. This use declined in the mid-1960s, as fan-jet airliners gained greater range. In the 1970s, Boeing 707-320B jetliners operated by Dan-Air between the United Kingdom and Vancouver stopped to refuel. The base also became the hub of Greenland air traffic and was the destination for almost all regular air service from and to Copenhagen. The United States Air Force continued to use the base for occasional traffic, and in particular for the yearly resupply of the DYE stations. It was also a center for seasonal scientific activity.
Following the fall of the Soviet Union and the abandonment of the DYE stations in 1991, the usefulness of the base was greatly diminished. The last US Air Force personnel left the base on 30 September 1992. It then became Kangerlussuaq airport: still the main hub for Greenland air travel.
Rocket launches
Since 1971, rockets such as the Nike Apache, Petrel, Nike Tomahawk, Black Brant, Terrier Malemute, Taurus Orion, and Taurus Nike Tomahawk TNT have been launched from a site close to Kangerlussuaq (specifically, at 67°01′23″N 050°35′49″W / 67.02306°N 50.59694°W / 67.02306; -50.59694 (Kangerlussuaq rocket launches)) for examination of the upper atmosphere.
Launch list
Date
Vehicle
Mission
Results
22 August 1971
Nike-Apache
(DK)
S (225 km)
24 August 1971
Nike-Apache
(DK)
S (225 km)
10 December 1972
Nike-Tomahawk
(DK)
S (300 km)
2 July 1974
Nike-Tomahawk
NASA 18.156IE/UE
S (235 km)
8 July 1974
Nike-Tomahawk
NASA 18.157IE/UE
S (235 km)
17 December 1974
Black Brant IV
(GER) MPI
S (595 km)
17 December 1974
Petrel
(UK) P86G
S (175 km)
17 December 1974
Petrel
(UK) P87G
S (170 km)
18 December 1974
Black Brant IV
(GER) MPI
S (550 km)
18 December 1974
Nike-Tomahawk
(DK)
E (20 km)
18 December 1974
Petrel
(UK) P166G
S (170 km)
18 December 1974
Petrel
(UK) P167G
S (170 km)
11 January 1975
Black Brant IV
(GER) MPI
S (610 km)
22 August 1976
Nike-Tomahawk
NASA 18.209IE CUSP II
S
27 August 1976
Nike-Tomahawk
NASA 18.210IE SEC II
S
23 January 1985
Terrier-Malemute
NASA 29.023UE
S
23 January 1985
Black Brant X
NASA 35.009UE
S
10 February 1985
Terrier-Malemute
NASA 29.015UE
S
10 February 1985
Black Brant X
NASA 35.012UE TOPAZ
S
5 March 1985
Taurus-Orion
NASA 33.044UE
S
15 March 1985
Black Brant IX
AFGL A21.426
S
20 March 1985
Taurus-Tomahawk
NASA 34.006UE
S
20 March 1985
Nike-Tomahawk
NASA 18.219UE
S
26 February 1987
Terrier-Malemute
NASA 29.025UE
S
26 February 1987
Black Brant IX
AFGL A21.628
S
5 March 1987
Terrier-Malemute
NASA 29.026UE
S
5 March 1987
Taurus-Nike-Tomahawk
NASA 38.012UE
S
21 March 1987
Taurus-Tomahawk
NASA 34.014UE
S
21 March 1987
Nike-Tomahawk
NASA 18.220UE
S
21 March 1987
Black Brant VIII?IX
AFGL A19.426
S
31 March 1987
Black Brant IX
NASA 36.014UE COPE II
S (436 km)
31 March 1987
Taurus-Nike-Tomahawk
NASA 38.010UE COPE II
S (467 km)
31 March 1987
Taurus-Nike-Tomahawk
NASA 38.011UE COPE II
S (441 km)
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sondrestrom Air Base.
Citations
^ http://www.timetableimages.com, 1 Jan. 1956 SAS system timetable
^ Sonde Stromfjord Launch Log
References
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
Fletcher, Harry R. (1989) Air Force Bases Volume II, Active Air Force Bases outside the United States of America on 17 September 1982. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6
Balchen, Bernt: War Below Zero. US Army, 1944.
Hobbs, William Ernest: The North Pole of the Winds. G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York, 1930.
vte Strategic Air Command (SAC)Basesactive(MAJCOM)CONUS
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USAAFGroups*= initial assignedunit upon SAC'sactivationBombardment
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MajorweaponsystemsBombers
Rockwell B-1 Lancer
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Fighters
North American F-2 Mustang
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Missiles
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Reconnaissance
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
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Martin RB-57D Canberra
Boeing RB-17
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Tankers
Boeing KB-29 Superfortress
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Transport
Beechcraft C-45
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Douglas C-118
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Douglas C-124 Globemaster II
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Commanders
George Kenney
Curtis LeMay
Power
Ryan
Joseph J. Nazzaro
Bruce K. Holloway
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Russell E. Dougherty
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outside municipalities
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Polar exploration
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North Ice
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Deltaterrasserne | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"Arctic Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circle"},{"link_name":"Kangerlussuaq Fjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangerlussuaq_Fjord"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"Ravneklippen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravneklippen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sisimiut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisimiut"},{"link_name":"Greenland government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Greenland"},{"link_name":"Kangerlussuaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangerlussuaq"},{"link_name":"Kangerlussuaq Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangerlussuaq_Airport"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"}],"text":"Sondrestrom Air Base, originally Bluie West-8, was a United States Air Force base in central Greenland. The site is located 60 mi (97 km) north of the Arctic Circle and 90 mi (140 km) from the northeast end of Kangerlussuaq Fjord (formerly known by its Danish name Søndre Strømfjord). The base is approximately 11 mi (18 km) west-northwest of Ravneklippen and 80 mi (130 km) east of Sisimiut.Following World War II, the base was briefly returned to Danish control between 9 October 1950 and 20 July 1951. The 1951 Greenland bases treaty led to the return of Sondrestrom to American control. The base was turned over to the Greenland government in 1992 and is now the civilian community of Kangerlussuaq and Kangerlussuaq Airport, although the USAF operates a small Air National Guard detachment in the former base.","title":"Sondrestrom Air Base"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Names","text":"Established on 20 October 1941 and named Bluie West Eight (BW-8); codenamed \"Bodkin\" in communications.Renamed: Sondrestromfjord Army Air Base, 1945\nRenamed: Sondrestromfjord Air Base, 25 October 1947\nRenamed: Sondrestrom Air Base, 10 January 1952","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Base operating units","text":"417th Base HQ & Air Base Squadron, 26 September 1942\n1385th Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 October 1945\n1004th Air Base Squadron (redesignated: 1234th Air Base Squadron, 1 October 1948), 1 June 1948\nGreenland Base Command, 21 June 1949 – 9 October 1950\n6621st Air Base Squadron, 20 July 1951\n6621st Air Base Group, 25 September 1955\n4084th Air Base Group, 1 April 1957\n4684th Air Base Group, 1 July 1960 – 1 June 1992\n1015th Air Base Squadron, a subordinate unit to the 1012th Air Base Group at Thule, was the unit designation from at least March, 1985 to closing in September, 1992\n2004th Airways & Air Communications Squadron(AACS)(MATS)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Eastern Defense Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Command_(United_States_Air_Force)"},{"link_name":"Military Air Transport Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service"},{"link_name":"Northeast Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Air Defense (redesignated: Aerospace Defense) Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Air Force Space Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Space_Command"}],"sub_title":"Major commands to which assigned","text":"First United States Army, 15 January 1941\nEastern Defense Command (U.S. Army), 12 December 1942\nAir Transport Command, 1 January 1946\nMilitary Air Transport Service, 1 April 1948\nNortheast Air Command, 1–9 October 1950; 20 July 1951\nStrategic Air Command, 1 April 1957\nAir Defense (redesignated: Aerospace Defense) Command, 15 January 1968\nStrategic Air Command, 1 December 1979 – 30 June 1983\nAir Force Space Command from 1 July 1983 to September 1992 closing","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fall of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Henrik Kauffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Kauffmann"},{"link_name":"Narsarsuaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narsarsuaq"},{"link_name":"William Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herbert_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Bert Hassell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bert_Hassell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parker Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parker_Cramer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Duane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Duane"},{"link_name":"Curtiss SOC-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_SOC-4"},{"link_name":"USCGC Northland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Northland_(WPG-49)"},{"link_name":"Bluie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluie"},{"link_name":"Bernt Balchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernt_Balchen"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Simiutak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simiutak"}],"sub_title":"Founding and construction","text":"Following the fall of Denmark to Germany in World War II, responsibility for the security of Greenland passed to the American military under the terms of a 9 April 1941 treaty with the defected Danish ambassador in Washington, Henrik Kauffmann. Military leaders responded by building several bases in Greenland, the largest of which were Bluie West One in Narsarsuaq in southern Greenland and Bluie West Eight along the Kangerlussuaq fjord.The site of BW-8 had already been contemplated for an airfield, and Professor William Hobbs of the University of Michigan had operated a meteorological station there in 1927–28. That station was named Mount Evans, while the supporting base camp at the site of the present seaport was named Camp Lloyd. A 1,500 foot long dirt airstrip eight miles east was prepared for the expected aircraft of Atlantic flyers Bert Hassell and Parker Cramer. They, however, ran out of fuel and walked the remaining distance to Sondrestrom. The location at the bottom of Sondrestromfjord is about as far from the coast as one can get on land in Greenland, and though the climate is severe, it is much more favorable for aviation than the coast. The approaches are clear, although the runway has a slope.During August 1940, the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Duane supported an aerial survey commanded by Army Captain Julius K. Lacey. From Lacey's Curtiss SOC-4, numerous photographs were obtained of promising runway alignments in the area. From 6 to 11 May 1941, the South Greenland Survey Expedition led by Lieutenant Commander William E. Sinton further examined the area from the USCGC Northland, which now carried the same SOC-4 for aerial surveys. Charts and plans were drawn up in expectation of a major construction expedition that fall. The expedition also charted seaplane operating sites at Monroe Bay (Tatsip Ata) and Angujartorfik downfjords from Sondrestrom.Bluie West-8 was founded on 7 October 1941 by a 31-man expedition commanded by Captain (later Colonel) Bernt Balchen of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). A major sealift followed. The airport was ready for operation in the spring of 1942. A road of about ten miles length connected the airfield site with the port location (Camp Lloyd) farther down the fjord. Seasonal access for ships is during late summer and early autumn, but during the early days the fjord ice was broken for a much longer period.To identify and guide the approach to BW-8, an auxiliary station was placed at Cruncher Island, also known as Simiutak, at the entrance to Sondrestromfjord. This station, operational 4 September 1942, provided meteorological reports, radio communications, radio beacon and lights for air and sea traffic. It was known as BW-9.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crimson Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Route"},{"link_name":"Bluie West One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluie_West_One"},{"link_name":"Bluie East Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluie_East_Two"},{"link_name":"Teague Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrak_Point"},{"link_name":"Thule Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Distant Early Warning Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distant_Early_Warning_Line"},{"link_name":"DYE-1 through 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DYE_Stations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sondrestrom_Air_Base,_August_1974_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Airlines System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines_System"},{"link_name":"Polar route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_route"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-6B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-6B"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707-320B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707-320B"},{"link_name":"Dan-Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan-Air"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"fall of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"US Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Operations","text":"BW-8 was intended as a link in a northern air ferry route known to U.S. planners as the Crimson Route, but it transpired that few aircraft were ferried to Europe through it. Instead, the base earned its keep as an alternate field, a radio and weather reporting station, and as a departure point for search-and-rescue operations elsewhere in Greenland. During the two years Colonel Balchen was in command, he led numerous expeditions throughout the island, primarily in rescue operations for downed aircrew.As a reliever for the Greenland Command headquarters base in Narsarsuaq, Bluie West One, BW-8 was by late 1942 assisted by small fields at Bluie East Two in East Greenland, and Teague Field on the west coast about midways between BW-8 and BW-1.The Danish government briefly controlled the base in 1950, but following a renewed base treaty (also resulting in the construction of Thule Air Base), the United States reopened BW-8 under the name of Sondrestrom Air Base on 27 April 1951. Sondrestrom AB then became instrumental in the airlift to build Thule AB, although it had little function of its own, and rarely had permanently stationed aircraft. However, the base also served to support air refueling tankers, and trans-Atlantic ferry flights for short-ranged jet fighters continued to transit in the post-war period.When the Distant Early Warning Line was constructed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Sondrestrom AB received a new lease on life. It assisted especially in the building of the four radar stations spanning Greenland (DYE-1 through 4).Passenger airplane at Sondrestrom Air Base in August 1974In the mid-1950s, Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) began using the base as a refueling station on their then-new \"Polar route\" between Scandinavia and the United States. In 1956, SAS was operating three round trip flights a week with Douglas DC-6B propliners on a routing of Copenhagen – Sondrestrom – Winnipeg – Los Angeles.[1] In the early 1960's, SAS' new DC-8-33 jets operated a Copenhagen-Sondrestrom-Los Angeles route. This use declined in the mid-1960s, as fan-jet airliners gained greater range. In the 1970s, Boeing 707-320B jetliners operated by Dan-Air between the United Kingdom and Vancouver stopped to refuel. The base also became the hub of Greenland air traffic and was the destination for almost all regular air service from and to Copenhagen. The United States Air Force continued to use the base for occasional traffic, and in particular for the yearly resupply of the DYE stations. It was also a center for seasonal scientific activity.[citation needed]Following the fall of the Soviet Union and the abandonment of the DYE stations in 1991, the usefulness of the base was greatly diminished. The last US Air Force personnel left the base on 30 September 1992. It then became Kangerlussuaq airport: still the main hub for Greenland air travel.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nike Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Apache"},{"link_name":"Petrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrel_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Nike Tomahawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Tomahawk"},{"link_name":"Black Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Brant_(rocket)"},{"link_name":"Terrier Malemute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrier_Malemute"},{"link_name":"Taurus Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Orion"},{"link_name":"Taurus Nike Tomahawk TNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Nike_Tomahawk_TNT"},{"link_name":"67°01′23″N 050°35′49″W / 67.02306°N 50.59694°W / 67.02306; -50.59694 (Kangerlussuaq rocket launches)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sondrestrom_Air_Base¶ms=67_01_23_N_050_35_49_W_type:airport&title=Kangerlussuaq+rocket+launches"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Since 1971, rockets such as the Nike Apache, Petrel, Nike Tomahawk, Black Brant, Terrier Malemute, Taurus Orion, and Taurus Nike Tomahawk TNT have been launched from a site close to Kangerlussuaq (specifically, at 67°01′23″N 050°35′49″W / 67.02306°N 50.59694°W / 67.02306; -50.59694 (Kangerlussuaq rocket launches)) for examination of the upper atmosphere.[2]","title":"Rocket launches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Launch list","title":"Rocket launches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"http://www.timetableimages.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.timetableimages.com"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Sonde Stromfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20030906194601/http://astronautix.com/sites/sonfjord.htm"}],"text":"^ http://www.timetableimages.com, 1 Jan. 1956 SAS system timetable\n\n^ Sonde Stromfjord Launch Log","title":"Citations"}] | [{"image_text":"Passenger airplane at Sondrestrom Air Base in August 1974","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sondrestrom_Air_Base%2C_August_1974_02.jpg/220px-Sondrestrom_Air_Base%2C_August_1974_02.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Sondrestrom Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sondrestrom_Air_Base"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sondrestrom_Air_Base¶ms=67_00_38.00_N_050_42_33.00_W_type:airport","external_links_name":"67°00′38.00″N 050°42′33.00″W / 67.0105556°N 50.7091667°W / 67.0105556; -50.7091667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sondrestrom_Air_Base¶ms=67_01_23_N_050_35_49_W_type:airport&title=Kangerlussuaq+rocket+launches","external_links_name":"67°01′23″N 050°35′49″W / 67.02306°N 50.59694°W / 67.02306; -50.59694 (Kangerlussuaq rocket launches)"},{"Link":"http://www.timetableimages.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.timetableimages.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030906194601/http://astronautix.com/sites/sonfjord.htm","external_links_name":"Sonde Stromfjord"},{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Block_Island_(ACV-8) | HMS Hunter (D80) | ["1 Design and description","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | 1943 Attacker-class escort carrier later converted to a merchant ship
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Hunter and USS Block Island.
HMS Hunter
History
United States
NameUSS Block Island
NamesakeBlock Island Sound
BuilderIngalls Shipbuilding
Laid down15 May 1941, as Mormacpenn
Launched22 May 1942
Commissioned9 January 1943
Out of serviceLoaned to Royal Navy 1943-1945
Stricken17 January 1947
FateSold into merchant service 1947, scrapped in Spain in 1965
United Kingdom
NameHMS Hunter
Commissioned11 January 1943
Decommissioned29 December 1945
RenamedInitially HMS Trailer, before being named HMS Hunter, As merchant ship:Almdijk
FateReturned to United States 29 December 1945
General characteristics
Class and typeAttacker-class escort carrier
Displacement14,400 tons
Length491 ft 6 in (149.81 m)
Beam105 ft (32 m)
Draught26 ft (7.9 m)
Propulsion
Steam turbines
1 shaft
8,500 shp (6,300 kW)
Speed18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph)
Complement646
Armament
2 × 4"/50, 5"/38 or 5"/51
8 × 40 mm
20 × 20 mm guns
Aircraft carried20
USS Block Island (CVE-8) (originally AVG and then ACV) was an Attacker-class escort aircraft carrier that served during World War II.
The ship was laid down on 15 May 1941 as Mormacpenn under Maritime Commission contract at Pascagoula, Mississippi, by Ingalls Shipbuilding, acquired by the United States Navy on 9 January 1943 and simultaneously transferred via the Lend-Lease program to the United Kingdom as Trailer. On 11 January 1943, the ship was renamed HMS Hunter (D80) and commissioned by the Royal Navy. In March 1945 was attached to the 21st Aircraft Carrier Squadron. She participated in Operation Jurist and Operation Tiderace in August 1945, the reoccupation of Malaya and Singapore from the Japanese.
The vessel was returned to United States' custody 29 December 1945 and sold into merchant service on 17 January 1947 as Almdijk. In October 1965 the ship was sold for scrapping in Spain.
Design and description
There were eight Attacker-class escort carriers in service with the Royal Navy during the Second World War. They were built between 1941 and 1942 by Ingalls Shipbuilding and Western Pipe & Steel shipyards in the United States, both building four ships each.
The ships had a complement of 646 men and crew accommodation was different from the normal Royal Navy's arrangements. The separate messes no longer had to prepare their own food, as everything was cooked in the galley and served cafeteria style in a central dining area. They were also equipped with a modern laundry and a barber shop. The traditional hammocks were replaced by three tier bunk beds, eighteen to a cabin which were hinged and could be tied up to provide extra space when not in use.
The ships dimensions were; an overall length of 492.25 feet (150.04 m), a beam of 69.5 feet (21.2 m) and a height of 23.25 ft (7.09 m). They had a displacement of 11,420 long tons (11,600 t) at deep load. Propulsion was provided by four diesel engines connected to one shaft giving 8,500 brake horsepower (6,300 kW), which could propel the ship at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph).
Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge–flight control on the starboard side and above the 450-by-120-foot (137 by 37 m) flight deck, two aircraft lifts 42 by 34 feet (13 by 10 m), and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the 260-by-62-foot (79 by 19 m) hangar below the flight deck. Armament comprised two 4"/50, 5"/38 or 5"/51 in single mounts, eight 40 mm anti-aircraft guns in twin mounts and twenty-one 20 mm anti-aircraft cannon in single or twin mounts. They had the capacity for up to eighteen aircraft which could be a mixture of Grumman Martlet, Hawker Sea Hurricane, Vought F4U Corsair fighter aircraft and Fairey Swordfish or Grumman Avenger anti-submarine aircraft.
References
^ Cocker (2008), p.79.
^ Poolman (1972), pp.74–75.
^ a b c d Cocker (2008), p.80.
^ Cocker (2008), pp.80–81.
^ Poolman (1972), p.57.
Bibliography
Cocker, Maurice (2008). Aircraft-Carrying Ships of the Royal Navy. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4633-2.
Poolman, Kenneth (1972). Escort Carrier 1941–1945. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0273-8.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to HMS Hunter (D80).
vteBogue-class escort carriers United States Navy
Bogue
Card
Copahee
Core
Nassau
Altamaha
Barnes
Block Island
Breton
Croatan
Prince William
Royal NavyAttacker class
Attacker
Battler
Chaser
Fencer
Hunter
Pursuer
Ravager
Searcher
Stalker
Striker
Tracker
Ruler class
Ameer
Arbiter
Atheling
Begum
Emperor
Empress
Khedive
Nabob
Patroller
Premier
Puncher
Queen
Rajah
Ranee
Reaper
Ruler
Shah
Slinger
Smiter
Speaker
Thane
Trouncer
Trumpeter
Preceded by: Long Island class
Followed by: Sangamon class
List of escort aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
List of escort aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy
vteType C3-S-A1 ships
Altamaha (CVE-6)
Barnes (CVE-7)
Breton (CVE-10)
Altamaha (CVE-18)
Baffins
Barnes
Bastian
Block Island
Bogue
Bolinas
Breton
Card
Carnegie
Charger
Chatham
Copahee
Cordova
Core
Croatan
Delgada
Edisto
Estero
Glacier
Jamaica
Keweenaw
McClure
Mormacmail
Mormacpenn
Nassau
Niantic
Perdido
Pybus
Prince William
Searcher
St. Andrews
St. Joseph
St. Simon
Sunset
Vermillion
Willapa
Winjah | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hunter"},{"link_name":"USS Block Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Block_Island"},{"link_name":"Attacker-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacker-class_escort_carrier"},{"link_name":"escort aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"Pascagoula, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Ingalls Shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Lend-Lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"21st Aircraft Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Aircraft_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Operation Jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jurist"},{"link_name":"Operation Tiderace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiderace"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Hunter and USS Block Island.USS Block Island (CVE-8) (originally AVG and then ACV) was an Attacker-class escort aircraft carrier that served during World War II.The ship was laid down on 15 May 1941 as Mormacpenn under Maritime Commission contract at Pascagoula, Mississippi, by Ingalls Shipbuilding, acquired by the United States Navy on 9 January 1943 and simultaneously transferred via the Lend-Lease program to the United Kingdom as Trailer. On 11 January 1943, the ship was renamed HMS Hunter (D80) and commissioned by the Royal Navy. In March 1945 was attached to the 21st Aircraft Carrier Squadron. She participated in Operation Jurist and Operation Tiderace in August 1945, the reoccupation of Malaya and Singapore from the Japanese.The vessel was returned to United States' custody 29 December 1945 and sold into merchant service on 17 January 1947 as Almdijk. In October 1965 the ship was sold for scrapping in Spain.","title":"HMS Hunter (D80)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Attacker-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacker-class_escort_carrier"},{"link_name":"escort carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_carrier"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Ingalls Shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalls_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Western Pipe & Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Pipe_%26_Steel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co79-1"},{"link_name":"messes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mess"},{"link_name":"hammocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"overall length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"deep load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_load"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co80-3"},{"link_name":"brake horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Brake_horsepower"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"starboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starboard"},{"link_name":"flight deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_deck"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"arrestor wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arresting_gear"},{"link_name":"hangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co80-3"},{"link_name":"4\"/50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%22/50_caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"5\"/38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%22/38_caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"5\"/51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%22/51_caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"40 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"20 mm anti-aircraft cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co80-3"},{"link_name":"Grumman Martlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_Martlet"},{"link_name":"Hawker Sea Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Sea_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"Vought F4U Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Fairey Swordfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish"},{"link_name":"Grumman Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_Avenger"},{"link_name":"anti-submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co80-3"}],"text":"There were eight Attacker-class escort carriers in service with the Royal Navy during the Second World War. They were built between 1941 and 1942 by Ingalls Shipbuilding and Western Pipe & Steel shipyards in the United States, both building four ships each.[1]The ships had a complement of 646 men and crew accommodation was different from the normal Royal Navy's arrangements. The separate messes no longer had to prepare their own food, as everything was cooked in the galley and served cafeteria style in a central dining area. They were also equipped with a modern laundry and a barber shop. The traditional hammocks were replaced by three tier bunk beds, eighteen to a cabin which were hinged and could be tied up to provide extra space when not in use.[2]The ships dimensions were; an overall length of 492.25 feet (150.04 m), a beam of 69.5 feet (21.2 m) and a height of 23.25 ft (7.09 m). They had a displacement of 11,420 long tons (11,600 t) at deep load.[3] Propulsion was provided by four diesel engines connected to one shaft giving 8,500 brake horsepower (6,300 kW), which could propel the ship at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph).[4]Aircraft facilities were a small combined bridge–flight control on the starboard side and above the 450-by-120-foot (137 by 37 m) flight deck,[5] two aircraft lifts 42 by 34 feet (13 by 10 m), and nine arrestor wires. Aircraft could be housed in the 260-by-62-foot (79 by 19 m) hangar below the flight deck.[3] Armament comprised two 4\"/50, 5\"/38 or 5\"/51 in single mounts, eight 40 mm anti-aircraft guns in twin mounts and twenty-one 20 mm anti-aircraft cannon in single or twin mounts.[3] They had the capacity for up to eighteen aircraft which could be a mixture of Grumman Martlet, Hawker Sea Hurricane, Vought F4U Corsair fighter aircraft and Fairey Swordfish or Grumman Avenger anti-submarine aircraft.[3]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7524-4633-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4633-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7110-0273-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0273-8"}],"text":"Cocker, Maurice (2008). Aircraft-Carrying Ships of the Royal Navy. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4633-2.\nPoolman, Kenneth (1972). Escort Carrier 1941–1945. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0273-8.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Cocker, Maurice (2008). Aircraft-Carrying Ships of the Royal Navy. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4633-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4633-2","url_text":"978-0-7524-4633-2"}]},{"reference":"Poolman, Kenneth (1972). Escort Carrier 1941–1945. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0273-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0273-8","url_text":"0-7110-0273-8"}]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieser_(river) | Lieser (river) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 50°16′19″N 6°51′23″E / 50.272000°N 6.856306°E / 50.272000; 6.856306River in Germany
LieserThe official source of the Lieser near BoxbergCourse of the LieserLocationCountryGermanyStateRhineland-PalatinateDistrictsVulkaneifel and Bernkastel-WittlichReference no.DE: 2678Physical characteristicsSource • locationIn the High Eifel near Boxberg • coordinates50°16′19″N 6°51′23″E / 50.272000°N 6.856306°E / 50.272000; 6.856306 • elevationca. 560 m above sea level (NHN)
Mouth • locationNear Lieser into the Moselle • coordinates49°54′56″N 7°00′32″E / 49.915611°N 7.00889°E / 49.915611; 7.00889 • elevationca. 108 m above sea level (NHN) Length73.6 km Basin size402.4 km² Discharge • locationat Plein gauge • average3.49 m3/s • minimumRecord low: 18 L/s (in 19.08.1998)Average low: 184 L/s • maximumAverage high: 64.2 m3/sRecord high: 124 m3/s (in 12.01.1993)
Basin featuresProgressionMoselle→ Rhine→ North SeaLandmarksSmall towns: Daun, WittlichTributaries • leftSterenbach(this and other below) • rightKleine Kyll(this and other below)
The Lieser (German pronunciation: ⓘ) is a small river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary of the Moselle. It rises in the Eifel, near Boxberg, north of Daun. The Lieser flows south through Daun, Manderscheid and Wittlich. It flows into the Moselle west of the village of Lieser.
See also
List of rivers of Rhineland-Palatinate
References
^ a b Official topographic map, 1:25,000 series.
^ a b Geoexplorer of the Rhineland-Palatinate Water Authority (Wasserwirtschaftsverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz)
^ Pegel Plein, Data by the LfU Rhineland-Palatinate
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lieser (Moselle River).
vteTributaries of the river MoselleFrom the left
Madon
Terrouin
Esch
Rupt de Mad
Orne
Fensch
Gander
Syre
Sauer
Kyll
Salm
Lieser
Alf
Endert
Brohlbach
Elz
From the right
Moselotte
Vologne
Meurthe
Seille
Saar
Olewiger Bach
Avelsbach
Ruwer
Feller Bach
Dhron
Ahringsbach
Kautenbach
Lützbach
Flaumbach
Altlayer Bach
Baybach
Ehrbach
Authority control databases
VIAF
This article related to a river in Rhineland-Palatinate is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈliːzɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/De-Lieser.ogg/De-Lieser.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Lieser.ogg"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Moselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle"},{"link_name":"Eifel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifel"},{"link_name":"Boxberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxberg,_Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Daun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Manderscheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manderscheid,_Bernkastel-Wittlich"},{"link_name":"Wittlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittlich"},{"link_name":"Lieser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieser_(Mosel)"}],"text":"River in GermanyThe Lieser (German pronunciation: [ˈliːzɐ] ⓘ) is a small river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary of the Moselle. It rises in the Eifel, near Boxberg, north of Daun. The Lieser flows south through Daun, Manderscheid and Wittlich. It flows into the Moselle west of the village of Lieser.","title":"Lieser (river)"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of rivers of Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Rhineland-Palatinate"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lieser_(river)¶ms=50.272_N_6.856306_E_type:river_region:DE-RP","external_links_name":"50°16′19″N 6°51′23″E / 50.272000°N 6.856306°E / 50.272000; 6.856306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lieser_(river)¶ms=50.272_N_6.856306_E_type:river_region:DE-RP","external_links_name":"50°16′19″N 6°51′23″E / 50.272000°N 6.856306°E / 50.272000; 6.856306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lieser_(river)¶ms=49.915611_N_7.00889_E_type:river_region:DE-RP","external_links_name":"49°54′56″N 7°00′32″E / 49.915611°N 7.00889°E / 49.915611; 7.00889"},{"Link":"http://www.geoportal-wasser.rlp.de/servlet/is/2025/","external_links_name":"Geoexplorer of the Rhineland-Palatinate Water Authority (Wasserwirtschaftsverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz)"},{"Link":"http://213.139.159.46/prj-wwvauskunft/projects/messstellen/wasserstand/register2.jsp?msn=2678045000&pegelname=Plein&gewaesser=Lieser&dfue=1","external_links_name":"Pegel Plein"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/244712025","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lieser_(river)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_MacDonald | Rodney MacDonald | ["1 Background","2 Music career","3 Political career","4 Life after politics","5 References"] | Canadian politician
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Rodney MacDonald" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Rodney MacDonald26th Premier of Nova ScotiaIn officeFebruary 24, 2006 – June 19, 2009MonarchElizabeth IILieutenant GovernorMyra FreemanMayann FrancisPreceded byJohn HammSucceeded byDarrell DexterMember of the Nova Scotia House of Assemblyfor InvernessIn officeJuly 27, 1999 – September 10, 2009Preceded byCharlie MacDonaldSucceeded byAllan MacMaster
Personal detailsBornRodney Joseph MacDonald (1972-01-02) January 2, 1972 (age 52)Inverness, Nova Scotia, CanadaPolitical partyProgressive Conservative
Rodney Joseph MacDonald (born January 2, 1972) is a Canadian politician, educator and musician who served as the 26th premier of Nova Scotia from 2006 to 2009 and as MLA for the riding of Inverness in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1999 to 2009.
Background
MacDonald was born in Inverness, Nova Scotia but spent his formative years in the community of Mabou, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. In his youth, he was active in sports, including hockey, baseball and track and field. He played Midget AAA, Junior and Senior Hockey. In later years he coached various levels. He graduated from Mabou Consolidated School in 1990 and from St. Francis Xavier University in 1994, receiving a Bachelor of Science in Physical Education with a minor in English and a Nova Scotia Teaching Licence.
He was employed as a senior high teacher with the Strait Regional School Board and was actively engaged in many community groups. At the age of 27, he became one of the youngest elected MLAs in Nova Scotia's history and went on to hold a number of high-profile Cabinet positions within the Nova Scotia government. At the age of 34 he became Nova Scotia's 26th Premier. He balanced Nova Scotia's budget each year of his term, lowered the Provincial debt, reduced taxes, and invested in key areas of the province's economy. MacDonald is engaged in numerous areas of Nova Scotia's economy: Business Development, the Offshore Petroleum Board of Nova Scotia, and in higher education as the CEO of The Gaelic College/Colaisde na Gaidhlig.
Music career
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Rodney MacDonald" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
MacDonald has toured his fiddle music throughout Atlantic Canada, Central Canada and the northeastern United States. He is also an accomplished step dancer; he began dancing at age four after learning the skill from his parents. MacDonald's first public performance was reportedly at age eight at the Mayflower Shopping Mall in Sydney and he began taking fiddle lessons from his uncle, Kinnon Beaton, at age 12. He has recorded two albums to date: Dancer's Delight (1995) and Traditionally Rockin' (1997, with his cousin Glenn Graham). In 1998 he received two nominations for the East Coast Music Awards. MacDonald was also included on the 2004 Smithsonian release The Beaton Family of Mabou: Cape Breton Fiddle and Piano Music and numerous other compilations.
Political career
MacDonald was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia in the 1999 provincial election, representing the riding of Inverness in western Cape Breton Island. He was re-elected in 2003. He served in Premier John Hamm's cabinet with various ministerial portfolios including Tourism, Culture & Heritage, Health Promotion, and Immigration. He was responsible for the Heritage Property Act, Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation Act, and the Nova Scotia Youth Secretariat.
Following Hamm's September 2005 announcement of his intention to retire, MacDonald committed to running for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia. The leadership race culminated in MacDonald winning the party's leadership on a second ballot on February 11, 2006. He was sworn in as Premier of Nova Scotia on February 24, succeeding Hamm. He is the second youngest premier in Nova Scotia's history.
In May 2006, after a short session, MacDonald dissolved the legislature, calling an election for June 13, 2006. MacDonald's Progressive Conservatives won a minority government in the 2006 general election and MacDonald retained his seat.
On May 4, 2009, MacDonald's government lost a confidence vote; as a result, a provincial election was called for June 9, 2009 to elect the next government. Although MacDonald kept his seat in the riding of Inverness, the Progressive Conservatives lost the election to the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party, led by Darrell Dexter.
MacDonald stepped down as Nova Scotia PC Leader on June 24, 2009. He announced on August 5, 2009 that he would be resigning his seat in the legislature before the fall session began. He officially resigned on September 10, 2009.
Life after politics
After resigning as the MLA for Inverness, MacDonald founded a business development and consulting business called RMD Development Incorporated which owns a 4 star cottage operation called Ceilidh Cottages located in West Mabou, Nova Scotia. In June 2010, MacDonald was appointed to the Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board.
In September 2011, MacDonald was named CEO of The Gaelic College (Colaisde na Gàidhlig) in St. Anns. He created a Cape Breton Island-wide festival, "KitchenFest", which annually features more than 70 shows and more than 100 musicians. The college focuses on Gaelic language, music, culture, dance and craft. The college teaches multiple disciplines and cultural experiences to thousands of visitors and students each year. It is associated with Cape Breton University through a Memorandum of Understanding. He most recently was in the public eye when he condemned the provincial government's proposed cutting of the Gaelic Affairs Department budget by 40%.
Additionally, in 2022, MacDonald faced scrutiny when he began lobbying the current Progressive Conservative provincial government, on behalf of Cabot Group as a community liaison, to lease one-third of the 215 hectares of land belonging to West Mabou Provincial Park to develop the company's third golf course. West Mabou Provincial Park is protected under the Provincial Parks Act and contains 17 rare and endangered animals and plants including piping plover, bank swallow, Canada warbler, scaly pelt lichen, and moonwort. MacDonald argued the purchase of the protected area would bring increased tourism and jobs to the Mabou area, but faced staunch local opposition from community members, politicians, and scientists alike who were concerned development on the beach would destroy habitat, become inaccessible to residents, and contribute additional stress to the post-COVID housing crisis present in the area. On April 20, 2023, Tory Rushton, Minister of Natural Resources and Renewables, announced that the provincial government would not consider Cabot Group's proposal to develop on West Mabou Beach and would reject a proposal if one was submitted to cabinet.
References
^ Parties & Leaders - Rodney MacDonald CBC News, May 13, 2006
^ a b "Former premier MacDonald enjoys moving on with life after politics". Cape Breton Post. 12 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
^ a b "Rodney MacDonald gets federal plum". CBC News. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
^ a b "MacDonald new Gaelic College CEO". Cape Breton Post. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
^ "Nova Scotia Provincial Election" (PDF). Elections Nova Scotia. 27 July 1999. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
^ "Nova Scotia Provincial Election" (PDF). Elections Nova Scotia. 5 August 2003. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
^ "N.S. gets new cabinet". CBC.ca. 10 November 2000. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
^ Sogawa, Takuya (13 February 2006). "After tight race, Tories will unite under new leader: delegates". NovaNewsNet. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
^ "N.S. Tories pick youthful leader". CBC. 11 February 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
^ "Former fiddler becomes the new premier of Nova Scotia" (video). CBC. 11 February 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "Nova Scotia vote called for June 13". CBC. 13 May 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
^ "June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election" (PDF). Elections Nova Scotia. 2003. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
^ "2009 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election - Official Results" (PDF). Elections Nova Scotia. 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
^ "N.S. voters elect 1st NDP government". CBC.ca. 9 June 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
^ "MacDonald's Tories turfed by disenchanted voters". CBC. 9 June 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
^ "Former N.S. health minister chosen interim Tory leader". CBC.ca. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
^ "Former N.S. premier MacDonald to resign legislature seat". Globe and Mail. 5 August 2009. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
^ "Ex-premier officially gives up N.S. seat, looks forward to private life". Metro. 10 September 2009. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
^ "Ex-premier Rodney MacDonald critical of Gaelic Department cuts". The Chronicle Herald. 15 April 2015. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
^ Latimer, Emily (24 October 2022). "Golf developers eye part of provincial park in Cape Breton for second time". CBC News Nova Scotia.
^ Contributed. "RODNEY MacDONALD: Cabot seeks community input on Mabou golf project | SaltWire". www.saltwire.com. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
^ Ayers, Tom (4 November 2022). "Study says golf course would threaten rare plants, birds at Cape Breton's West Mabou Beach". CBC News Nova Scotia.
^ Ayers, Tom (1 December 2022). "Acadia biologist excited at discovery of rare fern at West Mabou Beach". CBC News Nova Scotia.
^ Pottie, Erin (8 November 2022). "Opposition to proposed golf course at Cape Breton's West Mabou Beach is growing". CBC News Nova Scotia.
^ Lowthers, Drake (14 November 2022). "Petition opposing golf course in West Mabou Beach Provincial Park grows to over 16,000". Port Hawkesbury Reporter. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
^ Contributed. "COMMENTARY: West Mabou proposal threatens all provincial parks | SaltWire". www.saltwire.com. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
^ Gorman, Michael (20 April 2023). "N.S. government says no to golf course in West Mabou Beach Provincial Park". CBC News Nova Scotia.
^ Willick, Frances (28 April 2023). "Premier's office digs in against West Mabou Beach gold course idea". CBC News Nova Scotia.
vtePremiers of Nova ScotiaBefore Confederation(1848–1867)
Uniacke
Young
Johnston
Young
Howe
Johnston
Tupper
Post-Confederation(1867–present)
Blanchard
Annand
Hill
Holmes
Thompson
Pipes
Fielding
Murray
Armstrong
Rhodes
Harrington
A. Macdonald
MacMillan
Connolly
Hicks
Stanfield
Smith
Regan
Buchanan
Bacon
Cameron
Savage
MacLellan
Hamm
R. MacDonald
Dexter
McNeil
Rankin
Houston
Category
vteCabinet of Premier of Nova Scotia Rodney MacDonald (2006–2009)Rodney MacDonald
Michael Baker
Barry Barnet
Carolyn Bolivar-Getson
Karen Casey
Ron Chisholm
Cecil Clarke
Chris d'Entremont
Bill Dooks
Pat Dunn
Ernie Fage
Len Goucher
Richard Hurlburt
Angus MacIsaac
Kerry Morash
David Morse
Jamie Muir
Mark Parent
Ron Russell
Murray Scott
Judy Streatch
Brooke Taylor
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"premier of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia House of Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly"}],"text":"Rodney Joseph MacDonald (born January 2, 1972) is a Canadian politician, educator and musician who served as the 26th premier of Nova Scotia from 2006 to 2009 and as MLA for the riding of Inverness in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1999 to 2009.","title":"Rodney MacDonald"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inverness, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Mabou, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabou,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"St. Francis Xavier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Physical Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Education"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-after_politics-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Offshore_Petroleum_Board-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaelic_College-4"}],"text":"MacDonald was born in Inverness, Nova Scotia but spent his formative years in the community of Mabou, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia.[1] In his youth, he was active in sports, including hockey, baseball and track and field. He played Midget AAA, Junior and Senior Hockey. In later years he coached various levels. He graduated from Mabou Consolidated School in 1990 and from St. Francis Xavier University in 1994, receiving a Bachelor of Science in Physical Education with a minor in English and a Nova Scotia Teaching Licence.[citation needed]He was employed as a senior high teacher with the Strait Regional School Board and was actively engaged in many community groups. At the age of 27, he became one of the youngest elected MLAs in Nova Scotia's history and went on to hold a number of high-profile Cabinet positions within the Nova Scotia government. At the age of 34 he became Nova Scotia's 26th Premier. He balanced Nova Scotia's budget each year of his term, lowered the Provincial debt, reduced taxes, and invested in key areas of the province's economy.[citation needed] MacDonald is engaged in numerous areas of Nova Scotia's economy: Business Development,[2] the Offshore Petroleum Board of Nova Scotia,[3] and in higher education as the CEO of The Gaelic College/Colaisde na Gaidhlig.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fiddle music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canada"},{"link_name":"step dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_dance"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Kinnon Beaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnon_Beaton"},{"link_name":"Glenn Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Graham_(fiddler)"},{"link_name":"East Coast Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Folkways"}],"text":"MacDonald has toured his fiddle music throughout Atlantic Canada, Central Canada and the northeastern United States. He is also an accomplished step dancer; he began dancing at age four after learning the skill from his parents. MacDonald's first public performance was reportedly at age eight at the Mayflower Shopping Mall in Sydney and he began taking fiddle lessons from his uncle, Kinnon Beaton, at age 12. He has recorded two albums to date: Dancer's Delight (1995) and Traditionally Rockin' (1997, with his cousin Glenn Graham). In 1998 he received two nominations for the East Coast Music Awards. MacDonald was also included on the 2004 Smithsonian release The Beaton Family of Mabou: Cape Breton Fiddle and Piano Music and numerous other compilations.","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"1999 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Nova_Scotia_general_election"},{"link_name":"Cape Breton Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election99-5"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Nova_Scotia_general_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election03-6"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"John Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hamm"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cabinet-7"},{"link_name":"Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"leadership race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Nova_Scotia_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"Premier of Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-race1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-race2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-race3-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election06a-11"},{"link_name":"2006 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Nova_Scotia_general_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election06b-12"},{"link_name":"confidence vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_vote"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election09b-13"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Nova_Scotia_general_election"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia New Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia_New_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Darrell Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Dexter"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election09c-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-election09d-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign1-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resign3-18"}],"text":"MacDonald was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia in the 1999 provincial election, representing the riding of Inverness in western Cape Breton Island.[5] He was re-elected in 2003.[6] He served in Premier John Hamm's cabinet with various ministerial portfolios including Tourism, Culture & Heritage, Health Promotion, and Immigration. He was responsible for the Heritage Property Act, Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation Act, and the Nova Scotia Youth Secretariat.[7]Following Hamm's September 2005 announcement of his intention to retire, MacDonald committed to running for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia. The leadership race culminated in MacDonald winning the party's leadership on a second ballot on February 11, 2006. He was sworn in as Premier of Nova Scotia on February 24, succeeding Hamm. He is the second youngest premier in Nova Scotia's history.[8][9][10]In May 2006, after a short session, MacDonald dissolved the legislature, calling an election for June 13, 2006.[11] MacDonald's Progressive Conservatives won a minority government in the 2006 general election and MacDonald retained his seat.[12]On May 4, 2009, MacDonald's government lost a confidence vote; as a result, a provincial election was called for June 9, 2009 to elect the next government. Although MacDonald kept his seat in the riding of Inverness,[13] the Progressive Conservatives lost the election to the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party, led by Darrell Dexter.[14][15]MacDonald stepped down as Nova Scotia PC Leader on June 24, 2009.[16] He announced on August 5, 2009 that he would be resigning his seat in the legislature before the fall session began.[17] He officially resigned on September 10, 2009.[18]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-after_politics-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Offshore_Petroleum_Board-3"},{"link_name":"The Gaelic College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gaelic_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaelic_College-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"piping plover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_plover"},{"link_name":"bank swallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Swallow"},{"link_name":"Canada warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_warbler"},{"link_name":"scaly pelt lichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"moonwort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwort"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"After resigning as the MLA for Inverness, MacDonald founded a business development and consulting business called RMD Development Incorporated which owns a 4 star cottage operation called Ceilidh Cottages located in West Mabou, Nova Scotia.[2] In June 2010, MacDonald was appointed to the Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Board.[3]In September 2011, MacDonald was named CEO of The Gaelic College (Colaisde na Gàidhlig) in St. Anns.[4] He created a Cape Breton Island-wide festival, \"KitchenFest\", which annually features more than 70 shows and more than 100 musicians. The college focuses on Gaelic language, music, culture, dance and craft. The college teaches multiple disciplines and cultural experiences to thousands of visitors and students each year. It is associated with Cape Breton University through a Memorandum of Understanding.[citation needed] He most recently was in the public eye when he condemned the provincial government's proposed cutting of the Gaelic Affairs Department budget by 40%.[19]Additionally, in 2022, MacDonald faced scrutiny when he began lobbying the current Progressive Conservative provincial government, on behalf of Cabot Group as a community liaison, to lease one-third of the 215 hectares of land belonging to West Mabou Provincial Park to develop the company's third golf course.[20][21] West Mabou Provincial Park is protected under the Provincial Parks Act and contains 17 rare and endangered animals and plants[22] including piping plover, bank swallow, Canada warbler, scaly pelt lichen, and moonwort.[23] MacDonald argued the purchase of the protected area would bring increased tourism and jobs to the Mabou area, but faced staunch local opposition from community members, politicians, and scientists alike who were concerned development on the beach would destroy habitat, become inaccessible to residents, and contribute additional stress to the post-COVID housing crisis present in the area.[24][25][26] On April 20, 2023, Tory Rushton, Minister of Natural Resources and Renewables, announced that the provincial government would not consider Cabot Group's proposal to develop on West Mabou Beach and would reject a proposal if one was submitted to cabinet.[27][28]","title":"Life after politics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Former premier MacDonald enjoys moving on with life after politics\". Cape Breton Post. 12 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232623/http://www.capebretonpost.com/News/Local/2010-04-12/article-999223/Former-premier-MacDonald-enjoys-moving-on-with-life-after-politics/1","url_text":"\"Former premier MacDonald enjoys moving on with life after politics\""},{"url":"http://www.capebretonpost.com/News/Local/2010-04-12/article-999223/Former-premier-MacDonald-enjoys-moving-on-with-life-after-politics/1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rodney MacDonald gets federal plum\". CBC News. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/rodney-macdonald-gets-federal-plum-1.894285","url_text":"\"Rodney MacDonald gets federal plum\""}]},{"reference":"\"MacDonald new Gaelic College CEO\". Cape Breton Post. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231852/http://www.capebretonpost.com/News/2011-09-01/article-2738243/MacDonald-new-Gaelic-College-CEO--/1","url_text":"\"MacDonald new Gaelic College CEO\""},{"url":"http://www.capebretonpost.com/News/2011-09-01/article-2738243/MacDonald-new-Gaelic-College-CEO--/1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nova Scotia Provincial Election\" (PDF). Elections Nova Scotia. 27 July 1999. Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://electionsnovascotia.ca/sites/default/files/99INVERNESS.pdf","url_text":"\"Nova Scotia Provincial Election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_Nova_Scotia","url_text":"Elections Nova Scotia"}]},{"reference":"\"Nova Scotia Provincial Election\" (PDF). Elections Nova Scotia. 5 August 2003. Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://electionsnovascotia.ca/sites/default/files/03dist34.pdf","url_text":"\"Nova Scotia Provincial Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"N.S. gets new cabinet\". CBC.ca. 10 November 2000. Retrieved 22 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/n-s-gets-new-cabinet-1.181959","url_text":"\"N.S. gets new cabinet\""}]},{"reference":"Sogawa, Takuya (13 February 2006). \"After tight race, Tories will unite under new leader: delegates\". NovaNewsNet. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713152353/http://older.kingsjournalism.com/nnn/nova_news_3588_8113.html","url_text":"\"After tight race, Tories will unite under new leader: delegates\""},{"url":"http://older.kingsjournalism.com/nnn/nova_news_3588_8113.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"N.S. Tories pick youthful leader\". CBC. 11 February 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/n-s-tories-pick-youthful-leader-1.612338","url_text":"\"N.S. Tories pick youthful leader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC.ca","url_text":"CBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Former fiddler becomes the new premier of Nova Scotia\" (video). CBC. 11 February 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/former-fiddler-becomes-the-new-premier-of-nova-scotia","url_text":"\"Former fiddler becomes the new premier of Nova Scotia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC.ca","url_text":"CBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Nova Scotia vote called for June 13\". CBC. 13 May 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/nova-scotia-vote-called-for-june-13-1.609637","url_text":"\"Nova Scotia vote called for June 13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC.ca","url_text":"CBC"}]},{"reference":"\"June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election\" (PDF). Elections Nova Scotia. 2003. Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://electionsnovascotia.ca/sites/default/files/dist34_0.pdf","url_text":"\"June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election - Official Results\" (PDF). Elections Nova Scotia. 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://electionsnovascotia.ca/sites/default/files/dist34.pdf","url_text":"\"2009 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election - Official Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"N.S. voters elect 1st NDP government\". CBC.ca. 9 June 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/n-s-voters-elect-1st-ndp-government-1.786809","url_text":"\"N.S. voters elect 1st NDP government\""}]},{"reference":"\"MacDonald's Tories turfed by disenchanted voters\". CBC. 9 June 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/macdonald-s-tories-turfed-by-disenchanted-voters-1.786386","url_text":"\"MacDonald's Tories turfed by disenchanted voters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC.ca","url_text":"CBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Former N.S. health minister chosen interim Tory leader\". CBC.ca. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/former-n-s-health-minister-chosen-interim-tory-leader-1.802858","url_text":"\"Former N.S. health minister chosen interim Tory leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former N.S. premier MacDonald to resign legislature seat\". Globe and Mail. 5 August 2009. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307043731/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/former-ns-premier-macdonald-to-resign-legislature-seat/article1242164/","url_text":"\"Former N.S. premier MacDonald to resign legislature seat\""},{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/former-ns-premier-macdonald-to-resign-legislature-seat/article1242164","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-premier officially gives up N.S. seat, looks forward to private life\". Metro. 10 September 2009. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310014600/http://www.metronews.ca/news/halifax/2009/09/10/ex-premier-officially-gives-up-n-s-seat-looks-forward-to-private-life.html","url_text":"\"Ex-premier officially gives up N.S. seat, looks forward to private life\""},{"url":"http://metronews.ca/news/halifax/90793/ex-premier-officially-gives-up-n-s-seat-looks-forward-to-private-life","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-premier Rodney MacDonald critical of Gaelic Department cuts\". The Chronicle Herald. 15 April 2015. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180913033345/http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1280778-ex-premier-rodney-macdonald-critical-of-gaelic-department-cuts","url_text":"\"Ex-premier Rodney MacDonald critical of Gaelic Department cuts\""},{"url":"http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1280778-ex-premier-rodney-macdonald-critical-of-gaelic-department-cuts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Latimer, Emily (24 October 2022). \"Golf developers eye part of provincial park in Cape Breton for second time\". CBC News Nova Scotia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/west-mabou-beach-cape-breton-golf-development-cabot-again-1.6620975","url_text":"\"Golf developers eye part of provincial park in Cape Breton for second time\""}]},{"reference":"Contributed. \"RODNEY MacDONALD: Cabot seeks community input on Mabou golf project | SaltWire\". www.saltwire.com. Retrieved 13 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/opinion/rodney-macdonald-cabot-seeks-community-input-on-mabou-golf-project-100791480/","url_text":"\"RODNEY MacDONALD: Cabot seeks community input on Mabou golf project | SaltWire\""}]},{"reference":"Ayers, Tom (4 November 2022). \"Study says golf course would threaten rare plants, birds at Cape Breton's West Mabou Beach\". CBC News Nova Scotia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/golf-course-threatens-rare-plants-birds-at-west-mabou-beach-1.6639821","url_text":"\"Study says golf course would threaten rare plants, birds at Cape Breton's West Mabou Beach\""}]},{"reference":"Ayers, Tom (1 December 2022). \"Acadia biologist excited at discovery of rare fern at West Mabou Beach\". CBC News Nova Scotia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/acadia-biologist-discovers-rare-fern-at-west-mabou-beach-1.6669762","url_text":"\"Acadia biologist excited at discovery of rare fern at West Mabou Beach\""}]},{"reference":"Pottie, Erin (8 November 2022). \"Opposition to proposed golf course at Cape Breton's West Mabou Beach is growing\". CBC News Nova Scotia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/opposition-proposed-cape-breton-golf-course-1.6643746","url_text":"\"Opposition to proposed golf course at Cape Breton's West Mabou Beach is growing\""}]},{"reference":"Lowthers, Drake (14 November 2022). \"Petition opposing golf course in West Mabou Beach Provincial Park grows to over 16,000\". Port Hawkesbury Reporter. Retrieved 13 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://porthawkesburyreporter.com/petition-opposing-golf-course-in-west-mabou-beach-provincial-park-grows-to-over-16000/","url_text":"\"Petition opposing golf course in West Mabou Beach Provincial Park grows to over 16,000\""}]},{"reference":"Contributed. \"COMMENTARY: West Mabou proposal threatens all provincial parks | SaltWire\". www.saltwire.com. Retrieved 13 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/opinion/commentary-west-mabou-proposal-threatens-all-provincial-parks-100805445/","url_text":"\"COMMENTARY: West Mabou proposal threatens all provincial parks | SaltWire\""}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Michael (20 April 2023). \"N.S. government says no to golf course in West Mabou Beach Provincial Park\". CBC News Nova Scotia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/west-mabou-beach-provincial-park-cabot-golf-tory-rushton-1.6817243","url_text":"\"N.S. government says no to golf course in West Mabou Beach Provincial Park\""}]},{"reference":"Willick, Frances (28 April 2023). \"Premier's office digs in against West Mabou Beach gold course idea\". CBC News Nova Scotia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/premier-s-office-west-mabou-beach-golf-course-1.6825604","url_text":"\"Premier's office digs in against West Mabou Beach gold course idea\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rodney+MacDonald%22","external_links_name":"\"Rodney MacDonald\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rodney+MacDonald%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rodney+MacDonald%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rodney+MacDonald%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rodney+MacDonald%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rodney+MacDonald%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rodney+MacDonald%22","external_links_name":"\"Rodney MacDonald\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rodney+MacDonald%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rodney+MacDonald%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rodney+MacDonald%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rodney+MacDonald%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rodney+MacDonald%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/nsvotes2006/parties/PCmacdonald.html","external_links_name":"Parties & Leaders - Rodney MacDonald"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232623/http://www.capebretonpost.com/News/Local/2010-04-12/article-999223/Former-premier-MacDonald-enjoys-moving-on-with-life-after-politics/1","external_links_name":"\"Former premier MacDonald enjoys moving on with life after politics\""},{"Link":"http://www.capebretonpost.com/News/Local/2010-04-12/article-999223/Former-premier-MacDonald-enjoys-moving-on-with-life-after-politics/1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/rodney-macdonald-gets-federal-plum-1.894285","external_links_name":"\"Rodney MacDonald gets federal plum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231852/http://www.capebretonpost.com/News/2011-09-01/article-2738243/MacDonald-new-Gaelic-College-CEO--/1","external_links_name":"\"MacDonald new Gaelic College CEO\""},{"Link":"http://www.capebretonpost.com/News/2011-09-01/article-2738243/MacDonald-new-Gaelic-College-CEO--/1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://electionsnovascotia.ca/sites/default/files/99INVERNESS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nova Scotia Provincial Election\""},{"Link":"http://electionsnovascotia.ca/sites/default/files/03dist34.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nova Scotia Provincial Election\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/n-s-gets-new-cabinet-1.181959","external_links_name":"\"N.S. gets new cabinet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713152353/http://older.kingsjournalism.com/nnn/nova_news_3588_8113.html","external_links_name":"\"After tight race, Tories will unite under new leader: delegates\""},{"Link":"http://older.kingsjournalism.com/nnn/nova_news_3588_8113.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/n-s-tories-pick-youthful-leader-1.612338","external_links_name":"\"N.S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZERO_VFX | ZERO VFX | ["1 History","2 Sale of Zync","3 Previous film projects","4 Previous advertising projects","5 References","6 External links"] | This article reads like a press release or a news article and may be largely based on routine coverage. Please help improve this article and add independent sources. (January 2016)
ZERO VFXCompany typePrivateIndustryVisual effects and advertisingFounded2010FoundersBrian Drewes, Sean Devereaux, Marc SadeghiHeadquartersBoston, MassachusettsWebsiteZERO VFX
ZERO VFX is a visual effects and creative studio with offices in Boston, Massachusetts and Venice Beach, California. Co-founded by Brian Drewes, Sean Devereaux and Marc Sadeghi in 2010, the company works on feature film and commercial projects.
History
ZERO VFX was founded in 2010 by Brian Drewes, Sean Devereaux and Marc Sadeghi.
ZERO VFX developed Zync in 2011, a cloud based rendering tool for VFX and was sold to Google for an undisclosed sum in August 2014.
With headquarters in Boston, the company opened a second office in Venice Beach, California in November 2015.
Sale of Zync
ZERO VFX was the original developer of Zync, a cloud based rendering tool geared towards the visual effects industry with support for The Foundry's NUKE, Autodesk Maya, Solid Angle's Arnold and Chaos Group's V-Ray. Zync was sold to Google for an undisclosed sum in August 2014.
Previous film projects
Creed 2
Tomb Raider
Fences
Patriots Day
Ghostbusters
The Magnificent Seven
Hardcore Henry
Ridiculous 6
Zookeeper
Project X
Sex Tape
American Hustle
Black Mass
Fury
Southpaw
The Equalizer
The Way, Way Back
The Interview
Previous advertising projects
Walmart
Ocean Spray
Toyota
SolarCity
Snapchat
Bose Corporation
Under Armour
Vaseline
Jack Daniel's
New Balance
Ocean State Job Lot
US Cellular
Samsonite
Humane Society
Subway
Friendly's
1800 Tequila
Dunkin Donuts
References
^ "Meet The Business Owner: Zero VFX's Sean Devereaux".
^ "Boston Visual Effects Company Taking It To Next Level".
^ "ZYNC get your own vast renderfarm instantly".
^ "Google acquires Zync to boost its influence in Hollywood".
^ "Google Buys Visual Effects Firm Zync".
^ "Zero VFX Expands with Opening of New LA Office".
^ "Cloud rendering solutions by VFX artists for VFX artists".
^ "Google buys Zync, a cloud-based visual effects rendering firm". Los Angeles Times.
^ "The Invisible VFX of Fences from ZERO VFX". TheAngryVideoGuy. 2017-02-27. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
^ "Patriots Day VFX breakdown by ZERO VFX". artofVFX. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
^ "Who you gonna call? Call Illoura, MPC, SPI, & Zero VFX". fxguide. 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
^ "Making visible worlds invisible: ZERO VFX's work on the Magnificent Seven | 3D Artist - Animation, Models, Inspiration & Advice | 3DArtist Magazine". www.3dartistonline.com. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
^ "Post Magazine - VFX: The Magnificent Seven". www.postmagazine.com. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
^ Murphy, Mekado (2016-04-01). "'Hardcore Henry' Transforms the Viewer Into the Star". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
^ Desowitz, Bill. "'Hardcore Henry': How They Did the VFX for the Explosive Highway Chase | IndieWire". www.indiewire.com. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
External links
ZERO VFX website
Zync website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"visual effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_effects"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Venice Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"feature film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_film"},{"link_name":"commercial projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_advertising"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"ZERO VFX is a visual effects and creative studio with offices in Boston, Massachusetts and Venice Beach, California. Co-founded by Brian Drewes, Sean Devereaux and Marc Sadeghi in 2010,[1] the company works on feature film and commercial projects.[2]","title":"ZERO VFX"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"ZERO VFX was founded in 2010 by Brian Drewes, Sean Devereaux and Marc Sadeghi.ZERO VFX developed Zync in 2011,[3] a cloud based rendering tool for VFX and was sold to Google for an undisclosed sum in August 2014.[4][5]With headquarters in Boston, the company opened a second office in Venice Beach, California in November 2015.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Foundry's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Foundry_Visionmongers"},{"link_name":"NUKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuke_(software)"},{"link_name":"Autodesk Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk_Maya"},{"link_name":"Solid Angle's Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_(software)"},{"link_name":"Chaos Group's V-Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Ray"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"ZERO VFX was the original developer of Zync, a cloud based rendering tool geared towards the visual effects industry with support for The Foundry's NUKE, Autodesk Maya, Solid Angle's Arnold and Chaos Group's V-Ray.[7] Zync was sold to Google for an undisclosed sum in August 2014.[8]","title":"Sale of Zync"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creed 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creed_2"},{"link_name":"Tomb Raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_Raider_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fences_(film)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Patriots Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriots_Day_(film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ghostbusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostbusters_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The Magnificent Seven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hardcore Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_Henry"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ridiculous 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridiculous_6"},{"link_name":"Zookeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zookeeper_(film)"},{"link_name":"Project X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_X_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Sex Tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Tape_(film)"},{"link_name":"American Hustle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hustle"},{"link_name":"Black Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mass_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fury_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Southpaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southpaw_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Equalizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Equalizer_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Way, Way Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way,_Way_Back"},{"link_name":"The Interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Interview"}],"text":"Creed 2\nTomb Raider\nFences[9]\nPatriots Day[10]\nGhostbusters[11]\nThe Magnificent Seven[12][13]\nHardcore Henry[14][15]\nRidiculous 6\nZookeeper\nProject X\nSex Tape\nAmerican Hustle\nBlack Mass\nFury\nSouthpaw\nThe Equalizer\nThe Way, Way Back\nThe Interview","title":"Previous film projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"Ocean Spray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Spray_(cooperative)"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"SolarCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolarCity"},{"link_name":"Snapchat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapchat"},{"link_name":"Bose Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Under 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Spray\nToyota\nSolarCity\nSnapchat\nBose Corporation\nUnder Armour\nVaseline\nJack Daniel's\nNew Balance\nOcean State Job Lot\nUS Cellular\nSamsonite\nHumane Society\nSubway\nFriendly's\n1800 Tequila\nDunkin Donuts","title":"Previous advertising projects"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Meet The Business Owner: Zero VFX's Sean Devereaux\".","urls":[{"url":"http://postperspective.com/meet-the-business-owner-zero-vfxs-sean-devereaux/","url_text":"\"Meet The Business Owner: Zero VFX's Sean Devereaux\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston Visual Effects Company Taking It To Next Level\".","urls":[{"url":"http://boston.cbslocal.com/2014/05/14/boston-visual-effects-company-taking-it-to-next-level/","url_text":"\"Boston Visual Effects Company Taking It To Next Level\""}]},{"reference":"\"ZYNC get your own vast renderfarm instantly\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fxguide.com/featured/zync-get-your-own-vast-renderfarm-instantly/","url_text":"\"ZYNC get your own vast renderfarm 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noirmoutier_(island) | Noirmoutier | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Transport","4 Events","5 Infrastructure","6 Climate","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°58′N 2°13′W / 46.967°N 2.217°W / 46.967; -2.217Island off the coast of Vendée, France
For the commune also known as Noimoutier, see Noirmoutier-en-l'Île.
NoirmoutierNoirmoutier Island image from satellite SpotNoirmoutierGeographyLocationAtlantic OceanCoordinates46°58′N 2°13′W / 46.967°N 2.217°W / 46.967; -2.217Area49 km2 (19 sq mi)Length19 km (11.8 mi)Width6 km (3.7 mi)Highest elevation20 m (70 ft)Highest pointNo namedAdministrationFranceRegionPays de la LoireDepartmentVendéeArrondissementLes Sables-d'OlonneDemographicsPopulation9,590Pop. density195.76/km2 (507.02/sq mi)Ethnic groupsFrench people
Ramsar WetlandOfficial nameMarais Breton, Baie de Bourgneuf, Ile de Noirmoutier et Forêt de MontsDesignated2 February 2017Reference no.2283
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The Passage du Gois leading to the island of Noirmoutier.
Noirmoutier (also French: Île de Noirmoutier, pronounced ; Breton: Nervouster, Nermouster) is a tidal island off the Atlantic coast of France in the Vendée department (85).
History
Noirmoutier was the location of an early Viking raid in 799, when raiders attacked the monastery of Saint Philibert of Jumièges in 799.
The Vikings established a permanent base on the island around 824, from which they could control southeast Brittany by the 840s. In 848, they sacked Bordeaux. From 862 until 882, Hastein used it as a base from which he raided Francia and Brittany.
On 4 July 1674, during the Franco-Dutch war, the island was briefly captured by Dutch forces under the command of Cornelis Tromp. The Dutch flag flew from the walls on the island for nearly three weeks until, on 23 July, the Dutch abandoned it after blowing up the castle and demolishing the coastal batteries.
Noirmoutier was the site of several campaigns in the War of the Vendée, as well as a massacre and the place of execution of the Royalist Generalissimo Maurice D'Elbée, who faced the firing squad seated in a chair due to wounds accumulated from an earlier battle.
St. Mary Euphrasia Pelletier was born on this island on 31 July 1796.
Geography
The island comprises ten localities and four distinct Communes of France. Its length is approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi), and its width varies from 500 metres (1,600 ft) to 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). Its area of 4,877 hectares (12,050 acres; 48.77 km2; 18.83 sq mi).
Noirmoutier is referred to as the Island of Mimosas, due to the temperateness of its climate, which allows for the flowering of Acacia dealbata (mimosa) year-round. The island is predominantly salt marsh and salt banks, sand dunes and evergreen oak forests.
The communes of the island are grouped into a communauté de communes. The communes are:
Barbâtre
L'Épine
La Guérinière
Noirmoutier-en-l'Île
The island has been a site of uninterrupted human inhabitation since prehistoric times, and is a popular tourist destination.
Parts of the island have been reclaimed from the sea. In 2005 it served as the finish of the Tour de France prologue.
Transport
The island is most notable for the Passage du Gois, a paved-over sandbank with a length of 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi), one of the routes that connect the island to the mainland. It is flooded twice a day by the high tide.
Until the early 1970s, a ferry service operated across the Strait of Fromentine between the La Fosse pier on the island and Fromentine pier on the mainland. This was superseded by the construction of the Noirmoutier Bridge, inaugurated in July 1971.
Events
Every year, an international foot race, the Foulées du Gois, is held across it, starting at the onset of the high tide.
La “Fête de la Bonnotte” (Bonnotte party) is also an annual festival celebrating the first day of potato harvest on the island of Noirmoutier.
Infrastructure
In response to an effort by the French government to add offshore wind projects to the national grid, a 496 MW wind farm is being developed near the island, with a planned commissioning date of 2021.
Climate
Noirmoutier experiences an oceanic climate typical of the west coast of France. Both the winters and summers are heavily moderated by the surrounding Atlantic Ocean. There is a low degree of diurnal temperature variation throughout the year, especially in the winter. There is considerably more precipitation in winter compared to summer.The clima(te is a little mediterranean (Csb) with 3 months with Tm*2>=P. More than 2300h of sun il too high for oceanic typic climate.
Climate data for Noirmoutier Island, Vendée
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
16.9(62.4)
17.5(63.5)
22.9(73.2)
27.5(81.5)
31.3(88.3)
36.0(96.8)
37.0(98.6)
37.0(98.6)
33.0(91.4)
27.1(80.8)
20.5(68.9)
16.1(61.0)
37.0(98.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
9.3(48.7)
9.8(49.6)
12.5(54.5)
14.9(58.8)
18.4(65.1)
21.5(70.7)
23.4(74.1)
23.5(74.3)
21.4(70.5)
17.4(63.3)
12.9(55.2)
9.9(49.8)
16.2(61.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
4.7(40.5)
4.5(40.1)
6.4(43.5)
8.0(46.4)
11.3(52.3)
13.9(57.0)
15.7(60.3)
15.8(60.4)
13.9(57.0)
11.5(52.7)
7.7(45.9)
5.2(41.4)
9.9(49.8)
Record low °C (°F)
−10.0(14.0)
−7.7(18.1)
−6.0(21.2)
0.0(32.0)
0.5(32.9)
6.0(42.8)
10.4(50.7)
9.5(49.1)
7.0(44.6)
1.7(35.1)
−4.0(24.8)
−8.0(17.6)
−10.0(14.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
70.1(2.76)
56.6(2.23)
49.4(1.94)
52.1(2.05)
52.2(2.06)
34.2(1.35)
38.6(1.52)
31.5(1.24)
56.9(2.24)
85.2(3.35)
80.9(3.19)
78.4(3.09)
686.1(27.02)
Average precipitation days
12
10
10
10
9
7
6
6
9
12
12
13
116
Mean monthly sunshine hours
87
136
182
226
255
291
274
259
233
149
107
112
2,311
Source: Météo France - Period 1981-2010 - Extremes since 1959.
References
^ "Marais Breton, Baie de Bourgneuf, Ile de Noirmoutier et Forêt de Monts". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
^ Sawyer, Peter. "The Viking Expansion." The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Volume 1: Prehistory to 1520. 105.
^ Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–62. ISBN 9780521829922.
^ Guillet, Rémi (September 10, 2015). Noirmoutier : Une île qui séduit. Lulu.com. p. 27. ISBN 9791090226395.
^ RTT, Par Claque Tes (2020-06-17). "Le passage du Gois à Noirmoutier, une route de 4 km unique en Europe". Claque tes RTT (in French). Retrieved 2022-02-15.
^ Spag (2017-07-12). "Fête de la Bonnotte". Spag Bertin. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
^ "496MW French Offshore Wind Farm Gets New Layout". Offshore Wind. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Île de Noirmoutier.
Tourist office website
Google image
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Geographic
Pleiades
This Vendée geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noirmoutier-en-l'Île","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noirmoutier-en-l%27%C3%8Ele"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NoirmGois_092005.JPG"},{"link_name":"Passage du Gois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_du_Gois"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[nwaʁmutje]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"tidal island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_island"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Vendée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"}],"text":"Island off the coast of Vendée, FranceFor the commune also known as Noimoutier, see Noirmoutier-en-l'Île.The Passage du Gois leading to the island of Noirmoutier.Noirmoutier (also French: Île de Noirmoutier, pronounced [nwaʁmutje]; Breton: Nervouster, Nermouster) is a tidal island off the Atlantic coast of France in the Vendée department (85).","title":"Noirmoutier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"Philibert of Jumièges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philibert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Hastein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastein"},{"link_name":"Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Franco-Dutch war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Dutch_war"},{"link_name":"captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Noirmoutier"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Tromp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Tromp"},{"link_name":"War of the Vendée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist"},{"link_name":"Generalissimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalissimo"},{"link_name":"Maurice D'Elbée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice-Joseph-Louis_Gigot_d%27Elb%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"St. Mary Euphrasia Pelletier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Euphrasia_Pelletier"}],"text":"Noirmoutier was the location of an early Viking raid in 799, when raiders attacked the monastery of Saint Philibert of Jumièges in 799.[2]The Vikings established a permanent base on the island around 824, from which they could control southeast Brittany by the 840s. In 848, they sacked Bordeaux. From 862 until 882, Hastein used it as a base from which he raided Francia and Brittany.[3]On 4 July 1674, during the Franco-Dutch war, the island was briefly captured by Dutch forces under the command of Cornelis Tromp. The Dutch flag flew from the walls on the island for nearly three weeks until, on 23 July, the Dutch abandoned it after blowing up the castle and demolishing the coastal batteries.Noirmoutier was the site of several campaigns in the War of the Vendée, as well as a massacre [4] and the place of execution of the Royalist Generalissimo Maurice D'Elbée, who faced the firing squad seated in a chair due to wounds accumulated from an earlier battle.St. Mary Euphrasia Pelletier was born on this island on 31 July 1796.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communes of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Acacia dealbata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_dealbata"},{"link_name":"salt marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"sand dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_dunes"},{"link_name":"evergreen oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_oak"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_France"},{"link_name":"communauté de communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_de_communes"},{"link_name":"Barbâtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb%C3%A2tre"},{"link_name":"L'Épine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89pine,_Vend%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"La Guérinière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gu%C3%A9rini%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Noirmoutier-en-l'Île","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noirmoutier-en-l%27%C3%8Ele"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"prologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue"}],"text":"The island comprises ten localities and four distinct Communes of France. Its length is approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi), and its width varies from 500 metres (1,600 ft) to 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). Its area of 4,877 hectares (12,050 acres; 48.77 km2; 18.83 sq mi).Noirmoutier is referred to as the Island of Mimosas, due to the temperateness of its climate, which allows for the flowering of Acacia dealbata (mimosa) year-round. The island is predominantly salt marsh and salt banks, sand dunes and evergreen oak forests.The communes of the island are grouped into a communauté de communes. The communes are:Barbâtre\nL'Épine\nLa Guérinière\nNoirmoutier-en-l'ÎleThe island has been a site of uninterrupted human inhabitation since prehistoric times, and is a popular tourist destination.Parts of the island have been reclaimed from the sea. In 2005 it served as the finish of the Tour de France prologue.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passage du Gois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_du_Gois"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Strait of Fromentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Fromentine"},{"link_name":"La Fosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fosse"},{"link_name":"Fromentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fromentine"},{"link_name":"Noirmoutier Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noirmoutier_Bridge"}],"text":"The island is most notable for the Passage du Gois, a paved-over sandbank with a length of 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi),[5] one of the routes that connect the island to the mainland. It is flooded twice a day by the high tide. \nUntil the early 1970s, a ferry service operated across the Strait of Fromentine between the La Fosse pier on the island and Fromentine pier on the mainland. This was superseded by the construction of the Noirmoutier Bridge, inaugurated in July 1971.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foulées du Gois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foul%C3%A9es_du_Gois"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Every year, an international foot race, the Foulées du Gois, is held across it, starting at the onset of the high tide.La “Fête de la Bonnotte” (Bonnotte party) is also an annual festival celebrating the first day of potato harvest on the island of Noirmoutier.[6]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In response to an effort by the French government to add offshore wind projects to the national grid, a 496 MW wind farm is being developed near the island, with a planned commissioning date of 2021.[7]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oceanic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"diurnal temperature variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"}],"text":"Noirmoutier experiences an oceanic climate typical of the west coast of France. Both the winters and summers are heavily moderated by the surrounding Atlantic Ocean. There is a low degree of diurnal temperature variation throughout the year, especially in the winter. There is considerably more precipitation in winter compared to summer.The clima(te is a little mediterranean (Csb) with 3 months with Tm*2>=P. More than 2300h of sun il too high for oceanic typic climate.Climate data for Noirmoutier Island, Vendée\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n33.0(91.4)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n9.8(49.6)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−10.0(14.0)\n\n−7.7(18.1)\n\n−6.0(21.2)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n0.5(32.9)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n1.7(35.1)\n\n−4.0(24.8)\n\n−8.0(17.6)\n\n−10.0(14.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n70.1(2.76)\n\n56.6(2.23)\n\n49.4(1.94)\n\n52.1(2.05)\n\n52.2(2.06)\n\n34.2(1.35)\n\n38.6(1.52)\n\n31.5(1.24)\n\n56.9(2.24)\n\n85.2(3.35)\n\n80.9(3.19)\n\n78.4(3.09)\n\n686.1(27.02)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days\n\n12\n\n10\n\n10\n\n10\n\n9\n\n7\n\n6\n\n6\n\n9\n\n12\n\n12\n\n13\n\n116\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n87\n\n136\n\n182\n\n226\n\n255\n\n291\n\n274\n\n259\n\n233\n\n149\n\n107\n\n112\n\n2,311\n\n\nSource: Météo France - Period 1981-2010 - Extremes since 1959.","title":"Climate"}] | [{"image_text":"The Passage du Gois leading to the island of Noirmoutier.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/NoirmGois_092005.JPG/250px-NoirmGois_092005.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Marais Breton, Baie de Bourgneuf, Ile de Noirmoutier et Forêt de Monts\". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2283","url_text":"\"Marais Breton, Baie de Bourgneuf, Ile de Noirmoutier et Forêt de Monts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention","url_text":"Ramsar"}]},{"reference":"Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard; Pedersen, Frederik (2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–62. ISBN 9780521829922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521829922","url_text":"9780521829922"}]},{"reference":"Guillet, Rémi (September 10, 2015). Noirmoutier : Une île qui séduit. Lulu.com. p. 27. ISBN 9791090226395.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791090226395","url_text":"9791090226395"}]},{"reference":"RTT, Par Claque Tes (2020-06-17). \"Le passage du Gois à Noirmoutier, une route de 4 km unique en Europe\". Claque tes RTT (in French). Retrieved 2022-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://claquetesrtt.fr/noirmoutier/passage-du-gois/","url_text":"\"Le passage du Gois à Noirmoutier, une route de 4 km unique en Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Spag (2017-07-12). \"Fête de la Bonnotte\". Spag Bertin. Retrieved 2022-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://spagphotography.com/portfolio/fete-de-la-bonnotte/","url_text":"\"Fête de la Bonnotte\""}]},{"reference":"\"496MW French Offshore Wind Farm Gets New Layout\". Offshore Wind. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.offshorewind.biz/2016/07/29/496mw-french-offshore-wind-farm-gets-new-layout/","url_text":"\"496MW French Offshore Wind Farm Gets New Layout\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Noirmoutier¶ms=46_58_N_2_13_W_type:isle_region:FR","external_links_name":"46°58′N 2°13′W / 46.967°N 2.217°W / 46.967; -2.217"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Noirmoutier¶ms=46_58_N_2_13_W_type:isle_region:FR","external_links_name":"46°58′N 2°13′W / 46.967°N 2.217°W / 46.967; -2.217"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%C3%8Ele_de_Noirmoutier&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2283","external_links_name":"\"Marais Breton, Baie de Bourgneuf, Ile de Noirmoutier et Forêt de Monts\""},{"Link":"https://claquetesrtt.fr/noirmoutier/passage-du-gois/","external_links_name":"\"Le passage du Gois à Noirmoutier, une route de 4 km unique en Europe\""},{"Link":"https://spagphotography.com/portfolio/fete-de-la-bonnotte/","external_links_name":"\"Fête de la Bonnotte\""},{"Link":"http://www.offshorewind.biz/2016/07/29/496mw-french-offshore-wind-farm-gets-new-layout/","external_links_name":"\"496MW French Offshore Wind Farm Gets New Layout\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060427070547/http://www.ile-noirmoutier.com/default-english.cfm","external_links_name":"Tourist office website"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=46.967134,-2.230911&spn=0.213225,0.343117&t=k&hl=en","external_links_name":"Google image"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/31146522331932390702","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxtCBqCXFXdTfY9jxYyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4270999-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/138571","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noirmoutier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada_Airways | Canadian Airways | ["1 History","2 Aircraft","3 Destinations","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"] | For other airlines, see List of airlines of Canada and List of defunct airlines of Canada.
Not to be confused with Canadian Airlines International or Canadian Airways Congo.
Canadian Airways LimitedFounded1930Ceased operations1942Fleet sizeSee Aircraft belowDestinationsSee Destinations belowHeadquartersSioux Lookout, Ontario and later, Hudson, OntarioKey peopleJames Armstrong Richardson Sr.
Fairchild 71C (CF-AKT) in Canadian Airways livery at the Western Canada Aviation Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba
Canadian Airways Limited was a Canadian regional passenger and freight air service based in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
It was founded by James Armstrong Richardson Sr. in 1926 as Western Canada Airways (WCA), was fully established in 1930 following WCA's acquisition of a number of smaller regional competitors. At its peak, Canadian Airways had a total of 51 aircraft of various types that provided both regular scheduled service between settlements as well as charter service to bush locations.
In 1942, Canadian Airways was absorbed into the fledgling Canadian Pacific Airlines, following Richardson's death three years earlier.
History
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James Armstrong Richardson Sr. established Western Canada Airways in 1926 which was later to become Canadian Airways Limited.
In 1926, James Armstrong Richardson Sr. founded Western Canada Airways (WCA), which was fully established in 1930 following WCA's acquisition of a number of smaller regional competitors.
Over time, Richardson obtained 51 aircraft and an assortment of top bush pilots and military pilots, all of which provided various services, particularly cargo transport, to northwestern Canada. Whether it was financing operations, hiring and selecting personnel or selecting the best equipment for operations in Canada's tricky climate, he took a very hands on approach to running the WCA. He was also in constant contact with people throughout the aviation industry at the time, to learn and adapt efficiently. Something that made him so successful in the grain trade earlier in his career.
In 1927, he was made a Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), something that would inevitably influence later events involving his venture.
By 1929, he had taken WCA to the #2 spot behind Imperial Airways in the British Empire.
In order to expand WCA at the national level, Richardson convened a syndicate, which led to the formation of the Aviation Corporation of Canada in July 1929. The purpose of this formation was to help in the acquisition of eastern Canadian aviation companies to facilitate the planned expansion. This was done with Sir Henry Worth Thornton, representing the Canadian National Railway and Sir Edward Wentworth Beatty, of the CPR.
In 1930, Canadian Airways Limited was established after the acquisition of several aviation companies, including the previously mentioned Aviation Corporation of Canada. Richardson's goal was realized. Richardson became the president and general manager. Richardson's advanced logistical knowledge, business sense, vision and technological innovation, allowed him to piece together a vision for Canadian Air Services heading into the future.
Air mail was the backbone of aviation at the time as it underpinned regular services and helped cover costs. Richardson was particularly worried about Canadian sovereignty. The budding challenges of international competition and eastern and western Canada's strategic interests weighed on his mind as well. Political activities of varying degrees and the great depression in particular began to take a toll through the very early 1930s.
In 1932, the government mail contracts were cancelled and a host of new restrictions were introduced by the federal government. These actions would serve to gradually undermine Canadian Airways.
By 1936, control of civil aviation was transferred from the Department of National Defence to the newly established Department of Transport, operated under Minister Clarence Decatur Howe.
Around this time, Richardson's earlier fears were on the verge of being realized as American aviation companies were beginning to work towards establishing passenger routes within Canada. The Department of Transport was considering developing a national air transport system to help protect Canada's budding airline industry. Howe led Richardson to believe that his Canadian Airways would be the chosen airline for the task. He repeated this intention routinely.
Using Richardson's Canadian Airways business plan and key personnel from the Airline, Howe formed a government-run entity known as Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) in 1937 instead.
Richardson was deeply saddened by the betrayal and the way the events had unfolded. The personal assurances of government support for Canadian Airways were not acted upon and Howe's will to see the government rise to prominence in the field left Richardson and others out in the cold. Unfortunately, Richardson's decency and lack of will to protest publicly left Canadian Airways vulnerable.
After this, Richardson's health began to decline. He suffered from spells of sickness and exhaustion which were attributed by his doctors at the time to stress. He died suddenly on June 26, 1939.
At some point in 1939, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, led by Sir Edward Wentworth Beatty began to implement a plan to purchase ten bush airlines from around Canada to form a new airline. Whether or not this was decided in collaboration with Richardson is not known for certain. This airline would eventually become Canadian Pacific Airlines, which was a subsidiary of CPR once government approval was obtained to amalgamate the ten airlines. The companies were Ginger Coote Airways (Vancouver), Yukon Southern Air Transport (Vancouver/Edmonton), Canadian Airways (Winnipeg), Wings LTD (Winnipeg), Prairie Airways (Moose Jaw), Mackenzie Air Services (Edmonton), Arrow Airways (The Pas), Starratt Airways (Hudson), Quebec Airways (Montreal), Dominion Skyways (Montreal).
Beatty created Canadian Pacific Airlines as a response to the TCA in 1942.
Aircraft
Junkers W.34 preserved in Canadian Airways markings on floats at the Canada Aviation Museum at Rockcliffe near Ottawa
Replica Ju 52/1m CF-ARM at the Western Canada Aviation Museum.
Aircraft operated by Canadian Airways included:
Boeing 40 (CF-AIN, CF-AIM)
Consolidated Fleetster (CF-AIP)
De Havilland Dragon
Fairchild 71C (CF-ACO and CF-ACT),
Fairchild 82A (CF-AXE)
Fokker F.VII/3m Tri-Motor (G-CASC)
Fokker F.14 (CF-AIG, CF-AIK)
Fokker Super Universal (G-CASM, G-CASN, G-CASK and others)
Fokker Universal (G-CAFU, G-CAGD, G-CAGE)
Junkers W 34
the sixth Ju 52 built, Junkers Ju 52/1m (CF-ARM), a large single-engined monoplane powered by a Rolls-Royce Buzzard received in 1936. Known as the Flying Boxcar, it was the largest aircraft in Canada and operated from wheels, skiis and floats.
Lockheed Vega (CF-AAL)
Lockheed Model 10 Electra (CF-AZY) Five of the 10A model were acquired
Pitcairn Mailwing
four Stearman 4EMs, (CF-AMB, CF-AMC etc.)
Destinations
Destinations served included:
Carcross, Yukon
Lac-à-la-Tortue Airport (Quebec),
Grande Prairie Airport (Grande Prairie, Alberta)
Peace River, Alberta
Seattle, Washington
Vancouver, British Columbia
Victoria, British Columbia
Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba
Sioux Lookout, Ontario
Kenora, Ontario
Red Lake, Ontario
Pickle Lake, Ontario
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
Montreal, Quebec
Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
Edmonton, Alberta
Toronto, Ontario
Winnipeg, Manitoba
See also
List of defunct airlines of Canada
References
^ a b c d e "Biography – RICHARDSON, JAMES ARMSTRONG – Volume XVI (1931-1940) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography".
^ Shirley Render, Double Cross: The Inside Story of James A. Richardson and Canadian Airways, Douglas and McINtyre, 1999, ISBN 1-55054-722-4, pages 193,200,204,206
^ a b "Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame - Wetaskiwin, Alberta - CAHF". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
^ Molson, 1974, p.97, 98, 114
^ Molson, 1974, p.105
^ Molson, 1974, pp.6, 44, 54, 65, 69, 114, 115
^ Molson, 1974, pp.97, 104, 106
^ Molson, 1974, pp.99-100, 107-109, 114
^ Molson, 1974, p.115
^ Molson, 1974, p.117
^ Junkers Ju-52 - Scramble Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Air Canada Fleet - Historical fleet".
^ Molson, 1974, p.114
^ Canadian Airways history
^ Canada Aviation Museum (n.d.). "Stearman 4EM Senior Speedmail". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
^ Molson, 1974, p.103
^ Alberta Heritage
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Time Table Images 1936
^ a b c d e Time Table Images 1936
Molson, K.M. (1974). Pioneering in Canadian Air Transport. Altona, Manitoba: D.W. Friesen & Sons. ISBN 0-91921239-5.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canadian Airways.
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Fecteau Transport Aerien
First Air
First Nations Transportation
Flair Air
FlyToo
Fortunair
Gagnon Air Service
Georgian Express
Ginger Coote Airways
Globemaster Air Cargo
Grand Island Aviation
Great Lakes Airlines
Great Western Airways
Greater Toronto Airways
Greyhound Air
Gulf Air Aviation
Haida Airlines
Harmony Airways
Hawkair
Helijet Airways
HMY Airways
Holidair
ICC Air Cargo Canada
Innu Mikun Airlines
Intair
Integra Air
Inter-Canadien
Island Express Air
Jetsgo
Johanneson Flying Services
Kamloops Air Service
KD Air
Kelner Airways
Kelowna Flightcraft Air Charter
Kenting Atlas Aviation
Keystone Air Service
Knighthawk Air Express
Kootenay Direct Airlines
La Ronge Aviation
La Sarre Air Services
Labrador Air Safari
Labrador Airways
Lac Saint-Jean Aviation
Lamb Air
Latham Island Airways
Laurentide Air Services
Leavens Bros Air Services
Lethbridge Air Services
Lethbridge Aircraft Company
Lethbridge Commercial Airways
Little Red Air Service
Lynx Air
M&C Aviation
MacKenzie Air Services
Maestro
Maritime Central Airways
Matane Air Services
Millardair
Minerve Canada
Mont Laurier Aviation
Montmagny Air Service
Montreal & Dominion Skyways
NAC Air
Nahanni Air Services
Nationair
New Air & Tours
Newfoundland Airways
Newfoundland Aero Sales and Services
NewLeaf
NextJet Canada
Nolisair
Norcanair
Nordair
NorOntair
North Canada Air
North Cariboo Flying Service
North Pacific Seaplanes
North Vancouver Air
North-Wright Air
Northern Mountain Airlines
Northern Wings
Nunasi-Central Airlines
NWT Air
Odyssey International
Okanagan Air Services
Omineca Air Services
Ontario Central Airlines
Ontario Express
Orca Airways
Otonabee Airways
Owen Sound Air Services
Pacific Spirit Air
Pacific Western Airlines
Pat Bay Air
Peace Air
Pem-Air
Polaris Charter Company
Port Alberni Airways
Powell Air
Prairie Airways
Prince Edward Air
Pronto Airways
Provincial Airlines
Ptarmigan Airways
Purple Label Airlines
Quebec Airways
Quebec Aviation
Quebecair
Quebecair Express
Queen Charlotte Airlines
QuikAir
QuikAire Cargo
Regency Express
Regionair
Regional 1 Airlines
Rimouski Airlines
Roots Air
Royal Aviation
Royal Cargo Airlines
RoyalAir
Salt Spring Air
Saskatchewan Government Airways
Sealand Helicopters
Saguenay Air Service
Sept-Iles Helicopter Services
Skeena Air Transport
Sky Regional Airlines
Skycraft Air Transport
Skyservice
Skyxpress
Slave Air
Sonicblue Airways
Soundair
Soundair Express
Southern Air Transport
Southern Alberta Air Lines
Southern Alberta Airlines
Southern Frontier Airlines
Starratt Airways
Sunwest Home Aviation
Swanberg Air
Swoop
Thomas Cook Airlines Canada
Time Air
Toronto Helicopters
Trans-Canada Air Lines
Trans-Gaspesian Air Lines
Trans-Provincial Airlines
Transair
Transwest Air
Trillium Air
Trinity Helicopters
Triton Airlines
Universal Helicopters
Vacationair
Val Air
Vic Turner Ltd
Wilderness Seaplanes
Vision Airways Corporation
Vistajet
Wardair
West Coast Air
West Wind Aviation
Western Express Airlines
Wilderness Seaplanes
Windoak Air Service
Winnport
Whitehorse Flying Services
World-Wide Airways
Worldways Canada
Yellowknife Airways
Zip
Zoom Airlines
See also: List of airlines of Canada
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of airlines of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"List of defunct airlines of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Airlines International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Airlines_International"},{"link_name":"Canadian Airways Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Airways_Congo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fairchild_71C.JPG"},{"link_name":"Western Canada Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"James Armstrong Richardson Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Armstrong_Richardson_Sr."},{"link_name":"regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_airline"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Airlines"}],"text":"For other airlines, see List of airlines of Canada and List of defunct airlines of Canada.Not to be confused with Canadian Airlines International or Canadian Airways Congo.Fairchild 71C (CF-AKT) in Canadian Airways livery at the Western Canada Aviation Museum, Winnipeg, ManitobaCanadian Airways Limited was a Canadian regional passenger and freight air service based in Winnipeg, Manitoba.It was founded by James Armstrong Richardson Sr. in 1926 as Western Canada Airways (WCA), was fully established in 1930 following WCA's acquisition of a number of smaller regional competitors. At its peak, Canadian Airways had a total of 51 aircraft of various types that provided both regular scheduled service between settlements as well as charter service to bush locations.In 1942, Canadian Airways was absorbed into the fledgling Canadian Pacific Airlines, following Richardson's death three years earlier.","title":"Canadian Airways"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Armstrong Richardson Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Armstrong_Richardson_Sr."},{"link_name":"James Armstrong Richardson Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Armstrong_Richardson_Sr."},{"link_name":"regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_airline"},{"link_name":"grain trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_trade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biographi.ca-1"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biographi.ca-1"},{"link_name":"Imperial Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Airways"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biographi.ca-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Worth Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Worth_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway"},{"link_name":"Edward Wentworth Beatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wentworth_Beatty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biographi.ca-1"},{"link_name":"Air mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmail"},{"link_name":"Department of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Transport_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Clarence Decatur Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Decatur_Howe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Trans-Canada Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Ginger Coote Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Coote_Airways"},{"link_name":"Prairie Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Airways"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie Air Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacKenzie_Air_Services"},{"link_name":"Arrow Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Airways"},{"link_name":"Starratt Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starratt_Airways"},{"link_name":"Quebec Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Airways"},{"link_name":"Dominion Skyways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominion_Skyways&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cahf.ca-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biographi.ca-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cahf.ca-3"}],"text":"James Armstrong Richardson Sr. established Western Canada Airways in 1926 which was later to become Canadian Airways Limited.In 1926, James Armstrong Richardson Sr. founded Western Canada Airways (WCA), which was fully established in 1930 following WCA's acquisition of a number of smaller regional competitors.Over time, Richardson obtained 51 aircraft and an assortment of top bush pilots and military pilots, all of which provided various services, particularly cargo transport, to northwestern Canada. Whether it was financing operations, hiring and selecting personnel or selecting the best equipment for operations in Canada's tricky climate, he took a very hands on approach to running the WCA. He was also in constant contact with people throughout the aviation industry at the time, to learn and adapt efficiently. Something that made him so successful in the grain trade earlier in his career.[1]In 1927, he was made a Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), something that would inevitably influence later events involving his venture.[1]By 1929, he had taken WCA to the #2 spot behind Imperial Airways in the British Empire.[1]In order to expand WCA at the national level, Richardson convened a syndicate, which led to the formation of the Aviation Corporation of Canada in July 1929. The purpose of this formation was to help in the acquisition of eastern Canadian aviation companies to facilitate the planned expansion. This was done with Sir Henry Worth Thornton, representing the Canadian National Railway and Sir Edward Wentworth Beatty, of the CPR.[1]In 1930, Canadian Airways Limited was established after the acquisition of several aviation companies, including the previously mentioned Aviation Corporation of Canada. Richardson's goal was realized. Richardson became the president and general manager. Richardson's advanced logistical knowledge, business sense, vision and technological innovation, allowed him to piece together a vision for Canadian Air Services heading into the future.Air mail was the backbone of aviation at the time as it underpinned regular services and helped cover costs. Richardson was particularly worried about Canadian sovereignty. The budding challenges of international competition and eastern and western Canada's strategic interests weighed on his mind as well. Political activities of varying degrees and the great depression in particular began to take a toll through the very early 1930s.In 1932, the government mail contracts were cancelled and a host of new restrictions were introduced by the federal government. These actions would serve to gradually undermine Canadian Airways.By 1936, control of civil aviation was transferred from the Department of National Defence to the newly established Department of Transport, operated under Minister Clarence Decatur Howe.Around this time, Richardson's earlier fears were on the verge of being realized as American aviation companies were beginning to work towards establishing passenger routes within Canada. The Department of Transport was considering developing a national air transport system to help protect Canada's budding airline industry. Howe led Richardson to believe that his Canadian Airways would be the chosen airline for the task. He repeated this intention routinely.[2]Using Richardson's Canadian Airways business plan and key personnel from the Airline, Howe formed a government-run entity known as Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) in 1937 instead.Richardson was deeply saddened by the betrayal and the way the events had unfolded. The personal assurances of government support for Canadian Airways were not acted upon and Howe's will to see the government rise to prominence in the field left Richardson and others out in the cold. Unfortunately, Richardson's decency and lack of will to protest publicly left Canadian Airways vulnerable.After this, Richardson's health began to decline. He suffered from spells of sickness and exhaustion which were attributed by his doctors at the time to stress. He died suddenly on June 26, 1939.At some point in 1939, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, led by Sir Edward Wentworth Beatty began to implement a plan to purchase ten bush airlines from around Canada to form a new airline. Whether or not this was decided in collaboration with Richardson is not known for certain. This airline would eventually become Canadian Pacific Airlines, which was a subsidiary of CPR once government approval was obtained to amalgamate the ten airlines. The companies were Ginger Coote Airways (Vancouver), Yukon Southern Air Transport (Vancouver/Edmonton), Canadian Airways (Winnipeg), Wings LTD (Winnipeg), Prairie Airways (Moose Jaw), Mackenzie Air Services (Edmonton), Arrow Airways (The Pas), Starratt Airways (Hudson), Quebec Airways (Montreal), Dominion Skyways (Montreal).[3]Beatty created Canadian Pacific Airlines as a response to the TCA in 1942.[1][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junkers_W.34_CF-ATF_Can_Aws_Rock_26.03.71_edited-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Junkers W.34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_W.34"},{"link_name":"Canada Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Aviation_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junkers_Ju-52_single-engine.JPG"},{"link_name":"Western Canada Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Boeing 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_40"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Fleetster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Fleetster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"De Havilland Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Fairchild 71C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_71"},{"link_name":"Fairchild 82A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_82"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fokker F.14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_F.14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fokker Super Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_Super_Universal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fokker Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_Universal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Junkers W 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_W_34"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 52/1m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Buzzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Buzzard"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Vega"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Model 10 Electra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Model_10_Electra"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pitcairn Mailwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Mailwing"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Stearman 4EMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearman_4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAM-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Junkers W.34 preserved in Canadian Airways markings on floats at the Canada Aviation Museum at Rockcliffe near OttawaReplica Ju 52/1m CF-ARM at the Western Canada Aviation Museum.Aircraft operated by Canadian Airways included:Boeing 40 (CF-AIN, CF-AIM)[4]\nConsolidated Fleetster (CF-AIP)[5]\nDe Havilland Dragon\nFairchild 71C (CF-ACO and CF-ACT),\nFairchild 82A (CF-AXE)\nFokker F.VII/3m Tri-Motor (G-CASC)[6]\nFokker F.14 (CF-AIG, CF-AIK)[7]\nFokker Super Universal (G-CASM, G-CASN, G-CASK and others) [8]\nFokker Universal (G-CAFU, G-CAGD, G-CAGE)[9]\nJunkers W 34\nthe sixth Ju 52 built, Junkers Ju 52/1m (CF-ARM), a large single-engined monoplane powered by a Rolls-Royce Buzzard received in 1936. Known as the Flying Boxcar, it was the largest aircraft in Canada[10] and operated from wheels, skiis and floats.[11]\nLockheed Vega (CF-AAL)\nLockheed Model 10 Electra (CF-AZY) Five of the 10A model were acquired[12]\nPitcairn Mailwing[13]\nfour Stearman 4EMs,[14][15] (CF-AMB, CF-AMC etc.)[16]","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcross,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"Lac-à-la-Tortue Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac-%C3%A0-la-Tortue_Airport"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Grande Prairie Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Prairie_Airport"},{"link_name":"Grande Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Prairie"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Peace River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_River,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw37a-18"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw37a-18"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Lac du Bonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_du_Bonnet,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw37a-18"},{"link_name":"Sioux Lookout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Lookout,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw37a-18"},{"link_name":"Kenora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenora"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw37a-18"},{"link_name":"Red Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lake,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Pickle Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickle_Lake,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Charlottetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottetown"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw37a-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw3601a-19"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw37a-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw3601a-19"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw37a-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw3601a-19"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw37a-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw3601a-19"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw37a-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw3601a-19"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caw37a-18"}],"text":"Destinations served included:Carcross, Yukon\nLac-à-la-Tortue Airport (Quebec),\nGrande Prairie Airport (Grande Prairie, Alberta)\nPeace River, Alberta[17]\nSeattle, Washington[18]\nVancouver, British Columbia[18]\nVictoria, British Columbia\nLac du Bonnet, Manitoba[18]\nSioux Lookout, Ontario[18]\nKenora, Ontario[18]\nRed Lake, Ontario\nPickle Lake, Ontario\nCharlottetown, Prince Edward Island[18][19]\nMontreal, Quebec[18][19]\nPrince Albert, Saskatchewan[18][19]\nEdmonton, Alberta[18][19]\nToronto, Ontario[18][19]\nWinnipeg, Manitoba[18]","title":"Destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_Airways"},{"link_name":"Air timetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.airtimes.com/cgat/ca/canadianairways.htm"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Canada"},{"link_name":"Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"link_name":"Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Defunct_airlines_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Defunct_airlines_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Defunct_airlines_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Defunct airlines of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"30000 Island Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Canada#1"},{"link_name":"Aero Activities Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_Activities_Limited"},{"link_name":"Aéro Golfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9ro_Golfe"},{"link_name":"Aero Trades Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_Trades_Western"},{"link_name":"Aeropro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeropro"},{"link_name":"Air 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_500"},{"link_name":"Air 2000 Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_2000_Canada"},{"link_name":"Air Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Air Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Air Atonabee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Atonabee"},{"link_name":"Air Baffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Baffin"},{"link_name":"Air BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_BC"},{"link_name":"Air Canada Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Air Canada Regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Canada_Regional"},{"link_name":"Air Canada Tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Canada_Tango"},{"link_name":"Air Caribou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Caribou"},{"link_name":"Air Charter Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Canada#2"},{"link_name":"Air Club International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Club_International"},{"link_name":"Air Fecteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Fecteau"},{"link_name":"Air Gaspé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Gasp%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Air Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Georgian"},{"link_name":"Air Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Air Mikisew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mikisew"},{"link_name":"Air Norterra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Norterra"},{"link_name":"Air Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Nova"},{"link_name":"Air Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Air Saguenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Saguenay"},{"link_name":"Air Sask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Sask"},{"link_name":"Air Satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Satellite"},{"link_name":"Air Schefferville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Canada#3"},{"link_name":"Air Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Southwest_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Air Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Airspeed Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Aviation_(British_Columbia)"},{"link_name":"Airtransit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airtransit"},{"link_name":"Aklavik Flying Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklavik_Flying_Services"},{"link_name":"Alberta 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Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_Airlines"},{"link_name":"List of airlines of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5029675#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/138326266"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4690973-4"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canadian Airways.Air timetablesPortals: Canada Companies AviationvteDefunct airlines of Canada\n30000 Island Air\nAero Activities Limited\nAéro Golfe\nAero Trades Western\nAeropro\nAir 500\nAir 2000 Canada\nAir Alliance\nAir Atlantic\nAir Atonabee\nAir Baffin\nAir BC\nAir Canada Jazz\nAir Canada Regional\nAir Canada Tango\nAir Caribou\nAir Charter Systems\nAir Club International\nAir Fecteau\nAir Gaspé\nAir 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Air Lines\nBar XH Air\nBaxter Aviation\nBCWest Air\nBearskin Lake Air Service\nBoreal Airways\nBow Helicopters\nBradley Air Services\nBrock Air Services\nBrooker-Wheaton Aviation\nCalumet Air Service\nCanada 3000\nCanada 3000 Cargo\nCanada West Airlines\nCanadian Airlines\nCanadian Airways\nCanadian Colonial Airways\nCanadian Pacific Air Lines\nCanadian Regional Airlines\nCanJet\nCanJet Airlines\nCapreol and Austin Air Services\nCargo North\nCarl Millard\nCassidair Services\nCentral British Columbia Airlines\nCentral Northern Airways\nChaparal Charters\nCherry Red Airline\nChimo Air Service\nCity Express\nContact Airways\nCorporate Express\nCurtiss-Reid Flying Service\nDeraps Aviation\nDiscovery Air\nDominion Pegasus Helicopters\nEastern Canada Air Lines\nEastern Flying Service\nEastern Provincial Airways\nEldorado Radium Silver Express\nEnerjet\nExpeditair\nFecteau Transport Aerien\nFirst Air\nFirst Nations Transportation\nFlair Air\nFlyToo\nFortunair\nGagnon Air Service\nGeorgian Express\nGinger Coote Airways\nGlobemaster Air Cargo\nGrand Island Aviation\nGreat Lakes Airlines\nGreat Western Airways\nGreater Toronto Airways\nGreyhound Air\nGulf Air Aviation\nHaida Airlines\nHarmony Airways\nHawkair\nHelijet Airways\nHMY Airways\nHolidair\nICC Air Cargo Canada\nInnu Mikun Airlines\nIntair\nIntegra Air\nInter-Canadien\nIsland Express Air\nJetsgo\nJohanneson Flying Services\nKamloops Air Service\nKD Air\nKelner Airways\nKelowna Flightcraft Air Charter\nKenting Atlas Aviation\nKeystone Air Service\nKnighthawk Air Express\nKootenay Direct Airlines\nLa Ronge Aviation\nLa Sarre Air Services\nLabrador Air Safari\nLabrador Airways\nLac Saint-Jean Aviation\nLamb Air\nLatham Island Airways\nLaurentide Air Services\nLeavens Bros Air Services\nLethbridge Air Services\nLethbridge Aircraft Company\nLethbridge Commercial Airways\nLittle Red Air Service\nLynx Air\nM&C Aviation\nMacKenzie Air Services\nMaestro\nMaritime Central Airways\nMatane Air Services\nMillardair\nMinerve Canada\nMont Laurier Aviation\nMontmagny Air Service\nMontreal & Dominion Skyways\nNAC Air\nNahanni Air Services\nNationair\nNew Air & Tours\nNewfoundland Airways\nNewfoundland Aero Sales and Services\nNewLeaf\nNextJet Canada\nNolisair\nNorcanair\nNordair\nNorOntair\nNorth Canada Air\nNorth Cariboo Flying Service\nNorth Pacific Seaplanes\nNorth Vancouver Air\nNorth-Wright Air\nNorthern Mountain Airlines\nNorthern Wings\nNunasi-Central Airlines\nNWT Air\nOdyssey International\nOkanagan Air Services\nOmineca Air Services\nOntario Central Airlines\nOntario Express\nOrca Airways\nOtonabee Airways\nOwen Sound Air Services\nPacific Spirit Air\nPacific Western Airlines\nPat Bay Air\nPeace Air\nPem-Air\nPolaris Charter Company\nPort Alberni Airways\nPowell Air\nPrairie Airways\nPrince Edward Air\nPronto Airways\nProvincial Airlines\nPtarmigan Airways\nPurple Label Airlines\nQuebec Airways\nQuebec Aviation\nQuebecair\nQuebecair Express\nQueen Charlotte Airlines\nQuikAir\nQuikAire Cargo\nRegency Express\nRegionair\nRegional 1 Airlines\nRimouski Airlines\nRoots Air\nRoyal Aviation\nRoyal Cargo Airlines\nRoyalAir\nSalt Spring Air\nSaskatchewan Government Airways\nSealand Helicopters\nSaguenay Air Service\nSept-Iles Helicopter Services\nSkeena Air Transport\nSky Regional Airlines\nSkycraft Air Transport\nSkyservice\nSkyxpress\nSlave Air\nSonicblue Airways\nSoundair\nSoundair Express\nSouthern Air Transport\nSouthern Alberta Air Lines\nSouthern Alberta Airlines\nSouthern Frontier Airlines\nStarratt Airways\nSunwest Home Aviation\nSwanberg Air\nSwoop\nThomas Cook Airlines Canada\nTime Air\nToronto Helicopters\nTrans-Canada Air Lines\nTrans-Gaspesian Air Lines\nTrans-Provincial Airlines\nTransair\nTranswest Air\nTrillium Air\nTrinity Helicopters\nTriton Airlines\nUniversal Helicopters\nVacationair\nVal Air\nVic Turner Ltd\nWilderness Seaplanes\nVision Airways Corporation\nVistajet\nWardair\nWest Coast Air\nWest Wind Aviation\nWestern Express Airlines\nWilderness Seaplanes\nWindoak Air Service\nWinnport\nWhitehorse Flying Services\nWorld-Wide Airways\nWorldways Canada\nYellowknife Airways\nZip\nZoom Airlines\nSee also: List of airlines of CanadaAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Fairchild 71C (CF-AKT) in Canadian Airways livery at the Western Canada Aviation Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fairchild_71C.JPG/220px-Fairchild_71C.JPG"},{"image_text":"Junkers W.34 preserved in Canadian Airways markings on floats at the Canada Aviation Museum at Rockcliffe near Ottawa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Junkers_W.34_CF-ATF_Can_Aws_Rock_26.03.71_edited-2.jpg/220px-Junkers_W.34_CF-ATF_Can_Aws_Rock_26.03.71_edited-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Replica Ju 52/1m CF-ARM at the Western Canada Aviation Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Junkers_Ju-52_single-engine.JPG/220px-Junkers_Ju-52_single-engine.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of defunct airlines of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_Canada"}] | [{"reference":"\"Biography – RICHARDSON, JAMES ARMSTRONG – Volume XVI (1931-1940) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/richardson_james_armstrong_16E.html","url_text":"\"Biography – RICHARDSON, JAMES ARMSTRONG – Volume XVI (1931-1940) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame - Wetaskiwin, Alberta - CAHF\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070051/http://www.cahf.ca/belt_of_orion/CPAIR.php#","url_text":"\"Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame - Wetaskiwin, Alberta - CAHF\""},{"url":"http://www.cahf.ca/belt_of_orion/CPAIR.php#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Air Canada Fleet - Historical fleet\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aircanada.com/en/about/fleet/historical/lockheed-10a.html","url_text":"\"Air Canada Fleet - Historical fleet\""}]},{"reference":"Canada Aviation Museum (n.d.). \"Stearman 4EM Senior Speedmail\". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Aviation_Museum","url_text":"Canada Aviation Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090429055829/http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/f4_41.html#","url_text":"\"Stearman 4EM Senior Speedmail\""},{"url":"http://home.att.net/~jBaugher1/f4_41.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Molson, K.M. (1974). Pioneering in Canadian Air Transport. Altona, Manitoba: D.W. Friesen & Sons. ISBN 0-91921239-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-91921239-5","url_text":"0-91921239-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/richardson_james_armstrong_16E.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography – RICHARDSON, JAMES ARMSTRONG – Volume XVI (1931-1940) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070051/http://www.cahf.ca/belt_of_orion/CPAIR.php#","external_links_name":"\"Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame - Wetaskiwin, Alberta - CAHF\""},{"Link":"http://www.cahf.ca/belt_of_orion/CPAIR.php#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.scramble.nl/wiki/index.php?title=Junkers_Ju-52/1m","external_links_name":"Junkers Ju-52"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082959/http://www.scramble.nl/wiki/index.php?title=Junkers_Ju-52%2F1m","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.aircanada.com/en/about/fleet/historical/lockheed-10a.html","external_links_name":"\"Air Canada Fleet - Historical fleet\""},{"Link":"http://oldbeacon.com/beacon/airlines/canada/ca.htm","external_links_name":"Canadian Airways history"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090429055829/http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/f4_41.html#","external_links_name":"\"Stearman 4EM Senior Speedmail\""},{"Link":"http://home.att.net/~jBaugher1/f4_41.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.abheritage.ca/aviation/history/ventures_canadian.html","external_links_name":"Alberta Heritage"},{"Link":"http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/caw37a.htm","external_links_name":"Time Table Images 1936"},{"Link":"http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/caw3601a.htm","external_links_name":"Time Table Images 1936"},{"Link":"http://www.airtimes.com/cgat/ca/canadianairways.htm","external_links_name":"Air timetables"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/138326266","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4690973-4","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Reimers | Paula Reimers | ["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 References"] | American rabbi
Paula Reimers (1947–2023) was an American rabbi. In 2008 she was the rabbi of Congregation Beth Israel (Lebanon, Pennsylvania). However by January 2017 she was no longer listed as that Congregation's rabbi. Reimers was one of the first women to be ordained by the Conservative movement’s Jewish Theological Seminary of America.
Biography
Reimers was educated at Barnard College, (A.B., 1969) M.A., Columbia University, (M.A., 1971) and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (M.A., ordination, 1990).
Reimers converted from Christianity to Judaism in 1981.
Reimers was politically active in defense of Palestinian rights. In 2001, shortly after the 9/11 attacks, Reimers invited several Muslims to join members of Burbank Temple Emanu-El in Burbank, California in their sukkah. In order not to offend the Muslim guests, Israeli flags were removed from among the sukkah decorations, offending some of her congregants. The congregation voted not to renew her contract.
By July 2015, Reimers was on the Rabbinical Council of Jewish Voice for Peace. However as of June 2018, she was no longer listed on that Council.
Reimers, a feminist, opposed using both male and female pronouns in worship.
Reimers spoke out against the Christian missionizing of Ralph Drollinger the former NBA player who now heads Capitol Ministries whose goal is: "Making disciples for Jesus Christ in state legislatures." Reimers further elaborated that:
In my opinion, the 2007 Commonwealth Prayer Breakfast clearly showed state endorsement of one particular religion (Christianity) and one particular sect within that religion (evangelical Protestantism), and even one particular Christian evangelical organization, Capitol Ministries. Many specific indications would lead to this conclusion.
Rabbi Reimers died on June 14, 2023.
Publications
"Feminism, Judaism, and God the Mother" (Conservative Judaism, Fall 1993)
References
^ Winding road leads rabbi to Valley, David Mekeel, Lebanon Daily News, December 9, 2006
^ "Website of Congregation Beth Israel, Lebanon, PA". Website of Congregation Beth Israel, Lebanon, PA. Congregation Beth Israel, Lebanon PA. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
^ a b c "jewsonfirst.org "Capitol Ministries: Making disciples for Jesus Christ in state legislatures" (May 15, 2007)". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ "Lebanon Valley College". Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ “From Jew-by-choice to rabbi: Women forging new paths,” Aleza Goldsmith, August 3, 2001, Jewish Bulletin of Northern California
^ What It Means to Be Jewish: The Voices of Our Heritage, by Ina Abrams and Ina L. Yalof, St. Martin’s Press, 2002, Page 230
^ Tracy Gordon-Fox, "Rabbi Impressing Her Congregants", Hartford Courant, October 31, 1993.
^ Christians and a Land Called Holy: How We Can Foster Justice, Peace, and Hope, by Charles P. Lutz and Robert O. Smith, 2006, Fortress Press, p. 151
^ “The Silencing of the Left?How the quest for a united front may quash the debate on Israel,” by Julie Gruenbaum Fax, The Jewish Journal, Sept. 26, 2002
^ Laura Sturza,
"Rabbi Paula Reimers and her former...", Burbank Leader, November 2, 2002.
^ "Campaigns | JVP's Rabbinical Council | Jewish Voice for Peace". jewishvoiceforpeace.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
^ "Jewish Community Transformation". jewishvoiceforpeace.org. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
^ Is God male, female, both or neither? How should we phrase our prayers in response to God’s gender? By Ahuva Zache , I-Torah
^ ” God and Gender in Judaism, by Matthew Berke, First Things 64 (June/July 1996): 33-38.
^ Dallas Morning News: Ex-Mavs center Ralph Drollinger is now living by the book (August 8, 2005
^ "capmin.org". Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ dailygotham.com "Religious Intolerance in America" Archived 2008-07-04 at archive.today
^ "jewsonfirst.org "The 2007 Commonwealth Prayer Breakfast: Rabbi Paula Reimers, Congregation Beth Israel, Lebanon, Pennsylvania, May 17, 2007"". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ "Rabbi Paula Rimmer: 2007 Commonwealth Prayer Breakfast" (pdf)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-18. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
vteWomen rabbis and Torah scholarsTimeline of women rabbisPre-modern figuresBible and Talmud
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congregation Beth Israel (Lebanon, Pennsylvania)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Israel_(Lebanon,_Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jewish Theological Seminary of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewsonfirst.org-3"}],"text":"Paula Reimers (1947–2023) was an American rabbi. In 2008 she was the rabbi of Congregation Beth Israel (Lebanon, Pennsylvania). However by January 2017 she was no longer listed as that Congregation's rabbi.[1][2] Reimers was one of the first women to be ordained by the Conservative movement’s Jewish Theological Seminary of America.[3]","title":"Paula Reimers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barnard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard_College"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Jewish Theological Seminary of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jewish Voice for Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Voice_for_Peace"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewsonfirst.org-3"},{"link_name":"Ralph Drollinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Drollinger"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewsonfirst.org-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Reimers was educated at Barnard College, (A.B., 1969) M.A., Columbia University, (M.A., 1971) and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (M.A., ordination, 1990). [4]\nReimers converted from Christianity to Judaism in 1981.[5][6][7]Reimers was politically active in defense of Palestinian rights.[8] In 2001, shortly after the 9/11 attacks, Reimers invited several Muslims to join members of Burbank Temple Emanu-El in Burbank, California in their sukkah. In order not to offend the Muslim guests, Israeli flags were removed from among the sukkah decorations, offending some of her congregants. The congregation voted not to renew her contract.[9][10]By July 2015, Reimers was on the Rabbinical Council of Jewish Voice for Peace.[11] However as of June 2018, she was no longer listed on that Council.[12]Reimers, a feminist, opposed using both male and female pronouns in worship.[13][14]Reimers spoke out[3] against the Christian missionizing of Ralph Drollinger the former NBA player who now heads Capitol Ministries [15][16] whose goal is: \"Making disciples for Jesus Christ in state legislatures.\"[3][17] Reimers further elaborated that:In my opinion, the 2007 Commonwealth Prayer Breakfast clearly showed state endorsement of one particular religion (Christianity) and one particular sect within that religion (evangelical Protestantism), and even one particular Christian evangelical organization, Capitol Ministries. Many specific indications would lead to this conclusion.[18][19]Rabbi Reimers died on June 14, 2023.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Feminism, Judaism, and God the Mother\" (Conservative Judaism, Fall 1993)","title":"Publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Website of Congregation Beth Israel, Lebanon, PA\". Website of Congregation Beth Israel, Lebanon, PA. Congregation Beth Israel, Lebanon PA. Retrieved January 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://congregation-beth-israel.com/rabbi.php","url_text":"\"Website of Congregation Beth Israel, Lebanon, PA\""}]},{"reference":"\"jewsonfirst.org \"Capitol Ministries: Making disciples for Jesus Christ in state legislatures\" (May 15, 2007)\". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. 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Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150726031327/http://jewishvoiceforpeace.org/campaigns/jvps-new-rabbinic-council-4","url_text":"\"Campaigns | JVP's Rabbinical Council | Jewish Voice for Peace\""},{"url":"http://jewishvoiceforpeace.org/campaigns/jvps-new-rabbinic-council-4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jewish Community Transformation\". jewishvoiceforpeace.org. Retrieved June 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://jewishvoiceforpeace.org/jewish-community-transformation/","url_text":"\"Jewish Community Transformation\""}]},{"reference":"\"capmin.org\". Retrieved 29 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capmin.org/","url_text":"\"capmin.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"jewsonfirst.org \"The 2007 Commonwealth Prayer Breakfast: Rabbi Paula Reimers, Congregation Beth Israel, Lebanon, Pennsylvania, May 17, 2007\"\". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509050505/http://www.jewsonfirst.org/07b/capitol_ministries.html#reimers","url_text":"\"jewsonfirst.org \"The 2007 Commonwealth Prayer Breakfast: Rabbi Paula Reimers, Congregation Beth Israel, Lebanon, Pennsylvania, May 17, 2007\"\""},{"url":"http://www.jewsonfirst.org/07b/capitol_ministries.html#reimers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rabbi Paula Rimmer: 2007 Commonwealth Prayer Breakfast\" (pdf)\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-18. Retrieved 2008-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071218170550/http://www.jewsonfirst.org/07b/reimers_prayerbreakfast.pdf","url_text":"\"Rabbi Paula Rimmer: 2007 Commonwealth Prayer Breakfast\" (pdf)\""},{"url":"http://www.jewsonfirst.org/07b/reimers_prayerbreakfast.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://congregation-beth-israel.com/rabbi.php","external_links_name":"\"Website of Congregation Beth Israel, Lebanon, PA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509050505/http://www.jewsonfirst.org/07b/capitol_ministries.html","external_links_name":"\"jewsonfirst.org \"Capitol Ministries: Making disciples for Jesus Christ in state legislatures\" (May 15, 2007)\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewsonfirst.org/07b/capitol_ministries.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lvc.edu/religious-life/staff.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Lebanon Valley College\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/16555/edition_id/325/format/html/displaystory.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://articles.courant.com/1993-10-31/news/0000002676_1_lutheran-minister-congregants-jewish-temple","external_links_name":"\"Rabbi Impressing Her Congregants\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewishjournal.com/israel/article/the_silencing_of_the_left_20020927/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://articles.burbankleader.com/2002-11-02/news/export8443_1_witch-hunt-flags-temple-emanu-el","external_links_name":"\"Rabbi Paula Reimers and her former...\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150726031327/http://jewishvoiceforpeace.org/campaigns/jvps-new-rabbinic-council-4","external_links_name":"\"Campaigns | JVP's Rabbinical Council | Jewish Voice for Peace\""},{"Link":"http://jewishvoiceforpeace.org/campaigns/jvps-new-rabbinic-council-4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://jewishvoiceforpeace.org/jewish-community-transformation/","external_links_name":"\"Jewish Community Transformation\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120715190459/http://urj.org/Articles/index.cfm?id=11422","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/misc/where/stories/080805dnspowherenow.7fa8768.html","external_links_name":"Dallas Morning News: Ex-Mavs center Ralph Drollinger is now living by the book (August 8, 2005"},{"Link":"http://www.capmin.org/","external_links_name":"\"capmin.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailygotham.com/send/send/3876","external_links_name":"dailygotham.com \"Religious Intolerance in America\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20080704125820/http://www.dailygotham.com/send/send/3876","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509050505/http://www.jewsonfirst.org/07b/capitol_ministries.html#reimers","external_links_name":"\"jewsonfirst.org \"The 2007 Commonwealth Prayer Breakfast: Rabbi Paula Reimers, Congregation Beth Israel, Lebanon, Pennsylvania, May 17, 2007\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewsonfirst.org/07b/capitol_ministries.html#reimers","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071218170550/http://www.jewsonfirst.org/07b/reimers_prayerbreakfast.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rabbi Paula Rimmer: 2007 Commonwealth Prayer Breakfast\" (pdf)\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewsonfirst.org/07b/reimers_prayerbreakfast.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000106667154","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/141146068","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/10080468","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16241460c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16241460c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007423315605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010153806","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p334210836","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17000297?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/148707645","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Cars | Mars Cars | ["1 Gameplay","2 References","3 External links"] | 1982 video game
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1982 video gameMars CarsDeveloper(s)DatamostPublisher(s)DatamostDesigner(s)David Husch Platform(s)Apple IIRelease1982Genre(s)MazeMode(s)Single-player
Mars Cars is an Apple II maze game written by David Husch and published by Datamost in 1982. The game was released to the United States and the sole credit of the development of the game is David Husch.
Gameplay
In-game screenshot
The player maneuvers a car to collect four treasures—one in each corner of the screen—while avoiding computer-controlled Mars Cars (which look more like aliens than vehicles). Getting touched by a Mars Car results in loss of a life. The player's car is allowed to drive through and remove the barriers making up the maze, but Mars Cars cannot. When all treasures are collected, the player can start the next level by driving into the warp area on the right side of the screen. There are sixteen levels and four different type of Martians as enemy types: Clutz, Fire Bug, Hatcher, and Kamikaze.
The inside cover of the game also served as a two page manual for the game. The manual included a short explanation of the game's themes, ideas, and how it is played, written by David Husch.
References
^ a b Hague, James. "The Giant List of Classic Game Programmers".
^ "Mars Cars". mobygames.com. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
^ a b "An Avalanche of Apple Games". Creative Computing. 9 (1): 68. January 1983.
^ Husch, David. "MARS CARS". www.mobygames.com/. Datamost, Inc. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
External links
Mars Cars can be played for free in the browser at the Internet Archive
This maze video game article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_series"},{"link_name":"maze game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze_game"},{"link_name":"Datamost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datamost"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giantlist-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"1982 video gameMars Cars is an Apple II maze game written by David Husch and published by Datamost in 1982.[1] The game was released to the United States and the sole credit of the development of the game is David Husch.[2]","title":"Mars Cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marscars2.jpg"},{"link_name":"treasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avalanche-3"},{"link_name":"aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avalanche-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In-game screenshotThe player maneuvers a car to collect four treasures—one in each corner of the screen—while avoiding computer-controlled Mars Cars[3] (which look more like aliens than vehicles). Getting touched by a Mars Car results in loss of a life. The player's car is allowed to drive through and remove the barriers making up the maze, but Mars Cars cannot. When all treasures are collected, the player can start the next level by driving into the warp area on the right side of the screen. There are sixteen levels[3] and four different type of Martians as enemy types: Clutz, Fire Bug, Hatcher, and Kamikaze.The inside cover of the game also served as a two page manual for the game. The manual included a short explanation of the game's themes, ideas, and how it is played, written by David Husch.[4]","title":"Gameplay"}] | [{"image_text":"In-game screenshot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Marscars2.jpg/220px-Marscars2.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Hague, James. \"The Giant List of Classic Game Programmers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dadgum.com/giantlist/","url_text":"\"The Giant List of Classic Game Programmers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mars Cars\". mobygames.com. Retrieved 27 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mobygames.com/game/28131/mars-cars/","url_text":"\"Mars Cars\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Avalanche of Apple Games\". Creative Computing. 9 (1): 68. January 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v9n1/68_An_avalanche_of_Apple_gam.php","url_text":"\"An Avalanche of Apple Games\""}]},{"reference":"Husch, David. \"MARS CARS\". www.mobygames.com/. Datamost, Inc. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Handelskalendar | Sveriges Handelskalendar | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Swedish journal
Sveriges Handelskalendar, was a Swedish journal, business directory, which began publication in 1859.
It was published by Albert Bonnier.
See also
Rudolf Wall
Albert Bonnier
Bisnode
References
^ "Sveriges handelskalender". runeberg.org (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-10-07.
^ Commerce, United States Bureau of Foreign (1955). A Guide to Foreign Business Directories. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 82.
^ "Trove". trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
^ "Bonnier AB | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
^ Derdak, Thomas; Pederson, Jay P. (1988). International Directory of Company Histories. St. James Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-55862-482-5. Bonnier added a number of strong titles, such as the Sveriges Handelskalendar, Folkkalendern Svea, the weekly publication Stockholms Figaro, and Hörbergska Tryckas...
This article about a reference book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Sweden-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes"},{"link_name":"business directory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_directory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Albert Bonnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bonnier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Sveriges Handelskalendar,[1] was a Swedish journal, business directory,[2] which began publication in 1859.[3]\nIt was published by Albert Bonnier.[4][5]","title":"Sveriges Handelskalendar"}] | [] | [{"title":"Rudolf Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Wall"},{"title":"Albert Bonnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bonnier"},{"title":"Bisnode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisnode#History"}] | [{"reference":"\"Sveriges handelskalender\". runeberg.org (in Swedish). Retrieved 2020-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/handkal/","url_text":"\"Sveriges handelskalender\""}]},{"reference":"Commerce, United States Bureau of Foreign (1955). A Guide to Foreign Business Directories. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 82.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zpvSTvSXd08C&pg=PA82","url_text":"A Guide to Foreign Business Directories"}]},{"reference":"\"Trove\". trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/174402820","url_text":"\"Trove\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bonnier AB | Encyclopedia.com\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/bonnier-ab","url_text":"\"Bonnier AB | Encyclopedia.com\""}]},{"reference":"Derdak, Thomas; Pederson, Jay P. (1988). International Directory of Company Histories. St. James Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-55862-482-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pFkkAQAAMAAJ&q=Sveriges+Handelskalendar+bonnier","url_text":"International Directory of Company Histories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55862-482-5","url_text":"978-1-55862-482-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://runeberg.org/handkal/","external_links_name":"\"Sveriges handelskalender\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zpvSTvSXd08C&pg=PA82","external_links_name":"A Guide to Foreign Business Directories"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/174402820","external_links_name":"\"Trove\""},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/bonnier-ab","external_links_name":"\"Bonnier AB | Encyclopedia.com\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pFkkAQAAMAAJ&q=Sveriges+Handelskalendar+bonnier","external_links_name":"International Directory of Company Histories"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sveriges_Handelskalendar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sveriges_Handelskalendar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia_Air_Brigade | North Macedonia Air Brigade | ["1 History","1.1 Structure","2 Aircraft","2.1 Current inventory","2.2 Retired","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Air warfare branch of Macedonia's military
North Macedonia Air BrigadeВоздухопловен ВИНГNorth Macedonia Air Brigade sealFounded10 June 1992; 32 years ago (1992-06-10)Country North MacedoniaTypeAir forcePart ofArmy of the Republic of North MacedoniaGarrison/HQSkopje International Airport, SkopjeMotto(s)"On the way to the stars" Engagements
2001 Macedonian insurgency
CommandersCurrentcommanderColonel Igorcho StoimenovskiInsigniaRoundelFin flashAircraft flownAttack helicopterMil Mi 17Observation helicopterMil Mi 17Trainer helicopterBell 206ReconnaissanceRq-11TrainerZlin Z 42, Zlin Z 43TransportMil Mi 17Military unit
The North Macedonia Air Brigade (Macedonian: Воздухопловен ВИНГ) is the air warfare and air defense force of the Army of the Republic of North Macedonia.
History
The development of the Macedonian Air Brigade began in 1992.
The UTVA-66 and UTVA-75 were the first aircraft types to be introduced into the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces. Upon its creation, the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces operated one UTVA-66 and four UTVA-75 A21 two-seat trainers, all leased from the Macedonian Aeronautical Union (Makedonski Vozduhoploven Sojuz).
After full-scale conflict began in 1991 in the newly independent republics of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution, requesting an immediate UN arms embargo on Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Macedonia and Slovenia. This resolution was viewed by Macedonia as unfair, because Macedonia was the only one of the former Yugoslav Republics that had gained its independence as a state through peaceful means. In 1994, the Macedonian Air Force and Air Defence Forces acquired four biplanes built in the 1920s from Ukraine. Because of the arms embargo they were delivered to the Macedonian Air Force and Air Defence Forces with civil registrations. In 1996, the Security Council excluded Macedonia from the UN arms embargo. Shortly after this all four Mi-17 helicopters of the Macedonian Air Force and Air Defence Forces were painted in camouflage schemes and received military serial numbers.
Four Zlin 242L two-seat trainers were acquired from the Czech Republic in 1995. They are suitable for basic, aerobatic, navigation, instrument and night flying, for formation flying and combat maneuvers. One Zlin 242L was lost on April 7, 1999 when it crashed about 1 kilometer west of Mantovo Accumulation Lake, near Radoviš, with the pilot escaping with minor injuries.
In recent years, rumours have surfaced about possible fresh acquisitions by the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces. However, all of these rumours appeared either to be untrue or the acquisitions failed to materialise. The Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces will not take delivery of new build L-59, second-hand Turkish F-5, second-hand Bulgarian MiG-21bis and Mi-24D. The delivery of 16 ex-German Army Bo-105M helicopters will also not take place.
During the Kosovo crisis, the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces relocated all its aircraft to relatively safe locations, deep within Macedonian territory, from where it was actively involved in monitoring the troubled borders with Kosovo and Albania, as well as supplying a number of Kosovar Albanian refugee camps with food, water, and medical care.
After the withdrawal of Yugoslav Army from Kosovo and the deployment of KFOR in Kosovo, the UN began the process of disarming the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). Beginning in spring 2000, Albanian insurgents launched a large scale of frontal assaults on police stations, checkpoints, and border outposts in southern Serbia and Macedonia. All of these events indicated that a large part of already disbanded KLA was still active in a form of two new liberation armies: The Liberation Army of Preshevo, Medvedja, Bujanovac in southern Serbia, and the National Liberation Army in Macedonia.
The crisis between ethnic Albanian insurgents and Macedonian government forces broke out in March 2001. During the fighting, the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces rapidly expanded itself through the delivery of an additional twenty aircraft. The first large-quantity delivery of new aircraft to the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces was made on March 23 with Ukraine donating four Mi-8MT combat helicopters, that served with Ukrainian contingent of KFOR on Kosovo, as well as an additional two Mi-24V Hind-E attack helicopters. The Greek government delivered two UH-1H Huey helicopters to the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces as well. On April 15, two more Mi-24 gunships were delivered followed by another shipment of four on June 15 and two on September 4. In June 2001, four Su-25 (three Su-25 and one Su-25UB) arrived from Ukraine, making them the first combat fighters for the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Force. In December 2001, the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Force received two Mi-24K Hind-G2 (photo-reconnaissance and artillery spotting version of Mi-24) helicopters from Ukraine.
Macedonian Air Brigade An-2
On the dawn of 25 March, as a response to assaults by Albanian insurgents on the town of Tetovo in northern Macedonia, government security forces launched a full-scale offensive in order to neutralize and eliminate them. In this operation, Macedonian Security forces used Mi-17 transport helicopters and recently acquired Mi-8MT combat helicopters. This was the first time that Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Force aircraft were involved in combat operations. On June 23, one Su-25 took off from Petrovec Air base and conducted a reconnaissance over Arachinovo village where heavy fighting was underway. This was the first time in the history of Macedonia that a fixed wing Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces combat aircraft had operated from a Macedonian air base.
According to the Macedonian Ministry of Interior Affairs, Albanian insurgents in Macedonia were in possession of large stockpiles of anti-aircraft weapons that included a number of FIM-92 Stinger and Strela-2M (NATO: SA-7b Grail) man-portable, low-altitude SAM systems, 100+ anti-aircraft cannons and 500+ anti-aircraft heavy guns. Despite this large quantity of anti-aircraft weapons in the hands of the insurgents, no aircraft of the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces was lost to ground fire. The only loss of an aircraft incurred by the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces was the crash of the Mi-17 helicopter on March 17, after the helicopter's rotor blade struck a flag pole during takeoff at a hotel in the Popova Shapka ski resort.
During the fighting, a number of rumors circulated about possible acquisitions by the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces. This included the reports that Macedonia was attempting to acquire six J-21 Jastreb ground attack aircraft from Yugoslavia and ten Pilatus Britten-Norman BN2T-4S Defender 4000 multi-sensor surveillance from an unnamed country. On a few occasions there were also reports that Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces was operating two Kamov Ka-50 Hokum close-support helicopters acquired from Russia. The Macedonian Ministry of Defence denied these reports. More questionable reporting arose in June when Macedonian media reported that the country was negotiating with Ukraine to buy six MiG-29 Fulcrum fighters. This was followed in early August by Greek media reports that Turkey was offering Macedonia a lease of two squadrons of F-16C/D Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft. Additional rumours circulated in early August when the Sunday Times reported that Macedonia was contemplating purchasing the Su-25 Scorpion, a new "retrofit" version of the Frogfoot, complete with Israeli avionics fitted in the former Soviet republic of Georgia.
As a part of succession of property and equipment of the former Yugoslav People's Army, on October 18, Yugoslavia offered Macedonia a litany of weapons and equipment that the country was ready to deliver to the Macedonian Army. According to initial Macedonian media reports, the country, among others, would receive four G-4 Super Galeb jets, one An-26 transport aircraft, one Yak-40 transport aircraft, cabinets for pilot training for the Macedonian Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski", and surface-to-air missile systems. As of today, there are no updates regarding the possibility of delivering Yugoslav weapons and equipment to Macedonia which raised doubts about the credibility of the reports.
UH-1H
In December 2001, a new organizational structure of the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces was implemented. Until then, the Macedonian Air Force and Air Defence Forces Aviation Brigade (Avio Brigada) was organized in three squadrons: 101. AE, 101 Attack Fighter Squadron (101. Avijaciska Eskadrila), 201. POHE, 201 Anti Armour Helicopter Squadron (201. Protiv Oklopna Helikopterska Eskadrila) and 301. TRHE, 301 Transport Helicopter Squadron (301. Transportna Helikopterska Eskadrila). With the latest changes in the organization of the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces, Aviation Brigade (Avio Brigada) became Airborne Battalion (Avio Bataljon), and Squadron (Eskadrila) became Company (Cheta), and AE became 101. ACh, 101 Aviation Company (101. Avijaciska Cheta), 201. POHE became 201. POHCh, 201 Anti Armour Helicopter Company (201. Protiv Oklopna Helikopterska Cheta) and 301. TRHE became 301. TRHCh, 301 Transport Helicopter Company (301. Transportna Helikopterska Cheta). As part of this reorganization of the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces, new companies were also established. Named as 401. ShTCh, 401 Training Company (401, Shkolsko Trenazna Cheta), this company now operates four Zlin 242Ls, a single Zlin 143L and two UH-1Hs. Before coming part of the 401. ShTCh, the four original Zlin 242L two-seat trainers were part of the 101. AE and UH-1H helicopters were part of the 301. TRHE. In 2003 a four-seat Zlin 143L and one more two-seat Zlin 242L were acquired from the Macedonian Authority for Civil Aeronautical Transport and Traffic. Training on the new Zlins will start early 2004 when the original three Zlin 242s will go to Moravan Aeroplanes in the Czech Republic for overhaul.
The Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defense Forces elite 501st Special Parachute Detachment (501. Padobransko Diverzantski Odred) or "501. PDO" called "Falcons" (Sokoli) was officially revealed during a military exercise that took place at the Cojlija military range, near Petrovec Air Base, on May 28, 2002.
The exercise activities of 501 Special Parachute Detachment" The "Falcons" encompassed a technical presentation of the equipment and the weaponry, combat search and rescue (CSAR) of pilots in hostile territory with a tactical operation called "Small Diamond. The 501 Special Parachute Detachment" The "Falcons" also demonstrated the capability of directing Macedonian Air Warfare aircraft and cannon/rocket artillery fire towards enemy positions as a Joint Operations Terminal Attack Control (JOTAC) Team, marksmanship skills from Mi-8MT and Mi-24V helicopters, parachute jumps using static line and high-altitude low-opening (HALO) parachutes, and concluding with a simulated raid and capture of air base facilities.
The 501. PDO is under the command of the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Force and its main task is search and rescue, medical evacuation of downed aircrew, and pathfinding for follow on air mobile and vehicle mounted forces. In the event of a natural disaster, its objective is to assist the civilian population. Members of the 501. PDO are all experienced professional soldiers who have participated in missions involving NATO and Partnership for Peace member states. According to Major Goran Grujevski, the 501.PDO aim is to become the most elite unit of the Macedonian Army.
The creation of 501. PDO has resulted in the need for equipping the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces with transport aircraft. Macedonian media reported that the Macedonian government, on its session held on April 2, 2002, decided to refuse the initiative for buying one An-74 Coaler transport aircraft from Ukraine for a price of approximately US$6 million. In December 2002 the Russian government proposed to pay off some old debts to Yugoslavia that were inherited by Macedonia with a transport aircraft (An-74?). Because of uncertainty regarding Macedonian acquisition of An-74, Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces acquired one An-2 transport aircraft from Macedonian aviation club "Kumanovo" in 2003. The An-2 will be used for parachute training of the 501. PDO until a new An-74 or other transport aircraft becomes part of the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces. 501. PDO uses Mi-24V, Mi-8MT, An-2R, and sometimes UH-1H aircraft
North Macedonia was one of nine Central and Eastern European countries that are actively seeking membership in NATO. In a desire to meet all obligations for full integration and membership in NATO, North Macedonia equipped its Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces with fighters and helicopters with NATO compatible communication systems. For better protection of its borders with Kosovo and Albania, especially at night, North Macedonia plans to equip a few Air Force and Air Defence Forces helicopters with FLIR equipment. Priority in acquisitions for the North Macedonia Air Brigade and Air Defence Forces in the future will be equipping utility helicopters. The four Su-25 Frogfoots were withdrawn from use in 2004. North Macedonia has no intention of operating jet fighters in the future and will depend on its NATO allies for air cover.
Structure
Mil Mi-8/17
Current Organization
Pilot Training Center (Bell 206B-3)
Training Squadron (Zlin 242L and Zlin 143L)
Transport Helicopter Squadron "Bucephalus" (Mi-17)
Air Surveillance and Air Target Acquisition Transmission Company
Air Defence Battalion "Cobras" (9K35 Strela-10)
Logistical Support Squadron
2001 Organization
101st Aviation Squadron (Su-25/UB)
201st Anti-armour Helicopter Squadron (Mi-24V/K)
301st Transport Helicopter Squadron (Mi-8MT/17(8SMT)
401st Training Squadron (Zlin 242L and Bell UH-1 Iroquois)
501st Parachute Special Detachment "Falcons" (An-2R)
Aircraft
Current inventory
A Macedonian Mil Mi-24 sits on the tarmac of Skopje International airport
Aircraft
Origin
Type
Variant
In service
Notes
Helicopters
Mil Mi-17
Soviet Union
transport/utility
6
AW149
Italy
transport/utility
4 on order
AW169
Italy
transport/utility
4 on order
Trainer aircraft
Zlín Z 42
Czechoslovakia
trainer
242
5
Zlín Z 43
Czechoslovakia
trainer
143
1
Bell 206
United States
trainer
4
Retired
Retired Su-25 in 2007
North Macedonia purchased four Sukhoi Su-25 close air support jets in 2001 during the Albanian insurgency. Of the four, three were one-seat models from Ukraine, while the last was a two-seat model from Belarus (but sold via Ukraine). These aircraft were out of service by 2004 and left outside in non-flyable condition at Skopje International Airport for several years. The aircraft were donated to Ukraine in 2022 during the Russian invasion of the country.
North Macedonia purchased twelve Mil Mi-24 attack helicopters in 2001, probably all where retired and donated to Ukraine by 2024.
Utva-75 trainers were once on loan from the local aeroclubs, all where retired by 2000.
Two UH-1H/D Hueys were donated by Greece in 2001 and retired by 2009.
See also
North Macedonia portal
SFR Yugoslav Air Force
2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash
Special Forces Battalion
The Rangers Battalion
Military Service for Security and Intelligence
References
^ "Image". Archived from the original on 2020-05-02.
^ "Air Brigade – ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA". АРМИЈА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
^ "Воздухопловен ВИНГ – АРМИЈА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА". АРМИЈА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА (in Kyrgyz). Retrieved 2021-09-20.
^ "The Macedonian Air Force - A New Dawn". Archived from the original on 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
^ a b c d Hoyle, Craig (2023). "World Air Forces 2024". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ "North Macedonia signs almost €250m contract for Leonardo military helicopters". Flight Global. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
^ "North Macedonia signs almost €250m contract for Leonardo military helicopters". Flight Global. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
^ a b Helfrich, Emma (2022-08-05). "Ukraine Situation Report: Rumors Swirl Around Macedonian Su-25 Delivery". The War Zone. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
^ "Ukraine conflict: North Macedonia confirms transfer of Su-25s to Ukraine, Mi-24 attack helicopters may follow". Janes. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
^ "Македонија и "сухоите" ѝ ги подари на Украина". Mkd.mk. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
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United States Space Force | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"air warfare and air defense force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_force"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_North_Macedonia"}],"text":"Military unitThe North Macedonia Air Brigade[2] (Macedonian: Воздухопловен ВИНГ[3]) is the air warfare and air defense force of the Army of the Republic of North Macedonia.","title":"North Macedonia Air Brigade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTVA-66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utva_66"},{"link_name":"UTVA-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTVA-75"},{"link_name":"UTVA-66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utva_66"},{"link_name":"UTVA-75 A21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTVA_75"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"Bosnia-Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"UN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN"},{"link_name":"Mi-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi-17"},{"link_name":"Zlin 242L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlin_242L"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Radoviš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovi%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"L-59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero_L-59_Super_Albatros"},{"link_name":"F-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_F-5"},{"link_name":"MiG-21bis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-21"},{"link_name":"Mi-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi-24"},{"link_name":"Bo-105M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBB_Bo_105"},{"link_name":"Kosovo crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_crisis"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Army_(FRY)"},{"link_name":"KFOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Force"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"UH-1H Huey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1H_Huey"},{"link_name":"Su-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An-2_Macedonia_(12994332753).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tetovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetovo"},{"link_name":"FIM-92 Stinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger"},{"link_name":"SA-7b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-7"},{"link_name":"J-21 Jastreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-21_Jastreb"},{"link_name":"Kamov Ka-50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamov_Ka-50"},{"link_name":"MiG-29 Fulcrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-29_Fulcrum"},{"link_name":"F-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16"},{"link_name":"G-4 Super Galeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-4_Super_Galeb"},{"link_name":"An-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-26"},{"link_name":"Yak-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yak-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UH-1H_Macedonia_(21101995201).jpg"},{"link_name":"An-74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-74"},{"link_name":"An-74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-74"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The development of the Macedonian Air Brigade began in 1992.The UTVA-66 and UTVA-75 were the first aircraft types to be introduced into the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces. Upon its creation, the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces operated one UTVA-66 and four UTVA-75 A21 two-seat trainers, all leased from the Macedonian Aeronautical Union (Makedonski Vozduhoploven Sojuz).After full-scale conflict began in 1991 in the newly independent republics of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution, requesting an immediate UN arms embargo on Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Macedonia and Slovenia. This resolution was viewed by Macedonia as unfair, because Macedonia was the only one of the former Yugoslav Republics that had gained its independence as a state through peaceful means. In 1994, the Macedonian Air Force and Air Defence Forces acquired four biplanes built in the 1920s from Ukraine. Because of the arms embargo they were delivered to the Macedonian Air Force and Air Defence Forces with civil registrations. In 1996, the Security Council excluded Macedonia from the UN arms embargo. Shortly after this all four Mi-17 helicopters of the Macedonian Air Force and Air Defence Forces were painted in camouflage schemes and received military serial numbers.Four Zlin 242L two-seat trainers were acquired from the Czech Republic in 1995. They are suitable for basic, aerobatic, navigation, instrument and night flying, for formation flying and combat maneuvers. One Zlin 242L was lost on April 7, 1999 when it crashed about 1 kilometer west of Mantovo Accumulation Lake, near Radoviš, with the pilot escaping with minor injuries.In recent years, rumours have surfaced about possible fresh acquisitions by the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces. However, all of these rumours appeared either to be untrue or the acquisitions failed to materialise. The Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces will not take delivery of new build L-59, second-hand Turkish F-5, second-hand Bulgarian MiG-21bis and Mi-24D. The delivery of 16 ex-German Army Bo-105M helicopters will also not take place.During the Kosovo crisis, the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces relocated all its aircraft to relatively safe locations, deep within Macedonian territory, from where it was actively involved in monitoring the troubled borders with Kosovo and Albania, as well as supplying a number of Kosovar Albanian refugee camps with food, water, and medical care.After the withdrawal of Yugoslav Army from Kosovo and the deployment of KFOR in Kosovo, the UN began the process of disarming the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). Beginning in spring 2000, Albanian insurgents launched a large scale of frontal assaults on police stations, checkpoints, and border outposts in southern Serbia and Macedonia. All of these events indicated that a large part of already disbanded KLA was still active in a form of two new liberation armies: The Liberation Army of Preshevo, Medvedja, Bujanovac in southern Serbia, and the National Liberation Army in Macedonia.The crisis between ethnic Albanian insurgents and Macedonian government forces broke out in March 2001. During the fighting, the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces rapidly expanded itself through the delivery of an additional twenty aircraft. The first large-quantity delivery of new aircraft to the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces was made on March 23 with Ukraine donating four Mi-8MT combat helicopters, that served with Ukrainian contingent of KFOR on Kosovo, as well as an additional two Mi-24V Hind-E attack helicopters. The Greek government delivered two UH-1H Huey helicopters to the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces as well. On April 15, two more Mi-24 gunships were delivered followed by another shipment of four on June 15 and two on September 4. In June 2001, four Su-25 (three Su-25 and one Su-25UB) arrived from Ukraine, making them the first combat fighters for the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Force. In December 2001, the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Force received two Mi-24K Hind-G2 (photo-reconnaissance and artillery spotting version of Mi-24) helicopters from Ukraine.Macedonian Air Brigade An-2On the dawn of 25 March, as a response to assaults by Albanian insurgents on the town of Tetovo in northern Macedonia, government security forces launched a full-scale offensive in order to neutralize and eliminate them. In this operation, Macedonian Security forces used Mi-17 transport helicopters and recently acquired Mi-8MT combat helicopters. This was the first time that Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Force aircraft were involved in combat operations. On June 23, one Su-25 took off from Petrovec Air base and conducted a reconnaissance over Arachinovo village where heavy fighting was underway. This was the first time in the history of Macedonia that a fixed wing Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces combat aircraft had operated from a Macedonian air base.According to the Macedonian Ministry of Interior Affairs, Albanian insurgents in Macedonia were in possession of large stockpiles of anti-aircraft weapons that included a number of FIM-92 Stinger and Strela-2M (NATO: SA-7b Grail) man-portable, low-altitude SAM systems, 100+ anti-aircraft cannons and 500+ anti-aircraft heavy guns. Despite this large quantity of anti-aircraft weapons in the hands of the insurgents, no aircraft of the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces was lost to ground fire. The only loss of an aircraft incurred by the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces was the crash of the Mi-17 helicopter on March 17, after the helicopter's rotor blade struck a flag pole during takeoff at a hotel in the Popova Shapka ski resort.During the fighting, a number of rumors circulated about possible acquisitions by the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces. This included the reports that Macedonia was attempting to acquire six J-21 Jastreb ground attack aircraft from Yugoslavia and ten Pilatus Britten-Norman BN2T-4S Defender 4000 multi-sensor surveillance from an unnamed country. On a few occasions there were also reports that Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces was operating two Kamov Ka-50 Hokum close-support helicopters acquired from Russia. The Macedonian Ministry of Defence denied these reports. More questionable reporting arose in June when Macedonian media reported that the country was negotiating with Ukraine to buy six MiG-29 Fulcrum fighters. This was followed in early August by Greek media reports that Turkey was offering Macedonia a lease of two squadrons of F-16C/D Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft. Additional rumours circulated in early August when the Sunday Times reported that Macedonia was contemplating purchasing the Su-25 Scorpion, a new \"retrofit\" version of the Frogfoot, complete with Israeli avionics fitted in the former Soviet republic of Georgia.As a part of succession of property and equipment of the former Yugoslav People's Army, on October 18, Yugoslavia offered Macedonia a litany of weapons and equipment that the country was ready to deliver to the Macedonian Army. According to initial Macedonian media reports, the country, among others, would receive four G-4 Super Galeb jets, one An-26 transport aircraft, one Yak-40 transport aircraft, cabinets for pilot training for the Macedonian Military Academy \"General Mihailo Apostolski\", and surface-to-air missile systems. As of today, there are no updates regarding the possibility of delivering Yugoslav weapons and equipment to Macedonia which raised doubts about the credibility of the reports.UH-1HIn December 2001, a new organizational structure of the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces was implemented. Until then, the Macedonian Air Force and Air Defence Forces Aviation Brigade (Avio Brigada) was organized in three squadrons: 101. AE, 101 Attack Fighter Squadron (101. Avijaciska Eskadrila), 201. POHE, 201 Anti Armour Helicopter Squadron (201. Protiv Oklopna Helikopterska Eskadrila) and 301. TRHE, 301 Transport Helicopter Squadron (301. Transportna Helikopterska Eskadrila). With the latest changes in the organization of the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces, Aviation Brigade (Avio Brigada) became Airborne Battalion (Avio Bataljon), and Squadron (Eskadrila) became Company (Cheta), and AE became 101. ACh, 101 Aviation Company (101. Avijaciska Cheta), 201. POHE became 201. POHCh, 201 Anti Armour Helicopter Company (201. Protiv Oklopna Helikopterska Cheta) and 301. TRHE became 301. TRHCh, 301 Transport Helicopter Company (301. Transportna Helikopterska Cheta). As part of this reorganization of the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces, new companies were also established. Named as 401. ShTCh, 401 Training Company (401, Shkolsko Trenazna Cheta), this company now operates four Zlin 242Ls, a single Zlin 143L and two UH-1Hs. Before coming part of the 401. ShTCh, the four original Zlin 242L two-seat trainers were part of the 101. AE and UH-1H helicopters were part of the 301. TRHE. In 2003 a four-seat Zlin 143L and one more two-seat Zlin 242L were acquired from the Macedonian Authority for Civil Aeronautical Transport and Traffic. Training on the new Zlins will start early 2004 when the original three Zlin 242s will go to Moravan Aeroplanes in the Czech Republic for overhaul.The Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defense Forces elite 501st Special Parachute Detachment (501. Padobransko Diverzantski Odred) or \"501. PDO\" called \"Falcons\" (Sokoli) was officially revealed during a military exercise that took place at the Cojlija military range, near Petrovec Air Base, on May 28, 2002.The exercise activities of 501 Special Parachute Detachment\" The \"Falcons\" encompassed a technical presentation of the equipment and the weaponry, combat search and rescue (CSAR) of pilots in hostile territory with a tactical operation called \"Small Diamond. The 501 Special Parachute Detachment\" The \"Falcons\" also demonstrated the capability of directing Macedonian Air Warfare aircraft and cannon/rocket artillery fire towards enemy positions as a Joint Operations Terminal Attack Control (JOTAC) Team, marksmanship skills from Mi-8MT and Mi-24V helicopters, parachute jumps using static line and high-altitude low-opening (HALO) parachutes, and concluding with a simulated raid and capture of air base facilities.The 501. PDO is under the command of the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Force and its main task is search and rescue, medical evacuation of downed aircrew, and pathfinding for follow on air mobile and vehicle mounted forces. In the event of a natural disaster, its objective is to assist the civilian population. Members of the 501. PDO are all experienced professional soldiers who have participated in missions involving NATO and Partnership for Peace member states. According to Major Goran Grujevski, the 501.PDO aim is to become the most elite unit of the Macedonian Army.The creation of 501. PDO has resulted in the need for equipping the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces with transport aircraft. Macedonian media reported that the Macedonian government, on its session held on April 2, 2002, decided to refuse the initiative for buying one An-74 Coaler transport aircraft from Ukraine for a price of approximately US$6 million. In December 2002 the Russian government proposed to pay off some old debts to Yugoslavia that were inherited by Macedonia with a transport aircraft (An-74?). Because of uncertainty regarding Macedonian acquisition of An-74, Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces acquired one An-2 transport aircraft from Macedonian aviation club \"Kumanovo\" in 2003. The An-2 will be used for parachute training of the 501. PDO until a new An-74 or other transport aircraft becomes part of the Macedonian Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces. 501. PDO uses Mi-24V, Mi-8MT, An-2R, and sometimes UH-1H aircraftNorth Macedonia was one of nine Central and Eastern European countries that are actively seeking membership in NATO. In a desire to meet all obligations for full integration and membership in NATO, North Macedonia equipped its Air Warfare and Air Defence Forces with fighters and helicopters with NATO compatible communication systems. For better protection of its borders with Kosovo and Albania, especially at night, North Macedonia plans to equip a few Air Force and Air Defence Forces helicopters with FLIR equipment. Priority in acquisitions for the North Macedonia Air Brigade and Air Defence Forces in the future will be equipping utility helicopters. The four Su-25 Frogfoots were withdrawn from use in 2004. North Macedonia has no intention of operating jet fighters in the future and will depend on its NATO allies for air cover.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macedonian_Air_Force_Mi-17.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Structure","text":"Mil Mi-8/17","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macedonian_Air_Force_Mil_Mi-24V_Lofting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skopje International airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_%22Alexander_the_Great%22_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Current inventory","text":"A Macedonian Mil Mi-24 sits on the tarmac of Skopje International airport","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Su-25UB_Macedonia_(20897568328).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25"},{"link_name":"Albanian insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Skopje International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-War_Zone-8"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-War_Zone-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mil Mi-24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi-24"}],"sub_title":"Retired","text":"Retired Su-25 in 2007North Macedonia purchased four Sukhoi Su-25 close air support jets in 2001 during the Albanian insurgency. Of the four, three were one-seat models from Ukraine, while the last was a two-seat model from Belarus (but sold via Ukraine). These aircraft were out of service by 2004 and left outside in non-flyable condition at Skopje International Airport for several years.[8] The aircraft were donated to Ukraine in 2022 during the Russian invasion of the country.[8][9][10]North Macedonia purchased twelve Mil Mi-24 attack helicopters in 2001, probably all where retired and donated to Ukraine by 2024.Utva-75 trainers were once on loan from the local aeroclubs, all where retired by 2000.Two UH-1H/D Hueys were donated by Greece in 2001 and retired by 2009.","title":"Aircraft"}] | [{"image_text":"Macedonian Air Brigade An-2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/An-2_Macedonia_%2812994332753%29.jpg/250px-An-2_Macedonia_%2812994332753%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"UH-1H","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UH-1H_Macedonia_%2821101995201%29.jpg/250px-UH-1H_Macedonia_%2821101995201%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mil Mi-8/17","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Macedonian_Air_Force_Mi-17.jpg/250px-Macedonian_Air_Force_Mi-17.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Macedonian Mil Mi-24 sits on the tarmac of Skopje International airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Macedonian_Air_Force_Mil_Mi-24V_Lofting.jpg/250px-Macedonian_Air_Force_Mil_Mi-24V_Lofting.jpg"},{"image_text":"Retired Su-25 in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Su-25UB_Macedonia_%2820897568328%29.jpg/220px-Su-25UB_Macedonia_%2820897568328%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"North Macedonia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_Macedonia"},{"title":"SFR Yugoslav Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslav_Air_Force"},{"title":"2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Macedonian_Armed_Forces_Mil_Mi-17_crash"},{"title":"Special Forces Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves_(military)"},{"title":"The Rangers Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rangers_Battalion"},{"title":"Military Service for Security and Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Service_for_Security_and_Intelligence"}] | [{"reference":"\"Image\". Archived from the original on 2020-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200502162020/https://readtiger.com/img/wkp/en/Vozduhoplovna_Brigada_Logo.png","url_text":"\"Image\""},{"url":"https://readtiger.com/img/wkp/en/Vozduhoplovna_Brigada_Logo.png","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Air Brigade – ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA\". АРМИЈА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА. Retrieved 2021-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arm.mil.mk/operations-command/air-brigade/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Air Brigade – ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Воздухопловен ВИНГ – АРМИЈА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА\". АРМИЈА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА (in Kyrgyz). Retrieved 2021-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arm.mil.mk/komanda-za-operacii/vozduhoploven-ving/","url_text":"\"Воздухопловен ВИНГ – АРМИЈА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Macedonian Air Force - A New Dawn\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2009-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120531040013/http://www.fencecheck.com/content/index.php?title=The_Macedonian_Air_Force_-_A_New_Dawn","url_text":"\"The Macedonian Air Force - A New Dawn\""},{"url":"http://www.fencecheck.com/content/index.php?title=The_Macedonian_Air_Force_-_A_New_Dawn","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hoyle, Craig (2023). \"World Air Forces 2024\". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881","url_text":"\"World Air Forces 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlightGlobal","url_text":"FlightGlobal"}]},{"reference":"\"North Macedonia signs almost €250m contract for Leonardo military helicopters\". Flight Global. Retrieved 2024-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/north-macedonia-signs-almost-250m-contract-for-leonardo-military-helicopters/157552.article","url_text":"\"North Macedonia signs almost €250m contract for Leonardo military helicopters\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Macedonia signs almost €250m contract for Leonardo military helicopters\". Flight Global. Retrieved 2024-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/north-macedonia-signs-almost-250m-contract-for-leonardo-military-helicopters/157552.article","url_text":"\"North Macedonia signs almost €250m contract for Leonardo military helicopters\""}]},{"reference":"Helfrich, Emma (2022-08-05). \"Ukraine Situation Report: Rumors Swirl Around Macedonian Su-25 Delivery\". The War Zone. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukraine-situation-report-rumors-spin-around-macedonian-su-25-delivery","url_text":"\"Ukraine Situation Report: Rumors Swirl Around Macedonian Su-25 Delivery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine conflict: North Macedonia confirms transfer of Su-25s to Ukraine, Mi-24 attack helicopters may follow\". Janes. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-north-macedonia-confirms-transfer-of-su-25s-to-ukraine-mi-24-attack-helicopters-may-follow","url_text":"\"Ukraine conflict: North Macedonia confirms transfer of Su-25s to Ukraine, Mi-24 attack helicopters may follow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Македонија и \"сухоите\" ѝ ги подари на Украина\". Mkd.mk. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mkd.mk/makedonija/politika/makedonija-i-suhoite-i-gi-podari-na-ukraina","url_text":"\"Македонија и \"сухоите\" ѝ ги подари на Украина\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200502162020/https://readtiger.com/img/wkp/en/Vozduhoplovna_Brigada_Logo.png","external_links_name":"\"Image\""},{"Link":"https://readtiger.com/img/wkp/en/Vozduhoplovna_Brigada_Logo.png","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.arm.mil.mk/operations-command/air-brigade/?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Air Brigade – ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA\""},{"Link":"http://www.arm.mil.mk/komanda-za-operacii/vozduhoploven-ving/","external_links_name":"\"Воздухопловен ВИНГ – АРМИЈА НА РЕПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНА МАКЕДОНИЈА\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120531040013/http://www.fencecheck.com/content/index.php?title=The_Macedonian_Air_Force_-_A_New_Dawn","external_links_name":"\"The Macedonian Air Force - A New Dawn\""},{"Link":"http://www.fencecheck.com/content/index.php?title=The_Macedonian_Air_Force_-_A_New_Dawn","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881","external_links_name":"\"World Air Forces 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/north-macedonia-signs-almost-250m-contract-for-leonardo-military-helicopters/157552.article","external_links_name":"\"North Macedonia signs almost €250m contract for Leonardo military helicopters\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/north-macedonia-signs-almost-250m-contract-for-leonardo-military-helicopters/157552.article","external_links_name":"\"North Macedonia signs almost €250m contract for Leonardo military helicopters\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukraine-situation-report-rumors-spin-around-macedonian-su-25-delivery","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine Situation Report: Rumors Swirl Around Macedonian Su-25 Delivery\""},{"Link":"https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/ukraine-conflict-north-macedonia-confirms-transfer-of-su-25s-to-ukraine-mi-24-attack-helicopters-may-follow","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine conflict: North Macedonia confirms transfer of Su-25s to Ukraine, Mi-24 attack helicopters may follow\""},{"Link":"https://www.mkd.mk/makedonija/politika/makedonija-i-suhoite-i-gi-podari-na-ukraina","external_links_name":"\"Македонија и \"сухоите\" ѝ ги подари на Украина\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071116164842/http://www.yuairwar.com/mk.asp","external_links_name":"Voeno vozduhoplovstvo na Armijata na Republika Makedonija at Ex Yu Aiur forces"},{"Link":"http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/fyrm/af/macaf2.htm","external_links_name":"Macedonia Air Force at Aeroflight"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081020012453/http://www.scramble.nl/mk.htm","external_links_name":"Macedonian Air Arms at Scramble"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081016154735/http://dragan.freeservers.com/bivse/makedonija.htm","external_links_name":"Protiv Vozdusna Odbrana i VoenoVozduhoplovstvo na Armijata na Republika Makedonija at Dragans aviation corner"},{"Link":"http://www.fencecheck.com/photography/The_Macedonian_Air_Force_-_A_New_Dawn/","external_links_name":"The Macedonian Air Force - A New Dawn at Fence Check"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Botschaftsschule_Peking | Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking | ["1 Notable Alumni","2 References","3 External links"] | German international school in ChinaDeutsche Botschaftsschule Peking北京德国使馆学校Address49A Liangmaqiao Road, Chaoyang Dist. (Chaoyang Bezirk in German), 100125 BeijingChaoyang District, BeijingChinaCoordinates39°57′01″N 116°27′39″E / 39.95026°N 116.46093°E / 39.95026; 116.46093InformationTypeGerman international schoolEstablished2004Grades1-12Enrollment330
Deutsche Botschaftsschule PekingChinese nameSimplified Chinese北京德国使馆学校Traditional Chinese北京德國使館學校TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinBěijīng Déguó Shǐguǎn XuéxiàoGerman nameGermanDeutsche Botschaftsschule Peking
'Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking (DBP; "German Embassy School of Beijing", Chinese: 北京德国使馆学校) is a German international school in Chaoyang District, Beijing. It serves years 1–12.
The current building, with a capacity of over 330 pupils, opened in 2004.
Logo from a 20th anniversary notice
Notable Alumni
References
^ Address in Chinese: 北京朝阳区亮马桥路甲49号
^ Home page. Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking. Retrieved on 17 January 2015. "Liangmaqiao Lu 49A - Chaoyang Bezirk, 100125 Peking - Volksrepublik China "
^ "Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking Archived 2016-08-11 at the Wayback Machine." Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking. Retrieved on October 15, 2015. "Jahrgangsstufen: 1 - 12"
^ "REALIZED PROJECTS: DEUTSCHE SCHULE PEKING" AsiaPro. Retrieved on 17 January 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking.
(in German) Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking
(in German) "Deutsche Schule Peking eröffnet deutsch-chinesisches Begegnungsprojekt." China Radio International (CRI). 12 October 2010.
vteChaoyang District, BeijingAreas
Beijing central business district
Chaowai Subdistrict
Dashanzi
Sanlitun
Wangjing Subdistrict
Yabaolu
Yayuncun Subdistrict
EducationTertiary
Beijing International Studies University
Central Academy of Fine Arts
China Women's University
K-12
No.80 High School of Beijing
Beanstalk International Bilingual School Upper East Side and Dongrun
Beijing BISS International School
Beijing Ritan High School
British School of Beijing, Sanlitun
Beijing Chen Jing Lun High School
Beijing City International School
Canadian International School of Beijing
Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking
Harrow International School Beijing
High School Attached to Beijing University of Technology
Japanese School of Beijing
Korean International School in Beijing
Lycée Français International Charles de Gaulle de Pékin
Pakistan Embassy College Beijing
Yew Chung International School of Beijing
Closed
Dulwich College Beijing Beijing Riviera Campus
Landmarks
798 Art Zone
Beijing Antique Market
Beijing Dongyue Temple
Beijing National Aquatics Center (Water Cube)
Beijing Yintai Centre
Chaoyang Park
China-Japan Friendship Hospital
China Railway Museum
The China World Trade Center
CMG Headquarters (CCTV Building)
Digital Beijing Building
Embassy of the United Kingdom, Beijing
Embassy of the United States, Beijing
Fairmont Beijing
INDIGO
Kempinski Hotel Beijing Lufthansa Center
Olympic Green
Beijing National Indoor Stadium
Beijing National Stadium (Bird's Nest)
Beijing Olympic Tower
Beijing Olympic Village
China National Convention Center
China Science and Technology Museum
Digital Beijing Building
Ling Long Pagoda
Beijing National Speed Skating Oval
National Tennis Center, Beijing
Olympic Green Archery Field (Closed)
Olympic Green Hockey Field (Closed)
Ritan Park
Silk Street
Taikoo Li Sanlitun
Workers' Stadium
former stadium
TransportAir
Beijing Capital International Airport
China Railwaystations
Beijing Chaoyang railway station
Beijing East railway station
Beijing Subwaystations
Beiyuanlu North
Chaoyangmen (part)
Datunlu East
Dawanglu
Guangqumenwai (part)
Guomao
Huixinxijie Beikou
Huixinxijie Nankou
Jianguomen (part)
Jiaohuachang
Lishuiqiao
Lishuiqiao South
Sihui
Sihuidong
Yong'anli
This list is incomplete.
vteGerman international schools in Asia-PacificThis does not include schools in Turkey, nor does it include schools in the former Soviet Union†Schmidt's is within East Jerusalem, controlled by Israel and claimed by the Palestinian Authority.Schools marked with asterisks (*) do not appear on the ZfA list of German schools.Afghanistan
Amani High School
Australia
Deutsche Schule Melbourne
German International School Sydney
China
Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking
Deutsche Internationale Schule Changchun
German School Shanghai
German Swiss International School (Hong Kong)
India
DSB International School
German School New Delhi
German International School Chennai(*)
Indonesia
German School Jakarta
Israel
Schmidt's Girls College †
Iran
German Embassy School Tehran
Japan
Deutsche Schule Kobe
German School Tokyo Yokohama
South Korea
German School Seoul International
Lebanon
German School Beirut
Malaysia
German School Kuala Lumpur
Palestine
Talitha Kumi School
Philippines
German European School Manila
Qatar
German International School Doha
Saudi Arabia
German International School Jeddah
German International School Riyadh
Singapore
German European School Singapore
Taiwan
Taipei European School
Thailand
RIS Swiss Section
Christian German School Chiang Mai
United Arab Emirates
German International School Abu Dhabi
German International School Dubai
German International School Sharjah
Vietnam
International German School Ho Chi Minh City
Several other schools in China have German students' sections in addition to the German schools in Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Changchun: They are: British School of Beijing, Léman International School Chengdu, Utahloy International School Guangzhou, Nanjing International School, the Northeast Yucai School German section, and Suzhou Singapore International School The Central Agency for German Schools Abroad (ZfA) does not include these schools in its list of schools in Mainland China.
vteInternational schools in BeijingIn operation
Canadian International School of Beijing(*)
Lycée Français International Charles de Gaulle de Pékin(*)
Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking
Japanese School of Beijing
Korean International School in Beijing
Pakistan Embassy College Beijing
British School of Beijing, Sanlitun(*)
British School of Beijing, Shunyi(*)
Dulwich College Beijing(*)
Harrow International School Beijing
Beijing Saint Paul American School
International School of Beijing(*)
Beanstalk International Bilingual School
Beijing BISS International School(*)
Beijing City International School
Beijing Haidian International School
Beijing Huijia Private School
Beijing International Bilingual Academy
Beijing Royal School
Beijing Shuren Ribet Private School
Beijing World Youth Academy
Pennon Foreign Language School, Beijing
Springboard International Bilingual School
Tsinghua International School(*)
Western Academy of Beijing(*)
Yang Guang Qing School of Beijing
Yew Chung International School of Beijing(*)
Closed
Swedish School Beijing
Beijing Rego British School(*)
Schools with asterisks ((*)) are schools for children of foreign personnel, which do not admit Mainland Chinese nationals unless they have foreign passports.See issue of BeijingKids 2015.02 with School Choice Guide 2015-2016Also see BeijingKids School Choice Guide 2012-2013
This People's Republic of China school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Chaoyang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyang_District,_Beijing"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zwanzig_Jahre_Deutsche_Schule_Peking.jpg"}],"text":"'Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking (DBP; \"German Embassy School of Beijing\", Chinese: 北京德国使馆学校) is a German international school in Chaoyang District, Beijing.[2] It serves years 1–12.[3]The current building, with a capacity of over 330 pupils, opened in 2004.[4]Logo from a 20th anniversary notice","title":"Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable Alumni"}] | [{"image_text":"Logo from a 20th anniversary notice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Zwanzig_Jahre_Deutsche_Schule_Peking.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deutsche_Botschaftsschule_Peking¶ms=39.95026_N_116.46093_E_type:edu","external_links_name":"39°57′01″N 116°27′39″E / 39.95026°N 116.46093°E / 39.95026; 116.46093"},{"Link":"http://www.dspeking.net.cn/","external_links_name":"Home page"},{"Link":"https://www.bva.bund.de/DE/Organisation/Abteilungen/Abteilung_ZfA/Auslandsschularbeit/Auslandsschulverzeichnis/WeltkarteDerSchulen/Datenbank/Auslandsschule_Detailansicht.html?nn=4491278&school=18366","external_links_name":"Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160811135928/https://www.bva.bund.de/DE/Organisation/Abteilungen/Abteilung_ZfA/Auslandsschularbeit/Auslandsschulverzeichnis/WeltkarteDerSchulen/Datenbank/Auslandsschule_Detailansicht.html?nn=4491278&school=18366","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.asiapro.com.cn/project_school.htm","external_links_name":"REALIZED PROJECTS: DEUTSCHE SCHULE PEKING"},{"Link":"http://www.dspeking.cn/","external_links_name":"Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking"},{"Link":"http://german.cri.cn/1565/2010/10/12/1s145677.htm","external_links_name":"Deutsche Schule Peking eröffnet deutsch-chinesisches Begegnungsprojekt"},{"Link":"https://www.bva.bund.de/DE/Organisation/Abteilungen/Abteilung_ZfA/Auslandsschularbeit/Auslandsschulverzeichnis/WeltkarteDerSchulen/Asien/node.html","external_links_name":"list of German schools"},{"Link":"https://www.bva.bund.de/DE/Organisation/Abteilungen/Abteilung_ZfA/Auslandsschularbeit/Auslandsschulverzeichnis/WeltkarteDerSchulen/Datenbank/Auslandsschule_Liste.html?nn=4491278&country=China","external_links_name":"include these schools"},{"Link":"http://issuu.com/beijingkids/docs/2015.02","external_links_name":"See issue of BeijingKids 2015.02 with School Choice Guide 2015-2016"},{"Link":"http://issuu.com/beijingkids/docs/beijingkidsschoolchoiceguide2012-2013","external_links_name":"BeijingKids School Choice Guide 2012-2013"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Botschaftsschule_Peking&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Gertz | Irving Gertz | ["1 Biography","2 Filmography","3 Retirement","4 References","5 External links"] | American composer
Irving GertzBorn(1915-05-19)May 19, 1915Providence, Rhode Island, USDiedNovember 14, 2008(2008-11-14) (aged 93)Los Angeles, California, USKnown forHorror composorChildren2
Irving Gertz (May 19, 1915 – November 14, 2008) was an American composer recognized for his compositions for many fantasy and horror B-movies and TV series of the 1950s and 1960s.
Biography
Gertz was born on May 19, 1915, in Providence, Rhode Island, and played the clarinet, piano, string bass and tuba as a youth, and attended the Providence College of Music. Gertz studied composition privately with composer and music theorist Walter Piston. He was hired by Columbia Pictures in 1938, but left to serve in the United States Army Signal Corps during World War II.
After his military service, he studied with composer Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco.
Filmography
Amongst his most recognized works are the music for the westerns Top Gun (1955) and Badman's Country (1958), and many horror films (often uncredited), such as The Alligator People (1959), Curse of the Undead (1959) and The Leech Woman (1960). His later film scores included Hell Bent for Leather (1960), Young Jesse James (1960), Marines, Let's Go (1961), The Fiercest Heart (1961), He Rides Tall (1964), Fluffy (1965) and Nobody's Perfect (1968).
In addition to his work with film, Gertz also worked on the popular 20th Century Fox TV series Daniel Boone, Land of the Giants and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. He also worked on a single Warner Bros. cartoon Daffy Rents in 1966, filling in for regular composer William Lava.
Retirement
Gertz retired from film and television scoring in 1968.
References
^ Burlingame, Jon (November 18, 2008). "Composer Irving Gertz dies at 93". Variety.
^ a b Fox, Margalit (November 20, 2008). "Irving Gertz, Composer for Monsters of the Movies, Dies at 93". New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
External links
Irving Gertz at IMDb
https://web.archive.org/web/20120229032829/http://www.allvoices.com/people/Irving_Gertz
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
IdRef
This article about an American composer born in the 20th century is a stub. 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His later film scores included Hell Bent for Leather (1960), Young Jesse James (1960), Marines, Let's Go (1961), The Fiercest Heart (1961), He Rides Tall (1964), Fluffy (1965) and Nobody's Perfect (1968).In addition to his work with film, Gertz also worked on the popular 20th Century Fox TV series Daniel Boone, Land of the Giants and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. He also worked on a single Warner Bros. cartoon Daffy Rents in 1966, filling in for regular composer William Lava.","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gertz retired from film and television scoring in 1968.","title":"Retirement"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Burlingame, Jon (November 18, 2008). \"Composer Irving Gertz dies at 93\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C4%99da | Koliada | ["1 Terminology","2 See also","3 References"] | Ancient pre-Christian Slavic winter festival
For the Slavic pagan god, see Koliada (deity). For other uses, see Koliada (disambiguation).
Koliadaby K. TrutovskyAlso calledKolyada, Коледа, Kоляда, Коледе, Kalėda, ColindăObserved byEastern European, Balts and Slavic peopleSignificancecelebration of New Year re-birthBeginsJanuary 6EndsJanuary 7DateDecember 25, January 7, January 6, December 24First timeunknownRelated toChristmas traditions, Eastern Orthodox liturgical days
Verteps parade. Lviv, Ukraine
Russian Christmas postcard. 1910s
Koliada or koleda (Cyrillic: коляда, коледа, колада, коледе) is the traditional Slavic name for the period from Christmas to Epiphany or, more generally, for Slavic Christmas-related rituals, some dating to pre-Christian times. It represents a festival or holiday, celebrated at the end of December to honor the sun during the Northern-hemisphere winter solstice. It also involves groups of singers who visit houses to sing carols.
Terminology
The word is still used in modern Ukrainian ("Коляда", Koliadá), Belarusian (Каляда, Kalada, Kaliada), Polish (Szczodre Gody kolęda ), Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian (Коледа, Коледе, koleda, kolenda), Lithuanian (Kalėdos, Kalėda), Czech, Slovak, Slovene (koleda) and Romanian (Colindă).
The word used in Old Church Slavonic language (Колѧда - Kolęnda) sounds closest to the current Polish language pronunciation, as Polish is one of two Slavic languages which retains the nasal vowels of the Proto-Slavic language (the other is closely related Kashubian). One theory states that Koliada is the name of a cycle of winter rituals stemming from the ancient calendae as for example the Kalenda Proclamation.
In modern Belarusian, Ukrainian (koliada), Czech, Slovak, Croatian (koleda, kolenda), Kashubian (kòlãda ) and Polish (kolęda , Old Polish kolenda) the meaning has shifted from Christmas itself to denoting the tradition of strolling, singing, and having fun on Christmas Eve, same in the Balkan Slavs. It specifically applies to children and teens who walk house to house greeting people, singing and sifting grain that denotes the best wishes and receiving candy and small money in return. The action is called kolyadovanye (Russian: Колядования) in Russian, kolyaduvannya (Ukrainian колядування) in Ukrainian and is now applied to similar Old East Slavic celebrations of other old significant holidays, such as Generous Eve (Russian: Маланья, Щедрый вечер, Belarusian: Шчодры вечар, Ukrainian: Щедрий вечiр) the evening before New Year's Day, as well as the celebration of the arrival of spring. Similarly in Bulgaria and North Macedonia, in the tradition of koleduvane (коледуване) or koledarenje (коледарење) around Christmas, groups of children visiting houses, singing carols and receiving a gift at parting. The kids are called 'koledari' or rarely 'kolezhdani' who sing kolyadki (songs).
Koleda is also celebrated across northern Greece by the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia, in areas from Florina to Thessaloniki, where it is called Koleda (Κόλιντα, Κόλιαντα) or Koleda Babo (Κόλιντα Μπάμπω) which means "Koleda Grandmother" in Slavic. It is celebrated before Christmas by gathering in the village square and lighting a bonfire, followed by local Macedonian music and dancing.
Croatian composer Jakov Gotovac wrote in 1925 the composition "Koleda", which he called a "folk rite in five parts", for male choir and small orchestra (3 clarinets, 2 bassoons, timpani and drum). Also, Dubrovnik kolenda is one of the oldest recorded traditions of this kind in Croatia (its first mentioned in 13th century). There is also a dance from Dubrovnik called "The Dubrovnik Koleda."
It is celebrated in the Büyükmandıra village of Babaeski district, Kırklareli Province in Turkey as a halloween-like festival and dates a thousand years back.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Koliada.
Colindă, a similar Romanian/Moldovan tradition
Korochun
Crăciun (disambiguation)
Twelfth Night (holiday)
Yule
Christmas carol
List of Christmas carols
Ķekatas
Koliadka
Koledari
Mummering
Turoń
Koleda (Koledovanie) in the Serbian tradition
Kalenda Proclamation
Shchedryk (song)
Calennig
Christmas Waits
Beltane, Gaelic festival in honour of the sun
References
^ "Толковый словарь Даля онлайн".
^ Brlic-Mazuranic, Ivana. Croatian Tales of Long Ago. Translated by Fanny S. Copeland. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.. 1922. p. 258.
^ Tryfanenkava, Maryna A. 2001. "The Current Status of Belarusian Calendar-Ritual Tradition". In: FOLKLORICA - Journal of the Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Folklore Association, 6 (2): 43. https://doi.org/10.17161/folklorica.v6i2.3709.
^ "Koleda". Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika . Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts. 2000.
^ Encyclopedia of Ukraine
^ Biblioteka warszawska. 1858 s. 318, Materyały antropologiczno-archeologiczne i etnograficzne 1826 s. 186
^ Radio Dubrovnik (2021-02-09). "Dubrovačka kolenda proglašena zaštićenim nematerijalnim kulturnim dobrom" (in Croatian). Croatian Radio.
^ "Kırklareli celebrates horror festival Koleda - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
vtePolish folk customs and traditionsWinterKonik • Koza • Turoń • Podłaźniczka • Gromnica • Jemioła • Ścięcie śmierci • Podkoziołek • Popielcowe klocki • Wkupne do bab • Zapusty • Ostatki • Przebierańce • Comber • Herody • KolędaSpringMarzanna • Zielone Świątki • Gregorianki • Hanging of Judas • Pucheroki • Święconka • Śmigus-dyngus • Emaus fair • Turki • Dziady śmigustne • Śmiergust • Siuda Baba • Kurek dyngusowy • Pisanki • Walatka • Easter palm • Jezusek Palmowy • Funeral of żur and a herring • Roduś • Rękawka • Żandary • Siwki • Maypole • Fat Thursday • Gorzkie żaleSummerNoc Kupały • Sobótka • Wyzwolenie kosiarza • Oborywanie przepiórki • Ścinanie kani • ZażynkiAutumnDożynki • Dziady • Zaduszki • Katarzynki • AndrzejkiAttire • Traditional music • Folk dances • Folk beliefsvteSlavic holidaysFeast days
Kolyada
Bozhich
Christmas
Vigil of Vasiliev
Vigil of the Epiphany
Candlemas
Festival of Veles
Pre-Lent
Maslenitsa (Cheesefare Week)
Slavic carnival]
Sfințișori (Forty Martyrs of Sebaste)
Feast of the Annunciation
Palm Sunday
Easter
Bright Week
Red Hill's Day
Radonitsa
George's Day in Spring
Feast of the translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas
Ascension of Jesus Christ
Green Week
Trinity Saturday
Trinity Day
Kupala Night
Feast of Saint Peter
Feast of the Prophet Elijah
Honey Feast of the Saviour
Apple Feast of the Saviour
Nut Feast of the Saviour
Dożynki
Nativity of the Virgin
Pokrov day (Feast of the Protection of the Holy Virgin)
Saturday of Saint Demetrius
Mitrovdan (Feast of Saint Demetrius)
Kuzminki autumn
Saint Nicholas Day | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koliada (deity)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliada_(deity)"},{"link_name":"Koliada (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliada_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96,_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_2010-%D1%85.jpg"},{"link_name":"Verteps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertep"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Epiphany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)"},{"link_name":"pre-Christian times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"winter solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice"},{"link_name":"carols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_carol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the Slavic pagan god, see Koliada (deity). 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carols.[2][3]","title":"Koliada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[kɔˈlɛnda]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Old 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Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Kashubian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashubian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[kɔˈlɛ̃da]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Christmas Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"East Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_East_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Generous Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malanka"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"koledari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koledari"},{"link_name":"kolyadki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliadka"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Florina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florina"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Macedonian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Jakov Gotovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Gotovac"},{"link_name":"clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"bassoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani"},{"link_name":"drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_kolo"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"Babaeski district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babaeski"},{"link_name":"Kırklareli Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The word is still used in modern Ukrainian (\"Коляда\", Koliadá), Belarusian (Каляда, Kalada, Kaliada), Polish (Szczodre Gody kolęda [kɔˈlɛnda]), Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian (Коледа, Коледе, koleda, kolenda), Lithuanian (Kalėdos, Kalėda), Czech, Slovak, Slovene (koleda) and Romanian (Colindă).[4]The word used in Old Church Slavonic language (Колѧда - Kolęnda) sounds closest to the current Polish language pronunciation, as Polish is one of two Slavic languages which retains the nasal vowels of the Proto-Slavic language (the other is closely related Kashubian). One theory states that Koliada is the name of a cycle of winter rituals stemming from the ancient calendae[5] as for example the Kalenda Proclamation.In modern Belarusian, Ukrainian (koliada), Czech, Slovak, Croatian (koleda, kolenda), Kashubian (kòlãda [kwɛlãda]) and Polish (kolęda [kɔˈlɛ̃da], Old Polish kolenda[6]) the meaning has shifted from Christmas itself to denoting the tradition of strolling, singing, and having fun on Christmas Eve, same in the Balkan Slavs. It specifically applies to children and teens who walk house to house greeting people, singing and sifting grain that denotes the best wishes and receiving candy and small money in return. The action is called kolyadovanye (Russian: Колядования) in Russian, kolyaduvannya (Ukrainian колядування) in Ukrainian and is now applied to similar Old East Slavic celebrations of other old significant holidays, such as Generous Eve (Russian: Маланья, Щедрый вечер, Belarusian: Шчодры вечар, Ukrainian: Щедрий вечiр) the evening before New Year's Day, as well as the celebration of the arrival of spring. Similarly in Bulgaria and North Macedonia, in the tradition of koleduvane (коледуване) or koledarenje (коледарење) around Christmas, groups of children visiting houses, singing carols and receiving a gift at parting. The kids are called 'koledari' or rarely 'kolezhdani' who sing kolyadki (songs).Koleda is also celebrated across northern Greece by the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia, in areas from Florina to Thessaloniki, where it is called Koleda (Κόλιντα, Κόλιαντα) or Koleda Babo (Κόλιντα Μπάμπω) which means \"Koleda Grandmother\" in Slavic. It is celebrated before Christmas by gathering in the village square and lighting a bonfire, followed by local Macedonian music and dancing.Croatian composer Jakov Gotovac wrote in 1925 the composition \"Koleda\", which he called a \"folk rite in five parts\", for male choir and small orchestra (3 clarinets, 2 bassoons, timpani and drum). Also, Dubrovnik kolenda is one of the oldest recorded traditions of this kind in Croatia (its first mentioned in 13th century).[7] There is also a dance from Dubrovnik called \"The Dubrovnik Koleda.\"It is celebrated in the Büyükmandıra village of Babaeski district, Kırklareli Province in Turkey as a halloween-like festival and dates a thousand years back.[8]","title":"Terminology"}] | [{"image_text":"Verteps parade. Lviv, Ukraine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_2010-%D1%85.jpg/200px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_2010-%D1%85.jpg"},{"image_text":"Russian Christmas postcard. 1910s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/200px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg/75px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Koliada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Koliada"},{"title":"Colindă","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colind%C4%83"},{"title":"Korochun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korochun"},{"title":"Crăciun (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C4%83ciun_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Twelfth Night (holiday)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)"},{"title":"Yule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule"},{"title":"Christmas carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_carol"},{"title":"List of Christmas carols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols"},{"title":"Ķekatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6ekatas"},{"title":"Koliadka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliadka"},{"title":"Koledari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koledari"},{"title":"Mummering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummering"},{"title":"Turoń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turo%C5%84"},{"title":"Koleda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Christmas_traditions#Koleda"},{"title":"Kalenda Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalenda_Proclamation"},{"title":"Shchedryk (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shchedryk_(song)"},{"title":"Calennig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calennig"},{"title":"Christmas Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Waits"},{"title":"Beltane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane"}] | [{"reference":"\"Толковый словарь Даля онлайн\".","urls":[{"url":"http://slovardalja.net/word.php?wordid=13520","url_text":"\"Толковый словарь Даля онлайн\""}]},{"reference":"\"Koleda\". Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika [Standard Slovene Dictionary]. Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts. 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/cgi/a03.exe?name=sskj_testa&expression=koleda&hs=1","url_text":"Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika"}]},{"reference":"Radio Dubrovnik (2021-02-09). \"Dubrovačka kolenda proglašena zaštićenim nematerijalnim kulturnim dobrom\" (in Croatian). Croatian Radio.","urls":[{"url":"https://radio.hrt.hr/radio-dubrovnik/kultura/dubrovacka-kolenda-proglasena-zasticenim-nematerijalnim-kulturnim-dobrom-3713087","url_text":"\"Dubrovačka kolenda proglašena zaštićenim nematerijalnim kulturnim dobrom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Radio","url_text":"Croatian Radio"}]},{"reference":"\"Kırklareli celebrates horror festival Koleda - Türkiye News\". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2023-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/kirklareli-celebrates-horror-festival-koleda-179968","url_text":"\"Kırklareli celebrates horror festival Koleda - Türkiye News\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://slovardalja.net/word.php?wordid=13520","external_links_name":"\"Толковый словарь Даля онлайн\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.17161/folklorica.v6i2.3709","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.17161/folklorica.v6i2.3709"},{"Link":"http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/cgi/a03.exe?name=sskj_testa&expression=koleda&hs=1","external_links_name":"Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages%5CK%5CO%5CKoliadaIT.htm","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Ukraine"},{"Link":"https://radio.hrt.hr/radio-dubrovnik/kultura/dubrovacka-kolenda-proglasena-zasticenim-nematerijalnim-kulturnim-dobrom-3713087","external_links_name":"\"Dubrovačka kolenda proglašena zaštićenim nematerijalnim kulturnim dobrom\""},{"Link":"https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/kirklareli-celebrates-horror-festival-koleda-179968","external_links_name":"\"Kırklareli celebrates horror festival Koleda - Türkiye News\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duilio_Marzio | Duilio Marzio | ["1 Life and work","2 Partial filmography","3 References","4 External links"] | Argentine cinema and theatre actor
Duilio MarzioBornDuilio Bruno Perruccio La Stella(1923-11-27)November 27, 1923Buenos Aires, ArgentinaDiedJuly 25, 2013(2013-07-25) (aged 89)Buenos AiresAlma materUniversity of Buenos Aires
Duilio Marzio (November 27, 1923 - July 25, 2013) was a well-known Argentine cinema and theatre actor.
Life and work
Duilio Marzio (1962)
Marzio was born Duilio Bruno Perruccio La Stella in Buenos Aires to Sicilian immigrants, in 1923. He enrolled at the University of Buenos Aires Law School, obtaining a juris doctor. Shortly afterwards, however, his interest in the theatre lured him away from his post in a local law firm, and he first starred on the stage in 1949 opposite Paulina Singerman in Antonio Cunill Cabanellas' Fin de semana (Weekend).
His friendship with actor Pepe Soriano helped persuade him to continue acting, against his father's wishes. He starred with Soriano in numerous plays from 1951 on and in 1953, he was offered his first film role. The starring role opposite Diana Maggi in period piece film maker Leopoldo Torre Nilsson's La tigra (The Tigress) led to frequent subsequent roles, both leading and secondary. He worked for Torre Nilsson again in 1959, starring in La caída (The Fall).
These roles in film and theatre earned Marzio a fellowship to Lee Strasberg's prestigious New York City drama school, the Actors Studio, in 1960. Marzio was a guest in Strasberg's apartment during his two-year stay in New York, and was the only Argentine actor so honored by the iconic method acting instructor. His memorable stay in the United States included Strasberg's lending him a car with which he traveled to California.
He returned to star in Ralph Pappier's Operación G and Fernando Ayala'a Paula cautiva with Susana Freyre, a regular co-star of his in the theatre. He was cast as himself in 1964 for Daniel Tinayre's adaptation of French author Guy des Cars' Cette étrange tendresse (Strange Tenderness). Aside from a cameo, however, he then left the cinema until 1974, when he led the cast in Bernardo Arias' El fuego del pecado. A dearth in Argentine film production during the dictatorship installed in 1976, helped lead to another long hiatus from cinema, and Marzio worked both in the theatre and television.
Marzio returned to film in Raúl de la Torre 1986 period piece, Pobre mariposa (Poor Butterfly), and starred with American actor Don Stroud in a 1988 U.S.-Argentine production, Two to Tango. A 1992 adaptation of Albert Camus's The Plague (directed by Luis Puenzo) also included the steely-eyed Marzio, and also worked with French actress Dominique Sanda and Federico Luppi in Edgardo Cozarinsky's Guerriers et captives (Warriors and Prisoners).
His role as writer Jorge Luis Borges in Enrique Estrazulas' historical play Borges y Perón earned Marzio his first ACE Award in 1998. In Pablo Parés' gothic Jennifer's Shadow (2004), Marzio was cast as the concerned mystic, "Darío Bardevil," and starred with Faye Dunaway. Alejandro Doria directed Marzio in the 2006 historical drama, Las manos (The Hands) and musician/filmmaker Fito Páez cast him as the dictator in his satirical ¿De quién es el portaligas? (Whose Belt is This?). He continued to work in the theatre well into his eighties, notably in a 2009 stage adaptation of Hungarian writer Sándor Márai's The Last Encounter, for which he earned a second ACE Award.
Marzio, whose several lengthy relationships never led to marriage, was fond of a line in Federico Fellini's La strada: "Every stone in life has its reason for being there." He underwent coronary bypass surgery in June 2013, but did not ultimately recover. The noted film and stage actor died in Buenos Aires a month later at age 89; he was interred in Chacarita Cemetery.
Partial filmography
Días de odio (1954) - The Young
La tigra (1954) - Luis
Sinfonía de juventud (1955)
El amor nunca muere (1955)
La Tierra del Fuego se apaga (1955)
El curandero (1955)
Ayer fue primavera (1955)
Marta Ferrari (1956)
Surcos en el mar (1956)
Edad difícil (1956)
Operación Antartida (1957)
Todo sea para bien (1957)
El jefe (1958)
En la ardiente oscuridad (1958)
La caída (1959) - José María
The Candidate (1959)
Un Guapo del '900 (1960) - Clemente Ordóñez
Sábado a la noche, cine (1960)
Plaza Huincul (Pozo Uno) (1960)
A puerta cerrada (1962)
Operación G (1962)
Primero yo (1964)
Paula cautiva (1964) - Sutton
Extraña ternura (1964) - Himself
The Revenge of Ivanhoe (1965) - Cedric of Hastings
Turismo de carretera (1968)
El inquisidor (1975) - Dr. Carlos Herrera
La Raulito (1975) - Doctor
Pobre mariposa (1986)
Two to Tango (1989) - Paulino Velasco
Guerriers et captives (1990) - Master Pacheco / Maître Pacheco
The Plague (1992) - Judge Orbon
Tres pájaros (2002) - Gregorio Rellán
Jennifer's Shadow (2004) - Darío Baredevil
Las manos (2006) - Monseñor Alessandri
¿De quién es el portaligas? (2007) - Comodoro
Silencios (2009) - Padre de Inés
Horizontal/Vertical (2009) - Aldo
La Cacería (2012) - Federico Kappler (final film role)
References
^ a b c d Clarín (in Spanish)
^ Pepe Soriano: Teatro studio (in Spanish)
^ a b c d Cine Nacional: Duilio Marzio (in Spanish)
^ "Pepe Soriano: Un domingo en Nueva York" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
^ "Borges and Perón Meet at Teatro Nacional Cervantes, Buenos Aires". Playbill. April 6, 1998. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013.
^ a b c "Murió el actor Duilio Marzio". Clarín. July 26, 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Duilio Marzio.
Duilio Marzio at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Other
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Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_des_Cars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cn-3"},{"link_name":"dictatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Raúl de la Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_de_la_Torre"},{"link_name":"Pobre mariposa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobre_mariposa"},{"link_name":"Don Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Stroud"},{"link_name":"Albert Camus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Camus"},{"link_name":"The Plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plague_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"Luis Puenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Puenzo"},{"link_name":"Dominique Sanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Sanda"},{"link_name":"Federico Luppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Luppi"},{"link_name":"Edgardo Cozarinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgardo_Cozarinsky"},{"link_name":"Guerriers et captives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerriers_et_captives"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cn-3"},{"link_name":"Jorge Luis Borges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges"},{"link_name":"ACE Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_Award_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-6"},{"link_name":"Pablo Parés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Par%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Faye Dunaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faye_Dunaway"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Doria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Doria"},{"link_name":"Las manos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_manos"},{"link_name":"Fito Páez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fito_P%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cn-3"},{"link_name":"Sándor Márai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_M%C3%A1rai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-6"},{"link_name":"Federico Fellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Fellini"},{"link_name":"La strada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_strada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clarin-1"},{"link_name":"coronary bypass surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_bypass_surgery"},{"link_name":"Chacarita Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacarita_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-6"}],"text":"Duilio Marzio (1962)Marzio was born Duilio Bruno Perruccio La Stella in Buenos Aires to Sicilian immigrants, in 1923. He enrolled at the University of Buenos Aires Law School, obtaining a juris doctor. Shortly afterwards, however, his interest in the theatre lured him away from his post in a local law firm, and he first starred on the stage in 1949 opposite Paulina Singerman in Antonio Cunill Cabanellas' Fin de semana (Weekend).[1]His friendship with actor Pepe Soriano helped persuade him to continue acting, against his father's wishes. He starred with Soriano in numerous plays from 1951 on and in 1953, he was offered his first film role.[2] The starring role opposite Diana Maggi in period piece film maker Leopoldo Torre Nilsson's La tigra (The Tigress) led to frequent subsequent roles, both leading and secondary. He worked for Torre Nilsson again in 1959, starring in La caída (The Fall).[3]These roles in film and theatre earned Marzio a fellowship to Lee Strasberg's prestigious New York City drama school, the Actors Studio, in 1960.[1] Marzio was a guest in Strasberg's apartment during his two-year stay in New York, and was the only Argentine actor so honored by the iconic method acting instructor.[4] His memorable stay in the United States included Strasberg's lending him a car with which he traveled to California.[1]He returned to star in Ralph Pappier's Operación G and Fernando Ayala'a Paula cautiva with Susana Freyre, a regular co-star of his in the theatre. He was cast as himself in 1964 for Daniel Tinayre's adaptation of French author Guy des Cars' Cette étrange tendresse (Strange Tenderness). Aside from a cameo, however, he then left the cinema until 1974, when he led the cast in Bernardo Arias' El fuego del pecado.[3] A dearth in Argentine film production during the dictatorship installed in 1976, helped lead to another long hiatus from cinema, and Marzio worked both in the theatre and television.Marzio returned to film in Raúl de la Torre 1986 period piece, Pobre mariposa (Poor Butterfly), and starred with American actor Don Stroud in a 1988 U.S.-Argentine production, Two to Tango. A 1992 adaptation of Albert Camus's The Plague (directed by Luis Puenzo) also included the steely-eyed Marzio, and also worked with French actress Dominique Sanda and Federico Luppi in Edgardo Cozarinsky's Guerriers et captives (Warriors and Prisoners).[3]His role as writer Jorge Luis Borges in Enrique Estrazulas' historical play Borges y Perón earned Marzio his first ACE Award in 1998.[5][6] In Pablo Parés' gothic Jennifer's Shadow (2004), Marzio was cast as the concerned mystic, \"Darío Bardevil,\" and starred with Faye Dunaway. Alejandro Doria directed Marzio in the 2006 historical drama, Las manos (The Hands) and musician/filmmaker Fito Páez cast him as the dictator in his satirical ¿De quién es el portaligas? (Whose Belt is This?).[3] He continued to work in the theatre well into his eighties, notably in a 2009 stage adaptation of Hungarian writer Sándor Márai's The Last Encounter, for which he earned a second ACE Award.[6]Marzio, whose several lengthy relationships never led to marriage, was fond of a line in Federico Fellini's La strada: \"Every stone in life has its reason for being there.\" [1] He underwent coronary bypass surgery in June 2013, but did not ultimately recover. The noted film and stage actor died in Buenos Aires a month later at age 89; he was interred in Chacarita Cemetery.[6]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Candidate_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"Un Guapo del '900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_Guapo_del_%27900"},{"link_name":"Paula cautiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_cautiva"},{"link_name":"The Revenge of Ivanhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Ivanhoe"},{"link_name":"La Raulito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Raulito"},{"link_name":"The Plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plague_(1992_film)"}],"text":"Días de odio (1954) - The Young\nLa tigra (1954) - Luis\nSinfonía de juventud (1955)\nEl amor nunca muere (1955)\nLa Tierra del Fuego se apaga (1955)\nEl curandero (1955)\nAyer fue primavera (1955)\nMarta Ferrari (1956)\nSurcos en el mar (1956)\nEdad difícil (1956)\nOperación Antartida (1957)\nTodo sea para bien (1957)\nEl jefe (1958)\nEn la ardiente oscuridad (1958)\nLa caída (1959) - José María\nThe Candidate (1959)\nUn Guapo del '900 (1960) - Clemente Ordóñez\nSábado a la noche, cine (1960)\nPlaza Huincul (Pozo Uno) (1960)\nA puerta cerrada (1962)\nOperación G (1962)\nPrimero yo (1964)\nPaula cautiva (1964) - Sutton\nExtraña ternura (1964) - Himself\nThe Revenge of Ivanhoe (1965) - Cedric of Hastings\nTurismo de carretera (1968)\nEl inquisidor (1975) - Dr. Carlos Herrera\nLa Raulito (1975) - Doctor\nPobre mariposa (1986)\nTwo to Tango (1989) - Paulino Velasco\nGuerriers et captives (1990) - Master Pacheco / Maître Pacheco\nThe Plague (1992) - Judge Orbon\nTres pájaros (2002) - Gregorio Rellán\nJennifer's Shadow (2004) - Darío Baredevil\nLas manos (2006) - Monseñor Alessandri\n¿De quién es el portaligas? (2007) - Comodoro\nSilencios (2009) - Padre de Inés\nHorizontal/Vertical (2009) - Aldo\nLa Cacería (2012) - Federico Kappler (final film role)","title":"Partial filmography"}] | [{"image_text":"Duilio Marzio (1962)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Duilio_Marzio_-_Antena_TV%2C_1962.png/220px-Duilio_Marzio_-_Antena_TV%2C_1962.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Pepe Soriano: Un domingo en Nueva York\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090601174714/http://www.pepesorianoweb.com.ar/teatro_un_domingo_en_ny.htm","url_text":"\"Pepe Soriano: Un domingo en Nueva York\""},{"url":"http://www.pepesorianoweb.com.ar/teatro_un_domingo_en_ny.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Borges and Perón Meet at Teatro Nacional Cervantes, Buenos Aires\". Playbill. April 6, 1998. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131228030644/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/38077-Borges-and-Peron-Meet-at-Teatro-Nacional-Cervantes-Buenos-Aires","url_text":"\"Borges and Perón Meet at Teatro Nacional Cervantes, Buenos Aires\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/38077-Borges-and-Peron-Meet-at-Teatro-Nacional-Cervantes-Buenos-Aires","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Murió el actor Duilio Marzio\". Clarín. July 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/personajes/Fallecio-actor-Duilio-Marzio_0_962304000.html","url_text":"\"Murió el actor Duilio Marzio\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.clarin.com/diario/2008/03/15/espectaculos/c-01628785.htm","external_links_name":"Clarín (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"http://www.pepesorianoweb.com.ar/teatro_estudio.htm","external_links_name":"Pepe Soriano: Teatro studio (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"http://www.cinenacional.com/personas/index.php?persona=6197","external_links_name":"Cine Nacional: Duilio Marzio (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090601174714/http://www.pepesorianoweb.com.ar/teatro_un_domingo_en_ny.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pepe Soriano: Un domingo en Nueva York\""},{"Link":"http://www.pepesorianoweb.com.ar/teatro_un_domingo_en_ny.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131228030644/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/38077-Borges-and-Peron-Meet-at-Teatro-Nacional-Cervantes-Buenos-Aires","external_links_name":"\"Borges and Perón Meet at Teatro Nacional Cervantes, Buenos Aires\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/38077-Borges-and-Peron-Meet-at-Teatro-Nacional-Cervantes-Buenos-Aires","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/personajes/Fallecio-actor-Duilio-Marzio_0_962304000.html","external_links_name":"\"Murió el actor Duilio Marzio\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0555823/","external_links_name":"Duilio Marzio"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114421592","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/38072152","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc7X6gmMGBcHmMv64TvHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4912584","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14204185h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14204185h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/132197537","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr00034406","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/150896123","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Monuments_of_Exceptional_Importance_(Serbia) | Immovable Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance (Serbia) | ["1 List of Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance","1.1 Cultural monuments of Exceptional Importance","1.2 Archeological Sites of Exceptional Importance","1.3 Historic Landmarks of Exceptional Importance","1.4 Spatial Cultural-Historical Units of Exceptional Importance","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Immovable Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance (Serbian: Непокретна културна добра од изузетног значаја/Nepokretna kulturna dobra od izuzetnog značaja) are those objects of Immovable cultural heritage that enjoy the highest level of state protection in the Republic of Serbia. Immovable Cultural Heritage is classified as being of Exceptional Importance upon decision by the National Assembly of Serbia. They are inscribed in the Central Register of Immovable cultural property maintained by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Serbia . Objects of Immovable cultural heritage have to fulfill one or more of those criteria defined in the Law on Cultural Heritage of 1994 in order to be categorized as being "of exceptional importance":
exceptional importance for social, historical or cultural development of the people, or for the development of its natural environment;
evidence of important historic events or persons and their work;
unique (rare) example of human creativity of the time or a unique example from the natural history;
great influence on the development of society, culture, technology, or science;
exceptional artistic or aesthetic value.
According to the Law, there are four classes of Immovable Cultural Heritage: Cultural Monuments, Archaeological Sites, Historic Landmarks and Spatial Cultural-Historical Units. Objects in each of those classes can be categorized as being "of exceptional importance" by the National Assembly.
List of Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance
As of July 2020, there are currently 2592 objects of immovable cultural heritage inscribed in the Central Register, 200 of which are categorized as being "of exceptional importance" (155 cultural monuments, 18 archaeological sites, 16 historic landmarks and 11 spatial cultural-historical units).
Key
*
Those sites are located in the disputed territory of Kosovo.
Cultural monuments of Exceptional Importance
Number in the Central Register
Picture
Name
City/Municipality
Locationaddress
designated cultural heritage
Exceptional importance since
Comment
SK 1
Dositej's Lyceum
Belgrade / Stari Grad
BelgradeGospodar Jevremova St. no. 21
10 August 1946
7 April 1979
SK 2
Princess Ljubica's Residence
BelgradeSime Markovića St. no. 8
5 September 1946
7 April 1979
SK 3
Belgrade Fortress
BelgradeKalemegdan gornji grad nn
31 May 1965
7 April 1979
SK 5
Residence of Prince Miloš
BelgradeRakovački put St. no. 2
2 December 1946
7 April 1979 (cluster "Complex of the Residence of Prince Miloš")
SK 6
Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Topčider
Belgrade / Savski Venac
BelgradeVojvode Putnika St. no. 11
SK 7
Parish House in Topčider
SK 56
Obelisk in Topčider Park
BelgradeTopčider Park
28 May 1965
SK 12
Captain Miša's Mansion
Belgrade / Stari Grad
Belgrade Studentski Square no. 1
4 November 1974
7 April 1979
SK 52
Museum of 4 July Building
Belgrade / Savski Venac
BelgradeBulevar Oktobarske revolucije (Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karađorđevića) no. 10
17 May 1965
7 April 1979
SK 54
Secret Partisan Print Shop
BelgradeRajka Mitića St. no. 12 (formerly Banjički venac St.)
18 May 1965
7 April 1979
SK 82
Memorial Church in Lazarevac
Belgrade / Lazarevac
Lazarevac
7 November 1966
7 April 1979
SK 97
Saborna crkva
Belgrade / Stari Grad
BelgradeKneza Sime Markovića St. no. 3
25 March 1968
7 April 1979
SK 128
Despot Stefan Lazarević Memorial
Belgrade / Mladenovac
Markovac
Crkvine
3 December 1974
7 April 1979
SK 140
Manasija monastery
Despotovac
Despotovac
5 March 1948
7 April 1979
SK 155
Đurđevi Stupovi
Novi Pazar
Vrbolazi
26 August 1947
7 April 1979
World Heritage Site "Stari Ras and Sopoćani"
SK 156
Sopoćani
Doljani
26 August 1947
7 April 1979
SK 182
Petrova Church
Novi Pazar
18 December 1948
7 April 1979
SK 534
Stari Ras
Bubregovići, Sebečevo
22 August 1947
7 April 1979
SK 157
Lazarica with Kruševac Fortress
Kruševac
Kruševac
9 September 1947
7 April 1979
SK 158
Studenica monastery
Kraljevo
Brezova
23 October 1947
7 April 1979
World Heritage Site
SK 159
Žiča
Kruševica
25 October 1947
7 April 1979
SK 160
Gradac monastery
Raška
Gradac
25 October 1947
7 April 1979
SK 161
Mileševa
Prijepolje
Mileševo
23 October 1947
7 April 1979
SK 162
St. Achillius Church (Arilje Monastery)
Arilje
Arilje
25 October 1947
7 April 1979
SK 167
Banja Monastery
Priboj
Banja
23 February 1948
7 April 1979
SK 168
Maglič
Kraljevo
Maglič
1 March 1948
7 April 1979
SK 183
Ljubostinja
Trstenik
Prnjavor
22 December 1948
7 April 1979
SK 184
Monument to the Unknown Hero
Belgrade / Voždovac
Beli Potok on Avala
18 December 1984
5 December 1987
SK 191
Museum of 1941 Upraising (National Bank Building)
Užice
UžiceCorner of Titova St. and Heroja Dejovića St. no 18
29 April 1949 (as a single monument "Historical Buildings of Titovo Užice")
7 April 1979
Today National Museum of Užice
Partisan printing house "Borba"
UžiceMiloša Markovića St. no. 95
7 April 1979
Two buildings. Today used as the Dormitory for the Secondary School Students.
Headquarters of the Main People's Liberation Committee of Serbia
UžiceVuka Karadžića St. no. 8
7 April 1979
Today occupied by the Music School "Vojislav-Lale Stefanović".
Partisan Hospital
Krčagovo
21 July 1983
The complex includes three buildings.
Plant nursery
Krčagovo
7 April 1979
Today used for housing.
SK 207
Church of Saint Nicolas (St. Nicholas' Monastery)
Kuršumlija
Kuršumlija
18 November 1947
7 April 1979
SK 208
Church (Monastery) of the Holy Mother of God
Kuršumlija
18 November 1947
7 April 1979
Only the ruins remain.
SK 218
Skull Tower
Niš / Mediana
NišBulevar dr Zorana Đinđića (formerly Bulevar braće Tasković) no. 78
6 May 1948
7 April 1979
SK 223
Hajduk Veljko's Powder Magazine
Negotin
Negotin
13 March 1950
7 April 1979
Located inside the churchyard of the new Church.
SK 224
Prohor Pčinjski Monastery
Bujanovac
Klenike
23 September 1950
7 April 1979
"Prohor Pčinjski Monastery" and "Memorial Rooms in Prohor Pčinjski" were separately categorized as Monuments of Culture of Exceptional Importance. However, they are inscribed in the Central Register as one monument.
Memorial Rooms in Prohor Pčinjski
22 July 1989
SK 240
Niš concentration camp (Memorial complex "12 February")
Niš / Crveni Krst
Niš12. februara St. nn
13 May 1977
7 April 1979
SK 244
Ravanica
Ćuprija
Senje
5 March 1948
7 April 1979
SK 245
Kalenić monastery
Rekovac
Kalenićki Prnjavor
10 March 1948
7 April 1979
SK 261
Mausoleum Church in Oplenac
Topola
Topola selo
16 June 1970
7 April 1979
SK 270
House of Svetozar Marković
Kragujevac
KragujevacSvetozara Markovića St. no. 21 (previously no. 23)
17 January 1948
7 April 1979
SK 271
District Courthouse
KragujevacVojvode Radomira Putnika Square no. 4
5 May 1969
7 April 1979
SK 290
Early Byzantine Tomb with Frescoes
Niš / Pantelej
NišŽivorada Kostića Moravca St.
25 January 1949
7 April 1979
SK 295
Old house (Hristić family House)
Pirot
PirotNikole Pašića St. no.49
3 June 1970
7 April 1979
SK 344
Sobrašice of Lužnice
Kragujevac
Lužnice
20 March 1968
7 April 1979
Located inside the churchyard.
SK 407
Church of Sts. Peter and Paul
Požega
Gornja Dobrinja
29 May 1974
7 April 1979
SK 457
Memorial chapel with the crypt
Šabac
Prnjavor
12 December 1962
7 April 1979
SK 483
House of Dimitrije Tucović
Čajetina
Gostilje
2 March 1950
7 April 1979
SK 493
Partisan Hospital
Prijepolje
Prijepolje
26 January 1952
7 April 1979
Conserved remains
SK 502
Takovo complex (Wooden Church with the Second Serbian Uprising memorial)
Gornji Milanovac
Takovo
17 April 1970
7 April 1979
SK 515
Stari Han (Moljković's Inn)
Užice
Kremna
24 August 1975
7 April 1979
The building is in the extreme state of disrepair.
SK 523
St. Peter and Paul's Church
Čajetina
Sirogojno
16 June 1980
21 July 1983
SK 525
Wooden Church
Bajina Bašta
Dub
31 March 1981
21 July 1983
SK 538
Smederevo fortress
Smederevo
Smederevo
8 October 1946
7 April 1979
SK 539
Pokajnica Monastery
Velika Plana
Staro Selo
20 December 1948
7 April 1979
SK 609
Tabula Traiana
Kladovo
Tekija
22 November 1949
7 April 1979
Part of the Roman Limes
SK 675
Wine cellar
Čačak
Atenica
19 March 1971
7 April 1979
SK 977
Golubac Fortress
Golubac
Golubac
1 March 1948
7 April 1979
SK 1013
Bođani monastery
Bač
Bođani
4 December 1948
3 December 1990
SK 1014
Franciscan Cloister
BačMaršala Tita St. no. 10
30 May 1951
3 December 1990
SK 1015
Dunđerski Palace
Bačka Palanka
Čelarevo
Proleterska St. no. 15
7 May 1970
3 December 1990
SK 1016
Neštin House
NeštinSutjeska St. no. 27 (formerly Koče Popovića St. no. 34)
21 May 1968
3 December 1990
SK 1017
Bački Petrovac House
Bački Petrovac
Bački PetrovacB. Mokića St. no. 7
25 May 1965
3 December 1990
SK 1018
Beočin monastery
Beočin
Beočin
22 November 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1019
Rakovac monastery
Beočin
22 November 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1020
Mesić monastery
Vršac
Mesić
10 March 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1021
Church of Saint Nicholas
Inđija
Stari Slankamen
Stepenice
16 August 1948
3 December 1990
SK 1022
Velika Remeta monastery
Irig
Velika Remeta
22 November 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1023
Vrdnik-Ravanica monastery
Vrdnik
6 December 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1024
Grgeteg monastery
Grgeteg
22 November 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1025
Jazak monastery
Jazak
7 December 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1026
Mala Remeta monastery
Mala Remeta
7 December 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1027
Candlemas Church
Krušedol Selo
27 April 1957
3 December 1990
SK 1028
Suvača
Kikinda
KikindaNemanjina St. no. 118 (corner of Moravska and Nemanjina streets)
17 May 1951
3 December 1990
SK 1029
St. George's Romanian Orthodox Church
Kovačica
Uzdin
Maršala Tita St. no. 141
6 April 1961
3 December 1990
SK 1030
Arača
Novi Bečej
Novi Bečej
outside of the town
16 February 1948
3 December 1990
SK 1031
Complex of Buildings with Household
Pećinci
KarlovčićŠpajanska St. no. 50
3 June 1976
3 December 1990
SK 1032
Ogar House
OgarŠumska St. no. 29
3 October 1973
3 December 1990
SK 1033
Divša (Đipša) Monastery
Sremska Mitrovica
Divoš
7 December 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1034
Patriarchate of Karlovci
Sremski Karlovci
Sremski KarlovciBranka Radičevića Square no. 8
21 April 1951
3 December 1990
SK 1035
Subotica Synagogue
Subotica
Subotica
Jakaba i Komora Square no. 4
8 April 1975
3 December 1990
SK 1036
Subotica City Hall
SuboticaMaršala Tita Square
14 March 1967
3 December 1990
SK 1037
Roman Catholic Church in Čoka
Čoka
ČokaPotiska St. no. 1
20 January 1972
3 December 1990
SK 1038
Privina Glava monastery
Šid
Privina Glava
Vuka Karadžića St.
6 December 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1039
"Šlajz" Lock
Bečej
Bečej
22 June 1983
3 December 1990
SK 1040
Krušedol monastery
Irig
Krušedol Selo
22 November 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1041
Novo Hopovo monastery
near Irig
7 December 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1042
Staro Hopovo monastery
near Irig
7 December 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1043
Church of St. Nicholas
Kikinda
KikindaSrpskih dobrovoljaca Square no. 28
14 December 1948
3 December 1990
SK 1044
Church of St. Luke
Pećinci
KupinovoBranka Madžarevića St. no. 144
18 May 1948
3 December 1990
SK 1045
Kuveždin monastery
Sremska Mitrovica
Divoš
23 November 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1046
Petkovica monastery
Šišatovac
6 December 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1047
Old Church of St. Stephen
Sremska Mitrovica
Muzejska St.
18 October 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1048
Granary and Corn Crib
Stara Pazova
GolubinciPazovačka St. no. 64
12 September 1974
3 December 1990 (cluster of two monuments)
SK 1049
Granary and Corn Crib
GolubinciPazovačka St. no. 42
7 September 1974
SK 1050
Šišatovac monastery
Sremska Mitrovica
Šišatovac
22 November 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1051
Church of the Transfiguration
Pančevo
Pančevo
Dimitrija Tucovića St. no. 73
21 June 1948
3 December 1990
SK 1052
Serbian Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas
Pećinci
Sibač
3 October 1969
3 December 1990
SK 1053
The Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Nikolaj
Sremski Karlovci
Sremski KarlovciBranka Radičevića Square no. 6
18 July 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1078
Miloš Obrenović's House
Gornji Milanovac
Gornja Crnuća
5 November 1993
14 April 2000
SK 1154
Almaška Church
Novi Sad
Novi Sad Almaška St. no. 15
6 August 1948 (iconostasis)
3 December 1990
SK 1156
Church of The Assumption
Novi SadUspenska St.
6 August 1948
3 December 1990
SK 1174
Church of St. John
Sombor
Sombor
Njegoševa St. no. 12
20 September 1950
3 December 1990
SK 1207
Serbian Orthodox Church in Čurug
Žabalj
Čurug
Kralja Petra I St.
25 May 1950 (iconostasis)12 February 1971 (whole building)
3 December 1990
SK 1211
Orthodox Church in Vilovo
Titel
Vilovo
Žarka Zrenjanina St. no. 4
26 June 1957
3 December 1990
SK 1238
Serbian Orthodox Church in Mokrin
Kikinda
Mokrin
18 June 1949 (iconostasis)23 April 1969 (whole building)
3 December 1990
SK 1366
Holy Archangels' Monastery*
Prizren
Jablanica
30 March 1948
4 June 1990
Looted and devastated in June–July 1999 by the Albanians, the 14th century Pine of Tsar Dušan was cut down and burned.
SK 1367
Gračanica monastery*
Pristina
Gračanica
25 October 1947
4 June 1990
World Heritage Site
SK 1368
Visoki Dečani*
Dečani
Dečane
25 October 1947
4 June 1990
World Heritage Site
SK 1369
Bogorodica Ljeviška*
Prizren
PrizrenKralja Milutina St. no. 40
11 March 1948
4 June 1990
World Heritage Site.Burned and desecrated by Albanians in 2004.
SK 1370
Patriarchate of Peć*
Peć
Peć
25 October 1947
4 June 1990
World Heritage Site
SK 1371
Banjska monastery*
Zvečan
Banjska
26 August 1947
4 June 1990
SK 1372
Terzijski Bridge*
Đakovica
Bistražin
22 December 1962
4 June 1990
SK 1373
Vojinovića Bridge*
Vučitrn
VučitrnR. Dedovića St.
11 June 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1374
Medieval palace of Vučitrn (Vojinović Tower)*
Vučitrn
19 May 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1375
(Remains of the) Serbian Orthodox Church (Monastery) of St. Barbara*
Gnjilane
Kmetovce
10 July 1963
3 December 1990
SK 1376
Wooden house of Loćane (Danilović House)*
Dečani
Loćane
22 May 1958
3 December 1990
Burned and destroyed by the Albanians.
SK 1377
Hadum Mosque*
Đakovica
Đakovica
19 February 1955
3 December 1990
SK 1378
Gorioč monastery*
Istok
near Istok
14 July 1958
3 December 1990
SK 1379
Bogorodica Hvostanska (Remains)*
Studenica
10 July 1963
3 December 1990
SK 1380
Serbian Orthodox Church of St. John the Baptist*
Crkolez
16 April 1958
3 December 1990
SK 1381
St. Nicholas' Serbian Orthodox Church in Đurakovac*
Đurakovac
9 July 1955
3 December 1990
Burned and razed to the ground by the Albanians in 1999.
SK 1382
Remains of St. Peter and Paul's Monastery*
Klina
Dobra Voda
16 April 1958
3 December 1990 (cluster "Churches in the White Drin valley")
Partly demolished and desecrated by the Albanians in 1999.
SK 1383
Serbian Orthodox Church of the Presentation of the Virgin*
Dolac
In July 1999, Albanians vandalized the church and smashed the altar table to pieces. In August, the church was blown up and leveled.
SK 1384
Serbian Orthodox Church of St. Parascheva*
Drsnik
After the arrival of Italian KFOR forces into the area, the church was vandalized, set on fire and seriously damaged by Albanians using explosives, in June 1999.
SK 1385
Serbian Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas*
Mlečane
SK 1386
Serbian Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas*
Čabić
The church was mined and completely demolished by the Albanians in 1999.
SK 1387
Serbian Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas*
Kijevo
Albanians mined the building in July 1999. The building collapsed entirely. Crosses and tombstones at the cemetery were also destroyed.
SK 1388
Serbian Orthodox Church of St. Demetrius – Donja Crkva (Lower Church)*
Pograđe
SK 1389
Gornja Crkva (Upper Church)*
Pograđe
Desecrated by the Albanians in 1999.
SK 1390
Serbian Orthodox Church of the Presentation of the Virgin*
Kosovska Kamenica
Vaganeš
9 July 1955
3 December 1990
Vandalized by the Albanians in 1999.
SK 1391
Ubožac Monastery (Rđavac)*
Močare
9 July 1955
3 December 1990
SK 1392
Serbian Orthodox Church of the Presentation of the Virgin*
Lipljan
Lipljan
19 October 1949
3 December 1990
SK 1393
Old medieval city of Novo Brdo*
Novo Brdo
Novo Brdo
28 February 1948
3 December 1990
SK 1394
Serbian Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas*
Orahovac
Velika Hoča
16 April 1958
3 December 1990
SK 1395
Serbian Orthodox Church of St. John the Baptist*
Velika Hoča
SK 1396
Holy Transfiguration Church*
Klina
Budisavci
19 February 1952
3 December 1990
SK 1397
Bajrakli Mosque*
Peć
Peć
31 December 1957
3 December 1990
SK 1398
Serbian Orthodox Church of St. Jeremiah*
Goraždevac
16 April 1958
3 December 1990
SK 1399
Kaljaja Fortress*
Prizren
Prizren
24 September 1948
3 December 1990
SK 1400
Hermitage of St. Peter of Koriša*
Kabaš near Koriša
16 December 1950
3 December 1990
SK 1401
Church of Holy Salvation*
PrizrenŠumadijske Divizije St. nn
27. 09.1948
3 December 1990
Destroyed by Albanians during 2004 unrest
SK 1402
Church of St. Nicholas*
PrizrenMiladina Popovića St. no. 3
29 May 1962
3 December 1990
Heavily damaged by Albanians in 1999, and again in 2004, later renovated.
SK 1404
Church of the Holy Virgin in Sredska*
SredskaPejčići
16 December 1950
3 December 1990 (cluster "Churches of Sredačka Župa")
SK 1403
St. George's Church in Sredska*
SredskaMilačići
20 December 1956
SK 1405
St. Nicholas' Church*
Mušnikovo
SK 1406
St. Parascheva (St. Peter and Paul's) Church*
Mušnikovo
SK 1407
St. Nicholas' Church*
Bogoševce
SK 1408
St. George's Church*
Gornje Selo
16 April 1958
SK 1409
St. Nicholas' Church*
Drajčići
SK 1410
Sinan Pasha's Mosque*
PrizrenSime Igumanova St. nn
27 September 1948
3 December 1990
SK 1411
Old Hamam*
PrizrenKralja Petra I Oslobodioca St. nn
18. 09.1954
3 December 1990
SK 1412
Imperial Mosque*
Pristina
PristinaDunavska St.
17 September 1953
3 December 1990
SK 1413
Devič*
Srbica
Lauša
24 March 1948
3 December 1990
Heavily burned and damaged by the Albanians in 1999.
SK 1414
The church of the Holy Virgin Hodegetria*
Suva Reka
Mušutište
27 November 1948
3 December 1990
Completely destroyed by the Albanians in 1999.
SK 1415
Saint George Church*
Rečane
11 September 1953
3 December 1990
The church was demolished by the Albanians in 1999.
SK 1416
Medieval Serbian City of Zvečan*
Zvečan
Zvečan
29 August 1947
3 December 1990
SK 1417
Nerodimlje Medieval Town with St. Nicholas' Church and Ruins of Byzantine basilica*
Uroševac
Gornje Nerodimlje
31 December 1967
3 December 1990 (cluster "Monuments of Nerodimlje")
SK 1418
Mali and Veliki Petrič Medieval Fortresses*
Gornje NerodimljeJezerce
SK 1419
Church of Dormition of the Virgin – "Monastery of St. Uroš"*
Gornje NerodimljeJezerce
29 December 1966
Albanians completely destroyed the monastery, using explosives, in 1999.
SK 1420
Church of the Holy Archangels*
Gornje Nerodimlje
19 July 1966
The church was looted and set on fire by the Albanians in 1999. A giant black pine tree was cut down and burned. The church cemetery was desecrated and the tombstones knocked over and damaged.
—
Church of St Stephen*
Donje Nerodimlje
—
The Church of St Stephen in Donje Nerodimlje was classified as a Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance by the National Assembly as part of the cluster "Monuments of Nerodimlje", although it has never been proclaimed a Cultural Heritage at the first place. Thus, it is not inscribed into the Central Register. It was demolished, burned, and destroyed by explosive by the Albanians in 1999.
—
Church of St George in Gornja Bitinja*
Štrpce
Gornja Bitinja
—
3 December 1990 (cluster "Churches of Sirinićka Župa")
The Church of St George in Gornja Bitinja was classified as a Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance by the National Assembly as part of the cluster "Churches of Sirinićka Župa", although it has never been proclaimed a Cultural Heritage at the first place. Thus, it is not inscribed in the Central Register.
SK 1421
St. Theodor Tyron's Church in Donja Bitinja*
Donja Bitinja
16 April 1958
SK 1422
St. Nicholas' Church in Gotovuša*
Gotovuša
SK 1423
St. Nicholas' Church in Štrpce*
Štrpce
7 February 1967
SK 1424
Vojlovica monastery
Pančevo
PančevoSpoljnostarčevačka St. nn
29 July 1948 (iconostasis)23 April 1969 (whole building)
3 December 1990
SK 1425
Bishop's palace
Vršac
VršacDvorska St. no. 20
24 January 1968
3 December 1990
SK 1449
Church of the Holy Protection of the Virgin – Sokolica*
Zvečan
Veliko RudareBoljetin
25 December 1948
3 December 1990
SK 1451
St. Gabriel's Church
Šid
Molovin
Branka Radičevića St.
1 August 1951
3 December 1990
SK 1469
"Mačkov Kamen" Complex
Ljubovija
Crnčaon top of the Jagodnja mountain
25 November 1976
7 April 1979
—
Kadinjača
Užice
Zaglavak
—
7 April 1979
Kadinjača was classified as a Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance by the National Assembly, although it has never been proclaimed a Cultural Heritage at the first place. Thus, it is not inscribed into the Central Register.
Archeological Sites of Exceptional Importance
Number in the Central Register
Photo
Name
City/Municipality
Locationaddress
designated cultural heritage
Exceptional importance since
Comment
AN 5
Vinča-Belo Brdo
Belgrade / Grocka
Vinča
30 March 1950
7 April 1979
AN 22
Mediana - Brzi Brod
Niš / Medijana
Brzi Brod
Bulevar Svetog cara Konstantina
9 February 1949
7 April 1979
AN 24
Justiniana Prima
Lebane
Prekopčelica
12 February 1949
7 April 1979
AN 26
Mramorje
Bajina Bašta
Perućac
25 September 1968
7 April 1979
UNESCO World Heritage Site "Medieval Tomstones - Stećci"
AN 33
Velika humka
Požega
Pilatovići
29 April 1980
21 July 1983
AN 39
Rudna Glava
Majdanpek
Rudna Glava
24 June 1981
21 July 1983
AN 40
Gamzigrad–Romuliana (The Palace of Galerius)
Zaječar
Gamzigradska Banja
19 March 1948
7 April 1979
UNESCO World Heritage Site
AN 44
Pontes with Trajan's Bridge
Kladovo
Kladovo
28 March 1981
21 July 1983
AN 45
Lepenski Vir
Majdanpek
Boljetin
26 May 1966
7 April 1979
AN 103
Diana Fortress (Karataš)
Kladovo
Novi Sip
27 February 1965
21 July 1983
AN 104
Starčevo site (Grad)
Pančevo
Starčevo
8 April 1957
3 December 1990
AN 105
Bassianae
Ruma
Donji Petrovci
15 October 1947
3 December 1990
AN 106
Sirmium
Sremska Mitrovica
Sremska Mitrovica
9 December 1948
3 December 1990
AN 107
Židovar
Vršac
Orešac
16 October 1978
3 December 1990
AN 108
Gomolava
Ruma
Hrtkovci
30 December 1950
3 December 1990
AN 109
Čibska šuma
Bačka Palanka
Čelarevo
28 November 1972
3 December 1990
AN 123
Kalvarija (Titelski plato)
Titel
Titeloutside of the town
16 February 1971
3 December 1990
AN 124
Ulpiana*
Priština
Gračanica
22 April 1955
4 June 1990
AN 140
Viminacium
Požarevac / Kostolac
Stari Kostolac
15 March 1949
7 April 1979
—
Kraku Lu Jordan
Kučevo
Brodica
—
21 July 1983
Kraku Lu Jordan was classified as an Archaeological Site of Exceptional Importance by the National Assembly, although it was never proclaimed a Cultural Heritage at the first place. Thus, it is not inscribed into the Central Register.
Historic Landmarks of Exceptional Importance
Number in the Central Register
Photo
Landmark
City/Municipality
Locationaddress
designated cultural heritage
Exceptional importance since
Comment
ZM 6
Bela Crkva Memorial Complex
Krupanj
Bela Crkva
28 April 1949
7 April 1979
Site of the Uprising in Serbia (1941) includes: former kafana building, municipal building, old school and church, with several monuments and memorials.
ZM 7
Bubanj Memorial Park
Niš / Palilula
Bubanj
30 May 1973
7 April 1979
ZM 9
Šumarice Memorial Park
Kragujevac
Kragujevac
27 December 1979
7 April 1979
ZM 12
Kraljevo Memorial Park
Kraljevo
Kraljevo
1 June 1984
21 July 1983
Site of the Kraljevo massacre
ZM 13
Čegar
Niš / Pantelej
Kamenica
7 April 1983
21 July 1983
ZM 15
Stolice site
Krupanj
KrupanjStolice
19 July 1949
7 April 1979
Building in which the Stolice conference was held.
ZM 16
Marićevića jaruga
Aranđelovac
Orašac
24 June 1983
7 April 1979
ZM 18
Memorial Complex "Boško Buha"
Prijepolje
Jabuka
30 May 1986
5 December 1987
ZM 19
"Takovski grm" Memorial Complex
Gornji Milanovac
Takovo
6 July 1990
14 April 2000
ZM 21
Radovanjski Lug
Velika Plana
Radovanje
27 May 1971
7 April 1979
ZM 26
Chapel of Peace (Site of the signing of Treaty of Karlowitz)
Sremski Karlovci
Sremski KarlovciSremska St.
23 May 1963
3 December 1990
ZM 27
Site of the Battle of Slankamen
Inđija
Stari Slankamen
27 March 1969
3 December 1990
ZM 28
Site of the Battle of Petrovaradin (Vezirac Hill Memorial)
Novi Sad / Petrovaradin
Petrovaradin
2 April 1968
3 December 1990
ZM 39
Idvor Memorial Complex
Kovačica
IdvorMihajla Pupina St. no. 39
28 July 1977
3 December 1990
Complex includes: Birthouse of Michael Pupin, School he attended, Michael Pupin Foundation building and Pupin House.
ZM 41
Memorial Complex "Syrmian Front"
Šid
Adaševci
29 December 1994
3 December 1990
ZM 42
Ljubić Memorial Complex
Čačak
Ljubić
24 February 1971
21 July 1983
ZM 60
Memorial Ossuary on Mount Cer
Loznica
Tekeriš
26 September 2001
7 April 1979
ZM 61
Birth house of Vuk Karadžić
Tršić
31 October 2002
7 April 1979
—
Site of the Battle of Senta
Senta
SentaPorong
—
3 December 1990
Site of the Battle of Senta was classified as a Historic Landmark of Exceptional Importance by the National Assembly, although it was never proclaimed a Cultural Heritage at the first place. Thus, it is not inscribed into the Central Register.
Spatial Cultural-Historical Units of Exceptional Importance
Number in the Central Register
Picture
Name
City/Municipality
Locationaddress
designated cultural heritage
Exceptional importance since
Comment
PKIC 1
Knez Mihailova Street
Belgrade / Stari Grad
BelgradeKnez Mihailova St.
6 April 1964
7 April 1979
From the Kalemegdan Park to the Obilićev Venac Street.
PKIC 7
Old Čaršija Tešnjar
Valjevo
Valjevo
5 March 1969
7 April 1979
PKIC 22
Novi Pazar Fortress with the Old Bazaar and Altun Alem Mosque Complex
Novi Pazar
Novi Pazar
7 June 1985
7 April 1979
PKIC 26
Gornja Dobrinja Complex
Požega
Gornja Dobrinja
17 October 1991
7 April 1979
The complex includes the Church of St. Peter and Paul (itself designated a Cultural Monument of Exceptional importance), the warehouse, several tombstones and Prince Miloš birthplace memorial.
PKIC 10
Štubik Wine Cellars
Negotin
Štubik
8 June 1980
21 July 1983 (as a single complex "Negotin Wine Cellars")
PKIC 14
Rajac and Rogljevo wine cellars complex
Rajac andRogljevo
23 February 1983
PKIC 16
Topčider
Belgrade / Rakovica
Belgrade / Savski venac
Belgrade
9 July 1987
5 December 1987
PKIC 18
Area around Dositej's Lyceum
Belgrade / Stari Grad
Belgrade
23 November 1989
3 December 1990
Streets: Cara Uroša, Kralja Petra, Gospodar Jevremova, Gospodar Jovanova, Kapetan Mišina, Simina, Braće Jugovića, Kneginje Ljubice, Studentski Square, Zmaja od Noćaja, Višnjićeva
PKIC 24
Stari Ras Monumental Area
Novi Pazar
Novi Pazar
24 November 1978
5 December 1987
World Heritage Site "Stari Ras and Sopoćani". Stari Ras Monumental Area includes: Ras Fortress with Suburb (Pazarište), Petrova Church, Đurđevi Stupovi Monastery and Sopoćani Monastery (all four designated as Cultural Monuments of Exceptional Importance on their own).
PKIC 47
Sremski Karlovci city core
Sremski Karlovci
Sremski Karlovci
18 July 1949
3 December 1990
PKIC 52
Bač Fortress
Bač
BačBačke tvrđave St.
30 July 1948
3 December 1990
PKIC 59
|Gazimestan Memorial Complex*
Priština
PrištinaGazimestan
10 May 1950
4 June 1990
PKIC 74
Military Technical Institute Complex
Kragujevac
KragujevacVojno-tehnički zavod, Pirotehnika
25 March 2014
12 February 2016
PKIC 84
"Staro selo" Etno Complex
Čajetina
Sirogojno
27 November 1985
21 July 1983
The Complex includes: Church Sts. Peter and Paul (itself designated a Cultural Monument of Exceptional importance), graveyard and Rural ethno-complex.
—
Fruška Gora with its monasteries and other monuments
Bačka PalankaBeočinInđijaIrigNovi SadSremska MitrovicaŠid
—
—
3 December 1990
"Fruška Gora with Monasteries and Other Monuments" was classified a Spatial Cultural-Historical Unit of Exceptional Importance by the National Assembly, although it has never been proclaimed a Cultural Heritage at the first place. Thus, it is not inscribed into the Central Register. Includes the whole Fruška Gora National Park.
Most of the monasteries are inscribed separately as Cultural monuments.
See also
Immovable Cultural Heritage of Great Importance (Serbia)
Serbian culture
Cultural Heritage of Serbia
List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance (Georgia)
References
^ a b "Immovable cultural property - IMP". Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Serbia - Belgrade. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
^ "Zakon o kulturnim dobrima: 71/1994-2425, 52/2011-10 (dr. zakon), 52/2011-16 (dr, zakon), 99/2011-3 (dr. zakon)". www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
^ a b "Stari Ras and Sopoćani". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Monastery of the Holy Archangels – FEASIBILITY STUDY" (PDF). Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Serbia. 15 February 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
^ Gaber, Rita. "After the War: The Destruction and Preservation of Sacred Sites in Kosovo". Sacred Sites International Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h Group of authors, „Spomeničko nasleđe Srbije: nepokretna kulturna dobra od izuzetnog i od velikog značaja“ (II edition), Belgrade, 2007. ISBN 978-86-80879-60-4
^ "Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (10)". www.rastko.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (18)". www.rastko.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (34)". www.rastko.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (6)". www.rastko.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (7)". www.rastko.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Svetosavlje/ Destroyed, burned and looted churches, no.39". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
^ "Споменици културе у Србији". spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "Споменици културе у Србији". spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
^ "МЕСТО БИТКЕ КОД СЕНТЕ 1697.Г." spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
^ "Регистар". spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
External links
Republican Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments (in Serbian)
List of cultural monuments in Serbia (in Serbian)
vte Immovable Cultural Heritage of Exceptional ImportanceArchaeological Sites
Vinča
Mediana
Justiniana Prima
Mramorje
Velika humka
Rudna Glava
Gamzigrad
Trajan's Bridge
Lepenski Vir
Diana/Karataš
Kraku Lu Jordan
Starčevo
Bassianae
Sirmium
Židovar
Gomolava
Čibska šuma
Kalvarija
Ulpiana
Viminacium
Cultural Monuments
St. Achillius
Dositej's Lyceum
Princess Ljubica's Residence
Belgrade Fortress
Captain Miša's Mansion
Belgrade Cathedral
Museum of 4 July
Secret Partisan Print Shop
Residence of Prince Miloš
Topčider Church
Topčider Parish House
Topčider Obelisk
Pokajnica
Golubac Fortress
Takovo complex
Manasija
Tabula Traiana
Kragujevac District Courthouse
House of Svetozar Marković
Sobrašice of Lužnice
Žiča
Studenica
Maglič
Lazarica with Kruševac Fortress
St. Nicholas Monastery
Holy Mother of God, Kuršumlija
Lazarevac Memorial Church
Mačkov Kamen complex
Despot Stefan Memorial
Hajduk Veljko's Powder Magazine
Early Byzantine Tomb
Skull Tower
Niš concentration camp
Đurđevi Stupovi
Petrova Church
Sopoćani
Stari Ras
Hristić family House
Banja Monastery
Mileševa
Partisan Hospital, Prijepolje
St. Peter and Paul's in Gornja Dobrinja
Gradac Monastery
Kalenić
Smederevo Fortress
Museum of 1941 Uprising
Partisan printing house "Borba"
Headquarters of the Main People's Liberation Committee of Serbia
Plant nursery, Užice
Partisan Hospital, Krčagovo
Kadinjača
Stari Han
Oplenac
Ljubostinja
Ravanica
House of Dimitrije Tucović
Atenica Wine cellar
Prnjavor Memorial Chapel
Wooden Church, Dub
St. Peter and Paul's in Sirogojno
Monument to the Unknown Hero
Prohor Pčinjski
Bođani Monastery
Bač Franciscan Church
Dunđerski Palace
Neštin House
Bački Petrovac House
Beočin Monastery
Rakovac Monastery
Šlajz
Bishop's palace, Vršac
Mesić Monastery
Vojinović Bridge
Medieval palace of Vučitrn
Monastery of St Barbara
Danilović House
Hadum mosque
Orthodox Church in Čurug
St. Nicholas', Stari Slankamen
Velika Remeta
Vrdnik-Ravanica
Grgeteg Monastery
Jazak Monastery
Mala Remeta
Candlemas Church, Krušedol Selo
Krušedol Monastery
Novo Hopovo
Staro Hopovo
Gorioč
Our Lady of Hvosno
St. John's, Crkolez
St. Nicholas', Đurakovac
St. Nicholas', Kikinda
Suvača
Orthodox Church in Mokrin
Churches in White Drin valley
Dobra Voda
Dolac Church
Drsnik Church
Mlečane Church
Čabić Church
Kijevo Church
Pograđe Lower Church
Pograđe Upper Church
Romanian Church in Uzdin
Holy Thetokos', Vaganeš
Ubožac (Rđavac)
Presentation of Mary, Lipljan
Arača
Almaška Church
Church of The Assumption, Novi Sad
Novo Brdo
St. Nicholas', Velika Hoča
St. John's, Velika Hoča
Vojlovica
Transfiguration Church, Pančevo
Transfiguration Church, Budisavci
Bajrakli Mosque
St. Jeremiah's, Goraždevac
Warehouses of Karlovčić
Ogar House
St. Luke's, Kupinovo
St. Nicholas', Sibač
Kaljaja
St. Peter of Koriša
Holy Salvation, Prizren
St. Nicholas', Prizren
Churches of Sredačka Župa
Holy Virgin, Sredska
St. George's, Sredska
St. Nicholas', Mušnikovo
St. Paraskevi, Mušnikovo
Bogoševce Church
Gornje Selo Church
Drajčići Church
Sinan Pasha Mosque
Hammam of Prizren
Imperial Mosque
St. John's, Sombor
Devič
Divša
Kuveždin
Petkovica Monastery
Warehouses of Golubinci
Šišatovac
Old St. Stephen's, Sremska Mitrovica
Patriarchate of Karlovci
Saint Nicholas', Sremski Karlovci
Subotica Synagogue
Subotica City Hall
Virgin Hodegetria, Mušutište
St. George's, Rečane
Catholic Church of Čoka
Orthodox Church of Vilovo
Zvečan Fortress
Sokolica
Monuments of Nerodimlje
Nerodimlje Medieval Town
Petrič Fortress
St. Uroš
Holy Archangels, Gornje Nerodimlje
Churches of Sirinićka Župa
St George's, Gornja Bitinja
St. Theodor Tyron's, Donja Bitinja
St. Nicholas', Gotovuša
St. Nicholas', Štrpce
Privina Glava
Orthodox Church of Molovin
Holy Archangels
Gračanica
Visoki Dečani
Our Lady of Ljeviš
Patriarchate of Peć
Banjska Monastery
Terzijski Bridge
Miloš Obrenović's House
Historic Landmarks
Bela Crkva
Bubanj
Šumarice
Stolice
Marićevića jaruga
Radovanjski Lug
Cer Memorial Ossuary
Vuk Karadžić's birth house
Kraljevo Memorial Park
Čegar
Ljubić
Boško Buha Memorial Complex
Chapel of Peace
Site of the Battle of Slankamen
Vezirac Hill Memorial
Idvor Memorial Complex
Site of the Battle of Senta
Syrmian Front Memorial Complex
Takovski grm
Spatial Cultural-Historical Units
Knez Mihailova Street
Tešnjar
Novi Pazar Fortress with the Old Bazaar and Altun-Alem Mosque
Gornja Dobrinja Complex
Negotin Wine Cellars
Rajac Wine Cellar
Rogljevo Wine Cellar
Štubik Wine Cellar
"Staro selo" Etno Complex
Topčider
Stari Ras area
Gazimestan
Sremski Karlovci
Bač Fortress
Dositej's Lyceum area
Fruška Gora
Military Technical Institute Complex
vteImmovable Cultural Heritage of SerbiaPer district
Belgrade
North Bačka District
Central Banat District
North Banat District
South Banat District
West Bačka District
South Bačka District
Srem District
Mačva District
Kolubara District
Podunavlje District
Braničevo District
Šumadija District
Pomoravlje District
Bor District
Zaječar District
Zlatibor District
Moravica District
Raška District
Rasina District
Nišava District
Toplica District
Pirot District
Jablanica District
Pčinja District
Kosovo District
Peć District
Prizren District
Kosovska Mitrovica District
Kosovo-Pomoravlje District
Per the level of protection
Exceptional Importance
Great Importance | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"exceptional importance for social, historical or cultural development of the people, or for the development of its natural environment;\nevidence of important historic events or persons and their work;\nunique (rare) example of human creativity of the time or a unique example from the natural history;\ngreat influence on the development of society, culture, technology, or science;\nexceptional artistic or aesthetic value.According to the Law, there are four classes of Immovable Cultural Heritage: Cultural Monuments, Archaeological Sites, Historic Landmarks and Spatial Cultural-Historical Units. Objects in each of those classes can be categorized as being \"of exceptional importance\" by the National Assembly.","title":"Immovable Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immovable_Cultural_Heritage_of_Exceptional_Importance_(Serbia)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"As of July 2020[update], there are currently 2592 objects of immovable cultural heritage inscribed in the Central Register, 200 of which are categorized as being \"of exceptional importance\" (155 cultural monuments, 18 archaeological sites, 16 historic landmarks and 11 spatial cultural-historical units).[1]","title":"List of Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cultural monuments of Exceptional Importance","title":"List of Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Archeological Sites of Exceptional Importance","title":"List of Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Historic Landmarks of Exceptional Importance","title":"List of Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spatial Cultural-Historical Units of Exceptional Importance","title":"List of Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance"}] | [] | [{"title":"Immovable Cultural Heritage of Great Importance (Serbia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immovable_Cultural_Heritage_of_Great_Importance_(Serbia)"},{"title":"Serbian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_culture"},{"title":"Cultural Heritage of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Heritage_of_Serbia"},{"title":"List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Monuments_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"title":"Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immovable_Cultural_Monuments_of_National_Significance"}] | [{"reference":"\"Immovable cultural property - IMP\". Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Serbia - Belgrade. Retrieved 20 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heritage.gov.rs/english/nepokretna_kulturna_dobra.php","url_text":"\"Immovable cultural property - IMP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zakon o kulturnim dobrima: 71/1994-2425, 52/2011-10 (dr. zakon), 52/2011-16 (dr, zakon), 99/2011-3 (dr. zakon)\". www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs. Retrieved 20 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pravno-informacioni-sistem.rs/SlGlasnikPortal/eli/rep/sgrs/skupstina/zakon/1994/71/1/reg","url_text":"\"Zakon o kulturnim dobrima: 71/1994-2425, 52/2011-10 (dr. zakon), 52/2011-16 (dr, zakon), 99/2011-3 (dr. zakon)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stari Ras and Sopoćani\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/96/","url_text":"\"Stari Ras and Sopoćani\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monastery of the Holy Archangels – FEASIBILITY STUDY\" (PDF). Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Serbia. 15 February 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/Regional/SEE/IRPPSAAH/FS/FS_KosovoUNMIK_MonasteryHolyArchangels_Prizren_APP.pdf","url_text":"\"Monastery of the Holy Archangels – FEASIBILITY STUDY\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090215201556/http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/Regional/SEE/IRPPSAAH/FS/FS_KosovoUNMIK_MonasteryHolyArchangels_Prizren_APP.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gaber, Rita. \"After the War: The Destruction and Preservation of Sacred Sites in Kosovo\". Sacred Sites International Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://sacred-sites.org/preservation/kosovo.html","url_text":"\"After the War: The Destruction and Preservation of Sacred Sites in Kosovo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130407103640/http://sacred-sites.org/preservation/kosovo.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (10)\". www.rastko.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/crucified/churches/ch10.html","url_text":"\"Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (10)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (18)\". www.rastko.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/crucified/churches/ch18.html","url_text":"\"Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (18)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (34)\". www.rastko.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/crucified/churches/ch34.html","url_text":"\"Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (34)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (6)\". www.rastko.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/crucified/churches/ch06.html","url_text":"\"Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (6)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (7)\". www.rastko.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/crucified/churches/ch07.html","url_text":"\"Crucified Kosovo: Destroyed and Desecrated Sanctuaries (7)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Svetosavlje/ Destroyed, burned and looted churches, no.39\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132020/http://www.svetosavlje.org/biblioteka/Zitija/OdKosovaDoJadovna/OdKosovaDoJadovna28.htm","url_text":"\"Svetosavlje/ Destroyed, burned and looted churches, no.39\""},{"url":"http://www.svetosavlje.org/biblioteka/Zitija/OdKosovaDoJadovna/OdKosovaDoJadovna28.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Споменици културе у Србији\". spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs/spomenik.php?id=458","url_text":"\"Споменици културе у Србији\""}]},{"reference":"\"Споменици културе у Србији\". spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs. Retrieved 21 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs/spomenik.php?id=576","url_text":"\"Споменици културе у Србији\""}]},{"reference":"\"МЕСТО БИТКЕ КОД СЕНТЕ 1697.Г.\" spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs. Retrieved 21 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs/spomenik.php?id=701","url_text":"\"МЕСТО БИТКЕ КОД СЕНТЕ 1697.Г.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Регистар\". spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs. Retrieved 21 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs/list.php?vrsta=4","url_text":"\"Регистар\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immovable_Cultural_Heritage_of_Exceptional_Importance_(Serbia)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://nasledje.gov.rs/index.cfm/spomenici/pregled_spomenika?spomenik_id=45805","external_links_name":"SK 1"},{"Link":"https://nasledje.gov.rs/index.cfm/spomenici/pregled_spomenika?spomenik_id=43531","external_links_name":"SK 2"},{"Link":"https://nasledje.gov.rs/index.cfm/spomenici/pregled_spomenika?spomenik_id=46024","external_links_name":"SK 3"},{"Link":"https://nasledje.gov.rs/index.cfm/spomenici/pregled_spomenika?spomenik_id=43532","external_links_name":"SK 5"},{"Link":"https://nasledje.gov.rs/index.cfm/spomenici/pregled_spomenika?spomenik_id=46031","external_links_name":"SK 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_Came_Back | My Love Came Back | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Screenplay","3.2 Soundtrack","4 Critical response","5 References","6 External links"] | 1940 American filmMy Love Came BackTheatrical release posterDirected byCurtis BernhardtScreenplay by
Ivan Goff
Robert Buckner
Earl Baldwin
Based onEpisode1935 filmby Walter ReischProduced byHal B. WallisStarring
Olivia de Havilland
Jeffrey Lynn
CinematographyCharles RosherEdited byRudi FehrMusic byHeinz Eric RoemheldProductioncompanyWarner Bros. PicturesDistributed byWarner Bros. PicturesRelease date
July 13, 1940 (1940-07-13) (United States)
Running time85 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
My Love Came Back is a 1940 American comedy-drama film directed by Curtis Bernhardt and starring Olivia de Havilland, Jeffrey Lynn, Eddie Albert, and Jane Wyman. Based on the 1935 Austrian film Episode written and directed by Walter Reisch, the film is about a gifted young violinist who considers leaving a prestigious music academy to play in a jazz band to earn money. The academy's new president—a distinguished wealthy patron of the arts—convinces her to stay after secretly arranging a scholarship for her out of his own pocket, and the two begin attending concerts together. Complications arise when he asks his young business manager to take his place at one of the concerts. The film is notable for Heinz Eric Roemheld's musical direction and Ray Heindorf's unique swing orchestral arrangements of classical pieces. My Love Came Back was released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on July 13, 1940.
Plot
A beautiful young violinist named Amelia Cornell is a student at the prestigious Brissac Academy of Music in New York City. Unable to support her mother on her meager scholarship stipend, she is forced to provide music lessons in her spare time—something strictly forbidden by the school and enforced zealously by the dean of the school, Dr. Kobbe. Frustrated by her financial constraints and at being treated like a child by the dean, Amelia decides to leave the academy and join a jazz group led by her fellow student and swing bandleader Dusty Rhodes.
Meanwhile, after seeing Amelia perform at a concert, a distinguished wealthy patron of the arts, Julius Malette, finally accepts the academy's offer to make him president of the school—an offer inspired by Julius' wealth and influence. When he learns that Amelia is planning to leave the academy for financial reasons, Julius—who has a crush on the much younger violinist—secretly arranges for a second scholarship that will allow her to continue her studies. After Amelia meets her patron, the kind and gentlemanly president sends her a phonograph player and records, and escorts her to concerts to broaden her musical experience.
One evening, Julius is unable to attend a concert with Amelia and sends his young business manager, Tony Baldwin, to the concert hall to explain his absence. In the coming days, Tony and Amelia begin to fall in love, but Tony does not reveal his feelings, believing that Amelia is his boss's mistress.
The budding relationship between Tony and Amelia is further complicated when Julius' brash son Paul discovers that Tony has been mailing company checks to Amelia, unaware that these "scholarship" checks were mailed at his father's request. When Paul accuses Tony of misappropriating company funds, Tony protects his boss with his silence. Later, Paul sees his Julius entering Amelia's apartment, he believes that his father is being unfaithful to his mother. He apologizes to Tony and thanks him for trying to shield his family from the sordid news. When Paul tells Tony that Julius is with Amelia, Tony decides not to see Amelia again, nor answer her calls. His distrust is reinforced when he learns that the checks sent to Amelia have been cashed—he doesn't know that her friend Dusty "borrowed" the money.
Soon after, Julius and his wife organize a party and hire Amelia's roommate, Joy O'Keefe, and her boyfriend, Dusty Rhodes, to provide an evening of innovative classical and swing music. At the party, Amelia confesses everything to Mrs. Malette, and then plays swing violin with the band, shocking Julius and her teacher. The music critic at the party, however, is impressed, which gives her new style legitimacy. When Amelia learns that Dusty "borrowed" her check, and how that must have looked to Tony, she demands that Dusty explain to Tony what had been going on. Afterwards, Tony approaches Amelia in the garden, apologizes for his suspicions, and kisses her passionately.
Cast
Olivia de Havilland as Amelia Cornell
Jeffrey Lynn as Anthony 'Tony' Baldwin
Eddie Albert as Dusty Rhodes
Jane Wyman as Joy O'Keefe
Charles Winninger as Julius Malette
Spring Byington as Mrs. Clara Malette
Grant Mitchell as Dr. Kobbe
William T. Orr as Paul Malette
Ann Gillis as Valerie Malette
S. Z. Sakall as Geza Peyer
Charles Trowbridge as Dr. Downey, the music critic
Mabel Taliaferro as Dowager
William B. Davidson as Music Agent
Nanette Vallon as Sophie, Malette's maid
Sidney Bracey as Ransom, Malette's butler
Production
Screenplay
My Love Came Back is based on the Austrian film Episode, which was directed by Walter Reisch and starred Paula Wessely and Karl Ludwig Diehl. Episode was in fact a sequel to another Austrian film, Maskerade—which was remade by MGM in 1935 under the title Escapade. The working titles for My Love Came Back were Episode, Men on Her Mind, and Two Loves Have I.
Soundtrack
"Overture" from Orpheus in the Underworld (Jacques Offenbach) performed by the student orchestra
"Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 in C Sharp Minor" (Franz Liszt) played on a record, swing version performed by Dusty (piano) and Amelia (violin)
"Long, Long Ago" (Thomas Haynes Bayley) played when Julius tells Clara he has to go out
"Wedding March" from A Midsummer Night's Dream, Op. 61 (Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy) played on piano by Valerie and Paul
"An der schönen, blauen Donau (On the Beautiful Blue Danube), Op. 314" (Johann Strauß) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom, played by Clara (harp), Julius (bass violin), and Valerie and Paul (piano)
"Pizzicato Polka" (Johann Strauß and Josef Strauß) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom
"Geschichten aus dem Wienerwald (Tales from the Vienna Woods), Op. 325" (Johann Strauß) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom
"Mazurka in G" (Henryk Wieniawski) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom
"Romantic Waltz" (Joseph Lanner) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom
"Ein Herz, ein Sinn (One Heart, One Mind), Op. 323" (Johann Strauß) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom
"Wein, weib und Gesang (Wine, Women and Song), Op. 333" (Johann Strauß) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom
"Nocturne No. 10 in A Flat, Op. 32 No. 2" (Frédéric Chopin) swing version played at the party
"Violin Concerto in E Minor, Op. 64" (Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy) played at the party by Amelia (violin), swing version played by Dusty and his band
"Neapolitan Nights" (J.S. Zamecnik) played on the accordion during the first restaurant scene
"The Rose in Her Hair" (Harry Warren) played on the accordion during the second restaurant scene
Critical response
In his review for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther gave the film a positive review, calling it "a featherlight frolic, a rollicking roundelay of deliciously pointed nonsense". Crowther praised Kurt Bernhardt for his directing the film "in a spirit of pure delight", and Ivan Goff, Robert Buckner, and Earl Baldwin for their effervescent writing. Crowther also praised the cast for their "gayly scampering performance", noting:
As the compromised young heroine of the show, Miss De Havilland plays the part with pace and wit. Mr. Lynn is briskly present, Eddie Albert is practically perfect as the young zany of swing who intermittently thinks of suicide. The rest of the cast is in excellent order. But as the elderly gentleman who feels his youth coming back Mr. Winninger almost steals the show. He's an innocent at heart, even in a naughty escapade.
Crowther concluded that the film was as "refreshing as a gin fizz on a hot day".
In the New Masses review, published on July 30, 1940, the reviewer wrote that the film takes the "comedy of mistaken intentions" genre and returns some of the "freshness and spontaneity" of the original idea. The review continues:
Under Kurt Bernhardt's direction the fable gets off to a slow start, gradually picks up momentum and humorous incident as it moves along. Most of the credit for the humor should go to Charles Winninger's effective handling of the old man Malette. He's a genuine comic ... neither overplays nor overmugs.
References
^ Hal Erickson (2007). "My Love Came Back (1940)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^ a b "My Love Came Back". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
^ a b c d e f Crowther, Bosley (July 13, 1940). "'My Love Came Back' at Strand". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
^ a b Bessie, Alvah (July 30, 1940). "My Love Came Back". New Masses: 23.
External links
My Love Came Back at IMDb
My Love Came Back at the TCM Movie Database
My Love Came Back at AllMovie
My Love Came Back at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
vteFilms directed by Curtis Bernhardt
Nameless Heroes (1925)
Orphan of Lowood (1926)
Torments of the Night (1926)
Children's Souls Accuse You (1927)
The Girl with the Five Zeros (1927)
The Prince of Rogues (1928)
The Last Fort (1929)
The Woman One Longs For (1929)
The Last Company (1930)
The Man Who Murdered (1931)
The Rebel (1932)
The Tunnel (1933)
The Tunnel (1933)
Gold in the Street (1934)
The Beloved Vagabond (1936)
Crossroads (1938)
Night in December (1940)
My Love Came Back (1940)
Lady with Red Hair (1940)
Million Dollar Baby (1941)
Juke Girl (1942)
Happy Go Lucky (1943)
Conflict (1945)
My Reputation (1946)
Devotion (1946)
A Stolen Life (1946)
Possessed (1947)
High Wall (1947)
The Doctor and the Girl (1949)
Payment on Demand (1951)
Sirocco (1951)
The Blue Veil (1951)
The Merry Widow (1952)
Miss Sadie Thompson (1953)
Beau Brummell (1954)
Interrupted Melody (1955)
Gaby (1956)
Stefanie in Rio (1960)
Damon and Pythias (1962)
Kisses for My President (1964) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy-drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Curtis Bernhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Bernhardt"},{"link_name":"Olivia de Havilland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_de_Havilland"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Eddie Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Albert"},{"link_name":"Jane Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Wyman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-1"},{"link_name":"Episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episode_(film)"},{"link_name":"Walter Reisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reisch"},{"link_name":"Heinz Eric Roemheld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Eric_Roemheld"},{"link_name":"swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(jazz_performance_style)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. 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My Love Came Back was released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on July 13, 1940.[2]","title":"My Love Came Back"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A beautiful young violinist named Amelia Cornell is a student at the prestigious Brissac Academy of Music in New York City. Unable to support her mother on her meager scholarship stipend, she is forced to provide music lessons in her spare time—something strictly forbidden by the school and enforced zealously by the dean of the school, Dr. Kobbe. Frustrated by her financial constraints and at being treated like a child by the dean, Amelia decides to leave the academy and join a jazz group led by her fellow student and swing bandleader Dusty Rhodes.Meanwhile, after seeing Amelia perform at a concert, a distinguished wealthy patron of the arts, Julius Malette, finally accepts the academy's offer to make him president of the school—an offer inspired by Julius' wealth and influence. When he learns that Amelia is planning to leave the academy for financial reasons, Julius—who has a crush on the much younger violinist—secretly arranges for a second scholarship that will allow her to continue her studies. After Amelia meets her patron, the kind and gentlemanly president sends her a phonograph player and records, and escorts her to concerts to broaden her musical experience.One evening, Julius is unable to attend a concert with Amelia and sends his young business manager, Tony Baldwin, to the concert hall to explain his absence. In the coming days, Tony and Amelia begin to fall in love, but Tony does not reveal his feelings, believing that Amelia is his boss's mistress.The budding relationship between Tony and Amelia is further complicated when Julius' brash son Paul discovers that Tony has been mailing company checks to Amelia, unaware that these \"scholarship\" checks were mailed at his father's request. When Paul accuses Tony of misappropriating company funds, Tony protects his boss with his silence. Later, Paul sees his Julius entering Amelia's apartment, he believes that his father is being unfaithful to his mother. He apologizes to Tony and thanks him for trying to shield his family from the sordid news. When Paul tells Tony that Julius is with Amelia, Tony decides not to see Amelia again, nor answer her calls. His distrust is reinforced when he learns that the checks sent to Amelia have been cashed—he doesn't know that her friend Dusty \"borrowed\" the money.Soon after, Julius and his wife organize a party and hire Amelia's roommate, Joy O'Keefe, and her boyfriend, Dusty Rhodes, to provide an evening of innovative classical and swing music. At the party, Amelia confesses everything to Mrs. Malette, and then plays swing violin with the band, shocking Julius and her teacher. The music critic at the party, however, is impressed, which gives her new style legitimacy. 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Sakall as Geza Peyer\nCharles Trowbridge as Dr. Downey, the music critic\nMabel Taliaferro as Dowager\nWilliam B. Davidson as Music Agent\nNanette Vallon as Sophie, Malette's maid\nSidney Bracey as Ransom, Malette's butler","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episode_(film)"},{"link_name":"Walter Reisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reisch"},{"link_name":"Paula Wessely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Wessely"},{"link_name":"Karl Ludwig Diehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Diehl"},{"link_name":"Maskerade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskerade_(film)"},{"link_name":"Escapade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapade_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcm-2"}],"sub_title":"Screenplay","text":"My Love Came Back is based on the Austrian film Episode, which was directed by Walter Reisch and starred Paula Wessely and Karl Ludwig Diehl. Episode was in fact a sequel to another Austrian film, Maskerade—which was remade by MGM in 1935 under the title Escapade. The working titles for My Love Came Back were Episode, Men on Her Mind, and Two Loves Have I.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Soundtrack","text":"\"Overture\" from Orpheus in the Underworld (Jacques Offenbach) performed by the student orchestra\n\"Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 in C Sharp Minor\" (Franz Liszt) played on a record, swing version performed by Dusty (piano) and Amelia (violin)\n\"Long, Long Ago\" (Thomas Haynes Bayley) played when Julius tells Clara he has to go out\n\"Wedding March\" from A Midsummer Night's Dream, Op. 61 (Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy) played on piano by Valerie and Paul\n\"An der schönen, blauen Donau (On the Beautiful Blue Danube), Op. 314\" (Johann Strauß) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom, played by Clara (harp), Julius (bass violin), and Valerie and Paul (piano)\n\"Pizzicato Polka\" (Johann Strauß and Josef Strauß) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom\n\"Geschichten aus dem Wienerwald (Tales from the Vienna Woods), Op. 325\" (Johann Strauß) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom\n\"Mazurka in G\" (Henryk Wieniawski) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom\n\"Romantic Waltz\" (Joseph Lanner) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom\n\"Ein Herz, ein Sinn (One Heart, One Mind), Op. 323\" (Johann Strauß) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom\n\"Wein, weib und Gesang (Wine, Women and Song), Op. 333\" (Johann Strauß) played at the Beaux Arts Ballroom\n\"Nocturne No. 10 in A Flat, Op. 32 No. 2\" (Frédéric Chopin) swing version played at the party\n\"Violin Concerto in E Minor, Op. 64\" (Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy) played at the party by Amelia (violin), swing version played by Dusty and his band\n\"Neapolitan Nights\" (J.S. Zamecnik) played on the accordion during the first restaurant scene\n\"The Rose in Her Hair\" (Harry Warren) played on the accordion during the second restaurant scene","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-review-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-review-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-review-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-review-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-review-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-review-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nm-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nm-4"}],"text":"In his review for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther gave the film a positive review, calling it \"a featherlight frolic, a rollicking roundelay of deliciously pointed nonsense\".[3] Crowther praised Kurt Bernhardt for his directing the film \"in a spirit of pure delight\",[3] and Ivan Goff, Robert Buckner, and Earl Baldwin for their effervescent writing.[3] Crowther also praised the cast for their \"gayly scampering performance\",[3] noting:As the compromised young heroine of the show, Miss De Havilland plays the part with pace and wit. Mr. Lynn is briskly present, Eddie Albert is practically perfect as the young zany of swing who intermittently thinks of suicide. The rest of the cast is in excellent order. But as the elderly gentleman who feels his youth coming back Mr. Winninger almost steals the show. He's an innocent at heart, even in a naughty escapade.[3]Crowther concluded that the film was as \"refreshing as a gin fizz on a hot day\".[3]In the New Masses review, published on July 30, 1940, the reviewer wrote that the film takes the \"comedy of mistaken intentions\" genre and returns some of the \"freshness and spontaneity\" of the original idea.[4] The review continues:Under Kurt Bernhardt's direction the fable gets off to a slow start, gradually picks up momentum and humorous incident as it moves along. Most of the credit for the humor should go to Charles Winninger's effective handling of the old man Malette. He's a genuine comic ... neither overplays nor overmugs.[4]","title":"Critical response"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hal Erickson (2007). \"My Love Came Back (1940)\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved February 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Erickson_(author)","url_text":"Hal Erickson"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071123173708/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/103364/My-Love-Came-Back/overview","url_text":"\"My Love Came Back (1940)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/103364/My-Love-Came-Back/overview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"My Love Came Back\". Turner Classic Movies. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Light_That_Has_Lighted_the_World | The Light That Has Lighted the World | ["1 Background and composition","2 Recording","3 Release and reception","4 Retrospective appraisal","5 Other versions","6 Personnel","7 References","8 Sources"] | 1973 song by George Harrison"The Light That Has Lighted the World"Song by George Harrisonfrom the album Living in the Material World PublishedMaterial World Charitable Foundation (administered by Harrisongs)Released30 May 1973GenreFolk rockLength3:31LabelAppleSongwriter(s)George HarrisonProducer(s)George Harrison
"The Light That Has Lighted the World" is a song by English musician George Harrison released on his 1973 album Living in the Material World. It is viewed as a statement on Harrison's discomfort with the attention afforded him as an ex-Beatle and features a prominent contribution from English session pianist Nicky Hopkins, along with a highly regarded slide guitar solo from Harrison. Around the time it was recorded, in late 1972, "The Light That Has Lighted the World" was rumoured to be the title track of the forthcoming album. Harrison originally intended it as a song for English singer Cilla Black, whose version of his 1970 composition "When Every Song Is Sung" he produced before starting work on Living in the Material World.
An early acoustic demo of the song, a solo performance by Harrison, appeared as the closing track on the 2012 compilation Early Takes: Volume 1.
Background and composition
In early August 1972, in between overseeing the UK release of Saul Swimmer's Concert for Bangladesh documentary and heading up to Liverpool to catch Ravi Shankar's recital at the Philharmonic Hall, George Harrison tried recording "When Every Song Is Sung", a ballad from the All Things Must Pass era, as a single for Cilla Black. Although the project was not completed, just like Harrison's attempt to record the same song with Ronnie Spector the year before, he later decided to write a B-side for her, which would become "The Light That Has Lighted the World". In his autobiography, I, Me, Mine, Harrison explains that the lyrics dealt with the "Local boy/girl makes good" phenomenon, where the public initially supports someone who achieves success yet are then disapproving if fame or success changes that person. Both he and Black were from Liverpool and had become famous quickly, after which many people considered their personalities had changed – a common link that Harrison thought of basing the intended B-side around. After he had come up with the opening two lines, however, the theme soon evolved into something more personal.
At the 27 July 1971 press conference preceding the Bangladesh concerts, Harrison had admitted he was "flattered" and "honour" to be receiving the same attention and acclaim once reserved for the Beatles. A year later, though, his words to "The Light That Has Lighted the World" were a plea for freedom from public scrutiny regarding his Beatle past, musical biographer Simon Leng writes, to allow him to "pursue his spiritual quest" unencumbered by the weight of others' expectations.
I've heard how some people have said that I've changed That I'm not what I was, how it really is a shame The thoughts in their heads manifest on their brow Like bad scars from ill feeling they themselves arouse.
This negative scrutiny Harrison found "hateful to anyone that is happy or 'free' ", the lyrics continue, while he targets its purveyors as living "their lives without looking to see / The light that has lighted the world."
Harrison argues in I Me Mine that things can never stay the same – "the whole of life is a change: from the morning to the evening, from spring to winter ... from birth to death ..." This viewpoint is reflected in the song's second verse, where he bemoans those who make a point of resisting change, "As if nature itself, they'd prefer rearranged", because for them, "there's so little chance to experience soul". The song ends more optimistically, with his declaration:
I'm grateful to anyone that is happy or "free" For giving me hope while I'm looking to see The light that has lighted the world.
Instead of giving the track to Cilla Black, Harrison used it for his own album, Living in the Material World, recording for which began in October 1972.
While analysing the song's lyrics, Leng opines that, like "Who Can See It", "The Light That Has Lighted the World" betrays Harrison's tendency towards "internalization of world events", and the fact that he wrote these words while still in his twenties is a "testament to the sheer psychological pressure" of the Beatles experience and superstardom generally. At its core, Leng suggests, the song is asking: "What right do you have to inspect me, just because I made a few records?"
"He didn't like celebrity," Elton John observed of Harrison in a 2002 Rolling Stone Press tribute book. "I think he'd had enough by 1970 to last three lifetimes ... He found something worth more than fame, more than fortune, more than anything." In her introductory piece to the same publication, written two months after his death, Olivia Harrison quoted from the words to "The Light That Has Lighted the World" as an example of her late husband providing the "live background music to our lives": "If I played three chords on the uke (compulsory instrument in our home), he would be my band. George was so generous and 'grateful to anyone that is happy or free.' A good moment to him was always worth making better."
Recording
Pianist Nicky Hopkins (pictured in 1973), whose playing features prominently on "The Light That Has Lighted the World" and other songs from Material World
In a December 1971 interview for Disc and Music Echo, Nicky Hopkins – "the world's best-known anonymous pianist", as that magazine termed him – had talked of his plans to start work on his own solo album early the following year. "I'll probably be doing it with George Harrison," he said. "I'd really like to do that because, with George, I feel a very close thing ... We just seem to understand each other on a personal level so well." Like Harrison's long-awaited follow-up to All Things Must Pass, the Hopkins solo project was delayed by other commitments until the autumn of 1972, but the mutual understanding that Hopkins referred to was much in evidence on Living in the Material World; Leng describes the English keyboard player's contributions as "the most prominent instrumental voice" on the album aside from Harrison's distinctive slide guitar.
On "The Light That Has Lighted the World", the recording is underpinned by Gary Wright's stately harmonium and Harrison's acoustic rhythm guitars, and is dominated by Hopkins' piano. The instrumental section, in between the two verses, featuring first Hopkins and then Harrison, has received much positive comment. The track's solemn tempo has been likened to that for "Tears of Rage" and "I Shall Be Released" by the Band. An alternative studio version of the song, an outtake from the October–December 1972 album sessions, appears on the Living in the Alternate World bootleg. Featuring a more prominent and melodic harmonium part from Wright, and devoid of Harrison's overdubbed second and third acoustic-guitar parts and his electric slide guitar, this version of "The Light That Has Lighted the World" ends with an attractive vocal falsetto in place of the official release's bottleneck flourish.
Release and reception
"The Light That Has Lighted the World" was issued in mid 1973 as the third track on Living in the Material World and is the first of a trio of slow-paced songs throughout the album that covers Harrison's preoccupation with breaking free from the past and others' perceptions (the second and third being "Who Can See It" and "Be Here Now"). Some months before this, the working title of the album was said to be The Light That Has Lighted the World. According to author Keith Badman, it was only in January 1973 that the name was changed to Living in the Material World. As with eight other tracks on the album and the 1973 B-side "Miss O'Dell", Harrison donated his publishing royalties and the copyright for "The Light That Has Lighted the World" to his Material World Charitable Foundation.
On release, the song was viewed as possessing both of the traits that a some reviewers disliked about its parent album: too slow in tempo, and with lyrics "too smug for rock 'n' roll". Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone described it as "an oblique defense against public criticism and expectations of a Beatle reunion" and, the "sustained" instrumental break aside, "pretty leaden stuff" due to the funereal pace. NME critic Bob Woffinden found the music "exceptionally fine" and opined that the song "could rank with his best compositions". The problem, in Woffinden's opinion, was that, with the advent of glam rock in the UK while Harrison delayed following up on his 1970–71 solo success, "half the record-buying public" were more likely to view the song title as a reference to Gary Glitter.
Writing in Melody Maker, Michael Watts described the album as "Harrison's personal statement", documenting his journey towards "a spiritual goal which for the first time he has been able to define". Amid the "large autobiographical insights" offered in Harrison's new compositions, Watts wrote of "The Light That Has Lighted the World"'s role in the song cycle: "Until finally he climbed over the rocky patches and found his own Shangri-La, becoming transformed in the process."
Retrospective appraisal
Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002, Greg Kot referred to the song's "condescending autobiographical vein", which he found echoed in Harrison's 1974 riposte to his detractors, "Dark Horse". To Bruce Eder of AllMusic, "The Light That Has Lighted the World" is one of the tracks on Material World that suffers from seeming "weighed down with their own sense of purpose, in ways that All Things Must Pass mostly (but not entirely) avoided". Similarly unimpressed, Eight Arms to Hold You authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter write: "One would think that the 'light' might have given George a bit more happiness to reflect upon, but hey, the slide work's great!" The outtake available on the Alternate World bootleg, they add, was "believe it or not, even more lugubrious that the commercial version".
Beatles biographer Alan Clayson also compliments Harrison's slide-guitar work, writing of his "controlled grace" while "shining up the octaves" during the solo. Another biographer, Elliot Huntley, approves of the "grandiloquent ballad tone" of this and other songs on the album, and admires the "tasteful" rhythm section on "The Light That Has Lighted the World" and Harrison's "jangling" acoustic guitars. Having interviewed Harrison for Guitar World magazine in 1987, Rip Rense has likened the guitar solo to that on the Beatles' "Fixing a Hole", as examples of how Harrison's solos display "structure, syntax, and development" over "pyrotechnic flourishes". Rense adds: "These are thoughtful and original, deceptively simple sounding, invested with feeling." Writing for Goldmine in January 2002, Dave Thompson rated "The Light That Has Lighted the World" an "unquestioned highlight" and "a song hallmarked by distinct echoes of Lennon's Imagine".
In his review of the 2006 reissue of Living in the Material World, for Q magazine, Tom Doyle included the song among the album's best three tracks and wrote: "the introspective moods of The Light That Has Lighted The World and Who Can See It, with their ornate instrumentation and weepy vocals, are lovely things." Reviewing the 2014 Apple Years Harrison reissues, in Mojo, Doyle writes of Material World having "spotlit the spirituality and the dreaminess", through "the gentle, non-preachy The Light That Has Lighted The World and Be Here Now, both great works of look-around-you wonder". In his review for Record Collector, Oregano Rathbone highlights the song among Harrison's output over 1973–75, writing: "Living In The Material World, Dark Horse and Extra Texture may tend towards earnest, careworn, mid-tempo slow-burners, but each contains shivery moments of release: The Light That Has Lighted The World, Far East Man and This Guitar (Can't Keep From Crying) spring to mind."
New Zealand Herald journalist Graham Reid writes of Harrison having been "emotionally isolated" during the Material World era, and adds: " gloss of his position as a revered former Beatle/Bangladesh patron and spiritual guide was starting to tarnish him ... He was sounding ungracious and irritable, but wrapping the message up in melodically interesting songs." Reid cites "The Light That Has Lighted the World" as a track where Harrison "nailed it", and an example of how "this album can be very moving." Writing for the music website No Ripcord, Matt Bevington describes the composition as "perhaps his most revealing lyrical work and exemplary of his ability to convey with both charming humour and coarse honesty". Bevington adds: "it reads like a precious sermon ..."
Simon Leng considers the song "alarmingly direct" lyrically, and melodically strong, but, in the wider context of Harrison's career during the first half of the 1970s, he detects a "scalded-cat reaction" that would encourage critics to pounce on his next release, Dark Horse. Leng draws parallels with Joni Mitchell's "Ludwig's Song" and "Shadows and Light" – two tracks dealing with criticism and harsh judgement that duly attracted more of the same. Like Clayson and Holden, Leng views the mid-song soloing on "The Light That Has Lighted the World" as a highlight: "a rolling, lilting passage from Nicky Hopkins, topped by one of Harrison's finest performances," he writes. "In the closing bars of the statement, repeated as the song's coda, the guitar vocalizes a series of six-string sobs. George finally made his guitar gently weep." While echoing Leng's sentiments, Guitar World editor Damian Fanelli includes the slide soloing on his list of Harrison's best post-Beatles "Guitar Moments".
Unlike Leng, Ian Inglis views the lyrics as Harrison " the temptation to criticize", since instead the unenlightened "have his sympathy". To Inglis, the song's weakness is that the "light" Harrison is striving to see is never made clear; whether it's love, spiritual enlightenment, or even the Beatles, "who, after all, have illuminated the world for many millions of people". The meaning is clear to theologian Dale Allison, who sums up "The Light That Has Lighted the World" as an "achingly beautiful" song that "expresses resentment toward those who dislike the ex-Beatle George but thanksgiving for those who reflect the light of God".
Other versions
In Martin Scorsese's 2011 documentary George Harrison: Living in the Material World, the song is played over footage of the April 1970 announcement of the Beatles' break-up, following a clip of Harrison and Paul McCartney signing the "Beatles Agreement" legal papers in December 1974. A solo demo of "The Light That Has Lighted the World" (featuring Harrison on 12-string acoustic guitar) was included with the movie's deluxe-edition release on DVD, in November 2011. Six months later, this version was issued on the Early Takes: Volume 1 compilation.
In an interview with MusicRadar, compilation producer Giles Martin said that the unpolished aspect of Harrison's performance made him uncertain at first about whether to include the song on Early Takes. Martin continued: "It sounds like he's playing it to just one person late one evening, which is very George ... It's a little bit special; it shows how George could make something simple sound very spiritual, almost dreamy in a way ... I think this works beautifully as a closer." Graham Reid has described the Early Takes version as, variously, a "superb demo" and "a revelation". In his review for No Ripcord, Bevington writes: "in such a graceful recording there is a profound message which cuts even deeper to something quite obviously understood, yet most never will."
"The Light That Has Lighted the World" was covered by Japanese band Grapevine, featuring guest vocalist Maika Shiratori (daughter of Emiko Shiratori), on the Gentle Guitar Dreams Harrison tribute album, released in May 2002.
Personnel
George Harrison – lead vocals, acoustic guitars, slide guitar, backing vocals
Nicky Hopkins – piano
Gary Wright – harmonium
Klaus Voormann – bass guitar
Jim Keltner – drums
References
^ Badman, pp. 79, 80.
^ a b Clayson, p. 332.
^ "'I'll Still Love You (When Every Song Is Sung)' – a 'lost' song penned for Cilla by George Harrison receives May 2003 release" Archived 21 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, CillaBlack.com, 1 April 2003 (retrieved 13 March 2012).
^ Madinger & Easter, pp. 434, 440.
^ a b c d e Harrison, p. 268.
^ Kevin Howlett, booklet accompanying Living in the Material World reissue (EMI Records, 2006; produced by Dhani & Olivia Harrison).
^ a b c d e Inglis, p. 39.
^ a b c Spizer, p. 254.
^ Badman, p. 43.
^ The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited with George Harrison and Friends DVD, Apple Corps, 2005 (directed by Claire Ferguson; produced by Olivia Harrison, Jonathan Clyde & Jo Human).
^ Pieper, p. 26.
^ a b c d e f Leng, p. 128.
^ Leng, pp. 127–28, 129–30.
^ The Editors of Rolling Stone, pp. 232–33.
^ Olivia Harrison, "A Few Words About George", in The Editors of Rolling Stone, p. 11.
^ a b Andrew Tyler, "Nicky Hopkins", Disc and Music Echo, 4 December 1971; available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required; retrieved 21 July 2012).
^ Leng, p. 125.
^ Huntley, p. 91.
^ a b Clayson, p. 323.
^ a b Stephen Holden, "George Harrison, Living in the Material World" Archived 3 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Rolling Stone, 19 July 1973 (retrieved 13 March 2012).
^ "George Harrison – Living In The Alternate World (CD)", Discogs (retrieved 21 July 2012).
^ a b c Madinger & Easter, p. 440.
^ Castleman & Podrazik, p. 125.
^ Leng, pp. 130. 137.
^ Badman, p. 83.
^ Allison, p. 149.
^ Badman, p. 89.
^ Schaffner, p. 160.
^ Harrison, p. 385.
^ Book accompanying Collaborations box set by Ravi Shankar and George Harrison (Dark Horse Records, 2010; produced by Olivia Harrison; package design by Drew Lorimer & Olivia Harrison), p. 32.
^ Madinger & Easter, p. 438.
^ Lavezzoli, p. 195.
^ Woffinden, p. 71.
^ Woffinden, p. 72.
^ a b Michael Watts, "The New Harrison Album", Melody Maker, 9 June 1973, p. 3.
^ The Editors of Rolling Stone, p. 188.
^ Bruce Eder, "George Harrison Living in the Material World", AllMusic (retrieved 19 April 2012).
^ Huntley, pp. 91, 92–93.
^ Rip Rense, "There Went the Sun: Reflection on the Passing of George Harrison", Beatlefan, 29 January 2002 (retrieved 14 December 2014).
^ Dave Thompson, "The Music of George Harrison: An album-by-album guide", Goldmine, 25 January 2002, p. 17.
^ Tom Doyle, "George Harrison Living in the Material World", Q, November 2006, p. 156.
^ Tom Doyle, "Hari Styles: George Harrison The Apple Years 1968–1975", Mojo, November 2014, p. 109.
^ Oregano Rathbone, "George Harrison – The Apple Years 1968–75", Record Collector, December 2014 (retrieved 4 December 2014).
^ a b Graham Reid, "George Harrison Revisited, Part One (2014): The dark horse bolting out of the gate", Elsewhere, 24 October 2014 (retrieved 4 December 2014).
^ a b Matt Bevington, "Music Reviews: George Harrison Early Takes Volume 1", No Ripcord, 31 May 2012 (retrieved 4 December 2014).
^ Leng, pp. 90, 128.
^ Damian Fanelli, "George Harrison's 10 Greatest Guitar Moments After the Beatles", guitarworld.com, 24 February 2016 (retrieved 28 May 2016).
^ Allison, pp. 22, 149.
^ George Harrison: Living in the Material World DVD (Disc 2), Village Roadshow, 2011 (directed by Martin Scorsese; produced by Olivia Harrison, Nigel Sinclair & Martin Scorsese).
^ "Ring Out the Old", Contra Band Music, 23 October 2012 (retrieved 30 December 2012).
^ Steve Leggett, "George Harrison George Harrison: Living in the Material World (Video)", AllMusic (retrieved 31 October 2014).
^ Joe Marchese, "Behind That Locked Door: George Harrison Demos Surface on 'Early Takes Volume 1'", The Second Disc, 23 March 2012 (retrieved 31 October 2014).
^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, "George Harrison Early Takes, Vol. 1", AllMusic (retrieved 30 August 2012).
^ Terry Staunton, "Giles Martin on George Harrison's Early Takes, track-by-track", MusicRadar, 18 May 2012 (retrieved 4 December 2014).
^ Graham Reid, "George Harrison: Early Takes Vol 1 (Universal)", Elsewhere, 30 April 2012 (retrieved 4 December 2014).
^ "Game Music: Emiko Shiratori", Square Enix Music Online, 4 June 2006 (retrieved 22 October 2012).
^ "Various Artists Gentle Guitar Dreams", CD Japan (retrieved 15 September 2012).
Sources
Dale C. Allison Jr., The Love There That's Sleeping: The Art and Spirituality of George Harrison, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ISBN 978-0-8264-1917-0).
Keith Badman, The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970–2001, Omnibus Press (London, 2001; ISBN 0-7119-8307-0).
Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975, Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; ISBN 0-345-25680-8).
Alan Clayson, George Harrison, Sanctuary (London, 2003; ISBN 1-86074-489-3).
The Editors of Rolling Stone, Harrison, Rolling Stone Press/Simon & Schuster (New York, NY, 2002; ISBN 0-7432-3581-9).
George Harrison, I Me Mine, Chronicle Books (San Francisco, CA, 2002; ISBN 0-8118-3793-9).
Elliot J. Huntley, Mystical One: George Harrison – After the Break-up of the Beatles, Guernica Editions (Toronto, ON, 2006; ISBN 1-55071-197-0).
Ian Inglis, The Words and Music of George Harrison, Praeger (Santa Barbara, CA, 2010; ISBN 978-0-313-37532-3).
Peter Lavezzoli, The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ISBN 0-8264-2819-3).
Simon Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison, Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; ISBN 1-4234-0609-5).
Chip Madinger & Mark Easter, Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium, 44.1 Productions (Chesterfield, MO, 2000; ISBN 0-615-11724-4).
Jörg Pieper, The Solo Beatles Film & TV Chronicle 1971–1980, lulu.com (2012; ISBN 978-1-4092-8301-0).
Nicholas Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, McGraw-Hill (New York, NY, 1978; ISBN 0-07-055087-5).
Bruce Spizer, The Beatles Solo on Apple Records, 498 Productions (New Orleans, LA, 2005; ISBN 0-9662649-5-9).
Bob Woffinden, The Beatles Apart, Proteus (London, 1981; ISBN 0-906071-89-5).
vteLiving in the Material WorldSongsSide one
"Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)"
"Sue Me, Sue You Blues"
"The Light That Has Lighted the World"
"Don't Let Me Wait Too Long"
"Who Can See It"
"Living in the Material World"
Side two
"The Lord Loves the One (That Loves the Lord)"
"Be Here Now"
"Try Some, Buy Some"
"The Day the World Gets 'Round"
"That Is All"
Non-album B-side
"Miss O'Dell"
Outtakes
"So Sad"
"Photograph"
Related articles
George Harrison discography
The Concert for Bangladesh
Material World Charitable Foundation
"When Every Song Is Sung"
In Concert 1972
The Tin Man Was a Dreamer
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concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leng_p_128-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMM_p_268-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inglis_p_39-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inglis_p_39-7"},{"link_name":"Living in the Material World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_the_Material_World"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMM_p_268-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spizer_p_254-8"},{"link_name":"Who Can See It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Can_See_It"},{"link_name":"superstardom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leng_p_128-12"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Olivia Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Harrison"},{"link_name":"uke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In early August 1972, in between overseeing the UK release of Saul Swimmer's Concert for Bangladesh documentary and heading up to Liverpool to catch Ravi Shankar's recital at the Philharmonic Hall,[1] George Harrison tried recording \"When Every Song Is Sung\", a ballad from the All Things Must Pass era, as a single for Cilla Black.[2][3] Although the project was not completed, just like Harrison's attempt to record the same song with Ronnie Spector the year before,[2][4] he later decided to write a B-side for her, which would become \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\".[5][6] In his autobiography, I, Me, Mine, Harrison explains that the lyrics dealt with the \"Local boy/girl makes good\" phenomenon, where the public initially supports someone who achieves success yet are then disapproving if fame or success changes that person.[5] Both he and Black were from Liverpool and had become famous quickly, after which many people considered their personalities had changed[7] – a common link that Harrison thought of basing the intended B-side around.[5] After he had come up with the opening two lines, however, the theme soon evolved into something more personal.[8]At the 27 July 1971 press conference preceding the Bangladesh concerts,[9] Harrison had admitted he was \"flattered\" and \"honour[ed]\" to be receiving the same attention and acclaim once reserved for the Beatles.[10][11] A year later, though, his words to \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" were a plea for freedom from public scrutiny regarding his Beatle past, musical biographer Simon Leng writes, to allow him to \"pursue his spiritual quest\" unencumbered by the weight of others' expectations.[12]I've heard how some people have said that I've changed That I'm not what I was, how it really is a shame The thoughts in their heads manifest on their brow Like bad scars from ill feeling they themselves arouse.This negative scrutiny Harrison found \"hateful to anyone that is happy or 'free' \", the lyrics continue, while he targets its purveyors as living \"their lives without looking to see / The light that has lighted the world.\"Harrison argues in I Me Mine that things can never stay the same – \"the whole of life is a change: from the morning to the evening, from spring to winter ... from birth to death ...\"[5] This viewpoint is reflected in the song's second verse, where he bemoans those who make a point of resisting change,[7] \"As if nature itself, they'd prefer rearranged\", because for them, \"there's so little chance to experience soul\". The song ends more optimistically, with his declaration:[7]I'm grateful to anyone that is happy or \"free\" For giving me hope while I'm looking to see The light that has lighted the world.Instead of giving the track to Cilla Black, Harrison used it for his own album, Living in the Material World,[5] recording for which began in October 1972.[8]While analysing the song's lyrics, Leng opines that, like \"Who Can See It\", \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" betrays Harrison's tendency towards \"internalization of world events\", and the fact that he wrote these words while still in his twenties is a \"testament to the sheer psychological pressure\" of the Beatles experience and superstardom generally.[13] At its core, Leng suggests, the song is asking: \"What right do you have to inspect me, just because I made a few records?\"[12]\"He didn't like celebrity,\" Elton John observed of Harrison in a 2002 Rolling Stone Press tribute book. \"I think he'd had enough by 1970 to last three lifetimes ... He found something worth more than fame, more than fortune, more than anything.\"[14] In her introductory piece to the same publication, written two months after his death, Olivia Harrison quoted from the words to \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" as an example of her late husband providing the \"live background music to our lives\": \"If I played three chords on the uke (compulsory instrument in our home), he would be my band. George was so generous and 'grateful to anyone that is happy or free.' A good moment to him was always worth making better.\"[15]","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicky_Hopkins.png"},{"link_name":"Nicky Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Disc and Music Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Nicky Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tyler/Disc-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tyler/Disc-16"},{"link_name":"Hopkins solo project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tin_Man_Was_a_Dreamer"},{"link_name":"slide guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_guitar"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gary Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Wright"},{"link_name":"harmonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_organ"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huntley_p_91-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leng_p_128-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clayson_p_323-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holden/RS-20"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"Tears of Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears_of_Rage"},{"link_name":"I Shall Be Released","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Shall_Be_Released"},{"link_name":"the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Band"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leng_p_128-12"},{"link_name":"outtake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outtake#Music"},{"link_name":"bootleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg_recording"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"overdubbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdubbed"},{"link_name":"falsetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsetto"},{"link_name":"bottleneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_guitar"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madinger_&_Easter_p_440-22"}],"text":"Pianist Nicky Hopkins (pictured in 1973), whose playing features prominently on \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" and other songs from Material WorldIn a December 1971 interview for Disc and Music Echo, Nicky Hopkins – \"the world's best-known anonymous pianist\", as that magazine termed him – had talked of his plans to start work on his own solo album early the following year.[16] \"I'll probably be doing it with George Harrison,\" he said. \"I'd really like to do that because, with George, I feel a very close thing ... We just seem to understand each other on a personal level so well.\"[16] Like Harrison's long-awaited follow-up to All Things Must Pass, the Hopkins solo project was delayed by other commitments until the autumn of 1972, but the mutual understanding that Hopkins referred to was much in evidence on Living in the Material World; Leng describes the English keyboard player's contributions as \"the most prominent instrumental voice\" on the album aside from Harrison's distinctive slide guitar.[17]On \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\", the recording is underpinned by Gary Wright's stately harmonium and Harrison's acoustic rhythm guitars, and is dominated by Hopkins' piano.[18] The instrumental section, in between the two verses, featuring first Hopkins and then Harrison, has received much positive comment.[12][19][20] The track's solemn tempo has been likened to that for \"Tears of Rage\" and \"I Shall Be Released\" by the Band.[12] An alternative studio version of the song, an outtake from the October–December 1972 album sessions, appears on the Living in the Alternate World bootleg.[21] Featuring a more prominent and melodic harmonium part from Wright, and devoid of Harrison's overdubbed second and third acoustic-guitar parts and his electric slide guitar, this version of \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" ends with an attractive vocal falsetto in place of the official release's bottleneck flourish.[22]","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Be Here Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Here_Now_(George_Harrison_song)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allison_p_149-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side"},{"link_name":"Miss O'Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_O%27Dell"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Material World Charitable Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_World_Charitable_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spizer_p_254-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Stephen Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Holden"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holden/RS-20"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Bob Woffinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Woffinden"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"glam rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock"},{"link_name":"Gary Glitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Glitter"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watts/MM-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watts/MM-35"}],"text":"\"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" was issued in mid 1973 as the third track on Living in the Material World[23] and is the first of a trio of slow-paced songs throughout the album that covers Harrison's preoccupation with breaking free from the past and others' perceptions (the second and third being \"Who Can See It\" and \"Be Here Now\").[24] Some months before this, the working title of the album was said to be The Light That Has Lighted the World.[25][26] According to author Keith Badman, it was only in January 1973 that the name was changed to Living in the Material World.[27] As with eight other tracks on the album[28] and the 1973 B-side \"Miss O'Dell\",[29] Harrison donated his publishing royalties and the copyright[30] for \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" to his Material World Charitable Foundation.[31]On release, the song was viewed as possessing both of the traits that a some reviewers disliked about its parent album: too slow in tempo,[8] and with lyrics \"too smug for rock 'n' roll\".[32] Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone described it as \"an oblique defense against public criticism and expectations of a Beatle reunion\" and, the \"sustained\" instrumental break aside, \"pretty leaden stuff\" due to the funereal pace.[20] NME critic Bob Woffinden found the music \"exceptionally fine\" and opined that the song \"could rank with his best compositions\".[33] The problem, in Woffinden's opinion, was that, with the advent of glam rock in the UK while Harrison delayed following up on his 1970–71 solo success, \"half the record-buying public\" were more likely to view the song title as a reference to Gary Glitter.[34]Writing in Melody Maker, Michael Watts described the album as \"Harrison's personal statement\", documenting his journey towards \"a spiritual goal which for the first time he has been able to define\".[35] Amid the \"large autobiographical insights\" offered in Harrison's new compositions, Watts wrote of \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\"'s role in the song cycle: \"Until finally he climbed over the rocky patches and found his own Shangri-La, becoming transformed in the process.\"[35]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Kot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kot"},{"link_name":"Dark Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_(George_Harrison_song)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eds_of_RS_p_188-36"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-37"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madinger_&_Easter_p_440-22"},{"link_name":"outtake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outtake"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madinger_&_Easter_p_440-22"},{"link_name":"Alan Clayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Clayson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clayson_p_323-19"},{"link_name":"rhythm section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_section"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Guitar World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_World"},{"link_name":"Rip Rense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Rense"},{"link_name":"Fixing a Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixing_a_Hole"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Goldmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldmine_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Dave Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Thompson_(author)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"2006 reissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_the_Material_World#Reissues"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Apple Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apple_Years_1968%E2%80%9375"},{"link_name":"Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Record Collector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Collector"},{"link_name":"Far East Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Man"},{"link_name":"This Guitar (Can't Keep From Crying)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Guitar_(Can%27t_Keep_from_Crying)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rathbone/RecCollect-43"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald"},{"link_name":"Graham Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Reid_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reid/AppleYears-44"},{"link_name":"No Ripcord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_Ripcord&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bevington/NoRip-45"},{"link_name":"Dark Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Horse_(George_Harrison_album)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Joni Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leng_p_128-12"},{"link_name":"coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(music)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leng_p_128-12"},{"link_name":"Guitar World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_World"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inglis_p_39-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inglis_p_39-7"},{"link_name":"Dale Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Allison"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002, Greg Kot referred to the song's \"condescending autobiographical vein\", which he found echoed in Harrison's 1974 riposte to his detractors, \"Dark Horse\".[36] To Bruce Eder of AllMusic, \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" is one of the tracks on Material World that suffers from seeming \"weighed down with their own sense of purpose, in ways that All Things Must Pass mostly (but not entirely) avoided\".[37] Similarly unimpressed, Eight Arms to Hold You authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter write: \"One would think that the 'light' might have given George a bit more happiness to reflect upon, but hey, the slide work's great!\"[22] The outtake available on the Alternate World bootleg, they add, was \"believe it or not, even more lugubrious that the commercial version\".[22]Beatles biographer Alan Clayson also compliments Harrison's slide-guitar work, writing of his \"controlled grace\" while \"shining up the octaves\" during the solo.[19] Another biographer, Elliot Huntley, approves of the \"grandiloquent ballad tone\" of this and other songs on the album, and admires the \"tasteful\" rhythm section on \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" and Harrison's \"jangling\" acoustic guitars.[38] Having interviewed Harrison for Guitar World magazine in 1987, Rip Rense has likened the guitar solo to that on the Beatles' \"Fixing a Hole\", as examples of how Harrison's solos display \"structure, syntax, and development\" over \"pyrotechnic flourishes\". Rense adds: \"These are thoughtful and original, deceptively simple sounding, invested with feeling.\"[39] Writing for Goldmine in January 2002, Dave Thompson rated \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" an \"unquestioned highlight\" and \"a song hallmarked by distinct echoes of Lennon's Imagine\".[40]In his review of the 2006 reissue of Living in the Material World, for Q magazine, Tom Doyle included the song among the album's best three tracks and wrote: \"the introspective moods of The Light That Has Lighted The World and Who Can See It, with their ornate instrumentation and weepy vocals, are lovely things.\"[41] Reviewing the 2014 Apple Years Harrison reissues, in Mojo, Doyle writes of Material World having \"spotlit the spirituality and the dreaminess\", through \"the gentle, non-preachy The Light That Has Lighted The World and Be Here Now, both great works of look-around-you wonder\".[42] In his review for Record Collector, Oregano Rathbone highlights the song among Harrison's output over 1973–75, writing: \"Living In The Material World, Dark Horse and Extra Texture may tend towards earnest, careworn, mid-tempo slow-burners, but each contains shivery moments of release: The Light That Has Lighted The World, Far East Man and This Guitar (Can't Keep From Crying) spring to mind.\"[43]New Zealand Herald journalist Graham Reid writes of Harrison having been \"emotionally isolated\" during the Material World era, and adds: \"[The] gloss of his position as a revered former Beatle/Bangladesh patron and spiritual guide was starting to tarnish him ... He was sounding ungracious and irritable, but wrapping the message up in melodically interesting songs.\" Reid cites \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" as a track where Harrison \"nailed it\", and an example of how \"this album can be very moving.\"[44] Writing for the music website No Ripcord, Matt Bevington describes the composition as \"perhaps his most revealing lyrical work and exemplary of his ability to convey with both charming humour and coarse honesty\". Bevington adds: \"it reads like a precious sermon ...\"[45]Simon Leng considers the song \"alarmingly direct\" lyrically, and melodically strong, but, in the wider context of Harrison's career during the first half of the 1970s, he detects a \"scalded-cat reaction\" that would encourage critics to pounce on his next release, Dark Horse.[46] Leng draws parallels with Joni Mitchell's \"Ludwig's Song\" and \"Shadows and Light\" – two tracks dealing with criticism and harsh judgement that duly attracted more of the same.[12] Like Clayson and Holden, Leng views the mid-song soloing on \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" as a highlight: \"a rolling, lilting passage from Nicky Hopkins, topped by one of Harrison's finest performances,\" he writes. \"In the closing bars of the statement, repeated as the song's coda, the guitar vocalizes a series of six-string sobs. George finally made his guitar gently weep.\"[12] While echoing Leng's sentiments, Guitar World editor Damian Fanelli includes the slide soloing on his list of Harrison's best post-Beatles \"Guitar Moments\".[47]Unlike Leng, Ian Inglis views the lyrics as Harrison \"[resisting] the temptation to criticize\", since instead the unenlightened \"have his sympathy\".[7] To Inglis, the song's weakness is that the \"light\" Harrison is striving to see is never made clear; whether it's love, spiritual enlightenment, or even the Beatles, \"who, after all, have illuminated the world for many millions of people\".[7] The meaning is clear to theologian Dale Allison, who sums up \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" as an \"achingly beautiful\" song that \"expresses resentment toward those who dislike the ex-Beatle George but thanksgiving for those who reflect the light of God\".[48]","title":"Retrospective appraisal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"George Harrison: Living in the Material World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison:_Living_in_the_Material_World"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ContraBand/DDDD-50"},{"link_name":"demo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo_(music)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Early Takes: Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Takes:_Volume_1"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"MusicRadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicRadar"},{"link_name":"Giles Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Martin"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reid/AppleYears-44"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reid/EarlyTakes-55"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bevington/NoRip-45"},{"link_name":"Emiko Shiratori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiko_Shiratori"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"In Martin Scorsese's 2011 documentary George Harrison: Living in the Material World, the song is played over footage of the April 1970 announcement of the Beatles' break-up, following a clip of Harrison and Paul McCartney signing the \"Beatles Agreement\" legal papers in December 1974.[49][50] A solo demo of \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" (featuring Harrison on 12-string acoustic guitar) was included with the movie's deluxe-edition release on DVD, in November 2011.[51][52] Six months later, this version was issued on the Early Takes: Volume 1 compilation.[53]In an interview with MusicRadar, compilation producer Giles Martin said that the unpolished aspect of Harrison's performance made him uncertain at first about whether to include the song on Early Takes. Martin continued: \"It sounds like he's playing it to just one person late one evening, which is very George ... It's a little bit special; it shows how George could make something simple sound very spiritual, almost dreamy in a way ... I think this works beautifully as a closer.\"[54] Graham Reid has described the Early Takes version as, variously, a \"superb demo\"[44] and \"a revelation\".[55] In his review for No Ripcord, Bevington writes: \"in such a graceful recording there is a profound message which cuts even deeper to something [Harrison] quite obviously understood, yet most never will.\"[45]\"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" was covered by Japanese band Grapevine, featuring guest vocalist Maika Shiratori (daughter of Emiko Shiratori),[56] on the Gentle Guitar Dreams Harrison tribute album, released in May 2002.[57]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"slide guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_guitar"},{"link_name":"Nicky Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"Gary Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Wright"},{"link_name":"harmonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_organ"},{"link_name":"Klaus Voormann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Voormann"},{"link_name":"Jim Keltner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Keltner"}],"text":"George Harrison – lead vocals, acoustic guitars, slide guitar, backing vocals\nNicky Hopkins – piano\nGary Wright – harmonium\nKlaus Voormann – bass guitar\nJim Keltner – drums","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8264-1917-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1917-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7119-8307-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7119-8307-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-345-25680-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-25680-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86074-489-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86074-489-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7432-3581-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-3581-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8118-3793-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8118-3793-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55071-197-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55071-197-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-313-37532-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37532-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8264-2819-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-2819-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4234-0609-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4234-0609-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-615-11724-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-615-11724-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4092-8301-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4092-8301-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-07-055087-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-055087-5"},{"link_name":"Bruce Spizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Spizer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9662649-5-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9662649-5-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-906071-89-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906071-89-5"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Living_in_the_Material_World"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Living_in_the_Material_World"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Living_in_the_Material_World"},{"link_name":"Living in the Material World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_the_Material_World"},{"link_name":"Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_Me_Love_(Give_Me_Peace_on_Earth)"},{"link_name":"Sue Me, Sue You Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Me,_Sue_You_Blues"},{"link_name":"The Light That Has Lighted the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Don't Let Me Wait Too Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Let_Me_Wait_Too_Long"},{"link_name":"Who Can See It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Can_See_It"},{"link_name":"Living in the Material World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_the_Material_World_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Lord Loves the One (That Loves the Lord)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_Loves_the_One_(That_Loves_the_Lord)"},{"link_name":"Be Here Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Here_Now_(George_Harrison_song)"},{"link_name":"Try Some, Buy Some","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try_Some,_Buy_Some"},{"link_name":"The Day the World Gets 'Round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_the_World_Gets_%27Round"},{"link_name":"That Is All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Is_All_(song)"},{"link_name":"Miss O'Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_O%27Dell"},{"link_name":"So Sad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Sad"},{"link_name":"Photograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph_(Ringo_Starr_song)"},{"link_name":"George Harrison discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison_discography"},{"link_name":"The Concert for Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Material World Charitable Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_World_Charitable_Foundation"},{"link_name":"When Every Song Is Sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Every_Song_Is_Sung"},{"link_name":"In Concert 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Concert_1972"},{"link_name":"The Tin Man Was a Dreamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tin_Man_Was_a_Dreamer"},{"link_name":"George Harrison: Living in the Material World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison:_Living_in_the_Material_World"}],"text":"Dale C. Allison Jr., The Love There That's Sleeping: The Art and Spirituality of George Harrison, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ISBN 978-0-8264-1917-0).\nKeith Badman, The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970–2001, Omnibus Press (London, 2001; ISBN 0-7119-8307-0).\nHarry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975, Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; ISBN 0-345-25680-8).\nAlan Clayson, George Harrison, Sanctuary (London, 2003; ISBN 1-86074-489-3).\nThe Editors of Rolling Stone, Harrison, Rolling Stone Press/Simon & Schuster (New York, NY, 2002; ISBN 0-7432-3581-9).\nGeorge Harrison, I Me Mine, Chronicle Books (San Francisco, CA, 2002; ISBN 0-8118-3793-9).\nElliot J. Huntley, Mystical One: George Harrison – After the Break-up of the Beatles, Guernica Editions (Toronto, ON, 2006; ISBN 1-55071-197-0).\nIan Inglis, The Words and Music of George Harrison, Praeger (Santa Barbara, CA, 2010; ISBN 978-0-313-37532-3).\nPeter Lavezzoli, The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ISBN 0-8264-2819-3).\nSimon Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison, Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; ISBN 1-4234-0609-5).\nChip Madinger & Mark Easter, Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium, 44.1 Productions (Chesterfield, MO, 2000; ISBN 0-615-11724-4).\nJörg Pieper, The Solo Beatles Film & TV Chronicle 1971–1980, lulu.com (2012; ISBN 978-1-4092-8301-0).\nNicholas Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, McGraw-Hill (New York, NY, 1978; ISBN 0-07-055087-5).\nBruce Spizer, The Beatles Solo on Apple Records, 498 Productions (New Orleans, LA, 2005; ISBN 0-9662649-5-9).\nBob Woffinden, The Beatles Apart, Proteus (London, 1981; ISBN 0-906071-89-5).vteLiving in the Material WorldSongsSide one\n\"Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)\"\n\"Sue Me, Sue You Blues\"\n\"The Light That Has Lighted the World\"\n\"Don't Let Me Wait Too Long\"\n\"Who Can See It\"\n\"Living in the Material World\"\nSide two\n\"The Lord Loves the One (That Loves the Lord)\"\n\"Be Here Now\"\n\"Try Some, Buy Some\"\n\"The Day the World Gets 'Round\"\n\"That Is All\"\nNon-album B-side\n\"Miss O'Dell\"\nOuttakes\n\"So Sad\"\n\"Photograph\"\nRelated articles\nGeorge Harrison discography\nThe Concert for Bangladesh\nMaterial World Charitable Foundation\n\"When Every Song Is Sung\"\nIn Concert 1972\nThe Tin Man Was a Dreamer\nGeorge Harrison: Living in the Material World","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Pianist Nicky Hopkins (pictured in 1973), whose playing features prominently on \"The Light That Has Lighted the World\" and other songs from Material World","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nicky_Hopkins.png/145px-Nicky_Hopkins.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.cillablack.com/cpt_news/ill-still-love-you-when-every-song-is-sung-a-lost-song-penned-for-cilla-by-george-harrison-receives-may-2003-release/","external_links_name":"\"'I'll Still Love You (When Every Song Is Sung)' – a 'lost' song penned for Cilla by George Harrison receives May 2003 release\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150721103226/http://www.cillablack.com/cpt_news/ill-still-love-you-when-every-song-is-sung-a-lost-song-penned-for-cilla-by-george-harrison-receives-may-2003-release","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rocksbackpages.com/article.html?ArticleID=11002","external_links_name":"Rock's Backpages"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/living-in-the-material-world-19730719","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison, Living in the Material World\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030517/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/living-in-the-material-world-19730719","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/George-Harrison-Living-In-The-Alternate-World/release/3738729","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison – Living In The Alternate World (CD)\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r854956/review","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison Living in the Material World\""},{"Link":"http://www.rense.com/general19/there.htm","external_links_name":"There Went the Sun: Reflection on the Passing of George Harrison"},{"Link":"http://recordcollectormag.com/reviews/apple-years-1968-75","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison – The Apple Years 1968–75\""},{"Link":"http://www.elsewhere.co.nz/absoluteelsewhere/6583/george-harrison-revisited-part-one-2014-the-dark-horse-bolting-out-of-the-gate/","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison Revisited, Part One (2014): The dark horse bolting out of the gate\""},{"Link":"http://www.noripcord.com/reviews/music/george-harrison/early-takes-volume-1","external_links_name":"\"Music Reviews: George Harrison Early Takes Volume 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.guitarworld.com/artists-artist-news-artist-lists-news/george-harrisons-10-greatest-guitar-moments-after-beatles?page=3","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison's 10 Greatest Guitar Moments After the Beatles\""},{"Link":"http://beatlechat.blogspot.com.au/2012/10/ring-out-old.html","external_links_name":"\"Ring Out the Old\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/george-harrison-living-in-the-material-world-video-mw0002344167","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison George Harrison: Living in the Material World (Video)\""},{"Link":"http://theseconddisc.com/2012/03/23/behind-that-locked-door-george-harrison-demos-surface-on-early-takes-volume-1/","external_links_name":"\"Behind That Locked Door: George Harrison Demos Surface on 'Early Takes Volume 1'\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/early-takes-vol-1-mw0002332516","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison Early Takes, Vol. 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/giles-martin-on-george-harrisons-early-takes-track-by-track-544713/12","external_links_name":"\"Giles Martin on George Harrison's Early Takes, track-by-track\""},{"Link":"http://www.elsewhere.co.nz/music/4926/george-harrison-early-takes-vol-1-universal/","external_links_name":"\"George Harrison: Early Takes Vol 1 (Universal)\""},{"Link":"http://www.squareenixmusic.com/vocalists/shiratori.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Game Music: Emiko Shiratori\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/detailview.html?KEY=AMCM-10021","external_links_name":"\"Various Artists Gentle Guitar Dreams\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_language | Standard language | ["1 Linguistic standardization","2 Examples","2.1 Chinese","2.2 English in the United Kingdom","2.3 Greek","2.4 Hindi-Urdu","2.5 Irish","2.6 Italian","2.7 Latin","2.8 Portuguese","2.9 Serbo-Croatian","2.10 Somali","3 Encoding","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Language variety with substantially codified grammar and usage
A standard language (or standard variety, standard dialect, standardized dialect or simply standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of its grammar, lexicon, writing system, or other features. Typically, the varieties that undergo standardization are those associated with centers of commerce and government, used frequently by educated people and in news broadcasting, and taught widely in schools and to non-native learners of the language. Within a language community, standardization usually begins with a particular variety being selected (often towards a goal of further linguistic uniformity), accepted by influential people, socially and culturally spread, established in opposition to competitor varieties, maintained, increasingly used in diverse contexts, and assigned high social prestige as a result of the variety being linked to the most successful people. As a sociological effect of these processes, most users of a standard dialect—and many users of other dialects of the same language—come to believe that the standard is inherently superior to, or consider it the linguistic baseline against which to judge, the other dialects. However, such beliefs are firmly rooted in social perceptions rather than any objective evaluation.
The standardization of a language is a continual process, because language is always changing and a language-in-use cannot be permanently standardized like the parts of a machine. Standardization may originate from a motivation to make the written form of a language more uniform, as is the case of Standard English. Typically, standardization processes include efforts to stabilize the spelling of the prestige dialect, to codify usages and particular (denotative) meanings through formal grammars and dictionaries, and to encourage public acceptance of the codifications as intrinsically correct. In that vein, a pluricentric language has interacting standard varieties. Examples are English, French, Portuguese, German, Korean, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, Swedish, Armenian and Mandarin Chinese. Monocentric languages, such as Russian and Japanese, have one standardized idiom.
The term standard language occasionally also refers to the entirety of a language that includes a standardized form as one of its varieties. In Europe, a standardized written language is sometimes identified with the German word Schriftsprache (written language). The term literary language is occasionally used as a synonym for standard language, a naming convention still prevalent in the linguistic traditions of eastern Europe. In contemporary linguistic usage, the terms standard dialect and standard variety are neutral synonyms for the term standard language, usages which indicate that the standard language is one of many dialects and varieties of a language, rather than the totality of the language, whilst minimizing the negative implication of social subordination that the standard is the only form worthy of the label "language".
Linguistic standardization
The term standard language identifies a repertoire of broadly recognizable conventions in spoken and written communications used in a society; the term implies neither a socially ideal idiom nor a culturally superior form of speech. These conventions develop from related dialects, usually by social action (ethnic and cultural unification) that elevate discourse patterns associated with perceived centers of culture, or more rarely, by deliberately defining the norms of standard language with selected linguistic features drawn from the existing dialects, as in the case of Modern Hebrew.
Either course of events typically results in a relatively fixed orthography codified in grammars and normative dictionaries, in which users can also sometimes find illustrative examples drawn from literary, legal, or religious texts. Whether grammars and dictionaries are created by the state or by private citizens (e.g. Webster's Dictionary), some users regard such linguistic codifications as authoritative for correcting the spoken and written forms of the language. Effects of such codifications include slowing the pace of diachronic change in the standardized variety and affording a basis for further linguistic development (Ausbau). In the practices of broadcasting and of official communications, the standard usually functions as a normalizing reference for speech and writing. In educational contexts, it usually informs the version of the language taught to non-native learners.
In those ways, the standard variety acquires social prestige and greater functional importance than nonstandard dialects, which depend upon or are heteronomous with respect to the standard idiom. Standard usage serves as the linguistic authority, as in the case of specialist terminology; moreover, the standardization of spoken forms is oriented towards the codified standard. Historically, a standard language arises in two ways: (i) in the case of Standard English, linguistic standardization occurs informally and piecemeal, without formal government intervention; (ii) in the cases of the French and Spanish languages, linguistic standardization occurs formally, directed by prescriptive language institutions, such as the Académie Française and the Royal Spanish Academy, which respectively produce Le bon français and El buen español.
A standard variety can be conceptualized in two ways: (i) as the sociolect of a given socio-economic stratum or (ii) as the normative codification of a dialect, an idealized abstraction. Hence, the full standardization of a language is impractical, because a standardized dialect cannot fully function as a real entity, but does function as set of linguistic norms observed to varying degrees in the course of usus – of how people actually speak and write the language. In practice, the language varieties identified as standard are neither uniform nor fully stabilized, especially in their spoken forms. From that perspective, the linguist Suzanne Romaine says that standard languages can be conceptually compared to the imagined communities of nation and nationalism, as described by the political scientist Benedict Anderson, which indicates that linguistic standardization is the result of a society's history and sociology, and thus is not a universal phenomenon; of the approximately 7,000 contemporary spoken languages, most do not have a codified standard dialect.
Politically, in the formation of a nation-state, identifying and cultivating a standard variety can serve efforts to establish a shared culture among the social and economic groups who compose the new nation-state. Different national standards, derived from a continuum of dialects, might be treated as discrete languages (along with heteronomous vernacular dialects) even if there are mutually intelligible varieties among them, such as the North Germanic languages of Scandinavia (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish). Moreover, in political praxis, either a government or a neighboring population might deny the cultural status of a standard language. In response to such political interference, linguists develop a standard variety from elements of the different dialects used by a society.
For example, when Norway became independent from Denmark in 1814, the only written language was Danish. Different Norwegian dialects were spoken in rural districts and provincial cities, but people with higher education and upper-class urban people spoke "Danish with a Norwegian pronunciation". Based upon the bourgeois speech of the capital Oslo (Christiania) and other major cities, several orthographic reforms, notably in 1907 and 1917, resulted in the official standard Riksmål, in 1929 renamed Bokmål ('book tongue'). The philologist Ivar Aasen (1813–1896) considered urban and upper-class Dano-Norwegian too similar to Danish, so he developed Landsmål ('country tongue'), the standard based upon the dialects of western Norway. In 1885 the Storting (parliament) declared both forms official and equal. In 1929 it was officially renamed Nynorsk (New Norwegian).
Likewise, in Yugoslavia (1945–1992), when the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1963–1991) developed their national language from the dialect continuum demarcated by Serbia to the north and Bulgaria to the east, their Standard Macedonian was based upon vernaculars from the west of the republic, which were the dialects most linguistically different from standard Bulgarian, the previous linguistic norm used in that region of the Balkan peninsula. Although Macedonian functions as the standard language of the Republic of North Macedonia, nonetheless, for political and cultural reasons, Bulgarians treat Macedonian as a Bulgarian dialect.
Examples
See also: List of language regulators
Chinese
Chinese consists of hundreds of local varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible, usually classified into seven to ten major groups, including Mandarin, Wu, Yue, Hakka and Min.
Before the 20th century, most Chinese spoke only their local variety.
For two millennia, formal writing had been done in Classical Chinese, a style modelled on the classics and far removed from any contemporary speech.
As a practical measure, officials of the late imperial dynasties carried out the administration of the empire using a common language based on Mandarin varieties, known as Guānhuà (literally "speech of officials").
In the early 20th century, many Chinese intellectuals argued that the country needed a standardized language.
By the 1920s, Literary Chinese had been replaced as the written standard by written vernacular Chinese, which was based on Mandarin dialects.
In the 1930s, Standard Chinese was adopted, with its pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect, but with vocabulary also drawn from other Mandarin varieties and its syntax based on the written vernacular.
It is the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China (where it is called Pǔtōnghuà "common speech"), the de facto official language of the Republic of China governing Taiwan (as Guóyǔ "national language") and one of the official languages of Singapore (as Huáyǔ "Chinese language").
Standard Chinese now dominates public life, and is much more widely studied than any other variety of Chinese.
English in the United Kingdom
Further information: Standard English
In the United Kingdom, the standard language is British English, which is based upon the language of the medieval court of Chancery of England and Wales. In the late-seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Standard English became established as the linguistic norm of the upper class, composed of the peerage and the gentry. Socially, the accent of the spoken version of the standard language then indicated that the speaker was a man or a woman possessed of a good education, and thus of high social prestige. In England and Wales, Standard English is usually associated with Received Pronunciation, "the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England.", but it may also be spoken with other accents, and in other countries still other accents are used (Australian, Canadian, American, etc.)
Greek
The standard form of Modern Greek is based on the Southern dialects; these dialects are spoken mainly in the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands, Attica, Crete and the Cyclades.
Hindi-Urdu
Two standardised registers of the Hindustani language have legal status in India: Standard Hindi (one of 23 co-official national languages) and Urdu (Pakistan's official tongue), resultantly, Hindustani often called "Hindi-Urdu".
Irish
Main article: An Caighdeán Oifigiúil
An Caighdeán Oifigiúil ('The Official Standard'), often shortened to An Caighdeán, is the official standard of the Irish language. It was first published by the translators in Dáil Éireann in the 1950s. As of September 2013, the first major revision of the Caighdeán Oifigiúil is available, both online and in print. Among the changes to be found in the revised version are, for example, various attempts to bring the recommendations of the Caighdeán closer to the spoken dialect of Gaeltacht speakers, including allowing further use of the nominative case where the genitive would historically have been found.
Italian
Standard Italian is derived from the Tuscan dialect, specifically from its Florentine variety—the Florentine influence upon early Italian literature established that dialect as base for the standard language of Italy. In particular, Italian became the language of culture for all the people of Italy, thanks to the prestige of the masterpieces of Florentine authors like Dante Alighieri, as well as to the political and cultural significance of Florence at the time and the fact that it was linguistically an intermediate between the northern and the southern Italian dialects. It would later become the official language of all the Italian states, and after the Italian unification it became the national language of the Kingdom of Italy. Modern Standard Italian's lexicon has been deeply influenced by almost all regional languages of Italy.
Latin
The standard language in the Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC) and the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 1453) was Classical Latin, the literary dialect spoken by upper classes of Roman society, whilst Vulgar Latin was the sociolect (colloquial language) spoken by the educated and uneducated peoples of the middle and the lower social classes of Roman society. The Latin language that Roman armies introduced to Gaul, Hispania, and Dacia had a grammar, syntax, and vocabulary different from the Classical Latin spoken and written by the statesman Cicero.
Portuguese
In Brazil, actors and journalists usually adopt an unofficial, but de facto, spoken standard Portuguese, originally derived from the middle-class dialects of Rio de Janeiro and Brasília, but that now encompasses educated urban pronunciations from the different speech communities in the southeast. In that standard, ⟨s⟩ represents the phoneme /s/ when it appears at the end of a syllable (whereas in Rio de Janeiro this represents /ʃ/) and the rhotic consonant spelled ⟨r⟩ is pronounced in the same situation (whereas in São Paulo this is usually an alveolar flap or trill). European and African dialects have differing realizations of /ʁ/ than Brazilian dialects, with the former using and and the latter using , , or .
Serbo-Croatian
Four standard variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian are spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia. They all have the same dialect basis (Štokavian). These variants do differ slightly, as is the case with other pluricentric languages, but not to a degree that would justify considering them as different languages. The differences between the variants do not hinder mutual intelligibility and do not undermine the integrity of the system as a whole. Compared to the differences between the variants of English, German, French, Spanish, or Portuguese, the distinctions between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant. Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro in their constitution have all named the language differently.
Somali
In Somalia, Northern Somali (or North-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali, particularly the Mudug dialect of the northern Darod clan. Northern Central Somali has frequently been used by famous Somali poets as well as the political elite, and thus has the most prestige among other Somali dialects.
Encoding
The Unicode Common Locale Data Repository uses 001 as the region subtag for a standardized form such as ar-001 for Modern Standard Arabic.
See also
Classical language
Koiné language
Language secessionism
Literary language
National language
Nonstandard dialect
Official language
Vernacular
References
^ Richards & Schmidt (2010), p. 554.
^ Finegan (2007), p. 14.
^ Auer (2011), pp. 492–493.
^ a b Trudgill, Peter (2009). Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. Penguin Books, 5-6.
^ Milroy & Milroy (2012), p. 22.
^ Davila (2016).
^ Williams (1983).
^ Milroy & Milroy (2012), p. 245.
^ Carter (1999).
^ Bex (2008).
^ Stewart (1968), p. 534.
^ Kloss (1967), p. 31.
^ Clyne (1992), p. 1.
^ Clyne (1992), pp. 1–3.
^ a b Kordić (2007).
^ Clyne (1992), p. 3.
^ Сулейменова (2006), pp. 53–55.
^ Kapović (2011), pp. 46–48.
^ Dunaj (1989), p. 134.
^ Соціологія.
^ Starčević (2016), p. 69.
^ Vogl (2012), p. 15.
^ Charity Hudley & Mallinson (2011).
^ McArthur & McArthur (1992), p. 980.
^ a b c Ammon (2004), p. 275.
^ Ammon (2004), p. 276.
^ a b c Trudgill (2006), p. 119.
^ Chambers & Trudgill (1998), p. 9.
^ McArthur & McArthur (1992), p. 290.
^ Van Mol (2003), p. 11.
^ Starčević (2016), p. 71.
^ a b c d Romaine (2008), p. 685.
^ Milroy (2007).
^ Inoue (2006), p. 122.
^ Trudgill (2004).
^ Stewart (1968).
^ Chambers & Trudgill (1998), p. 11.
^ Chambers & Trudgill (1998), pp. 3–4.
^ Inoue (2006), pp. 123–124.
^ Trudgill (1992), pp. 173–174.
^ Norman (1988), pp. 108–109, 245.
^ Norman (1988), pp. 133, 136.
^ Norman (1988), pp. 133–134.
^ Norman (1988), p. 135.
^ Norman (1988), pp. 136–137.
^ Norman (1988), p. 247.
^ Smith (1996).
^ Blake (1996).
^ Baugh & Cable (2002).
^ Pearsall (1999), p. xiv.
^ Horrocks (1997).
^ a b c Blum (2002).
^ BBC (2005).
^ Ní Shúilleabháin (2012).
^ Eachach (2012).
^ Foilseacháin Rialtais (2012), p. 2: "M67B Gramadach na Gaeilge 9781406425766 390 10.00."
^ Eachach (2012), p. 2: "Rinneadh iarracht ar leith san athbhreithniú seo foirmeacha agus leaganacha atá ar fáil go tréan sa chaint sna mórchanúintí a áireamh sa Chaighdeán Oifigiúil Athbhreithnithe sa tslí is go mbraithfeadh an gnáthchainteoir mórchanúna go bhfuil na príomhghnéithe den chanúint sin aitheanta sa Chaighdeán Oifigiúil agus, mar sin, gur gaire don ghnáthchaint an Caighdeán Oifigiúil anois ná mar a bhíodh."
^ Eachach (2012), p. 7: "Triaileadh, mar shampla, aitheantas a thabhairt don leathnú atá ag teacht ar úsáid fhoirm an ainmnigh in ionad an ghinidigh sa chaint."
^ Maiden (2014), p. 3.
^ Coletti (2011), p. 318, quote="L'italiano di oggi ha ancora in gran parte la stessa grammatica e usa ancora lo stesso lessico del fiorentino letterario del Trecento."
^ Lepschy & Lepschy (1988), p. 22.
^ Maiden (2014), pp. 7–9.
^ Palmer (1988).
^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), pp. 5–6, 11.
^ Šipka (2019), pp. 166, 206.
^ Brozović (1992), pp. 347–380.
^ Kristophson (2000), pp. 178–186.
^ Kordić (2009).
^ Pohl (1996), p. 214, 219.
^ Kordić (2004).
^ Kafadar (2009), p. 103.
^ Thomas (2003), p. 314.
^ Methadžović (2015).
^ Gröschel (2009), p. 344–350.
^ Dalby (1998), p. 571.
^ Saeed (1999), p. 5.
^ Davis, Mark (25 October 2023). "Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML)". unicode.org. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
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Vogl, Ulrike (2012). "Multilingualism in a Standard Language Culture". In Hüning; Vogl, Ulrike; Moliner, Olivier (eds.). Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History. Multilingualism and diversity management. Vol. 1. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027200556.
Williams, Raymond (1983). "Standards". Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society' (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 296–299.
Further reading
Ammon, Ulrich (1995). Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten (in German). Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter. OCLC 33981055.
Joseph, John E. (1987). Eloquence and Power: The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages. New York: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-55786-001-9.
Kloss, Heinz (1976). "Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen" . In Göschel, Joachim; Nail, Norbert; van der Elst, Gaston (eds.). Zur Theorie des Dialekts: Aufsätze aus 100 Jahren Forschung. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, Beihefte, n.F., Heft 16. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner. pp. 301–322. OCLC 2598722.
External links
Look up standard language, standard variety, standard dialect, or literary language in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Standard languages at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases: National
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and taught widely in schools and to non-native learners of the language.[4] Within a language community, standardization usually begins with a particular variety being selected (often towards a goal of further linguistic uniformity), accepted by influential people, socially and culturally spread, established in opposition to competitor varieties, maintained, increasingly used in diverse contexts, and assigned high social prestige as a result of the variety being linked to the most successful people.[5] As a sociological effect of these processes, most users of a standard dialect—and many users of other dialects of the same language—come to believe that the standard is inherently superior to, or consider it the linguistic baseline against which to judge, the other dialects.[6] However, such beliefs are firmly rooted in social perceptions rather than any objective evaluation.[4]The standardization of a language is a continual process, because language is always changing and a language-in-use cannot be permanently standardized like the parts of a machine.[7] Standardization may originate from a motivation to make the written form of a language more uniform, as is the case of Standard English.[8] Typically, standardization processes include efforts to stabilize the spelling of the prestige dialect, to codify usages and particular (denotative) meanings through formal grammars and dictionaries, and to encourage public acceptance of the codifications as intrinsically correct.[9][10] In that vein, a pluricentric language has interacting standard varieties.[11][12][13] Examples are English, French, Portuguese, German, Korean, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, Swedish, Armenian and Mandarin Chinese.[14][15] Monocentric languages, such as Russian and Japanese, have one standardized idiom.[16]The term standard language occasionally also refers to the entirety of a language that includes a standardized form as one of its varieties.[17][18] In Europe, a standardized written language is sometimes identified with the German word Schriftsprache (written language). The term literary language is occasionally used as a synonym for standard language, a naming convention still prevalent in the linguistic traditions of eastern Europe.[19][20] In contemporary linguistic usage, the terms standard dialect and standard variety are neutral synonyms for the term standard language, usages which indicate that the standard language is one of many dialects and varieties of a language, rather than the totality of the language, whilst minimizing the negative implication of social subordination that the standard is the only form worthy of the label \"language\".[21][22]","title":"Standard language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharity_HudleyMallinson2011-23"},{"link_name":"Modern Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur1992980-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon2004275-25"},{"link_name":"grammars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription"},{"link_name":"dictionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon2004275-25"},{"link_name":"Webster's Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon2004276-26"},{"link_name":"diachronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics"},{"link_name":"Ausbau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausbau"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon2004275-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2006119-27"},{"link_name":"social prestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"nonstandard dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2006119-27"},{"link_name":"heteronomous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy_and_heteronomy_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambersTrudgill19989-28"},{"link_name":"Standard English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_English"},{"link_name":"prescriptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription"},{"link_name":"Académie Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Royal Spanish Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcArthurMcArthur1992290-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2006119-27"},{"link_name":"sociolect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolect"},{"link_name":"socio-economic stratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratification"},{"link_name":"dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Mol200311-30"},{"link_name":"usus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usus"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStar%C4%8Devi%C4%87201671-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomaine2008685-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilroy2007-33"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Romaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Romaine"},{"link_name":"imagined communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagined_communities"},{"link_name":"Benedict Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Anderson"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomaine2008685-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomaine2008685-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomaine2008685-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInoue2006122-34"},{"link_name":"continuum of dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill2004-35"},{"link_name":"mutually intelligible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_intelligible"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1968-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambersTrudgill199811-37"},{"link_name":"North Germanic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_language"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambersTrudgill19983%E2%80%934-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInoue2006123%E2%80%93124-39"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Riksmål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"Bokmål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"Ivar Aasen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Aasen"},{"link_name":"Dano-Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dano-Norwegian"},{"link_name":"Landsmål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsm%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"Storting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"Nynorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Standard Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Macedonian"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Balkan peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Republic of North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgill1992173%E2%80%93174-40"}],"text":"The term standard language identifies a repertoire of broadly recognizable conventions in spoken and written communications used in a society; the term implies neither a socially ideal idiom nor a culturally superior form of speech.[23] These conventions develop from related dialects, usually by social action (ethnic and cultural unification) that elevate discourse patterns associated with perceived centers of culture, or more rarely, by deliberately defining the norms of standard language with selected linguistic features drawn from the existing dialects, as in the case of Modern Hebrew.[24][25]Either course of events typically results in a relatively fixed orthography codified in grammars and normative dictionaries, in which users can also sometimes find illustrative examples drawn from literary, legal, or religious texts.[25] Whether grammars and dictionaries are created by the state or by private citizens (e.g. Webster's Dictionary), some users regard such linguistic codifications as authoritative for correcting the spoken and written forms of the language.[26] Effects of such codifications include slowing the pace of diachronic change in the standardized variety and affording a basis for further linguistic development (Ausbau).[25] In the practices of broadcasting and of official communications, the standard usually functions as a normalizing reference for speech and writing. In educational contexts, it usually informs the version of the language taught to non-native learners.[27]In those ways, the standard variety acquires social prestige and greater functional importance than nonstandard dialects,[27] which depend upon or are heteronomous with respect to the standard idiom. Standard usage serves as the linguistic authority, as in the case of specialist terminology; moreover, the standardization of spoken forms is oriented towards the codified standard.[28] Historically, a standard language arises in two ways: (i) in the case of Standard English, linguistic standardization occurs informally and piecemeal, without formal government intervention; (ii) in the cases of the French and Spanish languages, linguistic standardization occurs formally, directed by prescriptive language institutions, such as the Académie Française and the Royal Spanish Academy, which respectively produce Le bon français and El buen español.[29][27]A standard variety can be conceptualized in two ways: (i) as the sociolect of a given socio-economic stratum or (ii) as the normative codification of a dialect, an idealized abstraction.[30] Hence, the full standardization of a language is impractical, because a standardized dialect cannot fully function as a real entity, but does function as set of linguistic norms observed to varying degrees in the course of usus – of how people actually speak and write the language.[31][32] In practice, the language varieties identified as standard are neither uniform nor fully stabilized, especially in their spoken forms.[33] From that perspective, the linguist Suzanne Romaine says that standard languages can be conceptually compared to the imagined communities of nation and nationalism, as described by the political scientist Benedict Anderson,[32] which indicates that linguistic standardization is the result of a society's history and sociology, and thus is not a universal phenomenon;[32] of the approximately 7,000 contemporary spoken languages, most do not have a codified standard dialect.[32]Politically, in the formation of a nation-state, identifying and cultivating a standard variety can serve efforts to establish a shared culture among the social and economic groups who compose the new nation-state.[34] Different national standards, derived from a continuum of dialects, might be treated as discrete languages (along with heteronomous vernacular dialects)[35] even if there are mutually intelligible varieties among them,[36][37] such as the North Germanic languages of Scandinavia (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish).[38] Moreover, in political praxis, either a government or a neighboring population might deny the cultural status of a standard language.[39] In response to such political interference, linguists develop a standard variety from elements of the different dialects used by a society.For example, when Norway became independent from Denmark in 1814, the only written language was Danish. Different Norwegian dialects were spoken in rural districts and provincial cities, but people with higher education and upper-class urban people spoke \"Danish with a Norwegian pronunciation\". Based upon the bourgeois speech of the capital Oslo (Christiania) and other major cities, several orthographic reforms, notably in 1907 and 1917, resulted in the official standard Riksmål, in 1929 renamed Bokmål ('book tongue'). The philologist Ivar Aasen (1813–1896) considered urban and upper-class Dano-Norwegian too similar to Danish, so he developed Landsmål ('country tongue'), the standard based upon the dialects of western Norway. In 1885 the Storting (parliament) declared both forms official and equal. In 1929 it was officially renamed Nynorsk (New Norwegian).Likewise, in Yugoslavia (1945–1992), when the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1963–1991) developed their national language from the dialect continuum demarcated by Serbia to the north and Bulgaria to the east, their Standard Macedonian was based upon vernaculars from the west of the republic, which were the dialects most linguistically different from standard Bulgarian, the previous linguistic norm used in that region of the Balkan peninsula. Although Macedonian functions as the standard language of the Republic of North Macedonia, nonetheless, for political and cultural reasons, Bulgarians treat Macedonian as a Bulgarian dialect.[40]","title":"Linguistic standardization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of language regulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_regulators"}],"text":"See also: List of language regulators","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"local varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Hakka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Classical Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Chinese"},{"link_name":"classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_classics"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988108%E2%80%93109,_245-41"},{"link_name":"common language based on Mandarin varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988133,_136-42"},{"link_name":"written vernacular Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988133%E2%80%93134-43"},{"link_name":"Standard Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Beijing dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_dialect"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988135-44"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988136%E2%80%93137-45"},{"link_name":"Standard Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese"},{"link_name":"variety of Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988247-46"}],"sub_title":"Chinese","text":"Chinese consists of hundreds of local varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible, usually classified into seven to ten major groups, including Mandarin, Wu, Yue, Hakka and Min.\nBefore the 20th century, most Chinese spoke only their local variety.\nFor two millennia, formal writing had been done in Classical Chinese, a style modelled on the classics and far removed from any contemporary speech.[41]\nAs a practical measure, officials of the late imperial dynasties carried out the administration of the empire using a common language based on Mandarin varieties, known as Guānhuà (literally \"speech of officials\").[42]In the early 20th century, many Chinese intellectuals argued that the country needed a standardized language.\nBy the 1920s, Literary Chinese had been replaced as the written standard by written vernacular Chinese, which was based on Mandarin dialects.[43]\nIn the 1930s, Standard Chinese was adopted, with its pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect, but with vocabulary also drawn from other Mandarin varieties and its syntax based on the written vernacular.[44]\nIt is the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China (where it is called Pǔtōnghuà \"common speech\"), the de facto official language of the Republic of China governing Taiwan (as Guóyǔ \"national language\") and one of the official languages of Singapore (as Huáyǔ \"Chinese language\").[45]\nStandard Chinese now dominates public life, and is much more widely studied than any other variety of Chinese.[46]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Standard English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_English"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"court of Chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1996-47"},{"link_name":"Standard English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_English"},{"link_name":"upper class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentry"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1996-48"},{"link_name":"social prestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaughCable2002-49"},{"link_name":"Received Pronunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation"},{"link_name":"south of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_England"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearsall1999xiv-50"}],"sub_title":"English in the United Kingdom","text":"Further information: Standard EnglishIn the United Kingdom, the standard language is British English, which is based upon the language of the medieval court of Chancery of England and Wales.[47] In the late-seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Standard English became established as the linguistic norm of the upper class, composed of the peerage and the gentry.[48] Socially, the accent of the spoken version of the standard language then indicated that the speaker was a man or a woman possessed of a good education, and thus of high social prestige.[49] In England and Wales, Standard English is usually associated with Received Pronunciation, \"the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England.\", but it may also be spoken with other accents, and in other countries still other accents are used (Australian, Canadian, American, etc.) [50]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Modern Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greek"},{"link_name":"Southern dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek#Modern_varieties"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Ionian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Attica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Cyclades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclades"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorrocks1997-51"}],"sub_title":"Greek","text":"The standard form of Modern Greek is based on the Southern dialects; these dialects are spoken mainly in the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands, Attica, Crete and the Cyclades.[51]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"registers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"Hindustani language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_language"},{"link_name":"Standard Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindi"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2002-52"}],"sub_title":"Hindi-Urdu","text":"Two standardised registers of the Hindustani language have legal status in India: Standard Hindi (one of 23 co-official national languages) and Urdu (Pakistan's official tongue), resultantly, Hindustani often called \"Hindi-Urdu\".[52]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An Caighdeán Oifigiúil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Caighde%C3%A1n_Oifigi%C3%BAil"},{"link_name":"Irish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Dáil Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2005-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEN%C3%AD_Sh%C3%BAilleabh%C3%A1in2012-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEachach2012-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoilseach%C3%A1in_Rialtais20122-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEachach20122-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEachach20127-58"}],"sub_title":"Irish","text":"An Caighdeán Oifigiúil ('The Official Standard'), often shortened to An Caighdeán, is the official standard of the Irish language. It was first published by the translators in Dáil Éireann in the 1950s.[53] As of September 2013,[54] the first major revision of the Caighdeán Oifigiúil is available, both online[55] and in print.[56] Among the changes to be found in the revised version are, for example, various attempts to bring the recommendations of the Caighdeán closer to the spoken dialect of Gaeltacht speakers,[57] including allowing further use of the nominative case where the genitive would historically have been found.[58]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Tuscan dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_dialect"},{"link_name":"Florentine variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine_dialect"},{"link_name":"Italian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_literature"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiden20143-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetti2011318-60"},{"link_name":"Dante Alighieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELepschyLepschy198822-61"},{"link_name":"Italian states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_states_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Italian unification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_unification"},{"link_name":"national language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiden20147%E2%80%939-62"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"regional languages of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Italy"}],"sub_title":"Italian","text":"Standard Italian is derived from the Tuscan dialect, specifically from its Florentine variety—the Florentine influence upon early Italian literature established that dialect as base for the standard language of Italy.[59][60] In particular, Italian became the language of culture for all the people of Italy, thanks to the prestige of the masterpieces of Florentine authors like Dante Alighieri, as well as to the political and cultural significance of Florence at the time and the fact that it was linguistically an intermediate between the northern and the southern Italian dialects.[61] It would later become the official language of all the Italian states, and after the Italian unification it became the national language of the Kingdom of Italy.[62] Modern Standard Italian's lexicon has been deeply influenced by almost all regional languages of Italy.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Classical Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Latin"},{"link_name":"Vulgar Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin"},{"link_name":"sociolect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolect"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania"},{"link_name":"Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1988-63"}],"sub_title":"Latin","text":"The standard language in the Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC) and the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 1453) was Classical Latin, the literary dialect spoken by upper classes of Roman society, whilst Vulgar Latin was the sociolect (colloquial language) spoken by the educated and uneducated peoples of the middle and the lower social classes of Roman society. The Latin language that Roman armies introduced to Gaul, Hispania, and Dacia had a grammar, syntax, and vocabulary different from the Classical Latin spoken and written by the statesman Cicero.[63]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(city)"},{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia"},{"link_name":"rhotic consonant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotic_consonant"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(city)"},{"link_name":"alveolar flap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_flap"},{"link_name":"trill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_trill"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMateusd'Andrade20005%E2%80%936,_11-64"}],"sub_title":"Portuguese","text":"In Brazil, actors and journalists usually adopt an unofficial, but de facto, spoken standard Portuguese, originally derived from the middle-class dialects of Rio de Janeiro and Brasília, but that now encompasses educated urban pronunciations from the different speech communities in the southeast. In that standard, ⟨s⟩ represents the phoneme /s/ when it appears at the end of a syllable (whereas in Rio de Janeiro this represents /ʃ/) and the rhotic consonant spelled ⟨r⟩ is pronounced [h] in the same situation (whereas in São Paulo this is usually an alveolar flap or trill). European and African dialects have differing realizations of /ʁ/ than Brazilian dialects, with the former using [ʁ] and [r] and the latter using [x], [h], or [χ].[64]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pluricentric Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluricentric_language#Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordi%C4%872007-15"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0ipka2019166,_206-65"},{"link_name":"same dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_secessionism#In_Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Štokavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtokavian_dialect"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2002-52"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrozovi%C4%871992347%E2%80%93380-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristophson2000178%E2%80%93186-67"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2002-52"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordi%C4%872009-68"},{"link_name":"different languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_secessionism#In_Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl1996214,_219-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKordi%C4%872004-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafadar2009103-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2003314-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMethad%C5%BEovi%C4%872015-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6schel2009344%E2%80%93350-74"}],"sub_title":"Serbo-Croatian","text":"Four standard variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian are spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia.[15][65] They all have the same dialect basis (Štokavian).[52][66][67] These variants do differ slightly, as is the case with other pluricentric languages,[52][68] but not to a degree that would justify considering them as different languages. The differences between the variants do not hinder mutual intelligibility and do not undermine the integrity of the system as a whole.[69][70][71] Compared to the differences between the variants of English, German, French, Spanish, or Portuguese, the distinctions between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant.[72][73] Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro in their constitution have all named the language differently.[74]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Northern Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language#Varieties"},{"link_name":"Standard Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1998571-75"},{"link_name":"Mudug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudug"},{"link_name":"Darod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darod"},{"link_name":"Somali poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Somali_poets"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaeed19995-76"}],"sub_title":"Somali","text":"In Somalia, Northern Somali (or North-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali,[75] particularly the Mudug dialect of the northern Darod clan. Northern Central Somali has frequently been used by famous Somali poets as well as the political elite, and thus has the most prestige among other Somali dialects.[76]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"Common Locale Data Repository","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Locale_Data_Repository"},{"link_name":"Modern Standard Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TR35-77"}],"text":"The Unicode Common Locale Data Repository uses 001 as the region subtag for a standardized form such as ar-001 for Modern Standard Arabic.[77]","title":"Encoding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-014189-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014189-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-022025-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022025-4"},{"link_name":"\"Beginners' Blas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/irish/blas/education/beginnersblas/dictionaries.shtml"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-28098-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28098-3"},{"link_name":"Blake, N. 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Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Trudgill"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1473-4192.1992.tb00031.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1473-4192.1992.tb00031.x"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783631526637","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631526637"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-08-044299-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0"},{"link_name":"Variation in Modern Standard Arabic in Radio News Broadcasts: A Synchronic Descriptive Investigation into the Use of Complementary Particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Kai-M4efjDkC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789042911581","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042911581"},{"link_name":"Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HZqBCTDxqcgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789027200556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027200556"}],"text":"Ammon, Ulrich (2004). \"Standard variety\". In Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (eds.). Sociolinguistics. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 273–283. ISBN 978-3-11-014189-4.\nAuer, Peter (2011). \"Dialect vs. standard: a typology of scenarios in Europe\". In Kortmann, Bernd; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). The languages and linguistics of Europe : a comprehensive guide. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 485–500. ISBN 978-3-11-022025-4.\nBBC (June 2005). \"Beginners' Blas\". BBC. Retrieved 18 March 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)\nBaugh, Albert C.; Cable, Thomas (2002). A History of the English Language (5th ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28098-3.\nBex, Tony (2008). \"'Standard' English, Discourse Grammars and English Language Teaching\". In Locher, M. A.; Strässler, J. (eds.). Standards and Norms in the English Language. De Gruyter. pp. 221–238.\nBlake, N. F. (1996). A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-8147-1313-6.\nBlum, Daniel (2002). Sprache und Politik: Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945-1991) [Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945-1991)]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung (in German). Vol. 192. Würzburg: Ergon. ISBN 3-89913-253-X. OCLC 51961066.\nBrozović, Dalibor (1992). \"Serbo-Croatian as a pluricentric language\". In Clyne, Michael G (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110128550. OCLC 24668375.\nCarter, Ronald (1999). \"Standard Grammars, Spoken Grammars: Some Educational Implications.\". In Bex, Tony; Watts, R.J. (eds.). Standard English: The Widening Debate. Routledge. pp. 149–166.\nChambers, J.K.; Trudgill, Peter (1998). Dialectology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59646-6.\nCharity Hudley, Anne H.; Mallinson, Christine (2011). Understanding English Language Variation in U.S. Schools. New York: Teachers College Press. ISBN 9780807774021.\nClyne, Michael G., ed. (1992). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Contributions to the sociology of language. Vol. 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-012855-1.\nColetti, Vittorio (2011). \"Storia della lingua\". Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana. Retrieved 10 October 2015.\nCurzan, Anne (2002). \"Teaching the Politics of Standard English\". Journal of English Linguistics. 30 (4): 339–352. doi:10.1177/007542402237882. S2CID 143816335.\nDalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages. Columbia University Press.\nDavila, Bethany (2016). \"The Inevitability of 'Standard' English: Discursive Constructions of Standard Language Ideologies\". Written Communication. 33 (2): 127–148. doi:10.1177/0741088316632186. S2CID 147594600.\nDunaj, Bogusław (1989). Język mieszkańców Krakowa, część I (in Polish). Warszawa-Kraków. p. 134.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nEachach, Vivian Uíbh, ed. (2012). An Caighdeán Oifigiúil—Caighdeán Athbhreithnithe (PDF) (in Irish). Seirbhís Thithe an Oireachtais. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2012.\nFinegan, Edward (2007). Language: Its Structure and Use (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 978-1-4130-3055-6.\n\"Foilseacháin Rialtais / Government Publications—Don tSeachtain dar críoch 25 Iúil 2012 / For the week ended 25 July 2012\" (PDF) (in Irish and English). Rialtas na hÉireann. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012. M67B Gramadach na Gaeilge 9781406425766 390 10.00[permanent dead link]\nGröschel, Bernhard (2009). Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit [Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics (in German). Vol. 34. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-929075-79-3. LCCN 2009473660. OCLC 428012015. OL 15295665W.\nHorrocks, Geoffrey (1997). Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers (1st ed.). London: Longman. ISBN 9780582307094.\nInoue, M. (2006). \"Standardization\". In Brown, Keith (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Vol. 12 (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 121–127. ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0.\nKafadar, Enisa (2009). \"Bosnisch, Kroatisch, Serbisch – Wie spricht man eigentlich in Bosnien-Herzegowina?\" [Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian – How do people really speak in Bosnia-Herzegovina?]. In Henn-Memmesheimer, Beate; Franz, Joachim (eds.). Die Ordnung des Standard und die Differenzierung der Diskurse; Teil 1 (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–106. ISBN 9783631599174. OCLC 699514676. Retrieved 9 May 2013.\nKapović, Mate (2011). \"Language, Ideology and Politics in Croatia\" (PDF). Slavia Centralis. iv (2).\nKloss, Heinz (1967). \"'Abstand languages' and 'ausbau languages'\". Anthropological Linguistics. 9 (7): 29–41. JSTOR 30029461.\nKordić, Snježana (2004). \"Pro und kontra: \"Serbokroatisch\" heute\" [Pro and contra: \"Serbo-Croatian\" nowadays] (PDF). In Krause, Marion; Sappok, Christian (eds.). Slavistische Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10.-12. September 2002. Slavistishe Beiträge; vol. 434 (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. pp. 97–148. ISBN 3-87690-885-X. OCLC 56198470. SSRN 3434516. CROSBI 430499. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2015.\nKordić, Snježana (2007). \"La langue croate, serbe, bosniaque et monténégrine\" [Croatian, Serbian, Bosniakian, and Montenegrin] (PDF). In Madelain, Anne (ed.). Au sud de l'Est. vol. 3 (in French). Paris: Non Lieu. pp. 71–78. ISBN 978-2-35270-036-4. OCLC 182916790. SSRN 3439662. CROSBI 429734. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2014.\nKordić, Snježana (2009). \"Policentrični standardni jezik\" [Polycentric Standard Language] (PDF). In Badurina, Lada; Pranjković, Ivo; Silić, Josip (eds.). Jezični varijeteti i nacionalni identiteti (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Disput. pp. 83–108. ISBN 978-953-260-054-4. OCLC 437306433. SSRN 3438216. CROSBI 426269. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2013.\nKordić, Snježana (2010). Jezik i nacionalizam [Language and Nationalism] (PDF). Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3467646. ISBN 978-953-188-311-5. LCCN 2011520778. OCLC 729837512. OL 15270636W. CROSBI 475567. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2019.\nKristophson, Jürgen (2000). \"Vom Widersinn der Dialektologie: Gedanken zum Štokavischen\" [Dialectological Nonsense: Thoughts on Shtokavian]. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie (in German). 36 (2). ISSN 0044-2356. ZDB-ID 201058-6.\nLangston, Keith; Peti-Stantić, Anita (2014). Language Planning and National Identity in Croatia. Palgrave Studies in Minority Languages and Communities. Springer. ISBN 9781137390608.\nLepschy, Anna Laura; Lepschy, Giulio C. (1988). The Italian language today (2nd ed.). New York: New Amsterdam. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-941533-22-5. OCLC 17650220.\nMaiden, Martin (2014). A Linguistic History of Italian. Taylor & Francis. p. 318. ISBN 9781317899273.\nMateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000). The Phonology of Portuguese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-823581-X.\nMethadžović, Almir (10 April 2015). \"Naučnoznanstvena-znanstvenonaučna istina\" [Scientific truth] (in Serbo-Croatian). Mostar: Tačno.net. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2016.\nMcArthur, Tom; McArthur, Feri (1992). The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192141835.\nMilroy, James (2007). \"The Ideology of the Standard Language\". In Llamas, Carmen; Mullany, Louise; Stockwell, Peter (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge. pp. 133–13. ISBN 978-0203441497. OCLC 76969042.\nMilroy, James; Milroy, Lesley (2012). Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English' (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-69683-8.\nNí Shúilleabháin, Niamh (2 August 2012). \"Caighdeán Athbhreithnithe don Ghaeilge\". Gaelport.com (in Irish). Retrieved 2 August 2012.\nNorman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3.\nPalmer, L.R. (1988). The Latin Language. University of Oklahoma. ISBN 0-8061-2136-X.\nPearsall, Judy, ed. (1999). The Concise Oxford English Dictionary (10th ed.).\nPohl, Hans-Dieter (1996). \"Serbokroatisch - Rückblick und Ausblick\" [Serbo-Croatian – Looking backward and forward]. In Ohnheiser, Ingeborg (ed.). Wechselbeziehungen zwischen slawischen Sprachen, Literaturen und Kulturen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart: Akten der Tagung aus Anlaß des 25jährigen Bestehens des Instituts für Slawistik an der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 25. - 27. Mai 1995. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Slavica aenipontana (in German). Vol. 4. Innsbruck: Non Lieu. pp. 205–221. OCLC 243829127.\nRichards, Jack Croft; Schmidt, Richard W. (2010). Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 978-1-4082-0460-3.\nRomaine, Suzanne (2008). \"Linguistic Diversity and Language Standardization\". In Hellinger, Marlis; Pauwels, Anne (eds.). Handbook of Language and Communication: Diversity and Change. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110198539.\nSaeed, John (1999). Somali. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN 1-55619-224-X.\nSilverstein, Michael (1996). \"Monoglot 'Standard' in America: Standardization and Metaphors of Linguistic Hegemony\". In Brennis, Donald; Macaulay, Ronald H.S (eds.). The Matrix of Language. Routledge. pp. 284–306.\nŠipka, Danko (2019). Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108685795. ISBN 978-953-313-086-6. LCCN 2018048005. OCLC 1061308790. S2CID 150383965.\nSmith, Jeremy (1996). An Historical Study of English: Function, Form and Change. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-13273-2.\n\"Літературна мова (стандарт)\". Соціологія (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 13 January 2019.\nStarčević, Anđel (2016). \"Govorimo hrvatski ili 'hrvatski': standardni dijalekt i jezične ideologije u institucionalnom diskursu\". Suvremena Lingvistika (in Serbo-Croatian). 81. University of Zagreb: 67–103.\nStewart, William A. (1968). \"A Sociolinguistic Typology for Describing National Multilingualism\". In Fishman, Joshua A (ed.). Readings in the Sociology of Language. The Hague, Paris: Mouton. pp. 529–545. doi:10.1515/9783110805376.531. ISBN 978-3-11-080537-6. OCLC 306499.\nСулейменова, Элеонора Д. (2006). Словарь социолингвистических терминов (in Russian). Moscow: Российская академия наук. Институт языкознания. Российская академия лингвистических наук.\nThomas, Paul-Louis (2003). \"Le serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe): de l'étude d'une langue à l'identité des langues\" [Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian): from the study of a language to the identity of languages]. Revue des études slaves (in French). 74 (2–3): 311–325. doi:10.3406/slave.2002.6801. ISSN 0080-2557. OCLC 754204160. ZDB-ID 208723-6.\nTrudgill, Peter (1992). \"Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe\". International Journal of Applied Linguistics. 2 (2): 167–177. doi:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1992.tb00031.x.\nTrudgill, Peter (2004). \"Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe\". In Anna Duszak, Urszula Okulska (ed.). Speaking from the margin: global English from a European perspective. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. pp. 35–49. ISBN 9783631526637.\nTrudgill, Peter (2006). \"Standard and Dialect Vocabulary\". In Brown, Keith (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Vol. 12 (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 119–121. ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0.\nVan Mol, Mark (2003). Variation in Modern Standard Arabic in Radio News Broadcasts: A Synchronic Descriptive Investigation into the Use of Complementary Particles. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042911581.\nVogl, Ulrike (2012). \"Multilingualism in a Standard Language Culture\". In Hüning; Vogl, Ulrike; Moliner, Olivier (eds.). Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History. Multilingualism and diversity management. Vol. 1. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027200556.\nWilliams, Raymond (1983). \"Standards\". Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society' (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 296–299.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33981055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/33981055"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55786-001-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-001-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2598722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2598722"}],"text":"Ammon, Ulrich (1995). Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten [German Language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: The Problem of National Varieties] (in German). Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter. OCLC 33981055.\nJoseph, John E. (1987). Eloquence and Power: The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages. New York: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-55786-001-9.\nKloss, Heinz (1976). \"Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen\" [Abstand-languages and Ausbau-languages]. In Göschel, Joachim; Nail, Norbert; van der Elst, Gaston (eds.). Zur Theorie des Dialekts: Aufsätze aus 100 Jahren Forschung. Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, Beihefte, n.F., Heft 16. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner. pp. 301–322. OCLC 2598722.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Classical language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_language"},{"title":"Koiné language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language"},{"title":"Language secessionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_secessionism"},{"title":"Literary language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_language"},{"title":"National language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language"},{"title":"Nonstandard dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect"},{"title":"Official language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language"},{"title":"Vernacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular"}] | [{"reference":"Davis, Mark (25 October 2023). \"Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML)\". unicode.org. Retrieved 13 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://unicode.org/reports/tr35/#unicode_region_subtag_validity","url_text":"\"Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML)\""}]},{"reference":"Ammon, Ulrich (2004). \"Standard variety\". In Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (eds.). Sociolinguistics. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 273–283. ISBN 978-3-11-014189-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014189-4","url_text":"978-3-11-014189-4"}]},{"reference":"Auer, Peter (2011). \"Dialect vs. standard: a typology of scenarios in Europe\". In Kortmann, Bernd; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). The languages and linguistics of Europe : a comprehensive guide. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 485–500. ISBN 978-3-11-022025-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022025-4","url_text":"978-3-11-022025-4"}]},{"reference":"BBC (June 2005). \"Beginners' Blas\". BBC. Retrieved 18 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/irish/blas/education/beginnersblas/dictionaries.shtml","url_text":"\"Beginners' Blas\""}]},{"reference":"Baugh, Albert C.; Cable, Thomas (2002). A History of the English Language (5th ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28098-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28098-3","url_text":"978-0-415-28098-3"}]},{"reference":"Bex, Tony (2008). \"'Standard' English, Discourse Grammars and English Language Teaching\". In Locher, M. A.; Strässler, J. (eds.). Standards and Norms in the English Language. De Gruyter. pp. 221–238.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blake, N. F. (1996). A History of the English Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-8147-1313-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Blake_(academic)","url_text":"Blake, N. F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1313-6","url_text":"978-0-8147-1313-6"}]},{"reference":"Blum, Daniel (2002). Sprache und Politik: Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945-1991) [Language and Policy: Language Policy and Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945-1991)]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung (in German). Vol. 192. Würzburg: Ergon. ISBN 3-89913-253-X. OCLC 51961066.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89913-253-X","url_text":"3-89913-253-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51961066","url_text":"51961066"}]},{"reference":"Brozović, Dalibor (1992). \"Serbo-Croatian as a pluricentric language\". In Clyne, Michael G (ed.). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110128550. OCLC 24668375.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalibor_Brozovi%C4%87","url_text":"Brozović, Dalibor"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC","url_text":"Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110128550","url_text":"9783110128550"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24668375","url_text":"24668375"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Ronald (1999). \"Standard Grammars, Spoken Grammars: Some Educational Implications.\". In Bex, Tony; Watts, R.J. (eds.). Standard English: The Widening Debate. Routledge. pp. 149–166.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chambers, J.K.; Trudgill, Peter (1998). Dialectology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 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S2CID 143816335.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F007542402237882","url_text":"10.1177/007542402237882"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143816335","url_text":"143816335"}]},{"reference":"Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages. Columbia University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Davila, Bethany (2016). \"The Inevitability of 'Standard' English: Discursive Constructions of Standard Language Ideologies\". Written Communication. 33 (2): 127–148. doi:10.1177/0741088316632186. S2CID 147594600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0741088316632186","url_text":"10.1177/0741088316632186"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147594600","url_text":"147594600"}]},{"reference":"Dunaj, Bogusław (1989). Język mieszkańców Krakowa, część I (in Polish). Warszawa-Kraków. p. 134.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Eachach, Vivian Uíbh, ed. (2012). An Caighdeán Oifigiúil—Caighdeán Athbhreithnithe (PDF) (in Irish). Seirbhís Thithe an Oireachtais. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130506010907/http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/michelle/Final-Version.pdf","url_text":"An Caighdeán Oifigiúil—Caighdeán Athbhreithnithe"},{"url":"http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/michelle/Final-Version.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Finegan, Edward (2007). Language: Its Structure and Use (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 978-1-4130-3055-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4130-3055-6","url_text":"978-1-4130-3055-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Foilseacháin Rialtais / Government Publications—Don tSeachtain dar críoch 25 Iúil 2012 / For the week ended 25 July 2012\" (PDF) (in Irish and English). Rialtas na hÉireann. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012. M67B Gramadach na Gaeilge 9781406425766 390 10.00","urls":[{"url":"http://www.opw.ie/en/media/wl25072012.pdf","url_text":"\"Foilseacháin Rialtais / Government Publications—Don tSeachtain dar críoch 25 Iúil 2012 / For the week ended 25 July 2012\""}]},{"reference":"Gröschel, Bernhard (2009). Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit [Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics (in German). Vol. 34. Munich: Lincom Europa. ISBN 978-3-929075-79-3. LCCN 2009473660. OCLC 428012015. OL 15295665W.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Gr%C3%B6schel","url_text":"Gröschel, Bernhard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-929075-79-3","url_text":"978-3-929075-79-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2009473660","url_text":"2009473660"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428012015","url_text":"428012015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15295665W","url_text":"15295665W"}]},{"reference":"Horrocks, Geoffrey (1997). Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers (1st ed.). London: Longman. ISBN 9780582307094.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582307094","url_text":"9780582307094"}]},{"reference":"Inoue, M. (2006). \"Standardization\". In Brown, Keith (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Vol. 12 (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 121–127. ISBN 978-0-08-044299-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0","url_text":"978-0-08-044299-0"}]},{"reference":"Kafadar, Enisa (2009). \"Bosnisch, Kroatisch, Serbisch – Wie spricht man eigentlich in Bosnien-Herzegowina?\" [Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian – How do people really speak in Bosnia-Herzegovina?]. In Henn-Memmesheimer, Beate; Franz, Joachim (eds.). Die Ordnung des Standard und die Differenzierung der Diskurse; Teil 1 (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 95–106. ISBN 9783631599174. OCLC 699514676. Retrieved 9 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=63hKaFGtTDAC","url_text":"Die Ordnung des Standard und die Differenzierung der Diskurse; Teil 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631599174","url_text":"9783631599174"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/699514676","url_text":"699514676"}]},{"reference":"Kapović, Mate (2011). \"Language, Ideology and Politics in Croatia\" (PDF). Slavia Centralis. iv (2).","urls":[{"url":"https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/566935.SCN_2_2011_Kapovic.pdf","url_text":"\"Language, Ideology and Politics in Croatia\""}]},{"reference":"Kloss, Heinz (1967). \"'Abstand languages' and 'ausbau languages'\". Anthropological Linguistics. 9 (7): 29–41. JSTOR 30029461.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Kloss","url_text":"Kloss, Heinz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30029461","url_text":"30029461"}]},{"reference":"Kordić, Snježana (2004). \"Pro und kontra: \"Serbokroatisch\" heute\" [Pro and contra: \"Serbo-Croatian\" nowadays] (PDF). In Krause, Marion; Sappok, Christian (eds.). Slavistische Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10.-12. September 2002. Slavistishe Beiträge; vol. 434 (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. pp. 97–148. ISBN 3-87690-885-X. OCLC 56198470. SSRN 3434516. CROSBI 430499. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snje%C5%BEana_Kordi%C4%87","url_text":"Kordić, Snježana"},{"url":"http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430499.PRO_UND_KONTRA_SERBOKROATISCH.PDF","url_text":"\"Pro und kontra: \"Serbokroatisch\" heute\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87690-885-X","url_text":"3-87690-885-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56198470","url_text":"56198470"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3434516","url_text":"3434516"},{"url":"http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=430499","url_text":"CROSBI 430499"},{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/69f5n0ek4?url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/430499.PRO_UND_KONTRA_SERBOKROATISCH.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kordić, Snježana (2007). \"La langue croate, serbe, bosniaque et monténégrine\" [Croatian, Serbian, Bosniakian, and Montenegrin] (PDF). In Madelain, Anne (ed.). Au sud de l'Est. vol. 3 (in French). Paris: Non Lieu. pp. 71–78. ISBN 978-2-35270-036-4. OCLC 182916790. SSRN 3439662. CROSBI 429734. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2012. 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In Badurina, Lada; Pranjković, Ivo; Silić, Josip (eds.). Jezični varijeteti i nacionalni identiteti (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Disput. pp. 83–108. ISBN 978-953-260-054-4. OCLC 437306433. SSRN 3438216. CROSBI 426269. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/426269.POLICENTRICNI_STANDARDNI.PDF","url_text":"\"Policentrični standardni jezik\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Pranjkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Pranjković, Ivo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-260-054-4","url_text":"978-953-260-054-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/437306433","url_text":"437306433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3438216","url_text":"3438216"},{"url":"http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=426269","url_text":"CROSBI 426269"},{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/69f5Mtzox?url=http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/426269.POLICENTRICNI_STANDARDNI.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kordić, Snježana (2010). Jezik i nacionalizam [Language and Nationalism] (PDF). Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3467646. ISBN 978-953-188-311-5. LCCN 2011520778. OCLC 729837512. OL 15270636W. CROSBI 475567. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf","url_text":"Jezik i nacionalizam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.3467646","url_text":"10.2139/ssrn.3467646"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-188-311-5","url_text":"978-953-188-311-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2011520778","url_text":"2011520778"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/729837512","url_text":"729837512"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15270636W","url_text":"15270636W"},{"url":"http://bib.irb.hr/prikazi-rad?&lang=EN&rad=475567","url_text":"CROSBI 475567"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120601175359/http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/475567.Jezik_i_nacionalizam.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kristophson, Jürgen (2000). \"Vom Widersinn der Dialektologie: Gedanken zum Štokavischen\" [Dialectological Nonsense: Thoughts on Shtokavian]. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie (in German). 36 (2). ISSN 0044-2356. ZDB-ID 201058-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2356","url_text":"0044-2356"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)","url_text":"ZDB-ID"},{"url":"http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/201058-6","url_text":"201058-6"}]},{"reference":"Langston, Keith; Peti-Stantić, Anita (2014). Language Planning and National Identity in Croatia. Palgrave Studies in Minority Languages and Communities. Springer. ISBN 9781137390608.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1TtvBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Language Planning and National Identity in Croatia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137390608","url_text":"9781137390608"}]},{"reference":"Lepschy, Anna Laura; Lepschy, Giulio C. (1988). The Italian language today (2nd ed.). New York: New Amsterdam. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-941533-22-5. OCLC 17650220.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941533-22-5","url_text":"978-0-941533-22-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17650220","url_text":"17650220"}]},{"reference":"Maiden, Martin (2014). A Linguistic History of Italian. Taylor & Francis. p. 318. ISBN 9781317899273.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317899273","url_text":"9781317899273"}]},{"reference":"Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000). The Phonology of Portuguese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-823581-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Onr9OFylajYC","url_text":"The Phonology of Portuguese"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-823581-X","url_text":"0-19-823581-X"}]},{"reference":"Methadžović, Almir (10 April 2015). \"Naučnoznanstvena-znanstvenonaučna istina\" [Scientific truth] (in Serbo-Croatian). Mostar: Tačno.net. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tacno.net/novosti/naucnoznanstvena-znanstvenonaucna-istina/","url_text":"\"Naučnoznanstvena-znanstvenonaučna istina\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150416011309/http://tacno.net/novosti/naucnoznanstvena-znanstvenonaucna-istina/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McArthur, Tom; McArthur, Feri (1992). The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192141835.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192141835","url_text":"9780192141835"}]},{"reference":"Milroy, James (2007). \"The Ideology of the Standard Language\". In Llamas, Carmen; Mullany, Louise; Stockwell, Peter (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge. pp. 133–13. ISBN 978-0203441497. OCLC 76969042.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203441497","url_text":"978-0203441497"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76969042","url_text":"76969042"}]},{"reference":"Milroy, James; Milroy, Lesley (2012). Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English' (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-69683-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69683-8","url_text":"978-0-415-69683-8"}]},{"reference":"Ní Shúilleabháin, Niamh (2 August 2012). \"Caighdeán Athbhreithnithe don Ghaeilge\". Gaelport.com (in Irish). Retrieved 2 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaelport.com/nuacht/Caighdean-athbhreithnithe-don-Ghaeilge/","url_text":"\"Caighdeán Athbhreithnithe don Ghaeilge\""}]},{"reference":"Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)","url_text":"Norman, Jerry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3","url_text":"978-0-521-29653-3"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, L.R. (1988). The Latin Language. University of Oklahoma. ISBN 0-8061-2136-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2136-X","url_text":"0-8061-2136-X"}]},{"reference":"Pearsall, Judy, ed. (1999). The Concise Oxford English Dictionary (10th ed.).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pohl, Hans-Dieter (1996). \"Serbokroatisch - Rückblick und Ausblick\" [Serbo-Croatian – Looking backward and forward]. In Ohnheiser, Ingeborg (ed.). Wechselbeziehungen zwischen slawischen Sprachen, Literaturen und Kulturen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart: Akten der Tagung aus Anlaß des 25jährigen Bestehens des Instituts für Slawistik an der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 25. - 27. Mai 1995. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Slavica aenipontana (in German). Vol. 4. Innsbruck: Non Lieu. pp. 205–221. OCLC 243829127.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243829127","url_text":"243829127"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Jack Croft; Schmidt, Richard W. (2010). Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 978-1-4082-0460-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4082-0460-3","url_text":"978-1-4082-0460-3"}]},{"reference":"Romaine, Suzanne (2008). \"Linguistic Diversity and Language Standardization\". In Hellinger, Marlis; Pauwels, Anne (eds.). Handbook of Language and Communication: Diversity and Change. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110198539.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BGw8bsbRJtYC","url_text":"Handbook of Language and Communication: Diversity and Change"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110198539","url_text":"9783110198539"}]},{"reference":"Saeed, John (1999). Somali. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN 1-55619-224-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55619-224-X","url_text":"1-55619-224-X"}]},{"reference":"Silverstein, Michael (1996). \"Monoglot 'Standard' in America: Standardization and Metaphors of Linguistic Hegemony\". In Brennis, Donald; Macaulay, Ronald H.S (eds.). The Matrix of Language. Routledge. pp. 284–306.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Šipka, Danko (2019). Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108685795. ISBN 978-953-313-086-6. LCCN 2018048005. OCLC 1061308790. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Paper_Institute | American Forest & Paper Association | ["1 References","2 External links"] | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "American Forest & Paper Association" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020)
American Forest & Paper AssociationFormationJanuary 1, 1993; 31 years ago (1993-01-01)ChairmanF. Colin MoseleyWebsiteafandpa.org
Congressman Bruce Westerman speaks at an AFPA event in 2020.
The American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) is the national trade association of the paper and wood products industry.
AF&PA was formed on January 1, 1993, by the merger of the National Forest Product Association and the American Paper Institute.
Membership includes scores of companies and industry associations. Among them are Domtar, Essity, Evergreen Packaging, LLC, Georgia-Pacific LLC, Graphic Packaging International, Green Bay Packaging Inc., Greif, Inc., International Paper Company, Packaging Corporation of America, Pratt Industries, Inc., Resolute Forest Products, Sappi North America, Sonoco Products Company and WestRock Company.
AF&PA's primary work is public policy advocacy at the international, national, state and local levels and, according to the Center for Public Integrity, it spent about $20 million from 1998 to 2004 on these efforts. The Association also serves as the forest products industry's primary statistical clearinghouse for manufacturing, production and capacity data. An AF&PA affiliate organization, the American Wood Council, promotes the use of wood building materials in residential and commercial construction and is an ANSI-accredited publisher of wood building codes.
References
^ "About AF&PA". American Forest & Paper Association. 2002. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
External links
American Forest & Paper Association, organization website
Inventory of the National Forest Product Association Records, 1902-1986, in the Forest History Society Library and Archives, Durham, NC
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruce_Westerman_speaks_at_American_Forest_%26_Paper_Association_event_-_2020.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bruce Westerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Westerman"},{"link_name":"trade association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_association"},{"link_name":"National Forest Product Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Forest_Product_Association"},{"link_name":"American Paper Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Paper_Institute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutafandpa-1"},{"link_name":"Center for Public Integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity"},{"link_name":"American Wood Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wood_Council"},{"link_name":"ANSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI"},{"link_name":"building codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_code"}],"text":"Congressman Bruce Westerman speaks at an AFPA event in 2020.The American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) is the national trade association of the paper and wood products industry.AF&PA was formed on January 1, 1993, by the merger of the National Forest Product Association and the American Paper Institute.[1]Membership includes scores of companies and industry associations. Among them are Domtar, Essity, Evergreen Packaging, LLC, Georgia-Pacific LLC, Graphic Packaging International, Green Bay Packaging Inc., Greif, Inc., International Paper Company, Packaging Corporation of America, Pratt Industries, Inc., Resolute Forest Products, Sappi North America, Sonoco Products Company and WestRock Company.AF&PA's primary work is public policy advocacy at the international, national, state and local levels and, according to the Center for Public Integrity, it spent about $20 million from 1998 to 2004 on these efforts. The Association also serves as the forest products industry's primary statistical clearinghouse for manufacturing, production and capacity data. An AF&PA affiliate organization, the American Wood Council, promotes the use of wood building materials in residential and commercial construction and is an ANSI-accredited publisher of wood building codes.","title":"American Forest & Paper Association"}] | [{"image_text":"Congressman Bruce Westerman speaks at an AFPA event in 2020.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bruce_Westerman_speaks_at_American_Forest_%26_Paper_Association_event_-_2020.jpg/220px-Bruce_Westerman_speaks_at_American_Forest_%26_Paper_Association_event_-_2020.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"About AF&PA\". American Forest & Paper Association. 2002. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_H._Harte | Edward H. Harte | ["1 Early life and education","2 Work for Harte-Hanks","3 Conservationist and philanthropist","4 Personal life","5 References"] | Edward Holmead Harte (December 5, 1922 – May 18, 2011) was an American newspaper executive, journalist, philanthropist, and conservationist. The son of Houston Harte, co-founder of the Harte-Hanks newspaper conglomerate, he had a decades-long relationship with that organization. For Harte-Hanks, he was an executive and journalist with various newspapers, including The Snyder Daily News, The San Angelo Standard-Times, and The Corpus Christi Caller-Times. He also served as vice chairman of Harte-Hanks from 1962 to 1987. As a philanthropist, he donated tens of millions of dollars to a variety of charities and institutions. He was also a pioneer in environmental conservationism in Texas, notably spearheading successful land conservation campaigns on Padre Island and Mustang Island. In 2002, the National Audubon Society awarded him the Audubon Medal.
Early life and education
Born in Pilot Grove, Missouri, Edward H. Harte came from a newspaper family. His great grandfather was a Washington correspondent for the New York Tribune and his father, Houston Harte, co-founded the Harte-Hanks newspaper conglomerate. He grew up in Depression-era San Angelo, Texas, where his father was publisher of The San Angelo Standard-Times.
During World War II, Harte served in the United States Army. After the war, he entered Dartmouth College, from which he earned a bachelor's degree. After graduating, he became a reporter for The Claremont Eagle in New Hampshire. He left that position to become a reporter for The Kansas City Star. He then partnered with his brother, Houston H. Harte, and Bernard Hanks’s son-in-law, Stormy Shelton, in buying the weekly Snyder, Texas, newspaper The Snyder Daily News. That publication became part of the Harte-Hanks newspaper chain.
Work for Harte-Hanks
Harte worked for the Harte-Hanks corporation in a variety of capacities throughout his career. As a teenager, he had his first job working as a switchboard operator at The San Angelo Standard-Times, one of the many newspapers owned by the Harte-Hanks corporation. He later served as president of The San Angelo Standard-Times from 1952 to 1956. From 1962 until his retirement in 1987, he was vice chairman of Harte-Hanks and publisher of The Corpus Christi Caller-Times. In addition to serving as The Caller-Times' publisher, he also wrote a longstanding Sunday column for the paper that covered Mexican politics and current events. His column was known for providing coverage in this area that was not available elsewhere in the mainstream press. He continued to write that column even after his retirement as publisher in 1987.
Conservationist and philanthropist
While running The Caller-Times, Harte further developed a passion for nature, which ultimately led to his becoming an activist for environmental conservation. He regularly visited the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, where he met and befriended several members of the board of the National Audubon Society (NAS). In 1964, he joined the NAS board himself on which he served for 13 years. He was notably president of the NAS board from 1974 to 1979. Under his leadership, The Caller-Times became an important advocate for land preservation and environmental protection in what The New York Times described as "an unusual stance for a Texas newspaper at the time". In 1962, Harte successfully spearheaded a campaign to designate 67 miles (108 km) of Padre Island as a national seashore, a feat which resulted in the protection of the longest stretch of undeveloped barrier island in the world. In the early 1970s, he led another successful campaign to designate 3,954 acres of Mustang Island as a state park. In 1985, his brother and he donated their 66,000-acre ranch bordering the Big Bend National Park to The Nature Conservancy, which in turn donated the land to the Big Bend National Park in 1989.
In addition to his work as a conservationist, Harte was also a philanthropist. He donated a known $70 million to local Corpus Christi organizations and institutions such as universities, colleges, research labs, and environmental groups. His philanthropy likely extended considerably beyond this amount, as he often gave anonymous donations to charities and organizations for decades. Some of contributions included a $3.5 million donation towards a new performing arts center at Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi (TAMU-CC), $1.8 million for a library in Flour Bluff, and a $1 million challenge grant to Corpus Christi Metro Ministries, which helped save two homeless shelters from closing. In 2000, he established the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at TAMU–CC, with a $46 million endowment. The Institute has since played a major role in helping cleanup of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
Personal life
In 1947, Harte married Janet Frey, with whom he had two sons, Christopher and William Harte, and two daughters, Elizabeth Owens and Julia Widdowson. His 52-year marriage ended upon his wife's death in 1999. He died 12 years later at his retirement home in Scarborough, Maine, at the age of 88.
References
^ a b c d e Dennis Hevesi (May 23, 2011). "Edward H. Harte, Texas Newspaper Executive, Dies at 88". The New York Times.
^ a b John Tedesco (May 19, 2011). "Publisher Harte was a major force in Texas journalism". www.mysanantonio.com.
^ Rhiannon Meyers (May 18, 2011). "Former Standard-Times President Dies in Maine". The San Angelo Standard-Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011.
^ Rhiannon Meyers (May 25, 2011). "Edward H. Harte to be memorialized in June in Corpus Christi". The Corpus Christi Caller-Times.
^ "Audubon Mourns the Passing of Edward H. Harte, Former Board Chair". www.audubon.org. May 19, 2011.
^ a b Rhiannon Meyers (May 18, 2011). "Edward H. Harte, former Caller-Times publisher and a philanthropist, dies at 88". The Corpus Christi Caller-Times. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Edward H. 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Harte came from a newspaper family. His great grandfather was a Washington correspondent for the New York Tribune and his father, Houston Harte, co-founded the Harte-Hanks newspaper conglomerate.[2] He grew up in Depression-era San Angelo, Texas, where his father was publisher of The San Angelo Standard-Times.[3]During World War II, Harte served in the United States Army. After the war, he entered Dartmouth College, from which he earned a bachelor's degree. After graduating, he became a reporter for The Claremont Eagle in New Hampshire. He left that position to become a reporter for The Kansas City Star. He then partnered with his brother, Houston H. Harte, and Bernard Hanks’s son-in-law, Stormy Shelton, in buying the weekly Snyder, Texas, newspaper The Snyder Daily News. That publication became part of the Harte-Hanks newspaper chain.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_An-2"},{"link_name":"The Corpus Christi Caller-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Corpus_Christi_Caller-Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Harte worked for the Harte-Hanks corporation in a variety of capacities throughout his career. As a teenager, he had his first job working as a switchboard operator at The San Angelo Standard-Times, one of the many newspapers owned by the Harte-Hanks corporation.[2] He later served as president of The San Angelo Standard-Times from 1952 to 1956. From 1962 until his retirement in 1987, he was vice chairman of Harte-Hanks and publisher of The Corpus Christi Caller-Times.[1] In addition to serving as The Caller-Times' publisher, he also wrote a longstanding Sunday column for the paper that covered Mexican politics and current events. His column was known for providing coverage in this area that was not available elsewhere in the mainstream press. He continued to write that column even after his retirement as publisher in 1987.[4]","title":"Work for Harte-Hanks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environmental conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection"},{"link_name":"Aransas National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aransas_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Padre Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padre_Island"},{"link_name":"Mustang Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustang_Island"},{"link_name":"Big Bend National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park"},{"link_name":"The Nature Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University%E2%80%93Corpus_Christi"},{"link_name":"Flour Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour_Bluff,_Corpus_Christi,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi Metro Ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus_Christi_Metro_Ministries&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harte_Research_Institute_for_Gulf_of_Mexico_Studies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caller-6"},{"link_name":"Deepwater Horizon oil spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caller-6"}],"text":"While running The Caller-Times, Harte further developed a passion for nature, which ultimately led to his becoming an activist for environmental conservation. He regularly visited the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, where he met and befriended several members of the board of the National Audubon Society (NAS). In 1964, he joined the NAS board himself on which he served for 13 years.[5] He was notably president of the NAS board from 1974 to 1979. Under his leadership, The Caller-Times became an important advocate for land preservation and environmental protection in what The New York Times described as \"an unusual stance for a Texas newspaper at the time\". In 1962, Harte successfully spearheaded a campaign to designate 67 miles (108 km) of Padre Island as a national seashore, a feat which resulted in the protection of the longest stretch of undeveloped barrier island in the world. In the early 1970s, he led another successful campaign to designate 3,954 acres of Mustang Island as a state park. In 1985, his brother and he donated their 66,000-acre ranch bordering the Big Bend National Park to The Nature Conservancy, which in turn donated the land to the Big Bend National Park in 1989.[1]In addition to his work as a conservationist, Harte was also a philanthropist. He donated a known $70 million to local Corpus Christi organizations and institutions such as universities, colleges, research labs, and environmental groups. His philanthropy likely extended considerably beyond this amount, as he often gave anonymous donations to charities and organizations for decades. Some of contributions included a $3.5 million donation towards a new performing arts center at Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi (TAMU-CC), $1.8 million for a library in Flour Bluff, and a $1 million challenge grant to Corpus Christi Metro Ministries, which helped save two homeless shelters from closing. In 2000, he established the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at TAMU–CC, with a $46 million endowment.[6] The Institute has since played a major role in helping cleanup of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[6]","title":"Conservationist and philanthropist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scarborough, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_Maine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1"}],"text":"In 1947, Harte married Janet Frey, with whom he had two sons, Christopher and William Harte, and two daughters, Elizabeth Owens and Julia Widdowson. His 52-year marriage ended upon his wife's death in 1999. He died 12 years later at his retirement home in Scarborough, Maine, at the age of 88.[1]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dennis Hevesi (May 23, 2011). \"Edward H. Harte, Texas Newspaper Executive, Dies at 88\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijao_people | Pijao people | ["1 Ethnography","2 Language","3 References","3.1 Further reading","4 External links"] | "Pijao" redirects here. For the town, see Pijao, Quindio.
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ethnic group
PijaoNatagaima, CoyaimaStatue of a Pijao in IbaguéTotal population58,810 (2005)Regions with significant populationsTolima, ColombiaLanguagesPijao, Colombian SpanishReligionTraditional religion, CatholicismRelated ethnic groupsPanches, Quimbaya, Guayupes
Map of the Pijao territories
The Pijao (also Piajao, Pixao, Pinao) are an indigenous people from Colombia.
Ethnography
The Pijao or Pijaos formed a loose federation of Amerindians and were living in the present-day department of Tolima, Colombia. In pre-Colombian times, they inhabited the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes; between the snowy mountains of Huila, Tolima and Quindío, the upper valley of the Magdalena River and the upper Valle del Cauca in Colombia. They did not have a strict hierarchy and did not create an empire.
The chiefdom was based on an extended family clan with ancestral lineage. The people did not live in separate households gathered in villages; instead, they lived in carefully built large communal houses made of bahareque, which were placed at distances.
They used bonfires to communicate with smoke signs, and these were used to convene different community events. Like many ancient peoples, they relied on waterways for routes of transportation; and due to their navigation skills and knowledge, could get around much of their territory fairly rapidly. They called their best navigators boha (boga). Their boats were called kanoha (canoes), and were carved from a single piece of Saman wood.
The Pijao were experts in metallurgy, manufacturing gold articles and clothing. Their work has been seen in gold artifacts from the Tolima, Quimbaya, Calima, and Cauca cultures. They used techniques such as "lost wax" casting, rolled gold, filigree and other methods to make their balacas (ornaments) and other items for ceremonial use, such as the poporos (bowl with lid).
Like some other ancient cultures, the Pijao practiced skull modification and facial alterations, as well as a variety of body modifications, perhaps to identify or distinguish elites. They tied slats on male babies' heads to alter their frontal and occipital regions, perhaps to give them a look of ferocity. They also modified the shape of their upper and lower extremities using adjusted ropes (Interlaced fiber ropes). They changed the appearance of the nose by fracturing the nasal septum. They pierced the nose and the ear lobes to wear gold ornaments and decorations symbolic of their religion. They called these body ornaments Wua-La-ka (Balak). The crowns of the elite were made of several precious materials; in addition, they wore ceremonial masks, feather crowns, bracelets, nose ornaments and other items.
They painted red their bodies for communal events with powdered achiote (Bi-Cha or Bija). Their assemblies, also known as Mingas, were held under the broad shade of the Ceiba trees. The Ceiba was considered a symbol of the Great Home of a rich, generous and motherly nature. Here they carried out war ceremonies, crowning of chiefs, wedding rituals and other major events. Most were accompanied by dancing to the beat of maracas, fotuto, yaporojas and drums. Young single women (virgins) were decorated with flowers.
Agriculturalists, the Pijao lived close to the earth in homes made of wood and rammed earth. Due to the tropical climate and excellent soil in the highlands, they were able to grow, harvest and cultivate many crops including potatoes, yucca, maize, mangoes, papayas, guavas and many other fruits and vegetables. They also fished and hunted for meats.
They wore, as a custom dress, beautifully decorated golden clothes which did not cover their genitals. They painted their bodies with dyed tops of bija. The Spanish conquerors initially called them Bipxaus (Bija), the same name as one of the Paez chiefdoms. Later they referred to the people as the Pijao, which came to be considered a pejorative.
The Pijao practiced ritual cannibalism of their enemies. The Spanish captain Diego de Bocanegra (one of many military leaders who battled against the Pijao) accused them of having cannibalized up to 100,000 Spaniards in approximately 50 years.
Despite regularly driving back the invading Spaniards, the Pijao population kept decreasing and they were pushed further south in the highlands. They began to clash with neighboring tribes such as the Coconuco, Páez, Puruhá, and Cana. By the mid-18th century, the Pijao people had suffered drastic losses, mostly due to new infectious diseases. Missionary Christians had also taken a toll through conversion and re-education of many natives.
The Spanish followed their invasions with colonization of most of the central highlands and the Andes mountain ranges. Through these measures they established the New Kingdom of Granada.
Language
The Pijao language is extinct since the 1950s and has not been classified. It is not listed in Kaufman (1994).
References
^ «para ser gentiles hombres, pintanse con bija que es una cosa colorada»— Fernando de Oviedo
Further reading
Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
Gordon Jr., Raymond G. (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
Kaufman, Terrence (1994). "The native languages of South America", in C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
External links
Pijao Ethnologue
Pijao at Encyclopædia Britannica
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pijao, Quindio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijao,_Quindio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nacion_Pijao.JPG"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"}],"text":"\"Pijao\" redirects here. For the town, see Pijao, Quindio.Ethnic groupMap of the Pijao territoriesThe Pijao (also Piajao, Pixao, Pinao) are an indigenous people from Colombia.","title":"Pijao people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amerindians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerindians"},{"link_name":"Tolima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolima_Department"},{"link_name":"Central Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Huila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huila_Department"},{"link_name":"Quindío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quind%C3%ADo_Department"},{"link_name":"Magdalena River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_River"},{"link_name":"Valle del Cauca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department"},{"link_name":"bahareque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahareque"},{"link_name":"canoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoes"},{"link_name":"Quimbaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimbaya_culture"},{"link_name":"Calima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calima_culture"},{"link_name":"Cauca cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauca_culture"},{"link_name":"rolled gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolled_gold"},{"link_name":"filigree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filigree"},{"link_name":"poporos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poporo"},{"link_name":"achiote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annatto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ceiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiba"},{"link_name":"maracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracas"},{"link_name":"fotuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fotuto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"yucca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucca"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"mangoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango"},{"link_name":"papayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya"},{"link_name":"guavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guava"},{"link_name":"chiefdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdoms"},{"link_name":"cannibalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cannibalism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Coconuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuco"},{"link_name":"Páez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paez_people"},{"link_name":"Puruhá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puruh%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Cana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cana"},{"link_name":"infectious diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseases"},{"link_name":"Missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"}],"text":"The Pijao or Pijaos formed a loose federation of Amerindians and were living in the present-day department of Tolima, Colombia. In pre-Colombian times, they inhabited the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes; between the snowy mountains of Huila, Tolima and Quindío, the upper valley of the Magdalena River and the upper Valle del Cauca in Colombia. They did not have a strict hierarchy and did not create an empire.The chiefdom was based on an extended family clan with ancestral lineage. The people did not live in separate households gathered in villages; instead, they lived in carefully built large communal houses made of bahareque, which were placed at distances.They used bonfires to communicate with smoke signs, and these were used to convene different community events. Like many ancient peoples, they relied on waterways for routes of transportation; and due to their navigation skills and knowledge, could get around much of their territory fairly rapidly. They called their best navigators boha (boga). Their boats were called kanoha (canoes), and were carved from a single piece of Saman wood.The Pijao were experts in metallurgy, manufacturing gold articles and clothing. Their work has been seen in gold artifacts from the Tolima, Quimbaya, Calima, and Cauca cultures. They used techniques such as \"lost wax\" casting, rolled gold, filigree and other methods to make their balacas (ornaments) and other items for ceremonial use, such as the poporos (bowl with lid).Like some other ancient cultures, the Pijao practiced skull modification and facial alterations, as well as a variety of body modifications, perhaps to identify or distinguish elites. They tied slats on male babies' heads to alter their frontal and occipital regions, perhaps to give them a look of ferocity. They also modified the shape of their upper and lower extremities using adjusted ropes (Interlaced fiber ropes). They changed the appearance of the nose by fracturing the nasal septum. They pierced the nose and the ear lobes to wear gold ornaments and decorations symbolic of their religion. They called these body ornaments Wua-La-ka (Balak). The crowns of the elite were made of several precious materials; in addition, they wore ceremonial masks, feather crowns, bracelets, nose ornaments and other items.They painted red their bodies for communal events with powdered achiote (Bi-Cha or Bija).[1] Their assemblies, also known as Mingas, were held under the broad shade of the Ceiba trees. The Ceiba was considered a symbol of the Great Home of a rich, generous and motherly nature. Here they carried out war ceremonies, crowning of chiefs, wedding rituals and other major events. Most were accompanied by dancing to the beat of maracas, fotuto, yaporojas and drums. Young single women (virgins) were decorated with flowers.Agriculturalists, the Pijao lived close to the earth in homes made of wood and rammed earth. Due to the tropical climate and excellent soil in the highlands, they were able to grow, harvest and cultivate many crops including potatoes, yucca, maize, mangoes, papayas, guavas and many other fruits and vegetables. They also fished and hunted for meats.They wore, as a custom dress, beautifully decorated golden clothes which did not cover their genitals. They painted their bodies with dyed tops of bija. The Spanish conquerors initially called them Bipxaus (Bija), the same name as one of the Paez chiefdoms. Later they referred to the people as the Pijao, which came to be considered a pejorative.The Pijao practiced ritual cannibalism of their enemies. The Spanish captain Diego de Bocanegra (one of many military leaders who battled against the Pijao) accused them of having cannibalized up to 100,000 Spaniards in approximately 50 years.[citation needed]Despite regularly driving back the invading Spaniards, the Pijao population kept decreasing and they were pushed further south in the highlands. They began to clash with neighboring tribes such as the Coconuco, Páez, Puruhá, and Cana. By the mid-18th century, the Pijao people had suffered drastic losses, mostly due to new infectious diseases. Missionary Christians had also taken a toll through conversion and re-education of many natives.The Spanish followed their invasions with colonization of most of the central highlands and the Andes mountain ranges. Through these measures they established the New Kingdom of Granada.","title":"Ethnography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pijao language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijao_language"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_language"},{"link_name":"classified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unclassified_language"}],"text":"The Pijao language is extinct since the 1950s and has not been classified. It is not listed in Kaufman (1994).","title":"Language"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of the Pijao territories","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nacion_Pijao.JPG/250px-Nacion_Pijao.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Fernando de Oviedo","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ethnologue.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.ethnologue.com"},{"Link":"http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pij","external_links_name":"Pijao Ethnologue"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/460270/Pijao","external_links_name":"Pijao at Encyclopædia Britannica"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135080440","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135080440","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529598305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86007096","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1656%E2%80%9358) | Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) | ["1 Background","2 Campaigns","3 Conclusion","4 See also","5 Notelist","6 References"] | Theater of the 2nd Northern War
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Russo-Swedish War of 1656–1658Part of the Second Northern War and a series of Russo-Swedish warsDateJuly 1656–1658/1661LocationLivoniaFinlandResult
Swedish victoryTerritorialchanges
Treaty of Valiesar: Koknese, Aluksne, Dorpat, Nyslott Ceded to Russia for three years
Treaty of Cardis: Russia returns the conquered Livonian territories
Tsar Alexis renounces his claims on Livonia
Tsar Alexis renounces his claims on Estonia
Swedish supremacy over the East Baltic establishedBelligerents
Tsardom of Russia
Swedish EmpireCommanders and leaders
Alexis of Russia
Ivan Khovansky
Gustaf Lewenhaupt
Magnus De la Gardie
Gustav E. Horn
Strength
42,000–45,000
25,000Casualties and losses
5,000–16,500 killed, wounded or captured
13,000 killed, wounded or captured
vteRusso-Swedish Warof 1656–1658
Nöteborg (1656)
Nyenschantz (1656)
Dyneburg (1656)
Kokenhusen (1656)
Riga (1656)
Dorpat (1656)
Walk (1657)
Gdov (1657)
Gustav Horn's incursion (1657)
vteRusso-Swedish wars
Middle Ages
(1475–1476)
(1479–1482)
(1495–1497)
(1499)
(1554–1557)
(1558–1583)
(1590–1595)
(1610–1617)
(1656)
(1656–1658)
(1700–1721)
(1741–1743)
(1788–1790)
(1808–09)
vteSecond Northern War
Theaters
Swedish Deluge
Russo-Swedish (1656–1658)
Pomerania
Dano-Swedish (1657–1658)
Dano-Swedish (1658–1660)
Norway
Peach Tree War
New Sweden
Courland
Africa
Battles
Ujście
Danzig
Sobota
Żarnów
1st Cracow
Nowy Dwór
Wojnicz
Krosno
Jasna Góra
Radom
Gołąb
Jarosław
Nisko
Zamość
Sandomierz
Warka
Kłecko
1st Warsaw
Kcynia
Tykocin
2nd Warsaw
Dyneburg
Kokenhusen
Riga
Łowicz
Lubrze
2nd Cracow
Prostki/Prostken
Filipów
Chojnice
Walk
Magierów
Czarny Ostrów
Skałat
Gdov
March Across the Belts
Toruń
Szkudy
Sound
Kolding
Rödsund
Copenhagen
Ebeltoft
Grudziądz
Nyborg
Treaties
The Russo-Swedish War of 1656-1658, known as the War of Rupture, was fought by Russia and Sweden as a theater of the Second Northern War. It took place during a pause in the contemporary Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) as a consequence of the Truce of Vilna. Despite initial successes, Tsar Alexis of Russia failed to secure his principal objective—to revise the Treaty of Stolbovo, which had stripped Russia of the Baltic coast at the close of the Ingrian War.
Background
Main article: Truce of Vilna
When Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded Poland, captured Warsaw and announced his claims on the Russian conquests in the orbit of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (who led Russian diplomacy at the time) decided it was an opportune time to suspend hostilities against the weakened Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and to attack the rear of the Swedish Empire instead. To that end he opened negotiations and concluded a truce with Poland in summer 1656 (the Truce of Vilna, also known as the Truce of Niemież), a move which enraged a major ally of Russia, Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky who maintained good relations with Sweden and was fighting against Poland.
Campaigns
Boundaries of Sweden in 1658, during the time of the war.
In July, a reserve force of the Russian army struck across Swedish Ingria and overran two key Baltic fortresses — Nöteborg and Nyen. A separate detachment advanced on Dorpat (Tartu), which fell in October. The main forces marched along the bank of the Western Dvina towards Riga, taking Daugavpils (see Siege of Dyneburg) and Koknese (see Storm of Kokenhusen) on their way. By the end of August, the capital of Livonia was besieged and bombarded.
As Russia had no full-fledged navy to intercept reinforcements coming to the Swedish garrison across the Baltic, Riga managed to hold out until October, when foreign officers commanding a small Russian flotilla defected to the other side and the Russians had to lift the siege. In the aftermath of this reverse, the Swedes recaptured much of Ingria, took the Pskov Monastery of the Caves and inflicted a defeat on the Russian general Matvey Sheremetev at Walk (Valga) in 1657, but were eventually defeated by another Russian general, Ivan Khovansky, at Gdov, on 16 September 1657.
Conclusion
By the end of 1658, Denmark was knocked out of the Northern Wars and the Ukrainian Cossacks under Khmelnytskyi's successor, Ivan Vyhovsky, allied themselves with Poland, changing the international situation drastically and inducing the tsar to resume the war against Poland as soon as possible. Under such circumstances, it was necessary to bring the Swedish adventure to a speedy end. On 20 December, Ordin-Nashchokin negotiated with Sweden the Treaty of Valiesar (Vallisaare), whereby Russia was allowed to keep the conquered territories in present-day Latvia and Estonia — Koknese, Aluksne, Dorpat, Nyslott — for three years.
When the term expired, Russia's military position in the Polish war had deteriorated to such a point that the tsar could not allow himself to be involved into a new conflict against powerful Sweden. His boyars had no other choice but to sign in 1661 the Treaty of Kardis (Kärde), which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo. This settlement was observed until the Great Northern War broke out in 1700.
See also
Siege of Riga (1656)
Notelist
^ The war officially ended with the Treaty of Cardis in 1661
References
^ Hassall, Arthur (1897). A Handbook of European History 476-1871: Chronologically Arranged. Macmillan and Company.
^ Lockhart, Paul (2017-03-14). Sweden in the Seventeenth Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-230-80255-1.
^ Grey, Ian (2016-04-13). The Romanovs. New Word City. ISBN 978-1-61230-954-5.
^ Sundberg, Ulf (2002). Svenska krig 1521-1814 (in Swedish) (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg. p. 221. ISBN 9789189080140.
^ KISER, EDGAR, et al. “THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REVOLT AND WAR IN EARLY MODERN WESTERN EUROPE.” Journal of Political & Military Sociology, vol. 22, no. 2, 1994, pp. 305–24. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/45371312. Accessed 6 Dec. 2023.
^ "Karl X Gustavs ryska krig 1656-1661". Archived from the original on 2007-10-13.
^ Grey, Ian (13 April 2016). The Romanovs. New Word City. ISBN 978-1-61230-954-5.
^ Bradford, James C. (December 2004). International Encyclopedia of Military History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95034-7.
^ Гадзяцкий С. С. Борьба русских людей Ижорской земли в XVII веке против иноземного владычества // Исторические записки. Т. 16. — М., 1945. — С. 14–57.
^ a b Gillespie, Alexander (2021-01-14). The Causes of War: Volume IV: 1650 - 1800. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5099-1218-6.
^ Neilson, William Allan; Carhart, Paul Worthington; Knott, Thomas Albert (1934). "Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language: With Reference History. An Entirely New Book Utilizing All the Experience and Resources of More Than One Hundred Years of Genuine Webster Dictionaries. A Merriam-Webster".
^ Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of Europe. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-269-0155-5.
^ Kurbatov, O. A. (2009). Рижский поход царя Алексея Михайловича 1656 г.: Проблемы и перспективы исследования . In Pikhoya, R. G. (ed.). Проблемы социальной и политической истории России: Сборник научных статей (in Russian). Moscow: RAGS Publishing House. pp. 83–88.
^ S. S., Yermolayev, ed. (2007). Архив русской истории: Сборник Российского государственного архива древних актов. Выпуск 8. (in Russian). Moscow: Drevlekhranilishche. ISBN 978-5-93646-122-4.
^ Isacson, Claes-Göran (2002). Karl X Gustavs krig: Fälttågen i Polen, Tyskland, Baltikum, Danmark och Sverige 1655–1660 (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. ISBN 91-89442-57-1.
^ Fagerlund, Rainer (1979). Kriget i Ostersjoprovinserna 1655–1661: Operationer och krigsansträngningar på en bikrigsskådeplats under Carl X Gustafs krig . Carl X Gustaf-Studier 7:1 (in Swedish). Helsinki: Militärhistoriska förlaget. ISBN 91-85266-10-8.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_(1656)"},{"link_name":"Kcynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kcynia"},{"link_name":"Tykocin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tykocin"},{"link_name":"2nd Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1656)"},{"link_name":"Dyneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dyneburg"},{"link_name":"Kokenhusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_of_Kokenhusen"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1656)"},{"link_name":"Łowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81owicz"},{"link_name":"Lubrze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lubrze"},{"link_name":"2nd Cracow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Krak%C3%B3w_(1657)"},{"link_name":"Prostki/Prostken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Prostki"},{"link_name":"Filipów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Filip%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Chojnice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chojnice_(1656)"},{"link_name":"Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Walk"},{"link_name":"Magierów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Magier%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Czarny Ostrów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Czarny_Ostr%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Skałat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ska%C5%82at"},{"link_name":"Gdov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gdov"},{"link_name":"March Across the Belts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Across_the_Belts"},{"link_name":"Toruń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Toru%C5%84_(1658)"},{"link_name":"Szkudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Szkudy"},{"link_name":"Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sound"},{"link_name":"Kolding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kolding_(1658)"},{"link_name":"Rödsund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%B6dsund"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_on_Copenhagen_(1659)"},{"link_name":"Ebeltoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ebeltoft"},{"link_name":"Grudziądz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grudzi%C4%85dz_(1659)"},{"link_name":"Nyborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nyborg"},{"link_name":"Treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Second_Northern_War_treaties"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)"},{"link_name":"Truce of Vilna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_Vilna"},{"link_name":"Alexis of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Stolbovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Stolbovo"},{"link_name":"Ingrian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_War"}],"text":"vteRusso-Swedish Warof 1656–1658\nNöteborg (1656)\nNyenschantz (1656)\nDyneburg (1656)\nKokenhusen (1656)\nRiga (1656)\nDorpat (1656)\nWalk (1657)\nGdov (1657)\nGustav Horn's incursion (1657)vteRusso-Swedish wars\nMiddle Ages\n(1475–1476)\n(1479–1482)\n(1495–1497)\n(1499)\n(1554–1557)\n(1558–1583)\n(1590–1595)\n(1610–1617)\n(1656)\n(1656–1658)\n(1700–1721)\n(1741–1743)\n(1788–1790)\n(1808–09)vteSecond Northern War\nTheaters\nSwedish Deluge\nRusso-Swedish (1656–1658)\nPomerania\nDano-Swedish (1657–1658)\nDano-Swedish (1658–1660)\nNorway\nPeach Tree War\nNew Sweden\nCourland\nAfrica\nBattles\nUjście\nDanzig\nSobota\nŻarnów\n1st Cracow\nNowy Dwór\nWojnicz\nKrosno\nJasna Góra\nRadom\nGołąb\nJarosław\nNisko\nZamość\nSandomierz\nWarka\nKłecko\n1st Warsaw\nKcynia\nTykocin\n2nd Warsaw\nDyneburg\nKokenhusen\nRiga\nŁowicz\nLubrze\n2nd Cracow\nProstki/Prostken\nFilipów\nChojnice\nWalk\nMagierów\nCzarny Ostrów\nSkałat\nGdov\nMarch Across the Belts\nToruń\nSzkudy\nSound\nKolding\nRödsund\nCopenhagen\nEbeltoft\nGrudziądz\nNyborg\nTreatiesThe Russo-Swedish War of 1656-1658, known as the War of Rupture, was fought by Russia and Sweden as a theater of the Second Northern War. It took place during a pause in the contemporary Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) as a consequence of the Truce of Vilna. Despite initial successes, Tsar Alexis of Russia failed to secure his principal objective—to revise the Treaty of Stolbovo, which had stripped Russia of the Baltic coast at the close of the Ingrian War.","title":"Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles X Gustav of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasy_Ordin-Nashchokin"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Truce of Vilna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_Vilna"},{"link_name":"hetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetman"},{"link_name":"Bohdan Khmelnytsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"}],"text":"When Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded Poland, captured Warsaw and announced his claims on the Russian conquests in the orbit of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (who led Russian diplomacy at the time) decided it was an opportune time to suspend hostilities against the weakened Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and to attack the rear of the Swedish Empire instead. To that end he opened negotiations and concluded a truce with Poland in summer 1656 (the Truce of Vilna, also known as the Truce of Niemież), a move which enraged a major ally of Russia, Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky who maintained good relations with Sweden and was fighting against Poland.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swedish_territories_in_1658.png"},{"link_name":"Ingria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingria"},{"link_name":"Nöteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlisselburg_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Nyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyen"},{"link_name":"Dorpat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorpat"},{"link_name":"Western Dvina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Dvina"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Daugavpils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daugavpils"},{"link_name":"Siege of Dyneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dyneburg"},{"link_name":"Koknese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koknese"},{"link_name":"Storm of Kokenhusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_of_Kokenhusen"},{"link_name":"Livonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonia"},{"link_name":"besieged and bombarded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1656)"},{"link_name":"navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Riga managed to hold out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1656)"},{"link_name":"Pskov Monastery of the Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pskov-Caves_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Matvey Sheremetev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matvey_Sheremetev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valga,_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Khovansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Andreyevich_Khovansky_(Tararui)"},{"link_name":"Gdov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdov"}],"text":"Boundaries of Sweden in 1658, during the time of the war.In July, a reserve force of the Russian army struck across Swedish Ingria and overran two key Baltic fortresses — Nöteborg and Nyen. A separate detachment advanced on Dorpat (Tartu), which fell in October. The main forces marched along the bank of the Western Dvina towards Riga, taking Daugavpils (see Siege of Dyneburg) and Koknese (see Storm of Kokenhusen) on their way. By the end of August, the capital of Livonia was besieged and bombarded.As Russia had no full-fledged navy to intercept reinforcements coming to the Swedish garrison across the Baltic, Riga managed to hold out until October, when foreign officers commanding a small Russian flotilla defected to the other side and the Russians had to lift the siege. In the aftermath of this reverse, the Swedes recaptured much of Ingria, took the Pskov Monastery of the Caves and inflicted a defeat on the Russian general Matvey Sheremetev [ru] at Walk (Valga) in 1657, but were eventually defeated by another Russian general, Ivan Khovansky, at Gdov, on 16 September 1657.","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"knocked out of the Northern Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde"},{"link_name":"Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks"},{"link_name":"Ivan Vyhovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Vyhovsky"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Valiesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Valiesar"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Aluksne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluksne"},{"link_name":"Dorpat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorpat"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Kardis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kardis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"}],"text":"By the end of 1658, Denmark was knocked out of the Northern Wars and the Ukrainian Cossacks under Khmelnytskyi's successor, Ivan Vyhovsky, allied themselves with Poland, changing the international situation drastically and inducing the tsar to resume the war against Poland as soon as possible. Under such circumstances, it was necessary to bring the Swedish adventure to a speedy end. On 20 December, Ordin-Nashchokin negotiated with Sweden the Treaty of Valiesar (Vallisaare), whereby Russia was allowed to keep the conquered territories in present-day Latvia and Estonia — Koknese, Aluksne, Dorpat, Nyslott — for three years.When the term expired, Russia's military position in the Polish war had deteriorated to such a point that the tsar could not allow himself to be involved into a new conflict against powerful Sweden. His boyars had no other choice but to sign in 1661 the Treaty of Kardis (Kärde), which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo.[10] This settlement was observed until the Great Northern War broke out in 1700.","title":"Conclusion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Cardis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Cardis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ The war officially ended with the Treaty of Cardis in 1661[1][2][3]","title":"Notelist"}] | [{"image_text":"Boundaries of Sweden in 1658, during the time of the war.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Swedish_territories_in_1658.png/220px-Swedish_territories_in_1658.png"}] | [{"title":"Siege of Riga (1656)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1656)"}] | [{"reference":"Hassall, Arthur (1897). A Handbook of European History 476-1871: Chronologically Arranged. Macmillan and Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ilgqAAAAYAAJ&dq=treaty+of+kardis+ended+war&pg=PA166","url_text":"A Handbook of European History 476-1871: Chronologically Arranged"}]},{"reference":"Lockhart, Paul (2017-03-14). Sweden in the Seventeenth Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-230-80255-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-JNKEAAAQBAJ&dq=treaty+of+kardis+ended+war&pg=PR17","url_text":"Sweden in the Seventeenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-80255-1","url_text":"978-0-230-80255-1"}]},{"reference":"Grey, Ian (2016-04-13). The Romanovs. New Word City. ISBN 978-1-61230-954-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cpv1CwAAQBAJ&dq=treaty+of+kardis+ended+war&pg=PT72","url_text":"The Romanovs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61230-954-5","url_text":"978-1-61230-954-5"}]},{"reference":"Sundberg, Ulf (2002). Svenska krig 1521-1814 (in Swedish) (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg. p. 221. ISBN 9789189080140.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789189080140","url_text":"9789189080140"}]},{"reference":"\"Karl X Gustavs ryska krig 1656-1661\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013161021/http://smb.nu/svenskakrig/1656.asp","url_text":"\"Karl X Gustavs ryska krig 1656-1661\""},{"url":"http://smb.nu/svenskakrig/1656.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grey, Ian (13 April 2016). The Romanovs. New Word City. ISBN 978-1-61230-954-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cpv1CwAAQBAJ&dq=But+now+Alexei+found+his+fortunes+reversed.&pg=PT72","url_text":"The Romanovs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61230-954-5","url_text":"978-1-61230-954-5"}]},{"reference":"Bradford, James C. (December 2004). International Encyclopedia of Military History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95034-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ELDlCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1195","url_text":"International Encyclopedia of Military History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95034-7","url_text":"978-1-135-95034-7"}]},{"reference":"Gillespie, Alexander (2021-01-14). The Causes of War: Volume IV: 1650 - 1800. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5099-1218-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y7EVEAAAQBAJ&dq=treaty+of+kardis&pg=PA291","url_text":"The Causes of War: Volume IV: 1650 - 1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5099-1218-6","url_text":"978-1-5099-1218-6"}]},{"reference":"Neilson, William Allan; Carhart, Paul Worthington; Knott, Thomas Albert (1934). \"Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language: With Reference History. An Entirely New Book Utilizing All the Experience and Resources of More Than One Hundred Years of Genuine Webster Dictionaries. A Merriam-Webster\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ41Dog6gcAC&dq=treaty+of+oliva+polish+victory&pg=PA192","url_text":"\"Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language: With Reference History. An Entirely New Book Utilizing All the Experience and Resources of More Than One Hundred Years of Genuine Webster Dictionaries. A Merriam-Webster\""}]},{"reference":"Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of Europe. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-269-0155-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GiUMx2A1TPwC&dq=Treaty+of+Kardis+%281661%29&pg=PA130","url_text":"History of Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0155-5","url_text":"978-81-269-0155-5"}]},{"reference":"Kurbatov, O. A. (2009). Рижский поход царя Алексея Михайловича 1656 г.: Проблемы и перспективы исследования [The Riga Campaign of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich in 1656: Problems and Prospects of Research]. In Pikhoya, R. G. (ed.). Проблемы социальной и политической истории России: Сборник научных статей [Problems of the Social and Political History of Russia: A Collection of Scientific Articles] (in Russian). Moscow: RAGS Publishing House. pp. 83–88.","urls":[]},{"reference":"S. S., Yermolayev, ed. (2007). Архив русской истории: Сборник Российского государственного архива древних актов. Выпуск 8. [Archive of Russian History: A Collection of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents. Issue 8.] (in Russian). Moscow: Drevlekhranilishche. ISBN 978-5-93646-122-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-93646-122-4","url_text":"978-5-93646-122-4"}]},{"reference":"Isacson, Claes-Göran (2002). Karl X Gustavs krig: Fälttågen i Polen, Tyskland, Baltikum, Danmark och Sverige 1655–1660 [Charles X Gustav's War: The Campaigns in Poland, Germany, the Baltics, Denmark and Sweden 1655–1660] (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. ISBN 91-89442-57-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-89442-57-1","url_text":"91-89442-57-1"}]},{"reference":"Fagerlund, Rainer (1979). Kriget i Ostersjoprovinserna 1655–1661: Operationer och krigsansträngningar på en bikrigsskådeplats under Carl X Gustafs krig [War in the Baltic Provinces 1655–1661: Military Operations and War Costs in a Subsidiary Theatre During the Wars of Charles X Gustavus]. Carl X Gustaf-Studier 7:1 (in Swedish). Helsinki: Militärhistoriska förlaget. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Credible_Deterrence_(Pakistan) | Full spectrum deterrence | ["1 Developmental history","2 Promulgation and enforcement","3 Policy statements","4 Rationale and persuasion","5 See also","6 References","7 Concept bibliography","8 Credited scholarly articles"] | Minimum use and production of nuclear weapons
The Full spectrum deterrence (previously known as Minimum Credible Deterrence (MCD; officially named N-deterrence) is the defence and strategic principle on which the atomic weapons programme of Pakistan is based. This doctrine is not a part of the nuclear doctrine, which is designed for the use of the atomic weapons in a full-scale declared war if the conditions of the doctrine are surpassed. Instead, the policy of the Minimum Credible Deterrence falls under minimal deterrence as an inverse to the Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), which is widely regarded as designed to dissuade India from taking any military actions against Pakistan, as it did in 1971, when Pakistan started the war. (see: Indo-Pakistani war of 1971) Pakistan refuses to adopt No first use policy, while the other regional powers, India and China, have adopted the policy. Pakistan's foreign minister Shamshad Ahmad had warned that if Pakistan is ever invaded or attacked, it will use "any weapon in its arsenal" to defend itself.
Developmental history
The comprehensive nuclear weapons policy was addressed by populist prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a vision for the country to "walk tall" in global politics. Maintaining equality on every level of scientific development with India was a primary motivation for his government. Domestically, the popular support helped Bhutto to consolidate the political and economical aspects of atomic bomb projects and the control of the Pakistan military in civilian hands. This led the creation of formation of defence mechanism systematic programmes, known as National Command Authority (NCA), Joint Special Forces (JSF) under the control of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee which is led by its designated Chairman. Externally, the nuclear status was a way to boost Pakistan's prestige, importance and influence on among the friendly and Muslim nations, including rich Gulf monarchies.
On 20 May 1999, in his address at the National Defence University (NDU), Prime minister Nawaz Sharif used the term "minimum credible deterrence" while speaking about Pakistan's nuclear stance. There, the Prime minister (even the government at present now), made cleared Pakistan's nuclear declaratory statements that India is regarded as its sole nuclear adversary and thus the focus of its nuclear deterrent.
The MCD theory is based on the principles of the deterrence theory and offers the idea of the achieving the second strike capability. The MCD theory is effectively, an ideal form of the Nash equilibrium (named after mathematician John Forbes Nash), in which both India and Pakistan, once armed, have no rational incentive to either initiate a conflict, or to disarm.
Promulgation and enforcement
The policy framework was announced by Prime minister of Pakistan (at that time) Nawaz Sharif after ordering to perform country's first atomic tests (see the operations: Chagai-I and Chagai-II) in 1998 as part of tit-for-tat policy. In end of 1998, the doctrine and organisation began to be redesigned, and a proceeded to a full-scope scientific, economical and defence review, involving key country's institutions, to develop and test ideas and concepts. The studies and policy were studied at the National Defence University (NDU), National University of Sciences and Technology, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS) and various others.
Since the public atomic tests in 1998, Pakistan Government has adopted considerable recommendations and suggestions to think through its nuclear doctrine, and to integrate the nuclear power dimension into its defence strategy. The definition of potential thresholds has been refined, at least in public statements by Pakistani officials. According to one reliable source, the country adopted a three-point nuclear policy in early 2001 as part of the minimum credible deterrence. The most authoritative of these statements are provided by the officials of the Atomic Command Authority, in the form of four thresholds which were first mentioned by Khalid Kidwai in late 2001.
Policy statements
The theory of "Minimum Credible Deterrence (MCD)" has been frequently being interpreted by the various government-in-time of effect of Pakistan. Although the MCD theory was officially adopted in 1998 as part of Pakistan's defence theory, on the other hand, the theory has had been interpreted by the government since in 1972. On military perspective, for instance, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF), has retrospectively contended that "MCD is not view to enter into a "nuclear race", but to follow a policy of "peaceful co-existence" in the region, it cannot remain oblivious to the developments in South Asia." The Pakistan Government officials have repeatedly emphasized that the MCD is a defence theory, a doctrine that is based on maintaining a balance to safeguard its sovereignty and ensure peace in the region.
In 1974, Bhutto launched a more aggressive and serious diplomatic offensive on the United States and the Western world over the nuclear issues. Writing to the world and Western leaders, Bhutto made it clear and maintained:
Pakistan was exposed to a kind of "nuclear threat and blackmail" unparalleled elsewhere..... (...)... If the world's community failed to provide political insurance to Pakistan and other countries against the nuclear blackmail, these countries would be constraint to launch atomic bomb programs of their own!... ssurances provided by the United Nations were not "Enough!...— Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, statement written in "Eating Grass", source
If Pakistan restricts or suspends her nuclear deterrence, it would not only enable India to blackmail Pakistan with her nuclear advantage, but would impose a crippling limitation on the development of Pakistan's science and technology....— Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, 1969, source
Pakistan's strategy of "minimum credible deterrence" guarantees "peace in the region", and the nuclear weapons programme is moving "strength to strength"... — Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, Times of India,
The People of Pakistan are "security conscious" because of the (1971) severe trauma, and the three wars with (India). Our nuclear development was peaceful... but was "an effective deterrence to India"..... because (New Delhi) had detonated a nuclear device. She, Pakistan,...., thus, had to take every step to ensure its territorial integrity and sovereignty.....— Benazir Bhutto, Prime minister, Benazir Bhutto on Pakistan's nuclear weapons, source
No matter whether we are recognized as "nuclear weapon-state or not, we are a Nuclear power. "Nuclear restraint", stabilization and "minimum credible deterrence" constitute the basic elements of Pakistan's nuclear policy.,.. — Nawaz Sharif, 1998, source
Pakistan does not harbour any aggressive designs against any state, but it is determined to defend its territorial integrity.... That is why we need to maintain a balance in conventional forces suitably backed by minimum credible deterrence. Pakistan will continue to "develop her military potential that guarantees peace with honour and dignity". "Our military capability is basically for the deterrence purpose while peace remains the ultimate cherished goal for Pakistan..."— Yousaf Raza Gillani, describing the official nuclear weapons policy statement in 2012, source
Rationale and persuasion
The senior officials, economists, game theorists, and strategists affiliated with Pakistan's government has persuaded multiple times for maintaining the Minimum Credible Deterrence. The government officials points out that "Indo-US nuclear deal as well as cooperation in conventional field is likely to grow in India's favour, thus accelerating arms race in the region". Therefore, maintaining "minimum credible nuclear deterrence" would require Pakistan to review its nuclear policy. The government officials maintained that while Pakistan will continue to act with responsibility avoiding an arms race, it will not remain oblivious to the imperative of maintaining "minimum credible nuclear deterrence".
The unnamed official at the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) stated that "the nuclear weapons programme has been exclusively driven by security considerations to ensure the survival and very existence of the state". In 2012, Prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani stated the comprehensive policy and quoted:
The State of Pakistan does not harbour any aggressive designs against any state, but it is determined to defend its territorial integrity. That is why, we need to maintain a balance in conventional forces suitably backed by minimum credible deterrence.... She (Pakistan) will continue to "develop her potential military deterrence that guarantees peace with honour and dignity....— Yousaf Raza Gillani, Prime minister of Pakistan (2008-2012), source
In 2010, a high ranking science minister of government of Pakistan publicly announced at the international conference on science after delegating foreign ambassadors and scientists from all over the world: "Our nuclear capability is purely for defensive purposes, first believing in peaceful co-existence and reconciliation and will always strive for peace and prosperity in our region".
See also
Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Nawaz Sharif
Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Nuclear strategy
Peaceful coexistence
References
^ "Pakistan's latest nuclear antics in the form of Full Spectrum Deterrence". orfonline.org. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
^ Ghumman, Khawar (15 July 2011). "N-deterrence to be pursued". Dawn Newspapers, 2011. Dawn Newspapers Group. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
^ a b Siddiqi, Muhammad Ali (20 April 1995). "N-deterrent vital to security, says PM Bhutto". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
^ Farah Zahra, PhD (Political Science) (12 August 2011). "Credible minimum nuclear deterrence". Daily Times. Retrieved 19 July 2012. The nuclear arms race in South Asia is not purely a quantitative matter; it encompasses a qualitative dimension where the nuclear weapons and delivery systems on both sides are improving in quality as well ... dr. Farah Zahra
^ a b c d e f g h i j k IISS. "Nuclear policy, doctrine and planning Rationales for nuclear weapons". International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ Kerr, Paul K.; Mary Beth Nikitin (10 May 2012). "Pakistan and Nuclear weapons". United States Government. United States Congress: Congressional Research Services. p. 1. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ Tertrais, Bruno. "No First Use, No Deterrence". Strafasia | Strategy, analysis, News and insight of Emerging Asia. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
^ Dixit, J. N. (2 September 2003). India-Pakistan in War and Peace. ISBN 9781134407583.
^ See: Nuclear policy, doctrine and planning, Rationales for nuclear weapons at the International Institute for Strategic Studies published page.
^ a b c Abidi, Zawar Haider. "Threat Reduction in South Asia". Zawar Haider Abidi. p. 6/15. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
^ ANI, ANI (22 March 2011). "Peace-loving' Pakistan to continue credible minimum nuke deterrence policy". The Yahoo! News. Retrieved 21 July 2012. Pakistan does not wish to enter into a nuclear arms race, but will continue to maintain the policy of credible minimum deterrence, Pakistan's Air Force chief Marshal Rao Qamar Suleman has said
^ "Pakistan will maintain minimum credible deterrence". Daily Times. 28 February 2006. Archived from the original on 25 April 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
^ Khan, Feroz Hassan (22 November 2012). "The Route to Nuclear Ambition" (google book). Eating grass: The making of the Pakistani bomb. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0804776011. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
^ Babar (MSc in Civil Engineering), Farhatullah. "Bhutto's Footprints on Nuclear Pakistan". Zulfikar Ali Bhutto "The Myth of Independence". Farhatullah Babar and Courtesy The News International. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
^ Anjali, Ghosh (2009). India's Foreign Policy Pakistan Factor. New Delhi: Repro India Ltd. p. 92. ISBN 978-8131710258.
^ Khan, Zafar. "Pakistan's authorization of the nuclear testing programme: External and Internal Pressures". Zafar Khan, game theorist and nuclear strategist at the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI). Islamabad Policy Research Institute (1998). Retrieved 21 July 2012.
^ a b Staff reports (31 March 2012). "Pakistan to maintain conventional balance: PM". The Nation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012. Our military capability is basically for deterrence purpose while peace remains the ultimate cherished goal for us. We believe that military weakness invites aggression from stronger nations
^ a b c d Rasheed Khalid (2 February 2011). "Pakistan has to maintain minimum credible nuclear deterrence: expert". The News International. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ Saman Zulfiqar. "Pak minimum deterrence posture". Pakistan Observer. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ "Pakistan's nuclear capability is purely for defensive purposes". Pakistan Atom Publishers. Retrieved 19 July 2012. Our nuclear capability is purely for defensive purposes. We believe in peaceful co-existence and reconciliation and will always strive for peace and prosperity in our region.
Concept bibliography
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (15 April 1969). The Myth of Independence. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 200. ISBN 978-0192151674. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
Credited scholarly articles
Haq, PhD (Economics), Professor Mahbub (27 June 1998). "The Nuclear Race in South Asia". Dr. Professor Mahbub-ul-Haq, Professor of Economics at Karachi University. This was the last public address of Dr. Haq at the North South Roundtable Conference in Easton, Maryland on 27 June 1998. Retrieved 6 August 2012. "Why Pakistan reacted with nuclear test explosions, for it is an indictment of the lack of a Western strategy, not an indictment of Pakistan's irresponsibility. After India's nuclear tests in early May, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and the Pakistan armed forces debated whether or not to conduct their own nuclear tests and I am convinced they were resolved not to test as long as they could be provided with the right security assurances....
Shaikh, M. N. "Credible nuclear deterrence and doctrine for Pakistan". M. N. Shaikh, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
vteMilitary doctrines of Pakistan
Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts
N-deterrence
New Concept of War Fighting
Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan
Strategic depth
Threat Matrix (database)
Pakistan Armed Forces | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn_Newspapers,_2011-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muhammad_Ali_Siddiqi,_Los_Angeles-3"},{"link_name":"strategic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_studies"},{"link_name":"atomic weapons programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Times,_Friday,_12_August_2011-4"},{"link_name":"nuclear doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_doctrine_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"declared war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declared_war"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"},{"link_name":"minimal deterrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_deterrence"},{"link_name":"Mutually Assured Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Congressional_Research_Services2-6"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pakistani war of 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971"},{"link_name":"No first use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_first_use"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Shamshad Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamshad_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Full spectrum deterrence[1] (previously known as Minimum Credible Deterrence (MCD; officially named N-deterrence[2][3]) is the defence and strategic principle on which the atomic weapons programme of Pakistan is based.[4] This doctrine is not a part of the nuclear doctrine, which is designed for the use of the atomic weapons in a full-scale declared war if the conditions of the doctrine are surpassed.[5] Instead, the policy of the Minimum Credible Deterrence falls under minimal deterrence as an inverse to the Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), which is widely regarded as designed to dissuade India from taking any military actions against Pakistan, as it did in 1971, when Pakistan started the war.[6] (see: Indo-Pakistani war of 1971) Pakistan refuses to adopt No first use policy, while the other regional powers, India and China, have adopted the policy.[7] Pakistan's foreign minister Shamshad Ahmad had warned that if Pakistan is ever invaded or attacked, it will use \"any weapon in its arsenal\" to defend itself.[8]","title":"Full spectrum deterrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"},{"link_name":"Pakistan military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"},{"link_name":"National Command Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Joint Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee"},{"link_name":"Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee"},{"link_name":"Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"},{"link_name":"National Defence University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zawar_Haider_Abidi-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zawar_Haider_Abidi-10"},{"link_name":"deterrence theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory"},{"link_name":"second strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_strike"},{"link_name":"Nash equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"John Forbes Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash,_Jr."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The comprehensive nuclear weapons policy was addressed by populist prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a vision for the country to \"walk tall\" in global politics.[9] Maintaining equality on every level of scientific development with India was a primary motivation for his government.[5] Domestically, the popular support helped Bhutto to consolidate the political and economical aspects of atomic bomb projects and the control of the Pakistan military in civilian hands.[5] This led the creation of formation of defence mechanism systematic programmes, known as National Command Authority (NCA), Joint Special Forces (JSF) under the control of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee which is led by its designated Chairman.[5] Externally, the nuclear status was a way to boost Pakistan's prestige, importance and influence on among the friendly and Muslim nations, including rich Gulf monarchies.[5]On 20 May 1999, in his address at the National Defence University (NDU), Prime minister Nawaz Sharif used the term \"minimum credible deterrence\" while speaking about Pakistan's nuclear stance.[10] There, the Prime minister (even the government at present now), made cleared Pakistan's nuclear declaratory statements that India is regarded as its sole nuclear adversary and thus the focus of its nuclear deterrent.[10]The MCD theory is based on the principles of the deterrence theory and offers the idea of the achieving the second strike capability. The MCD theory is effectively, an ideal form of the Nash equilibrium (named after mathematician John Forbes Nash), in which both India and Pakistan, once armed, have no rational incentive to either initiate a conflict, or to disarm.[citation needed]","title":"Developmental history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Nawaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Chagai-I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagai-I"},{"link_name":"Chagai-II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagai-II"},{"link_name":"tit-for-tat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit_for_tat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"},{"link_name":"National Defence University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_University,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defence_%26_Strategic_Studies_(DSS)_Department&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Government"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"},{"link_name":"Atomic Command Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies-5"}],"text":"The policy framework was announced by Prime minister of Pakistan (at that time) Nawaz Sharif after ordering to perform country's first atomic tests (see the operations: Chagai-I and Chagai-II) in 1998 as part of tit-for-tat policy.[5] In end of 1998, the doctrine and organisation began to be redesigned, and a proceeded to a full-scope scientific, economical and defence review, involving key country's institutions, to develop and test ideas and concepts.[5] The studies and policy were studied at the National Defence University (NDU), National University of Sciences and Technology, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS) and various others.[5]Since the public atomic tests in 1998, Pakistan Government has adopted considerable recommendations and suggestions to think through its nuclear doctrine, and to integrate the nuclear power dimension into its defence strategy.[5] The definition of potential thresholds has been refined, at least in public statements by Pakistani officials. According to one reliable source, the country adopted a three-point nuclear policy in early 2001 as part of the minimum credible deterrence.[5] The most authoritative of these statements are provided by the officials of the Atomic Command Authority, in the form of four thresholds which were first mentioned by Khalid Kidwai in late 2001.[5]","title":"Promulgation and enforcement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zawar_Haider_Abidi-10"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"nuclear race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_race"},{"link_name":"peaceful co-existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_co-existence"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Yahoo!_News-11"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Government"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press-13"},{"link_name":"nuclear deterrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program"},{"link_name":"blackmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_blackmail"},{"link_name":"nuclear advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_nuclear_programme"},{"link_name":"science and technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farhatullah_Babar_and_Courtesy_The_News_International-14"},{"link_name":"minimum credible deterrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Credible_Deterrence"},{"link_name":"Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Repro_India_Ltd.-15"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971"},{"link_name":"three wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_Wars"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muhammad_Ali_Siddiqi,_Los_Angeles-3"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapon-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_state"},{"link_name":"Nuclear power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Nawaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Islamabad_Policy_Research_Institute_(1998)-16"},{"link_name":"any aggressive designs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_will_bury_you"},{"link_name":"conventional forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Yousaf Raza Gillani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Nation,-17"}],"text":"The theory of \"Minimum Credible Deterrence (MCD)\" has been frequently being interpreted by the various government-in-time of effect of Pakistan. Although the MCD theory was officially adopted in 1998 as part of Pakistan's defence theory,[10] on the other hand, the theory has had been interpreted by the government since in 1972. On military perspective, for instance, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF), has retrospectively contended that \"MCD is not view to enter into a \"nuclear race\", but to follow a policy of \"peaceful co-existence\" in the region, it cannot remain oblivious to the developments in South Asia.\"[11] The Pakistan Government officials have repeatedly emphasized that the MCD is a defence theory, a doctrine that is based on maintaining a balance to safeguard its sovereignty and ensure peace in the region.[12]In 1974, Bhutto launched a more aggressive and serious diplomatic offensive on the United States and the Western world over the nuclear issues. Writing to the world and Western leaders, Bhutto made it clear and maintained:Pakistan was exposed to a kind of \"nuclear threat and blackmail\" unparalleled elsewhere..... (...)... If the world's community failed to provide political insurance to Pakistan and other countries against the nuclear blackmail, these countries would be constraint to launch atomic bomb programs of their own!... [A]ssurances provided by the United Nations were not \"Enough!...— Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, statement written in \"Eating Grass\", source[13]If Pakistan restricts or suspends her nuclear deterrence, it would not only enable India to blackmail Pakistan with her nuclear advantage, but would impose a crippling limitation on the development of Pakistan's science and technology....— Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, 1969, source[14]Pakistan's strategy of \"minimum credible deterrence\" guarantees \"peace in the region\", and the nuclear weapons programme is moving \"strength to strength\"... — Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, Times of India, [15]The People of Pakistan are \"security conscious\" because of the (1971) severe trauma, and the three wars with (India). Our nuclear development was peaceful... but was \"an effective deterrence to India\"..... because (New Delhi) had detonated a nuclear device. She, Pakistan,...., thus, had to take every step to ensure its territorial integrity and sovereignty.....— Benazir Bhutto, Prime minister, Benazir Bhutto on Pakistan's nuclear weapons, source[3]No matter whether we are recognized as \"nuclear weapon-state or not, we are a Nuclear power. \"Nuclear restraint\", stabilization and \"minimum credible deterrence\" constitute the basic elements of Pakistan's nuclear policy.,.. — Nawaz Sharif, 1998, source[16]Pakistan does not harbour any aggressive designs against any state, but it is determined to defend its territorial integrity.... That is why we need to maintain a balance in conventional forces suitably backed by minimum credible deterrence. Pakistan will continue to \"develop her military potential that guarantees peace with honour and dignity\". \"Our military capability is basically for the deterrence purpose while peace remains the ultimate cherished goal for Pakistan...\"— Yousaf Raza Gillani, describing the official nuclear weapons policy statement in 2012, source[17]","title":"Policy statements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"senior officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"economists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economists"},{"link_name":"game theorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theorist"},{"link_name":"strategists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_strategy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_News_International-18"},{"link_name":"Indo-US nuclear deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-US_civilian_nuclear_agreement"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_News_International-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_News_International-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_News_International-18"},{"link_name":"Islamabad Policy Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Policy_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pakistan_observer-19"},{"link_name":"Yousaf Raza Gillani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani"},{"link_name":"State of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Yousaf Raza Gillani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Nation,-17"},{"link_name":"conference on science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nathiagali_Summer_College_on_Physics"},{"link_name":"nuclear capability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_capability"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pakistan_Atom_Publishers-20"}],"text":"The senior officials, economists, game theorists, and strategists affiliated with Pakistan's government has persuaded multiple times for maintaining the Minimum Credible Deterrence.[18] The government officials points out that \"Indo-US nuclear deal as well as cooperation in conventional field is likely to grow in India's favour, thus accelerating arms race in the region\".[18] Therefore, maintaining \"minimum credible nuclear deterrence\" would require Pakistan to review its nuclear policy.[18] The government officials maintained that while Pakistan will continue to act with responsibility avoiding an arms race, it will not remain oblivious to the imperative of maintaining \"minimum credible nuclear deterrence\".[18]The unnamed official at the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) stated that \"the nuclear weapons programme has been exclusively driven by security considerations to ensure the survival and very existence of the state\".[19] In 2012, Prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani stated the comprehensive policy and quoted:The State of Pakistan does not harbour any aggressive designs against any state, but it is determined to defend its territorial integrity. That is why, we need to maintain a balance in conventional forces suitably backed by minimum credible deterrence.... She (Pakistan) will continue to \"develop her potential military deterrence that guarantees peace with honour and dignity....— Yousaf Raza Gillani, Prime minister of Pakistan (2008-2012), source[17]In 2010, a high ranking science minister of government of Pakistan publicly announced at the international conference on science after delegating foreign ambassadors and scientists from all over the world: \"Our nuclear capability is purely for defensive purposes, first believing in peaceful co-existence and reconciliation and will always strive for peace and prosperity in our region\".[20]","title":"Rationale and persuasion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Myth of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mythofindependen0000bhut/page/200"},{"link_name":"200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/mythofindependen0000bhut/page/200"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0192151674","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192151674"}],"text":"Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (15 April 1969). The Myth of Independence. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 200. ISBN 978-0192151674. Retrieved 22 July 2012.","title":"Concept bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Nuclear Race in South Asia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//users.erols.com/ziqbal/mh.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Credible nuclear deterrence and doctrine for Pakistan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//users.erols.com/ziqbal/mar14.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Military_doctrines_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Military_doctrines_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_doctrines_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleed_India_with_a_Thousand_Cuts"},{"link_name":"N-deterrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-deterrence"},{"link_name":"New Concept of War Fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Concept_of_War_Fighting"},{"link_name":"Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_doctrine_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Strategic depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_depth"},{"link_name":"Threat Matrix (database)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threat_Matrix_(database)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces"}],"text":"Haq, PhD (Economics), Professor Mahbub (27 June 1998). \"The Nuclear Race in South Asia\". Dr. Professor Mahbub-ul-Haq, Professor of Economics at Karachi University. This was the last public address of Dr. Haq at the North South Roundtable Conference in Easton, Maryland on 27 June 1998. Retrieved 6 August 2012. \"Why Pakistan reacted with nuclear test explosions, for it is an indictment of the lack of a Western strategy, not an indictment of Pakistan's irresponsibility. After India's nuclear tests in early May, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and the Pakistan armed forces debated whether or not to conduct their own nuclear tests and I am convinced they were resolved not to test as long as they could be provided with the right security assurances....\nShaikh, M. N. \"Credible nuclear deterrence and doctrine for Pakistan\". M. N. Shaikh, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Retrieved 6 August 2012.vteMilitary doctrines of Pakistan\nBleed India with a Thousand Cuts\nN-deterrence\nNew Concept of War Fighting\nNuclear doctrine of Pakistan\nStrategic depth\nThreat Matrix (database)\nPakistan Armed Forces","title":"Credited scholarly articles"}] | [] | [{"title":"Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_doctrine_of_Pakistan"},{"title":"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto"},{"title":"Nawaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif"},{"title":"Indo-Pakistani war of 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971"},{"title":"Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction"},{"title":"Nuclear strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_strategy"},{"title":"Peaceful coexistence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence"}] | [{"reference":"\"Pakistan's latest nuclear antics in the form of Full Spectrum Deterrence\". orfonline.org. Retrieved 23 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/pakistans-latest-nuclear-antics-in-the-form-of-full-spectrum-deterrence","url_text":"\"Pakistan's latest nuclear antics in the form of Full Spectrum Deterrence\""}]},{"reference":"Ghumman, Khawar (15 July 2011). \"N-deterrence to be pursued\". Dawn Newspapers, 2011. Dawn Newspapers Group. Retrieved 23 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://dawn.com/2011/07/15/n-deterrence-to-be-pursued/","url_text":"\"N-deterrence to be pursued\""}]},{"reference":"Siddiqi, Muhammad Ali (20 April 1995). \"N-deterrent vital to security, says PM Bhutto\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120609132144/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/20Ap95.html#ndet","url_text":"\"N-deterrent vital to security, says PM Bhutto\""},{"url":"http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/20Ap95.html#ndet","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Farah Zahra, PhD (Political Science) (12 August 2011). \"Credible minimum nuclear deterrence\". Daily Times. Retrieved 19 July 2012. The nuclear arms race in South Asia is not purely a quantitative matter; it encompasses a qualitative dimension where the nuclear weapons and delivery systems on both sides are improving in quality as well ... dr. Farah Zahra","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011\\08\\12\\story_12-8-2011_pg3_3","url_text":"\"Credible minimum nuclear deterrence\""}]},{"reference":"IISS. \"Nuclear policy, doctrine and planning Rationales for nuclear weapons\". International Institute for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120628051326/http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/nbm/nuclear-black-market-dossier-a-net-assesment/pakistans-nuclear-programme-and-imports-/","url_text":"\"Nuclear policy, doctrine and planning Rationales for nuclear weapons\""},{"url":"http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/nbm/nuclear-black-market-dossier-a-net-assesment/pakistans-nuclear-programme-and-imports-/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Paul K.; Mary Beth Nikitin (10 May 2012). \"Pakistan and Nuclear weapons\". United States Government. United States Congress: Congressional Research Services. p. 1. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:m-HagfV8yNIJ:www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL34248.pdf+minimum+credible+deterrence+Pakistan&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESicWuviT0cR2EVoJL19er0QWzXfg5rBT0ad2zazS4HFeLQ3R9Xghfghta8G9srpRPEmdXE9OuAoMempBkf9LiKLK00j_ggsyH4t2kBhNXf0sMWmcZVHf0GV8GdXnFUNm01jV1Eo&sig=AHIEtbSE_FKxeElGk2bnCAHhF4TGLwuEgA","url_text":"\"Pakistan and Nuclear weapons\""}]},{"reference":"Tertrais, Bruno. \"No First Use, No Deterrence\". Strafasia | Strategy, analysis, News and insight of Emerging Asia. Retrieved 25 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://strafasia.com/no-first-use-no-deterrence/","url_text":"\"No First Use, No Deterrence\""}]},{"reference":"Dixit, J. N. (2 September 2003). India-Pakistan in War and Peace. ISBN 9781134407583.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mdWCAgAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+will+use+any+weapon+in+its+arsenal&pg=PA343","url_text":"India-Pakistan in War and Peace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134407583","url_text":"9781134407583"}]},{"reference":"Abidi, Zawar Haider. \"Threat Reduction in South Asia\". Zawar Haider Abidi. p. 6/15. Retrieved 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:vHiRcw0A9oUJ:www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/zawarabidi.pdf+Minimum+Credible+Deterrence+Nawaz+Sharif&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgRRH-LdU5JVnystFVZ7TbzJc53kbUEHcIxI7Ky2e-zuhW-TxLb1eJtR2JeykGxaKk25G0GdUUP_0RSnpOZLhBkBMqqA0ytYHaw3F5sh774V7CgaOaSnfavBgPVmAeJ3vbY1ehk&sig=AHIEtbT-0TWP7tNT1jElldUTye_RgUPniA","url_text":"\"Threat Reduction in South Asia\""}]},{"reference":"ANI, ANI (22 March 2011). \"Peace-loving' Pakistan to continue credible minimum nuke deterrence policy\". The Yahoo! News. Retrieved 21 July 2012. Pakistan does not wish to enter into a nuclear arms race, but will continue to maintain the policy of credible minimum deterrence, Pakistan's Air Force chief Marshal Rao Qamar Suleman has said","urls":[{"url":"http://in.news.yahoo.com/peace-loving-pak-continue-credible-minimum-nuke-deterrence-20110321-222051-561.html","url_text":"\"Peace-loving' Pakistan to continue credible minimum nuke deterrence policy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan will maintain minimum credible deterrence\". Daily Times. 28 February 2006. Archived from the original on 25 April 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060425231402/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\\02\\28\\story_28-2-2006_pg7_24","url_text":"\"Pakistan will maintain minimum credible deterrence\""},{"url":"http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\\02\\28\\story_28-2-2006_pg7_24","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Feroz Hassan (22 November 2012). \"The Route to Nuclear Ambition\" (google book). Eating grass: The making of the Pakistani bomb. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 119–120. ISBN 978-0804776011. Retrieved 9 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&pg=PA100","url_text":"\"The Route to Nuclear Ambition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804776011","url_text":"978-0804776011"}]},{"reference":"Babar (MSc in Civil Engineering), Farhatullah. \"Bhutto's Footprints on Nuclear Pakistan\". Zulfikar Ali Bhutto \"The Myth of Independence\". Farhatullah Babar and Courtesy The News International. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125062030/http://www.sixhour.com/bhutto_footprints_on%20nuclear_pakistan.htm","url_text":"\"Bhutto's Footprints on Nuclear Pakistan\""},{"url":"http://sixhour.com/bhutto_footprints_on%20nuclear_pakistan.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anjali, Ghosh (2009). India's Foreign Policy Pakistan Factor. New Delhi: Repro India Ltd. p. 92. ISBN 978-8131710258.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC&q=MIRAGE+5+and+Pakistan+Navy&pg=PA66","url_text":"India's Foreign Policy Pakistan Factor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8131710258","url_text":"978-8131710258"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Zafar. \"Pakistan's authorization of the nuclear testing programme: External and Internal Pressures\". Zafar Khan, game theorist and nuclear strategist at the Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI). Islamabad Policy Research Institute (1998). Retrieved 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:dyjZJzNTYIoJ:ipripak.org/journal/winter2012/Article%25202.pdf+Minimum+Credible+Deterrence+Nawaz+Sharif&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjKtQyjBcfaANDxC4_ZQYMC21UBo7EPQj92NOdqIgZfrsSNs7sbyVeEmzGNFnhPSfRILKpJ3zCKCIYgeGKlS968V0_3s1jggn9Vf6wDeRK6IJmxYAJYtQqYGW8kt3VW7_A1JmZE&sig=AHIEtbSlXoO_Y8TlLplzT8tGza5C3uSD_A","url_text":"\"Pakistan's authorization of the nuclear testing programme: External and Internal Pressures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Policy_Research_Institute","url_text":"Islamabad Policy Research Institute"}]},{"reference":"Staff reports (31 March 2012). \"Pakistan to maintain conventional balance: PM\". The Nation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012. Our military capability is basically for deterrence purpose while peace remains the ultimate cherished goal for us. We believe that military weakness invites aggression from stronger nations","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nation.com.pk/31-Mar-2012/pakistan-to-maintain-conventional-balance-pm","url_text":"\"Pakistan to maintain conventional balance: PM\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402210602/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/islamabad/31-Mar-2012/pakistan-to-maintain-conventional-balance-pm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rasheed Khalid (2 February 2011). \"Pakistan has to maintain minimum credible nuclear deterrence: expert\". The News International. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-29004-Pakistan-has-to-maintain-minimum-credible-nuclear-deterrence-expert","url_text":"\"Pakistan has to maintain minimum credible nuclear deterrence: expert\""}]},{"reference":"Saman Zulfiqar. \"Pak minimum deterrence posture\". Pakistan Observer. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=104961","url_text":"\"Pak minimum deterrence posture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Observer","url_text":"Pakistan Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan's nuclear capability is purely for defensive purposes\". Pakistan Atom Publishers. Retrieved 19 July 2012. Our nuclear capability is purely for defensive purposes. We believe in peaceful co-existence and reconciliation and will always strive for peace and prosperity in our region.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:VsUM1DkwjMkJ:www.paec.gov.pk/newsletters/pkatm-n/2010/p-mj10.pdf+http://www.paec.gov.pk/newsletters/pkatm-n/2010/p-mj10.pdf&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjAAHFkhcLgC1AF8CGdSIuPpq_U4KX_Fy5wExmlp44jwUXFXc7V6ASoylnulycgC-t64BPrgU2DqMC-wwahvXocNJoSWR3SawrX-MXrrmT65_gAJZgexVrYR1iKQfLpR4_murA3&sig=AHIEtbTuw8LSGST8ZvmUNgembVIK4of6Ng","url_text":"\"Pakistan's nuclear capability is purely for defensive purposes\""}]},{"reference":"Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (15 April 1969). The Myth of Independence. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 200. ISBN 978-0192151674. Retrieved 22 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mythofindependen0000bhut/page/200","url_text":"The Myth of Independence"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mythofindependen0000bhut/page/200","url_text":"200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192151674","url_text":"978-0192151674"}]},{"reference":"Haq, PhD (Economics), Professor Mahbub (27 June 1998). \"The Nuclear Race in South Asia\". Dr. Professor Mahbub-ul-Haq, Professor of Economics at Karachi University. This was the last public address of Dr. Haq at the North South Roundtable Conference in Easton, Maryland on 27 June 1998. Retrieved 6 August 2012. \"Why Pakistan reacted with nuclear test explosions, for it is an indictment of the lack of a Western strategy, not an indictment of Pakistan's irresponsibility. After India's nuclear tests in early May, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and the Pakistan armed forces debated whether or not to conduct their own nuclear tests and I am convinced they were resolved not to test as long as they could be provided with the right security assurances....","urls":[{"url":"http://users.erols.com/ziqbal/mh.htm","url_text":"\"The Nuclear Race in South Asia\""}]},{"reference":"Shaikh, M. N. \"Credible nuclear deterrence and doctrine for Pakistan\". M. N. Shaikh, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Retrieved 6 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://users.erols.com/ziqbal/mar14.htm","url_text":"\"Credible nuclear deterrence and doctrine for Pakistan\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/pakistans-latest-nuclear-antics-in-the-form-of-full-spectrum-deterrence","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan's latest nuclear antics in the form of Full Spectrum Deterrence\""},{"Link":"http://dawn.com/2011/07/15/n-deterrence-to-be-pursued/","external_links_name":"\"N-deterrence to be pursued\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120609132144/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/20Ap95.html#ndet","external_links_name":"\"N-deterrent vital to security, says PM Bhutto\""},{"Link":"http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/20Ap95.html#ndet","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011\\08\\12\\story_12-8-2011_pg3_3","external_links_name":"\"Credible minimum nuclear deterrence\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120628051326/http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/nbm/nuclear-black-market-dossier-a-net-assesment/pakistans-nuclear-programme-and-imports-/","external_links_name":"\"Nuclear policy, doctrine and planning Rationales for nuclear weapons\""},{"Link":"http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/nbm/nuclear-black-market-dossier-a-net-assesment/pakistans-nuclear-programme-and-imports-/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:m-HagfV8yNIJ:www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL34248.pdf+minimum+credible+deterrence+Pakistan&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESicWuviT0cR2EVoJL19er0QWzXfg5rBT0ad2zazS4HFeLQ3R9Xghfghta8G9srpRPEmdXE9OuAoMempBkf9LiKLK00j_ggsyH4t2kBhNXf0sMWmcZVHf0GV8GdXnFUNm01jV1Eo&sig=AHIEtbSE_FKxeElGk2bnCAHhF4TGLwuEgA","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan and Nuclear weapons\""},{"Link":"https://strafasia.com/no-first-use-no-deterrence/","external_links_name":"\"No First Use, No Deterrence\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mdWCAgAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+will+use+any+weapon+in+its+arsenal&pg=PA343","external_links_name":"India-Pakistan in War and Peace"},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:vHiRcw0A9oUJ:www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/zawarabidi.pdf+Minimum+Credible+Deterrence+Nawaz+Sharif&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgRRH-LdU5JVnystFVZ7TbzJc53kbUEHcIxI7Ky2e-zuhW-TxLb1eJtR2JeykGxaKk25G0GdUUP_0RSnpOZLhBkBMqqA0ytYHaw3F5sh774V7CgaOaSnfavBgPVmAeJ3vbY1ehk&sig=AHIEtbT-0TWP7tNT1jElldUTye_RgUPniA","external_links_name":"\"Threat Reduction in South Asia\""},{"Link":"http://in.news.yahoo.com/peace-loving-pak-continue-credible-minimum-nuke-deterrence-20110321-222051-561.html","external_links_name":"\"Peace-loving' Pakistan to continue credible minimum nuke deterrence policy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060425231402/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\\02\\28\\story_28-2-2006_pg7_24","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan will maintain minimum credible deterrence\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\\02\\28\\story_28-2-2006_pg7_24","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&pg=PA100","external_links_name":"\"The Route to Nuclear Ambition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125062030/http://www.sixhour.com/bhutto_footprints_on%20nuclear_pakistan.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bhutto's Footprints on Nuclear Pakistan\""},{"Link":"http://sixhour.com/bhutto_footprints_on%20nuclear_pakistan.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC&q=MIRAGE+5+and+Pakistan+Navy&pg=PA66","external_links_name":"India's Foreign Policy Pakistan Factor"},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:dyjZJzNTYIoJ:ipripak.org/journal/winter2012/Article%25202.pdf+Minimum+Credible+Deterrence+Nawaz+Sharif&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjKtQyjBcfaANDxC4_ZQYMC21UBo7EPQj92NOdqIgZfrsSNs7sbyVeEmzGNFnhPSfRILKpJ3zCKCIYgeGKlS968V0_3s1jggn9Vf6wDeRK6IJmxYAJYtQqYGW8kt3VW7_A1JmZE&sig=AHIEtbSlXoO_Y8TlLplzT8tGza5C3uSD_A","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan's authorization of the nuclear testing programme: External and Internal Pressures\""},{"Link":"https://www.nation.com.pk/31-Mar-2012/pakistan-to-maintain-conventional-balance-pm","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan to maintain conventional balance: PM\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402210602/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/islamabad/31-Mar-2012/pakistan-to-maintain-conventional-balance-pm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-29004-Pakistan-has-to-maintain-minimum-credible-nuclear-deterrence-expert","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan has to maintain minimum credible nuclear deterrence: expert\""},{"Link":"http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=104961","external_links_name":"\"Pak minimum deterrence posture\""},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:VsUM1DkwjMkJ:www.paec.gov.pk/newsletters/pkatm-n/2010/p-mj10.pdf+http://www.paec.gov.pk/newsletters/pkatm-n/2010/p-mj10.pdf&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjAAHFkhcLgC1AF8CGdSIuPpq_U4KX_Fy5wExmlp44jwUXFXc7V6ASoylnulycgC-t64BPrgU2DqMC-wwahvXocNJoSWR3SawrX-MXrrmT65_gAJZgexVrYR1iKQfLpR4_murA3&sig=AHIEtbTuw8LSGST8ZvmUNgembVIK4of6Ng","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan's nuclear capability is purely for defensive purposes\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mythofindependen0000bhut/page/200","external_links_name":"The Myth of Independence"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/mythofindependen0000bhut/page/200","external_links_name":"200"},{"Link":"http://users.erols.com/ziqbal/mh.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Nuclear Race in South Asia\""},{"Link":"http://users.erols.com/ziqbal/mar14.htm","external_links_name":"\"Credible nuclear deterrence and doctrine for Pakistan\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_College_of_Art_and_Design | Alberta University of the Arts | ["1 History","2 Campus","2.1 Library and galleries","2.2 Lodgepole Center","3 Academics","4 Notable people","4.1 Alumni","4.2 Faculty and instructors","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°03′43″N 114°05′29″W / 51.06205°N 114.09143°W / 51.06205; -114.09143 (Alberta University of the Arts)"ACAD" redirects here. For the company listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under this symbol, see Acadia Pharmaceuticals.
Public university in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Alberta University of the ArtsFormer names
Alberta College of Art
Alberta College of Art and Design
TypePublicEstablished1926 (1926)PresidentDaniel DozAcademic staff145Administrative staff95Students1,323 as of fall 2012Address1407 14 Avenue NWCalgary, AlbertaT2N 4R351°03′43″N 114°05′29″W / 51.06205°N 114.09143°W / 51.06205; -114.09143 (Alberta University of the Arts)CampusUrbanColoursRed
White AffiliationsAICAD, ACCC, CCAA, Alberta Colleges Athletics Conference, Alberta Association of Colleges & Technical Institutes, CBIE, NASADWebsiteauarts.caASN54307
Location in Calgary
The Alberta University of the Arts (AUArts) is a public art university located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The university is a co-educational institution that operates four academic schools.
The institution originated from the art department established by the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT) in 1926, later renamed the Alberta College of Art in 1960. It was separated from SAIT in 1985, becoming an independent, publicly funded college. In 1995, the university was granted the authority to issue Bachelor of Fine Arts degrees and was renamed the Alberta College of Art and Design (ACAD). The institution was designated a university by the government of Alberta in 2018 and was renamed the Alberta University of the Arts in the following year, to reflect its change in status.
History
The university's origins date back to the founding of the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art (PITA) in 1916. Beginning with evening and Saturday classes, day classes were offered starting in 1926, with Lars Haukaness appointed as the first head of the art department. In 1960, PITA was renamed the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT), and the art department became the Alberta College of Art (ACA).
In 1973, after eight years of planning and construction, the Alberta College of Art moved into a brand new purpose-built building designed by architectural firm Cohos, Delesalle and Evamy, on the edge of Calgary's North Hill, next to the Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium.
The Alberta College of Art became a separate institution from SAIT in 1985, and in 1995 amended its name to become the Alberta College of Art and Design.
On February 1, 2019, ACAD officially became the Alberta University of the Arts.
Campus
Library and galleries
AUArts' Luke Lindoe Library is named after alumnus, instructor, and founder of the Ceramics Department, Luke Lindoe, and maintains a collection of over 25,000 art and design-related titles. The university is also home to two professional galleries, the Illingworth Kerr Gallery and the Marion Nicoll Gallery (MNG), and nine student-run gallery and pop-up spaces.
The Alberta University of the Arts gallery was renamed after artist and instructor Illingworth Kerr when AUArts moved into its current location in 1973, expanding into a 9,500 square-foot facility.
The MNG, named after artist and teacher Marion Nicoll, is based on a not-for-profit model and run by the AUArts Students' Association. MNG manages three locations (in AUArts' Main Mall, the AUArts/Jubilee LRT station hallway, and in downtown Calgary's Arts Commons +15 walkway), and focuses on exhibiting student work. AUArtSA also manages nine student exhibition spaces on campus.
Lodgepole Center
Given its name by AUArts' Elder Council to reflect the supportive nature of the lodgepole, traditionally placed at the centre of the tipi to carry the weight of the covering, AUArts' Indigenous resource centre, the Lodgepole Center, officially opened on campus in September 2016. An all-inclusive space, the Lodgepole Center facilitates elder advising and support, traditional ceremonies, and workshops, and is a quiet study, smudge, and gathering space.
Academics
As a college, the institution had the authority to grant certificates and diplomas. In 1995 the Alberta Government authorized granting the degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts and in 2000 gave authority to grant the Bachelor of Design degree. The Master of Fine Arts in Craft Media was launched in 2015 with the inaugural class receiving their degrees in May 2017.
In March 2018, ACAD was named a university by the Minister of Advanced Education. It is the only institution in the province to offer and confer university-level undergraduate and now, graduate degree programs in art, craft, and design. On January 17, 2019, the Government of Alberta announced that ACAD was to become the Alberta University of the Arts (abbreviated as AUArts). The transition began on the same day while the name and university status became effective formally on February 1, 2019.
AUArts' degree programs are housed within four administrative schools:
The School of Craft + Emerging Media (ceramics, fibre, glass, jewellery + metals, and media arts)
The School of Visual Arts (drawing, painting, print media, photography, and sculpture)
The School of Communication Design
The School of Critical + Creative Studies (non-studio academic courses)
Notable people
Alumni
Brittney Bear Hat
Richelle Bear Hat
John Brocke
John Byrne
Elaine Cameron-Weir
Sharon Christian
Cam Christiansen
Faye HeavyShield
Alex Janvier
Thomas Kerr
Amy Malbeuf
Joni Mitchell
Katie Ohe
Fiona Staples
Amalie Atkins
Dean Drever
Faculty and instructors
Alana Bartol
Mireille Perron
Rita McKeough
John Brocke
Norman Yates
See also
Visual arts portal
Education in Alberta
List of universities and colleges in Alberta
Notes
^ The institution traces its origins to the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology's (SAIT) art department from 1926. The academic department became independent from SAIT in 1985.
References
^ "History and mission". www.auarts.ca. Alberta University of the Arts. 2022.
^ President, Dr. Daniel Doz Archived July 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
^ "ACAD Annual Report 2011-2012" (PDF). Media.acadnet.ca. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
^ "ACAD University Status". Acad.ca. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
^ Greenfield, Val (1985). "Introduction" in A Measure of Success: Graduates of the Alberta College of Art 1963–1984. Calgary: Art College of Art Gallery. p. 6.
^ Laviolette, Mary-Beth (2006). An Alberta Art Chronicle: adventures in recent and contemporary art. Canmore: Altitude Publishing. pp. 275. ISBN 9781551539409.
^ Laviolette, Mary-Beth (2001). 75 Years of Art: Alberta College of Art + Design 1926-2001. Calgary: Alberta College of Art + Design. p. 32. ISBN 1895086094.
^ a b c ACAD History Archived June 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
^ "After 92 years, Alberta College of Arts and Design gets new name". Cbc.ca. January 17, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
^ Laviolette, Mary-Beth (2006). Alberta Art Chronicle: adventures in recent and contemporary art. Canmore: Altitude Publishing. pp. 55. ISBN 9781551539409.
^ a b "Galleries on campus | Alberta College of Art and Design". Acad.ca. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
^ Laviolette, Mary-Beth (2006). Alberta Art Chronicle: adventures in recent and contemporary art. Canmore: Altitude Publishing. pp. 275. ISBN 9781551539409.
^ "Marion Nicoll Gallery". Acad.ca. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
^ "Student-Run Galleries". Acad.ca.
^ a b "Lodgepole Center". Acad.ca. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017.
^ a b "The Alberta College of Art + Design is Now a University - Alberta University of the Arts". Auarts.ca. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
^ Government of Alberta (January 17, 2019). "Announcing Alberta's newest university". Alberta.ca. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
^ "ACAD's Four Schools". Acad.ca.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alberta University of the Arts.
Official website
Alberta University of the Arts Student Association
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2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acadia Pharmaceuticals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadia_Pharmaceuticals"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACADUni-5"},{"link_name":"co-educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-educational"},{"link_name":"Southern Alberta Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts"}],"text":"\"ACAD\" redirects here. For the company listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under this symbol, see Acadia Pharmaceuticals.Public university in Calgary, Alberta, CanadaThe Alberta University of the Arts (AUArts) is a public art university located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.[4] The university is a co-educational institution that operates four academic schools.The institution originated from the art department established by the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT) in 1926, later renamed the Alberta College of Art in 1960. It was separated from SAIT in 1985, becoming an independent, publicly funded college. In 1995, the university was granted the authority to issue Bachelor of Fine Arts degrees and was renamed the Alberta College of Art and Design (ACAD). The institution was designated a university by the government of Alberta in 2018 and was renamed the Alberta University of the Arts in the following year, to reflect its change in status.","title":"Alberta University of the Arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lars Haukaness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Jonson_Haukaness"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Southern Alberta Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Cohos, Delesalle and Evamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohos_Evamy"},{"link_name":"Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alberta_Jubilee_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acad-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The university's origins date back to the founding of the Provincial Institute of Technology and Art (PITA) in 1916. Beginning with evening and Saturday classes, day classes were offered starting in 1926, with Lars Haukaness appointed as the first head of the art department.[5] In 1960, PITA was renamed the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT), and the art department became the Alberta College of Art (ACA).In 1973, after eight years of planning and construction, the Alberta College of Art moved into a brand new purpose-built building designed by architectural firm Cohos, Delesalle and Evamy, on the edge of Calgary's North Hill, next to the Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium.[6][7]The Alberta College of Art became a separate institution from SAIT in 1985, and in 1995 amended its name to become the Alberta College of Art and Design.[8]On February 1, 2019, ACAD officially became the Alberta University of the Arts.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luke Lindoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Lindoe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acad.ca-12"},{"link_name":"Illingworth Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illingworth_Kerr"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Marion Nicoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Nicoll"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"AUArts/Jubilee LRT station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAIT/AUArts/Jubilee_station"},{"link_name":"+15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acad.ca-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Library and galleries","text":"AUArts' Luke Lindoe Library is named after alumnus, instructor, and founder of the Ceramics Department, Luke Lindoe, and maintains a collection of over 25,000 art and design-related titles.[10] The university is also home to two professional galleries, the Illingworth Kerr Gallery and the Marion Nicoll Gallery (MNG), and nine student-run gallery and pop-up spaces.[11]The Alberta University of the Arts gallery was renamed after artist and instructor Illingworth Kerr when AUArts moved into its current location in 1973, expanding into a 9,500 square-foot facility.[12]The MNG, named after artist and teacher Marion Nicoll, is based on a not-for-profit model and run by the AUArts Students' Association.[13] MNG manages three locations (in AUArts' Main Mall, the AUArts/Jubilee LRT station hallway, and in downtown Calgary's Arts Commons +15 walkway), and focuses on exhibiting student work.[11] AUArtSA also manages nine student exhibition spaces on campus.[14]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tipi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipi"},{"link_name":"Indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lodgepole_Center-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lodgepole_Center-16"}],"sub_title":"Lodgepole Center","text":"Given its name by AUArts' Elder Council to reflect the supportive nature of the lodgepole, traditionally placed at the centre of the tipi to carry the weight of the covering, AUArts' Indigenous resource centre, the Lodgepole Center, officially opened on campus in September 2016.[15] An all-inclusive space, the Lodgepole Center facilitates elder advising and support, traditional ceremonies, and workshops, and is a quiet study, smudge, and gathering space.[15]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acad-9"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Design"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acad-9"},{"link_name":"Master of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"As a college, the institution had the authority to grant certificates and diplomas. In 1995 the Alberta Government authorized granting the degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts[8] and in 2000 gave authority to grant the Bachelor of Design degree.[8] The Master of Fine Arts in Craft Media was launched in 2015 with the inaugural class receiving their degrees in May 2017.In March 2018, ACAD was named a university by the Minister of Advanced Education.[16] It is the only institution in the province to offer and confer university-level undergraduate and now, graduate degree programs in art, craft, and design.[16] On January 17, 2019, the Government of Alberta announced that ACAD was to become the Alberta University of the Arts (abbreviated as AUArts). The transition began on the same day while the name and university status became effective formally on February 1, 2019.[17]AUArts' degree programs are housed within four administrative schools:The School of Craft + Emerging Media (ceramics, fibre, glass, jewellery + metals, and media arts)\nThe School of Visual Arts (drawing, painting, print media, photography, and sculpture)\nThe School of Communication Design\nThe School of Critical + Creative Studies (non-studio academic courses)[18]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brittney Bear Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittney_Bear_Hat"},{"link_name":"Richelle Bear Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richelle_Bear_Hat"},{"link_name":"John Brocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brocke"},{"link_name":"John Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byrne_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Elaine Cameron-Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Cameron-Weir"},{"link_name":"Sharon Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Christian"},{"link_name":"Cam Christiansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_Christiansen"},{"link_name":"Faye HeavyShield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faye_HeavyShield"},{"link_name":"Alex Janvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Janvier"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kerr_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Amy Malbeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Malbeuf"},{"link_name":"Joni Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Katie Ohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Ohe"},{"link_name":"Fiona Staples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Staples"},{"link_name":"Amalie Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalie_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Dean Drever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Drever"}],"sub_title":"Alumni","text":"Brittney Bear Hat\nRichelle Bear Hat\nJohn Brocke\nJohn Byrne\nElaine Cameron-Weir\nSharon Christian\nCam Christiansen\nFaye HeavyShield\nAlex Janvier\nThomas Kerr\nAmy Malbeuf\nJoni Mitchell\nKatie Ohe\nFiona Staples\nAmalie Atkins\nDean Drever","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alana Bartol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alana_Bartol"},{"link_name":"Mireille Perron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mireille_Perron"},{"link_name":"Rita McKeough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_McKeough"},{"link_name":"John Brocke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brocke"},{"link_name":"Norman Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Yates"}],"sub_title":"Faculty and instructors","text":"Alana Bartol\nMireille Perron\nRita McKeough\nJohn Brocke\nNorman Yates","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ The institution traces its origins to the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology's (SAIT) art department from 1926. The academic department became independent from SAIT in 1985.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg"},{"title":"Visual arts portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts"},{"title":"Education in Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Alberta"},{"title":"List of universities and colleges in Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Alberta"}] | [{"reference":"\"History and mission\". www.auarts.ca. Alberta University of the Arts. 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.auarts.ca/why-auarts/history-and-mission","url_text":"\"History and mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"ACAD Annual Report 2011-2012\" (PDF). Media.acadnet.ca. Retrieved February 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.acadnet.ca/pdf/Reports/ACAD_Annual_Report_2011_2012.pdf","url_text":"\"ACAD Annual Report 2011-2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"ACAD University Status\". Acad.ca. Retrieved March 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acad.ca/news/alberta-college-art-design-partners-will-creative-stormy-lake-consulting-launch-university","url_text":"\"ACAD University Status\""}]},{"reference":"Greenfield, Val (1985). \"Introduction\" in A Measure of Success: Graduates of the Alberta College of Art 1963–1984. Calgary: Art College of Art Gallery. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Laviolette, Mary-Beth (2006). An Alberta Art Chronicle: adventures in recent and contemporary art. Canmore: Altitude Publishing. pp. 275. ISBN 9781551539409.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/albertaartchroni0000lavi/page/275","url_text":"An Alberta Art Chronicle: adventures in recent and contemporary art"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/albertaartchroni0000lavi/page/275","url_text":"275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551539409","url_text":"9781551539409"}]},{"reference":"Laviolette, Mary-Beth (2001). 75 Years of Art: Alberta College of Art + Design 1926-2001. Calgary: Alberta College of Art + Design. p. 32. ISBN 1895086094.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1895086094","url_text":"1895086094"}]},{"reference":"\"After 92 years, Alberta College of Arts and Design gets new name\". Cbc.ca. January 17, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/acad-renamed-alberta-university-of-the-arts-1.4982957","url_text":"\"After 92 years, Alberta College of Arts and Design gets new name\""}]},{"reference":"Laviolette, Mary-Beth (2006). Alberta Art Chronicle: adventures in recent and contemporary art. Canmore: Altitude Publishing. pp. 55. ISBN 9781551539409.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/albertaartchroni0000lavi/page/55","url_text":"Alberta Art Chronicle: adventures in recent and contemporary art"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/albertaartchroni0000lavi/page/55","url_text":"55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551539409","url_text":"9781551539409"}]},{"reference":"\"Galleries on campus | Alberta College of Art and Design\". Acad.ca. Retrieved November 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acad.ca/about-acad/galleries-campus","url_text":"\"Galleries on campus | Alberta College of Art and Design\""}]},{"reference":"Laviolette, Mary-Beth (2006). Alberta Art Chronicle: adventures in recent and contemporary art. Canmore: Altitude Publishing. pp. 275. ISBN 9781551539409.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/albertaartchroni0000lavi/page/275","url_text":"Alberta Art Chronicle: adventures in recent and contemporary art"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/albertaartchroni0000lavi/page/275","url_text":"275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551539409","url_text":"9781551539409"}]},{"reference":"\"Marion Nicoll Gallery\". Acad.ca. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108035626/https://www.acad.ca/about-acad/galleries-campus/marion-nicoll-gallery","url_text":"\"Marion Nicoll Gallery\""},{"url":"https://www.acad.ca/about-acad/galleries-campus/marion-nicoll-gallery","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Student-Run Galleries\". Acad.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acad.ca/about-acad/galleries-campus/student-run-galleries","url_text":"\"Student-Run Galleries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lodgepole Center\". Acad.ca. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108093825/https://www.acad.ca/about-acad/lodgepole-center","url_text":"\"Lodgepole Center\""},{"url":"https://www.acad.ca/about-acad/lodgepole-center","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Alberta College of Art + Design is Now a University - Alberta University of the Arts\". Auarts.ca. Retrieved April 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.auarts.ca/news/alberta-college-art-design-now-university","url_text":"\"The Alberta College of Art + Design is Now a University - Alberta University of the Arts\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Alberta (January 17, 2019). \"Announcing Alberta's newest university\". Alberta.ca. Archived from the original on January 21, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190121220051/https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=62364A47DE553-E196-B9AC-254E69C810A4391F","url_text":"\"Announcing Alberta's newest university\""},{"url":"https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=62364A47DE553-E196-B9AC-254E69C810A4391F","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ACAD's Four Schools\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.M._Ladd | D.M. Ladd | ["1 Background","2 Career","3 Personal life and death","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | FBI agent
Daniel Milton LaddBorn(1903-10-30)October 30, 1903Fargo, North Dakota, USDiedJuly 11, 1960(1960-07-11) (aged 56)Sanford, Florida, USOther namesMickey LaddAlma materGeorge Washington UniversityOccupationfederal special agentYears active1925–1954EraGreat Depression, World War II, early Cold WarEmployerFederal Bureau of InvestigationKnown forHiss-Chambers Case, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg CaseSpouseKatharine Pfeiffer
D.M. Ladd, AKA D. Milton Ladd and "Mickey" Ladd (1903–1960), was a special agent and assistant (number 3 position) at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to its director J. Edgar Hoover, who was "one of the earliest members" of the FBI.
Background
Daniel Milton Ladd was born on October 30, 1903, in Fargo, North Dakota. His parents were Edwin Fremont and Rizpah Sprogle. He attended public school. In 1921, he moved to Washington, DC, where he attended the George Washington University (GW). In 1925, he obtained A.B. from GW, where he played basketball and was a member of the District of Columbia Alpha chapter of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. In 1928, after several years of night school, he obtained a law degree from GW.
Career
FBI memo dated 2 February 1948, to Ladd regarding William L. Uanna of the Atomic Energy Commission as subject (person of interest)
Ladd worked at his father's office initially, then helped run subway cars between US Capitol office buildings.
On November 5, 1925, having finished law school, Ladd joined the FBI as an agent. His first assignment was in Butte, Montana, followed by New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1931, he became a special agent, assigned to St. Louis, Missouri; St. Paul, Minnesota; Chicago, Illinois; and Washington, DC, field offices.
In 1939, Ladd became assistant director of the FBI's Technical Laboratory, AKA Identification Division and Laboratory. In 1941, Ladd became head of the Security Division, which in 1942 became the FBI's Domestic Intelligence Division (in the 21st Century known as "counterintelligence"). In this role, Ladd led investigations into Nazis (e.g., Operation Pastorius) during World War II and into Communists during WWII and the early Cold War including major cases like the Amerasia Case, Hiss-Chambers Case, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Case as well as alleged spies Alexander Koral, Robert Talbott Miller, William L. Uanna, Harry Dexter White, and Duncan Chapin Lee Case and even movies stars like Lucille Ball and subjects such as UFOs.
On May 5, 1949, Hoover appointed Ladd to the Number 3 position of Assistant to the Director, succeeding Edward Allen Tamm, as second only to Clyde Tolson. As Hoover's "assistant," Ladd's role was "supervision of all the FBI's investigative activities in both criminal and subversive fields."
In 1954, Ladd retired from the FBI.
In 1960, Ladd ran for Congress in the district for Sanford, Florida, the town where he was living.
Personal life and death
On June 15, 1937, Lad married Katharine Pfeiffer.
On July 11, 1960, D.M. Ladd died in an automobile accident in Sanford, Florida; his wife survived the crash with injuries.
Legacy
In 1968, Soviet spy Kim Philby (here in 1955) claimed that Ladd believed FDR was a Comintern agent
At time of death, the Washington Evening Star wrote: "Mr. Ladd never liked to talk about cases in which he participated. Although it was known that he had taken significant roles in the capture many of the leading gangsters in the '30s, he said on his retirement, 'I dn't approve of people who go out and write books'."
In 1998, the CIA released a report that in 1968 Izvestia published an interview with Soviet spy Kim Philby, who states that Ladd had made an "indelible impression" on Philby due to Ladd's conviction that Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a Comintern agent."
See also
Other contemporary FBI colleagues include:
Edward Allen Tamm
J. Edgar Hoover
Clyde Tolson
William C. Sullivan
Louis J. Russell
Alvin Williams Stokes
Jacob Spolansky
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m
Athan G. Theoharis; Susan Rosenfeld; Richard G. Powers (1999). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 338. ISBN 9780897749916. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
^ a b c d e
Jerome M. Rosow (1949). American Men in Government: A Biographical Dictionary and Directory of Federal Officials. Public Affairs Press. p. 227. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
^ a b
Mark A. Bradley (2014). A Very Principled Boy: The Life of Duncan Lee, Red Spy and Cold Warrior. Basic Books. pp. 138, 141–142, 172, 233. ISBN 9780465036653. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n
"D. Milton Ladd Dies; FBI Agent 25 Years". Washington Evening Star. 22 July 1960.
^
"District of Columbia Alpha". Sigma Phi Epsilon Journal. 19. Sigma Phi Epsilon: 523, 566. 1921. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
^
Harvey Klehr; Ronald Radosh (1996). The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 54, 86, 144–146, 176, 183–185, 194, 204. ISBN 9780807822456. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
^
"The FBI Deputy Director Who Thought FDR A Comintern Agent!". Izvestia. 8 January 1968. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
External links
The Ernie Lazar FOIA documents contains several collections on Ladd:
FBI Employees: Ladd, D. Milton-1
FBI Employee FOIA Requests
The FBI Vault has a file on Ladd:
FBI Vault - D. Milton Ladd Part 1 of 1 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"special agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_agent"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"J. Edgar Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmMenGov-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Principled-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"}],"text":"D.M. Ladd, AKA D. Milton Ladd and \"Mickey\" Ladd (1903–1960), was a special agent and assistant (number 3 position) at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to its director J. Edgar Hoover,[1][2][3] who was \"one of the earliest members\" of the FBI.[4]","title":"D.M. Ladd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"},{"link_name":"Fargo, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmMenGov-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmMenGov-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmMenGov-2"},{"link_name":"A.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Sigma Phi Epsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Epsilon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"}],"text":"Daniel Milton Ladd was born on October 30, 1903,[1] in Fargo, North Dakota.[2][4] His parents were Edwin Fremont[4] and Rizpah Sprogle.[2] He attended public school.[4] In 1921, he moved to Washington, DC, where he attended the George Washington University (GW).[1][2] In 1925, he obtained A.B. from GW, where he played basketball and was a member of the District of Columbia Alpha chapter of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity.[5] In 1928, after several years of night school, he obtained a law degree from GW.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bud_Uanna_AEC_AFSWP_FBI_V.P._Keay_to_D.M._Ladd_February_2,_1948_Main_Source_of_Confidential_Information_at_the_AEC.jpg"},{"link_name":"William L. Uanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Uanna"},{"link_name":"Atomic Energy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission"},{"link_name":"person of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_interest"},{"link_name":"US Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Capitol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"},{"link_name":"Butte, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte,_Montana"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"},{"link_name":"counterintelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"},{"link_name":"Operation Pastorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pastorius"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Amerasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerasia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amerasia-6"},{"link_name":"Hiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger_Hiss"},{"link_name":"Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers"},{"link_name":"Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Koral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Koral"},{"link_name":"Robert Talbott Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Talbott_Miller"},{"link_name":"William L. Uanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Uanna"},{"link_name":"Duncan Chapin Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Chapin_Lee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Principled-3"},{"link_name":"Lucille Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Ball"},{"link_name":"UFOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object"},{"link_name":"Edward Allen Tamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Allen_Tamm"},{"link_name":"Clyde Tolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Tolson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"},{"link_name":"Sanford, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"}],"text":"FBI memo dated 2 February 1948, to Ladd regarding William L. Uanna of the Atomic Energy Commission as subject (person of interest)Ladd worked at his father's office initially, then helped run subway cars between US Capitol office buildings.[4]On November 5, 1925,[4] having finished law school, Ladd joined the FBI as an agent.[1] His first assignment was in Butte, Montana, followed by New Orleans, Louisiana.[4] In 1931, he became a special agent, assigned to St. Louis, Missouri; St. Paul, Minnesota; Chicago, Illinois; and Washington, DC, field offices.[1]In 1939, Ladd became assistant director of the FBI's Technical Laboratory,[1] AKA Identification Division and Laboratory.[4] In 1941, Ladd became head of the Security Division,[4] which in 1942 became the FBI's Domestic Intelligence Division (in the 21st Century known as \"counterintelligence\").[1] In this role, Ladd led investigations into Nazis (e.g., Operation Pastorius) during World War II and into Communists during WWII and the early Cold War including major cases like the Amerasia Case,[6] Hiss-Chambers Case, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Case[1] as well as alleged spies Alexander Koral, Robert Talbott Miller, William L. Uanna, Harry Dexter White, and Duncan Chapin Lee Case[3] and even movies stars like Lucille Ball and subjects such as UFOs.On May 5, 1949, Hoover appointed Ladd to the Number 3 position of Assistant to the Director, succeeding Edward Allen Tamm, as second only to Clyde Tolson.[1] As Hoover's \"assistant,\" Ladd's role was \"supervision of all the FBI's investigative activities in both criminal and subversive fields.\"[4]In 1954, Ladd retired from the FBI.[1][4]In 1960, Ladd ran for Congress in the district for Sanford, Florida, the town where he was living.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmMenGov-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-comprehensive-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"}],"text":"On June 15, 1937, Lad married Katharine Pfeiffer.[2][4]On July 11, 1960, D.M. Ladd died in an automobile accident in Sanford, Florida; his wife survived the crash with injuries.[1][4]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kim_Philby_1955.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kim Philby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby"},{"link_name":"FDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDR"},{"link_name":"Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern"},{"link_name":"Washington Evening Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Evening_Star"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WES-obit-4"},{"link_name":"Izvestia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvestia"},{"link_name":"Kim Philby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Philby"},{"link_name":"Franklin Delano Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1968, Soviet spy Kim Philby (here in 1955) claimed that Ladd believed FDR was a Comintern agentAt time of death, the Washington Evening Star wrote: \"Mr. Ladd never liked to talk about cases in which he participated. Although it was known that he had taken significant roles in the capture many of the leading gangsters in the '30s, he said on his retirement, 'I dn't approve of people who go out and write books'.\"[4]In 1998, the CIA released a report that in 1968 Izvestia published an interview with Soviet spy Kim Philby, who states that Ladd had made an \"indelible impression\" on Philby due to Ladd's conviction that Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a Comintern agent.\"[7]","title":"Legacy"}] | [{"image_text":"FBI memo dated 2 February 1948, to Ladd regarding William L. Uanna of the Atomic Energy Commission as subject (person of interest)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bud_Uanna_AEC_AFSWP_FBI_V.P._Keay_to_D.M._Ladd_February_2%2C_1948_Main_Source_of_Confidential_Information_at_the_AEC.jpg/220px-Bud_Uanna_AEC_AFSWP_FBI_V.P._Keay_to_D.M._Ladd_February_2%2C_1948_Main_Source_of_Confidential_Information_at_the_AEC.jpg"},{"image_text":"In 1968, Soviet spy Kim Philby (here in 1955) claimed that Ladd believed FDR was a Comintern agent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kim_Philby_1955.jpg/220px-Kim_Philby_1955.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Edward Allen Tamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Allen_Tamm"},{"title":"J. Edgar Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover"},{"title":"Clyde Tolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Tolson"},{"title":"William C. Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Sullivan"},{"title":"Louis J. Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_J._Russell"},{"title":"Alvin Williams Stokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Williams_Stokes"},{"title":"Jacob Spolansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Spolansky"}] | [{"reference":"Athan G. Theoharis; Susan Rosenfeld; Richard G. Powers (1999). The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 338. ISBN 9780897749916. Retrieved 31 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VnQduXa4JdoC","url_text":"The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897749916","url_text":"9780897749916"}]},{"reference":"Jerome M. Rosow (1949). American Men in Government: A Biographical Dictionary and Directory of Federal Officials. Public Affairs Press. p. 227. Retrieved 31 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QpsFAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"American Men in Government: A Biographical Dictionary and Directory of Federal Officials"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Affairs_Press","url_text":"Public Affairs Press"}]},{"reference":"Mark A. Bradley (2014). A Very Principled Boy: The Life of Duncan Lee, Red Spy and Cold Warrior. Basic Books. pp. 138, 141–142, 172, 233. ISBN 9780465036653. Retrieved 31 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-uFzAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"A Very Principled Boy: The Life of Duncan Lee, Red Spy and Cold Warrior"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465036653","url_text":"9780465036653"}]},{"reference":"\"D. Milton Ladd Dies; FBI Agent 25 Years\". Washington Evening Star. 22 July 1960.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"District of Columbia Alpha\". Sigma Phi Epsilon Journal. 19. Sigma Phi Epsilon: 523, 566. 1921. Retrieved 31 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KxITAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"District of Columbia Alpha\""}]},{"reference":"Harvey Klehr; Ronald Radosh (1996). The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 54, 86, 144–146, 176, 183–185, 194, 204. ISBN 9780807822456. Retrieved 31 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C","url_text":"The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807822456","url_text":"9780807822456"}]},{"reference":"\"The FBI Deputy Director Who Thought FDR A Comintern Agent!\". Izvestia. 8 January 1968. Retrieved 31 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00001r000100050101-0","url_text":"\"The FBI Deputy Director Who Thought FDR A Comintern Agent!\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VnQduXa4JdoC","external_links_name":"The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QpsFAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"American Men in Government: A Biographical Dictionary and Directory of Federal Officials"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-uFzAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"A Very Principled Boy: The Life of Duncan Lee, Red Spy and Cold Warrior"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KxITAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"\"District of Columbia Alpha\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C","external_links_name":"The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism"},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00001r000100050101-0","external_links_name":"\"The FBI Deputy Director Who Thought FDR A Comintern Agent!\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/foia_Ladd_D._Milton-1","external_links_name":"FBI Employees: Ladd, D. Milton-1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ernie1241_fbiemployees","external_links_name":"FBI Employee FOIA Requests"},{"Link":"https://vault.fbi.gov/D%20Milton%20Ladd%20","external_links_name":"FBI Vault - D. Milton Ladd Part 1 of 1"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvero | Uvero | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 19°56′57.3″N 76°35′24.2″W / 19.949250°N 76.590056°W / 19.949250; -76.590056For the Cuban village in Villa Clara Province, see Playa Uvero.
Village in Santiago de Cuba, CubaUveroVillageOSM map showing UveroLocation of Uvero in CubaCoordinates: 19°56′57.3″N 76°35′24.2″W / 19.949250°N 76.590056°W / 19.949250; -76.590056Country CubaProvinceSantiago de CubaMunicipalityGuamáFounded18th centuryElevation10 m (30 ft)Population (2011) • Total2,581Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)Area code+53-226
Uvero, also known as El Uvero, is a Cuban village and consejo popular ("people's council", i.e. hamlet) of the municipality of Guamá, in Santiago de Cuba Province. In 2011 it had a population of 2,581.
History
The toponym derives from the Spanish common name of some species of Coccoloba, a genus of trees, found by Spanish explorers, at the entrance of the village, in the 18th century. On May 28, 1957, during the Cuban Revolution, the village was the site of a battle, between a column of M-26-7 rebels, led by Fidel Castro, and a garrison of the Cuban Army.
Geography
Located by the Caribbean Coast, below the Sierra Maestra mountain range, Uvero spans along the "Carretera del Granma" highway (part of the Circuito Sur de Oriente), between Chivirico (the municipal seat, 22 km east) and Pilón (in Granma Province, 80 km west), in a sparsely populated coastal strip.
The village, included in Turquino National Park's territory, is about 26 km east of Pico Turquino, the highest Cuban peak. It is 74 km east of Marea del Portillo, 96 km west of Santiago de Cuba and 127 km east of Niquero. Nearest villages are, to the west, La Uvita (15 km) and Ocujal (23 km); to the east Guamá Abajo (18 km).
See also
Municipalities of Cuba
List of cities in Cuba
References
^ (in Spanish) "The Battle of El Uvero" (cubahora.cu)
^ "El Uvero Attack" (cuba1952-1957.blogspot.com)
^ "Analysis of the Military Strategies and Warfare Principles of Che Guevara" (DTIC website)
^ 3575034608 Uvero on OpenStreetMap
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uvero. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Playa Uvero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_Uvero"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Guamá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam%C3%A1,_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Cuba Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba_Province"}],"text":"For the Cuban village in Villa Clara Province, see Playa Uvero.Village in Santiago de Cuba, CubaUvero, also known as El Uvero, is a Cuban village and consejo popular (\"people's council\", i.e. hamlet) of the municipality of Guamá, in Santiago de Cuba Province. In 2011 it had a population of 2,581.","title":"Uvero"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Coccoloba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccoloba"},{"link_name":"Cuban Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution"},{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_El_Uvero"},{"link_name":"column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(formation)"},{"link_name":"M-26-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_of_July_Movement"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The toponym derives from the Spanish common name of some species of Coccoloba, a genus of trees, found by Spanish explorers, at the entrance of the village, in the 18th century. On May 28, 1957, during the Cuban Revolution, the village was the site of a battle, between a column of M-26-7 rebels, led by Fidel Castro,[1] and a garrison of the Cuban Army.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caribbean Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sierra Maestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Maestra"},{"link_name":"Circuito Sur de Oriente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_Sur_de_Oriente"},{"link_name":"Chivirico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivirico"},{"link_name":"Pilón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pil%C3%B3n,_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Granma Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granma_Province"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Turquino National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquino_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Pico Turquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Turquino"},{"link_name":"Marea del Portillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_del_Portillo"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Niquero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niquero"},{"link_name":"Ocujal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocujal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guamá Abajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guam%C3%A1_Abajo&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Located by the Caribbean Coast, below the Sierra Maestra mountain range, Uvero spans along the \"Carretera del Granma\" highway (part of the Circuito Sur de Oriente), between Chivirico (the municipal seat, 22 km east) and Pilón (in Granma Province, 80 km west), in a sparsely populated coastal strip.[4]The village, included in Turquino National Park's territory, is about 26 km east of Pico Turquino, the highest Cuban peak. It is 74 km east of Marea del Portillo, 96 km west of Santiago de Cuba and 127 km east of Niquero. Nearest villages are, to the west, La Uvita (15 km) and Ocujal (23 km); to the east Guamá Abajo (18 km).","title":"Geography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Municipalities of Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Cuba"},{"title":"List of cities in Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Cuba"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvero¶ms=19_56_57.3_N_76_35_24.2_W_region:CU_type:city(2581)","external_links_name":"19°56′57.3″N 76°35′24.2″W / 19.949250°N 76.590056°W / 19.949250; -76.590056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uvero¶ms=19_56_57.3_N_76_35_24.2_W_region:CU_type:city(2581)","external_links_name":"19°56′57.3″N 76°35′24.2″W / 19.949250°N 76.590056°W / 19.949250; -76.590056"},{"Link":"http://www.cubahora.cu/historia/el-violento-combate-de-el-uvero","external_links_name":"\"The Battle of El Uvero\" (cubahora.cu)"},{"Link":"http://cuba1952-1959.blogspot.com/2009/07/1957-el-uvero-attack.html","external_links_name":"\"El Uvero Attack\""},{"Link":"http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a156114.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Analysis of the Military Strategies and Warfare Principles of Che Guevara\""},{"Link":"https://openstreetmap.org/node/3575034608","external_links_name":"3575034608"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avishag_Zahavi | Avishag Zahavi | ["1 Sources","2 References"] | Israeli biologist (1922–2021)
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Zahavi (left) with her husband Amotz
Avishag Kadman-Zahavi (Hebrew: אבישג זהבי; 1922 − 31 October 2021) was an Israeli professor emeritus of Plant Physiology at The Volcani Center for Agricultural Research, Bet-Dagan, Israel. She is best known for her close collaboration with her husband Amotz Zahavi, who developed together with her the so-called Handicap principle, a sociobiological approach to the theory of natural selection.
She was born in Haifa in 1922. A lifelong naturalist, Avishag Kadman met Amotz Zahavi at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem during their studies in the field of biology and married him in 1954. Since then, besides following her own field of research, she has collaborated with Amotz in the study of the babblers and in the development of his ideas, often serving as the "devil's advocate". Her research interests are basic and applied aspects of the effects of light on plant development (photoperiodism, phytochrome, photomorphogenesis).
After her retirement, Kadman-Zahavi continued her research at the Yair center for agricultural research at Hatzeva. She died on 31 October 2021.
Avishag and Amotz Zahavi had two daughters and two grandchildren.
Sources
The biographical details were learned from the German edition of: Amotz Zahavi & Avishag Zahavi: The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin's Puzzle. Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-19-510035-8; additional source: Naama Zahavi-Ely, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
References
^ "הבוטנאית חוקרת ציפורי הזנבנים בערבה, פרופ' אבישג זהבי, ילידת חיפה, הלכה לעולמה בגיל 99" (in Hebrew). Haipo. 3 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ "השתתפות בצער על מותה של ד"ר אבישג קדמן-זהבי ז"ל". צופר.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amotz_and_Avishag_Zahavi_at_Hatzeva.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Plant Physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Physiology"},{"link_name":"The Volcani Center for Agricultural Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_In_Israel#The_Agricultural_Research_Organization_.28ARO.29"},{"link_name":"Amotz Zahavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amotz_Zahavi"},{"link_name":"Handicap principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicap_principle"},{"link_name":"sociobiological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"babblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_babbler"},{"link_name":"photoperiodism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiodism"},{"link_name":"phytochrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochrome"},{"link_name":"photomorphogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomorphogenesis"},{"link_name":"Hatzeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatzeva"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Zahavi (left) with her husband AmotzAvishag Kadman-Zahavi (Hebrew: אבישג זהבי; 1922 − 31 October 2021) was an Israeli professor emeritus of Plant Physiology at The Volcani Center for Agricultural Research, Bet-Dagan, Israel. She is best known for her close collaboration with her husband Amotz Zahavi, who developed together with her the so-called Handicap principle, a sociobiological approach to the theory of natural selection.She was born in Haifa in 1922. A lifelong naturalist, Avishag Kadman met Amotz Zahavi at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem during their studies in the field of biology and married him in 1954. Since then, besides following her own field of research, she has collaborated with Amotz in the study of the babblers and in the development of his ideas, often serving as the \"devil's advocate\". Her research interests are basic and applied aspects of the effects of light on plant development (photoperiodism, phytochrome, photomorphogenesis).After her retirement, Kadman-Zahavi continued her research at the Yair center for agricultural research at Hatzeva. She died on 31 October 2021.[1] \n[2]\nAvishag and Amotz Zahavi had two daughters and two grandchildren.","title":"Avishag Zahavi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-510035-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510035-8"},{"link_name":"Naama Zahavi-Ely, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avishag_Zahavi&diff=21362395&oldid=7255926"}],"text":"The biographical details were learned from the German edition of: Amotz Zahavi & Avishag Zahavi: The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin's Puzzle. Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-19-510035-8; additional source: Naama Zahavi-Ely, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Zahavi (left) with her husband Amotz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Amotz_and_Avishag_Zahavi_at_Hatzeva.jpg/220px-Amotz_and_Avishag_Zahavi_at_Hatzeva.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"הבוטנאית חוקרת ציפורי הזנבנים בערבה, פרופ' אבישג זהבי, ילידת חיפה, הלכה לעולמה בגיל 99\" (in Hebrew). Haipo. 3 November 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://haipo.co.il/item/317395","url_text":"\"הבוטנאית חוקרת ציפורי הזנבנים בערבה, פרופ' אבישג זהבי, ילידת חיפה, הלכה לעולמה בגיל 99\""}]},{"reference":"\"השתתפות בצער על מותה של ד\"ר אבישג קדמן-זהבי ז\"ל\". צופר.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zofar.org.il/objDoc.asp?PID=279536&OID=1119104&DivID=1&oAcl=0","url_text":"\"השתתפות בצער על מותה של ד\"ר אבישג קדמן-זהבי ז\"ל\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avishag_Zahavi&diff=21362395&oldid=7255926","external_links_name":"Naama Zahavi-Ely, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA"},{"Link":"https://haipo.co.il/item/317395","external_links_name":"\"הבוטנאית חוקרת ציפורי הזנבנים בערבה, פרופ' אבישג זהבי, ילידת חיפה, הלכה לעולמה בגיל 99\""},{"Link":"https://www.zofar.org.il/objDoc.asp?PID=279536&OID=1119104&DivID=1&oAcl=0","external_links_name":"\"השתתפות בצער על מותה של ד\"ר אבישג קדמן-זהבי ז\"ל\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000006453706X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66643237","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCP33fBtXBcJYfxhjQv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97049430","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13624597k","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13624597k","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/120668874","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007310450505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96081196","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00845600","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record84766","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p173672868","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11383987?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/076316556","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_(Vixen_album) | Tangerine (Vixen album) | ["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"] | 1998 studio album by VixenTangerineStudio album by VixenReleasedMay 1998Recorded1998StudioGreg Rike Productions, Altamonte Springs, FloridaCarriage House Studios, Stamford, ConnecticutAvatar Studios, New York CityGenre
Post-grunge
hard rock
Length49:50LabelCMC International (US)Eagle (Europe)ProducerVixenVixen chronology
Rev It Up(1990)
Tangerine(1998)
The Best of Vixen: Full Throttle(1999)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic
Tangerine is the third album by the American rock band Vixen. It was recorded without contributions from Jan Kuehnemund and Share Pederson. The line-up for this album consisted of Janet Gardner, Gina Stile, and Roxy Petrucci. Tangerine has a different sound from the music of the previous albums of the band, more similar to post-grunge than glam metal. This is the only album to have Stile as Vixen guitarist and the final studio release to feature Gardner as vocalist-guitarist during their tenures in the band; they were forced to part ways following the Tangerine tour for legal reasons as the courts found Kuehnemund to be the sole owner of the band name thereby making this release unrecognized and unofficial.
Stile and Gardner later rejoined Vixen in 2013, along with Ross and Petrucci, after playing as the former JanetShareRoxyGina (JSRG) line-up. Stile and Gardner left the band for good in 2017 and 2019, respectively.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Janet Gardner and Gina Stile, except where indicatedNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Page" 4:362."Tangerine" 4:323."Never Say Never" 3:394."Peace" 4:595."Barely Breathin'" 4:136."Bleed" 4:007."Stay" 5:358."Shut Up" 4:059."Machine" 3:4310."Air Balloon" 3:5311."Can't Control Myself" 4:3512."Swatting Flies in Wanker County (Instrumental; hidden track)"Stile2:00
Personnel
Vixen
Janet Gardner - lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Gina Stile - lead and rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Roxy Petrucci - drums, backing vocals
Additional musicians
Mike Pisculli - bass
Production
Andy Katz, Phil Magnotti - engineers, mixing
Darrin Schneider - engineer
Ed Stasium - mixing
Greg Calbi - mastering at Masterdisk, New York
References
^ Ankeny, Jason. "Vixen Tangerine". AllMusic. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^ "VIXEN Parts Ways With Guitarist GINA STILE, Announces Replacement". Blabbermouth.net. March 26, 2017.
^ "Janet Gardner Departs Legendary Band Vixen to Focus on Solo Career". PR.com (Press release). January 17, 2019.
vteVixen
Roxy Petrucci
Britt Lightning
Lorraine Lewis
Julia Lage
Jan Kuehnemund
Janet Gardner
Share Ross
Gina Stile
Jenna Sanz-Agero
Studio albums
Vixen (1988)
Rev It Up (1990)
Tangerine (1998)
Live & Learn (2006)
Singles
"Edge of a Broken Heart"
Film appearances
Hardbodies (1984)
The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years (1988)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Vixen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vixen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jan Kuehnemund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kuehnemund"},{"link_name":"Share Pederson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_Ross"},{"link_name":"Janet Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Gina Stile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Stile"},{"link_name":"Roxy Petrucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Petrucci"},{"link_name":"post-grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-grunge"},{"link_name":"glam metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_metal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"1998 studio album by VixenTangerine is the third album by the American rock band Vixen. It was recorded without contributions from Jan Kuehnemund and Share Pederson. The line-up for this album consisted of Janet Gardner, Gina Stile, and Roxy Petrucci. Tangerine has a different sound from the music of the previous albums of the band, more similar to post-grunge than glam metal. This is the only album to have Stile as Vixen guitarist and the final studio release to feature Gardner as vocalist-guitarist during their tenures in the band; they were forced to part ways following the Tangerine tour for legal reasons as the courts found Kuehnemund to be the sole owner of the band name thereby making this release unrecognized and unofficial.[citation needed]Stile and Gardner later rejoined Vixen in 2013, along with Ross and Petrucci, after playing as the former JanetShareRoxyGina (JSRG) line-up. Stile and Gardner left the band for good in 2017 and 2019, respectively.[2][3]","title":"Tangerine (Vixen album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Gina Stile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Stile"},{"link_name":"Instrumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental"},{"link_name":"hidden track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_track"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Janet Gardner and Gina Stile, except where indicatedNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Page\" 4:362.\"Tangerine\" 4:323.\"Never Say Never\" 3:394.\"Peace\" 4:595.\"Barely Breathin'\" 4:136.\"Bleed\" 4:007.\"Stay\" 5:358.\"Shut Up\" 4:059.\"Machine\" 3:4310.\"Air Balloon\" 3:5311.\"Can't Control Myself\" 4:3512.\"Swatting Flies in Wanker County (Instrumental; hidden track)\"Stile2:00","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janet Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Gina Stile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Stile"},{"link_name":"Roxy Petrucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Petrucci"},{"link_name":"Ed Stasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Stasium"},{"link_name":"Greg Calbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Calbi"},{"link_name":"Masterdisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterdisk"}],"text":"VixenJanet Gardner - lead vocals, rhythm guitar\nGina Stile - lead and rhythm guitar, backing vocals\nRoxy Petrucci - drums, backing vocalsAdditional musiciansMike Pisculli - bassProductionAndy Katz, Phil Magnotti - engineers, mixing\nDarrin Schneider - engineer\nEd Stasium - mixing\nGreg Calbi - mastering at Masterdisk, New York","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ankeny, Jason. \"Vixen Tangerine\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulfield_railway_station | Caulfield railway station | ["1 Description","2 History","2.1 Caulfield railway disaster","3 Platforms and services","4 Transport links","5 Gallery","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°52′38″S 145°02′32″E / 37.8773°S 145.0423°E / -37.8773; 145.0423Railway station in Melbourne, Australia
CaulfieldPTV commuter and regional rail stationEastbound view from Platform 1, January 2021General informationLocation1 Sir John Monash Drive,Caulfield East, VictoriaAustraliaCoordinates37°52′38″S 145°02′32″E / 37.8773°S 145.0423°E / -37.8773; 145.0423Owned byVicTrackOperated byMetro TrainsLine(s)
Pakenham Cranbourne
Frankston
Gippsland
Distance11.79 kilometres fromSouthern CrossPlatforms4 (2 side, 1 island)Tracks4Train operatorsMetro TrainsV/LineConnections
Tram
Bus
ConstructionStructure typeGroundParking130 spacesBicycle facilities26 protected racks plus more unprotectedAccessibleNo—steep rampOther informationStatusOperational, premium stationStation codeCFDFare zoneMyki Zone 1WebsitePublic Transport VictoriaHistoryOpened7 May 1879; 145 years ago (1879-05-07)Rebuilt1914Electrified5 March 1922(1500 V DC overhead)Passengers2017–20184,708,0182018–20194,175,031 11.32%2019–20202,853,200 31.66%2020–20211,370,650 51.96%2021–20221,874,050 36.72%
Services
Preceding station
Metro Trains
Following station
Anzactowards Sunbury
Sunshine–Dandenong corridor(under construction)(from 2025)
Carnegietowards Cranbourne or East Pakenham
MalvernLimited servicestowards Flinders Street
Pakenham line
South Yarratowards Flinders Street
MalvernLimited servicestowards Flinders Street
Cranbourne line
South Yarratowards Flinders Street
Malverntowards Werribee or Williamstown via Flinders Street
Frankston line
Glen Huntlytowards Frankston
MalvernCitybound express servicestowards Werribee or Williamstown via Flinders Street
Frankston lineWeekday peak express services
Cheltenhamtowards Frankston
South Yarratowards Werribee or Williamstown via Flinders Street
Preceding station
V/Line
Following station
Richmondtowards Southern Cross
Gippsland line
Claytontowards Traralgon or Bairnsdale
Gippsland lineBairnsdale express
Dandenongtowards Bairnsdale
Victorian Heritage RegisterOfficial nameCaulfield Railway Station ComplexCriteriaA, B, C, D, EDesignated20 August 1982Reference no.H1665
Track layout
Legend
to Malvern
124
3
to Glen Huntly
to Carnegie
Caulfield railway station is a commuter railway station on the northern boundary of Caulfield East, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Opened in 1879 and rebuilt from 1913 to 1914, the station complex is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and is noted as an example of Federation Free Style architecture. It is named after the nearby suburb of Caulfield, located southwest of the station.
The station consists of an island platform and two side platforms, all accessed by a pedestrian underpass. There are three principal station buildings located on the platforms, including a small brick building located on Platform 1, near the main platform building. This building was provided in 1974 and originally served as a ticket office for the Caulfield Racecourse, which is directly adjacent. The station complex also features a rare "horse platform" used when horses were delivered to the racecourse. The station is only partially accessible due to a steep access ramp.
Caulfield railway station is served by the Pakenham, Cranbourne, Frankston, and Gippsland lines, which are part of the Melbourne railway network. The station also connects to the Route 3 tram service and routes 624 and 900 bus services. The journey to Flinders Street railway station is approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and takes 19 minutes.
Description
Caulfield railway station is on the boundary of Caulfield East and Malvern East, suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria. North of the station is Dandenong Road, and south of the station is Normanby Road. The station is located nearby to the Caulfield Village apartment and shopping complex, Caulfield Racecourse, and Monash University. The station is owned by VicTrack, a state government agency, and the station is primarily operated by Metro Trains. The station is approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), or a 19-minute train journey, from Flinders Street railway station. The adjacent stations are Malvern station up towards Melbourne and Carnegie and Glen Huntly stations down towards Dandenong or Frankston.
Designed by railway architect J. W. Hardy, the station complex was built in 1913–1914 in the Federation Free Classical style. The station consists of a single island platform and two side platforms with a total of four platform edges. Standard in Melbourne, the platform has an asphalt surface with concrete on the edges. The platforms are approximately 160 metres (520 ft) long, enough for a 7-car HCMT. The station has a pedestrian subway, accessed from the centre of the platforms by a ramp. In addition to the four passenger platforms, there is a horse platform which Heritage Council Victoria notes is "a rare structure of its type" although its physical characteristics are "undistinguished". The Caulfield Railway Complex has three principal station buildings, a former lamp/store room, and a signal box—all heritage listed.
Unique architectural features in the three red brick station buildings include elaborately decorated parapets and radiating bands of render around the arched openings. Original fittings that have been retained from the 1914 station reconstruction include the timber palisade gates, timber seating, and ticket office fittings. The signal box was built around 1920. Constructed out of red brick, it has a tiled hip roof and retains its original fittings.
The station building, platform, and underpass are largely the same as when originally built, with the main changes being updated signage, technology, and the addition of two new ramp canopies, amongst other minor building and platform upgrades. There is a small 130-space car park on the south side of the station. The station is listed as an "assisted access" station on the Metro Trains website, as the access ramp is too steep and would require assistance for wheelchair customers to traverse.
History
Caulfield station opened on 7 May 1879, with the station consisting of a single platform and track for commuter and freight service. The first station buildings were opened on the site between 1881 and 1883 to coincide with the duplication of track between the city and Oakleigh. The current station was constructed in 1913–1914 to provide new and improved facilities for a station that was facing rapidly increasing growth. The station rebuild was part of level crossing removal works that removed all level crossings, rebuilt all stations, and quadruplicated the corridor between South Yarra and Caulfield by 1914. In late 1922, the line was electrified using 1500 V DC overhead wires, with "three position" signalling also introduced.
The station has mostly stayed the same since 1914, with only minor upgrades taking place. In 1977, the goods yard and loading platform was closed to traffic. This platform had been used for cargo, postal, farming, and Caulfield Racecourse horse deliveries during its operational life; however, it was decommissioned after the reduction in use. In 1985, a number of sidings and their associated points and signals were abolished. The station underwent minor upgrades in 1994 and 2015–2016, and in June 1996, it was upgraded to a premium station. In July 2022, the signal box at the station was closed, with operations handled remotely from the Kananook signal control centre.
In conjunction with the Metro Tunnel project, Caulfield station has received upgrades to its heritage structures, platforms, ticketing facilities, and signage. These projects have been undertaken to make Caulfield station into a hub and major interchange station. Despite these upgrades, many news outlets and public transport commentators have called for more drastic upgrades to the station, including making the station fully accessible, increasing connectivity to other modes of transport, and reducing overcrowding that is often faced at the station.
Caulfield railway disaster
A plaque on Platform 4 commemorating the Caulfield railway disaster
On 26 May 1926, the 6:02 pm Oakleigh-bound train crashed into the rear of a stationary Carrum-bound train at Platform 4 of the station. It was the first fatal collision to occur on the newly electrified rail system in Melbourne. Three people died and about 170 people were injured.
The coroner found that, "the weight of evidence is certainly against the driver in a more serious degree, and perhaps to a lesser degree against the guard." On 12 September 1926, the relieving stationmaster, who had been on duty at the time of the crash, shot and killed himself on the island platform. Later that month, a court found the driver and the guard of the Oakleigh train not guilty of manslaughter, with the rider that, "In the opinion of the jury, from the evidence given regarding the running of electric trains, the precautions taken to safeguard the public at this particular point are inadequate, and should be rectified immediately."
Seven years after the fatal crash, an automatic trip system, which applied the brakes on trains entering a section against a signal, was installed at Caulfield station.
In 2011, a plaque was unveiled on Platform 4 by the Friends of Cheltenham and Regional Cemeteries in memory of the victims of the crash.
Platforms and services
Caulfield has two side platforms and one island platform with four faces. The station is currently served by Pakenham, Cranbourne, and Frankston line trains and is also served by V/Line Traralgon and Bairnsdale services. Caulfield station is served by the Pakenham, Cranbourne, and Frankston lines on the metropolitan train network and the Gippsland line on the regional V/Line network. The Pakenham line runs between East Pakenham station and Flinders Street station via the City Loop. The Cranbourne line also follows a similar route, joining the Pakenham line at Dandenong before continuing to the city. The Frankston line runs from Frankston station south east of Melbourne, joining the Cranbourne and Pakenham lines at Caulfield station before continuing onto the Werribee or Williamstown lines via Flinders Street station. The station is also serviced by V/Line's Gippsland line heading up towards Southern Cross station or down towards Traralgon or Bairnsdale stations. From 2025, the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines will run via the Metro Tunnel before continuing onto the Sunbury line to Sunbury. From 2029, Airport services will stop at Caulfield station.
Platform 1:
Frankston line all stations and limited express services to Flinders Street, Werribee and Williamstown
Platform 2:
Frankston line all stations and limited express services to Frankston
Platform 3:
Pakenham line express services to Flinders Street
Cranbourne line express services to Flinders Street
Gippsland line V/Line services to Southern Cross (set down only)
Platform 4:
Pakenham line all stations and limited express services to East Pakenham
Cranbourne line all stations and limited express services to Cranbourne
Gippsland line V/Line services to Traralgon and Bairnsdale (pick up only)
Future services:
In addition to the current services, the opening of the Metro Tunnel will link the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines to both the Sunbury line and under-construction Melbourne Airport rail link from 2025 and 2029, respectfully.
Sunbury line express services to Sunbury via Metro Tunnel (2025 onwards)
Airport line express services to Melbourne Airport via Metro Tunnel (2029 onwards)
Transport links
Caulfield station has one tram connection and two bus connections. The route 3 tram service operates from nearby Derby road up towards the city and down towards Malvern East. The station has two bus connections; route 624 from Kew to Oakleigh station and the route 900 SmartBus from Caulfield station to Stud Park Shopping Centre in Rowville. The station does not have an accessible tram platform or a bus interchange and instead is operated through on-street bus and tram stops. Caulfield station is also a major hub for train replacement bus and coach services due to the junction located east of the station. The station has numerous train replacement bus and coach stops located north and south of the station, with the ability for the southern carpark to be converted into a transfer point.
Tram connections:
: Melbourne University – Malvern East
Bus connections:
624 : Kew – Oakleigh station
SmartBus 900 : to Stud Park Shopping Centre (Rowville)
Gallery
Caulfield station platform and signal box, c. 1915
Eastbound view from Platform 2 looking at station shelter, January 2011
The heritage listed building at Caulfield station, November 2021
References
^ a b "Caulfield Railway Station Complex". Victorian Heritage Database. Government of Victoria. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
^ "Caulfield Electrification: Traffic Alterations To-morrow". The Argus. 4 March 1922. p. 21. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
^ a b c d Railway station and tram stop patronage in Victoria for 2008-2021 Archived 17 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine Philip Mallis
^ Annual metropolitan train station patronage (station entries) Archived 6 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine Data Vic
^ a b c Public Transport Victoria. "Caulfield Station". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ a b c d e "Caulfield Railway Station Complex". Victorian Heritage Database. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ School of Historical Studies, Department of History. "Caulfield – Place – eMelbourne – The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online". www.emelbourne.net.au. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Way & Works". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. June 1974. p. 137.
^ a b c Avery, Steven (16 March 2022). "Statement of recommendation from the Executive Director, Heritage Victoria, to the Heritage Council of Victoria" (PDF). Heritage Council Victoria. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
^ a b "Access Guide". www.metrotrains.com.au. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ Public Transport Victoria. "Caulfield Railway Station". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ Public Transport Victoria. "Caulfield Railway Station/Derby Rd #57". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ Public Transport Victoria. "Caulfield Railway Station/Sir John Monash Dr". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ a b c d e "Caulfield Railway Station Complex". Victorian Heritage Database. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019.
^ "Caulfield Station, Melbourne". Lysaght. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ a b c "VICSIG". vicsig.net. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ Rothenbury, Camryn (10 April 2018). "Level-crossing removals: learning from Melbourne's experience". Melbourne School of Design. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Works". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. June 1994. p. 184.
^ "Upgrading Eltham to a Premium Station". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. October 1997. p. 310.
^ Victoria’s Big Build (19 July 2022). "Easier train rides with new control centre". Victoria’s Big Build. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
^ "Victoria's Big Build Continues To Back Our Recovery". Premier of Victoria. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ Jacks, Timna (8 February 2021). "'Time is running out': Calls to upgrade Caulfield Station before Metro Tunnel opens". The Age. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ a b c d "And So Ends the Story of the Caulfield Railway Disaster". Kingston Local History. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Electric Train Accident: Sensation at Caulfield". The Argus. 27 May 1926. Retrieved 7 May 2024 – via Trove.
^ "Remembering the 1926 Caulfield Disaster". Public Record Office Victoria. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ "Suicide on Platform – Railway Officer's Death – Sequel to Caulfield Accident". The Argus. Melbourne, Victoria. 13 September 1926. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023 – via Trove.
^ "Stationmaster's Death – Accident Preyed on Mind". The Brisbane Courier. 13 September 1926. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023 – via Trove.
^ "Caulfield Disaster: Accused Found Not Guilty". The Argus. 23 September 1926. Retrieved 7 May 2024 – via Trove.
^ Dornan, S.E.; Henderson, R.G. (1979). The Electric Railways of Victoria. Sydney: Australian Electric Traction Association. p. 19. ISBN 0909459061.
^ Sellers, Travis M. (19 October 2008). Whitehead, Graham (ed.). "Caulfield Tragedy: Trauma for the Railway Men". Kingston Local History. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ "Pakenham Line". Public Transport Victoria.
^ "Cranbourne Line". Public Transport Victoria.
^ "Frankston Line". Public Transport Victoria.
^ "Traralgon – Melbourne". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Public Transport Victoria
^ a b Victoria’s Big Build (28 November 2022). "About the Metro Tunnel Project". Victoria’s Big Build. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ a b Victoria’s Big Build (30 October 2022). "Melbourne Airport Rail overview". Victoria’s Big Build. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ a b "3-3a Melbourne University - East Malvern". Public Transport Victoria.
^ a b "624 Kew - Oakleigh via Caulfield & Carnegie & Darling and Chadstone (From 4-11-2018)". Public Transport Victoria.
^ "900 Stud Park SC (Rowville) - Caulfield via Monash University & Chadstone (SMARTBUS Service)". Public Transport Victoria.
^ "Confused by the Melbourne train disruptions? Here's what you need to know". ABC News. 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^ Public Transport Victoria. "Train Replacement Bus Stops". Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022 – via Yumpu.
External links
Public Transport Victoria
Media related to Caulfield railway station, Melbourne at Wikimedia Commons
vtePublic Transport Victoria railway stations
List of railway stations in Melbourne
List of regional railway stations in Victoria
List of closed railway stations in Melbourne
List of closed railway stations in Victoria
Metro Trains Melbourne services and stationsCranbourne
Parliament
Melbourne Central
Flagstaff
Southern Cross
Flinders Street
Richmond
South Yarra
(Malvern)
Caulfield
Carnegie
Murrumbenna
Hughesdale
Oakleigh
Huntingdale
Clayton
Westall
Springvale
Sandown Park
Noble Park
Yarraman
Dandenong
Lynbrook
Merinda Park
Cranbourne
Frankston
Flinders Street
Richmond
South Yarra
Hawksburn
Toorak
Armadale
Malvern
Caulfield
Glen Huntly
Ormond
McKinnon
Bentleigh
Patterson
Moorabbin
Highett
Southland
Cheltenham
Mentone
Parkdale
Mordialloc
Aspendale
Edithvale
Chelsea
Bonbeach
Carrum
Seaford
Kananook
Frankston
Pakenham
Parliament
Melbourne Central
Flagstaff
Southern Cross
Flinders Street
Richmond
South Yarra
(Malvern)
Caulfield
Carnegie
Murrumbenna
Hughesdale
Oakleigh
Huntingdale
Clayton
Westall
Springvale
Sandown Park
Noble Park
Yarraman
Dandenong
Hallam
Narre Warren
Berwick
Beaconsfield
Officer
Cardinia Road
Pakenham
East Pakenham
Frankston, Werribee & Williamstown
Lilydale, Belgrave, Alamein & Glen Waverley
Pakenham & Cranbourne
Sandringham
Mernda & Hurstbridge
Stony Point
Sunbury, Craigieburn & Upfield
V/Line services and stationsEastern(Gippsland)
Southern Cross
Flinders Street
Richmond
Caulfield
Clayton
Dandenong
(Berwick)
Pakenham
Nar Nar Goon
Tynong
Garfield
Bunyip
Longwarry
Drouin
Warragul
Yarragon
Trafalgar
Moe
Morwell
Traralgon
Rosedale
Sale
Stratford
Bairnsdale
Eastern (Gippsland)
North Eastern (Seymour)
Northern (Bendigo)
South Western (Geelong)
Western (Ballarat)
Stations and services in italics are planned or under construction
Stations in (parentheses) are uncommon stops for the listed service | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"commuter railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"Caulfield East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulfield_East,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Victorian Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"Federation Free Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Free_Style"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-6"},{"link_name":"Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulfield,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"side platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"},{"link_name":"pedestrian underpass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subway_(underpass)"},{"link_name":"Caulfield Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulfield_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-9"},{"link_name":"accessible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"Pakenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakenham_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Frankston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Gippsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gippsland_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Melbourne railway network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_in_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Route 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_tram_route_3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Flinders Street railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station"}],"text":"Railway station in Melbourne, AustraliaCaulfield railway station is a commuter railway station on the northern boundary of Caulfield East, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[5] Opened in 1879 and rebuilt from 1913 to 1914, the station complex is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and is noted as an example of Federation Free Style architecture.[6] It is named after the nearby suburb of Caulfield, located southwest of the station.[7]The station consists of an island platform and two side platforms, all accessed by a pedestrian underpass. There are three principal station buildings located on the platforms, including a small brick building located on Platform 1, near the main platform building. This building was provided in 1974 and originally served as a ticket office for the Caulfield Racecourse, which is directly adjacent.[8][9] The station complex also features a rare \"horse platform\" used when horses were delivered to the racecourse.[6][9] The station is only partially accessible due to a steep access ramp.[10]Caulfield railway station is served by the Pakenham, Cranbourne, Frankston, and Gippsland lines, which are part of the Melbourne railway network.[5][11] The station also connects to the Route 3 tram service and routes 624 and 900 bus services.[12][13] The journey to Flinders Street railway station is approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and takes 19 minutes.","title":"Caulfield railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malvern East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_East,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Dandenong Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Road"},{"link_name":"Caulfield Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulfield_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Monash University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University,_Caulfield_campus"},{"link_name":"VicTrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VicTrack"},{"link_name":"Metro Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Trains_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Flinders Street railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Malvern station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_railway_station,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_train"},{"link_name":"Carnegie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Glen Huntly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Huntly_railway_station"},{"link_name":"down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_train"},{"link_name":"Dandenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Frankston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-9"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"HCMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Capacity_Metro_Trains"},{"link_name":"pedestrian subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrian_subway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"assisted access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"text":"Caulfield railway station is on the boundary of Caulfield East and Malvern East, suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria. North of the station is Dandenong Road, and south of the station is Normanby Road. The station is located nearby to the Caulfield Village apartment and shopping complex, Caulfield Racecourse, and Monash University. The station is owned by VicTrack, a state government agency, and the station is primarily operated by Metro Trains. The station is approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), or a 19-minute train journey, from Flinders Street railway station. The adjacent stations are Malvern station up towards Melbourne and Carnegie and Glen Huntly stations down towards Dandenong or Frankston.[5]Designed by railway architect J. W. Hardy, the station complex was built in 1913–1914 in the Federation Free Classical style.[6][9] The station consists of a single island platform and two side platforms with a total of four platform edges. Standard in Melbourne, the platform has an asphalt surface with concrete on the edges. The platforms are approximately 160 metres (520 ft) long, enough for a 7-car HCMT. The station has a pedestrian subway, accessed from the centre of the platforms by a ramp. In addition to the four passenger platforms, there is a horse platform which Heritage Council Victoria notes is \"a rare structure of its type\" although its physical characteristics are \"undistinguished\".[6] The Caulfield Railway Complex has three principal station buildings, a former lamp/store room, and a signal box—all heritage listed.[6]Unique architectural features in the three red brick station buildings include elaborately decorated parapets and radiating bands of render around the arched openings.[14] Original fittings that have been retained from the 1914 station reconstruction include the timber palisade gates, timber seating, and ticket office fittings. The signal box was built around 1920. Constructed out of red brick, it has a tiled hip roof and retains its original fittings.[14]The station building, platform, and underpass are largely the same as when originally built, with the main changes being updated signage, technology, and the addition of two new ramp canopies, amongst other minor building and platform upgrades.[15] There is a small 130-space car park on the south side of the station. The station is listed as an \"assisted access\" station on the Metro Trains website, as the access ramp is too steep and would require assistance for wheelchair customers to traverse.[10]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"link_name":"South Yarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yarra_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"electrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrified_(rail)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"goods yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_yard"},{"link_name":"sidings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siding_(rail)"},{"link_name":"points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_switch"},{"link_name":"signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"premium station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium_station"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsrailjun94-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Metro Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"fully accessible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1992"},{"link_name":"overcrowding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcrowding"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Caulfield station opened on 7 May 1879, with the station consisting of a single platform and track for commuter and freight service.[16] The first station buildings were opened on the site between 1881 and 1883 to coincide with the duplication of track between the city and Oakleigh.[14] The current station was constructed in 1913–1914 to provide new and improved facilities for a station that was facing rapidly increasing growth.[14] The station rebuild was part of level crossing removal works that removed all level crossings, rebuilt all stations, and quadruplicated the corridor between South Yarra and Caulfield by 1914.[17] In late 1922, the line was electrified using 1500 V DC overhead wires, with \"three position\" signalling also introduced.[16]The station has mostly stayed the same since 1914, with only minor upgrades taking place. In 1977, the goods yard and loading platform was closed to traffic. This platform had been used for cargo, postal, farming, and Caulfield Racecourse horse deliveries during its operational life; however, it was decommissioned after the reduction in use. In 1985, a number of sidings and their associated points and signals were abolished.[16] The station underwent minor upgrades in 1994 and 2015–2016, and in June 1996, it was upgraded to a premium station.[18][19] In July 2022, the signal box at the station was closed, with operations handled remotely from the Kananook signal control centre.[20]In conjunction with the Metro Tunnel project, Caulfield station has received upgrades to its heritage structures, platforms, ticketing facilities, and signage.[21] These projects have been undertaken to make Caulfield station into a hub and major interchange station. Despite these upgrades, many news outlets and public transport commentators have called for more drastic upgrades to the station, including making the station fully accessible, increasing connectivity to other modes of transport, and reducing overcrowding that is often faced at the station.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caulfield_Railway_Disaster_plaque_at_Caulfield_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oakleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakleigh_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Carrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrum_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-23"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"}],"sub_title":"Caulfield railway disaster","text":"A plaque on Platform 4 commemorating the Caulfield railway disasterOn 26 May 1926, the 6:02 pm Oakleigh-bound train crashed into the rear of a stationary Carrum-bound train at Platform 4 of the station. It was the first fatal collision to occur on the newly electrified rail system in Melbourne.[23] Three people died and about 170 people were injured.[24][25]The coroner found that, \"the weight of evidence is certainly against the driver in a more serious degree, and perhaps to a lesser degree against the guard.\"[23] On 12 September 1926, the relieving stationmaster, who had been on duty at the time of the crash, shot and killed himself on the island platform.[26][27] Later that month, a court found the driver and the guard of the Oakleigh train not guilty of manslaughter, with the rider that, \"In the opinion of the jury, from the evidence given regarding the running of electric trains, the precautions taken to safeguard the public at this particular point are inadequate, and should be rectified immediately.[28]\"[23]Seven years after the fatal crash, an automatic trip system, which applied the brakes on trains entering a section against a signal, was installed at Caulfield station.[29][23][30]In 2011, a plaque was unveiled on Platform 4 by the Friends of Cheltenham and Regional Cemeteries in memory of the victims of the crash.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"side platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"V/Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/Line"},{"link_name":"Traralgon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gippsland_V/Line_rail_service"},{"link_name":"Bairnsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gippsland_V/Line_rail_service"},{"link_name":"East Pakenham station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakenham_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Flinders Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"City Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Loop"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Frankston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Werribee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werribee_line"},{"link_name":"Williamstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown_line"},{"link_name":"Flinders Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_train"},{"link_name":"down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_directions"},{"link_name":"Traralgon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traralgon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bairnsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bairnsdale_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Metro Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Sunbury line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Sunbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_railway_station,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-35"},{"link_name":"Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Airport_rail_link"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-36"},{"link_name":"Frankston line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston_line"},{"link_name":"Flinders Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Werribee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werribee_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Williamstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Frankston line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston_line"},{"link_name":"Frankston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Pakenham line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakenham_line"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_line"},{"link_name":"Gippsland line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gippsland_V/Line_rail_service"},{"link_name":"V/Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/Line"},{"link_name":"Southern Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Pakenham line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakenham_line"},{"link_name":"East Pakenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakenham_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_line"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gippsland line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gippsland_V/Line_rail_service"},{"link_name":"Traralgon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traralgon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bairnsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bairnsdale_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Metro Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Sunbury line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_line"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Airport rail link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Airport_rail_link"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-36"},{"link_name":"Sunbury line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Sunbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury_railway_station,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Metro Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Airport line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Airport_Rail_Link"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Airport_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Metro Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Tunnel"}],"text":"Caulfield has two side platforms and one island platform with four faces. The station is currently served by Pakenham, Cranbourne, and Frankston line trains and is also served by V/Line Traralgon and Bairnsdale services. Caulfield station is served by the Pakenham, Cranbourne, and Frankston lines on the metropolitan train network and the Gippsland line on the regional V/Line network. The Pakenham line runs between East Pakenham station and Flinders Street station via the City Loop.[31] The Cranbourne line also follows a similar route, joining the Pakenham line at Dandenong before continuing to the city.[32] The Frankston line runs from Frankston station south east of Melbourne, joining the Cranbourne and Pakenham lines at Caulfield station before continuing onto the Werribee or Williamstown lines via Flinders Street station.[33] The station is also serviced by V/Line's Gippsland line heading up towards Southern Cross station or down towards Traralgon or Bairnsdale stations.[34] From 2025, the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines will run via the Metro Tunnel before continuing onto the Sunbury line to Sunbury.[35] From 2029, Airport services will stop at Caulfield station.[36]Platform 1:Frankston line all stations and limited express services to Flinders Street, Werribee and WilliamstownPlatform 2:Frankston line all stations and limited express services to FrankstonPlatform 3:Pakenham line express services to Flinders Street\n Cranbourne line express services to Flinders Street\n Gippsland line V/Line services to Southern Cross (set down only)Platform 4:Pakenham line all stations and limited express services to East Pakenham\n Cranbourne line all stations and limited express services to Cranbourne\n Gippsland line V/Line services to Traralgon and Bairnsdale (pick up only)Future services:\nIn addition to the current services, the opening of the Metro Tunnel will link the Pakenham and Cranbourne lines to both the Sunbury line and under-construction Melbourne Airport rail link from 2025 and 2029, respectfully.[35][36]Sunbury line express services to Sunbury via Metro Tunnel (2025 onwards)\n Airport line express services to Melbourne Airport via Metro Tunnel (2029 onwards)","title":"Platforms and services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"route 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_tram_route_3"},{"link_name":"up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_train"},{"link_name":"down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_train"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-37"},{"link_name":"Kew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Oakleigh station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakleigh_railway_station"},{"link_name":"SmartBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartBus"},{"link_name":"Rowville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowville,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"train replacement bus and coach services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_replacement_bus_service"},{"link_name":"junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_(rail)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_tram_route_3"},{"link_name":"Melbourne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_University_tram_stop"},{"link_name":"Malvern East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvern_East"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-37"},{"link_name":"Kew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_East,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Oakleigh station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakleigh_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-38"},{"link_name":"SmartBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmartBus"},{"link_name":"Rowville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowville"}],"text":"Caulfield station has one tram connection and two bus connections. The route 3 tram service operates from nearby Derby road up towards the city and down towards Malvern East.[37] The station has two bus connections; route 624 from Kew to Oakleigh station and the route 900 SmartBus from Caulfield station to Stud Park Shopping Centre in Rowville.[38][39] The station does not have an accessible tram platform or a bus interchange and instead is operated through on-street bus and tram stops. Caulfield station is also a major hub for train replacement bus and coach services due to the junction located east of the station. The station has numerous train replacement bus and coach stops located north and south of the station, with the ability for the southern carpark to be converted into a transfer point.[40][41]Tram connections:: Melbourne University – Malvern East[37]Bus connections:624 : Kew – Oakleigh station[38]\nSmartBus 900 : to Stud Park Shopping Centre (Rowville)","title":"Transport links"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caulfield_Railway_Station_1915.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caulfield_railway_station,_Melbourne,_platform_2.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caulfieldlstation2021.jpg"}],"text":"Caulfield station platform and signal box, c. 1915\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEastbound view from Platform 2 looking at station shelter, January 2011\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe heritage listed building at Caulfield station, November 2021","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"A plaque on Platform 4 commemorating the Caulfield railway disaster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Caulfield_Railway_Disaster_plaque_at_Caulfield_Station.jpg/220px-Caulfield_Railway_Disaster_plaque_at_Caulfield_Station.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Caulfield Railway Station Complex\". Victorian Heritage Database. Government of Victoria. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/279","url_text":"\"Caulfield Railway Station Complex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Victorian Heritage Database"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Victoria","url_text":"Government of Victoria"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190421203313/https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/279","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Caulfield Electrification: Traffic Alterations To-morrow\". The Argus. 4 March 1922. p. 21. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4692253","url_text":"\"Caulfield Electrification: Traffic Alterations To-morrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230204043609/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4692253","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Public Transport Victoria. \"Caulfield Station\". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/stop/","url_text":"\"Caulfield Station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120815183825/http://ptv.vic.gov.au/stop/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Caulfield Railway Station Complex\". Victorian Heritage Database. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/279","url_text":"\"Caulfield Railway Station Complex\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190422222845/https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/279","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"School of Historical Studies, Department of History. \"Caulfield – Place – eMelbourne – The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online\". www.emelbourne.net.au. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00310b.htm","url_text":"\"Caulfield – Place – eMelbourne – The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221208021653/https://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00310b.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Way & Works\". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. June 1974. p. 137.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Avery, Steven (16 March 2022). \"Statement of recommendation from the Executive Director, Heritage Victoria, to the Heritage Council of Victoria\" (PDF). Heritage Council Victoria. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/ED-RECOMMENDATION-INCLUDE-CAULFIELD-RACECOURSE.pdf","url_text":"\"Statement of recommendation from the Executive Director, Heritage Victoria, to the Heritage Council of Victoria\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220707040926/https://heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/ED-RECOMMENDATION-INCLUDE-CAULFIELD-RACECOURSE.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Access Guide\". www.metrotrains.com.au. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metrotrains.com.au/station-accessibility-features/","url_text":"\"Access Guide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221208020143/https://www.metrotrains.com.au/station-accessibility-features/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Public Transport Victoria. \"Caulfield Railway Station\". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/stop/","url_text":"\"Caulfield Railway Station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120815183825/http://ptv.vic.gov.au/stop/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Public Transport Victoria. \"Caulfield Railway Station/Derby Rd #57\". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/stop/","url_text":"\"Caulfield Railway Station/Derby Rd #57\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120815183825/http://ptv.vic.gov.au/stop/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Public Transport Victoria. \"Caulfield Railway Station/Sir John Monash Dr\". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/stop/","url_text":"\"Caulfield Railway Station/Sir John Monash Dr\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120815183825/http://ptv.vic.gov.au/stop/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Caulfield Railway Station Complex\". Victorian Heritage Database. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/279","url_text":"\"Caulfield Railway Station Complex\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190422222845/https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/279","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Caulfield Station, Melbourne\". Lysaght. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://lysaght.steelselect.com.au/projects/lysaght-longline-305-board-heritage-railway-station-project","url_text":"\"Caulfield Station, Melbourne\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221208032835/https://lysaght.steelselect.com.au/projects/lysaght-longline-305-board-heritage-railway-station-project","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"VICSIG\". vicsig.net. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. 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June 1994. p. 184.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Upgrading Eltham to a Premium Station\". Newsrail. Australian Railway Historical Society. October 1997. p. 310.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Victoria’s Big Build (19 July 2022). \"Easier train rides with new control centre\". Victoria’s Big Build. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/news/level-crossing-removal-project/easier-train-rides-with-new-control-centre","url_text":"\"Easier train rides with new control centre\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230204043623/https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/news/level-crossing-removal-project/easier-train-rides-with-new-control-centre","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Victoria's Big Build Continues To Back Our Recovery\". Premier of Victoria. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/victorias-big-build-continues-back-our-recovery","url_text":"\"Victoria's Big Build Continues To Back Our Recovery\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025020314/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/victorias-big-build-continues-back-our-recovery","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jacks, Timna (8 February 2021). \"'Time is running out': Calls to upgrade Caulfield Station before Metro Tunnel opens\". The Age. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/time-is-running-out-calls-to-upgrade-caulfield-station-before-metro-tunnel-opens-20210208-p570j0.html","url_text":"\"'Time is running out': Calls to upgrade Caulfield Station before Metro Tunnel opens\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221208080436/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/time-is-running-out-calls-to-upgrade-caulfield-station-before-metro-tunnel-opens-20210208-p570j0.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"And So Ends the Story of the Caulfield Railway Disaster\". Kingston Local History. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. 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Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/21088596","url_text":"\"Stationmaster's Death – Accident Preyed on Mind\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230309022653/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/21088596","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Caulfield Disaster: Accused Found Not Guilty\". The Argus. 23 September 1926. Retrieved 7 May 2024 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3812080","url_text":"\"Caulfield Disaster: Accused Found Not Guilty\""}]},{"reference":"Dornan, S.E.; Henderson, R.G. (1979). The Electric Railways of Victoria. Sydney: Australian Electric Traction Association. p. 19. ISBN 0909459061.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0909459061","url_text":"0909459061"}]},{"reference":"Sellers, Travis M. (19 October 2008). Whitehead, Graham (ed.). \"Caulfield Tragedy: Trauma for the Railway Men\". Kingston Local History. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://localhistory.kingston.vic.gov.au/articles/436","url_text":"\"Caulfield Tragedy: Trauma for the Railway Men\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230302143739/https://localhistory.kingston.vic.gov.au/articles/436","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pakenham Line\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/11","url_text":"\"Pakenham Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cranbourne Line\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/4","url_text":"\"Cranbourne Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frankston Line\". Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/6","url_text":"\"Frankston Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Traralgon – Melbourne\". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230124095300/https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/1824/traralgon-melbourne-via-morwell-and-moe-and-pakenham/","url_text":"\"Traralgon – Melbourne\""},{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/1824","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Victoria’s Big Build (28 November 2022). \"About the Metro Tunnel Project\". Victoria’s Big Build. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/projects/metro-tunnel/about","url_text":"\"About the Metro Tunnel Project\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221207174018/https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/projects/metro-tunnel/about","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Victoria’s Big Build (30 October 2022). \"Melbourne Airport Rail overview\". Victoria’s Big Build. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. 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Public Transport Victoria.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/route/12753","url_text":"\"900 Stud Park SC (Rowville) - Caulfield via Monash University & Chadstone (SMARTBUS Service)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Confused by the Melbourne train disruptions? Here's what you need to know\". ABC News. 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-06/melbourne-train-disruptions-to-hit-cranbourne,-pakenham-lines/10961820","url_text":"\"Confused by the Melbourne train disruptions? Here's what you need to know\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221208041525/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-06/melbourne-train-disruptions-to-hit-cranbourne,-pakenham-lines/10961820","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Public Transport Victoria. \"Train Replacement Bus Stops\". Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022 – via Yumpu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/54940826/train-replacement-bus-stops","url_text":"\"Train Replacement Bus Stops\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221208041526/https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/54940826/train-replacement-bus-stops","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caulfield_railway_station¶ms=37.8773_S_145.0423_E_type:railwaystation_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"37°52′38″S 145°02′32″E / 37.8773°S 145.0423°E / -37.8773; 145.0423"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caulfield_railway_station¶ms=37.8773_S_145.0423_E_type:railwaystation_region:AU-VIC","external_links_name":"37°52′38″S 145°02′32″E / 37.8773°S 145.0423°E / -37.8773; 145.0423"},{"Link":"https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/stop/1036","external_links_name":"Public Transport 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailurarctos | Ailurarctos | ["1 References"] | Extinct genus of bears
AilurarctosTemporal range: Late Miocene
Paleoart of Ailurarctos
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Family:
Ursidae
Tribe:
Ailuropodini
Genus:
†AilurarctosQi et al., 1989
Type species
†Ailurarctos lufengensisQi et al., 1989
Species
†A. lufengensis Qi et al., 1989
†A. yuanmouenensis Zong, 1997
Ailurarctos left radial sesamoid fossil.
Ailurarctos ("cat bear") is an extinct genus of panda from the Late Miocene of China, some 8 million years ago.
Different teeth structures in the Ailuropoda lineage indicate a mosaic evolution during the past 2 million years. Like modern giant pandas, Ailurarctos had a false thumb that allowed it to grip bamboo, suggesting that the panda's specialized bamboo diet goes back to as early as 6 to 7 million years ago.
References
Paleontology portal
^ Qiu, Zhangxiang; Qi, Guoqin (1989). "Yúnnán lù fēng wǎn zhōng xīn shì de dà xióngmāo zǔxiān huàshí" 云南禄丰晚中新世的大熊猫祖先化石 (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 27 (3): 153–169.
^ "A Picture of Giant Panda's Evolutionary History and Fossil Evidences". China Giant Panda Museum. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
^ Jin C, Ciochon RL, Dong W, Hunt RM, Liu J, Jaeger M, Zhu Q (June 2007). "The first skull of the earliest giant panda" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (26): 10932–7. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10410932J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704198104. PMC 1904166. PMID 17578912.
^ Abella J, Alba DM, Robles JM, Valenciano A, Rotgers C, Carmona R, Montoya P, Morales J (2012-11-14). "Kretzoiarctos gen. nov., the oldest member of the giant panda clade". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48985. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748985A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048985. PMC 3498366. PMID 23155439.
^ Figueirido B, Palmqvist P, Pérez-Claros JA, Dong W (February 2011). "Cranial shape transformation in the evolution of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)". Die Naturwissenschaften. 98 (2): 107–16. Bibcode:2011NW.....98..107F. doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0748-x. PMID 21132275. S2CID 26738942.
^ Wang, X., Su, D.F., Jablonski, N.G. et al. Earliest giant panda false thumb suggests conflicting demands for locomotion and feeding. Sci Rep 12, 10538 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13402-y
vteExtinct members of the family Ursidae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
†Hemicyoninae†Cephalogalini
†Adelpharctos
†Cephalogale
†Cyonarctos
†Filholictis
†Phoberogale
†Hemicyonini
†Dinocyon
†Hemicyon
†Zaragocyon
†Phoberocyonini
†Phoberocyon
†Plithocyon
†Ursavinae
†Ballusia
†Ursavus
AiluropodinaeAgriotheriini
†Agriotherium
†Huracan
†Indarctos
†Miomaci
Ailuropodini
†Agriarctos
†Ailurarctos
†Kretzoiarctos
Ailuropoda
†A. baconi
†A. microta
†A. wulingshanensis
Tremarctinae
†Arctodus
†Arctotherium
†Plionarctos
Tremarctos†T. floridanusUrsinae
†Aurorarctos
†Protarctos
†Helarctos sinomalayanus
†Melursus theobaldi
Ursus
†U. deningeri
†U. dolinensis
†U. etruscus
†U. ingressus
†U. kudarensis
†U. minimus
†U. pyrenaicus
†U. rossicus
†U. sackdillingensis
†U. savini
†U. spelaeus
†U. vitabilis
Category:Prehistoric bears
Taxon identifiersAilurarctos
Wikidata: Q4119064
GBIF: 4833650
IRMNG: 1067615
This article related to prehistoric animals from order Carnivora is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Place_in_the_Land | A Place in the Land | ["1 References","2 External links"] | 1998 film
A Place in the LandFilm posterDirected byCharles GuggenheimWritten byCharles Guggenheim (concept)Produced byJudith Hallet (field producer)Grace Guggenheim (executive producer)Narrated byPeter CoyoteCinematographyErich RolandEdited byCatherine ShieldsGreg HenryMusic byMichael BaconProductioncompanyThe Woodstock FoundationDistributed byBillings Farm & MuseumRelease date
1998 (1998)
Running time32 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
A Place in the Land is a 1998 American short documentary film directed by Charles Guggenheim with field director Judith Dwan Hallet. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
A Place in the Land considers the history of conservation stewardship in America as reflected in the property of Billings Farm, an operating dairy farm in Woodstock, Vermont first established in 1871, and the 555-acre (2.25 km2) Mount Tom, as well as through the work of George Perkins Marsh, Frederick Billings, and Laurance Rockefeller, who were successive residents of the estate. The documentary is shown daily at the visitor center for the Billings Farm & Museum and the Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park. The National Park Service and the American Memory project of the Library of Congress served as advisers to the Woodstock Foundation in the production of the film.
References
^ "NY Times: A Place in the Land". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
External links
A Place in the Land at IMDb
"A Place in the Land". Billings Farm & Museum. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019.
vteFilms directed by Charles GuggenheimFilms
A City Decides (1956)
The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery (1959)
The Fisherman and His Soul (1961)
Nine from Little Rock (1964)
Children Without (1965)
Monument to the Dream (1967)
Robert Kennedy Remembered (1968)
Jerusalem Lives (1973)
John F. Kennedy: 1917-1963 (1979)
HR 6161: An Act of Congress (1979)
A Place to Be (1979)
High Schools (1983)
Yorktown (1983)
The Making of Liberty (1986)
The Johnstown Flood (1989)
Island of Hope, Island of Tears (1989)
Journey to America (1989)
LBJ: A Remembrance (1990)
A Life: The Story of Lady Bird Johnson (1992)
A Time for Justice (1994)
Clear Pictures (1994)
D-Day Remembered (1994)
The Shadow of Hate (1995)
Harry S. Truman: 1884-1972 (1997)
A Place in the Land (1998)
Witnesses (1998)
Life in the Shadows (1999)
The First Freedom (1999)
Berga: Soldiers of Another War (2003)
Related articles
Davis Guggenheim (son)
Shelby Storck
This article about a documentary film on environmental issues is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Charles Guggenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Guggenheim"},{"link_name":"Judith Dwan Hallet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Dwan_Hallet"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Documentary Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_(Short_Subject)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times-1"},{"link_name":"Woodstock, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"George Perkins Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Perkins_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Frederick Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Billings"},{"link_name":"Laurance Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurance_Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"}],"text":"A Place in the Land is a 1998 American short documentary film directed by Charles Guggenheim with field director Judith Dwan Hallet. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.[1]A Place in the Land considers the history of conservation stewardship in America as reflected in the property of Billings Farm, an operating dairy farm in Woodstock, Vermont first established in 1871, and the 555-acre (2.25 km2) Mount Tom, as well as through the work of George Perkins Marsh, Frederick Billings, and Laurance Rockefeller, who were successive residents of the estate. The documentary is shown daily at the visitor center for the Billings Farm & Museum and the Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park. The National Park Service and the American Memory project of the Library of Congress served as advisers to the Woodstock Foundation in the production of the film.","title":"A Place in the Land"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"NY Times: A Place in the Land\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016234405/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/300851/Place-in-the-Land/details","url_text":"\"NY Times: A Place in the Land\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/300851/Place-in-the-Land/details","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Place in the Land\". Billings Farm & Museum. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://billingsfarm.org/theater/","url_text":"\"A Place in the Land\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191203030134/https://billingsfarm.org/farm-museum/film/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016234405/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/300851/Place-in-the-Land/details","external_links_name":"\"NY Times: A Place in the Land\""},{"Link":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/300851/Place-in-the-Land/details","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0189009/","external_links_name":"A Place in the Land"},{"Link":"https://billingsfarm.org/theater/","external_links_name":"\"A Place in the Land\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191203030134/https://billingsfarm.org/farm-museum/film/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Place_in_the_Land&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyville_Coffee | Storyville Coffee | ["1 Description","2 History","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | American coffee company
Storyville CoffeeLogoInterior of the coffee shop in the Corner Market at Pike Place Market, 2022IndustryCoffeeWebsitestoryville.com
Storyville Coffee (sometimes Storyville Coffee Company or simply Storyville) is a coffee company operating in the Seattle metropolitan area, in the U.S. state of Washington.
Description
Storyville Coffee operates multiple coffee shops in the Seattle metropolitan area. The Seattle Times has described Storyville as a "roaster and mail-order coffee company". Bainbridge Island houses their Roasting Studio; the business also has shops in downtown Seattle with their flagship location being in the Corner Market building at Pike Place Market. In addition to coffee, the shops serve sandwiches and baked goods.
History
Storyville was established on Bainbridge Island in 2006. The company announced plans to operate at Pike Place Market in 2013, occupying the space which previously housed Chez Shea. The business Storyville's third coffee shop opened in Queen Anne in 2014. The Queen Anne location has since closed as of 2022.
During 2013–2014, a writer for The Stranger asked readers not to support the company because of the author's claim of a connection to the Mars Hill Church.
Employees filed a petition to unionize in 2022.
Reception
Cheyenne Buckingham selected Storyville for Washington in Eat This, Not That's 2019 overview of the best coffee shops in each U.S. state.
Insider's Caroline Fox and Gabbi Shaw named Storyville Coffee the coziest coffee shop in Washington.
USA Today named Storyville Coffee as A top 10 Roaster in America.
See also
List of coffeehouse chains
List of restaurants in Pike Place Market
References
^ Allison, Melissa (2009-05-01). "Storyville Coffee contributes up to $1 million in sales to help free enslaved people". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ Balla, Lesley (2019-06-05). "The Culinary Wonders of Seattle's Pike Place Market". Eater. Archived from the original on 2021-11-12. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
^ "Storyville Coffee". Seattle Metropolitan. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ Holden, Ronald (2013-09-19). "Storyville Coffee Snags Former Chez Shea Space". Eater Seattle. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ "First Look: Storyville Coffee's Splashy Coffee Bar at Seattle's Pike Place Market". Daily Coffee News by Roast Magazine. 2013-09-20. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ "Storyville Coffee opens at top of Queen Anne". Queen Anne News. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ Clement, Bethany Jean. "Coffee and Mars Hill". The Stranger. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ Clement, Bethany Jean. "Storyville Coffee's Connection to Mars Hill Is Now a Direct One". The Stranger. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ Clement, Bethany Jean. "Now Open: Fourteen New Places to Try (and Two to Avoid)". The Stranger. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ "Storyville Coffee Workers Are Unionizing to Fight for Better Pay". South Seattle Emerald. 2022-02-28. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ "Arizona Starbucks Workers Vote to Unionize as Broader Labor Movement Heats Up". Daily Coffee News by Roast Magazine. 2022-03-02. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ Buckingham, Cheyenne (2019-09-04). "The Best Coffee Shop in Every State". Eat This, Not That. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.
^ Fox, Caroline; Shaw, Gabbi. "The coziest coffee shop in every state". Insider. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
^ "These are some of the best coffee shops in the country". 10best. USA Today. 24 September 2019. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
External links
Companies portalCoffee portal
Media related to Storyville Coffee at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
Storyville Coffee Company at Pike Place Market
Storyville Coffee Company (Bainbridge Island) at Zomato
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Key: † Defunct
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Big Mario's Pizza
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vteRestaurants in SeattleCurrent
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Harbor City
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Hello Em
Hello Robin
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Itsumono
Ivar's
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Jackalope
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Jade Garden
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Joule
Jules Maes Saloon
Julia's on Broadway
Kamonegi
Katsu Burger
Kedai Makan
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Koko's
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La Josie's
Lark
Le Panier
La Parisienne
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Life on Mars
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Lost Lake
Macrina Bakery
Mad Pizza
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Maíz
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Market Grill
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Phnom Penh Noodle House
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list | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"Storyville Coffee (sometimes Storyville Coffee Company or simply Storyville) is a coffee company operating in the Seattle metropolitan area, in the U.S. state of Washington.","title":"Storyville Coffee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"The Seattle Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bainbridge Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge_Island,_Washington"},{"link_name":"downtown Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Corner Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_Market"},{"link_name":"Pike Place Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_Place_Market"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Storyville Coffee operates multiple coffee shops in the Seattle metropolitan area. The Seattle Times has described Storyville as a \"roaster and mail-order coffee company\".[1] Bainbridge Island houses their Roasting Studio; the business also has shops in downtown Seattle with their flagship location being in the Corner Market building at Pike Place Market.[2] In addition to coffee, the shops serve sandwiches and baked goods.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Stranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stranger_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Mars Hill Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Hill_Church"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Storyville was established on Bainbridge Island in 2006. The company announced plans to operate at Pike Place Market in 2013, occupying the space which previously housed Chez Shea.[4][5] The business Storyville's third coffee shop opened in Queen Anne in 2014.[6] The Queen Anne location has since closed as of 2022.[citation needed]During 2013–2014, a writer for The Stranger asked readers not to support the company because of the author's claim of a connection to the Mars Hill Church.[7][8][9]Employees filed a petition to unionize in 2022.[10][11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eat This, Not That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat_This,_Not_That"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Cheyenne Buckingham selected Storyville for Washington in Eat This, Not That's 2019 overview of the best coffee shops in each U.S. state.[12]Insider's Caroline Fox and Gabbi Shaw named Storyville Coffee the coziest coffee shop in Washington.[13]USA Today named Storyville Coffee as A top 10 Roaster in America.[14]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of coffeehouse chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coffeehouse_chains"},{"title":"List of restaurants in Pike Place Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_restaurants_in_Pike_Place_Market"}] | [{"reference":"Allison, Melissa (2009-05-01). \"Storyville Coffee contributes up to $1 million in sales to help free enslaved people\". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/business/local-business/storyville-coffee-contributes-up-to-1-million-in-sales-to-help-free-enslaved-people/","url_text":"\"Storyville Coffee contributes up to $1 million in sales to help free enslaved people\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021233141/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/local-business/storyville-coffee-contributes-up-to-1-million-in-sales-to-help-free-enslaved-people/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Balla, Lesley (2019-06-05). \"The Culinary Wonders of Seattle's Pike Place Market\". Eater. Archived from the original on 2021-11-12. Retrieved 2022-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eater.com/2019/6/5/18643359/best-food-stalls-coffee-pike-place-market","url_text":"\"The Culinary Wonders of Seattle's Pike Place Market\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211112211930/https://www.eater.com/2019/6/5/18643359/best-food-stalls-coffee-pike-place-market","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storyville Coffee\". Seattle Metropolitan. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattlemet.com/restaurants/storyville-coffee","url_text":"\"Storyville Coffee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Metropolitan","url_text":"Seattle Metropolitan"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021233141/https://www.seattlemet.com/restaurants/storyville-coffee","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Holden, Ronald (2013-09-19). \"Storyville Coffee Snags Former Chez Shea Space\". Eater Seattle. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://seattle.eater.com/2013/9/19/6368275/storyville-coffee-snags-former-chez-shea-space","url_text":"\"Storyville Coffee Snags Former Chez Shea Space\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021233139/https://seattle.eater.com/2013/9/19/6368275/storyville-coffee-snags-former-chez-shea-space","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"First Look: Storyville Coffee's Splashy Coffee Bar at Seattle's Pike Place Market\". Daily Coffee News by Roast Magazine. 2013-09-20. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailycoffeenews.com/2013/09/20/first-look-storyville-coffees-splashy-coffee-bar-at-seattles-pike-place-market/","url_text":"\"First Look: Storyville Coffee's Splashy Coffee Bar at Seattle's Pike Place Market\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021234653/https://dailycoffeenews.com/2013/09/20/first-look-storyville-coffees-splashy-coffee-bar-at-seattles-pike-place-market/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storyville Coffee opens at top of Queen Anne\". Queen Anne News. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://queenannenews.com/Content/News/News/Article/Storyville-Coffee-opens-at-top-of-Queen-Anne/26/337/35257","url_text":"\"Storyville Coffee opens at top of Queen Anne\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021233139/https://queenannenews.com/Content/News/News/Article/Storyville-Coffee-opens-at-top-of-Queen-Anne/26/337/35257","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clement, Bethany Jean. \"Coffee and Mars Hill\". The Stranger. Archived from the original on 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestranger.com/food-and-drink/2013/10/02/17866798/coffee-and-mars-hill","url_text":"\"Coffee and Mars Hill\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220815171046/https://www.thestranger.com/food-and-drink/2013/10/02/17866798/coffee-and-mars-hill","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clement, Bethany Jean. \"Storyville Coffee's Connection to Mars Hill Is Now a Direct One\". The Stranger. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestranger.com/food-and-drink/2014/09/03/20489081/storyville-coffees-connection-to-mars-hill-is-now-a-direct-one","url_text":"\"Storyville Coffee's Connection to Mars Hill Is Now a Direct One\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021234644/https://www.thestranger.com/food-and-drink/2014/09/03/20489081/storyville-coffees-connection-to-mars-hill-is-now-a-direct-one","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clement, Bethany Jean. \"Now Open: Fourteen New Places to Try (and Two to Avoid)\". The Stranger. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestranger.com/food-and-drink/2014/06/25/19946397/now-open","url_text":"\"Now Open: Fourteen New Places to Try (and Two to Avoid)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021234644/https://www.thestranger.com/food-and-drink/2014/06/25/19946397/now-open","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Storyville Coffee Workers Are Unionizing to Fight for Better Pay\". South Seattle Emerald. 2022-02-28. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://southseattleemerald.com/2022/02/28/storyville-coffee-workers-are-unionizing-to-fight-for-better-pay-and-a-voice-at-the-bargaining-table/","url_text":"\"Storyville Coffee Workers Are Unionizing to Fight for Better Pay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Seattle_Emerald","url_text":"South Seattle Emerald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021233139/https://southseattleemerald.com/2022/02/28/storyville-coffee-workers-are-unionizing-to-fight-for-better-pay-and-a-voice-at-the-bargaining-table/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Arizona Starbucks Workers Vote to Unionize as Broader Labor Movement Heats Up\". Daily Coffee News by Roast Magazine. 2022-03-02. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailycoffeenews.com/2022/03/02/arizona-starbucks-workers-vote-to-unionize-as-broader-labor-movement-heats-up/","url_text":"\"Arizona Starbucks Workers Vote to Unionize as Broader Labor Movement Heats Up\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021234649/https://dailycoffeenews.com/2022/03/02/arizona-starbucks-workers-vote-to-unionize-as-broader-labor-movement-heats-up/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Buckingham, Cheyenne (2019-09-04). \"The Best Coffee Shop in Every State\". Eat This, Not That. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21. Retrieved 2022-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eatthis.com/best-coffee-shops-in-america/","url_text":"\"The Best Coffee Shop in Every State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat_This,_Not_That","url_text":"Eat This, Not That"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221021234646/https://www.eatthis.com/best-coffee-shops-in-america/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Caroline; Shaw, Gabbi. \"The coziest coffee shop in every state\". Insider. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insider.com/best-coziest-coffee-shop-in-every-state","url_text":"\"The coziest coffee shop in every state\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230112001654/https://www.insider.com/best-coziest-coffee-shop-in-every-state","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"These are some of the best coffee shops in the country\". 10best. USA Today. 24 September 2019. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.10best.com/interests/drinks/where-to-find-the-best-coffee-shops-in-the-country/","url_text":"\"These are some of the best coffee shops in the country\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221230234733/https://www.10best.com/interests/drinks/where-to-find-the-best-coffee-shops-in-the-country/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://storyville.com/","external_links_name":"storyville.com"},{"Link":"https://www.seattletimes.com/business/local-business/storyville-coffee-contributes-up-to-1-million-in-sales-to-help-free-enslaved-people/","external_links_name":"\"Storyville Coffee contributes up to $1 million in sales to help free enslaved 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_II_of_Lotharingia | Lothair II | ["1 Reign","2 Succession","3 Descendants","4 References","5 Bibliography"] | This article is about the king of Lotharingia. For other uses, see Lothair II (disambiguation).
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King of Lotharingia
Lothair IISeal of Lothair IIKing of LotharingiaReign855–869PredecessorLothair ISuccessorCharles the BaldBorn835Died8 August 869 (0869-08-09)PiacenzaBurialBasilica of Sant'AntoninoSpouseTeutbergaWaldradaIssuemore...Hugh, Duke of AlsaceBerthaDynastyCarolingianFatherLothair IMotherErmengarde of Tours
Lothair II (835 – 8 August 869) was the king of Lotharingia from 855 until his death in 869. He was the second son of Emperor Lothair I and Ermengarde of Tours. He was married to Teutberga (died 875), daughter of Boso the Elder.
Reign
For political reasons, his father made him marry Teutberga in 855. Just a few days before his death in late autumn of 855, Emperor Lothair I divided his realm of Middle Francia among his three sons, a partition known as Treaty of Prüm. Lothair II received the Middle Francia territory west of the Rhine stretching from the North Sea to the Jura Mountains. It became known as Regnum Lotharii and early in the 10th century as Lotharingia or Lorraine (a designation subsequently applied only to the Duchy of Lorraine). His elder brother Louis II received northern Italy and the title of Emperor, and his younger brother Charles received the western parts of his father's domains, Burgundy and the Provence.
On the death of his brother Charles in 863, Lothair added some lands south of the Jura to this realm, but except for a few feeble expeditions against the Norman pirates he seems to have done little for its government or its defense. Thirty-six of Lothair II's royal charters survive.
Teutberga was not capable of bearing children and Lothair's reign was chiefly occupied by his efforts to obtain an annulment of their marriage, and his relations with his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German were influenced by his desire to obtain their support for this endeavour. Although quarrels and reconciliations between the three kings followed each other in quick succession, in general it may be said that Louis favoured annulment, and Charles opposed it, while neither lost sight of the fact that Lothair had no sons to inherit his lands. Lothair, whose desire for annulment was prompted by his affection for his mistress, Waldrada, put away Teutberga, but Hucbert took up arms on her behalf, and after she had submitted successfully to the ordeal of water, Lothair was compelled to restore her in 858. Still pursuing his purpose, he won the support of his brother, Emperor Louis II, by a cession of lands and obtained the consent of the local clergy, such as Adventius of Metz, to the annulment and to his marriage with Waldrada, which took place in 862.
A synod of Frankish bishops met at Metz in 863 and confirmed this decision, but Teutberga fled to the court of Charles the Bald, and Pope Nicholas I voided the decision of the synod. An attack on Rome by the emperor was without result, and in 865 Lothair, threatened with excommunication and convinced that Louis and Charles at their recent meeting had discussed the partition of his kingdom, again took back his wife. Teutberga, however, either from inclination or compulsion, now expressed her desire for an annulment, and Lothair went to Italy to obtain the assent of the new pope, Adrian II. Placing a favourable interpretation upon the words of the pope, he had set out on the return journey, when he was seized with fever and died at Piacenza on August 8, 869.
Succession
His son, Hugh, by Waldrada, was declared illegitimate, so his heir was his brother, Louis II of Italy. As Louis was at that time campaigning against the Emirate of Bari, his kingdom was divided by and between his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German by the Treaty of Meerssen.
Descendants
Lothair II had some sons and probably three daughters, all by Waldrada, and all of whom were declared illegitimate:
Hugh (c. 855 – 895), Duke of Alsace (867–885)
Gisela (c. 865 – 908), who in 883 married Godfrey, the Viking leader ruling in Frisia, who was murdered in 885
Bertha (c. 863 – 925), who married Count Theobald of Arles (c. 854 – 895), nephew of Teutberga. They had two sons Hugh of Italy and Boso of Tuscany. After Theobald's death, between 895 and 898 she married Adalbert II of Tuscany (c. 875 – 915). They had at least three children: Guy, who succeeded his father as count and duke of Lucca and margrave of Tuscany; Lambert, who succeeded his brother in 929 but lost the titles in 931 to his half-brother Boso of Tuscany, and Ermengard.
Ermengarde (d. 90?)
Odo (d. c. 879)
References
^ Die Urkunden Lothars I. und Lothars II., ed. Theodor Schieffer (Berlin, 1966); see http://turbulentpriests.group.shef.ac.uk/our-dearest-wife-and-son-king-lothar-iis-charters/
^ Wickham, Chris (1990). Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400-1000. University of Michigan Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0-472-08099-7.
^ Townsend, Geo (1847) Ecclesiastical and Civil History Philosophically Considered, Vol. II, p. 157
Bibliography
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lothair II of Lotharingia.
Hincmar, "Opusculum de divortio Lotharii regis et Tetbergae reginae," in Cursus completus patrologiae, tome cxxv., edited by J. P. Migne (Paris, 1857–79)
M. Sdralek, Hinkmars von Rheims Kanonistisches Gutachten uber die Ehescheidung des Königs Lothar II (Freiburg, 1881)
E. Dummler, Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reiches (Leipzig, 1887–88)
E. Muhlbacher, Die Regenten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern (Innsbruck, 1881)
Lothair II Carolingian dynastyBorn: 835 Died: 8 August 869
Regnal titles
Preceded byLothair Ias king of Middle Francia
King of Lotharingia 23 September 855 – 8 August 869
Kingdom dividedbetween Louis the Germanand Charles the Bald
vtePippinids, Arnulfings and CarolingiansLegend: → ≡ "father of",* ≡ "brother of" Begga, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.Pippinids
Carloman → Pepin I → Grimoald I → Childebert the Adopted
Arnulfings
Arnulf of Metz → Chlodulf of Metz
Ansegisel → Pepin II, his sons
Drogo, sons
Arnulf
Hugh of Champagne
Godfrey
Pepin
Grimoald I, son
Theudoald
Charles Martel, sons
Carloman
Pepin III
Grifo
Bernard
Jerome
Remigius
Childebrand I, son
Nibelung I → Nibelungids
EarlyCarolingiansSons of Charles MartelCarloman, son
Drogo
Pepin III, sonsCharlemagne, sons
Pepin the Hunchback
Charles the Younger
Pepin
Louis the Pious
Lothair
Drogo
Hugh
Theoderic
Carloman, son
Pepin
Pepin
Bernard, sons
Wala
Adalhard
Bernhar
CarolingianEmpireSons of CharlemagnePepin, son
Bernard → Pepin, Count of Vermandois → Counts of Vermandois
Louis the Pious,sons
Arnulf of Sens
Lothair I, sons
Louis II of Italy → Ermengard → Louis the Blind → BosonidsLothair II → HughCharles
Pepin I, son
Pepin II
Louis the German,sons
Carloman → Arnulf → Louis the Child
Ratold
Zwentibold → Godfrey
OttoLouis the Younger → Louis
HughCharles the Fat → BernardRatold → Adalbert
Charles the Bald,sons
Louis the Stammerer → Louis III
Carloman II
Charles the SimpleCharles the ChildCarlomanLothair the Lame
Drogo
Pepin
Charles
WestFranciaWest Francia was in the hands of the Robertians from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.Charles the Simple, sons
Louis IV
Arnulf
Drogo
Rorico
Louis IV, sons
Lothair IV
Charles
Louis
Charles of Lorraine
Henry
Lothair IV, sons
Louis V
Arnulf
Charles of Lorraine, sons
Otto
Louis
Charles
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
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Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lothair II (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_II_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Lotharingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"Lothair I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I"},{"link_name":"Ermengarde of Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"Teutberga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutberga"},{"link_name":"Boso the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boso_the_Elder"}],"text":"This article is about the king of Lotharingia. For other uses, see Lothair II (disambiguation).King of LotharingiaLothair II (835 – 8 August 869) was the king of Lotharingia from 855 until his death in 869. He was the second son of Emperor Lothair I and Ermengarde of Tours. He was married to Teutberga (died 875), daughter of Boso the Elder.","title":"Lothair II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Francia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Prüm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Pr%C3%BCm"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Jura Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Lotharingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Louis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_(region)"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Jura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"charters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Charles the Bald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald"},{"link_name":"Louis the German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_German"},{"link_name":"Waldrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldrada_of_Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"Hucbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hucbert"},{"link_name":"ordeal of water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordeal_of_water"},{"link_name":"Louis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Adventius of Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventius_(bishop_of_Metz)"},{"link_name":"synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"met at Metz in 863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Metz_(863)"},{"link_name":"Pope Nicholas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"excommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication"},{"link_name":"Adrian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_II"},{"link_name":"Piacenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenza"}],"text":"For political reasons, his father made him marry Teutberga in 855. Just a few days before his death in late autumn of 855, Emperor Lothair I divided his realm of Middle Francia among his three sons, a partition known as Treaty of Prüm. Lothair II received the Middle Francia territory west of the Rhine stretching from the North Sea to the Jura Mountains. It became known as Regnum Lotharii and early in the 10th century as Lotharingia or Lorraine (a designation subsequently applied only to the Duchy of Lorraine). His elder brother Louis II received northern Italy and the title of Emperor, and his younger brother Charles received the western parts of his father's domains, Burgundy and the Provence.On the death of his brother Charles in 863, Lothair added some lands south of the Jura to this realm, but except for a few feeble expeditions against the Norman pirates he seems to have done little for its government or its defense. Thirty-six of Lothair II's royal charters survive.[1]Teutberga was not capable of bearing children and Lothair's reign was chiefly occupied by his efforts to obtain an annulment of their marriage, and his relations with his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German were influenced by his desire to obtain their support for this endeavour. Although quarrels and reconciliations between the three kings followed each other in quick succession, in general it may be said that Louis favoured annulment, and Charles opposed it, while neither lost sight of the fact that Lothair had no sons to inherit his lands. Lothair, whose desire for annulment was prompted by his affection for his mistress, Waldrada, put away Teutberga, but Hucbert took up arms on her behalf, and after she had submitted successfully to the ordeal of water, Lothair was compelled to restore her in 858. Still pursuing his purpose, he won the support of his brother, Emperor Louis II, by a cession of lands and obtained the consent of the local clergy, such as Adventius of Metz, to the annulment and to his marriage with Waldrada, which took place in 862.A synod of Frankish bishops met at Metz in 863 and confirmed this decision, but Teutberga fled to the court of Charles the Bald, and Pope Nicholas I voided the decision of the synod. An attack on Rome by the emperor was without result, and in 865 Lothair, threatened with excommunication and convinced that Louis and Charles at their recent meeting had discussed the partition of his kingdom, again took back his wife. Teutberga, however, either from inclination or compulsion, now expressed her desire for an annulment, and Lothair went to Italy to obtain the assent of the new pope, Adrian II. Placing a favourable interpretation upon the words of the pope, he had set out on the return journey, when he was seized with fever and died at Piacenza on August 8, 869.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh,_Duke_of_Alsace"},{"link_name":"Louis II of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Bari"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Meerssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Meerssen"}],"text":"His son, Hugh, by Waldrada, was declared illegitimate, so his heir was his brother, Louis II of Italy. As Louis was at that time campaigning against the Emirate of Bari, his kingdom was divided by and between his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German by the Treaty of Meerssen.","title":"Succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh,_Duke_of_Alsace"},{"link_name":"Duke of Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Alsace"},{"link_name":"Godfrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"Frisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisia"},{"link_name":"Bertha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha,_daughter_of_Lothair_II"},{"link_name":"Theobald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_of_Arles"},{"link_name":"Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arles"},{"link_name":"Hugh of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Boso of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boso_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Adalbert II of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalbert_II_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wickham-2"},{"link_name":"Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lucca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucca"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert,_Margrave_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Lothair II had some sons and probably three daughters, all by Waldrada, and all of whom were declared illegitimate:Hugh (c. 855 – 895), Duke of Alsace (867–885)\nGisela (c. 865 – 908), who in 883 married Godfrey, the Viking leader ruling in Frisia, who was murdered in 885\nBertha (c. 863 – 925), who married Count Theobald of Arles (c. 854 – 895), nephew of Teutberga. They had two sons Hugh of Italy and Boso of Tuscany. After Theobald's death, between 895 and 898 she married Adalbert II of Tuscany (c. 875 – 915).[2] They had at least three children: Guy,[3] who succeeded his father as count and duke of Lucca and margrave of Tuscany; Lambert, who succeeded his brother in 929 but lost the titles in 931 to his half-brother Boso of Tuscany, and Ermengard.\nErmengarde (d. 90?)\nOdo (d. c. 879)[citation needed]","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lothair II of Lotharingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lothair_II_of_Lotharingia"},{"link_name":"Hincmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hincmar"},{"link_name":"Cursus completus patrologiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrologia_Latina"},{"link_name":"J. P. Migne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Migne"},{"link_name":"E. Dummler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Dummler"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Carolingians_footer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Carolingians_footer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carolingians_footer"},{"link_name":"Pippinids, Arnulfings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippinids"},{"link_name":"Carolingians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Begga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begga"},{"link_name":"Pippinids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippinids"},{"link_name":"Pepin I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen"},{"link_name":"Grimoald I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Childebert the Adopted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childebert_the_Adopted"},{"link_name":"Arnulfings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippinids"},{"link_name":"Arnulf of Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"Chlodulf of Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlodulf_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"Ansegisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansegisel"},{"link_name":"Pepin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Herstal"},{"link_name":"Drogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogo_of_Champagne"},{"link_name":"Hugh of Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_of_Rouen_(died_730)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steuben_-_Bataille_de_Poitiers.png"},{"link_name":"Grimoald I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoald_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Theudoald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theudoald"},{"link_name":"Charles Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel"},{"link_name":"Carloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman_(mayor_of_the_palace)"},{"link_name":"Pepin III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short"},{"link_name":"Grifo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grifo_(noble)"},{"link_name":"Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard,_son_of_Charles_Martel"},{"link_name":"Childebrand I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childebrand_I"},{"link_name":"Nibelungids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nibelungids"},{"link_name":"Carolingians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Carloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman,_Mayor_of_the_Palace"},{"link_name":"Drogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogo,_Mayor_of_the_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlemagne_coin.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pepin III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_III"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Pepin the Hunchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Hunchback"},{"link_name":"Charles the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Pepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Louis the Pious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious"},{"link_name":"Drogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogo_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_(abbot_of_Saint-Quentin)"},{"link_name":"Carloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman_I"},{"link_name":"Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard,_son_of_Charles_Martel"},{"link_name":"Wala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wala_of_Corbie"},{"link_name":"Adalhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalard_of_Corbie"},{"link_name":"CarolingianEmpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Pepin, Count of Vermandois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin,_Count_of_Vermandois"},{"link_name":"Counts of Vermandois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Vermandois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis the Pious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious"},{"link_name":"Arnulf of Sens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_of_Sens"},{"link_name":"Lothair I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_I"},{"link_name":"Louis II of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Ermengard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengard_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Louis the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Blind"},{"link_name":"Bosonids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonids"},{"link_name":"Lothair II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh,_Duke_of_Alsace"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Pepin I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_I_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"Pepin II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_II_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"Louis the German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_German"},{"link_name":"Carloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Arnulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Louis the Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Child"},{"link_name":"Ratold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratold_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Zwentibold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwentibold"},{"link_name":"Louis the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Charles the Fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Fat"},{"link_name":"Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_(son_of_Charles_the_Fat)"},{"link_name":"Ratold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratold_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Charles the Bald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald"},{"link_name":"Louis the Stammerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer"},{"link_name":"Louis III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Carloman II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman_II"},{"link_name":"Charles the Simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Simple"},{"link_name":"Charles the Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Child"},{"link_name":"Carloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman,_son_of_Charles_the_Bald"},{"link_name":"WestFrancia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Francia"},{"link_name":"Robertians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertians"},{"link_name":"Charles the Simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Simple"},{"link_name":"Louis IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denier_Chinon_954,_obverse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Lothair IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Lothair IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"Arnulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_(archbishop_of_Reims)"},{"link_name":"Charles of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Otto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_of_Lower_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298945#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1831487/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000104808566"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/5727845"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwRVYxx4x44MW47ymxkXd"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124143751"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124143751"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118826816"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV089699"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277946005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n84075765"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20040301016&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070687102"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118826816.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/033259410"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lothair II of Lotharingia.Hincmar, \"Opusculum de divortio Lotharii regis et Tetbergae reginae,\" in Cursus completus patrologiae, tome cxxv., edited by J. P. Migne (Paris, 1857–79)\nM. Sdralek, Hinkmars von Rheims Kanonistisches Gutachten uber die Ehescheidung des Königs Lothar II (Freiburg, 1881)\nE. Dummler, Geschichte des ostfränkischen Reiches (Leipzig, 1887–88)\nE. Muhlbacher, Die Regenten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern (Innsbruck, 1881)vtePippinids, Arnulfings and CarolingiansLegend: → ≡ \"father of\",* ≡ \"brother of\" Begga, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.Pippinids\nCarloman → Pepin I → Grimoald I → Childebert the Adopted\nArnulfings\nArnulf of Metz → Chlodulf of Metz\nAnsegisel → Pepin II, his sons\nDrogo, sons\nArnulf\nHugh of Champagne\nGodfrey\nPepin\nGrimoald I, son\nTheudoald\nCharles Martel, sons\nCarloman\nPepin III\nGrifo\nBernard\nJerome\nRemigius\nChildebrand I, son\nNibelung I → Nibelungids\nEarlyCarolingiansSons of Charles MartelCarloman, son\nDrogo\nPepin III, sonsCharlemagne, sons\nPepin the Hunchback\nCharles the Younger\nPepin\nLouis the Pious\nLothair\nDrogo\nHugh\nTheoderic\nCarloman, son\nPepin\n\nPepin\nBernard, sons\nWala\nAdalhard\nBernhar\nCarolingianEmpireSons of CharlemagnePepin, son\nBernard → Pepin, Count of Vermandois → Counts of Vermandois\nLouis the Pious,sons\nArnulf of Sens\nLothair I, sons\nLouis II of Italy → Ermengard → Louis the Blind → BosonidsLothair II → HughCharles\nPepin I, son\nPepin II\nLouis the German,sons\nCarloman → Arnulf → Louis the Child\nRatold\nZwentibold → Godfrey\nOttoLouis the Younger → Louis\nHughCharles the Fat → BernardRatold → Adalbert\nCharles the Bald,sons\nLouis the Stammerer → Louis III\nCarloman II\nCharles the SimpleCharles the ChildCarlomanLothair the Lame\nDrogo\nPepin\nCharles\nWestFranciaWest Francia was in the hands of the Robertians from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.Charles the Simple, sons\nLouis IV\nArnulf\nDrogo\nRorico\nLouis IV, sons\nLothair IV\nCharles\nLouis\nCharles of Lorraine\nHenry\nLothair IV, sons\nLouis V\nArnulf\nCharles of Lorraine, sons\nOtto\nLouis\nCharlesAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nNetherlands\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Wickham, Chris (1990). Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400-1000. University of Michigan Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0-472-08099-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Wickham","url_text":"Wickham, Chris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08099-7","url_text":"0-472-08099-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lothair+II%22","external_links_name":"\"Lothair II\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lothair+II%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lothair+II%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lothair+II%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lothair+II%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lothair+II%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://turbulentpriests.group.shef.ac.uk/our-dearest-wife-and-son-king-lothar-iis-charters/","external_links_name":"http://turbulentpriests.group.shef.ac.uk/our-dearest-wife-and-son-king-lothar-iis-charters/"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1831487/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000104808566","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5727845","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwRVYxx4x44MW47ymxkXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124143751","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124143751","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118826816","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV089699","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277946005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84075765","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20040301016&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070687102","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118826816.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/033259410","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_L94UB | Scania 4-series (bus) | ["1 Type designation breakdown","2 Engines","3 Scania F94/F114","3.1 Scania F94HA","3.2 Scania F94HB/F114HB","4 Scania K94/K114/K124","4.1 Scania K94EB/K114EB/K124EB","4.2 Scania K94IB/K114IB/K124IB","4.3 Scania K94UB","5 Scania L94","5.1 Scania L94IA","5.2 Scania L94IB","5.3 Scania L94UA","5.4 Scania L94UB","6 Scania N94","6.1 Scania N94UA","6.2 Scania N94UB","6.3 Scania N94UD","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | Scania low floor city bus and coach class
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Motor vehicle
Scania 4-seriesFirefly Express Coach Concepts bodied Scania K124EB in AustraliaOverviewManufacturerScaniaAlso calledF94, K94, K114, K124, L94, N94AssemblySweden: Södertälje, KatrineholmBrazil: São Bernardo do CampoArgentina: TucumánBody and chassisClassCity bus and coach chassisBody styleSingle-decker busSingle-decker articulated busDouble-decker busSingle-decker coachDoors1 to 4 doorsFloor typeLow floorStep entrancePowertrainEngineScania DSC9/DSC12 (Euro II)Scania DC9/DC11/DC12 (Euro III)Scania OSC9/OC9 (CNG)Scania DSI9 (ethanol)Power output220-420 hpTransmissionScania manual or ZF automaticChronologyPredecessorScania 3-seriesSuccessorScania K-seriesScania N-seriesScania F-series
The Scania 4-series low floor city bus and coach range was introduced by Scania in 1997 as a successor to the 3-series bus range.
The 4-series bus range was first presented in September 1996, when the integral low-floor city bus OmniCity was revealed. Production of the chassis range started in second half of 1997, and by the end of 1998 all worldwide production facilities had changed from 3-series to 4-series. Unlike the 3-series, which was a range of 45 different chassis models, the 4-series is one basic chassis with different modular configurations depending on usage and customer needs. At launch there were a total of seven major configurations, presumably the F HB, K EB, K IB, L IB, L UB, N UA and N UB. These were later followed by the F HA, K UB, L IA, L UA and N UD. The first letter describing the position of the engine, and the last two letters describing areas of use. In marketing of the 4-series, Scania have generally only used the engine position (F/K/L/N), the engine displacement (9/11/12) and the series number (4), which is why we know them as F94, F114, K94, K114, K124, L94 and N94.
The 4-series was superseded in 2006 by the new Euro IV compliant bus and coach range consisting of the K-series, N-series and F-series. Some 4-series products have been available for a couple of years after this.
Type designation breakdown
Engine location
F: chassis with longitudinal engine ahead of the front axle
K: chassis with longitudinal engine behind rearmost axle, centrally mounted
L: chassis with longitudinal engine behind rearmost axle, inclined 60° to the left
N: chassis with transverse engine behind rearmost axle, inclined 60° to the rear
Engine series
9: DSC9/DC9
11: DC11
12: DSC12/DC12
Development code
4: 4-series
Type of transport
E: coach, long distance, high comfort (K chassis only)
H: intercity, short to long distance, uneven surface (F chassis only)
I: intercity, short to long distance, normal comfort
U: urban, short distance, normal comfort
Chassis adaption
A: articulated bus
B: normal bus
D: double-decker bus
Wheel configuration
4X2: two-axle bus
6X2: tri-axle bus
6X2/2: tri-axle articulated bus
6X2*4: tri-axle bus with steered tag axle behind drive axle
6X2/4: tri-axle bus with steered tag axle in front of drive axle (one known example, see K94UB)
8X2: quad-axle bus (K IB chassis in Latin America only)
Chassis height
E: low front and rear (N chassis only)
H: high front and rear (F chassis only)
L: low front, normal rear
N: normal front and rear
Suspension
A: leaf-spring suspension front and air suspension rear (F HA chassis only)
B: air suspension front and rear, rigid front axle
I: air suspension front and rear, independent front suspension (K EB chassis only)
Z: leaf-spring suspension front and rear (F chassis only)
Power code
Approximation of the power rating in hp to the nearest ten.
Engines
Engines available at launch were the 9.0-litre (8974 cc) DSC9 and the 11.7-litre (11705 cc) DSC12, both being Euro II compliant inline 6-cylinder, turbocharged and intercooled engines. The DSC9 with outputs at 220 hp (1005 Nm), 260 hp (1180 Nm) and 310 hp (1355 Nm), and the DSC12 with outputs at 360 hp (1665 Nm) and 420 hp (1950 Nm).
In November 1999, Scania presented a new range of Euro III compliant truck engines, which soon became available on the buses too. The DSC9 and the DSC12 were renamed DC9 and DC12, and new power outputs were 230 hp (1100 Nm), 260 hp (1250 Nm) and 300 hp (1400 Nm) for the DC9 and 420 hp (2000 Nm) for the DC12. To fill the gap between them, they were joined by the new 10.6-litre (10641 cc) DC11 engine with power outputs at 340 hp (1600 Nm) and 380 hp (1800 Nm).
The 9.0-litre engine was also available with alternative fuels. The OSC9 G01 CNG engine had ratings of 260 hp (970 Nm), which was later tuned up to 990 Nm. It was later replaced by the OC9 with power outputs of 260 hp (1100 Nm) and 300 hp (1250 Nm). In selected markets even the ethanol fueled DSI9 E01 was available, with a power output of 230 hp (1035 Nm).
Scania F94/F114
Marcopolo Torino GV bodied Scania F94HB in Brazil
The F94 and F114 were the front-engined chassis, replacing the F93 and F113 of the 3-series. They were mainly produced in São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil and Tucumán, Argentina for the Latin American and African market.
Scania F94HA
The F94HA (F94HA6x2NA) was an articulated chassis with remotely mounted Voith gearbox, leaf-spring suspension on the front axle and air suspension on both drive (2nd axle) and trailer axle (3rd axle). It is known as a 'puller' artic, where no hydraulic articulation control is needed.
Scania F94HB/F114HB
The F94HB was a two-axle chassis with leaf-spring suspension. It was available with both normal chassis height (F94HB4x2NZ) and a higher version (F94HB4x2HZ). In Africa it was also available as the Scania F114 with a bigger engine.
Scania K94/K114/K124
2007 K124EB with Kiwi Bus Builders body at Rotorua in 2013 on Wellington to Auckland InterCity 601km route
The K94, K114 and K124 were fitted with a longitudinally rear-mounted engine, replacing the K93 and K113 of the 3-series. Initially only available as K94 and K124, the K114 became available in 2000. It could be built as a premium coach (K EB), a coach or intercity bus (K IB), or as a much rarer city bus version (K UB).
Scania K94EB/K114EB/K124EB
The K94EB, K114EB and K124EB were the only 4-series chassis with independent front suspension, being the primary choice for premium coaches. They were available as two-axle (4x2), tri-axle (6x2) and tri-axle with steered tag axle (6x2*4). A normal tri-axle coach would have the full designation of K124EB6x2NI, but because of the independent front suspension it was also available as K124EB6x2LI with low front, which made it possible to have a gangway between the front wheel arches and a low driving position, making it suitable for use in double-decker coaches.
Scania K94IB/K114IB/K124IB
Scania K124IB bus, manufactured in 2000, with Marcopolo Paradiso body in the colours of Brazilian bus company São Geraldo, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil
The K94IB, K114IB and K124IB were the standard coach and intercity bus chassis with a rigid front axle. Like the K EB type, they were available as two-axle (4x2), tri-axle (6x2) and tri-axle with steered tag axle (6x2*4), and on the Latin American market also as quad-axle (8x2). The K94IB was quite rare, as it was in may ways in direct competition with the L94IB as an intercity bus.
Scania K94UB
A Volgren CR228L bodied Scania K94UB in service with Westbus at Sydney Olympic Park
A Volgren CR224LD bodied Scania K94UB double-decker in service with Citybus at Sheung Wan, Hong Kong
The K94UB was a citybus chassis which allowed low floor at the front half of the bus and a step up to the rear part, known in the bus industry as low-entry.
One example of a tri-axle K94UB (K94UB6x2/4LB) was produced in 2000. In Hong Kong, the K94UB has been fitted with a Volgren CR224LD 12m double-deck bodywork and was in operation with Citybus in Hong Kong. It is equipped with a 260 hp Euro III engine and a hydraulically (ZF - RAS) steered tag axle in front of the drive axle. It was retired on 3 July 2019.
Westbus (Sydney), Australia received a batch of Volgren CR228L bodied K94UB with Brazilian-made chassis.
Scania L94
DZ2919, an Irizar InterCentury II-bodied Scania L94IB owned by Pak Shing Travel of Hong Kong.
The L94-series was a longitudinal inclined rear-engined simple coach, intercity and city bus series, and was a direct replacement for the L113. It has been used widely in Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, Brazil and Australia. In Ireland and Northern Ireland it was also quite popular with companies such as Bus Éireann, Ulsterbus and Metro. When Scania presented the successor to the 4-series, the inclined engine was dropped, so the L94 was superseded by the K-series.
Scania L94IA
The L94IA (L94IA6x2/2NB) was an articulated normal-floor intercity bus chassis and was only available in Latin America.
Scania L94IB
The L94IB was the general intercity bus and simple coach chassis. It was most common as a two-axle (L94IB4x2NB), but was also available as a tri-axle (L94IB6x2NB, L94IB6x2*4NB). The L94IB was the basis for the first generation of the OmniLine integral intercity bus available in some left-hand drive markets.
Scania L94UA
A Volgren CR228L bodied Scania L94UA CNG artic operated by Transperth
The L94UA (L94UA6x2/2LB) was an articulated low entry city bus chassis, which had low floor in the front part of the bus and then a step up to the rear part. It was available from around 2001 as an alternative to the full low-floor N94UA, and was also the basis for the first generation of the articulated version of the OmniLink integral citybus.
Scania L94UB
The L94UB was the versatile citybus chassis when a full low floor was not required, as it like the L94UA was a low-entry configuration. Available both as two-axle (L94UB4x2LB) and tri-axle (L94UB6x2LB, L94UB6x2*4LB). It was also the basis for the first generation of OmniLink, which was launched in 1998.
Scania N94
Nottingham City Transport Scania N94UB with OmniTown bodywork
A Scania N94UD with OmniDekka bodywork owned by Reading Transport
The N94 had a transverse-mounted engine and a full low floor, and was a direct replacement of the N113.
Scania N94UA
The N94UA (N94UA6x2/2EB) articulated chassis had a low floor throughout the length of the bus, compared to the L94UA which had a step up. It was the basis for the articulated version of the OmniCity, being available on left-hand drive markets from 1997.
Scania N94UB
The N94UB (N94UB4x2EB) rigid two-axle chassis was first introduced as the basis for the integral OmniCity citbus in 1996, but was also available for bodywork by other manufacturers from 1997. Having a full low floor, it did not sell as well as the L94UB in the Nordic countries, where the low-entry alternative was more popular.
Scania N94UD
The N94UD (N94UD4x2EB) double-decker chassis became available in 2002 and was mainly built for the United Kingdom and initially it was only available with East Lancs bodywork and sold as the OmniDekka, the first bus was built for Metrobus and delivered in early 2003. In 2005, Scania unveiled the double-deck OmniCity DD based on the N94UD. Plans for Wrightbus bodywork on the N94UD chassis were dropped after Wrightbus experienced difficulty adapting the bodywork for the chassis.
Gallery
A Volgren body Scania L94UB in service with Brisbane Transport at the Garden City Interchange after completing the 590 service from Toombul.
A Wright Solar-bodied Scania L94UB operated by First Chester & The Wirral
Open-top Soon Chow double-decker bodied Scania L94UB operated by HippoTours, Singapore.
See also
Buses portal
Scania 4-series (trucks)
List of buses
References
^ Low-floor bus first out in Scania's new bus range Archived 2015-07-04 at the Wayback Machine Scania 3 September 1996
^ Scania's 4-series highway buses launched in Latin America Archived 2015-02-26 at the Wayback Machine Scania 8 September 1998
^ Scania data sheets Scania (Archived 2 March 2003)
^ Full range of low-emission diesel engines Archived 2015-02-26 at the Wayback Machine Scania 15 November 1999
^ Dl, Esteban (26 December 2013). "Camión Argentino: Scania F 94 HB 4x2 220 HP intercooler". Retrieved 22 April 2018.
^ Citybus Scania K94UB Gakei.com (Visited 25 February 2015)
^ New Generation Double-Decker takes to the road as first Scania OmniDekka enters service with Metrobus Scania in the United Kingdom 30 January 2003
External links
Media related to Scania 4-series chassis buses at Wikimedia Commons
vte« previous — Scania AB timeline, 1995 to date
Type
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
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1
2
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4
Truck ranges
4-series
PGRT range
LPGRS range
Low-entry trucks
P-series with low-entry cab
L-series
Low-cab trucks
P94/P114/P124
P-series
P-series
Medium-cab trucks
G-series
G-series
High-cab trucks
R94/R114/R124/R144/R164
R-series
R-series
S-series
Bonneted trucks
T94/T114/T124/T144/T164
T-series
Bus chassis ranges
4-series
K-, N- and F-series
?
Front-eng. chassis
F94HA + F94HB/F114HB
F HA + F HB
F
Low-floor chassis
N94UA + N94UB + N94UD
N UA + N UB + N UD
C
Low-entry chassis
L94UA + L94UB + K94UB
K UA + K UB + K UD
K
Intercity chassis
L94IA + L94IB + K94IB/K114IB/K124IB
K IA + K IB
Coach chassis
K94EB/K114EB/K124EB
K EB
Low-floor buses
OmniCity (CN94)
OmniCity (CN)
Citywide LF
Low-entry buses
OmniLink (CL94)
OmniLink (CK)
Citywide LE
OE 3.20 LE
Citywide LE Suburban
Fencer f1
Intercity buses
OmniLine (IL94)
OmniLine (IK)
OmniExpress 3.20
Interlink LD
Higer A30
Coaches
OmniExpress 3.40 + 3.60
Interlink MD + HD
Fencer f6
Touring HD | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"low floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-floor_bus"},{"link_name":"city bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_bus"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(bus)"},{"link_name":"Scania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_AB"},{"link_name":"3-series bus range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_3-series_(bus)"},{"link_name":"low-floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-floor_bus"},{"link_name":"city bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_bus"},{"link_name":"OmniCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniCity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Euro IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_IV"},{"link_name":"K-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_K-series"},{"link_name":"N-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_N-series"},{"link_name":"F-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_F-series"}],"text":"Motor vehicleThe Scania 4-series low floor city bus and coach range was introduced by Scania in 1997 as a successor to the 3-series bus range.The 4-series bus range was first presented in September 1996, when the integral low-floor city bus OmniCity was revealed.[1] Production of the chassis range started in second half of 1997, and by the end of 1998 all worldwide production facilities had changed from 3-series to 4-series.[2] Unlike the 3-series, which was a range of 45 different chassis models, the 4-series is one basic chassis with different modular configurations depending on usage and customer needs. At launch there were a total of seven major configurations, presumably the F HB, K EB, K IB, L IB, L UB, N UA and N UB. These were later followed by the F HA, K UB, L IA, L UA and N UD. The first letter describing the position of the engine, and the last two letters describing areas of use. In marketing of the 4-series, Scania have generally only used the engine position (F/K/L/N), the engine displacement (9/11/12) and the series number (4), which is why we know them as F94, F114, K94, K114, K124, L94 and N94.The 4-series was superseded in 2006 by the new Euro IV compliant bus and coach range consisting of the K-series, N-series and F-series. Some 4-series products have been available for a couple of years after this.","title":"Scania 4-series (bus)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quad-axle bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-axle_bus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Engine locationF: chassis with longitudinal engine ahead of the front axle\nK: chassis with longitudinal engine behind rearmost axle, centrally mounted\nL: chassis with longitudinal engine behind rearmost axle, inclined 60° to the left\nN: chassis with transverse engine behind rearmost axle, inclined 60° to the rearEngine series9: DSC9/DC9\n11: DC11\n12: DSC12/DC12Development code4: 4-seriesType of transportE: coach, long distance, high comfort (K chassis only)\nH: intercity, short to long distance, uneven surface (F chassis only)\nI: intercity, short to long distance, normal comfort\nU: urban, short distance, normal comfortChassis adaptionA: articulated bus\nB: normal bus\nD: double-decker busWheel configuration4X2: two-axle bus\n6X2: tri-axle bus\n6X2/2: tri-axle articulated bus\n6X2*4: tri-axle bus with steered tag axle behind drive axle\n6X2/4: tri-axle bus with steered tag axle in front of drive axle (one known example, see K94UB)\n8X2: quad-axle bus (K IB chassis in Latin America only)Chassis heightE: low front and rear (N chassis only)\nH: high front and rear (F chassis only)\nL: low front, normal rear\nN: normal front and rearSuspensionA: leaf-spring suspension front and air suspension rear (F HA chassis only)\nB: air suspension front and rear, rigid front axle\nI: air suspension front and rear, independent front suspension (K EB chassis only)\nZ: leaf-spring suspension front and rear (F chassis only)Power codeApproximation of the power rating in hp to the nearest ten.[citation needed]","title":"Type designation breakdown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euro II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas"},{"link_name":"ethanol fueled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel"}],"text":"Engines available at launch were the 9.0-litre (8974 cc) DSC9 and the 11.7-litre (11705 cc) DSC12, both being Euro II compliant inline 6-cylinder, turbocharged and intercooled engines. The DSC9 with outputs at 220 hp (1005 Nm), 260 hp (1180 Nm) and 310 hp (1355 Nm), and the DSC12 with outputs at 360 hp (1665 Nm) and 420 hp (1950 Nm).[3]In November 1999,[4] Scania presented a new range of Euro III compliant truck engines, which soon became available on the buses too. The DSC9 and the DSC12 were renamed DC9 and DC12, and new power outputs were 230 hp (1100 Nm), 260 hp (1250 Nm) and 300 hp (1400 Nm) for the DC9 and 420 hp (2000 Nm) for the DC12. To fill the gap between them, they were joined by the new 10.6-litre (10641 cc) DC11 engine with power outputs at 340 hp (1600 Nm) and 380 hp (1800 Nm).The 9.0-litre engine was also available with alternative fuels. The OSC9 G01 CNG engine had ratings of 260 hp (970 Nm), which was later tuned up to 990 Nm. It was later replaced by the OC9 with power outputs of 260 hp (1100 Nm) and 300 hp (1250 Nm). In selected markets even the ethanol fueled DSI9 E01 was available, with a power output of 230 hp (1035 Nm).","title":"Engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capital_do_Vale_3055_-_Marcopolo_Torino_GV_-_Scania_F-94.JPG"},{"link_name":"Marcopolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcopolo_S.A."},{"link_name":"São Bernardo do Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo"},{"link_name":"Tucumán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucum%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Marcopolo Torino GV bodied Scania F94HB in BrazilThe F94 and F114 were the front-engined chassis, replacing the F93 and F113 of the 3-series. They were mainly produced in São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil and Tucumán, Argentina[5] for the Latin American and African market.","title":"Scania F94/F114"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Scania F94HA","text":"The F94HA (F94HA6x2NA) was an articulated chassis with remotely mounted Voith gearbox, leaf-spring suspension on the front axle and air suspension on both drive (2nd axle) and trailer axle (3rd axle). It is known as a 'puller' artic, where no hydraulic articulation control is needed.","title":"Scania F94/F114"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Scania F94HB/F114HB","text":"The F94HB was a two-axle chassis with leaf-spring suspension. It was available with both normal chassis height (F94HB4x2NZ) and a higher version (F94HB4x2HZ). In Africa it was also available as the Scania F114 with a bigger engine.","title":"Scania F94/F114"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2007_Scania_K124_12_litre_diesel_with_12_seat_downstairs,_57_upstairs_Kiwi_double_deck_body_at_Rotorua_in_2013.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kiwi Bus Builders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi_Bus_Builders"},{"link_name":"Rotorua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"InterCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"longitudinally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_engine"}],"text":"2007 K124EB with Kiwi Bus Builders body at Rotorua in 2013 on Wellington to Auckland InterCity 601km routeThe K94, K114 and K124 were fitted with a longitudinally rear-mounted engine, replacing the K93 and K113 of the 3-series. Initially only available as K94 and K124, the K114 became available in 2000. It could be built as a premium coach (K EB), a coach or intercity bus (K IB), or as a much rarer city bus version (K UB).","title":"Scania K94/K114/K124"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent front suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_front_suspension"}],"sub_title":"Scania K94EB/K114EB/K124EB","text":"The K94EB, K114EB and K124EB were the only 4-series chassis with independent front suspension, being the primary choice for premium coaches. They were available as two-axle (4x2), tri-axle (6x2) and tri-axle with steered tag axle (6x2*4). A normal tri-axle coach would have the full designation of K124EB6x2NI, but because of the independent front suspension it was also available as K124EB6x2LI with low front, which made it possible to have a gangway between the front wheel arches and a low driving position, making it suitable for use in double-decker coaches.","title":"Scania K94/K114/K124"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%94nibus_da_S%C3%A3o_Geraldo_em_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG"},{"link_name":"Marcopolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcopolo_S.A."},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"}],"sub_title":"Scania K94IB/K114IB/K124IB","text":"Scania K124IB bus, manufactured in 2000, with Marcopolo Paradiso body in the colours of Brazilian bus company São Geraldo, in the state of Minas Gerais, BrazilThe K94IB, K114IB and K124IB were the standard coach and intercity bus chassis with a rigid front axle. Like the K EB type, they were available as two-axle (4x2), tri-axle (6x2) and tri-axle with steered tag axle (6x2*4), and on the Latin American market also as quad-axle (8x2). The K94IB was quite rare, as it was in may ways in direct competition with the L94IB as an intercity bus.","title":"Scania K94/K114/K124"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westbus_(mo_9382)_Volgren_%27CR228L%27_bodied_Scania_K94UB_on_Olympic_Boulevard_at_Sydney_Olympic_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgren"},{"link_name":"Westbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbus"},{"link_name":"Sydney Olympic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Olympic_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KJ1502-2800-71.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgren"},{"link_name":"Citybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citybus_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Sheung Wan, Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheung_Wan,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Westbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbus"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"}],"sub_title":"Scania K94UB","text":"A Volgren CR228L bodied Scania K94UB in service with Westbus at Sydney Olympic ParkA Volgren CR224LD bodied Scania K94UB double-decker in service with Citybus at Sheung Wan, Hong KongThe K94UB was a citybus chassis which allowed low floor at the front half of the bus and a step up to the rear part, known in the bus industry as low-entry.One example of a tri-axle K94UB (K94UB6x2/4LB) was produced in 2000. In Hong Kong, the K94UB has been fitted with a Volgren CR224LD 12m double-deck bodywork and was in operation with Citybus in Hong Kong. It is equipped with a 260 hp Euro III engine and a hydraulically (ZF - RAS) steered tag axle in front of the drive axle.[6] It was retired on 3 July 2019.Westbus (Sydney), Australia received a batch of Volgren CR228L bodied K94UB with Brazilian-made chassis.","title":"Scania K94/K114/K124"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scania_L94IB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Irizar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irizar"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"L113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_L113"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Bus Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Ulsterbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterbus"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(Belfast)"},{"link_name":"K-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_K-series"}],"text":"DZ2919, an Irizar InterCentury II-bodied Scania L94IB owned by Pak Shing Travel of Hong Kong.The L94-series was a longitudinal inclined rear-engined simple coach, intercity and city bus series, and was a direct replacement for the L113. It has been used widely in Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, Brazil and Australia. In Ireland and Northern Ireland it was also quite popular with companies such as Bus Éireann, Ulsterbus and Metro. When Scania presented the successor to the 4-series, the inclined engine was dropped, so the L94 was superseded by the K-series.","title":"Scania L94"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Scania L94IA","text":"The L94IA (L94IA6x2/2NB) was an articulated normal-floor intercity bus chassis and was only available in Latin America.","title":"Scania L94"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intercity bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity_bus"},{"link_name":"OmniLine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniLine"}],"sub_title":"Scania L94IB","text":"The L94IB was the general intercity bus and simple coach chassis. It was most common as a two-axle (L94IB4x2NB), but was also available as a tri-axle (L94IB6x2NB, L94IB6x2*4NB). The L94IB was the basis for the first generation of the OmniLine integral intercity bus available in some left-hand drive markets.","title":"Scania L94"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transperth_Volgren_CR228L_bodied_Scania_L94UA_CNG_articulated_bus_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgren"},{"link_name":"Transperth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transperth"},{"link_name":"low entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-entry_bus"},{"link_name":"city bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_bus"},{"link_name":"OmniLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniLink"}],"sub_title":"Scania L94UA","text":"A Volgren CR228L bodied Scania L94UA CNG artic operated by TransperthThe L94UA (L94UA6x2/2LB) was an articulated low entry city bus chassis, which had low floor in the front part of the bus and then a step up to the rear part. It was available from around 2001 as an alternative to the full low-floor N94UA, and was also the basis for the first generation of the articulated version of the OmniLink integral citybus.","title":"Scania L94"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OmniLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniLink"}],"sub_title":"Scania L94UB","text":"The L94UB was the versatile citybus chassis when a full low floor was not required, as it like the L94UA was a low-entry configuration. Available both as two-axle (L94UB4x2LB) and tri-axle (L94UB6x2LB, L94UB6x2*4LB). It was also the basis for the first generation of OmniLink, which was launched in 1998.","title":"Scania L94"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scania_N94_East_Lancs_OmniTown.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nottingham City Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_City_Transport"},{"link_name":"OmniTown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniTown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reading_Transport_815.JPG"},{"link_name":"OmniDekka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniDekka"},{"link_name":"Reading Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Buses"},{"link_name":"N113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_N113"}],"text":"Nottingham City Transport Scania N94UB with OmniTown bodyworkA Scania N94UD with OmniDekka bodywork owned by Reading TransportThe N94 had a transverse-mounted engine and a full low floor, and was a direct replacement of the N113.","title":"Scania N94"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OmniCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniCity"}],"sub_title":"Scania N94UA","text":"The N94UA (N94UA6x2/2EB) articulated chassis had a low floor throughout the length of the bus, compared to the L94UA which had a step up. It was the basis for the articulated version of the OmniCity, being available on left-hand drive markets from 1997.","title":"Scania N94"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OmniCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniCity"}],"sub_title":"Scania N94UB","text":"The N94UB (N94UB4x2EB) rigid two-axle chassis was first introduced as the basis for the integral OmniCity citbus in 1996, but was also available for bodywork by other manufacturers from 1997. Having a full low floor, it did not sell as well as the L94UB in the Nordic countries, where the low-entry alternative was more popular.","title":"Scania N94"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"East Lancs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancs"},{"link_name":"OmniDekka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniDekka"},{"link_name":"Metrobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrobus_(South_East_England)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"OmniCity DD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_OmniCity"},{"link_name":"Wrightbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrightbus"}],"sub_title":"Scania N94UD","text":"The N94UD (N94UD4x2EB) double-decker chassis became available in 2002 and was mainly built for the United Kingdom and initially it was only available with East Lancs bodywork and sold as the OmniDekka, the first bus was built for Metrobus and delivered in early 2003.[7] In 2005, Scania unveiled the double-deck OmniCity DD based on the N94UD. Plans for Wrightbus bodywork on the N94UD chassis were dropped after Wrightbus experienced difficulty adapting the bodywork for the chassis.","title":"Scania N94"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G630-Route_590-Outbound_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Volgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgren"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Transport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scania_L94_Wright_Solar_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wright Solar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Solar"},{"link_name":"First Chester & The Wirral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chester_%26_The_Wirral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HippoToursL94UB.JPG"},{"link_name":"Open-top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-top_bus"},{"link_name":"Soon Chow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soon_Chow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"double-decker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-decker_bus"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"}],"text":"A Volgren body Scania L94UB in service with Brisbane Transport at the Garden City Interchange after completing the 590 service from Toombul.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Wright Solar-bodied Scania L94UB operated by First Chester & The Wirral\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpen-top Soon Chow double-decker bodied Scania L94UB operated by HippoTours, Singapore.","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Marcopolo Torino GV bodied Scania F94HB in Brazil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Capital_do_Vale_3055_-_Marcopolo_Torino_GV_-_Scania_F-94.JPG/220px-Capital_do_Vale_3055_-_Marcopolo_Torino_GV_-_Scania_F-94.JPG"},{"image_text":"2007 K124EB with Kiwi Bus Builders body at Rotorua in 2013 on Wellington to Auckland InterCity 601km route","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/2007_Scania_K124_12_litre_diesel_with_12_seat_downstairs%2C_57_upstairs_Kiwi_double_deck_body_at_Rotorua_in_2013.JPG/220px-2007_Scania_K124_12_litre_diesel_with_12_seat_downstairs%2C_57_upstairs_Kiwi_double_deck_body_at_Rotorua_in_2013.JPG"},{"image_text":"Scania K124IB bus, manufactured in 2000, with Marcopolo Paradiso body in the colours of Brazilian bus company São Geraldo, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%C3%94nibus_da_S%C3%A3o_Geraldo_em_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG/220px-%C3%94nibus_da_S%C3%A3o_Geraldo_em_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Volgren CR228L bodied Scania K94UB in service with Westbus at Sydney Olympic Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Westbus_%28mo_9382%29_Volgren_%27CR228L%27_bodied_Scania_K94UB_on_Olympic_Boulevard_at_Sydney_Olympic_Park.jpg/220px-Westbus_%28mo_9382%29_Volgren_%27CR228L%27_bodied_Scania_K94UB_on_Olympic_Boulevard_at_Sydney_Olympic_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Volgren CR224LD bodied Scania K94UB double-decker in service with Citybus at Sheung Wan, Hong Kong","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/KJ1502-2800-71.jpg/220px-KJ1502-2800-71.jpg"},{"image_text":"DZ2919, an Irizar InterCentury II-bodied Scania L94IB owned by Pak Shing Travel of Hong Kong.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Scania_L94IB.jpg/220px-Scania_L94IB.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Volgren CR228L bodied Scania L94UA CNG artic operated by Transperth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Transperth_Volgren_CR228L_bodied_Scania_L94UA_CNG_articulated_bus_01.jpg/220px-Transperth_Volgren_CR228L_bodied_Scania_L94UA_CNG_articulated_bus_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nottingham City Transport Scania N94UB with OmniTown bodywork","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Scania_N94_East_Lancs_OmniTown.jpg/220px-Scania_N94_East_Lancs_OmniTown.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Scania N94UD with OmniDekka bodywork owned by Reading Transport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Reading_Transport_815.JPG/220px-Reading_Transport_815.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Buses portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Buses"},{"title":"Scania 4-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scania_4-series"},{"title":"List of buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buses"}] | [{"reference":"Dl, Esteban (26 December 2013). \"Camión Argentino: Scania F 94 HB 4x2 220 HP intercooler\". Retrieved 22 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://camionargentino.blogspot.com.ar/2012/01/scania-f-94-hb.html","url_text":"\"Camión Argentino: Scania F 94 HB 4x2 220 HP intercooler\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Scania+4-series%22+bus","external_links_name":"\"Scania 4-series\" bus"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Scania+4-series%22+bus+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Scania+4-series%22+bus&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Scania+4-series%22+bus+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Scania+4-series%22+bus","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Scania+4-series%22+bus&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.scania.com/media/pressreleases/toolman3/1996/Q3/19960903120000EN63986.aspx","external_links_name":"Low-floor bus first out in Scania's new bus range"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150704062700/http://www.scania.com/media/pressreleases/toolman3/1996/Q3/19960903120000EN63986.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.scania.com/media/pressreleases/toolman3/1998/Q3/19980908120000EN64178.aspx","external_links_name":"Scania's 4-series highway buses launched in Latin America"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150226155935/http://www.scania.com/media/pressreleases/toolman3/1998/Q3/19980908120000EN64178.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030302234906/http://www.scania.com/Products/buses/datasheet/data.html","external_links_name":"Scania data sheets"},{"Link":"http://www.scania.com/media/pressreleases/toolman3/1999/Q4/19991115120000EN64368.aspx","external_links_name":"Full range of low-emission diesel engines"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150226155938/http://www.scania.com/media/pressreleases/toolman3/1999/Q4/19991115120000EN64368.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://camionargentino.blogspot.com.ar/2012/01/scania-f-94-hb.html","external_links_name":"\"Camión Argentino: Scania F 94 HB 4x2 220 HP intercooler\""},{"Link":"http://www.gakei.com/c28/c28.htm","external_links_name":"Citybus Scania K94UB"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030307053725/http://www.scania.co.uk/about_scania/pressreleases/newgenerationdoubledeckertakestotheroadasfirstscaniaomnidekkaentersservicewithmetrobus.asp","external_links_name":"New Generation Double-Decker takes to the road as first Scania OmniDekka enters service with Metrobus"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_Tsar_Liberator | Monument to the Tsar Liberator | ["1 Gallery","2 See also"] | Coordinates: 42°41′38″N 23°19′57″E / 42.6937805656°N 23.3324916767°E / 42.6937805656; 23.3324916767The Monument to the Tsar Liberator
The Monument to the Tsar Liberator (Bulgarian: Паметник на Цар Освободител, Pametnik na Tsar Osvoboditel) is an equestrian monument in the centre of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It was created in honour of Russian Emperor Alexander II who liberated the Russian Serfs and won the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.
The Neoclassical memorial's author is Italian sculptor Arnoldo Zocchi, who won the project in competition with 31 other artists from 12 countries (and with a total of 90 artists from 15 countries being interested) in the end of the 19th century. Bulgarian architect Nikola Lazarov participated in the monument's architectural design. The foundation stone was laid on 23 April 1901, St George's Day, in the presence of Knyaz Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, and the monument was completed on 15 September 1903.
Ferdinand also attended the monument's inauguration on 30 August 1907 together with his sons Boris and Kiril, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, son of Alexander II, together with his wife and his son, as well as other notable figures.
Erected of black polished granite from Vitosha, the Monument to the Tsar Liberator consists of a pedestal, a middle part with figures and a massive Neo-Renaissance cornice finished with the sculpture of the Russian Tsar on a horse. The bronze wreath at the foot was donated by Romania in memory of the Romanian soldiers that died during the war.
The main bronze bas-relief in the middle part depicts a group of Russian and Bulgarian soldiers led by the goddess of victory (Nike in Greek mythology and Victoria in Roman mythology), who raises her sword high above. Portraits of Grand Duke Nicholas Nicolaievich, Count Ignatiev and the generals Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko and Mikhail Skobelev surround the group. Other bas-reliefs feature scenes from the Battle of Stara Zagora, the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano and the opening ceremony of the Constituent National Assembly in Veliko Tarnovo, as well as portraits of Petko Slaveykov, Stoyan Zaimov, Ivan Vazov, Stefan Stambolov and other prominent figures from the period.
The Monument to the Tsar Liberator is on Tsar Osvoboditel Boulevard, facing the National Assembly of Bulgaria and with the InterContinental hotel behind it.
Gallery
Gallery
Rear view with the National Assembly of Bulgaria and the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monument to the Tsar Liberator.
Monument to Alexander II in Moscow
Monument to Alexander II in Helsinki
42°41′38″N 23°19′57″E / 42.6937805656°N 23.3324916767°E / 42.6937805656; 23.3324916767
Search for Wikipedia images of the monument to the Tsar Liberator in Sofia
Google Earth view | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8E_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"equestrian monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_statue"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Russian Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Alexander II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877-78"},{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Arnoldo Zocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldo_Zocchi"},{"link_name":"foundation stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_stone"},{"link_name":"St George's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Knyaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyaz"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Boris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Kiril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Kyril_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"Vitosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitosha"},{"link_name":"pedestal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestal"},{"link_name":"Neo-Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Renaissance"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"bas-relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-relief"},{"link_name":"led by the goddess of victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monument_to_the_Tsar_Liberator_Sofia_20090405_008.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke Nicholas Nicolaievich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)"},{"link_name":"Count Ignatiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Pavlovich_Ignatiev"},{"link_name":"Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Vladimirovich_Gourko"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Skobelev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Skobelev"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stara Zagora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stara_Zagora"},{"link_name":"Treaty of San Stefano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano"},{"link_name":"Constituent National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Veliko Tarnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo"},{"link_name":"Petko Slaveykov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petko_Slaveykov"},{"link_name":"Stoyan Zaimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoyan_Zaimov"},{"link_name":"Ivan Vazov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Vazov"},{"link_name":"Stefan Stambolov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Stambolov"},{"link_name":"Tsar Osvoboditel Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Osvoboditel_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"InterContinental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterContinental"}],"text":"The Monument to the Tsar LiberatorThe Monument to the Tsar Liberator (Bulgarian: Паметник на Цар Освободител, Pametnik na Tsar Osvoboditel) is an equestrian monument in the centre of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It was created in honour of Russian Emperor Alexander II who liberated the Russian Serfs and won the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.The Neoclassical memorial's author is Italian sculptor Arnoldo Zocchi, who won the project in competition with 31 other artists from 12 countries (and with a total of 90 artists from 15 countries being interested) in the end of the 19th century. Bulgarian architect Nikola Lazarov participated in the monument's architectural design. The foundation stone was laid on 23 April 1901, St George's Day, in the presence of Knyaz Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, and the monument was completed on 15 September 1903.Ferdinand also attended the monument's inauguration on 30 August 1907 together with his sons Boris and Kiril, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, son of Alexander II, together with his wife and his son, as well as other notable figures.Erected of black polished granite from Vitosha, the Monument to the Tsar Liberator consists of a pedestal, a middle part with figures and a massive Neo-Renaissance cornice finished with the sculpture of the Russian Tsar on a horse. The bronze wreath at the foot was donated by Romania in memory of the Romanian soldiers that died during the war.The main bronze bas-relief in the middle part depicts a group of Russian and Bulgarian soldiers led by the goddess of victory (Nike in Greek mythology and Victoria in Roman mythology), who raises her sword high above. Portraits of Grand Duke Nicholas Nicolaievich, Count Ignatiev and the generals Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko and Mikhail Skobelev surround the group. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beistle_Company | The Beistle Company | ["1 History","2 In popular culture","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | The Beistle CompanyIndustryManufacturingDistributionFounded1900; 124 years ago (1900)FoundersMartin Luther BeistleHeadquartersShippensburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.Key peopleHenry E. LuhrsWebsitebeistle.com
The Beistle Company, or simply Beistle, is an American company known for manufacturing holiday decorations and party goods, and particularly known for its catalog of Halloween decorations. Beistle was founded in 1900 in Pennsylvania by Martin Luther Beistle, who created the company after being inspired by his experiences as a calendar salesperson and his exposure to a form of paper craft during a visit to Germany.
Beistle's line of Halloween-themed products, which was introduced in the 1920s, helped to popularize Halloween decoration in the United States. The Beistle Company is the oldest continuing manufacturer of decorations and party goods in the U.S.
History
Around 1900, Martin Luther Beistle worked as a salesperson for the Pittsburgh Art Calendar Company. While in hotels showcasing his calendars, his customers commented about the lobby plants requiring water; this gave him the idea to create artificial plants made from paper, as that would eliminate the need to water them. During a visit to Heidelberg, Germany, Beistle observed a honeycombing technique which inspired him to create a line of honeycombed tissue paper decorations and products.
Beistle founded the Beistle Company in 1900 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the basement of his home, where he made artificial flowers and wooden products, and the company's facilities soon expanded to the small town of Oakville, Pennsylvania. The company was incorporated in 1907, and its manufacturing center was moved to the second floor of a wagon shop. The company then expanded further, eventually moving to larger facilities in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania. In 1910, Beistle imported the technology to produce honeycomb tissue—which was previously only available in Europe and Asia, with Germany serving as a popular source for such materials—to the United States. Beistle also acquired numerous patents, adding to the company's success.
In the 1920s, Beistle partnered with the Paper Novelty Company to create a variety of paper decorations for holidays such as Valentine's Day, Easter, Halloween, Thanksgiving, and Christmas, with the Halloween decorations being the first seasonal decorations to be added to Beistle's catalog. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Beistle Company released fortune-telling games as entertainment for Halloween parties, and these games have since become popular with collectors. Beistle has produced over 1,000 different Halloween-themed designs and decorations since the line was first introduced, and the inexpensiveness and availability of the products helped to popularize Halloween decoration in the U.S. Creepy Company, founded in 2015, has produced apparel, enamel pins, and other products based on Beistle designs under the company's license.
Martin Luther Beistle died in 1935, and passed ownership of the company on to his son-in-law Henry E. Luhrs and his family.
In popular culture
In 2017, the American heavy metal band Acid Witch released the song "Mr. Beistle", which makes references to Martin Luther Beistle and the Beistle Company, on their album Evil Sound Screamers.
References
^ "Contact Us". Beistle. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g "About Us". Beistle. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ a b c d Gill, Paul E. (2012). Shippensburg. Arcadia Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-1531651008.
^ a b c Kiner, Deb (May 14, 2019). "Vintage photos of Shippensburg in 1952". Penn Live. The Patriot-News. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ a b Country Living Staff (October 7, 2016). "What Halloween Was Like the Year You Were Born - 1921". Redbook. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Country Living Staff (October 7, 2016). "What Halloween Was Like the Year You Were Born - 1928". Redbook. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Hutchinson, Sean (September 16, 2016). "How Creepy Co. Turns Horror Icons Into Wearable Art". Inverse. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
^ Krovatin, Chris (September 11, 2018). "The Underground Sounds Of America: Acid Witch". Kerrang!. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
Further reading
Arkins, Diane (2000). Halloween Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear. Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-1565547124.
Schneider, Stuart (1995). Halloween in America: A Collector's Guide With Prices. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0887407079.
External links
Official website
vteHalloweenMain topics
History
Samhain
Allhallowtide
Symbols
Activities
Geography
Christian observances
Traditions
Trick-or-treating
Costumes
Apple bobbing
Cards
Food
cake
Ghost tours
Halloween Tree
Jack-o'-lantern
Stingy Jack
Connecticut field pumpkin
Lighting candles on graves
Prayer for the dead
Soul cake
Pangangaluluwa
Events
Bonfire
Haunted attraction
Hell house
Pumpkin festival
Pumpkin Queen
Media
Books
Films
Music
albums
songs
Television
Great Pumpkin
Treehouse of Horror
RelatedeventsFestival of the Dead
Bon Festival
Chuseok
Día de Muertos
Gai Jatra
Pitru Paksha
Qingming Festival
Totensonntag
Zhōng yuán jié
Parade of Lost Souls
Veneration of the dead
Death anniversary
Death customs
Kaddish
Yizkor
Other events
Allantide
All Saints' Day
All Souls' Day
Beggars Night
Devil's Night
Dziady
Eid il-Burbara
Hop-tu-Naa
Kekri
Korochun
Mischief Night
Namahage
Old Halloween
Punkie Night
Saci Day
Category: Halloween | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"paper craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_craft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutus-2"}],"text":"The Beistle Company, or simply Beistle, is an American company known for manufacturing holiday decorations and party goods, and particularly known for its catalog of Halloween decorations. Beistle was founded in 1900 in Pennsylvania by Martin Luther Beistle, who created the company after being inspired by his experiences as a calendar salesperson and his exposure to a form of paper craft during a visit to Germany.Beistle's line of Halloween-themed products, which was introduced in the 1920s, helped to popularize Halloween decoration in the United States. The Beistle Company is the oldest continuing manufacturer of decorations and party goods in the U.S.[2]","title":"The Beistle Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutus-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutus-2"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg, Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg,_Germany"},{"link_name":"definition needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"tissue paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_paper"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutus-2"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gill-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutus-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutus-2"},{"link_name":"Shippensburg, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shippensburg,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutus-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kiner-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gill-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gill-3"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kiner-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redbook21-5"},{"link_name":"fortune-telling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune-telling"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kiner-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redbook21-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gill-3"}],"text":"Around 1900, Martin Luther Beistle worked as a salesperson for the Pittsburgh Art Calendar Company.[2] While in hotels showcasing his calendars, his customers commented about the lobby plants requiring water; this gave him the idea to create artificial plants made from paper, as that would eliminate the need to water them.[2] During a visit to Heidelberg, Germany, Beistle observed a honeycombing technique[definition needed] which inspired him to create a line of honeycombed tissue paper decorations and products.[2]Beistle founded the Beistle Company in 1900 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the basement of his home, where he made artificial flowers and wooden products,[3] and the company's facilities soon expanded to the small town of Oakville, Pennsylvania.[2] The company was incorporated in 1907, and its manufacturing center was moved to the second floor of a wagon shop.[2] The company then expanded further, eventually moving to larger facilities in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania.[2][4] In 1910, Beistle imported the technology to produce honeycomb tissue—which was previously only available in Europe and Asia, with Germany serving as a popular source for such materials—to the United States.[3] Beistle also acquired numerous patents, adding to the company's success.[3]In the 1920s, Beistle partnered with the Paper Novelty Company to create a variety of paper decorations for holidays such as Valentine's Day, Easter, Halloween, Thanksgiving, and Christmas, with the Halloween decorations being the first seasonal decorations to be added to Beistle's catalog.[4][5] In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Beistle Company released fortune-telling games as entertainment for Halloween parties, and these games have since become popular with collectors.[6] Beistle has produced over 1,000 different Halloween-themed designs and decorations since the line was first introduced, and the inexpensiveness and availability of the products helped to popularize Halloween decoration in the U.S.[4][5] Creepy Company, founded in 2015, has produced apparel, enamel pins, and other products based on Beistle designs under the company's license.[7]Martin Luther Beistle died in 1935, and passed ownership of the company on to his son-in-law Henry E. Luhrs and his family.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Acid Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_Witch"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"additional citation(s) needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 2017, the American heavy metal band Acid Witch released the song \"Mr. Beistle\", which makes references to Martin Luther Beistle and the Beistle Company, on their album Evil Sound Screamers.[8][additional citation(s) needed]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pelican Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1565547124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565547124"},{"link_name":"Schiffer Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiffer_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0887407079","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887407079"}],"text":"Arkins, Diane (2000). Halloween Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear. Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-1565547124.\nSchneider, Stuart (1995). Halloween in America: A Collector's Guide With Prices. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0887407079.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Contact Us\". Beistle. Retrieved October 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beistle.com/ContactUs.aspx","url_text":"\"Contact Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". Beistle. Retrieved October 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beistle.com/AboutUs.aspx","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"Gill, Paul E. (2012). Shippensburg. Arcadia Publishing. p. 61. 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Retrieved October 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Living","url_text":"Country Living Staff"},{"url":"https://www.redbookmag.com/fashion/news/g3755/vintage-halloween/?slide=5","url_text":"\"What Halloween Was Like the Year You Were Born - 1921\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbook","url_text":"Redbook"}]},{"reference":"Country Living Staff (October 7, 2016). \"What Halloween Was Like the Year You Were Born - 1928\". Redbook. Retrieved October 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Living","url_text":"Country Living Staff"},{"url":"https://www.redbookmag.com/fashion/news/g3755/vintage-halloween/?slide=13","url_text":"\"What Halloween Was Like the Year You Were Born - 1928\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbook","url_text":"Redbook"}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, Sean (September 16, 2016). \"How Creepy Co. Turns Horror Icons Into Wearable Art\". Inverse. Retrieved October 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inverse.com/article/21065-creepy-co-enamel-pins-art-horror","url_text":"\"How Creepy Co. Turns Horror Icons Into Wearable Art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_(website)","url_text":"Inverse"}]},{"reference":"Krovatin, Chris (September 11, 2018). \"The Underground Sounds Of America: Acid Witch\". Kerrang!. Retrieved October 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kerrang.com/features/the-underground-sounds-of-america-acid-witch/","url_text":"\"The Underground Sounds Of America: Acid Witch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!","url_text":"Kerrang!"}]},{"reference":"Arkins, Diane (2000). Halloween Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear. Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-1565547124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican_Publishing","url_text":"Pelican Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565547124","url_text":"978-1565547124"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Stuart (1995). Halloween in America: A Collector's Guide With Prices. Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0887407079.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiffer_Publishing","url_text":"Schiffer Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887407079","url_text":"978-0887407079"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.beistle.com/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"beistle.com"},{"Link":"http://www.beistle.com/ContactUs.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Contact Us\""},{"Link":"http://www.beistle.com/AboutUs.aspx","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://www.pennlive.com/life/2019/05/vintage-photos-of-shippensburg-in-1952.html","external_links_name":"\"Vintage photos of Shippensburg in 1952\""},{"Link":"https://www.redbookmag.com/fashion/news/g3755/vintage-halloween/?slide=5","external_links_name":"\"What Halloween Was Like the Year You Were Born - 1921\""},{"Link":"https://www.redbookmag.com/fashion/news/g3755/vintage-halloween/?slide=13","external_links_name":"\"What Halloween Was Like the Year You Were Born - 1928\""},{"Link":"https://www.inverse.com/article/21065-creepy-co-enamel-pins-art-horror","external_links_name":"\"How Creepy Co. Turns Horror Icons Into Wearable Art\""},{"Link":"https://www.kerrang.com/features/the-underground-sounds-of-america-acid-witch/","external_links_name":"\"The Underground Sounds Of America: Acid Witch\""},{"Link":"https://www.beistle.com/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_C._Dahlberg | Kenneth C. Dahlberg | ["1 References"] | American businessman
"Ken Dahlberg" redirects here. For the American veteran and businessman mentioned in the Watergate tapes, see Kenneth H. Dahlberg.
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kenneth C. Dahlberg" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Kenneth C. Dahlberg is an American engineer and corporate executive. Dahlberg was CEO, chairman of the board, and president of Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). He became CEO on November 3, 2003 and chairman of the board on July 16, 2004.
Dahlberg majored in electrical engineering at Drexel University and the University of Southern California, where he received his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1967 and 1969, respectively.
In 1967 he started his career with Hughes Aircraft, where he held various engineering, program management and leadership positions and served successively as president of three different corporate divisions. After Raytheon acquired Hughes in 1997, he became president and chief operating officer of Raytheon Systems Company. In 2000, he became executive vice president for business development and president of Raytheon International.
Before joining SAIC, he was a vice president at General Dynamics.
On June 23, 2009, Dahlberg announced that he would step down as CEO of SAIC on September 20, 2009. His departure is in accordance with SAIC's mandatory retirement policy for executives. He said that he would remain Chairman of the Board until June 2010. It was announced that Walter P. Havenstein would succeed Dahlberg as CEO. Havenstein was formerly CEO of BAE Systems.
In July 2011, Motorola Solutions Inc. announced that Kenneth C. Dahlberg has been elected to its board of directors.
References
^ a b c Ken Dahlberg, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Archived 2008-12-14 at the Wayback Machine, SAIC website, accessed March 4, 2009
^ CEO Compensation #314 Kenneth C Dahlberg, Forbes.com, 04.30.08, accessed March 4, 2009
^ "Kenneth C. Dahlberg | Motorola Solutions". newsroom.motorolasolutions.com. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
^ SAIC Announces CEO Succession Archived 2010-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, SAIC website, accessed June 23, 2009
^ "Press Release announcing the election of Kenneth C. Dahlberg, dated July 27, 201". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2020-02-04.
This article about a United States engineer, inventor or industrial designer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a chief executive from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenneth H. 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He became CEO on November 3, 2003 and chairman of the board on July 16, 2004.[1]Dahlberg majored in electrical engineering at Drexel University and the University of Southern California, where he received his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1967 and 1969, respectively.[1][2]In 1967 he started his career with Hughes Aircraft, where he held various engineering, program management and leadership positions and served successively as president of three different corporate divisions. After Raytheon acquired Hughes in 1997, he became president and chief operating officer of Raytheon Systems Company. In 2000, he became executive vice president for business development and president of Raytheon International.[1]Before joining SAIC, he was a vice president at General Dynamics.[3]On June 23, 2009, Dahlberg announced that he would step down as CEO of SAIC on September 20, 2009. His departure is in accordance with SAIC's mandatory retirement policy for executives. He said that he would remain Chairman of the Board until June 2010. It was announced that Walter P. Havenstein would succeed Dahlberg as CEO. Havenstein was formerly CEO of BAE Systems.[4]In July 2011, Motorola Solutions Inc. announced that Kenneth C. Dahlberg has been elected to its board of directors.[5]","title":"Kenneth C. Dahlberg"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kenneth C. Dahlberg | Motorola Solutions\". newsroom.motorolasolutions.com. Retrieved 2020-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.motorolasolutions.com/news/kenneth-c-dahlberg-1.htm#:~:text=Prior%20to%20joining%20SAIC,%20Dahlberg,operating%20officer%20of%20Raytheon%20Systems.","url_text":"\"Kenneth C. Dahlberg | Motorola Solutions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Press Release announcing the election of Kenneth C. Dahlberg, dated July 27, 201\". www.sec.gov. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGAC-FM | WGAC-FM | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | News/talk radio station in Harlem–Augusta, Georgia
WGAC-FMHarlem, GeorgiaBroadcast areaAugusta, GeorgiaFrequency95.1 MHzBrandingNewsTalk WGACProgrammingFormatNews Talk InformationOwnershipOwnerBeasley Broadcast Group(Beasley Media Group Licenses, LLC)HistoryFirst air date1992 (as WCHZ)Former call signsWHEY (1991–1992)WCHZ (1992–2011)Technical informationFacility ID24423ClassC3ERP5,700 wattsHAAT164 meters (538 ft)Repeater(s)580 kHz (WGAC)LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsitewgac.com
WGAC-FM is a radio station located in Augusta, Georgia. The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to the town of Harlem and broadcast on 95.1 FM with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 5.7 kW. It simulcasts a news/talk format with WGAC 580. Its studios are located just two blocks from the Augusta-Richmond County border in unincorporated Columbia County, Georgia and the transmitter is in Grovetown, Georgia, at the interchange of Interstate 20 and GA 388.
History
WGAC-FM signed on in November 1992 as an alternative rock outlet named "Channel Z 95.1", giving the area its first station playing that type of music. Although the station had a small but loyal audience, it was handicapped with a signal that covered 2/3 of the Augusta/Aiken market. It was nominated in 1996 for "Small Market Station Of The Year" as well as then-Music Director Johnny Cage for "Music Director Of The Year" by Billboard Radio Monitor and was voted "Best Radio Station" in 1995 and 1996 by readers of "Augusta Magazine".
The "Channel Z" era of WGAC-FM from 1992 to 1996 has been referred to as the "purest form of rock ‘n’ roll to be found anywhere on Augusta airwaves." That era has been memorialized on the Channel Z 95.1 Preservation Project website.
The station signed a local marketing agreement on December 10, 1996 with Beasley Broadcasting (who later purchased it) and the format was flipped to 1970s oldies as "Z95". After about a year with mostly dismal ratings, the station flipped to active rock as "95 Rock" in September 1998.
On August 10, 2011, WCHZ's rock format moved to 93.1 FM WGAC-FM, a much lower powered signal licensed to Warrenton, GA, moving the FM simulcast of the talk format from 93.1 WGAC-FM to the stronger 95.1 WCHZ. Five days later, the stations also swapped call signs.
See also
Radio portal
Media in Augusta, Georgia
References
^ "The Face of Radio". 4 December 2013.
^ "RR-1998-09-18" (PDF). americanradiohistory.com. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
External links
WGAC official website
WGAC in the FCC FM station database
WGAC in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteRadio stations in the Augusta metropolitan area (Georgia)By AM frequency
580
1050
1230
1340
1380
1550
1600
By FM frequency
88.3
89.1
90.7
91.7
92.3
92.7
92.9
93.1
93.9
94.7
95.1
96.3
96.9
97.9
98.3
99.5
100.9
101.7
102.3
102.7
103.1
104.3
105.7
107.1
107.7
LPFM
100.3
Translators
101.9
103.7
104.7
106.3
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
105.7-1
105.7-2
By call sign
W270CY
W279BY
W284DJ
W292EE
WAAW
WACG-FM
WAEG
WAFJ
WAKB
WBBQ-FM
WCHZ-FM
WDRR
WEKL
WEZO
WFAM
WFXA-FM
WGAC
WGAC-FM
WGUS-FM
WHHD
WIIZ
WKSP
WKXC-FM
WKZK
WLFW
WLJK
WLPE
WLUB
HD2
WNRR
WPRW-FM
WRMK-LP
WTHB
WTHB-FM
WTHO-FM
WYBO
WYFA
WYNF
Defunct
WCHZ (1480 AM)
WRDW (1630 AM)
Nearby regions
Atlanta
Central Georgia
Charleston
Columbia
Greenville-Spartanburg
Hilton Head
Macon
Savannah
See also
List of radio stations in Georgia
vteBeasley Broadcast GroupArizona
KCYE
KOAS
Florida
WBCN
WJBR
WJPT
WLLD
WPBB
WQYK-FM
WRBQ-FM
WRXK-FM
WWCN
WXKB
WYUU
Georgia
WAEC
WCHZ-FM
WDRR
WGAC
WGAC-FM
Massachusetts
WBOS
WBQT
WBZ-FM
WKLB-FM
WRCA
WROR-FM
Michigan
WCSX
WDMK
WMGC-FM
WRIF
New Jersey
WCTC
WDHA-FM
WJRZ-FM
WMGQ
WMTR
WPEN
WRAT
WTMR
Nevada
KKLZ
KVGS
KXTE
North Carolina
WAZZ
WBAV-FM
WFLB
WKML
WKQC
WNKS
WPEG
WSOC-FM
WUKS
WZFX
Pennsylvania
WBEN-FM
WMGK
WMMR
WTEL
WWDB
WXTU
South Carolina
WGUS-FM
WHHD
WKXC-FM | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augusta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"effective radiated power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power"},{"link_name":"simulcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcasts"},{"link_name":"WGAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGAC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Columbia County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Grovetown, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grovetown,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Interstate 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20"},{"link_name":"GA 388","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_388"}],"text":"WGAC-FM is a radio station located in Augusta, Georgia. 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Although the station had a small but loyal audience, it was handicapped with a signal that covered 2/3 of the Augusta/Aiken market. It was nominated in 1996 for \"Small Market Station Of The Year\" as well as then-Music Director Johnny Cage for \"Music Director Of The Year\" by Billboard Radio Monitor and was voted \"Best Radio Station\" in 1995 and 1996 by readers of \"Augusta Magazine\".The \"Channel Z\" era of WGAC-FM from 1992 to 1996 has been referred to as the \"purest form of rock ‘n’ roll to be found anywhere on Augusta airwaves.\"[1] That era has been memorialized on the Channel Z 95.1 Preservation Project website.The station signed a local marketing agreement on December 10, 1996 with Beasley Broadcasting (who later purchased it) and the format was flipped to 1970s oldies as \"Z95\". After about a year with mostly dismal ratings, the station flipped to active rock as \"95 Rock\" in September 1998.[2]On August 10, 2011, WCHZ's rock format moved to 93.1 FM WGAC-FM, a much lower powered signal licensed to Warrenton, GA, moving the FM simulcast of the talk format from 93.1 WGAC-FM to the stronger 95.1 WCHZ. Five days later, the stations also swapped call signs.","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Radio portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Radio"},{"title":"Media in Augusta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Augusta,_Georgia"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Face of Radio\". 4 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://metrospirit.com/the-face-of-radio/","url_text":"\"The Face of Radio\""}]},{"reference":"\"RR-1998-09-18\" (PDF). americanradiohistory.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhukhi_River | Bhukhi River | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 21°42′N 72°47′E / 21.700°N 72.783°E / 21.700; 72.783
River in Gujarat, IndiaBhukhiLocationCountryIndiaStateGujaratPhysical characteristicsSource • locationIndia
Mouth • locationArabian Sea, IndiaLength28 km (17 mi)Discharge • locationArabian Sea
Bhukhi River is a river in western India in Gujarat whose origin is Near Angia village. Its basin has a maximum length of 28 km. The total catchment area of the basin is 56 km2.
References
^ "Bhukhi River". guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in, Government of Gujarat. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
^ "Bhūkhi River (Bhukhi-Bhadar River) India on Get A Map".
21°42′N 72°47′E / 21.700°N 72.783°E / 21.700; 72.783
This article related to a river in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"River in Gujarat, IndiaBhukhi River is a river in western India in Gujarat whose origin is Near Angia village. Its basin has a maximum length of 28 km. The total catchment area of the basin is 56 km2.[1][2]","title":"Bhukhi River"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bhukhi River\". guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in, Government of Gujarat. Retrieved 13 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=2140&lang=English","url_text":"\"Bhukhi River\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat","url_text":"Government of Gujarat"}]},{"reference":"\"Bhūkhi River (Bhukhi-Bhadar River) India on Get A Map\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.getamap.net/maps/india/india_(general)/_bhukhiriver/","url_text":"\"Bhūkhi River (Bhukhi-Bhadar River) India on Get A Map\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bhukhi_River¶ms=21_42_N_72_47_E_region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"21°42′N 72°47′E / 21.700°N 72.783°E / 21.700; 72.783"},{"Link":"http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=2140&lang=English","external_links_name":"\"Bhukhi River\""},{"Link":"http://www.getamap.net/maps/india/india_(general)/_bhukhiriver/","external_links_name":"\"Bhūkhi River (Bhukhi-Bhadar River) India on Get A Map\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bhukhi_River¶ms=21_42_N_72_47_E_region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"21°42′N 72°47′E / 21.700°N 72.783°E / 21.700; 72.783"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhukhi_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Miles | Josephine Miles | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Legacy","4 References","5 External links"] | American poet and academic (1911–1985)
Josephine Miles
Josephine Louise Miles (June 11, 1911 – May 12, 1985) was an American poet and literary critic; the first woman tenured in the English department at the University of California, Berkeley. She wrote over a dozen books of poetry and several works of criticism. She was a foundational scholar of quantitative and computational methods, and is considered a pioneer of the field of digital humanities. Benjamin H. Lehman and Josephine Miles' interdepartmental "Prose Improvement Project" was the basis for James Gray's Bay Area Writing Project, which later became the National Writing Project. The "Prose Improvement Project" was one of the first efforts at creating a writing across the curriculum program.
Early life and education
Miles was born in Chicago, in 1911. When she was young, her family moved to Southern California. Due to disabling arthritis, she was educated at home by tutors, but was able to graduate from Los Angeles High School in a class that included the composer John Cage.
In reference to her lifelong disability, Thom Gunn recollected that "The unavoidable first fact about Josephine Miles was physical. As a young child she contracted a form of degenerative arthritis so severe that it left her limbs deformed and crippled. As a result, she could not be left alone in a house, she could not handle a mug...she could not use a typewriter; and she could neither walk nor operate a wheelchair."
Miles attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where she earned a bachelor's degree in English literature before moving to Berkeley to pursue a doctorate. She received a Fellowship from the American Association of University Women in 1939. Her dissertation work on Wordsworth led to Wordsworth and the Vocabulary of Emotion, published in 1942.
Career
During the 1930s and 1940s, Miles conducted quantitative stylistic research projects, first on "the adjectives favored by Romantic poets" and second on "the phrasal forms of the poetry of the 1640s, 1740s, and 1840s." She later became a foundational scholar of quantitative and computational methods in the humanities.
In 1951, she became director of a project at Berkeley to create a concordance to the poetical works of John Dryden. The project had been initiated years earlier by her colleague in the English department, Guy Montgomery, who by the time of his death had amassed 250,000 manual index cards listing the various words used by Dryden and the poems and line numbers where they occurred. Miles worked with the Electrical Engineering department to complete the concordance using punched cards and card-reading computers. After five years of work by Miles, her graduate students Mary Jackman and Helen S. Angoa, and with assistance from several punch card operators, the concordance was completed and published in 1957. This has been described as "possibly the first literary concordance to use machine methods"; it was published seventeen years before the first volume of Roberto Busa's Index Thomisticus, a work widely credited with this first. Her innovative computational approach to literary analysis has resulted in her being considered a pioneer of the field of digital humanities.
In 1964, Miles was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She remained in Berkeley for the rest of her life, receiving multiple fellowships and awards until her death in May 1985. She was the first woman to receive tenure in the English Department at Berkeley and, at the time of her death, held the position of University Professor.
Miles was fascinated with Beat poetry, and was both a host and critic to many Beat poets from her chair at Berkeley. Most notably, she helped Allen Ginsberg publish Howl, recommending it to Richard Eberhart who published an article in the New York Times praising the poem. In 1974, she founded the internationally distributed Berkeley Poetry Review on the U.C. Berkeley campus. She mentored many young poets, including Jack Spicer, Robin Blaser, Diane Wakoski, Diana O'Hehir, William Stafford, and A. R. Ammons.
Legacy
Miles bequeathed her Berkeley home to the University of California, which offers the house for use by the visiting Roberta C. Holloway Lecturer in the Practice of Poetry. The PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award was established in her honor to recognize achievement in multicultural literature.
References
^ a b c d "Josephine Miles, English: Berkeley". Calisphere, University of California. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
^ "Josephine Miles Papers". oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
^ Gray, James; Myers, Miles (1978). "The Bay Area Writing Project". The Phi Delta Kappan. 59 (6): 410–413. ISSN 0031-7217. JSTOR 20299003.
^ Russell, David R. (1991). Writing in the Academic Disciplines, 1870-1990: A Curricular History. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 263–266. ISBN 0-8093-1597-1.
^ "Interview conducted at the Josephine Miles house 1977-1979".
^ Gunn, Thom (June–July 1985). "In Memoriam: Josephine Miles". California Monthly 95:6:29.
^ Miles, Josephine (1976). Wordsworth and the vocabulary of emotion. New York: Octagon Books. ISBN 978-0-374-95681-3.
^ a b c d "Search and Replace: Josephine Miles and the Origins of Distant Reading". Modernism / Modernity Print+. 3 (1). 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
^ a b Duncan, Dennis (2021). Index, a history of the : a bookish adventure. London. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-241-37423-8. OCLC 1225623682.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Wimmer, Mario (2019-09-01). "Josephine Miles (1911–1985): Doing Digital Humanism with and without Machines". History of Humanities. 4 (2): 329–334. doi:10.1086/704850. ISSN 2379-3163. S2CID 214042140.
^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter M" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
^ Knight, Brenda (1998-10-01). Women of the Beat Generation: The Writers, Artists and Muses at the Heart of a Revolution. Conari Press. ISBN 978-1-57324-138-0.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Josephine Miles.
"Josephine Miles - The Academy of American Poets". Biography details of Josephine Miles on poets.org. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
PEN Oakland
The Josephine Miles Papers at Washington University in St. Louis
Guide to the Josephine Miles Papers at The Bancroft Library
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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BnF data
Germany
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SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Josephine_Miles.jpg"},{"link_name":"tenured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenure"},{"link_name":"English department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_studies"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CaliSphere-1"},{"link_name":"digital humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_humanities"},{"link_name":"National Writing Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Writing_Project"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"writing across the curriculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_across_the_curriculum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Josephine MilesJosephine Louise Miles (June 11, 1911 – May 12, 1985) was an American poet and literary critic; the first woman tenured in the English department at the University of California, Berkeley.[1] She wrote over a dozen books of poetry and several works of criticism. She was a foundational scholar of quantitative and computational methods, and is considered a pioneer of the field of digital humanities. Benjamin H. Lehman and Josephine Miles' interdepartmental \"Prose Improvement Project\" was the basis for James Gray's Bay Area Writing Project, which later became the National Writing Project.[2][3] The \"Prose Improvement Project\" was one of the first efforts at creating a writing across the curriculum program.[4]","title":"Josephine Miles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CaliSphere-1"},{"link_name":"John Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Thom Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Gunn"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"American Association of University Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Miles was born in Chicago, in 1911. When she was young, her family moved to Southern California.[1] Due to disabling arthritis, she was educated at home by tutors, but was able to graduate from Los Angeles High School in a class that included the composer John Cage.[5]In reference to her lifelong disability, Thom Gunn recollected that \"The unavoidable first fact about Josephine Miles was physical. As a young child she contracted a form of degenerative arthritis so severe that it left her limbs deformed and crippled. As a result, she could not be left alone in a house, she could not handle a mug...she could not use a typewriter; and she could neither walk nor operate a wheelchair.\"[6]Miles attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where she earned a bachelor's degree in English literature before moving to Berkeley to pursue a doctorate. She received a Fellowship from the American Association of University Women in 1939. 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Holloway Lecturer in the Practice of Poetry. The PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award was established in her honor to recognize achievement in multicultural literature.","title":"Legacy"}] | [{"image_text":"Josephine Miles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Josephine_Miles.jpg/220px-Josephine_Miles.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Josephine Miles, English: Berkeley\". Calisphere, University of California. Retrieved October 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb4d5nb20m&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00112&toc.depth=1&toc.id=","url_text":"\"Josephine Miles, English: Berkeley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Josephine Miles Papers\". oac.cdlib.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntok | Muntok | ["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Economy","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 2°0′S 105°5′E / 2.000°S 105.083°E / -2.000; 105.083"Mentok" redirects here. For the animated Hanna-Barbera character, see Mentok the Mind-Taker.
Kongfuk Temple and Jami Mosque, two icons of Muntok.
Heirloom Kain Limar (1750-1825, from Bangka, probably Muntok
Muntok (Chinese: 文岛) or, more commonly, Mentok is a town in the Indonesian province of Bangka-Belitung on the island of Sumatra. The capital of West Bangka Regency (Bangka Barat), it is the site of the biggest tin smelter on the world. Mentok refers to the tip of the island.
History
Mentok was founded at 1732 by Encek Wan Akub as order of Sultan Palembang Darussalam Sri Susuhan Mahmud Badaruddin I, beginning as a small village consisting of 7 wooden houses for the Royal family of Encek Wan Abdul Jabbar, father-in-law of sultan Badaruddin I of Palembang Darussalam who was married his daughter Zamnah for his 2nd wife from Siantan Natuna.
Encek Wan Akub discovered a large amount of[tin ore at Ulim river, south Bangka Island on a voyage of discovery with his secret task force and reported it to sultan Badaruddin I of Palembang Darussalam.
By approval of sultan Badaruddin I of Palembang Darussalam, Encek Wan Akub ordered his nephew Wan Serin to go to seek tin miners in Johor, Siam and Campa and start tin mining on Bangka Island.
From that time Muntok become an exporter of tin ingots and was filled by merchant ships from many countries including the Dutch East India Company.
In 1812 the British East India Company captured Muntok, renamed it Minto (after Lord Minto, then Governor-General of India), and used it as their headquarters in Fort Nugent of Tandjoeng Kaleang to attack Palembang Darussalam for monopoly of the tin trade.
After the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 in 1816 the British left Bangka Island and Mentok to the Dutch.
In 1913 the Dutch Indies Government moved the capital of the Bangka-Belitung Residency from Mentok to Pangkal Pinang.
Demographics
The majority of the people in Mentok are Malay and Hakka Chinese. The Malay are muslims, the majority of Chinese are Buddhist, Catholic and Protestant, there is also a small population of Arab and Indian muslims in the area.
Economy
Mentok is a tin smelter town and many people work in the smelter. Other people are government employees, and there are also fishermen, farmers, and tin miners. Mentok is 3 hours from Palembang by ferry through the Port of Tanjung Kalian and 2 hours by paved road from Pangkal Pinang.
References
^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Captain+Burn+and+associates:+British+intelligence-gathering,+trade,...-a0134382052 Captain Burn and associates...
External links
(in Indonesian) Old town around Black-nest Swiftlet tower
(in Indonesian) Historic town in West Bangka
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
2°0′S 105°5′E / 2.000°S 105.083°E / -2.000; 105.083
This Bangka Belitung location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mentok the Mind-Taker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentok_the_Mind-Taker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E9%82%A6%E5%8A%A0%E5%B3%B6%E6%96%87%E5%B3%B6%E5%BB%A3%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%9F%E8%88%87%E8%B3%88%E7%91%AA%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kain_Limar,_Sumatera.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Bangka-Belitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangka-Belitung"},{"link_name":"West Bangka Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bangka_Regency"}],"text":"\"Mentok\" redirects here. 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Mentok refers to the tip of the island.","title":"Muntok"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palembang Darussalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang_Darussalam"},{"link_name":"Natuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuna"},{"link_name":"Johor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam"},{"link_name":"Campa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa"},{"link_name":"tin mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_mining"},{"link_name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Lord Minto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814"},{"link_name":"Pangkal Pinang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkal_Pinang"}],"text":"Mentok was founded at 1732 by Encek Wan Akub as order of Sultan Palembang Darussalam Sri Susuhan Mahmud Badaruddin I, beginning as a small village consisting of 7 wooden houses for the Royal family of Encek Wan Abdul Jabbar, father-in-law of sultan Badaruddin I of Palembang Darussalam who was married his daughter Zamnah for his 2nd wife from Siantan Natuna.Encek Wan Akub discovered a large amount of[tin ore at Ulim river, south Bangka Island on a voyage of discovery with his secret task force and reported it to sultan Badaruddin I of Palembang Darussalam.By approval of sultan Badaruddin I of Palembang Darussalam, Encek Wan Akub ordered his nephew Wan Serin to go to seek tin miners in Johor, Siam and Campa and start tin mining on Bangka Island.From that time Muntok become an exporter of tin ingots and was filled by merchant ships from many countries including the Dutch East India Company.In 1812 the British East India Company captured Muntok, renamed it Minto (after Lord Minto, then Governor-General of India),[1] and used it as their headquarters in Fort Nugent of Tandjoeng Kaleang to attack Palembang Darussalam for monopoly of the tin trade.After the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 in 1816 the British left Bangka Island and Mentok to the Dutch.In 1913 the Dutch Indies Government moved the capital of the Bangka-Belitung Residency from Mentok to Pangkal Pinang.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Hakka Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Chinese"},{"link_name":"muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"}],"text":"The majority of the people in Mentok are Malay and Hakka Chinese. The Malay are muslims, the majority of Chinese are Buddhist, Catholic and Protestant, there is also a small population of Arab and Indian muslims in the area.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palembang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang"},{"link_name":"Port of Tanjung Kalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Kalian"},{"link_name":"Pangkal Pinang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkal_Pinang"}],"text":"Mentok is a tin smelter town and many people work in the smelter. Other people are government employees, and there are also fishermen, farmers, and tin miners. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl_Center | Kohl Center | ["1 Naming","2 Student section","2.1 Court Storming Games","3 History","4 Other events","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°04′10″N 89°23′49″W / 43.069420°N 89.396972°W / 43.069420; -89.396972Arena at the University of Wisconsin–Madison
Kohl CenterExterior view of the Kohl CenterLocation601 West Dayton StreetMadison, Wisconsin 53715-1206Coordinates43°04′10″N 89°23′49″W / 43.069420°N 89.396972°W / 43.069420; -89.396972Public transit Metro TransitOwnerUniversity of WisconsinOperatorWisconsin BadgersCapacity17,287 (basketball)15,359 (hockey)SurfaceMulti-surface200 by 97 feet (61 m × 30 m) (hockey)ConstructionBroke groundSeptember 7, 1996BuiltOctober 8, 1996OpenedJanuary 17, 1998Construction cost$76.4 MillionArchitectVenture ArchitectsHOK SportHeinlein Schrock StearnsProject managerHammes CompanyStructural engineerThornton TomasettiServices engineerM-E Engineers, Inc.General contractorThe Boldt CompanyTenantsWisconsin Badgers Men's Basketball(1998–present)Wisconsin Badgers Women's Basketball(1998–present)Wisconsin Badgers Men's Hockey(1998–present)Wisconsin Badgers Women's Hockey(1998–2012)WIAA State Boys Basketball Tournament(1998–present)WIAA State Girls Basketball Tournament(1998, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2010–2012)WIAA State Wrestling Tournament(1998–present)NCAA Men's Basketball Midwest Regional(2002)NCAA Men's Hockey Midwest Regional (2008)
The Kohl Center is a multi-purpose arena located at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, United States. The arena opened in 1998 and is the home of the university's men's basketball and ice hockey teams, and the women's basketball team.
The Kohl Center has the fourth largest seating capacity in the Big Ten Conference with 17,287 for basketball and 15,539 for hockey. It is the second largest indoor venue in Wisconsin after Fiserv Forum in Milwaukee and is located at the intersection of West Dayton and North Frances Streets.
The arena is named after former United States Senator, former Milwaukee Bucks owner, and alumnus Herb Kohl, who donated $25 million of his Kohl's fortune to the project.
Naming
In 1995 Herb Kohl donated $25 million to support the construction of the yet named arena. At the time it was the largest single donation in University of Wisconsin System history. Because of the donor's first name, it is sometimes locally referred to as the "Herb Garden". Former Wisconsin Badgers basketball player Albert Nicholas and his wife donated $10 million toward the project, with the adjoining practice pavilion named the Nicholas-Johnson Pavilion and Plaza; the basketball floor itself was renamed in his honor after he died in 2017. Jack F. Kellner and his sons donated an additional $2.5 million to the project. Wisconsin-based Hammes Company developed the arena for UW–Madison in 1993. The Boldt Company was the project's general contractor.
The Kohl Center boasts the nation's highest attendance in men's and women's college hockey.
Student section
Originally known as "Mr. Bennett's Neighborhood" (for then-coach Dick Bennett) the student section of the Kohl Center adopted the name "Grateful Red" in 2002. The name was a reference to the rock group, the Grateful Dead, and members wore tie-dyed T-shirts as their pseudo-uniforms. The Detroit News ranked the section the #1 college basketball student section in February 2007. In 2018, the university renamed all student sections ”AreaRED”.
View from the Grateful Red student section
The student section holds 2,100 students and extends from the floor to the roof of the Kohl Center, a span of three decks. Under former coach Bo Ryan, the men's basketball team achieved a record of 133–10 at home and held a 24-game home winning streak through the 2006–07 season.
Court Storming Games
The Kohl Center has hosted a number of big games where a Badger victory led to fans storming the court:
December 2, 2023: Wisconsin 75, (3) Marquette 64
March 1, 2022: (10) Wisconsin 70, (8) Purdue 67
January 19, 2019: Wisconsin 64, (2) Michigan 54
December 2, 2009: Wisconsin 73, (6) Duke 69
March 5, 2003: (24) Wisconsin 60, (14) Illinois 59
February 27, 2002: Wisconsin 74, Michigan 54
March 5, 2000: Wisconsin 56, (14) Indiana 53
History
Men's hockey game at the Kohl Center
Prior to the Kohl Center, the basketball teams played at the Wisconsin Field House, while ice hockey was played at the Dane County Coliseum. The hockey teams still may play there if there is an event conflict, because basketball has scheduling priority. Originally, the overhead scoreboard from the UW Field House was installed in the Kohl Center because the cost of a new scoreboard unit wasn't included in the figure for the new arena. The old scoreboard remained in the Kohl Center for seven years, and after the money was raised, a new and modern circular unit was bought and installed before the 2004–2005 winter sports season. At the same time a LED ribbon board was installed, which surrounds the arena below the second balcony, displaying advertising, messages, and scores. The design of the Kohl Center is modeled somewhat after that of the Field House with cantilevered balconies instead of a setback style. This was done to intimidate opponents and bring all fans close to the action.
A bar and restaurant was added to the second level in 2005. The area is for pre-game gatherings of boosters who have made donations to the athletic department.
In 2006 a second student-athlete academic center was built on the lower level of the Kohl Center to provide student athletes easier access to academic services. Prior to the 2006 men's basketball season, the UW Athletic Department sold 48 courtside seats, at a price of $10,000 to $12,500 each. The available seats sold out, and a waiting list was created for the sale of seats that become available in the future. Space for the seats was created by eliminating part of the courtside seating for media. The addition of these seats has increased maximum capacity for men's basketball from 17,142 to 17,190.
Prior to the 2008–2009 season some of the seating in the upper deck was also reconfigured, adding more seating to the arena to bring capacity for men's basketball to 17,230.
The athletic department's master plan included adding a practice rink for ice hockey after construction of the Kohl Center. One configuration under consideration placed the rink next to the Nicholas Johnson Pavilion, where it would serve as an alternative practice facility for the men's hockey team and a game and practice facility for the women's hockey team. This was realized as LaBahn Arena, which opened in 2012.
The front entrance lobby features a wall sculpture from glass sculptor Dale Chihuly called "Mendota Wall".
Other events
Front entrance
Other events are held at the Kohl Center, including commencement ceremonies for the UW, concerts, ice skating shows, career fairs, political gatherings, and conventions. The Kohl Center is the site of the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association (WIAA) high school Boys' basketball and individual wrestling championships. It has also hosted an NCAA women's volleyball national championship (Dec. 17–19, 1998), an NCAA men's basketball regional championship (March 22–24, 2002), and an NCAA men's hockey regional championship (March 28–30, 2008).
The Kohl Center also hosts the annual Varsity Band Spring Concert, an event that began in March 1975 and has grown into a three-night affair with professional staging, lighting, sound and pyrotechnics. The concert averages 25,000 attendees every year.
On February 12, 2008, Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama spoke before a crowd of over 17,000 prior to the Wisconsin primary. The 2008 Jeopardy! College Championship was taped on April 11 and 12, 2008, at the Kohl Center.
The Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the 2011 Science Olympiad National Tournament were held at the Kohl Center on May 20 and 21, 2011.
On October 8, 2016, the Milwaukee Bucks hosted a preseason game vs. the Dallas Mavericks at the Kohl Center.
On October 30, 2017, DJ Khaled hosted a concert at the Kohl Center after UW Student Sam Jeschke handed out 43,000 bottles of Mentos Gum.
Metallica kicked off their North American WorldWired Arena Tour on September 2, 2018, at the Kohl Center.
See also
List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas
References
^ a b c Ceremony to Mark Kohl Center Construction, Fundraising Effort Archived August 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ M-E Engineers – Kohl Center Archived April 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Largest College Basketball Arenas in the Big Ten". Fueled by Sports. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
^ "About". Kohl Initiative. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
^ "Badger fans grateful for Herb Kohl's dedication to the university and state". TMJ4 News. December 29, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
^ "Kohl Center court named in honor of Ab Nicholas" (Press release). Wisconsin Badgers Athletics Department. January 12, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ "2009–2010 Division I Men's Attendance". USCHO.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
^ Lacy, Eric. "Wisconsin has No. 1 student section," Detroit News, February 16, 2007.
^ Schultz, Rob. "ESPN Show Will Focus on Badgers," The Capital Times. Madison, Wis.: January 31, 2004. p. 4.C
^ Potrykus, Jeff (December 3, 2023). "Wisconsin Badgers fans storm the Kohl Center court after wire-to-wire upset of Marquette". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
^ AP. "No. 10 Badgers nip No. 8 Purdue for share of Big Ten title". Espn.com. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
^ Kocorowski, Jake (January 19, 2019). "Highlights from Wisconsin's win over No. 2 Michigan". Bucky's Fifth Quarter. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
^ Lucas, Mike (January 17, 2023). "Twenty-Five Years of the Kohl Center". Uwbadgers.com. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
^ AP. "Badgers claim first outright title since 1947". Espn.com. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
^ Wisconsin, Badgers. "Badger History: 2002 Big Ten Champions". YouTube. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
^ AP. "Wisconsin closes game with 11-3 run". Espn.com. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
^ "Upper-deck Seats Become Available". The Capital Times. October 27, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
^ Milewski, Todd D. (August 21, 2008). "Uw Athletics Seeks $51 Million In State Bonds For Building Projects". The Capital Times. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
^ "Facilities".
^ Derby, Samara Kalk (February 19, 2008). "Obama energizes 17,000+ at Kohl Center (with full audio)". The Capital Times. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
^ Savidge, Nico (September 6, 2017). "DJ Khaled to play concert for University of Wisconsin students". Wisconsin State Journal. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
Further reading
Price, Jenny. "The Grateful Red". On Wisconsin, Spring 2009.
Penn, Emily. "." Revamped student section aims to get students more involved in Wisconsin athletics, Fall 2018.
External links
Kohl Center
University of Wisconsin–Madison Athletic Department Collection
Preceded byGalen Center
Host of the Jeopardy! College Championship 2008
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Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz place | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"women's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Fiserv Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiserv_Forum"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"former United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks"},{"link_name":"Herb Kohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Kohl"},{"link_name":"Kohl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Arena at the University of Wisconsin–MadisonThe Kohl Center is a multi-purpose arena located at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, United States. The arena opened in 1998 and is the home of the university's men's basketball and ice hockey teams, and the women's basketball team.The Kohl Center has the fourth largest seating capacity in the Big Ten Conference with 17,287 for basketball and 15,539 for hockey.[3] It is the second largest indoor venue in Wisconsin after Fiserv Forum in Milwaukee and is located at the intersection of West Dayton and North Frances Streets.The arena is named after former United States Senator, former Milwaukee Bucks owner, and alumnus Herb Kohl, who donated $25 million of his Kohl's fortune to the project.[4][5]","title":"Kohl Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_System"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Badgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers"},{"link_name":"Albert Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Nicholas_(CEO)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hammes Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammes_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uscho_attendance-7"}],"text":"In 1995 Herb Kohl donated $25 million to support the construction of the yet named arena. At the time it was the largest single donation in University of Wisconsin System history. Because of the donor's first name, it is sometimes locally referred to as the \"Herb Garden\". Former Wisconsin Badgers basketball player Albert Nicholas and his wife donated $10 million toward the project, with the adjoining practice pavilion named the Nicholas-Johnson Pavilion and Plaza; the basketball floor itself was renamed in his honor after he died in 2017.[6] Jack F. Kellner and his sons donated an additional $2.5 million to the project. Wisconsin-based Hammes Company developed the arena for UW–Madison in 1993. The Boldt Company was the project's general contractor.The Kohl Center boasts the nation's highest attendance in men's and women's college hockey.[7]","title":"Naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dick Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Bennett"},{"link_name":"student section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_section"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"tie-dyed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie-dyed"},{"link_name":"The Detroit News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kohl_Center_inside.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bo Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Ryan"}],"text":"Originally known as \"Mr. Bennett's Neighborhood\" (for then-coach Dick Bennett) the student section of the Kohl Center adopted the name \"Grateful Red\" in 2002. The name was a reference to the rock group, the Grateful Dead, and members wore tie-dyed T-shirts as their pseudo-uniforms. The Detroit News ranked the section the #1 college basketball student section in February 2007.[8] In 2018, the university renamed all student sections ”AreaRED”.[9]View from the Grateful Red student sectionThe student section holds 2,100 students[citation needed] and extends from the floor to the roof of the Kohl Center, a span of three decks. Under former coach Bo Ryan, the men's basketball team achieved a record of 133–10 at home and held a 24-game home winning streak through the 2006–07 season.","title":"Student section"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Court Storming Games","text":"The Kohl Center has hosted a number of big games where a Badger victory led to fans storming the court:December 2, 2023: Wisconsin 75, (3) Marquette 64[10]\nMarch 1, 2022: (10) Wisconsin 70, (8) Purdue 67[11]\nJanuary 19, 2019: Wisconsin 64, (2) Michigan 54[12]\nDecember 2, 2009: Wisconsin 73, (6) Duke 69[13]\nMarch 5, 2003: (24) Wisconsin 60, (14) Illinois 59[14]\nFebruary 27, 2002: Wisconsin 74, Michigan 54[15]\nMarch 5, 2000: Wisconsin 56, (14) Indiana 53[16]","title":"Student section"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kohl_Center_hockey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Field House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Field_House"},{"link_name":"Dane County Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_County_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"scoreboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoreboard"},{"link_name":"UW Field House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UW_Field_House"},{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED"},{"link_name":"men's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upperDeckSeats-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-athleticBuildProjects-18"},{"link_name":"LaBahn Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaBahn_Arena"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LaBahn-19"},{"link_name":"Dale Chihuly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Chihuly"}],"text":"Men's hockey game at the Kohl CenterPrior to the Kohl Center, the basketball teams played at the Wisconsin Field House, while ice hockey was played at the Dane County Coliseum. The hockey teams still may play there if there is an event conflict, because basketball has scheduling priority. Originally, the overhead scoreboard from the UW Field House was installed in the Kohl Center because the cost of a new scoreboard unit wasn't included in the figure for the new arena. The old scoreboard remained in the Kohl Center for seven years, and after the money was raised, a new and modern circular unit was bought and installed before the 2004–2005 winter sports season. At the same time a LED ribbon board was installed, which surrounds the arena below the second balcony, displaying advertising, messages, and scores. The design of the Kohl Center is modeled somewhat after that of the Field House with cantilevered balconies instead of a setback style. This was done to intimidate opponents and bring all fans close to the action.A bar and restaurant was added to the second level in 2005. The area is for pre-game gatherings of boosters who have made donations to the athletic department.In 2006 a second student-athlete academic center was built on the lower level of the Kohl Center to provide student athletes easier access to academic services. Prior to the 2006 men's basketball season, the UW Athletic Department sold 48 courtside seats, at a price of $10,000 to $12,500 each. The available seats sold out, and a waiting list was created for the sale of seats that become available in the future. Space for the seats was created by eliminating part of the courtside seating for media. The addition of these seats has increased maximum capacity for men's basketball from 17,142 to 17,190.Prior to the 2008–2009 season some of the seating in the upper deck was also reconfigured, adding more seating to the arena to bring capacity for men's basketball to 17,230.[17]The athletic department's master plan included adding a practice rink for ice hockey after construction of the Kohl Center. One configuration under consideration placed the rink next to the Nicholas Johnson Pavilion, where it would serve as an alternative practice facility for the men's hockey team and a game and practice facility for the women's hockey team.[18] This was realized as LaBahn Arena, which opened in 2012.[19]The front entrance lobby features a wall sculpture from glass sculptor Dale Chihuly called \"Mendota Wall\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wisconsin_KohlCenter_OUTSIDE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"presidential candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_candidate"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Democratic_primary,_2008"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obamaRally-20"},{"link_name":"Jeopardy! College Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeopardy!_College_Championship"},{"link_name":"Science Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"DJ Khaled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Front entranceOther events are held at the Kohl Center, including commencement ceremonies for the UW, concerts, ice skating shows, career fairs, political gatherings, and conventions. The Kohl Center is the site of the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association (WIAA) high school Boys' basketball and individual wrestling championships. It has also hosted an NCAA women's volleyball national championship (Dec. 17–19, 1998), an NCAA men's basketball regional championship (March 22–24, 2002), and an NCAA men's hockey regional championship (March 28–30, 2008).The Kohl Center also hosts the annual Varsity Band Spring Concert, an event that began in March 1975 and has grown into a three-night affair with professional staging, lighting, sound and pyrotechnics. The concert averages 25,000 attendees every year.On February 12, 2008, Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama spoke before a crowd of over 17,000 prior to the Wisconsin primary.[20] The 2008 Jeopardy! College Championship was taped on April 11 and 12, 2008, at the Kohl Center.The Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the 2011 Science Olympiad National Tournament were held at the Kohl Center on May 20 and 21, 2011.On October 8, 2016, the Milwaukee Bucks hosted a preseason game vs. the Dallas Mavericks at the Kohl Center.On October 30, 2017, DJ Khaled hosted a concert at the Kohl Center after UW Student Sam Jeschke handed out 43,000 bottles of Mentos Gum.[21]Metallica kicked off their North American WorldWired Arena Tour on September 2, 2018, at the Kohl Center.","title":"Other events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Grateful Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//onwisconsin.uwalumni.com/traditions/the-grateful-red-2/"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//badgerherald.com/sports/2018/11/14/revamped-student-section-aims-to-get-students-more-involved-in-wisconsin-athletics/"}],"text":"Price, Jenny. \"The Grateful Red\". On Wisconsin, Spring 2009.\nPenn, Emily. \"[1].\" Revamped student section aims to get students more involved in Wisconsin athletics, Fall 2018.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"View from the Grateful Red student section","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kohl_Center_inside.jpg/220px-Kohl_Center_inside.jpg"},{"image_text":"Men's hockey game at the Kohl Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kohl_Center_hockey.jpg/250px-Kohl_Center_hockey.jpg"},{"image_text":"Front entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wisconsin_KohlCenter_OUTSIDE.jpg/250px-Wisconsin_KohlCenter_OUTSIDE.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_basketball_arenas"}] | [{"reference":"\"Largest College Basketball Arenas in the Big Ten\". Fueled by Sports. Retrieved January 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fueledbysports.com/largest-college-basketball-arenas-big-ten/","url_text":"\"Largest College Basketball Arenas in the Big Ten\""}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Kohl Initiative. Retrieved January 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://lafollette-kohl.wisc.edu/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Badger fans grateful for Herb Kohl's dedication to the university and state\". TMJ4 News. December 29, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tmj4.com/news/local-news/wisconsin-hockey-fans-grateful-for-herb-kohls-dedication-to-the-university-and-state","url_text":"\"Badger fans grateful for Herb Kohl's dedication to the university and state\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kohl Center court named in honor of Ab Nicholas\" (Press release). Wisconsin Badgers Athletics Department. January 12, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uwbadgers.com/news/2017/1/12/mens-basketball-kohl-center-court-named-in-honor-of-ab-nicholas.aspx?path=mbball","url_text":"\"Kohl Center court named in honor of Ab Nicholas\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009–2010 Division I Men's Attendance\". USCHO.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100821150004/http://www.uscho.com/stats/attendance.php","url_text":"\"2009–2010 Division I Men's Attendance\""},{"url":"http://www.uscho.com/stats/attendance.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Potrykus, Jeff (December 3, 2023). \"Wisconsin Badgers fans storm the Kohl Center court after wire-to-wire upset of Marquette\". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved December 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/wisconsin-never-trails-impressive-victory-202513943.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAM22oeJb_H_E7dfyHeNeE4O38fwvXtw0mJYv3xOXLwtbJM063egnBm3GjH4v-kSk7OSDwKZ1ZE3szFwamMD2bGc86iPESN_1TaSsq1MFJBDGn1bPzBx_0Cb68XYuIT6ymST70hjz18TOM2CONVxadxpjuQHNL2o8RFpicn5irb4m","url_text":"\"Wisconsin Badgers fans storm the Kohl Center court after wire-to-wire upset of Marquette\""}]},{"reference":"AP. \"No. 10 Badgers nip No. 8 Purdue for share of Big Ten title\". Espn.com. Retrieved December 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/recap/_/gameId/401364469","url_text":"\"No. 10 Badgers nip No. 8 Purdue for share of Big Ten title\""}]},{"reference":"Kocorowski, Jake (January 19, 2019). \"Highlights from Wisconsin's win over No. 2 Michigan\". Bucky's Fifth Quarter. Retrieved December 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buckys5thquarter.com/2019/1/19/18189977/wisconsin-michigan-basketball-highlights-video-ethan-happ-kobe-king","url_text":"\"Highlights from Wisconsin's win over No. 2 Michigan\""}]},{"reference":"Lucas, Mike (January 17, 2023). \"Twenty-Five Years of the Kohl Center\". Uwbadgers.com. Retrieved December 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://uwbadgers.com/news/2023/1/17/mens-basketball-25-years-of-kohl-center-magic.aspx","url_text":"\"Twenty-Five Years of the Kohl Center\""}]},{"reference":"AP. \"Badgers claim first outright title since 1947\". Espn.com. Retrieved December 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/recap/_/gameId/230640275","url_text":"\"Badgers claim first outright title since 1947\""}]},{"reference":"Wisconsin, Badgers. \"Badger History: 2002 Big Ten Champions\". YouTube. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Carter_(musician) | Bob Carter (musician) | ["1 Discography","1.1 As sideman","2 References"] | American musician
Robert Kahakalau, known professionally as Bob Carter (February 11, 1922 – August 1, 1993) was an American jazz bassist and arranger.
Born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1922, Carter learned bass and guitar from his father, a vaudeville performer of Hawaiian heritage. He played in local orchestras from 1937 to 1940, toured from 1940 to 1942, and led a trio in Boston in 1944. In 1944–45 he worked in groups on 52nd Street in New York City with Tony Scott, Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Stuff Smith, and Charlie Shavers. After playing bebop with Allen Eager and Max Roach in 1946, he worked with Charlie Ventura from 1947 to 1949 and again in 1953–54. In the interim he played with Benny Goodman in 1949–50.
In 1953 he worked with jazz guitarist Johnny Smith and appeared on Smith's albums Jazz at NBC and The Johnny Smith Quintet Featuring Stan Getz.
After his second stint with Ventura, he studied composition with Wesley LaViolette. Later that decade his arrangements were used by Red Norvo, Bob Harrington, and Shelly Manne. He spent 1957–58 in Hawaii, then returned to New York in 1959, where he played with Bobby Hackett. In the early 1960s, he worked in Germany in the orchestra of Kurt Edelhagen. He did little playing after the end of the 1960s. Carter died in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1993 at the age of 71.
Discography
As sideman
Will Bradley & Johnny Guarnieri, Live Echoes of the Best in Big Band Boogie (RCA Victor, 1960)
Stan Getz, The Complete Roost Recordings (Blue Note, 1997)
Bobby Hackett, The Bobby Hackett Quartet (Capitol, 1959)
Bobby Hackett, Hawaii Swings (Capitol, 1960)
Bob Harrington, Vibraphone Fantasy in Jazz with Bob Harrington (Imperial, 1957)
Miriam Klein, Oscar Klein, Blues and Boogie (Europa, 1969)
Al Klink/Bob Alexander, Progressive Jazz (Grand Award, 1956)
Mary Ann McCall and Charlie Ventura, An Evening with Mary Ann McCall and Charlie Ventura (Norgran, 1955)
Mary Ann McCall and Charlie Ventura, Another Evening with Charlie Ventura and Mary Ann McCall (Norgran, 1954)
Marian McPartland, On 52nd Street (Savoy, 2000)
Red Norvo, Hi-Five (RCA Victor, 1957)
Red Norvo, Red Plays the Blues (RCA Victor, 1958)
Lucy Reed, The Singing Reed (Fantasy, 1956)
Johnny Smith, Moonlight in Vermont (Roost, 1956)
Lou Stein, The Lou Stein Three, Four and Five (Epic, 1955)
Charlie Ventura, In Chicago 1947 (Zim, 1976)
References
Footnotes
^ Flanagan, Lin (2015). Moonlight in Vermont: The Official Biography of Johnny Smith. Anaheim Hills: Centerstream. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-1-57424-322-2.
General references
Eugene Chadbourne, Bob Carter at Allmusic
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Scott_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"Charlie Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Parker"},{"link_name":"Stuff Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff_Smith"},{"link_name":"Charlie Shavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Shavers"},{"link_name":"Allen Eager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Eager"},{"link_name":"Max Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Roach"},{"link_name":"Charlie Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Ventura"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Johnny Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Smith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wesley LaViolette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_LaViolette"},{"link_name":"Red Norvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Norvo"},{"link_name":"Bob Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Harrington"},{"link_name":"Shelly Manne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Manne"},{"link_name":"Bobby Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Hackett"},{"link_name":"Kurt Edelhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Edelhagen"}],"text":"Robert Kahakalau, known professionally as Bob Carter (February 11, 1922 – August 1, 1993) was an American jazz bassist and arranger.Born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1922, Carter learned bass and guitar from his father, a vaudeville performer of Hawaiian heritage. He played in local orchestras from 1937 to 1940, toured from 1940 to 1942, and led a trio in Boston in 1944. In 1944–45 he worked in groups on 52nd Street in New York City with Tony Scott, Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Stuff Smith, and Charlie Shavers. After playing bebop with Allen Eager and Max Roach in 1946, he worked with Charlie Ventura from 1947 to 1949 and again in 1953–54. In the interim he played with Benny Goodman in 1949–50.In 1953 he worked with jazz guitarist Johnny Smith and appeared on Smith's albums Jazz at NBC and The Johnny Smith Quintet Featuring Stan Getz.[1]After his second stint with Ventura, he studied composition with Wesley LaViolette. Later that decade his arrangements were used by Red Norvo, Bob Harrington, and Shelly Manne. He spent 1957–58 in Hawaii, then returned to New York in 1959, where he played with Bobby Hackett. In the early 1960s, he worked in Germany in the orchestra of Kurt Edelhagen. He did little playing after the end of the 1960s. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marni_Nixon | Marni Nixon | ["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Early films and musicals","2.2 Later work","3 Personal life and death","4 Honors","5 Filmography","5.1 Film","5.2 Television","6 References","7 External links"] | American singer and actress (1930–2016)
Not to be confused with Marti Noxon.
Marni NixonNixon at the Metropolitan Room, New York City (2009)BornMargaret Nixon McEathron(1930-02-22)February 22, 1930Altadena, California, U.S.DiedJuly 24, 2016(2016-07-24) (aged 86)New York City, U.S.Occupation(s)Singer, actressYears active1942–2009Spouses
Ernest Gold
(m. 1950; div. 1969)
Lajos Fenster
(m. 1971; div. 1975)
Albert Block
(m. 1983; died 2015)Children3, including Andrew Gold
Margaret Nixon McEathron (February 22, 1930 – July 24, 2016), known professionally as Marni Nixon, was an American soprano and ghost singer for featured actresses in musical films. She was the singing voice of leading actresses on the soundtracks of several musicals, including Deborah Kerr in The King and I, Natalie Wood in West Side Story, and Audrey Hepburn in My Fair Lady, although her roles were concealed from audiences when the films were released. Several of the songs she dubbed appeared on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs list.
Besides her voice work in films, Nixon's career included roles of her own in film, television, opera and musicals on Broadway and elsewhere throughout the United States, performances in concerts with major symphony orchestras, and recordings.
Early life
Born in Altadena, California, to Charles Nixon and Margaret Elsa (née Wittke) McEathron, Nixon was a child film actress who also played the violin and began singing at an early age in choruses, including performing solos with the Roger Wagner Chorale. She went on to study singing and opera with, among others, Vera Schwarz, Carl Ebert, Boris Goldovsky and Sarah Caldwell. In 1947, having adopted the stage name "Marni Nixon", she made her Hollywood Bowl solo debut in Carmina Burana with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under conductor Leopold Stokowski.
Career
Early films and musicals
Nixon's career in film started in 1948 when she sang the voices of the angels heard by Ingrid Bergman in Joan of Arc (1948). The same year, she did her first dubbing work when she provided Margaret O'Brien's singing voice in 1948's Big City and then 1949's The Secret Garden. She sang for Jeanne Crain in Cheaper by the Dozen (1950) and dubbed Marilyn Monroe's high notes in "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). Also in 1953, she sang for Ida Lupino in Jennifer. Nixon appeared on Broadway in 1954 in The Girl in Pink Tights.
In 1956, she worked closely with Deborah Kerr to supply the star's singing voice for the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I; Kerr broke with Hollywood convention by publicly crediting Nixon's singing. In 1957 Nixon again worked with Kerr to dub her voice in An Affair to Remember. That year, she also sang for Sophia Loren in Boy on a Dolphin. In 1960, she dubbed Janet Leigh's voice in Pepe and had an on-screen chorus role in Can-Can. In 1961's West Side Story, the studio kept her work on the film (as the singing voice of Natalie Wood's Maria) a secret from Wood, and Nixon also dubbed Rita Moreno's singing in the film's "Tonight" quintet. She asked the film's producers for, but did not receive, direct royalties from her work on the film, but Leonard Bernstein contractually gave her ¼ of one percent (0.25%) of his personal royalties from it. After a court case, she received royalties from sales of the soundtrack album and spoke out for the rights of ghost singers. In 1962, she also sang Wood's high notes in Gypsy. For My Fair Lady in 1964, she again worked with the female lead of the film, Audrey Hepburn, to perform the songs of Hepburn's character Eliza. Because of her uncredited dubbing work in these films, Time magazine called her "The Ghostess with the Mostest". Nevertheless, the public did not know Nixon's face; she appeared on To Tell the Truth the same year, where two members of the panel were fooled.
Nixon made guest appearances with Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts, including in 1960, singing "Improvisation sur Mallarmé I" from Pli selon pli by Pierre Boulez, and on April 9, 1961, in a program entitled "Folk Music in the Concert Hall", singing three "Songs of the Auvergne" by Joseph Canteloube. Before My Fair Lady was released in theatres in 1964, Nixon played Eliza in a revival of the musical at New York City Center. Nixon's first onscreen appearance was as Sister Sophia in the 1965 film The Sound of Music. In the DVD commentary to the film, director Robert Wise comments that audiences were finally able to see the woman whose voice they knew so well. In 1967, she was the singing voice of Princess Serena in a live action and animated version of Jack and the Beanstalk on NBC. Especially in the 1960s, but also earlier and later, Nixon made concert appearances, specializing in contemporary music as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic, and gave recitals at Carnegie Hall, Alice Tully Hall and Town Hall in New York City.
Later work
Nixon taught at the California Institute of the Arts in Montecito from 1969 to 1971 and joined the faculty of the Music Academy of the West, Santa Barbara, in 1980, where she taught for many years. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she hosted a children's television show in Seattle on KOMO-TV channel 4 called Boomerang, winning four Emmy Awards as best actress, and made numerous other television appearances on variety shows and as a guest star in prime time series. Nixon's opera repertory included Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos, Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro, both Blonde and Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Violetta in La traviata, the title role in La Périchole and Philine in Mignon. Her opera credits included performances at Los Angeles Opera, Seattle Opera, San Francisco Opera and the Tanglewood Music Festival among others. In addition to giving recitals, she appeared as an oratorio and concert soloist with the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra among others.
Nixon also toured with Liberace and Victor Borge and later in her own cabaret shows. On stage, in 1984, she originated the role of Edna Off-Broadway in Taking My Turn, composed by Gary William Friedman, receiving a nomination for a Drama Desk Award. She also originated the role of Sadie McKibben in Opal (1992), and she had a 1997 film role as Aunt Alice in I Think I Do. Under her own name, beginning in the 1980s, Nixon recorded songs by Jerome Kern, George Gershwin and various classical composers. She was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Classical Performance, Vocal Soloist, one for her Schönberg album and one for her Copland album.
In the 1998 Disney film Mulan, Nixon was the singing voice of "Grandmother Fa". She then returned to the stage, touring the United States as Fraulein Schneider in Cabaret in 1997–1998. She eventually sang on more than 50 soundtracks. In 1999, she originated the role of Mrs. Wilson in the premiere of Ballymore, an opera by Richard Wargo at Skylight Opera Theatre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which was taped for PBS. In regional theatre and Off-Broadway, she played Nurse in Romeo and Juliet and appeared in productions of The King and I and The Sound of Music. She also continued to teach voice and judge vocal competitions.
In 2000, after nearly a half century away, she returned to Broadway as Aunt Kate in James Joyce's The Dead. In 2001, Nixon replaced Joan Roberts as Heidi Schiller in the Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim's Follies. She played Eunice Miller in 70, Girls, 70 in a 2002 production in Los Angeles. In 2003, she was again on Broadway as a replacement in role of Guido's mother in the revival of Nine. Her autobiography, I Could Have Sung All Night, was published in 2006. She performed in the 2008 North American Tour of Cameron Mackintosh's UK revival of My Fair Lady in the role of Mrs. Higgins. She then appeared as Frau Direktor Kirschner in the 2009 Encores! production of the musical Music in the Air at New York City Center.
Personal life and death
In 1950, Nixon married the first of her three husbands, Ernest Gold, who composed the theme song to the movie Exodus. They had three children, including singer and songwriter Andrew Gold. They divorced in 1969. She was married to Lajos "Fritz" Fenster from 1971 to 1975, and to woodwind player Albert Block from 1983 to his death in 2015.
Nixon survived breast cancer in 1985 and 2000 but died from the disease on July 24, 2016, in New York, aged 86.
Honors
On October 27, 2008, Nixon was presented with the Singer Symposium's Distinguished Artist Award in New York City. She was also an honorary member of Sigma Alpha Iota International Women's Music Fraternity.
In 2011, Nixon was the recipient of the George Peabody Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Music.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1942
The Bashful Bachelor
Angela Abernathy
1950
Cinderella
Soprano Soloist (vocals)
Song: "Cinderella" (uncredited)
1951
Alice in Wonderland
Singing Flowers (vocals)
Uncredited
1953
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes
Lorelei Lee (vocals)
Song: "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" (uncredited)
1956
The King and I
Anna Leonowens (vocals)
4 songs (uncredited)
1956
Dance with Me, Henry
Shelley (vocals)
Song: "Libiamo ne' lieti calici"
1957
An Affair to Remember
Terry McKay (vocals)
3 songs (uncredited)
1961
West Side Story
Maria (vocals)
7 songs (uncredited)
1964
Mary Poppins
Geese (vocals)
Uncredited
1964
My Fair Lady
Eliza Doolittle (vocals)
10 songs (uncredited)
1965
The Sound of Music
Sister Sophia
Song: "Maria"
1997
I Think I Do
Aunt Alice
1998
Mulan
Grandmother Fa (vocals)
Song: "Honor to Us All" (uncredited)
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1967
Jack and the Beanstalk
Princess Serena (vocals)
TV movie; various songs
1969
The Mothers-in-Law
Herself
Episode: "The Not-So-Grand Opera"
1977–1981
Boomerang
Herself
KOMO-TV, Seattle
1984
Taking My Turn
Edna
Movie
2001
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Edna Dumas
Episode: "Redemption"
References
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fox, Margalit. "Marni Nixon, the Singing Voice Behind the Screen, Dies at 86", The New York Times, July 25, 2016
^ "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Songs", AMC Filmsite, June 2004, accessed August 24, 2020
^ a b c d Ivri, Benjamin. "Remembering Marni Nixon, the Greatest Ghost Singer", The Forward, July 26, 2016
^ a b c Savage, Mark. "Marni Nixon: Hollywood's 'invisible voice' dies aged 86", BBC News, July 25, 2016
^ a b c Marni Nixon, Internet Broadway Database, accessed July 26, 2016
^ a b Schumach, Murray. "Plea for Credits by 'Ghost Singer'; Marni Nixon of Film Musicals Condemns Concealment", The New York Times, February 6, 1962, p. 26, accessed January 5, 2021
^ Crowther, Bosley. "Screen: The King and I, The New York Times, June 29, 1956, p. 15, accessed January 5, 2021
^ a b c d Ruhlmann, William. "About Marni Nixon", MTV, accessed November 24, 2014
^ a b Lawson, Kyle. "6/17-22: Marni Nixon in My Fair Lady", AZCentral.com, June 10, 2008, accessed December 23, 2011
^ Prial, Frank J. "Voice of the Many, but Rarely Herself", The New York Times, March 6, 2007, accessed December 23, 2011
^ a b c d Bargreen, Melonda. "From shadows to spotlight: Acclaimed soprano Marni Nixon, 76, writes her memoir", The Seattle Times, November 3, 2006, accessed July 19, 2017
^ Miller, Frank. 198696&name=Gypsy Gypsy, TCM.com, accessed November 24, 2014
^ "Hollywood: Instant Voice", Time magazine, February 7, 1964
^ a b Lunden, Jeff. "'Ghost' Soprano Marni Nixon, Who Voiced Blockbuster Musicals, Dies at 86", NPR.org, July 25, 2016
^ Roberts, Maddy Shaw. "Who was Marni Nixon, the 'ghost singer' behind Hollywood’s famous actresses?", ClassicFM, May 15, 2018, accessed July 10, 2022; and CBS. "To Tell the Truth – Human football scoreboard; Movie dubber; Faclon trainer (Dec 7, 1964)", YouTube, November 17, 2016, accessed July 10, 2022
^ Bernstein, Leonard. Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts. Amadeus Press (1962), pp. 349–350 ISBN 1-57467-102-2
^ Kenrick, John. "Musicals on DVD 8", Musicals101.com, John Kenrick, 2007, accessed November 30, 2011
^ a b c d e "Marni Nixon Biography (1930–)", Film Reference.com, accessed November 24, 2014
^ a b Bernheimer: "Marni Nixon", Grove Music Online
^ a b c d e f g "The Singer Symposium 2008 Distinguished Artist Award" Archived February 5, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Singer Symposium, October 25, 2008, accessed February 20, 2013
^ Nixon and Cole, p. 223
^ Taking My Turn Archived October 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Lortel Archives, accessed January 28, 2013
^ a b Jones, Kenneth. "Marni Nixon Warms Up in Milwaukee for Friel-Based Opera Ballymore, Jan. 29 – Feb 14" Archived December 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Playbill, January 29, 1999, accessed February 20, 2013
^ Hernandez, Ernio. "Voice of "My Fair Lady" and " West Side Story" Joins Nine on Broadway, Oct. 7" Archived December 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Playbill, September 15, 2003, accessed December 23, 2011
^ Zeka, Rita "Eliza Doolittle and love of hats bring actors together", Toronto Star, May 24, 2008, accessed December 23, 2011
^ "My Fair Lady (Cast Biographies)", Center Theatre Group, 2008, accessed December 23, 2011
^ Brantley, Ben. "Inside the Big, Bad City, Temptations by the Score", The New York Times, February 6, 2009
^ Leigh, Spencer. "Andrew Gold: Musician and songwriter whose collaborators included Ronstadt, Garfunkel and Cher", The Independent, June 8, 2011, accessed July 26, 2016
^ "Albert Block", Riverside Memorial Chapel, August 17, 2015, accessed March 13, 2016
^ "Honorary Member" Archived January 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Sai-national.org, accessed July 25, 2016
^ "Marni Nixon's 'Loverly' Former NYC Apartment, Studio on the Market", BroadwayWorld, April 17, 2017, accessed December 19, 2019
Bibliography
Bernheimer, Martin "Marni Nixon" in Macy, L. ed. Grove Music Online. Accessed September 22, 2008 (see here (subscription access) Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine)
Nixon, Marni, with Cole, Stephen (2006) I Could Have Sung All Night: My Story. New York, Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-8365-9.
External links
Marni Nixon at IMDb
Marni Nixon at the Internet Broadway Database
Works by Marni Nixon at Open Library
Marni Nixon at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Extensive Nixon biography and photos
Interview with Marni Nixon by Bruce Duffie, June 10, 1987
CBS documentary on Nixon
Nixon singingwith Leonard Bernstein on television in 1961 Archived December 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marti Noxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti_Noxon"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"ghost singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_singer"},{"link_name":"musical films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_film"},{"link_name":"soundtracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Deborah Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Kerr"},{"link_name":"The King and I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_and_I_(1956_film)"},{"link_name":"Natalie Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Wood"},{"link_name":"West Side Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)"},{"link_name":"Audrey Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn"},{"link_name":"My Fair Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-1"},{"link_name":"AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Songs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"musicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"symphony orchestras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Marti Noxon.Margaret Nixon McEathron (February 22, 1930 – July 24, 2016), known professionally as Marni Nixon, was an American soprano and ghost singer for featured actresses in musical films. She was the singing voice of leading actresses on the soundtracks of several musicals, including Deborah Kerr in The King and I, Natalie Wood in West Side Story, and Audrey Hepburn in My Fair Lady, although her roles were concealed from audiences when the films were released.[1] Several of the songs she dubbed appeared on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs list.[2]Besides her voice work in films, Nixon's career included roles of her own in film, television, opera and musicals on Broadway and elsewhere throughout the United States, performances in concerts with major symphony orchestras, and recordings.","title":"Marni Nixon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Altadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Roger Wagner 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The same year, she did her first dubbing work when she provided Margaret O'Brien's singing voice in 1948's Big City and then 1949's The Secret Garden. She sang for Jeanne Crain in Cheaper by the Dozen (1950) and dubbed Marilyn Monroe's high notes in \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). Also in 1953, she sang for Ida Lupino in Jennifer. Nixon appeared on Broadway in 1954 in The Girl in Pink Tights.[1][5]In 1956, she worked closely with Deborah Kerr to supply the star's singing voice for the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I; Kerr broke with Hollywood convention by publicly crediting Nixon's singing.[6][7] In 1957 Nixon again worked with Kerr to dub her voice in An Affair to Remember.[1] That year, she also sang for Sophia Loren in Boy on a Dolphin. In 1960, she dubbed Janet Leigh's voice in Pepe[1] and had an on-screen chorus role in Can-Can.[8] In 1961's West Side Story, the studio kept her work on the film (as the singing voice of Natalie Wood's Maria) a secret from Wood,[9][10] and Nixon also dubbed Rita Moreno's singing in the film's \"Tonight\" quintet. She asked the film's producers for, but did not receive, direct royalties from her work on the film, but Leonard Bernstein contractually gave her ¼ of one percent (0.25%) of his personal royalties from it.[11] After a court case, she received royalties from sales of the soundtrack album and spoke out for the rights of ghost singers.[6] In 1962, she also sang Wood's high notes in Gypsy.[8][12] For My Fair Lady in 1964, she again worked with the female lead of the film, Audrey Hepburn, to perform the songs of Hepburn's character Eliza.[9] Because of her uncredited dubbing work in these films, Time magazine called her \"The Ghostess with the Mostest\".[13][14] Nevertheless, the public did not know Nixon's face; she appeared on To Tell the Truth the same year, where two members of the panel were fooled.[15]Nixon made guest appearances with Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts, including in 1960, singing \"Improvisation sur Mallarmé I\" from Pli selon pli by Pierre Boulez,[3] and on April 9, 1961, in a program entitled \"Folk Music in the Concert Hall\", singing three \"Songs of the Auvergne\" by Joseph Canteloube.[16] Before My Fair Lady was released in theatres in 1964, Nixon played Eliza in a revival of the musical at New York City Center.[8] Nixon's first onscreen appearance was as Sister Sophia in the 1965 film The Sound of Music. In the DVD commentary to the film, director Robert Wise comments that audiences were finally able to see the woman whose voice they knew so well.[17] In 1967, she was the singing voice of Princess Serena in a live action and animated version of Jack and the Beanstalk on NBC. Especially in the 1960s, but also earlier and later, Nixon made concert appearances, specializing in contemporary music as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic, and gave recitals at Carnegie Hall, Alice Tully Hall and Town Hall in New York City.[1][18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Institute of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Montecito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecito,_California"},{"link_name":"Music Academy of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Academy_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"KOMO-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOMO-TV"},{"link_name":"Emmy 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from 1969 to 1971 and joined the faculty of the Music Academy of the West, Santa Barbara, in 1980, where she taught for many years.[19] In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she hosted a children's television show in Seattle on KOMO-TV channel 4 called Boomerang, winning four Emmy Awards as best actress, and made numerous other television appearances on variety shows and as a guest star in prime time series.[20][21] Nixon's opera repertory included Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos, Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro, both Blonde and Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Violetta in La traviata, the title role in La Périchole and Philine in Mignon. Her opera credits included performances at Los Angeles Opera, Seattle Opera,[11] San Francisco Opera and the Tanglewood Music Festival among others.[8] In addition to giving recitals, she appeared as an oratorio and concert soloist with the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra among others.[19][20]Nixon also toured with Liberace and Victor Borge and later in her own cabaret shows.[1][3] On stage, in 1984, she originated the role of Edna Off-Broadway in Taking My Turn, composed by Gary William Friedman, receiving a nomination for a Drama Desk Award. She also originated the role of Sadie McKibben in Opal (1992), and she had a 1997 film role as Aunt Alice in I Think I Do.[5][20][22] Under her own name, beginning in the 1980s, Nixon recorded songs by Jerome Kern, George Gershwin and various classical composers.[1][3] She was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Classical Performance, Vocal Soloist, one for her Schönberg album and one for her Copland album.[20]In the 1998 Disney film Mulan, Nixon was the singing voice of \"Grandmother Fa\". She then returned to the stage, touring the United States as Fraulein Schneider in Cabaret in 1997–1998.[20] She eventually sang on more than 50 soundtracks.[4] In 1999, she originated the role of Mrs. Wilson in the premiere of Ballymore, an opera by Richard Wargo at Skylight Opera Theatre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which was taped for PBS.[23] In regional theatre and Off-Broadway, she played Nurse in Romeo and Juliet and appeared in productions of The King and I and The Sound of Music.[18] She also continued to teach voice and judge vocal competitions.[20][23]In 2000, after nearly a half century away, she returned to Broadway as Aunt Kate in James Joyce's The Dead.[5][18] In 2001, Nixon replaced Joan Roberts as Heidi Schiller in the Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim's Follies.[1] She played Eunice Miller in 70, Girls, 70 in a 2002 production in Los Angeles.[18] In 2003, she was again on Broadway as a replacement in role of Guido's mother in the revival of Nine.[24] Her autobiography, I Could Have Sung All Night, was published in 2006.[11] She performed in the 2008 North American Tour of Cameron Mackintosh's UK revival of My Fair Lady in the role of Mrs. Higgins.[25][26] She then appeared as Frau Direktor Kirschner in the 2009 Encores! production of the musical Music in the Air at New York City Center.[27]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernest Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Gold"},{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gold"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"woodwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_instrument"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeattleTimes-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filmreference-18"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"breast cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCObit-4"}],"text":"In 1950, Nixon married the first of her three husbands, Ernest Gold, who composed the theme song to the movie Exodus. They had three children, including singer and songwriter Andrew Gold.[28] They divorced in 1969. She was married to Lajos \"Fritz\" Fenster from 1971 to 1975, and to woodwind player Albert Block from 1983 to his death in 2015.[11][18][29]Nixon survived breast cancer in 1985 and 2000 but died from the disease on July 24, 2016, in New York, aged 86.[1][4]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SingerSymposium-20"},{"link_name":"Sigma Alpha Iota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Iota"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"George Peabody Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Peabody_Medal"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"On October 27, 2008, Nixon was presented with the Singer Symposium's Distinguished Artist Award in New York City.[20] She was also an honorary member of Sigma Alpha Iota International Women's Music Fraternity.[30]In 2011, Nixon was the recipient of the George Peabody Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Music.[31]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/arts/music/marni-nixon-singer-soprano-dies-86.html","external_links_name":"\"Marni Nixon, the Singing Voice Behind the Screen, Dies at 86\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmsite.org/afi100songs.html","external_links_name":"\"AFI's 100 Years... 100 Songs\""},{"Link":"http://forward.com/culture/346022/remembering-marni-nixon-the-greatest-ghost-singer","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Marni Nixon, the Greatest Ghost Singer\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-36883629","external_links_name":"\"Marni Nixon: Hollywood's 'invisible voice' dies aged 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keetoowah | Kituwa | ["1 History","1.1 Historic Cherokee","2 Colonial and early federal period","2.1 20th-century reclamation","2.2 Duke Energy controversy in 2010","3 Traditions","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°26′20″N 83°24′04″W / 35.438852°N 83.401138°W / 35.438852; -83.401138Historic place in North Carolina, United States
United States historic placeKituwaU.S. National Register of Historic Places
The Kituwa mound at Ferguson FieldShow map of North CarolinaShow map of the United StatesLocationU.S. Route 19 east of Bryson City, near Bryson City, North CarolinaCoordinates35°26′20″N 83°24′04″W / 35.438852°N 83.401138°W / 35.438852; -83.401138Area20 acres (8.1 ha)NRHP reference No.73002239Added to NRHPJune 4, 2023-11-5
Kituwa (also spelled Kituwah, Keetoowah, Kittowa, Kitara and other similar variations) or giduhwa (Cherokee:ᎩᏚᏩ) is a Woodland period Native American settlement near the upper Tuckasegee River, and is claimed by the Cherokee people as their original town. An earthwork platform mound, built about 1000 CE, marks a ceremonial site here. The historic Cherokee built a townhouse on top that was used for their communal gatherings and decisionmaking; they replaced it repeatedly over decades. They identify Kituwa as one of the "seven mother towns" in their traditional homeland of the American Southeast. This site is in modern Swain County, North Carolina, in the Great Smoky Mountains.
The Cherokee lost control of this site to the United States in the early 19th century. In the late 1830s, most of their people in the Southeast were forcibly removed by US forces to Indian Territory. Descendants of those who remained in North Carolina formed the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI), which is federally recognized.
Kituwa (31Sw2) was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 because of its historic and archeological significance. In 1996 the EBCI purchased 309 acres of land, including Kituwa mound and the former town site. They have conducted archeological surveys that have added to their knowledge about the long history of the site and Cherokee uses, including burials there. As a result, they have decided to leave this sacred site undeveloped.
Since the mid-19th century, the term "Keetoowah" has been associated with Cherokee people, initially full-blood only, who supported a kind of religious nationalism. They adhered to pre-contact communal ways. Conservative descendants of Cherokee who had migrated to Arkansas and Indian Territory in the 1810s and 1820s later formed what is now the federally recognized tribe of the United Keetoowah Band, based in Oklahoma. During the 19th century, after removal to Indian Territory, there were Cherokee groups who identified as Keetoowah, at times forming secret societies that maintained rituals and sacred ceremonies.
History
Kituwa is the site of Woodland period villages and an earthwork platform mound, which was built by about 1000 CE during the period of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture. The Cherokee hold the site sacred as the original town of their people. It is along the Tuckaseegee River, before its confluence with the Oconaluftee River.
For peoples of several Woodland and Mississippian cultures, building such earthwork mounds was characteristic of their societies and an expression of public architecture that was part of their cosmology and political system. Remains of such platform mounds and effigy mounds are evident throughout the Mississippi Basin and Ohio Valley. The areas of moundbuilding by various cultures included Tennessee to the west, Georgia to the southeast, Louisiana to the southwest, and Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri to the northwest.
The South Appalachian Mississippian culture, a regional variation of the classic Mississippian culture, is documented as established in what is now known as Western North Carolina from 1000 CE. Mississippian-culture sites have been identified extending southwest in the river valleys, including the town later called Kituwa by the Cherokee, where the ancient platform mound is still visible. The Mississippian-culture peoples were part of vast, indigenous trade networks that connected chiefdoms throughout the present-day eastern United States, spanning the continent from the Gulf Coast to the Great Lakes. In contrast to some of the larger settlements in the Midwest, which had large complexes of multiple mounds, in North Carolina most of the major towns had a single platform mound. Smaller villages developed near what the Cherokee called the "mother towns".
Historic Cherokee
Archaeologists believe the people of the smaller chiefdoms were eventually absorbed by the developing, larger Catawba and Cherokee tribes of this region. These have been documented since the historic period.
Cherokee public architecture took the form of building townhouses, also known as council houses, on top of the platform mounds. Where no mound existed, they built the townhouse at a central plaza in the town. It was the place for community gathering and creation of consensus for communal decisionmaking.
At the time of European encounter, the Cherokee regularly burned the vegetation on the mound for agricultural use. It may also have been part of ritual to preserve the mound, to keep it visible and free of trees. Burning underbrush was part of sustainable farming practices.
After European Americans forced the removal of the Cherokee Nation in the 1830s from the Southeast, they took over their lands. At Kituwa, they repeatedly plowed the mound and village area for corn cultivation. The mound is still visible although much shorter than it would have been during the Cherokee time. By the end of the period of European-American ownership, the mound was within the boundaries of a private property called Ferguson's Field.
In the 21st century, the remaining Kituwa mound is 170 feet (52 m) in diameter and five feet tall, although archeologists know that it was once taller. According to Cherokee oral tradition, they had built a townhouse structure on top that housed their sacred flame, which was to be kept burning at all times.
The inhabitants of Kituwah, known as the Ani-kitu-hwagi, influenced all of the Cherokee towns of the heartland along the Tuckasegee and Oconaluftee rivers (which were known as the Out Towns, in a geographic grouping). The people also influenced the Middle Towns, those Cherokee towns along the upper Little Tennessee River and its tributaries. The Valley Towns were further south in this area, along the upper Hiwassee, Nantahala, and Valley rivers; all of these were located in what later became the province and state of North Carolina.
The people of this region became known as the Kituwah, also spelled Keetoowah, after the name of their mother town. Because the Kituwah were seen to protect the northern border of the Cherokee from Iroquois nations raiding from New York and various Algonquian peoples, gradually Kituwah also became synonymous with Cherokee.
During the colonial period, the Cherokee towns along the Savannah River (also known as the Keowee River in their territory) and its tributaries were known by English colonists as the Lower Towns. The colonists referred to the towns in eastern Tennessee as the Overhill Towns, as their traders had to cross the Appalachian Mountains to reach them. They were located along the lower Little Tennessee River and upper Tennessee River, as well as the Tellico River and lower Hiwassee River.
The Cherokee language is of Iroquoian origin, and most tribes of this language family have historically been based around the Great Lakes in North America. The Cherokee and other southern Iroquoian-speaking tribes, such as the Tuscarora in South Carolina, and Meherrin and Nottoway in Virginia, are believed to have migrated long ago to the South from the Great Lakes area. According to James Mooney's study and compilation of Cherokee myth, published after living with the people, such migration is recounted in Cherokee oral history. The Cherokee settled in the territory of what is now western Virginia, western South and North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, and northeastern Georgia, which they consider their homelands.
In the 21st century, the ancient site of the Mother Town Kituwa is visible in the general area of the Qualla Boundary. The federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee (ECBI), based in North Carolina, re-acquired Kituwa and an associated 309 acres (1.25 km2) in 1996, taking it back under Cherokee control.(see below "reclamation")
Colonial and early federal period
During the Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–1761), British forces under general James Grant destroyed the town of Kituwa during the Cherokee-Anglo War, which was caused by the settlers of Virginia killing several Cherokee auxiliaries and selling their scalps. (The Cherokee-Anglo War began in late 1759 after approximately four years of increased hostilities due to British failure to meet treaty terms, settler encroachment, and shortages of pay to Cherokee auxiliaries who had fought in the Forbes expedition against Fort Duquesne.)
Kituwa's survivors migrated westward across the Appalachian Mountains, settling in Mialoquo (Great Island Town) on the lower Little Tennessee River among the Overhill Cherokee. A later headman of this group was Dragging Canoe, son of Attakullakulla. During and after the American Revolutionary War, when he led his warriors southwest to continue fighting the colonists of Upper East Tennessee, the entire population went with him, including those formerly of Kituwa.
By 1819 the Cherokee lost control of the Kituwa area after being forced to make treaties and land cessions in this area to the United States. In the late 1830s most Cherokee in the Southeast were forcibly removed by the federal government, walking overland on the Trail of Tears to Indian Territory. Descendants of those who remained in this area later organized and were federally recognized in 1868 as the Eastern Band of Cherokee, based in Western North Carolina. They are the only federally recognized tribe in the state, and one of three Cherokee tribes. The other two are in what is now the state of Oklahoma.
20th-century reclamation
In 1996 the Eastern Band of Cherokee purchased the Kituwah mound and village site, a total of 309 acres (1.25 km2). Their 1997 archaeological survey of Kituwah revealed thousands of artifacts, evidence of thousands of years of human habitation at this site. Among the evidence of settlement was an early 18th-century Cherokee town, which occupied 65 acres (260,000 m2).
The Cherokee have debated how to use the land. Initially some EBCI members wanted to develop the property for community uses. Since then they have had additional, non-invasive archaeological surveys conducted by use of a gradiometer. These revealed 15 burials. There is a likelihood of up to 1000 burials, as it was the Cherokee custom for people to be buried in the village where they lived. This survey also revealed the location of many hearth sites, including one at the center of the town. This would likely have been associated with the sacred fire of the townhouse on the mound.
Based on these discoveries, more Cherokee citizens believe that the sacred nature of the site requires that it be left undisturbed. They are planning uses associated with community wellness and renewal. The Eastern Cherokee have sponsored two youth retreats at the site, which highlighted traditional ways of spiritual expression.
Duke Energy controversy in 2010
In the early 21st century, Duke Energy announced plans to build a $52 million substation near the Kituwah mound. Both Swain County and the Eastern Cherokee opposed this project; the county asked for a moratorium on such projects until it could consider zoning ordinances to regulate them. But the state Utilities Commission has the power to override local ordinances in order to achieve its mission of supplying electricity at reasonable rates.
On February 4, 2010, the Eastern Cherokee Tribal Council passed a resolution opposing the project, stating,
It is this Tribe's solemn responsibility and moral duty to care for and protect all of Kituwah from further desecration and degradation by human agency in order to preserve the integrity of the most important site for the origination and continuation of Cherokee culture, heritage, history and identity.
In March 2010, Swain County passed a resolution calling for a 90-day moratorium to stop construction of Duke Energy's project until they could better consult. On April 23, 2010, the North Carolina Utilities Commission denied Duke Energy's "Motion to Hold Complaint in Abeyance." It directed Duke to file an answer to the complaint on or before May 10, 2010. Duke agreed to halt the construction that threatened Kituwah for 90 days until the complaint was heard.
In July 2010 the Swain County commission passed an ordinance requiring Duke Energy to consult with local stakeholders about projects, which they had not originally done in this case. In August 2010, after continued consultation, Duke agreed to move the proposed Hyatt Creek tie station away from sight of the Kituwa mound. The Cherokee tribes and leaders of Swain County praised Duke Energy for their consultation on this project and this outcome.
Traditions
Cherokee oral traditions say that all Cherokee settled in Kituwa after the migration from the Great Lakes region of the United States and southern Canada as early as 4,000 years ago. Cultural and archaeological evidence support the people's accounts of their migration, but there is no scholarly consensus about when they reached the Southeast and formed the culture recognized as Cherokee.
The ancient Cherokee had a hereditary priesthood, called the Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni, a structure that may have been adopted from another tribe. According to research by early 20th-century ethnographer James Mooney, the Cherokee held the Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni "in awe" and "greatly feared them." They were not the regular chiefs. These were of two types, known as the uguku (owls), or "white" chiefs (sometimes identified as those who worked for peace or during times of peace), and the kolona (ravens), or "red" chiefs (identified as those who led in times of war.)
Some traditional Cherokee identify by the autonym of Ah-ni-ki-tu-wa-gi (spelled variously in local Oklahoma dialects as Ki-tu-wa or Gi-du-wa), meaning Kituwa people. The meaning of the word Kituwa is known to contemporary Cherokee speakers. It is not widely reported because of its sacred nature. Other known etymologies for Kituwah stem from "Ga-Du-Hv," which is the word for a town which is derived from the root "Ga-du" meaning "to gather," with a past tense locative suffix indicating "Place Where They Were Gathered." The name is in reference to its role as one of the mother towns of the Cherokee Nation.
Honoring the "mother town" was analogous to honoring Selu, the Cherokee Corn Mother (of the ancient Green Corn Ceremony and many other connections). Honoring mothers is a concept that is pervasive in Cherokee culture. Well into the 20th century, the Cherokee had a matrilineal kinship system, by which clan membership, inheritance and status were carried by the mother's family. A child was considered born into its mother's family and clan.
In the Green Corn Ceremony, one of the two social dances performed is of ancient origin. It may have been practiced in the mother town of Kituwa. The dance is called ye-lu-le, which means "to the center". During it, all of the dancers shout ye-lu-le and move toward the fire in the center of the dance circle. This dance symbolizes the dispersal of the sacred fire given to the people, according to their ancient legends. During Green Corn ceremonies in traditional Cherokee society, the coals of new fire were carried to all the Cherokee. They were used to kindle the ceremonial fires in each town before any of the new corn could be eaten. The home fires in outlying Cherokee communities were extinguished before the ceremonies and relit from the coals of the fire kindled during the Green Corn Dances.
See also
New Kituwah Academy
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ David G. Moore, Robin A. Beck, Jr., and Christopher B. Rodning, "Joara and Fort San Juan: culture contact at the edge of the world" Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, Antiquity, Vol. 78, No. 229, Mar. 2004, accessed 26 Jun 2008
^ a b c d "Proposed Development of Kituwah 'Mother Town' of the Cherokee, Debated" Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Cherokee Nations News, 20 Apr 2000
^ a b c "Kituwah Mound, NC (Eastern Cherokee), 2004", The Pluralism Project, Harvard University, accessed 3 Mar 2009
^ a b Chavez, Will (March 25, 2016). "EBCI ancestors remained east for various reasons". Cherokee Phoenix. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
^ Klink, Karl, and James Talman, ed. The Journal of Major John Norton. (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1970), p. 62
^ a b Cooper, Andrea (Fall 2009). "Embracing Archeology". American Archeology. 13 (3). Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
^ Neal, Dale (May 31, 2015). "School parents worry about substation". Citizen Times.
^ "Tribe opposes Substation at Kituwah Site", Cherokee One Feather, SCOTT MCKIE B.P., accessed 9 Feb 2009
^ "Citizens to Protect Kituwah Valley" Archived July 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Save Kituwah Valley
^ a b Chavez, Will (August 6, 2010). "Duke Energy to move tie station from Kituwah area". Cherokee Phoenix. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
^ a b c Mooney, James (2006) . Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees. Kessinger Publishing. p. 393. ISBN 978-1-4286-4864-7.
^ a b Mooney, James (1995) . Myths of the Cherokee. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-28907-9.
External links
Eastern Band of Cherokee - official website
Cherokee Preservation Foundation
United Keetoowah "United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians", official website]
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See also: Cherokee-language Wikipedia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_language"},{"link_name":"ᎩᏚᏩ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary"},{"link_name":"Woodland period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_period"},{"link_name":"Tuckasegee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuckasegee_River"},{"link_name":"Cherokee people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_people"},{"link_name":"earthwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"platform mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_mound"},{"link_name":"Swain County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swain_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Great Smoky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Indian Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Territory"},{"link_name":"Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"United Keetoowah Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band"}],"text":"Historic place in North Carolina, United StatesUnited States historic placeKituwa (also spelled Kituwah, Keetoowah, Kittowa, Kitara and other similar variations) or giduhwa (Cherokee:ᎩᏚᏩ) is a Woodland period Native American settlement near the upper Tuckasegee River, and is claimed by the Cherokee people as their original town. An earthwork platform mound, built about 1000 CE, marks a ceremonial site here. The historic Cherokee built a townhouse on top that was used for their communal gatherings and decisionmaking; they replaced it repeatedly over decades. They identify Kituwa as one of the \"seven mother towns\" in their traditional homeland of the American Southeast. This site is in modern Swain County, North Carolina, in the Great Smoky Mountains.The Cherokee lost control of this site to the United States in the early 19th century. In the late 1830s, most of their people in the Southeast were forcibly removed by US forces to Indian Territory. Descendants of those who remained in North Carolina formed the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI), which is federally recognized.Kituwa (31Sw2) was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 because of its historic and archeological significance. In 1996 the EBCI purchased 309 acres of land, including Kituwa mound and the former town site. They have conducted archeological surveys that have added to their knowledge about the long history of the site and Cherokee uses, including burials there. As a result, they have decided to leave this sacred site undeveloped.Since the mid-19th century, the term \"Keetoowah\" has been associated with Cherokee people, initially full-blood only, who supported a kind of religious nationalism. They adhered to pre-contact communal ways. Conservative descendants of Cherokee who had migrated to Arkansas and Indian Territory in the 1810s and 1820s later formed what is now the federally recognized tribe of the United Keetoowah Band, based in Oklahoma. During the 19th century, after removal to Indian Territory, there were Cherokee groups who identified as Keetoowah, at times forming secret societies that maintained rituals and sacred ceremonies.","title":"Kituwa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"earthwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"platform mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_mound"},{"link_name":"South Appalachian Mississippian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture"},{"link_name":"Tuckaseegee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuckaseegee_River"},{"link_name":"Oconaluftee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconaluftee_River"},{"link_name":"Woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland_period"},{"link_name":"Mississippian cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Basin"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"South Appalachian Mississippian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture"},{"link_name":"Western North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moore-2"},{"link_name":"platform mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_mound"},{"link_name":"chiefdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdom"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"platform mound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_mound"}],"text":"Kituwa is the site of Woodland period villages and an earthwork platform mound, which was built by about 1000 CE during the period of the South Appalachian Mississippian culture. The Cherokee hold the site sacred as the original town of their people. It is along the Tuckaseegee River, before its confluence with the Oconaluftee River.For peoples of several Woodland and Mississippian cultures, building such earthwork mounds was characteristic of their societies and an expression of public architecture that was part of their cosmology and political system. Remains of such platform mounds and effigy mounds are evident throughout the Mississippi Basin and Ohio Valley. The areas of moundbuilding by various cultures included Tennessee to the west, Georgia to the southeast, Louisiana to the southwest, and Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri to the northwest.The South Appalachian Mississippian culture, a regional variation of the classic Mississippian culture, is documented as established in what is now known as Western North Carolina from 1000 CE.[2] Mississippian-culture sites have been identified extending southwest in the river valleys, including the town later called Kituwa by the Cherokee, where the ancient platform mound is still visible. The Mississippian-culture peoples were part of vast, indigenous trade networks that connected chiefdoms throughout the present-day eastern United States, spanning the continent from the Gulf Coast to the Great Lakes. In contrast to some of the larger settlements in the Midwest, which had large complexes of multiple mounds, in North Carolina most of the major towns had a single platform mound. Smaller villages developed near what the Cherokee called the \"mother towns\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archaeologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologists"},{"link_name":"Catawba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catawba_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"},{"link_name":"townhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townhouse"},{"link_name":"corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motherTown-3"},{"link_name":"sacred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pluralismkituwah-4"},{"link_name":"Tuckasegee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuckasegee_River"},{"link_name":"Oconaluftee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconaluftee_River"},{"link_name":"Little Tennessee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Tennessee_River"},{"link_name":"Hiwassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwassee_River"},{"link_name":"Nantahala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantahala_River"},{"link_name":"Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chavez-5"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"Algonquian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_peoples"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motherTown-3"},{"link_name":"Savannah River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_River"},{"link_name":"Keowee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keowee_River"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Little Tennessee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Tennessee_River"},{"link_name":"Tennessee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_River"},{"link_name":"Tellico River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellico_River"},{"link_name":"Hiwassee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwassee_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chavez-5"},{"link_name":"Iroquoian origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian_language"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Tuscarora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_people"},{"link_name":"Meherrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meherrin"},{"link_name":"Nottoway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottoway_people"},{"link_name":"James Mooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mooney"},{"link_name":"Qualla Boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualla_Boundary"},{"link_name":"Eastern Band of Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motherTown-3"}],"sub_title":"Historic Cherokee","text":"Archaeologists believe the people of the smaller chiefdoms were eventually absorbed by the developing, larger Catawba and Cherokee tribes of this region. These have been documented since the historic period.Cherokee public architecture took the form of building townhouses, also known as council houses, on top of the platform mounds. Where no mound existed, they built the townhouse at a central plaza in the town. It was the place for community gathering and creation of consensus for communal decisionmaking.At the time of European encounter, the Cherokee regularly burned the vegetation on the mound for agricultural use. It may also have been part of ritual to preserve the mound, to keep it visible and free of trees. Burning underbrush was part of sustainable farming practices.After European Americans forced the removal of the Cherokee Nation in the 1830s from the Southeast, they took over their lands. At Kituwa, they repeatedly plowed the mound and village area for corn cultivation. The mound is still visible although much shorter than it would have been during the Cherokee time. By the end of the period of European-American ownership, the mound was within the boundaries of a private property called Ferguson's Field.[3]In the 21st century, the remaining Kituwa mound is 170 feet (52 m) in diameter and five feet tall, although archeologists know that it was once taller. According to Cherokee oral tradition, they had built a townhouse structure on top that housed their sacred flame, which was to be kept burning at all times.[4]The inhabitants of Kituwah, known as the Ani-kitu-hwagi, influenced all of the Cherokee towns of the heartland along the Tuckasegee and Oconaluftee rivers (which were known as the Out Towns, in a geographic grouping). The people also influenced the Middle Towns, those Cherokee towns along the upper Little Tennessee River and its tributaries. The Valley Towns were further south in this area, along the upper Hiwassee, Nantahala, and Valley rivers; all of these were located in what later became the province and state of North Carolina.[5]The people of this region became known as the Kituwah, also spelled Keetoowah, after the name of their mother town. Because the Kituwah were seen to protect the northern border of the Cherokee from Iroquois nations raiding from New York and various Algonquian peoples, gradually Kituwah also became synonymous with Cherokee.[3]During the colonial period, the Cherokee towns along the Savannah River (also known as the Keowee River in their territory) and its tributaries were known by English colonists as the Lower Towns. The colonists referred to the towns in eastern Tennessee as the Overhill Towns, as their traders had to cross the Appalachian Mountains to reach them. They were located along the lower Little Tennessee River and upper Tennessee River, as well as the Tellico River and lower Hiwassee River.[5]The Cherokee language is of Iroquoian origin, and most tribes of this language family have historically been based around the Great Lakes in North America. The Cherokee and other southern Iroquoian-speaking tribes, such as the Tuscarora in South Carolina, and Meherrin and Nottoway in Virginia, are believed to have migrated long ago to the South from the Great Lakes area. According to James Mooney's study and compilation of Cherokee myth, published after living with the people, such migration is recounted in Cherokee oral history. The Cherokee settled in the territory of what is now western Virginia, western South and North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, and northeastern Georgia, which they consider their homelands.In the 21st century, the ancient site of the Mother Town Kituwa is visible in the general area of the Qualla Boundary. The federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee (ECBI), based in North Carolina, re-acquired Kituwa and an associated 309 acres (1.25 km2) in 1996, taking it back under Cherokee control.(see below \"reclamation\")[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Cherokee War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General"},{"link_name":"James Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_(British_Army_officer,_born_1720)"},{"link_name":"Great Island Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mialoquo_(Cherokee_town)"},{"link_name":"Little Tennessee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Tennessee_River"},{"link_name":"Overhill Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhill_Cherokee"},{"link_name":"Dragging Canoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragging_Canoe"},{"link_name":"Attakullakulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attakullakulla"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"forcibly removed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_removal"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Trail of Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_of_Tears"},{"link_name":"Indian Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Territory"},{"link_name":"Eastern Band of Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee"}],"text":"During the Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–1761), British forces under general James Grant destroyed the town of Kituwa during the Cherokee-Anglo War, which was caused by the settlers of Virginia killing several Cherokee auxiliaries and selling their scalps. (The Cherokee-Anglo War began in late 1759 after approximately four years of increased hostilities due to British failure to meet treaty terms, settler encroachment, and shortages of pay to Cherokee auxiliaries who had fought in the Forbes expedition against Fort Duquesne.)Kituwa's survivors migrated westward across the Appalachian Mountains, settling in Mialoquo (Great Island Town) on the lower Little Tennessee River among the Overhill Cherokee. A later headman of this group was Dragging Canoe, son of Attakullakulla. During and after the American Revolutionary War, when he led his warriors southwest to continue fighting the colonists of Upper East Tennessee, the entire population went with him, including those formerly of Kituwa.[6]By 1819 the Cherokee lost control of the Kituwa area after being forced to make treaties and land cessions in this area to the United States. In the late 1830s most Cherokee in the Southeast were forcibly removed by the federal government, walking overland on the Trail of Tears to Indian Territory. Descendants of those who remained in this area later organized and were federally recognized in 1868 as the Eastern Band of Cherokee, based in Western North Carolina. They are the only federally recognized tribe in the state, and one of three Cherokee tribes. The other two are in what is now the state of Oklahoma.","title":"Colonial and early federal period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Band of Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee"},{"link_name":"artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooper-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-motherTown-3"},{"link_name":"burials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooper-7"},{"link_name":"hearth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pluralismkituwah-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pluralismkituwah-4"}],"sub_title":"20th-century reclamation","text":"In 1996 the Eastern Band of Cherokee purchased the Kituwah mound and village site, a total of 309 acres (1.25 km2). Their 1997 archaeological survey of Kituwah revealed thousands of artifacts, evidence of thousands of years of human habitation at this site.[7] Among the evidence of settlement was an early 18th-century Cherokee town, which occupied 65 acres (260,000 m2).[3]The Cherokee have debated how to use the land. Initially some EBCI members wanted to develop the property for community uses. Since then they have had additional, non-invasive archaeological surveys conducted by use of a gradiometer. These revealed 15 burials. There is a likelihood of up to 1000 burials, as it was the Cherokee custom for people to be buried in the village where they lived.[7] This survey also revealed the location of many hearth sites, including one at the center of the town. This would likely have been associated with the sacred fire of the townhouse on the mound.[4]Based on these discoveries, more Cherokee citizens believe that the sacred nature of the site requires that it be left undisturbed. They are planning uses associated with community wellness and renewal. The Eastern Cherokee have sponsored two youth retreats at the site, which highlighted traditional ways of spiritual expression.[4]","title":"Colonial and early federal period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"substation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chavez1-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chavez1-11"}],"sub_title":"Duke Energy controversy in 2010","text":"In the early 21st century, Duke Energy announced plans to build a $52 million substation near the Kituwah mound. Both Swain County and the Eastern Cherokee opposed this project; the county asked for a moratorium on such projects until it could consider zoning ordinances to regulate them. But the state Utilities Commission has the power to override local ordinances in order to achieve its mission of supplying electricity at reasonable rates.[8]On February 4, 2010, the Eastern Cherokee Tribal Council passed a resolution opposing the project, stating,It is this Tribe's solemn responsibility and moral duty to care for and protect all of Kituwah from further desecration and degradation by human agency in order to preserve the integrity of the most important site for the origination and continuation of Cherokee culture, heritage, history and identity.[9]In March 2010, Swain County passed a resolution calling for a 90-day moratorium to stop construction of Duke Energy's project until they could better consult. On April 23, 2010, the North Carolina Utilities Commission denied Duke Energy's \"Motion to Hold Complaint in Abeyance.\" It directed Duke to file an answer to the complaint on or before May 10, 2010. Duke agreed to halt the construction that threatened Kituwah for 90 days until the complaint was heard.[10]In July 2010 the Swain County commission passed an ordinance requiring Duke Energy to consult with local stakeholders about projects, which they had not originally done in this case.[11] In August 2010, after continued consultation, Duke agreed to move the proposed Hyatt Creek tie station away from sight of the Kituwa mound. The Cherokee tribes and leaders of Swain County praised Duke Energy for their consultation on this project and this outcome.[11]","title":"Colonial and early federal period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mooney19002006-12"},{"link_name":"hereditary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood"},{"link_name":"Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni"},{"link_name":"ethnographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographer"},{"link_name":"James Mooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mooney"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mooney19002006-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mooney19002006-12"},{"link_name":"autonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym"},{"link_name":"sacred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred"},{"link_name":"Selu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_mythology#Other_venerated_spirits"},{"link_name":"Corn Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Mother"},{"link_name":"Green Corn Ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony"},{"link_name":"matrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineal"},{"link_name":"clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mooney19001995-13"},{"link_name":"Green Corn Ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony"},{"link_name":"Cherokee society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_society"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mooney19001995-13"}],"text":"Cherokee oral traditions say that all Cherokee settled in Kituwa after the migration from the Great Lakes region of the United States and southern Canada as early as 4,000 years ago. Cultural and archaeological evidence support the people's accounts of their migration, but there is no scholarly consensus about when they reached the Southeast and formed the culture recognized as Cherokee.[12]The ancient Cherokee had a hereditary priesthood, called the Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni, a structure that may have been adopted from another tribe. According to research by early 20th-century ethnographer James Mooney, the Cherokee held the Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni \"in awe\" and \"greatly feared them.\"[12] They were not the regular chiefs. These were of two types, known as the uguku (owls), or \"white\" chiefs (sometimes identified as those who worked for peace or during times of peace), and the kolona (ravens), or \"red\" chiefs (identified as those who led in times of war.)[12]Some traditional Cherokee identify by the autonym of Ah-ni-ki-tu-wa-gi (spelled variously in local Oklahoma dialects as Ki-tu-wa or Gi-du-wa), meaning Kituwa people. The meaning of the word Kituwa is known to contemporary Cherokee speakers. It is not widely reported because of its sacred nature. Other known etymologies for Kituwah stem from \"Ga-Du-Hv,\" which is the word for a town which is derived from the root \"Ga-du\" meaning \"to gather,\" with a past tense locative suffix indicating \"Place Where They Were Gathered.\" The name is in reference to its role as one of the mother towns of the Cherokee Nation.Honoring the \"mother town\" was analogous to honoring Selu, the Cherokee Corn Mother (of the ancient Green Corn Ceremony and many other connections). Honoring mothers is a concept that is pervasive in Cherokee culture. Well into the 20th century, the Cherokee had a matrilineal kinship system, by which clan membership, inheritance and status were carried by the mother's family. A child was considered born into its mother's family and clan.[13]In the Green Corn Ceremony, one of the two social dances performed is of ancient origin. It may have been practiced in the mother town of Kituwa. The dance is called ye-lu-le, which means \"to the center\". During it, all of the dancers shout ye-lu-le and move toward the fire in the center of the dance circle. This dance symbolizes the dispersal of the sacred fire given to the people, according to their ancient legends. During Green Corn ceremonies in traditional Cherokee society, the coals of new fire were carried to all the Cherokee. They were used to kindle the ceremonial fires in each town before any of the new corn could be eaten. The home fires in outlying Cherokee communities were extinguished before the ceremonies and relit from the coals of the fire kindled during the Green Corn Dances.[13]","title":"Traditions"}] | [] | [{"title":"New Kituwah Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kituwah_Academy"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Chavez, Will (March 25, 2016). \"EBCI ancestors remained east for various reasons\". Cherokee Phoenix. Retrieved November 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/index/10143","url_text":"\"EBCI ancestors remained east for various reasons\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Andrea (Fall 2009). \"Embracing Archeology\". American Archeology. 13 (3). Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200523235652/https://www.archaeologicalconservancy.org/?wpfb_dl=64","url_text":"\"Embracing Archeology\""},{"url":"https://www.archaeologicalconservancy.org/?wpfb_dl=64","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Neal, Dale (May 31, 2015). \"School parents worry about substation\". Citizen Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2015/05/31/isaac-dickson-parents-protest-duke-plans-substation/28282751/","url_text":"\"School parents worry about substation\""}]},{"reference":"Chavez, Will (August 6, 2010). \"Duke Energy to move tie station from Kituwah area\". Cherokee Phoenix. Retrieved May 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/index/3937","url_text":"\"Duke Energy to move tie station from Kituwah area\""}]},{"reference":"Mooney, James (2006) [1900]. Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees. Kessinger Publishing. p. 393. ISBN 978-1-4286-4864-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mooney","url_text":"Mooney, James"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9HDbWUX71joC","url_text":"Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-4864-7","url_text":"978-1-4286-4864-7"}]},{"reference":"Mooney, James (1995) [1900]. Myths of the Cherokee. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-28907-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mooney","url_text":"Mooney, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-28907-9","url_text":"0-486-28907-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kituwa¶ms=35.438852_N_83.401138_W_type:landmark_region:US-NC","external_links_name":"35°26′20″N 83°24′04″W / 35.438852°N 83.401138°W / 35.438852; -83.401138"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kituwa¶ms=35.438852_N_83.401138_W_type:landmark_region:US-NC","external_links_name":"35°26′20″N 83°24′04″W / 35.438852°N 83.401138°W / 35.438852; -83.401138"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/73002239","external_links_name":"73002239"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/moore/index.html","external_links_name":"David G. Moore, Robin A. Beck, Jr., and Christopher B. Rodning, \"Joara and Fort San Juan: culture contact at the edge of the world\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171011/http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/moore/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/Cherokee/News2000/Apr2000/UBK000416Kituwah.htm","external_links_name":"\"Proposed Development of Kituwah 'Mother Town' of the Cherokee, Debated\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719014643/http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/Cherokee/News2000/Apr2000/UBK000416Kituwah.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pluralism.org/research/profiles/display.php?profile=73334","external_links_name":"\"Kituwah Mound, NC (Eastern Cherokee), 2004\""},{"Link":"https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/index/10143","external_links_name":"\"EBCI ancestors remained east for various reasons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200523235652/https://www.archaeologicalconservancy.org/?wpfb_dl=64","external_links_name":"\"Embracing Archeology\""},{"Link":"https://www.archaeologicalconservancy.org/?wpfb_dl=64","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2015/05/31/isaac-dickson-parents-protest-duke-plans-substation/28282751/","external_links_name":"\"School parents worry about substation\""},{"Link":"http://www.nc-cherokee.com/onefeather/2010/02/08/tribe-opposes-substation-at-kituwah-site/","external_links_name":"\"Tribe opposes Substation at Kituwah Site\""},{"Link":"http://www.savekituwahvalley.com/","external_links_name":"\"Citizens to Protect Kituwah Valley\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100706081932/http://www.savekituwahvalley.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/index/3937","external_links_name":"\"Duke Energy to move tie station from Kituwah area\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9HDbWUX71joC","external_links_name":"Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees"},{"Link":"http://nc-cherokee.com/","external_links_name":"Eastern Band of Cherokee - official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070810225337/http://cherokeepreservationfdn.org/pr_032306a.html","external_links_name":"Cherokee Preservation Foundation"},{"Link":"https://www.ukb-nsn.gov/","external_links_name":"United Keetoowah \"United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arango_(surname) | Arango (surname) | [] | Arango is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alfredo Arango (footballer) (1945–2005), Colombian footballer
Alicia Arango (born 1958), Colombian politician and businesswoman
Andrés Pastrana Arango (born 1954), Colombian politician
Ángel Arango (1926–2013), Cuban science fiction writer
Carlos Arango (1928–2014), Colombian footballer
Celso Arango (born 1968), Spanish psychiatrist
Cristian Arango (born 1995), Colombian footballer
Daniel Arango, Colombian-born American artist
Débora Arango (1907–2005), Colombian artist
Emiliana Arango (born 2000), Colombian tennis player
Fermín Arango (1874–1962), Spanish-Argentine painter
Gonzalo Arango (1931–1976), Colombian poet, journalist and philosopher
Jaime Jaramillo Arango (1897–1962), Colombian academic, diplomat and politician
Jerónimo Arango (1927–2020), Mexican businessman
Johan Arango (born 1991), Colombian footballer
Jorge Arango (1917–2007), Colombian-born US architect
Juan Arango (born 1980), Venezuelan footballer
Juan Andrés Arango (born 1976), Colombian-Canadian film director
Julián Arango (born 1969), Colombian television actor
Julio Arango (born 1950), Colombian swimmer
Julio Franco Arango (1914−1980), Colombian Roman Catholic bishop
Octavio Betancourt Arango (1928–2017), Colombian Roman Catholic prelate
Oscar Arango (born 1965), Colombian fencer
Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango (1899–1969), Panamanian politician
Roberto Arango, Cuban American politician
Rogelio Arango (born 1959), Colombian racing cyclist
Salvador Arango (born 1944), Colombian sculptor
Silvio Arango (born 1988), Colombian footballer
Tim Arango, American journalist
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Arango. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfredo Arango (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Arango_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Alicia Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Arango"},{"link_name":"Andrés Pastrana Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango"},{"link_name":"Ángel Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Arango"},{"link_name":"Carlos Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Arango"},{"link_name":"Celso Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celso_Arango"},{"link_name":"Cristian Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Arango"},{"link_name":"Daniel Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Arango"},{"link_name":"Débora Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9bora_Arango"},{"link_name":"Emiliana Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliana_Arango"},{"link_name":"Fermín Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Arango"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Arango"},{"link_name":"Jaime Jaramillo Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Jaramillo_Arango"},{"link_name":"Jerónimo Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Arango"},{"link_name":"Johan Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Arango"},{"link_name":"Jorge Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Arango"},{"link_name":"Juan Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Arango"},{"link_name":"Juan Andrés Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Andr%C3%A9s_Arango"},{"link_name":"Julián Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Arango"},{"link_name":"Julio Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Arango"},{"link_name":"Julio Franco Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Franco_Arango"},{"link_name":"Octavio Betancourt Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavio_Betancourt_Arango"},{"link_name":"Oscar Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Arango"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Adolfo_de_la_Guardia_Arango"},{"link_name":"Roberto Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Arango"},{"link_name":"Rogelio Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogelio_Arango"},{"link_name":"Salvador Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Arango"},{"link_name":"Silvio Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Arango"},{"link_name":"Tim Arango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Arango"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Arango_(surname)&namespace=0"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}],"text":"Alfredo Arango (footballer) (1945–2005), Colombian footballer\nAlicia Arango (born 1958), Colombian politician and businesswoman\nAndrés Pastrana Arango (born 1954), Colombian politician\nÁngel Arango (1926–2013), Cuban science fiction writer\nCarlos Arango (1928–2014), Colombian footballer\nCelso Arango (born 1968), Spanish psychiatrist\nCristian Arango (born 1995), Colombian footballer\nDaniel Arango, Colombian-born American artist\nDébora Arango (1907–2005), Colombian artist\nEmiliana Arango (born 2000), Colombian tennis player\nFermín Arango (1874–1962), Spanish-Argentine painter\nGonzalo Arango (1931–1976), Colombian poet, journalist and philosopher\nJaime Jaramillo Arango (1897–1962), Colombian academic, diplomat and politician\nJerónimo Arango (1927–2020), Mexican businessman\nJohan Arango (born 1991), Colombian footballer\nJorge Arango (1917–2007), Colombian-born US architect\nJuan Arango (born 1980), Venezuelan footballer\nJuan Andrés Arango (born 1976), Colombian-Canadian film director\nJulián Arango (born 1969), Colombian television actor\nJulio Arango (born 1950), Colombian swimmer\nJulio Franco Arango (1914−1980), Colombian Roman Catholic bishop\nOctavio Betancourt Arango (1928–2017), Colombian Roman Catholic prelate\nOscar Arango (born 1965), Colombian fencer\nRicardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango (1899–1969), Panamanian politician\nRoberto Arango, Cuban American politician\nRogelio Arango (born 1959), Colombian racing cyclist\nSalvador Arango (born 1944), Colombian sculptor\nSilvio Arango (born 1988), Colombian footballer\nTim Arango, American journalistSurname listThis page lists people with the surname Arango. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.","title":"Arango (surname)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Arango_(surname)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Rudbar-e_Jonubi_County) | Central District (Rudbar-e Jonubi County) | ["1 Notes","2 References"] | Coordinates: 28°04′04″N 58°02′54″E / 28.06778°N 58.04833°E / 28.06778; 58.04833District in Kerman province, Iran
District in Kerman, IranCentral District (Rudbar-e Jonubi County)
Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان رودبار جنوبDistrictCentral District (Rudbar-e Jonubi County)Coordinates: 28°04′04″N 58°02′54″E / 28.06778°N 58.04833°E / 28.06778; 58.04833CountryIranProvinceKermanCountyRudbar-e JonubiCapitalRudbarPopulation (2016) • Total62,125Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
The Central District of Rudbar-e Jonubi County (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان رودبار جنوب) is in Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Rudbar.
At the National Census in 2006, its population was 50,292 in 10,069 households. The following census in 2011 counted 62,712 people in 14,867 households. At the latest census in 2016, the district had 62,125 inhabitants in 16,347 households.
In 2023, Bizhanabad Rural District was established in the Central District and Nehzatabad Rural District became a part of the newly established Halil Dasht District, which also contains the new Abbasabad Rural District.
Central District (Rudbar-e Jonubi County) Population
Administrative Divisions
2006
2011
2016
Bizhanabad RD
Nehzatabad RD
19,921
22,946
21,538
Rudbar RD
22,096
27,543
25,840
Rudbar (city)
8,275
12,223
14,747
Total
50,292
62,712
62,125
RD = Rural District
Iran portal
Notes
^ Established after the 2016 census
^ Transferred to Halil Dasht District
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (8 July 2023). "Central District (Rudbar-e Jonubi County)" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
^ a b c "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 08. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Aref, Mohammad Reza (11 May 1384). "Divisional changes and reforms in Kerman province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 08. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 08. Archived from the original (Excel) on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ a b c Mokhbar, Mohammad (24 December 1401). "Letter of approval regarding the country divisions of Kerman province". Qavanin (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
vteKerman province, IranCapital
Kerman
Countiesand citiesAnar County
Anar
Aminshahr
Anbarabad County
Anbarabad
Mardehek
Arzuiyeh County
Arzuiyeh
Baft County
Baft
Bezenjan
Bam County
Bam
Baravat
Bardsir County
Bardsir
Golzar
Negar
Fahraj County
Fahraj
Faryab County
Faryab
Jiroft County
Jiroft
Darb-e Behesht
Jebalbarez
Kahnuj County
Kahnuj
Kerman County
Kerman
Anduhjerd
Baghin
Chatrud
Ekhtiarabad
Golbaf
Jupar
Kazemabad
Mahan
Mohiabad
Rayen
Shahdad
Zangiabad
Kuhbanan County
Kuhbanan
Kian Shahr
Manujan County
Manujan
Nowdezh
Narmashir County
Narmashir
Nezamshahr
Qaleh Ganj County
Qaleh Ganj
Rabor County
Rabor
Rafsanjan County
Rafsanjan
Bahreman
Koshkuiyeh
Mes-e Sarcheshmeh
Safayyeh
Ravar County
Ravar
Hojedk
Rigan County
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad-e Gonbaki
Rudbar-e Jonubi County
Rudbar
Shahr-e Babak County
Shahr-e Babak
Dehaj
Jowzam
Khatunabad
Khursand
Sirjan County
Sirjan
Najaf Shahr
Pariz
Zeydabad
Zarand County
Zarand
Khanuk
Reyhan Shahr
Yazdan Shahr
Sights
Arg-é Bam
Bardsir citadel
Carpet Museum, Kerman
Dinosaur remnants, Zarand
Dousari waterfall
Ganjali Khan Complex
Hajagha-ali historical complex
Ibrahim Khan's school
Jamé Mosque of Kerman
Kerman's grand Bazzar
Kerman's museum of industry
Khanqah of Sheykh Saeid
Konar Sandal
Meymand
Naderi Milestone, Fahraj
Pid-e Nekooieh
Presidential museum of Rafsanjan
Rayen Castle
Shazdeh Garden
Sirjan's Yakhchals
Torang cave
Shah Nematollah Vali Shrine
Vakil bath, Kerman
Places
List of cities, towns and villages in Kerman Province
vte Rudbar-e Jonubi CountyCapital
Rudbar
DistrictsCentralCities
Rudbar
Rural Districts and villagesNehzatabad
Abbasabad Molla Reza
Ab-e Hayat
Aminabad
Azizabad
Bahrin
Chah-e Ali
Chah-e Baluch
Chah-e Falahpur
Chah-e Shuliyan
Cheragh Rigi Nezhad
Deh Now-e Yarahmadi
Garkab
Gaz Sardi-ye Shahabad
Hajjiabad
Heyr Galu
Hir Shahabad
Hojjatabad-e Sardi
Hoseynabad-e Morad Khan
Hoseynabad-e Yarahmadi
Jadval-e Now
Jikalaksheteh
Kulgan
Mandusat Kashteh
Maskhareh
Mian Deh
Miri-ye Khani-ye Do
Miri-ye Khani-ye Yek
Miri-ye Saburi-ye Do
Mohammadabad-e Do Ziyarati
Moradabad-e Do
Moradabad-e Yek
Mowtowr-e Cheragh Khavari
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Bani Asadi
Mowtowr-e Shomareh-ye Do Shahabad
Mowtowr-e Shomareh-ye Seh Shahabad
Mowtowr-e Shomareh-ye Yek Shahabad
Mowtowr-e Tavakkol Bani Asadi
Nehzatabad
Qaderabad
Rigabad
Sardi-ye Shahabad
Shams-e Gaz
Surgan-e Olya
Surgan-e Sofla
Taradeh
Tareh-ye Ahrar Abbasabad Molla Reza
Rudbar
Ab Sarduiyeh
Abdollahabad
Absegun
Abuzariyeh
Aliabad-e Olya
Aliabad-e Sofla
Allahabad
Bizhanabad-e Do
Bizhanabad-e Yek
Chah-e Dad Ali Shomareh-ye Yek
Chah-e Taher
Dasht-e Mehran
Firuzabad
Heydarabad
Jamalabad
Kahn-e Cheragh
Kahn-e Gholam
Kal Karimi
Kheyrabad
Kujak
Lachabad
Mahnabad
Masha-ye Chahar Rezaabad
Masha-ye Do Rezaabad
Masha-ye Seh Rezaabad
Masha-ye Yek Rezaabad
Mojtame-ye Chah Molla
Mokhtarabad
Mowtowr-e Ashayiri-ye Do Aliabad
Mowtowr-e Ashayiri-ye Yek Aliabad
Mozaffarabad
Puraki
Qaleh-ye Kontak
Qasemabad
Rezaabad
Rigabad
Rostamabad
Rustai-ye Mosteza Afan
Rustai-ye Solmaniyeh
Saidabad
Sar Jangal
Shahbaba
Siah Kahur
Suluiyeh
Taj Mahal
Tajabad-e Olya
Tarradeh
Tavakkolabad
Tumeyri
JazmurianCities
none
Rural Districts and villagesJazmurian
Abgarm
Aliabad
Buheng
Chah Dasht-e Buheng
Chahar Chahi
Chah-e Abbas Gholami
Chah-e Ali Ghazavi-ye Chahar
Chah-e Ali Kapari
Chah-e Aziz Zeh Kalut
Chah-e Bahman
Chah-e Ebrahim
Chah-e Jahani
Chah-e Kam Shad
Chah-e Khoda Morad Ravidal
Cheraghabad-e Zeh Kalut
Damir
Dargi
Darras
Deh-e Gowd
Garuchan
Gavcharan
Gazabad-e Yek
Gorg Andaz
Hasanabad-e Zeh Kalut
Heydarabad
Hoseynabad-e Zeh Kalut
Kalatang
Kapari
Karimabad
Lab Feravan
Mahmudabad
Mil Saidi
Miyandaran
Mohammadabad-e Kataki
Mokhtarabad
Mowtowr-e 287 Gastorsh Masud
Mowtowr-e 290 Gastoresh
Mowtowr-e Abbas Behruzi Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Abbas Chatarpima Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Abbas Khalqpur
Mowtowr-e Abdollah Darvish Mansh Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Ahmad Mirjani
Mowtowr-e Ali Khalqpur Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Ali Morad Khalqpur
Mowtowr-e Ali Naruyi Mohammad Reza Abadi Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Ali Sabeqi
Mowtowr-e Ali Zandani Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Alman Manahizadeh
Mowtowr-e Amin Ebrahimzadeh
Mowtowr-e Arzu Jamalzadeh
Mowtowr-e Arzu Rahimi Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Badal Khalqpur
Mowtowr-e Bahram Khalqpur Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Bahram Rayisi Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Bolbol Paradel
Mowtowr-e Cheragh Dustizadeh
Mowtowr-e Dad Ali Bamri Nesab Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Dad Mohammad Hasht va Gani Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Darvish Birami
Mowtowr-e Ebrahim Azadi Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Fathollah Minaki Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Gholam Hoseyn Kuhestani
Mowtowr-e Golzar Hasht va Gani
Mowtowr-e Habib Allah Ghodadi
Mowtowr-e Hajj Hasan Zandi
Mowtowr-e Hajji Qanbari Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Hasan Hasht va Gani Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Hoseyn Khurshidi
Mowtowr-e Jahangirpur Azad-e Yek
Mowtowr-e Kal Mohammad Qanbari
Mowtowr-e Khoda Morad Khalqipur
Mowtowr-e Khoda Morad Khalqpur Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Khorramshahr Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Mazar Fathi
Mowtowr-e Mazar Hasht va Gani
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Ahmadi
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Karimi Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Khalqpur
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Namdadifor Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Mohammad Nayimi Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Morad Hasht va Gani Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Musa Haqiqi
Mowtowr-e Musa Haqiqi-ye Do
Mowtowr-e Nadar Darvish Manesh
Mowtowr-e Navab Darvish Manesh
Mowtowr-e Nur Mohammad Bamari
Mowtowr-e Nur Mohammad Pandar Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Nur Mohammad Qanbari Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Qasem Mufaq
Mowtowr-e Rahman Khalqpur Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Ramazan Hasht va Gani
Mowtowr-e Reza Hajjabi Chah Hasan
Mowtowr-e Rostam Zeynabadi
Mowtowr-e Shakr Khalqpur
Mowtowr-e Shakr Sabeqi
Mowtowr-e Sohrab Qanbari
Mowtowr-e Vali Hasht va Gani
Mowtowr-e Yadallah Khalqpur Chah Hasan
Noqsan-e Kapari
Panag
Rafsanjan Cultural Estate
Rahmatabad-e Kataki
Rahmatabad-e Mian Deran
Rigak
Seh Chah
Shahidabad
Tahtali
Takol Hasan
Takolabad
Tavakkolabad-e Zeh Kalut
Zeh-e Kalut
Ziarat-e Malang
Ziarat-e Mir Meqdad
Zirdan Zirun
Kuhestan
Ab-e Garmu
Bahur
Borj-e Abbasabad
Chahaki
Chan Taki
Cheshmehha
Dalabad
Dandoski
Daryanil
Dazan
Deh-e Ashraf
Deh-e Ashur-e Bala
Deh-e Bala
Deh-e Mir
Dehnow-e Jari
Dehnow-e-Kuhestan
Dughabad
Fathabad
Gazbar
Gelu
Genarestan
Gol Kandi
Gonj Kesur
Hushfat
Jafarabad
Jangal Shur
Jari
Jughan
Kahn Rud
Kaleshkabad
Kalitu
Konardang
Konatabad
Kuhestan
Lati Koshteh
Meshtin
Nazmabad
Nehzatabad
Now Mahi
Panj Angosht
Pir Kahur
Potaki
Rowshanabad
Sabz Gazi
Sabz Pushan
Sang-e Kot
Shahbaba
Shahshiri
Sharikabad
Shurab
Tabaq
Tang-e Jedayi
This Rudbar-e Jonubi County location article is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hei%C3%B0reks_saga | Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks | ["1 Manuscripts","2 Synopsis","3 Origins and development","3.1 Historicity of \"The Battle of the Goths and Huns\"","4 Influence, legacy, and adaptions","4.1 Old Icelandic literature","4.2 Other Scandinavian literature","4.3 Hickes' \"The Waking of Angantyr\"","4.4 Other adaptions","4.5 J. R. R. Tolkien","5 References","5.1 Manuscript facsimiles","5.2 Editions, translations, and adaptations","5.3 Bibliography","5.4 Sources","6 External links"] | Germanic legendary saga
"Neither the Huns nor their hornbows make us afraid!" The Geatish king Gizur challenges the invading Huns to a pitched battle on behalf of the Goths, from the Scandinavian epic poem Battle of the Goths and the Huns, which preserves place names from the Gothic rule in South-Eastern Europe. Painting by Peter Nicolai Arbo, 1886.
Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks (The Saga of Hervör and Heidrek) is a legendary saga from the 13th century combining matter from several older sagas in Germanic heroic legend. It tells of wars between the Goths and the Huns during the 4th century. The final part of the saga, which was likely composed separately from and later than the rest, is a source for Swedish medieval history.
The saga may be most appreciated for its memorable imagery, as seen in a quotation from one of its translators, Nora Kershaw Chadwick, on the invasion of the Huns:
Hervör standing at sunrise on the summit of the tower and looking southward towards the forest; Angantyr marshalling his men for battle and remarking dryly that there used to be more of them when mead drinking was in question; great clouds of dust rolling over the plain, through which glittered white corslet and golden helmet, as the Hunnish host came riding on.
The text contains several poetic sections: the Hervararkviða, on Hervor's visit to her father's grave and her retrieval of the sword Tyrfing; another, the Hlöðskviða, on the battle between Goths and Huns; and a third, containing the riddles of Gestumblindi.
It has inspired later writers and derivative works, such as J. R. R. Tolkien when shaping his legends of Middle-earth. His son, Christopher Tolkien translated the work into English as The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise.
Manuscripts
Orvar-Odd and Hjalmar bid each other farewell Mårten Eskil Winge (1866).
There are three medieval recensions of the saga, each of which is an independent witness to its lost archetype, and which together are the basis for all post-medieval manuscripts of the saga. These are known as versions R, H, and U. The saga continued to be copied in manuscript into the nineteenth century, and the relationships of the surviving manuscripts and the ways in which they vary has been studied in detail.
R is the version found in the fifteenth-century parchment manuscript Reykjavík, Stofnun Árna Magnússonar, MS 2845, formerly held in the Danish Royal Library at Copenhagen. The manuscript is fragmentary, today containing the saga only into chapter 12, that is within the poem on the battle of Goths and Huns. R is in most respects closest witness to the lost archetype of Heiðreks saga.
U is the version best attested in a seventeenth-century paper manuscript, Uppsala, University Library, R 715. Another early witness to parts of this version is the seventeenth-century paper manuscript Copenhagen, Den Arnamagnæanske Samling, AM 203 fol. This contains a copy of R, but where R breaks off it then continues with text from a common ancestor with R 715. The version dramatically reworks the saga, adding a new opening chapter and including alterations sourced from other sagas, including from the Rímur reworking of the same tale, the Hervarar Rímur.
H (Hauksbók: Reykjavík, Stofnun Árna Magnússonar, AM 544), dates to c. 1325. This parchment manuscript is today fragmentary, containing the story up to the end of Gestumblindi's second riddle, but two early copies (AM 281 4to) and (AM 597b) record parts of H now lost. H is a conflation of an early version of the saga similar to that preserved in R, and the U-version of the saga. Thus although it is found in the earliest surviving manuscript, H is the third known recension of the saga.
There are many other paper manuscripts of the saga that were copied in the seventeenth century from the manuscripts mentioned above. These include AM 192, AM 193, AM 202 k, AM 354 4to, AM 355 4to, and AM 359 a 4to.
Synopsis
Hervor's deathPeter Nicolai Arbo
Further information: Hervararkviða and Riddles of Heiðreks saga
All the different manuscripts of the saga tell a similar story, though with many variations of detail (in particular, the U- and H-versions open with a mythic tale of Guðmundr of Glæsisvellir).
The saga deals with the sword Tyrfingr and how it was forged and cursed by the dwarfs Dvalinn and Durin for king Svafrlami. Later, Svafrlami loses it to the berserker Arngrímr of Bolmsö. The sword provides a common link throughout the saga, being passed down through the generations in Arngrímr's family, particularly the saga's main protagonists, Hervör and her son Heiðrekr. This magical sword shares a common property with other mythological weapons such as Dáinsleif and Bödvar Bjarki's sword in Hrolf Kraki's Saga that, once it has been drawn, it cannot be sheathed until it has drawn blood.
Arngrímr passes Tyrfingr to his son Angantýr. Angantýr dies during a holmganga (duel) on Samsø against the Swedish hero Hjálmarr, whose friend Örvar-Oddr buries the cursed sword in a barrow with Angantýr's body.
Tyrfingr is retrieved from the barrow by Angantýr's daughter, the shieldmaiden Hervör, who summons her dead father to claim her inheritance. This section mixes prose with extensive quotations from a poem known today as Hervarakviða, which largely comprises dialogue between Hervör and her father.
Then the saga relates how Hervör marries and has a son Heiðrekr, who becomes king of Reiðgotaland. Heiðrekr spends his youth systematically contravening the good advice given to him by his father and fathering sons on several different women. Eventually, he settles down and becomes a wise king. At this point in the saga, Heiðrekr is killed after a riddle contest with Óðinn (who is disguised as Gestumblindi). The riddles of Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks are all in verse and constitute the main surviving evidence for medieval Scandinavian riddling.
After Heiðrekr's death, his sons Angantýr and Hlöðr wage a great battle over their father's inheritance. Hlöðr is aided by the Huns, to whom his mother belonged, but nonetheless Angantýr defeats and kills him. This section of the saga too quotes extensively from a poem describing this battle between the Huns and Goths.
The end of the saga is only preserved in the U-recension. This version relates that Angantýr had a son, Heiðrekr Ulfhamr , who was king of Reiðgotaland for a long time. Heiðrekr's daughter Hildr was the mother of Hálfdanr the Valiant, who was the father of Ívarr Víðfaðmi. After Ívarr, there follows a list of Swedish kings, both real and semi-legendary, ending with Philip Halstensson. However, this king-list was probably composed separately from the rest of the saga and integrated into it in later redactions.
Origins and development
The saga tells the history of the family of Hervör and Heidrek over several generations. Then, the story turns to the sons of Arngrim, a Viking Age tale also told in the Hyndluljóð. Next, the tale tells of Hervör, daughter of Angantyr; then of Heidrek son of Hervör. At this point, the setting of the tale changes from the Kingdom of the Goths to somewhere in Eastern Europe (c. 4th–5th century); finally, the tale returns to the historically later date. Kershaw considers that the latter part of the tale involving the Huns and Goths has an origin separate from that of the earlier parts and, in chronological time, is actually taking place several centuries earlier.
In addition to attempts to understand the relationship between the events in the saga and real-world historical characters, events, and places (see § Historicity), the manuscripts and contents are also useful to research into the attitudes and cultures of the periods in which they were composed or written down. Hall thinks the text derives ultimately from oral tradition, not from the invention of an author.
Hall believes the poem Hervararkviða (or 'The Waking of Angantýr') was composed specifically for a narrative closely akin to the tale told in Heiðreks saga, as it is consistent in style and forms a consistent narrative link between the events in the tale. Tolkien considers it unequivocally older than the saga itself. The exact nature of the original underlying narrative for the poem is a matter of scholarly debate. Some passages of the poetry in Heiðreks saga also appear in variant forms in Örvar-Odd's saga (lines 97–9, 103-6), and the outline story of the duel between Arngrímr and Hjálmarr also appears in books 5 and 6 of the Gesta Danorum. There are also elemental plot similarities between the saga and Sturlaugs saga starfsama up to the point that a protagonist receives the magic sword from a female figure; Hall surmises that the two may share a narrative origin.
The section of the saga concerning Heiðrekr's disregard for his father's advice is common to a widely known family of tales (called by Knut Liestøl "The Good Counsels of the Father"). In general there are three counsels; in the saga, a set of three (1st, 2nd, and 6th) fit together. Tolkien proposes that after the counsels were introduced into the work, further counsels were added, further extending that theme through the saga.
The poem Hlöðskviða (or "Battle of the Goths and Huns") has numerous analogues that overlap in topical coverage. The oldest of these is thought to be the Old English poem Widsith. Several of the characters who appear in the battle of the Goths and Huns appear are mentioned in this poem: Heiðrekr (Heaþoric), Sifka (Sifeca), Hlǫðr (Hliðe), and Angantýr (Incgenþeow). Tolkien considers that the poem, though seemingly considerably altered over time, once formed part of a continuous poetic narrative that gave a complete description of the Goth-Hun conflict and existed as a separate work.
Historicity of "The Battle of the Goths and Huns"
In the 17th century, when the Norse sagas became a subject of interest to scholars, they were initially taken as reasonably accurate depictions of historical events. Later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, scholars realized that they were not completely historically accurate.
Carl Christian Rafn (Rafn 1850) considered that the battle between Goths and Huns was a legendary retelling of the battle between the Gothic king Ostrogotha and the Gepid king Fastida, which was described by Jordanes in Ch. 17 of his history of the Goths. Richard Heinzel (Heinzel 1887), in his analysis Über die Hervararsaga, suggested the battle described was the same as the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (451 CE), identifying Angantyr as the Roman general Aetius and Hlothr as the Frankish Chlodio, with the incorporation of parts of the general Litorius, whereas the Vandal Geiseric is the prototype for Gizurr Grytingalithi. (Much 1889) proposed alternative attributions for the battles. One, recorded by Paul the Deacon, took place between the Langobards and the Vulgares Bulgars; in that battle, Agelmundus (Agelmund) was killed, and his sister (conflated with Hervor) is taken prisoner. In the other battle, the new Langobardian king Lamissio is victorious; Much conflates this battle with that of the Goths and Huns. He also identifies the battlefields to be north of the River Danube in the Carpathian Mountains, near modern-day Kraków.
In the latter half of the 19th century, Heinzel's theory was predominant and widely accepted. Later, Gustav Neckel and Gudmund Schütte further analyzed the textual and historical information. Neckel placed the events after the death of Attila (d. 453 CE) during the later Gepid-Hun conflicts, whereas Schütte identified either Heithrekr or Heathoric as transformations of the name of the Gepid king Ardaric. In the early 1900s, Henrik Schück and Richard Constant Boer both rejected Heinzel's attribution and the link with Attila. Schück split the legend of the strife between brothers from that of the Goth-Hun war, as well as their geographic locations, and identified both sites as being in southern Russia. Boer associated the Dunheithr with the Daugava River but placed the battle further north in central European Russia, in the Valdai Hills.
Further scholarship in the 20th century added more name and place attributions, with Otto von Friesen and Arwid Johannson returning to the western end of the Carpathians; Hermann Schneider placing the Goths in the Black Sea area (Crimean Goths); and Niels Clausen Lukman reanalyzing the tale, not in the context of Jordanes' history but in that of Ammianus Marcellinus. Lukman shifted the date to 386 CE, when a mass migration of peoples under Odotheus (conflated with Hlothr) was destroyed by the Romans on the Danube; in his reconstruction Heithrekr is the visigothic Athanaric. In an analysis of parts of the tale, (Tolkien 1953) identifies the place where Angantyr revenges his father's (Heithrekr) killing by slaves as being at the foot of the Carpathians, using linguistic analysis based on consonant shifts (see Grimm's Law) in the term "Harvath Mountains". The place Árheimar in Danparstathir mentioned in association is unidentified, though "Danpar-" has been assumed to be some form of the river Dnieper. Similarities with the Battle of Nedao (454 CE) have also been noted.
It is a testimony to its great age that names appear in genuinely Germanic forms and not in any form remotely influenced by Latin. Names for Goths appear that ceased to be used after 390 CE, such as Grýting (cf. the Latin form Greutungi) and Tyrfing (cf. the Latin form Tervingi). The events take place where the Goths lived during the wars with the Huns. The Gothic capital Árheimar is located on the Dniepr (...á Danparstöðum á þeim bæ, er Árheimar heita...), King Heidrek dies in the Carpathians (...und Harvaða fjöllum), and the battle with the Huns takes place on the plains of the Danube (...á vígvöll á Dúnheiði í Dylgjudölum). The mythical Myrkviðr that separates the Goths from the Huns appears to correspond to the Maeotian marshes.
Influence, legacy, and adaptions
Örvar-Oddr informs Ingeborg about Hjalmar's death August Malmström (1859)
Old Icelandic literature
Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks was one source for the fifteenth-century Icelandic poem Ormars rímur (probably via a now-lost prose saga), in which the hero Ormarr visits his father's burial mound to convince his dead father to give him his sword.
Other Scandinavian literature
Traditions appearing in the saga have also been preserved in several Scandinavian medieval ballads and rímur, i.e. the Danish Angelfyr og Helmer kamp, the Faroese Hjálmar og Angantýr, Arngrims synir, Gátu rima, and in the Swedish Kung Speleman. The Faroese ballad, Gátu ríma ('riddle poem') was collected in the 19th century; it is thought by some scholars to derive from the riddle-contest in the saga.
Hickes' "The Waking of Angantyr"
At the beginning of the 18th century, George Hickes published a translation of the Hervararkviða in his Linguarum veterum septentrionalium thesaurus grammatico-criticus et archæologicus. Working from Verelius's 1671 translations (Verelius 1671), with the aid of a Swedish scholar, he presented the entire poem in half-line verse similar to that used in Old English poetry (see Old English metre). It was the first full Icelandic poem translated into English, and it aroused interest in England in such works. The work was reprinted in Dryden's Poetical Miscellanies (1716) and by Thomas Percy in amended form as "The Incantation of Hervor" in his Five Pieces of Runic Poetry (1763).
Hickes's publication inspired various "Gothic" and "Runic odes" based on the poem, of varying quality and faithfulness to the original. (Wawn 2002) states "he cult of the ubiquitous eighteenth-century poem known as 'The Waking of Angantyr' can be traced directly to its door."
Other adaptions
The Hervararkviða poem was translated fairly closely into verse by Beatrice Barmby and included in her Gísli Súrsson: a Drama (1900); and into a more "Old English" style by (Smith-Dampier 1912) in The Norse King's Bridal. Hjálmar's Death-Song was translated by W. Herbert in his Select Icelandic Poetry.
The French poet Charles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle adapted the Hervararkviða in the poem "L’Épée d’Angantyr" in his Poèmes barbares.
Swedish composer Wilhelm Stenhammar wrote the opera Tirfing as an adaptation of the Hervor-section of the saga using her as the opera's lead protagonist.
J. R. R. Tolkien
There is much in this saga that readers of J. R. R. Tolkien's work will recognize, most importantly the riddle contest. There are, for instance, warriors similar to the Rohirrim, brave shieldmaidens, Mirkwood, haunted barrows yielding enchanted swords (see Barrow-downs), an epic battle, and two dwarfs named Dwalin and Durin.
References
^ Tolkien 1960, pp. 56.
^ Tolkien 1960, pp. xxiii–xxiv.
^ a b Hall 2005, p. 14.
^ a b c Kershaw 1921, p. 79.
^ a b c Hall 2005, p. 3.
^ Jeffrey Scott Love, The Reception of Hervarar Saga ok Heiðreks from the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century, Münchener Nordistische Studien, 14 (Munich: Herbert Utz Verlag, 2013), ISBN 9783831642250, ISBN 3831642257.
^ "Stories for all time: The Icelandic fornaldarsögur".
^ a b Tolkien 1960, pp. xxx–xxxi.
^ Hall 2005, pp-3-4; quote, p.4 : "The most conservative surviving version of Heiðreks saga is agreed to be R".
^ Tolkien 1960, p. xxx.
^ Kershaw 1921, pp. 79–80.
^ Tolkien 1960, pp. xxix–xxx.
^ Tolkien 1960, p. xxix.
^ "Heiðreks saga: Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks ...", handrit.is
^ a b Kershaw 1921, p. 82.
^ Kershaw 1921, p. 83.
^ Kershaw 1921, p. 84.
^ Kershaw 1921, pp. 81–82.
^ Kershaw 1921, p. 86.
^ a b Hall 2005, p. 1.
^ a b c Hall 2005, p. 6.
^ Hall 2005, p. 7.
^ Tolkien 1960, p. xi.
^ Tolkien 1960, p. xii.
^ Pritsak 1981, p. 194.
^ Hall 2005, p. 8.
^ Tolkien 1960, p. xiv-xv.
^ Tolkien 1960, p. xv.
^ Pritsak 1981, pp. 196–197.
^ Tolkien 1960, p. xxii.
^ Tolkien 1953, p. 146.
^ Rafn 1850, p. 111.
^ Tolkien 1953, pp. 146–7.
^ Tolkien 1953, pp. 147–8.
^ Tolkien 1953, p. 148.
^ Tolkien 1953, p. 149.
^ Tolkien 1953, pp. 150–1.
^ Tolkien 1953, pp. 151–2.
^ Tolkien 1953, pp. 142–3.
^ Mingarelli, Bernardo (2018), Collapse of the Hunnic Empire: Jordanes, Ardaric and the Battle of Nedao (thesis), University of Ottawa, doi:10.20381/ruor-21393
^ Kapitan, Katarzyna Anna and Lavender, Philip, 'The Prose Summary as Antiquarian Tool and Literary Springboard: An Edition and Translation of Ormars þáttur Framarsonar', Opuscula, 20 (2022), pp. 101–60 (pp. 105–9).
^ Haukur Þorgeirsson, 'Hljóðkerfi og bragkerfi: Stoðhljóð, tónkvæði og önnur úrlausnarefni í íslenskri bragsögu ásamt útgáfu á Rímum af Ormari Fraðmarssyn' (Ph.D. thesis, University of Iceland, 2013), p. 271.
^ Mitchell 1991, p. 183.
^ Kershaw 1921, pp. 212–223.
^ O'Donoghue, Heather (2014), English Poetry and Old Norse Myth : A History, pp. 47, 51
^ Fell 1996.
^ Wawn 2002, pp. 21, 27.
^ Percy, Thomas (1763), "The Incantation of Hervor", Five pieces of Runic Poetry Translated from the Islandic Language, Printed for R. and J. Dodsley, in Pall-mall..
^ a b Tolkien 1960, p. xxxiv.
^ Wawn 2002, p. 21.
^ Smith-Dampier, E.M. (1912), "The Waking of Angantheow", The Norse Kings Bridal, pp. 3–9.
^ Tolkien 1960, pp. xxxiv–xxxv.
^ Select Icelandic Poetry, vol. Part 1, 1804, The combat of Hjalmar &c., pp.71-97
^ Ward, A.W.; Waller, A.R., eds. (1913), "The Age of Johnson", The Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. X, p. 223
^ Leconte de Lisle 1862, p. 73.
Manuscript facsimiles
H, at f. 72v, the start of the saga
R
Editions, translations, and adaptations
reference
edition
translation
notes
Verelius, Olaus, ed. (1671), Hervarar Saga på Gammal Götska, Upsala: Henricus Curio
yes
Rafn, C. C., ed. (1829–1830), Fornaldar Sögur Norðurlanda: Eptir gömlum handritum, Copenhagen
yes
no
Saga Heiðreks konúngs ens vitra, vol. I, pp. 513–533
Ásmundarson, Valdimar, ed. (1891), "Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks", Fornaldarsögur Nordrlanda, vol. 1, S. Kristjánsson, pp. 307–
yes
Helgason, Jón, ed. (1924), "Heiðreks saga: Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs", Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur, vol. 48, Copenhagen: Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur
yes
no
contains H in normalised Old Norse, a parallel edition of R in diplomatic transcription, and a separate text of U in diplomatic edition
Jónsson, Guðni; Vilhjálmsson, Bjarni, eds. (1943–44), Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda, vol. 3 vols, Reyjkjavík: Bókaútgáfan Forni
yes
no
based on the R-text. Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks
Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks, ed. by Hannah Burrows, in Poetry in 'Fornaldarsögur': Part 1, ed. by Margaret Clunies Ross, Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages, 8 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2017), pp. 367–487.
yes
English
verse only
Kershaw, Nora (1921), Stories and Ballads of the Far Past, Cambridge University Press, pp. 79–150, e-text
no
yes
based on the H-text. Presented alongside the Old Norse in: Hervarar Saga og Heiðreks
Christopher Tolkien, ed. and trans. (1960), The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise (PDF) (London: Nelson).
yes
English
based on the R-text
Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks -and- Saga Heiðreks konúngs ens vitra , translated by Tunstall, Peter, 2005
yes
English
Two Sagas of Mythical Heroes: Hervor and Heidrek and Hrólf Kraki and His Champions, translated by Crawford, Jackson, Indianapolis: Hackett, 2021, pp. 1–58
no
English
Petersen, N.M.; Thorarensen, G., eds. (1847), Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs (in German and Old Norse), vol. 3
yes
German
Rafn, Carl Christian (1850), "VII. La saga de Hervor", Antiquités russes d'après les monuments historiques des Islandais et des Anciens Scandinaves (in French), vol. 1, De l'imprimerie des frères Berling, pp. 109–, hdl:2027/mdp.39015046383231
French
Heinzel, Richard (1887), "Über die Hervararsaga", Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (in German), vol. CXIV, pp. 417–519
German
"Askiboyrgion oros", Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur (in German), pp. 1–12, 1889
German
Heusler, Andreas; Ranish, Wilhelm, eds. (1903), "I Das Lied von der Hunnenschlact", Eddica Minora - Dichtungen eddischer Art aus den Fornaldarsögur und anderen Prosawerken (in German and Old Norse), F. W. Ruhfus, pp. 1–
German
*Vigfússon, Gudbrand; Powell, F. York, eds. (1883), "Eddic Poetry", Corpus Poeticum Boreale: The Poetry of the Old Northern Tongue (in Old Norse and English), vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 85–91, 163–167, 248–352
yes
verse only
Kershaw, N., ed. (1922), "13. The Battle of the Goths and the Huns", Anglo-Saxon and Norse poems, Cambridge The University press
no
English
verse only
Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie René (1925) , "L'Epée d'Angantyr", Oeovres de Leconte de Lisle Peomes Barbares (in French), pp. 73–6
French
verse only
Bibliography
"Hervarar saga ok Heidreks kongs", Islandica, 5: 22–26, 1912, hdl:2027/mdp.39015010535774
Sources
Tolkien, Christopher (1953–1957), "The Battle of the Goths and the Huns" (PDF), Saga-Book, vol. 14, pp. 141–163
Fell, Christine (1996), Roesdahl, E; Sørensen, P.M. (eds.), "The First Publication of Old Norse literature in England and its relation to its sources", The Waking of Angantyr: The Scandinavian past in European culture / Den nordiske fortid i europæisk kultur
Hall, Alaric (2005), "Changing style and changing meaning: Icelandic historiography and the medieval redactions of Heiðreks saga", Scandinavian Studies, 77
Mitchell, Stephen A. (1991), Heroic Sagas and Ballads, ISBN 9781501735974
Much, Rudolf (1889), "Askibourgion oros", Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 53: 1–13
Pritsak, Omeljan (1981). The Origin of Rus': Old Scandinavian Sources Other than the Sagas. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-64465-4.
Wawn, Andrew (2002) , The Vikings and the Victorians: Inventing the Old North in Nineteenth-century Britain
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Nordic Bronze Age | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Nicolai_Arbo_%E2%80%93_Gizur_challenges_the_Huns.png"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"hornbows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_bow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien196056-1"},{"link_name":"Geatish king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geatish_king"},{"link_name":"Gizur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizur"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Goths and the Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hl%C3%B6%C3%B0skvi%C3%B0a"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xxiii%E2%80%93xxiv-2"},{"link_name":"Peter Nicolai Arbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nicolai_Arbo"},{"link_name":"legendary saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendary_saga"},{"link_name":"Germanic heroic legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200514-3"},{"link_name":"Nora Kershaw Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Kershaw_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"Hervararkviða","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervararkvi%C3%B0a"},{"link_name":"Tyrfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrfing"},{"link_name":"Hlöðskviða","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hl%C3%B6%C3%B0skvi%C3%B0a"},{"link_name":"Gestumblindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestumblindi"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Christopher Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien"}],"text":"\"Neither the Huns nor their hornbows make us afraid!\"[1] The Geatish king Gizur challenges the invading Huns to a pitched battle on behalf of the Goths, from the Scandinavian epic poem Battle of the Goths and the Huns, which preserves place names from the Gothic rule in South-Eastern Europe.[2] Painting by Peter Nicolai Arbo, 1886.Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks (The Saga of Hervör and Heidrek) is a legendary saga from the 13th century combining matter from several older sagas in Germanic heroic legend. It tells of wars between the Goths and the Huns during the 4th century. The final part of the saga, which was likely composed separately from and later than the rest,[3] is a source for Swedish medieval history.The saga may be most appreciated for its memorable imagery, as seen in a quotation from one of its translators, Nora Kershaw Chadwick, on the invasion of the Huns:Hervör standing at sunrise on the summit of the tower and looking southward towards the forest; Angantyr marshalling his men for battle and remarking dryly that there used to be more of them when mead drinking was in question; great clouds of dust rolling over the plain, through which glittered white corslet and golden helmet, as the Hunnish host came riding on.The text contains several poetic sections: the Hervararkviða, on Hervor's visit to her father's grave and her retrieval of the sword Tyrfing; another, the Hlöðskviða, on the battle between Goths and Huns; and a third, containing the riddles of Gestumblindi.It has inspired later writers and derivative works, such as J. R. R. Tolkien when shaping his legends of Middle-earth. His son, Christopher Tolkien translated the work into English as The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise.","title":"Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hjalmars_avsked_av_Orvar_Odd_efter_striden_p%C3%A5_Sams%C3%B6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mårten Eskil Winge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5rten_Eskil_Winge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw192179-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20053-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Danish Royal Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Royal_Library"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw192179-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw192179-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xxx%E2%80%93xxxi-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20053-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xxx%E2%80%93xxxi-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall2005pp-3-4;_quote,_p.4_:_''%22The_most_conservative_surviving_version_of_Hei%C3%B0reks_saga_is_agreed_to_be_R%22''-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xxx-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw192179%E2%80%9380-11"},{"link_name":"Rímur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmur"},{"link_name":"Hervarar Rímur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hervarar_R%C3%ADmur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xxix%E2%80%93xxx-12"},{"link_name":"Hauksbók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauksb%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xxix-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Orvar-Odd and Hjalmar bid each other farewell Mårten Eskil Winge (1866).There are three medieval recensions of the saga, each of which is an independent witness to its lost archetype, and which together are the basis for all post-medieval manuscripts of the saga. These are known as versions R, H, and U.[4][5] The saga continued to be copied in manuscript into the nineteenth century, and the relationships of the surviving manuscripts and the ways in which they vary has been studied in detail.[6]R is the version found in the fifteenth-century parchment manuscript Reykjavík, Stofnun Árna Magnússonar, MS 2845, formerly held in the Danish Royal Library at Copenhagen.[7][4] The manuscript is fragmentary, today containing the saga only into chapter 12, that is within the poem on the battle of Goths and Huns.[4][8] R is in most respects closest witness to the lost archetype of Heiðreks saga.[5][8][9]U is the version best attested in a seventeenth-century paper manuscript, Uppsala, University Library, R 715. Another early witness to parts of this version is the seventeenth-century paper manuscript Copenhagen, Den Arnamagnæanske Samling, AM 203 fol. This contains a copy of R, but where R breaks off it then continues with text from a common ancestor with R 715.[10] The version dramatically reworks the saga, adding a new opening chapter[11] and including alterations sourced from other sagas, including from the Rímur reworking of the same tale, the Hervarar Rímur.[12]H (Hauksbók: Reykjavík, Stofnun Árna Magnússonar, AM 544), dates to c. 1325. This parchment manuscript is today fragmentary, containing the story up to the end of Gestumblindi's second riddle, but two early copies (AM 281 4to) and (AM 597b) record parts of H now lost.[13] H is a conflation of an early version of the saga similar to that preserved in R, and the U-version of the saga. Thus although it is found in the earliest surviving manuscript, H is the third known recension of the saga.There are many other paper manuscripts of the saga that were copied in the seventeenth century from the manuscripts mentioned above. These include AM 192, AM 193, AM 202 k, AM 354 4to, AM 355 4to, and AM 359 a 4to.[14]","title":"Manuscripts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Nicolai_Arbo-Hervors_d%C3%B8d.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peter Nicolai Arbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nicolai_Arbo"},{"link_name":"Hervararkviða","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervararkvi%C3%B0a"},{"link_name":"Riddles of Heiðreks saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddles_of_Hei%C3%B0reks_saga"},{"link_name":"Guðmundr of Glæsisvellir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%B0mundr_of_Gl%C3%A6sisvellir"},{"link_name":"Tyrfingr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrfing"},{"link_name":"dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)"},{"link_name":"Dvalinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvalinn"},{"link_name":"Durin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durin_(Norse_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Svafrlami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svafrlami"},{"link_name":"Arngrímr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arngrim"},{"link_name":"Bolmsö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolms%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Dáinsleif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1insleif"},{"link_name":"Bödvar Bjarki's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6dvar_Bjarki"},{"link_name":"Hrolf Kraki's Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrolf_Kraki%27s_Saga"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw192182-15"},{"link_name":"Angantýr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angantyr"},{"link_name":"holmganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmganga"},{"link_name":"Samsø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sams%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Hjálmarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar"},{"link_name":"Örvar-Oddr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvar-Odd"},{"link_name":"barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus"},{"link_name":"shieldmaiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shieldmaiden"},{"link_name":"Hervör","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervor"},{"link_name":"Hervarakviða","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervararkvi%C3%B0a"},{"link_name":"Heiðrekr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidrek"},{"link_name":"Reiðgotaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reidgotaland"},{"link_name":"riddle contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddle_contest"},{"link_name":"Óðinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0inn"},{"link_name":"Gestumblindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestumblindi"},{"link_name":"medieval Scandinavian riddling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_riddling"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw192183-16"},{"link_name":"Angantýr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angantyr_Heidreksson"},{"link_name":"Hlöðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlod"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw192184-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20053-5"},{"link_name":"Heiðrekr Ulfhamr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hei%C3%B0rekr_Ulfhamr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hei%C3%B0rekr_Ulfhamr"},{"link_name":"Reiðgotaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reidgotaland"},{"link_name":"Hálfdanr the Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfdan_the_Valiant"},{"link_name":"Ívarr Víðfaðmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Vidfamne"},{"link_name":"Swedish kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"semi-legendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_semi-legendary_kings"},{"link_name":"Philip Halstensson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Halsten"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200514-3"}],"text":"Hervor's deathPeter Nicolai ArboFurther information: Hervararkviða and Riddles of Heiðreks sagaAll the different manuscripts of the saga tell a similar story, though with many variations of detail (in particular, the U- and H-versions open with a mythic tale of Guðmundr of Glæsisvellir).The saga deals with the sword Tyrfingr and how it was forged and cursed by the dwarfs Dvalinn and Durin for king Svafrlami. Later, Svafrlami loses it to the berserker Arngrímr of Bolmsö. The sword provides a common link throughout the saga, being passed down through the generations in Arngrímr's family, particularly the saga's main protagonists, Hervör and her son Heiðrekr. This magical sword shares a common property with other mythological weapons such as Dáinsleif and Bödvar Bjarki's sword in Hrolf Kraki's Saga that, once it has been drawn, it cannot be sheathed until it has drawn blood.[15]Arngrímr passes Tyrfingr to his son Angantýr. Angantýr dies during a holmganga (duel) on Samsø against the Swedish hero Hjálmarr, whose friend Örvar-Oddr buries the cursed sword in a barrow with Angantýr's body.Tyrfingr is retrieved from the barrow by Angantýr's daughter, the shieldmaiden Hervör, who summons her dead father to claim her inheritance. This section mixes prose with extensive quotations from a poem known today as Hervarakviða, which largely comprises dialogue between Hervör and her father.Then the saga relates how Hervör marries and has a son Heiðrekr, who becomes king of Reiðgotaland. Heiðrekr spends his youth systematically contravening the good advice given to him by his father and fathering sons on several different women. Eventually, he settles down and becomes a wise king. At this point in the saga, Heiðrekr is killed after a riddle contest with Óðinn (who is disguised as Gestumblindi). The riddles of Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks are all in verse and constitute the main surviving evidence for medieval Scandinavian riddling.[16]After Heiðrekr's death, his sons Angantýr and Hlöðr wage a great battle over their father's inheritance. Hlöðr is aided by the Huns, to whom his mother belonged, but nonetheless Angantýr defeats and kills him. This section of the saga too quotes extensively from a poem describing this battle between the Huns and Goths.[17]The end of the saga is only preserved in the U-recension.[5] This version relates that Angantýr had a son, Heiðrekr Ulfhamr [es], who was king of Reiðgotaland for a long time. Heiðrekr's daughter Hildr was the mother of Hálfdanr the Valiant, who was the father of Ívarr Víðfaðmi. After Ívarr, there follows a list of Swedish kings, both real and semi-legendary, ending with Philip Halstensson. However, this king-list was probably composed separately from the rest of the saga and integrated into it in later redactions.[3]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arngrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arngrim"},{"link_name":"Viking Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age"},{"link_name":"Hyndluljóð","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyndlulj%C3%B3%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"Hervör","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%B6r"},{"link_name":"Angantyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angantyr"},{"link_name":"Heidrek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidrek"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw192181%E2%80%9382-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw192186-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw192182-15"},{"link_name":"§ Historicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Historicity"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20051-20"},{"link_name":"oral tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20056-21"},{"link_name":"Hervararkviða","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervararkvi%C3%B0a"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20057-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xi-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xii-24"},{"link_name":"Örvar-Odd's saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvar-Odd%27s_Saga"},{"link_name":"Gesta Danorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Danorum"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20056-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981194-25"},{"link_name":"Sturlaugs saga starfsama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturlaugs_saga_starfsama"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20058-26"},{"link_name":"Knut Liestøl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Liest%C3%B8l"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xiv-xv-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xv-28"},{"link_name":"Hlöðskviða","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hl%C3%B6%C3%B0skvi%C3%B0a"},{"link_name":"Widsith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widsith"},{"link_name":"Sifka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifka"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1981196%E2%80%93197-29"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20056-21"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xxii-30"}],"text":"The saga tells the history of the family of Hervör and Heidrek over several generations. Then, the story turns to the sons of Arngrim, a Viking Age tale also told in the Hyndluljóð. Next, the tale tells of Hervör, daughter of Angantyr; then of Heidrek son of Hervör. At this point, the setting of the tale changes from the Kingdom of the Goths to somewhere in Eastern Europe (c. 4th–5th century);[18] finally, the tale returns to the historically later date.[19] Kershaw considers that the latter part of the tale involving the Huns and Goths has an origin separate from that of the earlier parts and, in chronological time, is actually taking place several centuries earlier.[15]In addition to attempts to understand the relationship between the events in the saga and real-world historical characters, events, and places (see § Historicity), the manuscripts and contents are also useful to research into the attitudes and cultures of the periods in which they were composed or written down.[20] Hall thinks the text derives ultimately from oral tradition, not from the invention of an author.[21]Hall believes the poem Hervararkviða (or 'The Waking of Angantýr') was composed specifically for a narrative closely akin to the tale told in Heiðreks saga, as it is consistent in style and forms a consistent narrative link between the events in the tale.[22] Tolkien considers it unequivocally older than the saga itself.[23] The exact nature of the original underlying narrative for the poem is a matter of scholarly debate.[24] Some passages of the poetry in Heiðreks saga also appear in variant forms in Örvar-Odd's saga (lines 97–9, 103-6), and the outline story of the duel between Arngrímr and Hjálmarr also appears in books 5 and 6 of the Gesta Danorum.[21][25] There are also elemental plot similarities between the saga and Sturlaugs saga starfsama up to the point that a protagonist receives the magic sword from a female figure; Hall surmises that the two may share a narrative origin.[26]The section of the saga concerning Heiðrekr's disregard for his father's advice is common to a widely known family of tales (called by Knut Liestøl \"The Good Counsels of the Father\"). In general there are three counsels; in the saga, a set of three (1st, 2nd, and 6th) fit together.[27] Tolkien proposes that after the counsels were introduced into the work, further counsels were added, further extending that theme through the saga.[28]The poem Hlöðskviða (or \"Battle of the Goths and Huns\") has numerous analogues that overlap in topical coverage. The oldest of these is thought to be the Old English poem Widsith. Several of the characters who appear in the battle of the Goths and Huns appear are mentioned in this poem: Heiðrekr (Heaþoric), Sifka (Sifeca), Hlǫðr (Hliðe), and Angantýr (Incgenþeow).[29][21] Tolkien considers that the poem, though seemingly considerably altered over time, once formed part of a continuous poetic narrative that gave a complete description of the Goth-Hun conflict and existed as a separate work.[30]","title":"Origins and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall20051-20"},{"link_name":"Carl Christian Rafn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Christian_Rafn"},{"link_name":"Rafn 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRafn1850"},{"link_name":"Ostrogotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogotha"},{"link_name":"Fastida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastida"},{"link_name":"Jordanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanes"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1953146-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERafn1850111-32"},{"link_name":"Richard Heinzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Heinzel"},{"link_name":"Heinzel 1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHeinzel1887"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Catalaunian Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains"},{"link_name":"Aetius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Aetius"},{"link_name":"Chlodio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlodio"},{"link_name":"Litorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litorius"},{"link_name":"Geiseric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiseric"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1953146%E2%80%937-33"},{"link_name":"Much 1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMuch1889"},{"link_name":"Paul the Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon"},{"link_name":"Langobards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langobards"},{"link_name":"Bulgars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgars"},{"link_name":"Agelmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agelmund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1953147%E2%80%938-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1953148-35"},{"link_name":"Gustav Neckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Neckel"},{"link_name":"Gudmund Schütte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudmund_Sch%C3%BCtte"},{"link_name":"Attila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila"},{"link_name":"Ardaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardaric"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1953149-36"},{"link_name":"Henrik Schück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Sch%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Richard Constant Boer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Constant_Boer"},{"link_name":"Daugava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daugava"},{"link_name":"Valdai Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdai_Hills"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1953150%E2%80%931-37"},{"link_name":"Otto von Friesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Friesen"},{"link_name":"Arwid Johannson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arwid_Johannson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Crimean Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Goths"},{"link_name":"Ammianus Marcellinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus"},{"link_name":"Odotheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odotheus"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Athanaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanaric"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1953151%E2%80%932-38"},{"link_name":"Tolkien 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTolkien1953"},{"link_name":"Grimm's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"Dnieper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1953142%E2%80%933-39"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nedao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nedao"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Árheimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rheimar"},{"link_name":"Heidrek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidrek"},{"link_name":"Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathians"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Myrkviðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Maeotian marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeotian_marshes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Historicity of \"The Battle of the Goths and Huns\"","text":"In the 17th century, when the Norse sagas became a subject of interest to scholars, they were initially taken as reasonably accurate depictions of historical events. Later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, scholars realized that they were not completely historically accurate.[20]Carl Christian Rafn (Rafn 1850) considered that the battle between Goths and Huns was a legendary retelling of the battle between the Gothic king Ostrogotha and the Gepid king Fastida, which was described by Jordanes in Ch. 17 of his history of the Goths.[31][32] Richard Heinzel (Heinzel 1887), in his analysis Über die Hervararsaga, suggested the battle described was the same as the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (451 CE), identifying Angantyr as the Roman general Aetius and Hlothr as the Frankish Chlodio, with the incorporation of parts of the general Litorius, whereas the Vandal Geiseric is the prototype for Gizurr Grytingalithi.[33] (Much 1889) proposed alternative attributions for the battles. One, recorded by Paul the Deacon, took place between the Langobards and the Vulgares Bulgars; in that battle, Agelmundus (Agelmund) was killed, and his sister (conflated with Hervor) is taken prisoner. In the other battle, the new Langobardian king Lamissio is victorious; Much conflates this battle with that of the Goths and Huns. He also identifies the battlefields to be north of the River Danube in the Carpathian Mountains, near modern-day Kraków.[34]In the latter half of the 19th century, Heinzel's theory was predominant and widely accepted.[35] Later, Gustav Neckel and Gudmund Schütte further analyzed the textual and historical information. Neckel placed the events after the death of Attila (d. 453 CE) during the later Gepid-Hun conflicts, whereas Schütte identified either Heithrekr or Heathoric as transformations of the name of the Gepid king Ardaric.[36] In the early 1900s, Henrik Schück and Richard Constant Boer both rejected Heinzel's attribution and the link with Attila. Schück split the legend of the strife between brothers from that of the Goth-Hun war, as well as their geographic locations, and identified both sites as being in southern Russia. Boer associated the Dunheithr with the Daugava River but placed the battle further north in central European Russia, in the Valdai Hills.[37]Further scholarship in the 20th century added more name and place attributions, with Otto von Friesen and Arwid Johannson returning to the western end of the Carpathians; Hermann Schneider placing the Goths in the Black Sea area (Crimean Goths); and Niels Clausen Lukman reanalyzing the tale, not in the context of Jordanes' history but in that of Ammianus Marcellinus. Lukman shifted the date to 386 CE, when a mass migration of peoples under Odotheus (conflated with Hlothr) was destroyed by the Romans on the Danube; in his reconstruction Heithrekr is the visigothic Athanaric.[38] In an analysis of parts of the tale, (Tolkien 1953) identifies the place where Angantyr revenges his father's (Heithrekr) killing by slaves as being at the foot of the Carpathians, using linguistic analysis based on consonant shifts (see Grimm's Law) in the term \"Harvath Mountains\". The place Árheimar in Danparstathir mentioned in association is unidentified, though \"Danpar-\" has been assumed to be some form of the river Dnieper.[39] Similarities with the Battle of Nedao (454 CE) have also been noted.[40]It is a testimony to its great age that names appear in genuinely Germanic forms and not in any form remotely influenced by Latin. Names for Goths appear that ceased to be used after 390 CE, such as Grýting (cf. the Latin form Greutungi) and Tyrfing (cf. the Latin form Tervingi). The events take place where the Goths lived during the wars with the Huns. The Gothic capital Árheimar is located on the Dniepr (...á Danparstöðum á þeim bæ, er Árheimar heita...), King Heidrek dies in the Carpathians (...und Harvaða fjöllum), and the battle with the Huns takes place on the plains of the Danube (...á vígvöll á Dúnheiði í Dylgjudölum). The mythical Myrkviðr [Mirkwood] that separates the Goths from the Huns appears to correspond to the Maeotian marshes.[citation needed]","title":"Origins and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orvarodd.jpg"},{"link_name":"August Malmström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Malmstr%C3%B6m"}],"text":"Örvar-Oddr informs Ingeborg about Hjalmar's death August Malmström (1859)","title":"Influence, legacy, and adaptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ormars rímur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormars_r%C3%ADmur"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Old Icelandic literature","text":"Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks was one source for the fifteenth-century Icelandic poem Ormars rímur (probably via a now-lost prose saga), in which the hero Ormarr visits his father's burial mound to convince his dead father to give him his sword.[41][42]","title":"Influence, legacy, and adaptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scandinavian medieval ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Types_of_the_Scandinavian_Medieval_Ballad"},{"link_name":"rímur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmur"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1991183-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1921212%E2%80%93223-44"}],"sub_title":"Other Scandinavian literature","text":"Traditions appearing in the saga have also been preserved in several Scandinavian medieval ballads and rímur, i.e. the Danish Angelfyr og Helmer kamp, the Faroese Hjálmar og Angantýr, Arngrims synir, Gátu rima, and in the Swedish Kung Speleman.[43] The Faroese ballad, Gátu ríma ('riddle poem') was collected in the 19th century; it is thought by some scholars to derive from the riddle-contest in the saga.[44]","title":"Influence, legacy, and adaptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Hickes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hickes_(divine)"},{"link_name":"Hervararkviða","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervararkvi%C3%B0a"},{"link_name":"Verelius 1671","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVerelius1671"},{"link_name":"Old English poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_poetry"},{"link_name":"Old English metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_metre"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFell1996-46"},{"link_name":"Thomas Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Percy_(bishop_of_Dromore)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawn200221,_27-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xxxiv-49"},{"link_name":"Wawn 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWawn2002"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWawn200221-50"}],"sub_title":"Hickes' \"The Waking of Angantyr\"","text":"At the beginning of the 18th century, George Hickes published a translation of the Hervararkviða in his Linguarum veterum septentrionalium thesaurus grammatico-criticus et archæologicus. Working from Verelius's 1671 translations (Verelius 1671), with the aid of a Swedish scholar, he presented the entire poem in half-line verse similar to that used in Old English poetry (see Old English metre). It was the first full Icelandic poem translated into English, and it aroused interest in England in such works.[45][46] The work was reprinted in Dryden's Poetical Miscellanies (1716) and by Thomas Percy in amended form as \"The Incantation of Hervor\" in his Five Pieces of Runic Poetry (1763).[47][48]Hickes's publication inspired various \"Gothic\" and \"Runic odes\" based on the poem, of varying quality and faithfulness to the original.[49] (Wawn 2002) states \"[T]he cult of the ubiquitous eighteenth-century poem known as 'The Waking of Angantyr' can be traced directly to its door.\"[50]","title":"Influence, legacy, and adaptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smith-Dampier 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith-Dampier1912"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xxxiv-49"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"W. Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herbert_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien1960xxxiv%E2%80%93xxxv-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Charles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Marie-Ren%C3%A9_Leconte_de_Lisle"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeconte_de_Lisle186273-55"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Stenhammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Stenhammar"},{"link_name":"Tirfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirfing_(opera)"}],"sub_title":"Other adaptions","text":"The Hervararkviða poem was translated fairly closely into verse by Beatrice Barmby and included in her Gísli Súrsson: a Drama (1900); and into a more \"Old English\" style by (Smith-Dampier 1912) in The Norse King's Bridal.[49][51] Hjálmar's Death-Song was translated by W. Herbert in his Select Icelandic Poetry.[52][53]The French poet Charles-Marie-René Leconte de Lisle adapted the Hervararkviða in the poem \"L’Épée d’Angantyr\" [Angantyr's Sword] in his Poèmes barbares.[54][55]Swedish composer Wilhelm Stenhammar wrote the opera Tirfing as an adaptation of the Hervor-section of the saga using her as the opera's lead protagonist.","title":"Influence, legacy, and adaptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"riddle contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddle_contest"},{"link_name":"Rohirrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohirrim"},{"link_name":"shieldmaidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shieldmaiden"},{"link_name":"Mirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirkwood"},{"link_name":"Barrow-downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow-downs"},{"link_name":"dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)"},{"link_name":"Dwalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwalin"},{"link_name":"Durin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durin"}],"sub_title":"J. R. R. Tolkien","text":"There is much in this saga that readers of J. R. R. Tolkien's work will recognize, most importantly the riddle contest. There are, for instance, warriors similar to the Rohirrim, brave shieldmaidens, Mirkwood, haunted barrows yielding enchanted swords (see Barrow-downs), an epic battle, and two dwarfs named Dwalin and Durin.","title":"Influence, legacy, and adaptions"}] | [{"image_text":"\"Neither the Huns nor their hornbows make us afraid!\"[1] The Geatish king Gizur challenges the invading Huns to a pitched battle on behalf of the Goths, from the Scandinavian epic poem Battle of the Goths and the Huns, which preserves place names from the Gothic rule in South-Eastern Europe.[2] Painting by Peter Nicolai Arbo, 1886.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Peter_Nicolai_Arbo_%E2%80%93_Gizur_challenges_the_Huns.png/220px-Peter_Nicolai_Arbo_%E2%80%93_Gizur_challenges_the_Huns.png"},{"image_text":"Orvar-Odd and Hjalmar bid each other farewell Mårten Eskil Winge (1866).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hjalmars_avsked_av_Orvar_Odd_efter_striden_p%C3%A5_Sams%C3%B6.jpg/220px-Hjalmars_avsked_av_Orvar_Odd_efter_striden_p%C3%A5_Sams%C3%B6.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hervor's deathPeter Nicolai Arbo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Peter_Nicolai_Arbo-Hervors_d%C3%B8d.jpg/220px-Peter_Nicolai_Arbo-Hervors_d%C3%B8d.jpg"},{"image_text":"Örvar-Oddr informs Ingeborg about Hjalmar's death August Malmström (1859)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Orvarodd.jpg/170px-Orvarodd.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Stories for all time: The Icelandic fornaldarsögur\".","urls":[{"url":"http://fasnl.ku.dk/browse-manuscripts/manuscript.aspx?sid=RwBLAFMAIAAyADgANAA1ACAANAB0AG8A0.","url_text":"\"Stories for all time: The Icelandic fornaldarsögur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heiðreks saga: Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks ...\", handrit.is","urls":[{"url":"https://handrit.is/en/bibliography/view/STUAGNL48","url_text":"\"Heiðreks saga: Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks ...\""}]},{"reference":"Mingarelli, Bernardo (2018), Collapse of the Hunnic Empire: Jordanes, Ardaric and the Battle of Nedao (thesis), University of Ottawa, doi:10.20381/ruor-21393","urls":[{"url":"https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/37121","url_text":"Collapse of the Hunnic Empire: Jordanes, Ardaric and the Battle of Nedao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.20381%2Fruor-21393","url_text":"10.20381/ruor-21393"}]},{"reference":"O'Donoghue, Heather (2014), English Poetry and Old Norse Myth : A History, pp. 47, 51","urls":[]},{"reference":"Percy, Thomas (1763), \"The Incantation of Hervor\", Five pieces of Runic Poetry Translated from the Islandic Language, Printed for R. and J. Dodsley, in Pall-mall.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/fivepiecesrunic00norwgoog#page/n22","url_text":"\"The Incantation of Hervor\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fivepiecesrunic00norwgoog","url_text":"Five pieces of Runic Poetry Translated from the Islandic Language"}]},{"reference":"Smith-Dampier, E.M. (1912), \"The Waking of Angantheow\", The Norse Kings Bridal, pp. 3–9","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/EMSmithDampierTheNorseKingsBridal/E%20M%20Smith%20Dampier%20-%20The%20Norse%20Kings%20Bridal#page/n11","url_text":"\"The Waking of Angantheow\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/EMSmithDampierTheNorseKingsBridal","url_text":"The Norse Kings Bridal"}]},{"reference":"Select Icelandic Poetry, vol. Part 1, 1804, The combat of Hjalmar &c., pp.71-97","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/selecticelandic00herbgoog","url_text":"Select Icelandic Poetry"}]},{"reference":"Ward, A.W.; Waller, A.R., eds. (1913), \"The Age of Johnson\", The Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. X, p. 223","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hervarar saga ok Heidreks kongs\", Islandica, 5: 22–26, 1912, hdl:2027/mdp.39015010535774","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015010535774?urlappend=%3Bseq=464","url_text":"\"Hervarar saga ok Heidreks kongs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015010535774?urlappend=%3Bseq=464","url_text":"2027/mdp.39015010535774"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, Christopher (1953–1957), \"The Battle of the Goths and the Huns\" (PDF), Saga-Book, vol. 14, pp. 141–163","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, Christopher"},{"url":"http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Saga-Book%201-22%20searchable/Saga-Book%20XIV.pdf","url_text":"\"The Battle of the Goths and the Huns\""}]},{"reference":"Fell, Christine (1996), Roesdahl, E; Sørensen, P.M. (eds.), \"The First Publication of Old Norse literature in England and its relation to its sources\", The Waking of Angantyr: The Scandinavian past in European culture / Den nordiske fortid i europæisk kultur","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hall, Alaric (2005), \"Changing style and changing meaning: Icelandic historiography and the medieval redactions of Heiðreks saga\", Scandinavian Studies, 77","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/archive/2889/","url_text":"\"Changing style and changing meaning: Icelandic historiography and the medieval redactions of Heiðreks saga\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Stephen A. (1991), Heroic Sagas and Ballads, ISBN 9781501735974","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501735974","url_text":"9781501735974"}]},{"reference":"Much, Rudolf (1889), \"Askibourgion oros\", Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, 53: 1–13","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_deutsches_Altertum_und_deutsche_Literatur","url_text":"Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur"}]},{"reference":"Pritsak, Omeljan (1981). The Origin of Rus': Old Scandinavian Sources Other than the Sagas. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ontology_of_Childhood | The Ontology of Childhood | ["1 Plot","2 References"] | 1991 short story by Victor Pelevin
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The Ontology of Childhood AuthorVictor PelevinLanguageRussianGenreShort storyPublication date1991Publication placeRussiaMedia typePrint (Paperback)ISBN5-85950-013-0
The Ontology of Childhood (Russian: «Онтология детства») is a short story by Victor Pelevin, published in 1991.
Plot
In the story the author undertakes an artistic study of the process of formation of the child, starting from the moment of awareness of himself as a person, fixing the main stages of understanding of the world around him.
The hero of the story grew up in prison, his first impressions of childhood firmly imprinted spatial reference points, which in the conditions of limited senses became the fundamental basis of his worldview. Among them is the gap between the bricks, in which "you can see a frozen strip of mortar, curved in a wave. This was what the child first saw when waking up every morning: "the sunny hare in the gap between the bricks was the first morning greeting from the vast world in which we live...".
The streak of sunshine through the window is filled with fluffy dust particles and the tiniest twisted hairs. It begins to seem to the child that there is some little world living according to its own laws: he sees "all around him disguised areas of complete freedom and happiness.
Thus, in the story, the traditional motif of the formation and maturation of personality is embodied in the continuous world of the author. The second-person narrative creates the necessary reflection and allows the main metaphor of the story to unfold in parallel. V. Pelevin speaks about the desire to break free from prison and at the same time conducts the idea of overcoming the limited human consciousness, being in captivity of illusions about the conditions of his being.
For the child who is not aware that he is in prison, the basic qualities and parameters of being are deprived of a sense of unfreedom. On the contrary, he perceives his space as expanding because his little one "was let out for a whole day, and you could walk all the corridors, look everywhere, and wander into places where you could be the first person after the construction workers."
The illusion of freedom in the confined world of the prison gradually emerges in the story. The real space and time-the prison space-contains signs of unfreedom: bars, closed doors, a dead end, a grid on the window, adults who confine the space.
The metaphysical dimensions, incomprehensible to a child's mind, contain signs of the meaninglessness of the world around them. This is the motif of reading in the story, during which the boy is surrounded by "meaningless blackness" as he encounters the unfamiliar words "ontology," "intellectual." Adult explanations do not clarify the meaning, and as the boy grows older himself, he begins to realize "how uninteresting and squalid all that you have managed to reread so many times.
Nevertheless, the child feels part of being, and his carefully guarded memories of life's best moments eventually become happiness. The child's vivid sense of happiness is associated with the conquest of space, with movement, that fundamental attribute of matter's existence. The boy takes the rare opportunity to run down the empty prison corridor.
The few seconds of incomparable freedom as he fits into a long arc on a bend cannot be destroyed even by the fact that the corridor ends in a dead end, a window draped with wire mesh.
The sounds inside the prison, uninteresting "because of their habituality and explainability," are contrasted with the sounds coming from the window - "the only evidence of the existence of the rest of the world, and every sound from there is extraordinarily important.
Understanding one's own existence transforms the child, separates him or her from the surrounding meaningless world and makes him or her self-sufficient. The world changes every day, acquiring a new shade of meaning. The boy's childhood world was brighter and happier because of the little joys of childhood. New dimensions come to the hero as he gains his experience.
As he grows older, his world becomes more and more uncomplicated, because there are fewer hidden things around him, which paradoxically leads to a reduction in the scale of personality, up to and including complete disappearance. It is not only the world that subtly changes in each particular moment. Human consciousness, according to Pelevin, is just as changeable.
In this way he arrives at a Buddhist understanding of the meaning of life.
References
^ Chapter 6: The Infantility of Viktor Pelevin ('The Ontology of Childhood', Omon Ra, Generation 'P'). ISBN 978-1-78707-401-9.
^ Pelevin, Viktor (1998). A Werewolf Problem in Central Russia and Other Stories. New Directions Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8112-1394-3.
^ a b Виктор Пелевин "Онтология детства" (in Russian).
^ "Title: The Ontology of Childhood". www.isfdb.org. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
^ a b В, Щучкина Т. (2009). "Циклическое единство малой прозы В. Пелевина (сборник рассказов "Синий фонарь")". Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Язык и литература (3). ISSN 2541-9358.
^ a b c d Бауржановна, Сейдашова Амина (2019). Структура художественного пространства и времени в произведениях В. Пелевина 90-х годов ХХ века (проблема целостности) (Thesis) (in Russian). ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов».
^ a b Голубович, И. В. (2008). "Онтология и метафизика детства: павел Флоренский и виктор Пелевин (исследовательский этюд)". Философия и космология (1). ISSN 2307-3705.
^ Юрьевна, Осьмухина Ольга; Владимировна, Казачкова Анна (2012). "Специфика воплощения "Детской" темы в современной отечественной прозе: многообразие рефлективных практик". Вестник Ленинградского государственного университета им. А. С. Пушкина. 1 (4). ISSN 1818-6653.
^ Олеговна, Смирнова Ольга (2015). "Знаки идентичности героев В. Пелевина (на примере романов "Омон Ра", "Generation "п"", "Числа")". Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Теория языка. Семиотика. Семантика (2). ISSN 2313-2299.
^ ""The Role and Image of Victor Pelevin in the Literature of 1990–2000s. The Lack of Biography" - Development of Postmodernist Fiction. Victor Pelevin". Coursera. Retrieved 2021-02-23. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Victor Pelevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Pelevin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Ontology of Childhood (Russian: «Онтология детства») is a short story by Victor Pelevin, published in 1991.[1][2][3][4]","title":"The Ontology of Childhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative"},{"link_name":"metaphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"},{"link_name":"human consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"link_name":"illusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion"},{"link_name":"unfreedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfreedom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom"},{"link_name":"metaphysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"dimensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension"},{"link_name":"incomprehensible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incomprehensible"},{"link_name":"meaninglessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaninglessness"},{"link_name":"ontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology"},{"link_name":"intellectual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"text":"In the story the author undertakes an artistic study of the process of formation of the child, starting from the moment of awareness of himself as a person, fixing the main stages of understanding of the world around him.[3][5]The hero of the story grew up in prison, his first impressions of childhood firmly imprinted spatial reference points, which in the conditions of limited senses became the fundamental basis of his worldview. Among them is the gap between the bricks, in which \"you can see a frozen strip of mortar, curved in a wave. This was what the child first saw when waking up every morning: \"the sunny hare in the gap between the bricks was the first morning greeting from the vast world in which we live...\".[6]The streak of sunshine through the window is filled with fluffy dust particles and the tiniest twisted hairs. It begins to seem to the child that there is some little world living according to its own laws: he sees \"all around him disguised areas of complete freedom and happiness.Thus, in the story, the traditional motif of the formation and maturation of personality is embodied in the continuous world of the author. The second-person narrative creates the necessary reflection and allows the main metaphor of the story to unfold in parallel. V. Pelevin speaks about the desire to break free from prison and at the same time conducts the idea of overcoming the limited human consciousness, being in captivity of illusions about the conditions of his being.For the child who is not aware that he is in prison, the basic qualities and parameters of being are deprived of a sense of unfreedom. On the contrary, he perceives his space as expanding because his little one \"was let out for a whole day, and you could walk all the corridors, look everywhere, and wander into places where you could be the first person after the construction workers.\"[6]The illusion of freedom in the confined world of the prison gradually emerges in the story. The real space and time-the prison space-contains signs of unfreedom: bars, closed doors, a dead end, a grid on the window, adults who confine the space.The metaphysical dimensions, incomprehensible to a child's mind, contain signs of the meaninglessness of the world around them. This is the motif of reading in the story, during which the boy is surrounded by \"meaningless blackness\" as he encounters the unfamiliar words \"ontology,\" \"intellectual.\" Adult explanations do not clarify the meaning, and as the boy grows older himself, he begins to realize \"how uninteresting and squalid all that you have managed to reread so many times.[5][7]Nevertheless, the child feels part of being, and his carefully guarded memories of life's best moments eventually become happiness. The child's vivid sense of happiness is associated with the conquest of space, with movement, that fundamental attribute of matter's existence. The boy takes the rare opportunity to run down the empty prison corridor.[6]The few seconds of incomparable freedom as he fits into a long arc on a bend cannot be destroyed even by the fact that the corridor ends in a dead end, a window draped with wire mesh.[8]The sounds inside the prison, uninteresting \"because of their habituality and explainability,\" are contrasted with the sounds coming from the window - \"the only evidence of the existence of the rest of the world, and every sound from there is extraordinarily important.Understanding one's own existence transforms the child, separates him or her from the surrounding meaningless world and makes him or her self-sufficient. The world changes every day, acquiring a new shade of meaning. The boy's childhood world was brighter and happier because of the little joys of childhood. New dimensions come to the hero as he gains his experience.[9][7]As he grows older, his world becomes more and more uncomplicated, because there are fewer hidden things around him, which paradoxically leads to a reduction in the scale of personality, up to and including complete disappearance. It is not only the world that subtly changes in each particular moment. Human consciousness, according to Pelevin, is just as changeable.In this way he arrives at a Buddhist understanding of the meaning of life.[10][6]","title":"Plot"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Chapter 6: The Infantility of Viktor Pelevin ('The Ontology of Childhood', Omon Ra, Generation 'P'). 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ISSN 1818-6653.","urls":[{"url":"https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/spetsifika-voploscheniya-detskoy-temy-v-sovremennoy-otechestvennoy-proze-mnogoobrazie-reflektivnyh-praktik","url_text":"\"Специфика воплощения \"Детской\" темы в современной отечественной прозе: многообразие рефлективных практик\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1818-6653","url_text":"1818-6653"}]},{"reference":"Олеговна, Смирнова Ольга (2015). \"Знаки идентичности героев В. Пелевина (на примере романов \"Омон Ра\", \"Generation \"п\"\", \"Числа\")\". Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Теория языка. Семиотика. Семантика (2). ISSN 2313-2299.","urls":[{"url":"https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/znaki-identichnosti-geroev-v-pelevina-na-primere-romanov-omon-ra-generation-p-chisla","url_text":"\"Знаки идентичности героев В. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmayeh | Sarmayeh | ["1 Journalism","2 2009 arrests and banning","3 See also","4 References"] | SarmayehTypeDaily business newspaperEditorSaeed Laylaz, Bahman Ahmadi AmoueeStaff writersJila BaniyaghoobLanguagePersianCeased publication2009
Sarmayeh (Persian: سرمایه; lit. 'The Capital') was a Persian-language daily business newspaper published in Tehran, Iran, until it was banned from publishing by the Iranian government, and several of its reporters and editors were arrested on state security charges in 2009.
Journalism
Sarmayeh's editorial stance was pro-reform. Reporter Jila Baniyaghoob wrote a section for a time discussing women's economic issues, but the section was cancelled in 2008 by the newspaper's more conservative management. Baniyaghoob's husband, editor Bahman Ahmadi Amouee, regularly critiqued the Iranian government's economic policies, calling the nation one of the most corrupt in the world. In 2008, he wrote an article questioning why the government could not account for US$238 billion in oil revenues.
2009 arrests and banning
Beginning in June 2009, Iran saw widespread protests following a disputed election in which President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was re-elected amid allegations of voter fraud. On the night of 20 June, husband-and-wife Sarmayeh team Baniyaghoob and Amouee were arrested at their home by plainclothes police officers, as part of a general crackdown on journalists. On 4 January 2010, Amouee was sentenced to a flogging of 32 lashes as well as seven years and four months' imprisonment on charges of "gathering and colluding with intent to harm national security", "spreading propaganda against the system", "disrupting public security" and "insulting the president". In the same month, Baniyaghoob was tried and convicted for "spreading propaganda against the system" and "insulting the president". The court banned her from practicing journalism for thirty years and sentenced her to a year in prison. Editor Saeed Laylaz was also arrested.
Amnesty International designated both Amouee and Baniyaghoob to be prisoners of conscience, "detained solely for their peaceful exercise of the right to freedom of expression", and called for their immediate release. Human Rights Watch also lobbied for Amouee's release, stating that his imprisonment was a violation of freedom of speech; in 2011, the organization named him a winner of its Hellmann-Hammett award. In 2009, the International Women's Media Foundation awarded Baniyaghoob its Courage In Journalism prize, stating that she had "fearlessly reported on government and social oppression, particularly as they affect women". The following year, she won the Freedom of Speech Award of Reporters Without Borders.
On 2 November 2009, the press supervisory board of Iran banned Sarmayeh. Four more publications close to the Green Movement were also banned in Iran in 2009, including Hayat-e-No.
See also
Iran portaljournalism portal
Censorship in Iran
List of newspapers in Iran
References
^ a b c Fredrik Dahl (2 November 2009). "Iran bans pro-reform business daily". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
^ "Jila Baniyaghoob, Iran". International Women's Media Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ Satereh Sabety (17 October 2009). "Worse than Shah-era Capitulation Laws". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
^ Omid Memarian (22 December 2008). "Ahmadinejad plans budget cut as oil price falls". Inter Press Service. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2012 – via HighBeam Research.
^ Angela Charlton (21 June 2009). "At least 24 reporters arrested in Iran". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2012 – via HighBeam Research.
^ a b "Iran: Further Information: Three Iranian Journalists Sentenced". Amnesty International. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ a b "Iran must release prisoner of conscience Zhila Bani-Yaghoub". Amnesty International. 3 September 2012. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ "Iran: End Abuse of Imprisoned Journalists". Human Rights Watch. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
^ "Belarus, Cameroon, Iran, Israel journalists cited". Associated Press. 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2012 – via HighBeam Research.
^ "Iranian Journalist Charged Over 'Unauthorized Blog'". Radio Free Europe. 4 September 2012. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ Hossein Mohammadi (12 December 2009). "Critical Press Under Constant Pressure". Rooz Online. Retrieved 15 October 2013. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"The Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)"},{"link_name":"Persian-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"}],"text":"Sarmayeh (Persian: سرمایه; lit. 'The Capital') was a Persian-language daily business newspaper published in Tehran, Iran, until it was banned from publishing by the Iranian government, and several of its reporters and editors were arrested on state security charges in 2009.","title":"Sarmayeh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-1"},{"link_name":"Jila Baniyaghoob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jila_Baniyaghoob"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IWMF-2"},{"link_name":"Bahman Ahmadi Amouee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahman_Ahmadi_Amouee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBS-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sarmayeh's editorial stance was pro-reform.[1] Reporter Jila Baniyaghoob wrote a section for a time discussing women's economic issues, but the section was cancelled in 2008 by the newspaper's more conservative management.[2] Baniyaghoob's husband, editor Bahman Ahmadi Amouee, regularly critiqued the Iranian government's economic policies, calling the nation one of the most corrupt in the world.[3] In 2008, he wrote an article questioning why the government could not account for US$238 billion in oil revenues.[4]","title":"Journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"widespread protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_Iranian_election_protests"},{"link_name":"disputed election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Mahmoud Ahmadinejad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"flogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flogging"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI-7"},{"link_name":"Saeed Laylaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Laylaz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-1"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"prisoners of conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_conscience"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI2-6"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"freedom of speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech"},{"link_name":"Hellmann-Hammett award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellmann-Hammett_award"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"International Women's Media Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Media_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Reporters Without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFE-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-1"},{"link_name":"Green Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Movement_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Hayat-e-No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat-e-No"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Beginning in June 2009, Iran saw widespread protests following a disputed election in which President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was re-elected amid allegations of voter fraud. On the night of 20 June, husband-and-wife Sarmayeh team Baniyaghoob and Amouee were arrested at their home by plainclothes police officers, as part of a general crackdown on journalists.[5] On 4 January 2010, Amouee was sentenced to a flogging of 32 lashes as well as seven years and four months' imprisonment on charges of \"gathering and colluding with intent to harm national security\", \"spreading propaganda against the system\", \"disrupting public security\" and \"insulting the president\".[6] In the same month, Baniyaghoob was tried and convicted for \"spreading propaganda against the system\" and \"insulting the president\". The court banned her from practicing journalism for thirty years and sentenced her to a year in prison.[7] Editor Saeed Laylaz was also arrested.[1]Amnesty International designated both Amouee and Baniyaghoob to be prisoners of conscience, \"detained solely for their peaceful exercise of the right to freedom of expression\", and called for their immediate release.[7][6] Human Rights Watch also lobbied for Amouee's release, stating that his imprisonment was a violation of freedom of speech; in 2011, the organization named him a winner of its Hellmann-Hammett award.[8] In 2009, the International Women's Media Foundation awarded Baniyaghoob its Courage In Journalism prize, stating that she had \"fearlessly reported on government and social oppression, particularly as they affect women\".[9] The following year, she won the Freedom of Speech Award of Reporters Without Borders.[10]On 2 November 2009, the press supervisory board of Iran banned Sarmayeh.[1] Four more publications close to the Green Movement were also banned in Iran in 2009, including Hayat-e-No.[11]","title":"2009 arrests and banning"}] | [] | [{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"},{"title":"journalism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Journalism"},{"title":"Censorship in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran"},{"title":"List of newspapers in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran"}] | [{"reference":"Fredrik Dahl (2 November 2009). \"Iran bans pro-reform business daily\". 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Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2012 – via HighBeam Research.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130103041648/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D98V7TPO0.html","url_text":"\"At least 24 reporters arrested in Iran\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D98V7TPO0.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran: Further Information: Three Iranian Journalists Sentenced\". Amnesty International. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/002/2010/en/","url_text":"\"Iran: Further Information: Three Iranian Journalists Sentenced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran must release prisoner of conscience Zhila Bani-Yaghoub\". Amnesty International. 3 September 2012. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/iran-must-release-prisoner-conscience-zhila-bani-yaghoub-2012-09-03","url_text":"\"Iran must release prisoner of conscience Zhila Bani-Yaghoub\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910013509/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/iran-must-release-prisoner-conscience-zhila-bani-yaghoub-2012-09-03","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran: End Abuse of Imprisoned Journalists\". Human Rights Watch. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/07/13/iran-end-abuse-imprisoned-journalists","url_text":"\"Iran: End Abuse of Imprisoned Journalists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus, Cameroon, Iran, Israel journalists cited\". Associated Press. 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2012 – via HighBeam Research.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329181705/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D988QV6G1.html","url_text":"\"Belarus, Cameroon, Iran, Israel journalists cited\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D988QV6G1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iranian Journalist Charged Over 'Unauthorized Blog'\". Radio Free Europe. 4 September 2012. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rferl.org/content/iran_journalist_charged_unauthorized_blog/3556103.html","url_text":"\"Iranian Journalist Charged Over 'Unauthorized Blog'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110415145356/http://www.rferl.org/content/iran_journalist_charged_unauthorized_blog/3556103.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hossein Mohammadi (12 December 2009). \"Critical Press Under Constant Pressure\". Rooz Online. Retrieved 15 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.roozonline.com/english/news3/newsitem/article/critical-press-under-constant-pressure.html","url_text":"\"Critical Press Under Constant Pressure\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-newspaper-ban-idUSTRE5A129U20091102","external_links_name":"\"Iran bans pro-reform business daily\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121114134547/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/02/us-iran-newspaper-ban-idUSTRE5A129U20091102","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://iwmf.org/archive/articletype/articleview/articleid/967/jila-baniyaghoob-iran.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Jila Baniyaghoob, Iran\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120704031208/http://iwmf.org/archive/articletype/articleview/articleid/967/jila-baniyaghoob-iran.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/10/who-does-the-regime-fear.html","external_links_name":"\"Worse than Shah-era Capitulation Laws\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100426141210/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/10/who-does-the-regime-fear.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924173223/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-159284451.html","external_links_name":"\"Ahmadinejad plans budget cut as oil price falls\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-159284451.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130103041648/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D98V7TPO0.html","external_links_name":"\"At least 24 reporters arrested in Iran\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D98V7TPO0.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/002/2010/en/","external_links_name":"\"Iran: Further Information: Three Iranian Journalists Sentenced\""},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/iran-must-release-prisoner-conscience-zhila-bani-yaghoub-2012-09-03","external_links_name":"\"Iran must release prisoner of conscience Zhila Bani-Yaghoub\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120910013509/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/iran-must-release-prisoner-conscience-zhila-bani-yaghoub-2012-09-03","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/07/13/iran-end-abuse-imprisoned-journalists","external_links_name":"\"Iran: End Abuse of Imprisoned Journalists\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329181705/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D988QV6G1.html","external_links_name":"\"Belarus, Cameroon, Iran, Israel journalists cited\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D988QV6G1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rferl.org/content/iran_journalist_charged_unauthorized_blog/3556103.html","external_links_name":"\"Iranian Journalist Charged Over 'Unauthorized Blog'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110415145356/http://www.rferl.org/content/iran_journalist_charged_unauthorized_blog/3556103.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.roozonline.com/english/news3/newsitem/article/critical-press-under-constant-pressure.html","external_links_name":"\"Critical Press Under Constant Pressure\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alireza_Rahai | Alireza Rahai | ["1 References"] | Iranian engineer
Alireza Rahai (Persian: علیرضا رهایی, born 1954 in Kazeroon, Iran) is an Iranian engineer, academic, scholar and professor at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of Amirkabir University of Technology.
He is also a member of the Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame and Vice President for Academic and Post Graduate Affairs of Islamic Azad University. He has been the Chancellor of the Amirkabir University of Technology in three terms: from 1996 to 1997, from 2005 to 2014 and from 2023 until now.
References
^ "Tasnim News Agency". | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Kazeroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazeroon"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"academic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic"},{"link_name":"scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_method"},{"link_name":"professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"Amirkabir University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amirkabir_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Science_and_Culture_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Islamic Azad University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Azad_University"},{"link_name":"Amirkabir University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amirkabir_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Alireza Rahai (Persian: علیرضا رهایی, born 1954 in Kazeroon, Iran) is an Iranian engineer, academic, scholar and professor at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of Amirkabir University of Technology.\nHe is also a member of the Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame and Vice President for Academic and Post Graduate Affairs of Islamic Azad University. He has been the Chancellor of the Amirkabir University of Technology in three terms: from 1996 to 1997, from 2005 to 2014 and from 2023 until now.[1]","title":"Alireza Rahai"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tasnim News Agency\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1396/03/24/1436139/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AF","url_text":"\"Tasnim News Agency\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1396/03/24/1436139/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AF","external_links_name":"\"Tasnim News Agency\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_U18_Women%27s_European_Championship | FIBA U18 Women's EuroBasket | ["1 Division A","1.1 Results","1.2 Medal table","1.3 Participation details","2 Division B","2.1 Results","2.2 Performances by nation","2.3 Participation details","3 Division C","3.1 Results","3.2 Performances by nation","4 Under-19 Women's World Cup record","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Basketball competition
FIBA U18 Women's EuroBasketMost recent season or competition:2023 FIBA U18 Women's European ChampionshipSportBasketballFounded1965; 59 years ago (1965)Divisions3No. of teams16 (Division A)ContinentEurope (FIBA Europe)Most recentchampion(s) Slovenia (1st title)Most titles Soviet Union (11 titles)RelatedcompetitionsFIBA Europe U-20FIBA Europe U-16Official websitefiba.basketball/europe/u18women
The FIBA U18 Women's EuroBasket is the new name for the FIBA U18 Women's European Championship, originally known as the FIBA European Championship for Junior Women. It's a women's youth basketball competition that was inaugurated with the 1965 edition. The current champions are Slovenia, having beaten France in the 2023 final.
Division A
Results
Year
Host
Gold medal game
Bronze medal game
Gold
Score
Silver
Bronze
Score
Fourth place
1965
Bulgaria (Kyustendil, Lom, Botevgrad, Sofia)
Soviet Union
Round-robin group
Yugoslavia
Czechoslovakia
Round-robin group
Poland
1967
Italy (Nuoro, Sassari & Cagliari)
Soviet Union
Round-robin group
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
Round-robin group
Bulgaria
1969
West Germany (Köln, Lünen, Essen, Hohenlimburg, Hagen)
Soviet Union
Round-robin group
Bulgaria
Yugoslavia
Round-robin group
Poland
1971
Yugoslavia (Bačka Topola & Subotica)
Soviet Union
76–52
Czechoslovakia
Bulgaria
62–52
Italy
1973
Italy (San Remo & Loano)
Soviet Union
68–47
Yugoslavia
Italy
50–48
Bulgaria
1975
Spain (Vigo)
Czechoslovakia
53–48
Poland
Soviet Union
80–57
Bulgaria
1977
Bulgaria (Haskovo & Dimitrovgrad)
Soviet Union
96–53
Poland
Czechoslovakia
61–50
Yugoslavia
1979
Italy (Capo d'Orlando, P. Armerina, Catania, Palermo, Messina)
Soviet Union
Round-robin group
Hungary
Czechoslovakia
Round-robin group
Yugoslavia
1981
Hungary (Eger & Kecskemét)
Soviet Union
74–61
France
Bulgaria
90–59
Hungary
1983
Italy (Pescara, & Vasto)
Czechoslovakia
90–80
Soviet Union
Italy
66–46
Yugoslavia
1984
Spain (Toledo)
Yugoslavia
67–61
Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia
68–61
Spain
1986
Italy (Perugia, Gualdo Tadino)
Soviet Union
71–70
Yugoslavia
Italy
62–56
Poland
1988
Bulgaria (Veliko Tarnovo)
Soviet Union
73–56
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
82–58
Bulgaria
1990
Spain (Alcalá de Henares)
Soviet Union
79–76
Spain
Romania
67–65
Czechoslovakia
1992
Greece (Kalamata, Tripoli & Patras)
CIS
86–60
Bulgaria
Poland
67–62
France
1994
Bulgaria (Veliko Tarnovo)
Italy
74–68
Spain
Hungary
63–56
Russia
1996
Slovakia (Žilina)
Russia
69–59
Slovakia
Czech Republic
66–50
Spain
1998
Turkey (Eskişehir, Kütahya & Bursa)
Spain
78–52
Slovakia
Russia
79–72
Czech Republic
2000
Poland (Cetniewo)
Russia
64–51
Czech Republic
Poland
75–44
Lithuania
2002
Slovenia (Škofja Loka)
Russia
60–56
France
Czech Republic
83–56
Slovakia
2004
Slovakia (Bratislava)
Russia
77–59
Spain
Hungary
73–63
Serbia and Montenegro
2005
Hungary (Budapest)
Serbia and Montenegro
66–52
Spain
France
77–66
Czech Republic
2006
Spain (Tenerife)
Spain
78–74
Serbia and Montenegro
Sweden
62–57
Czech Republic
2007
Serbia (Novi Sad)
Serbia
72–48
Spain
Russia
71–65
Poland
2008
Slovakia (Nitra)
Lithuania
63–57
Russia
Czech Republic
70–61
France
2009
Sweden (Södertälje)
Spain
64–54
France
Sweden
67–54
Czech Republic
2010
Slovakia (Poprad)
Italy
66–61
Spain
France
63–44
Slovenia
2011
Romania (Oradea)
Belgium
77–49
France
Spain
85–69
Sweden
2012
Romania (Bucharest)
France
65–61
Russia
Serbia
59–46
Netherlands
2013
Croatia (Vukovar, Vinkovci)
Spain
60–46
France
Serbia
57–56
Netherlands
2014
Portugal (Matosinhos)
Russia
57–53
France
Spain
74–69
Serbia
2015
Slovenia (Celje)
Spain
76–60
France
Russia
71–52
Italy
2016
Hungary (Sopron)
France
74–44
Spain
Russia
65–58
Latvia
2017
Hungary (Sopron)
Belgium
55–53
Serbia
France
55–48
Czech Republic
2018
Italy (Udine)
Germany
67–54
Spain
Hungary
58–56
Latvia
2019
Bosnia and Herzegovina(Sarajevo)
Italy
70–62
Hungary
France
77–45
Russia
2020
Greece (Heraklion)
Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in Greece
2021
Greece (Heraklion)
Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.The 2021 FIBA U18 Women's European Challengers were played instead.
2022
Greece (Heraklion)
Lithuania
78–75
Spain
France
75–46
Germany
2023
Turkey (Konya)
Slovenia
63–61
France
Spain
80–52
Serbia
2024
Portugal (Matosinhos)
Medal table
Defunct states in italics
As of 2023RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Soviet Union1121142 Spain593173 Russia524114 Italy30365 France285156 Czechoslovakia23497 Belgium2002 Lithuania20029 Yugoslavia133710 Serbia112411 Serbia and Montenegro110212 CIS1001 Germany1001 Slovenia100115 Hungary023516 Bulgaria0224 Poland022418 Slovakia020219 Czech Republic013420 Sweden002221 Romania0011Totals (21 entries)383838114
Participation details
Nation
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
Austria
12th
Belgium
12th
9th
12th
12th
12th
7th
Bulgaria
5th
4th
2nd
3rd
4th
4th
9th
8th
3rd
5th
6th
4th
8th
2nd
Czechoslovakia †
3rd
2nd
7th
2nd
1st
3rd
3rd
5th
1st
3rd
11th
2nd
4th
6th
East Germany †
9th
†
Finland
8th
7th
8th
France
8th
9th
11th
10th
10th
10th
2nd
7th
11th
6th
9th
7th
4th
West Germany
11th
11th
11th
10th
11th
10th
10th
8th
12th
10th
Greece
12th
10th
Hungary
6th
6th
5th
7th
6th
5th
5th
2nd
4th
6th
8th
9th
11th
9th
7th
Israel
10th
8th
8th
9th
9th
12th
10th
Italy
10th
7th
6h
4th
3rd
8th
7th
5th
7th
3rd
5th
3rd
5th
6th
9th
Netherlands
10th
10th
7th
11th
12th
9th
7th
Poland
4th
5th
4th
6th
5th
2nd
2nd
9th
11th
11th
12th
4th
8th
11th
3rd
Romania
7th
8th
9th
6th
6th
5th
3rd
8th
Scotland
11th
Soviet Union †
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
3rd
1st
1st
1st
2nd
2nd
1st
1st
1st
†
CIS †
1st
Spain
8th
6th
11th
9th
8th
4th
12th
6th
2nd
5th
Sweden
10th
9th
7th
10th
5th
11th
Switzerland
12th
Yugoslavia †
2nd
3rd
3rd
5th
2nd
7th
4th
4th
6th
4th
1st
2nd
3rd
†
Nation
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
Nation
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2022
2023
2024
Total
Belarus
10th
9th
14th
13th
15th
15th
9th
7
Belgium
11th
11th
15th
11th
13th
1st
15th
5th
7th
6th
1st
5th
12th
12th
9th
Q
22
Bosnia and Herzegovina
12th
13th
14th
16th
4
Bulgaria
8th
11th
11th
8th
12th
8th
13th
12th
16th
23
Croatia
8th
8th
15th
16th
7th
13th
8th
9th
12th
9th
9th
15th
Q
13
Czech Republic
10th
3rd
4th
2nd
3rd
4th
4th
6th
3rd
4th
14th
9th
13th
11th
11th
6th
13th
4th
6th
8th
6th
14th
22
Estonia
16th
1
Finland
11th
7th
10th
Q
7
France
5th
7th
10th
5th
2nd
5th
3rd
6th
7th
4th
2nd
3rd
2nd
1st
2nd
2nd
2nd
1st
3rd
7th
3rd
3rd
2nd
Q
37
Germany
8th
7th
12th
9th
12th
15th
1st
6th
4th
11th
Q
21
Greece
9th
5th
8th
7th
14th
16th
11th
10th
14th
16th
14th
13
Hungary
3rd
6th
3rd
6th
7th
16th
15th
13th
5th
5th
3rd
2nd
11th
5th
Q
30
Ireland
14th
1
Israel
9th
12th
14th
11th
13th
12th
Q
14
Italy
1st
11th
7th
9th
16th
8th
14th
10th
1st
10th
8th
6th
7th
4th
7th
10th
10th
1st
5th
13th
Q
36
Latvia
12th
10th
7th
16th
4th
13th
4th
7th
9th
8th
Q
11
Lithuania
10th
4th
7th
5th
10th
1st
6th
6th
16th
13th
10th
9th
14th
13th
1st
16th
16
Luxembourg
Q
1
Netherlands
5th
4th
4th
6th
8th
16th
13
Poland
12th
6th
3rd
6th
13th
14th
4th
8th
12th
11th
6th
14th
12th
14th
11th
10th
8th
7th
Q
34
Portugal
9th
9th
15th
15th
Q
5
Romania
7th
12th
15th
12th
16th
13
Russia
4th
1st
3rd
1st
1st
1st
5th
11th
3rd
2nd
9th
5th
13th
2nd
5th
1st
3rd
3rd
11th
8th
4th
21
Serbia
played as
1st
6th
5th
12th
8th
3rd
3rd
4th
11th
11th
2nd
12th
16th
4th
Q
15
Slovakia
6th
2nd
2nd
12th
4th
11th
8th
13th
9th
7th
14th
9th
14th
9th
14th
15th
16
Slovenia
10th
4th
11th
12th
12th
10th
5th
10th
7th
16th
1st
Q
12
Spain
2nd
4th
1st
6th
5th
2nd
2nd
1st
2nd
5th
1st
2nd
3rd
5th
1st
3rd
1st
2nd
6th
2nd
5th
2nd
3rd
Q
34
Sweden
3rd
12th
10th
3rd
8th
4th
10th
8th
16th
8th
15th
15th
18
Turkey
9th
6th
10th
10th
11th
9th
13th
10th
7th
7th
15th
8th
15th
10th
6th
Q
16
Ukraine
12th
7th
5th
11th
8th
7th
15th
6th
8
Nation
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2022
2023
2024
Total
Austria
playing in lower divisions
1
Switzerland
playing in lower divisions
1
England
16th
Great Britain
1
Scotland
playing in lower divisions
Great Britain
1
East Germany †
defunct, succeeded by Germany
1
CIS †
defunct, preceded by Soviet Union
1
Czechoslovakia †
defunct, succeeded by Czech Republic and Slovakia
14
Serbia and Montenegro †A
9th
5th
9th
4th
1st
2nd
defunct
6
Soviet Union †
defunct
14
Yugoslavia †
defunct
13
^A As FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003, 3 participations) and as Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006, 3 participations, 2 medals)
Division B
Results
Year
Host
Promoted to Division A
Bronze medal game
Gold
Score
Silver
Bronze *
Score
Fourth place
2005
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bihać)
Belarus
65–46
Sweden
Latvia
53–44
Estonia
2006
Italy (Chieti)
Italy
63–59
Ukraine
Croatia
66–51
Latvia
2007
Romania (Timișoara)
Croatia
70–59
Romania
Estonia
66–49
Latvia
2008
Macedonia (Skopje)
Latvia
96–64
Belgium
Slovenia
80–66
Greece
2009
Israel (Eilat)
Hungary
60–47
Slovenia
Germany
79–62
Israel
2010
Romania (Timișoara)
Romania
63–61
Netherlands
Greece
52–48
Belarus
2011
Hungary (Miskolc)
Croatia
61–49
Greece
Latvia
71–64
Finland
2012
Macedonia (Strumica)
Belarus
76–74
England
Portugal
68–57
Hungary
2013
Hungary (Miskolc)
Poland
60–55
Belgium
Lithuania
59–56
Latvia
2014
Romania (Timișoara)
Hungary
58–52
Estonia
Israel
71–64
Latvia
2015
Romania (Bucharest)
Slovakia
49–45
Latvia
Turkey
60–49
Sweden
2016
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo)
Sweden
62–47
Greece
Bosnia and Herzegovina
82–67
Iceland
2017
Ireland (Dublin)
Germany
67–43
Ireland
Poland
64–50
Great Britain
2018
Austria (Oberwart, Güssing, Fürstenfeld)
Lithuania
86–71
Belarus
Israel
63–51
Turkey
2019
North Macedonia (Skopje)
Finland
63–56
Greece
Turkey
65–57
Sweden
2020
Austria (Oberwart, Güssing, Fürstenfeld)
Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in Austria
2021
Austria (Oberwart, Güssing)
Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.The 2021 FIBA U18 Women's European Challengers were played instead.
2022
Austria (Oberwart, Güssing)
Slovenia
59–44
Portugal
Serbia
62–50
Slovakia
2023
Bulgaria (Sofia)
Croatia
93–66
Luxembourg
Greece
68–44
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2024
Romania (Ploiesti)
* Since 2012, the 3rd team in Division B is also promoted to Division A for the next tournament.
Performances by nation
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Croatia30142 Belarus21033 Hungary20024 Latvia11245 Slovenia11136 Romania1102 Sweden11028 Germany1012 Lithuania1012 Poland101211 Finland1001 Italy1001 Slovakia100114 Greece032515 Belgium020216 Estonia0112 Portugal011218 England0101 Ireland0101 Luxembourg0101 Netherlands0101 Ukraine010123 Israel0022 Turkey002225 Bosnia and Herzegovina0011 Serbia0011Totals (26 entries)17171751
Participation details
Nation
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2022
2023
Total
Albania
20th
19th
22nd
21st
23rd
Austria
17th
14th
15th
10th
12th
16th
17th
17th
14th
15th
Belgium
10th
2nd
2nd
Bosnia and Herzegovina
11th
5th
13th
9th
6th
16th
5th
11th
7th
3rd
4th
Belarus
1st
4th
6th
1st
12th
5th
6th
2nd
Bulgaria
15th
12th
5th
7th
7th
15th
15th
9th
20th
18th
8th
8th
Croatia
3rd
1st
11th
5th
1st
5th
1st
Cyprus
19th
16th
Denmark
18th
17th
9th
6th
10th
6th
15th
16th
8th
14th
24th
13th
5th
16th
14th
England
5th
13th
11th
13th
12th
8th
14th
2nd
8th
11th
11th
Estonia
4th
6th
3rd
5th
13th
10th
2nd
12th
17th
16th
13th
11th
Finland
8th
12th
15th
16th
8th
7th
4th
11th
11th
5th
9th
10th
10th
7th
1st
Georgia
20th
24th
Germany
8th
3rd
9th
9th
8th
9th
10th
5th
7th
1st
Great Britain
4th
10th
19th
11th
12th
Greece
8th
4th
7th
3rd
2nd
10th
2nd
11th
2nd
3rd
Hungary
7th
1st
5th
4th
8th
1st
Iceland
7th
11th
12th
15th
17th
4th
13th
19th
15th
12th
7th
Ireland
10th
10th
6th
11th
13th
18th
8th
2nd
9th
9th
6th
Israel
9th
8th
7th
4th
12th
8th
13th
14th
3rd
7th
3rd
Italy
1st
Kosovo
22nd
22nd
Latvia
3rd
4th
4th
1st
3rd
9th
4th
4th
2nd
Lithuania
7th
3rd
1st
Luxembourg
12th
19th
15th
17th
13th
14th
14th
18th
12th
14th
10th
2nd
Moldova
23rd
Montenegro
12th
10th
14th
6th
18th
Netherlands
14th
9th
6th
13th
2nd
18th
11th
6th
7th
6th
9th
North Macedonia
14th
19th
15th
21st
21st
18th
16th
Norway
15th
11th
16th
18th
15th
23rd
20th
17th
18th
Poland
1st
6th
3rd
Portugal
6th
9th
14th
10th
5th
11th
7th
3rd
9th
5th
5th
6th
2nd
Romania
15th
7th
2nd
10th
1st
13th
12th
6th
17th
8th
9th
8th
7th
17th
Scotland
16th
18th
18th
18th
17th
16th
Serbia
3rd
Slovakia
1st
12th
14th
10th
4th
5th
Slovenia
5th
3rd
2nd
11th
1st
Sweden
2nd
4th
1st
4th
13th
Switzerland
20th
14th
14th
16th
17th
16th
17th
16th
19th
15th
12th
Turkey
3rd
4th
3rd
Ukraine
8th
2nd
12th
6th
9th
13th
13th
14th
8th
13th
15th
10th
Nation
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2022
2023
Total
Division C
Results
Year
Host
Gold medal game
Bronze medal game
Gold
Score
Silver
Bronze
Score
Fourth place
1997
Malta
Ireland
69–58
England
Armenia
89–78
Scotland
1999
Cyprus
Scotland
67–49
Andorra
Armenia
67–62
Cyprus
2001
Cyprus
Cyprus
67–57
Luxembourg
Scotland
54–45
Iceland
2003
Iceland
Iceland
Round-robin group
Scotland
Andorra
Round-robin group
Malta
2005
Scotland
Scotland
59–57
Luxembourg
Albania
72–62
Malta
2007
Malta
Malta
Round-robin group
Andorra
Monaco
Round-robin group
Luxembourg
2009
Malta
Luxembourg
Round-robin group
Monaco
Malta
Round-robin group
Moldova
2013
Andorra
Andorra
51–41
Malta
Wales
66–39
Gibraltar
2014
Andorra
Cyprus
67–53
Malta
Andorra
56–47
Gibraltar
2015
Gibraltar
Scotland
Round-robin group
Malta
Wales
Round-robin group
Andorra
2016
Georgia
Armenia
66–32
Georgia
Malta
71–63
Andorra
2017
Malta
Cyprus
Round-robin group
Armenia
Malta
Round-robin group
Gibraltar
2018
Andorra
Gibraltar
56-49
Malta
Andorra
55-41
Moldova
2019
Andorra
Armenia
79-73
Malta
Georgia
72-45
Andorra
2020
Andorra
Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra
2021
Andorra
Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.The 2021 FIBA U18 Women's European Challengers were played instead.
2022
Andorra
Georgia
61-37
Malta
Albania
79-73
Andorra
2023
Albania
Malta
56–47
Albania
Armenia
81–66
Andorra
2024
Kosovo
Performances by nation
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Scotland31152 Cyprus30033 Malta263114 Armenia21365 Andorra12366 Luxembourg12037 Georgia11138 Gibraltar1001 Iceland1001 Ireland100111 Albania012312 Monaco011213 England010114 Wales0022Totals (14 entries)16161648
Under-19 Women's World Cup record
Team
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
Total
Belgium
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
6th
–
4th
–
–
2
Bulgaria
–
11th
9th
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
Czech Republic
as Czechoslovakia
6th
1st
–
7th
10th
–
–
–
–
–
6th
7th
Q
7
France
–
–
6th
–
5th
–
–
7th
6th
2nd
5th
5th
–
10th
4th
9
Germany
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
13th
–
10th
2
Hungary
–
–
–
–
–
8th
–
–
–
–
–
9th
10th
3rd
–
4
Italy
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10th
–
–
11th
–
11th
11th
4
Latvia
as USSR
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10th
14th
–
–
2
Lithuania
as USSR
–
–
8th
–
12th
8th
–
12th
–
–
–
–
8th
–
5
Netherlands
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10th
9th
–
–
–
–
–
2
Poland
–
–
3rd
–
10th
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
Russia
as USSR
2nd
5th
2nd
4th
–
6th
8th
9th
2nd
1st
–
8th
–
–
10
Serbia
as Yugoslavia
as SCG
3rd
–
–
11th
11th
–
–
–
–
3
Slovakia
as Czechoslovakia
3rd
–
–
6th
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
Slovenia
as Yugoslavia
–
–
–
–
14th
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
Spain
7th
5th
–
8th
–
5th
4th
2nd
2nd
4th
4th
8th
3rd
7th
2nd
13
Sweden
–
–
–
–
–
–
2nd
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
Team
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
Total
Czechoslovakia †
–
4th
defunct
1
Serbia and Montenegro †
as Yugoslavia
–
–
2nd
defunct
1
Soviet Union †
1st
1st
defunct
2
Yugoslavia †
3rd
2nd
defunct
2
Total (6)
3
5
4
4
5
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
5
6
6
6
See also
EuroBasket Women
FIBA U20 Women's European Championship
FIBA U16 Women's European Championship
References
^ Draws complete for FIBA Youth EuroBasket 2024
^ Draw results
^ a b c "FIBA Europe Board approves alternative format for Youth Competitions, new dates for Small Countries Championships". FIBA. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^ All-Time Medalists
^ "FIBA SIGN OFF BRITISH BASKETBALL AGREEMENT". gbbasketball.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2012.
Archive FIBA (in English)
External links
Official website
vteFIBA U18 Women's EuroBasketDivision A
Bulgaria 1965
Italy 1967
West Germany 1969
Yugoslavia 1971
Italy 1973
Spain 1975
Bulgaria 1977
Italy 1979
Hungary 1981
Italy 1983
Spain 1984
Italy 1986
Bulgaria 1988
Spain 1990
Greece 1992
Bulgaria 1994
Slovakia 1996
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Division C
Malta 1997
Cyprus 1999
Cyprus 2001
Iceland 2003
Scotland 2005
Malta 2007
Malta 2009
Andorra 2013
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Gibraltar 2015
Georgia 2016
Malta 2017
Andorra 2018
Andorra 2019
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vteInternational women's basketball
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Note: The Under-21 Championship is no longer held. • Basketball portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"1965 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_FIBA_European_Championship_for_Junior_Women"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_women%27s_national_under-18_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_women%27s_national_under-18_basketball_team"}],"text":"The FIBA U18 Women's EuroBasket is the new name for the FIBA U18 Women's European Championship,[1][2] originally known as the FIBA European Championship for Junior Women. It's a women's youth basketball competition that was inaugurated with the 1965 edition. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Usher | Gentleman Usher | ["1 Gentleman Ushers as servants","1.1 History","1.2 Gentleman Ushers of the Privy Chamber","1.3 Gentleman usher quarter waiter","1.4 Royal Gentleman Ushers","1.5 Present day","2 Particular Gentleman Ushers","3 References"] | Member of a royal household
Gentleman Usher and Lady Usher are titles for some officers of the Royal Household of the United Kingdom. For a list of office-holders from the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 up to the present day see List of Lady and Gentleman Ushers.
Gentleman Ushers as servants
History
The funeral procession of Queen Elizabeth I, 1603; William Camden, Clarenceux King of Arms bearing the tabard or "coate", between two Gentleman Ushers. Inscription: "A Gentleman Usher with a white Rodd"
Gentleman Ushers were originally a class of servants found not only in the Royal Household, but in lesser establishments as well. They were regularly found in the households of Tudor noblemen, and were prescribed by Richard Brathwait, in his Household of an Earle, as one of the "officers and Servants the state of an Earle requireth to have". The Gentleman Ushers occupied an intermediate level between the steward, the usual head, and the ordinary servants; they were responsible for overseeing the work of the servants "above stairs", particularly those who cooked and waited upon the nobleman at meals, and saw to it the great chamber was kept clean by the lesser servants. He was also responsible for overseeing other miscellaneous service, such as the care of the nobleman's chapel and bed-chambers. It was traditionally the Gentleman Usher who swore in new members of the nobleman's service.
The duties of a Gentleman Usher, not unlike those of a contemporary butler, made him quite important in Tudor and 17th-century households. George Chapman's play The Gentleman Usher has as its title character the pompous but easily fooled Bassiolo, Gentleman Usher to Lord Lasso. Henry VIII gave an usher's position and fee to the Italian merchant Leonardo Frescobaldi.
Gentleman Ushers of the Privy Chamber
The tasks of the Gentlemen Ushers of the Privy Chamber in the reign of Edward VI of England were supervise the Grooms who swept the floors of the royal lodging, and laid straw and matts. They waited in the Privy Chamber the door of the King's bedchamber. They were in charge of meals taken in the Privy Chamber. The Usher accompanied the king when he walked in the gardens, and would inspect the hygiene and safety of a stranger's house, a house other than a royal place, which the King intended to visit.
Gentleman usher quarter waiter
These ushers served in terms or quarters. At the Union of Crowns, James VI and I came to York in May 1603 and swore Elizabeth's former ushers as his servants, including Richard Coningsby and George Pollard, and the quarter waiters Thomas Rolles and Master Hariffe. Anne of Denmark, queen consort of James VI and I, had four usher quarter waiters as well as a gentleman usher John Tunstall. The yearly fee was £40, and to buy the office in queen's household in December 1603 would cost £250. When one of the ushers, Watson, died of plague, the queen's chamberlain Robert Sidney appointed a replacement and swore him in without consulting her.
A Scottish usher called Bochan or Buchanan fought with Edward Herbert over Mary Middlemore one of Anne of Denmark's maids of honour. Tunstall and two of Anne of Denmark's usher quarter waiters, Francis Constable of Sherburn and Timothy Pinckney, later joined the household of Henrietta Maria as ushers with Maurice Drummond and William Gordon.
Royal Gentleman Ushers
The Gentleman Ushers of the Royal Household, in order of precedence, were originally the four Gentleman Ushers of the Privy Chamber (who attended the Sovereign in the Privy Chamber), the four Gentleman Ushers Daily Waiters, and the eight Gentleman Ushers Quarter(ly) Waiters. The latter two originally served different terms of service, but the distinction later became only nominal, as the role of the Gentleman Ushers became increasingly ceremonial and they exercised less supervision over the staff. In 1901, King Edward VII abolished the three classes and began to appoint simply Gentleman Ushers in Ordinary. The first Lady Usher of the Black Rod was appointed in 2017. The first Lady Usher in Ordinary was appointed in 2021.
Present day
Today an establishment of 10 Lady and Gentleman Ushers is maintained for attendance at royal events. Lady and Gentleman Ushers to The King are generally appointed from retired military officers with three representing the Royal Navy, four representing the Army and three representing the Royal Air Force.
When on duty Ushers generally wear either service uniform with a brassard displaying the royal cypher or morning or evening dress, depending on the occasion. They receive a modest honorarium for the upkeep of their orders of dress.
Among their duties, they act as ushers at Royal Garden Parties and Investitures as well as on State occasions. At royal weddings, funerals, coronations and other large church services they may be called upon to lead royal and other important guests in procession before conducting them to their seats. Occasionally they may be called upon to attend an event (e.g. a memorial service) as the monarch's representative.
Ushers retire at 70, when they may become Extra Gentleman Ushers.
Particular Gentleman Ushers
Certain Gentleman Ushers have duties outside of the Royal Household, usually attached either as officers of an order of knighthood or to a House of Parliament. These are, in order of antiquity:
The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, established c.1361 as an officer of the Order of the Garter, who also serves as secretary to the Lord Great Chamberlain and Doorkeeper of the House of Lords and (since 1971) Serjeant-at-Arms of the House of Lords. During the Tudor period, he was usually one of the senior members of the Royal Household, such as the Groom of the Stool; from the Restoration until 1765, Black Rod was the senior of the existing Gentleman Usher Daily Waiter, after which a new Daily Waiter was appointed to succeed the previous Black Rod. The first Lady Usher of the Black Rod, Sarah Clarke, was appointed as the new Black Rod on 17 November 2017. She formally took on the duties as Lady Usher of the Black Rod in February 2018.
The Gentleman Usher of the White Rod, established as a hereditary dignity c.1373, who attended the Parliament of Scotland before its abolition in 1707. The heritable office was pronounced to be adjudgeable in 1758, and has been bought and sold several times since then. The position was revived to some degree in connection with the Parliament of Great Britain, and is now held by the Walker Trustees.
The Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod, established 1714, is the usher for the Scottish Order of the Thistle, currently Rear Admiral Christopher Hope Layman.
The Irish Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, established 1783, is the usher for the Irish Order of St Patrick; there have been no appointees to the office since 1933.
The Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod, established in 1725, is the usher for the British Order of the Bath. The present Scarlet Rod is Major General James Gordon.
The Gentleman Usher to the Sword of State, established c.1842, is the usher who bears the Sword of State in ceremonial processions, currently General Sir Kevin O'Donoghue.
The Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod, established as 1882 as an "Officer of Arms" and made an usher in 1911, is the usher for the British Order of St Michael and St George, currently Dame DeAnne Julius.
The Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod, established in 1918, is the usher for the Order of the British Empire, currently Dame Amelia Fawcett.
Gentleman Ushers of the Black Rod also exist for New Zealand, Australia and its states, and Canada. In some respects, the Military Social Aides to the US President, who attend on some 2 to 4 afternoons a month to assist visitors to the White House, are an American and more recent equivalent to the Gentleman Ushers in Ordinary.
References
^ Jones, Paul V.B. (1918). The Household of a Tudor Nobleman. University of Illinois. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
^ Maria Hayward, The Great Wardrobe Accounts of Henry VII and Henry VIII (Boydell, 2012), p. xliii, xlix, 153.
^ Antiquarian Repertory, 4 (London, 1809), p. 648–651.
^ Edward Arber, An English Garner, vol. 8 (Archibald Constable, 1896), p. 506.
^ Trevelyan Papers, 3 (London: Camden Society, 1872), p. 55.
^ Trevelyan Papers, 3 (London: Camden Society, 1872), pp. 62–63.
^ Norman Egbert McClure, Letters of John Chamberlain', vol. 1 (Philadelphia, 1939), p. 296.
^ John William Clay, Abstracts of Yorkshire Wills (Worksop, 1890), p. 86: Mary Anne Everett Green, Calendar State Papers Domestic, Charles II: 1660–1661 (London, 1860), p. 334.
^ Allison & Riddell (1991). The Royal Encyclopaedia. London: Macmillan.
^ Hallen, Arthur Washington Cornelius; Stevenson, John Horne (April 1897). "The Usher of the White Rod". The Scottish Antiquary, or, Northern Notes and Queries. XI (44). W. Green and Sons: 158–170. Retrieved 2007-08-04. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Households_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Restoration"},{"link_name":"List of Lady and Gentleman Ushers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lady_and_Gentleman_Ushers"}],"text":"Gentleman Usher and Lady Usher are titles for some officers of the Royal Household of the United Kingdom. For a list of office-holders from the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 up to the present day see List of Lady and Gentleman Ushers.","title":"Gentleman Usher"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gentleman Ushers as servants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funeral_procession_of_Elizabeth_I_William_Camden_Clarenceux_1603.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Camden"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_period"},{"link_name":"steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-household-1"},{"link_name":"butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler"},{"link_name":"George Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chapman"},{"link_name":"The Gentleman Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gentleman_Usher"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Frescobaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Frescobaldi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"The funeral procession of Queen Elizabeth I, 1603; William Camden, Clarenceux King of Arms bearing the tabard or \"coate\", between two Gentleman Ushers. Inscription: \"A Gentleman Usher with a white Rodd\"Gentleman Ushers were originally a class of servants found not only in the Royal Household, but in lesser establishments as well. They were regularly found in the households of Tudor noblemen, and were prescribed by Richard Brathwait, in his Household of an Earle, as one of the \"officers and Servants the state of an Earle requireth to have\". The Gentleman Ushers occupied an intermediate level between the steward, the usual head, and the ordinary servants; they were responsible for overseeing the work of the servants \"above stairs\", particularly those who cooked and waited upon the nobleman at meals, and saw to it the great chamber was kept clean by the lesser servants. He was also responsible for overseeing other miscellaneous service, such as the care of the nobleman's chapel and bed-chambers. It was traditionally the Gentleman Usher who swore in new members of the nobleman's service.[1]The duties of a Gentleman Usher, not unlike those of a contemporary butler, made him quite important in Tudor and 17th-century households. George Chapman's play The Gentleman Usher has as its title character the pompous but easily fooled Bassiolo, Gentleman Usher to Lord Lasso. Henry VIII gave an usher's position and fee to the Italian merchant Leonardo Frescobaldi.[2]","title":"Gentleman Ushers as servants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward VI of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Gentleman Ushers of the Privy Chamber","text":"The tasks of the Gentlemen Ushers of the Privy Chamber in the reign of Edward VI of England were supervise the Grooms who swept the floors of the royal lodging, and laid straw and matts. They waited in the Privy Chamber the door of the King's bedchamber. They were in charge of meals taken in the Privy Chamber. The Usher accompanied the king when he walked in the gardens, and would inspect the hygiene and safety of a stranger's house, a house other than a royal place, which the King intended to visit.[3]","title":"Gentleman Ushers as servants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union of Crowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Crowns"},{"link_name":"James VI and I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Anne of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"John Tunstall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tunstall_(usher)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1603_London_plague"},{"link_name":"Robert Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sidney,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Edward Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury"},{"link_name":"Mary Middlemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Middlemore"},{"link_name":"maids of honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_of_honour"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sherburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherburn,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Henrietta Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Maria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Gentleman usher quarter waiter","text":"These ushers served in terms or quarters. At the Union of Crowns, James VI and I came to York in May 1603 and swore Elizabeth's former ushers as his servants, including Richard Coningsby and George Pollard, and the quarter waiters Thomas Rolles and Master Hariffe.[4] Anne of Denmark, queen consort of James VI and I, had four usher quarter waiters as well as a gentleman usher John Tunstall. The yearly fee was £40, and to buy the office in queen's household in December 1603 would cost £250.[5] When one of the ushers, Watson, died of plague, the queen's chamberlain Robert Sidney appointed a replacement and swore him in without consulting her.[6]A Scottish usher called Bochan or Buchanan fought with Edward Herbert over Mary Middlemore one of Anne of Denmark's maids of honour.[7] Tunstall and two of Anne of Denmark's usher quarter waiters, Francis Constable of Sherburn and Timothy Pinckney, later joined the household of Henrietta Maria as ushers with Maurice Drummond and William Gordon.[8]","title":"Gentleman Ushers as servants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Royal Gentleman Ushers","text":"The Gentleman Ushers of the Royal Household, in order of precedence, were originally the four Gentleman Ushers of the Privy Chamber (who attended the Sovereign in the Privy Chamber), the four Gentleman Ushers Daily Waiters, and the eight Gentleman Ushers Quarter(ly) Waiters. The latter two originally served different terms of service, but the distinction later became only nominal, as the role of the Gentleman Ushers became increasingly ceremonial and they exercised less supervision over the staff. In 1901, King Edward VII abolished the three classes and began to appoint simply Gentleman Ushers in Ordinary. The first Lady Usher of the Black Rod was appointed in 2017. The first Lady Usher in Ordinary was appointed in 2021.","title":"Gentleman Ushers as servants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"brassard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassard"},{"link_name":"royal cypher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_cypher"},{"link_name":"Royal Garden Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Garden_Party"},{"link_name":"Investitures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture"},{"link_name":"memorial service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_service"}],"sub_title":"Present day","text":"Today an establishment of 10 Lady and Gentleman Ushers is maintained for attendance at royal events.[9] Lady and Gentleman Ushers to The King are generally appointed from retired military officers with three representing the Royal Navy, four representing the Army and three representing the Royal Air Force.When on duty Ushers generally wear either service uniform with a brassard displaying the royal cypher or morning or evening dress, depending on the occasion. They receive a modest honorarium for the upkeep of their orders of dress.Among their duties, they act as ushers at Royal Garden Parties and Investitures as well as on State occasions. At royal weddings, funerals, coronations and other large church services they may be called upon to lead royal and other important guests in procession before conducting them to their seats. Occasionally they may be called upon to attend an event (e.g. a memorial service) as the monarch's representative.Ushers retire at 70, when they may become Extra Gentleman Ushers.","title":"Gentleman Ushers as servants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"order of knighthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_knighthood"},{"link_name":"Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Usher_of_the_Black_Rod"},{"link_name":"Order of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"Lord Great Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Doorkeeper of the House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doorkeeper_of_the_House_of_Lords&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Serjeant-at-Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serjeant-at-Arms"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Groom of the Stool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groom_of_the_Stool"},{"link_name":"Sarah Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Clarke_(Black_Rod)"},{"link_name":"Gentleman Usher of the White Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Usher_of_the_White_Rod"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Walker Trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Trustees"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Usher_of_the_Green_Rod"},{"link_name":"Order of the Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle"},{"link_name":"Irish Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rod#Ireland"},{"link_name":"Order of St Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Usher_of_the_Scarlet_Rod"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"James Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gordon_(British_Army_officer,_born_1957)"},{"link_name":"Gentleman Usher to the Sword of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Usher_to_the_Sword_of_State"},{"link_name":"Sword of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_State"},{"link_name":"Sir Kevin O'Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_O%27Donoghue"},{"link_name":"Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Usher_of_the_Blue_Rod"},{"link_name":"Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"Dame DeAnne Julius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeAnne_Julius"},{"link_name":"Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman_Usher_of_the_Purple_Rod"},{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dame Amelia Fawcett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Fawcett"},{"link_name":"Military Social Aides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Military_Office"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"}],"text":"Certain Gentleman Ushers have duties outside of the Royal Household, usually attached either as officers of an order of knighthood or to a House of Parliament. These are, in order of antiquity:The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, established c.1361 as an officer of the Order of the Garter, who also serves as secretary to the Lord Great Chamberlain and Doorkeeper of the House of Lords and (since 1971) Serjeant-at-Arms of the House of Lords. During the Tudor period, he was usually one of the senior members of the Royal Household, such as the Groom of the Stool; from the Restoration until 1765, Black Rod was the senior of the existing Gentleman Usher Daily Waiter, after which a new Daily Waiter was appointed to succeed the previous Black Rod. The first Lady Usher of the Black Rod, Sarah Clarke, was appointed as the new Black Rod on 17 November 2017. She formally took on the duties as Lady Usher of the Black Rod in February 2018.\nThe Gentleman Usher of the White Rod, established as a hereditary dignity c.1373, who attended the Parliament of Scotland before its abolition in 1707. The heritable office was pronounced to be adjudgeable in 1758, and has been bought and sold several times since then. The position was revived to some degree in connection with the Parliament of Great Britain, and is now held by the Walker Trustees.[10]\nThe Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod, established 1714, is the usher for the Scottish Order of the Thistle, currently Rear Admiral Christopher Hope Layman.\nThe Irish Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, established 1783, is the usher for the Irish Order of St Patrick; there have been no appointees to the office since 1933.\nThe Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod, established in 1725, is the usher for the British Order of the Bath. The present Scarlet Rod is Major General James Gordon.\nThe Gentleman Usher to the Sword of State, established c.1842, is the usher who bears the Sword of State in ceremonial processions, currently General Sir Kevin O'Donoghue.\nThe Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod, established as 1882 as an \"Officer of Arms\" and made an usher in 1911, is the usher for the British Order of St Michael and St George, currently Dame DeAnne Julius.\nThe Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod, established in 1918, is the usher for the Order of the British Empire, currently Dame Amelia Fawcett.Gentleman Ushers of the Black Rod also exist for New Zealand, Australia and its states, and Canada. In some respects, the Military Social Aides to the US President, who attend on some 2 to 4 afternoons a month to assist visitors to the White House, are an American and more recent equivalent to the Gentleman Ushers in Ordinary.","title":"Particular Gentleman Ushers"}] | [{"image_text":"The funeral procession of Queen Elizabeth I, 1603; William Camden, Clarenceux King of Arms bearing the tabard or \"coate\", between two Gentleman Ushers. Inscription: \"A Gentleman Usher with a white Rodd\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Funeral_procession_of_Elizabeth_I_William_Camden_Clarenceux_1603.jpg/220px-Funeral_procession_of_Elizabeth_I_William_Camden_Clarenceux_1603.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Jones, Paul V.B. (1918). The Household of a Tudor Nobleman. University of Illinois. Retrieved 2007-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/householdoftudor64jone","url_text":"The Household of a Tudor Nobleman"}]},{"reference":"Allison & Riddell (1991). The Royal Encyclopaedia. London: Macmillan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hallen, Arthur Washington Cornelius; Stevenson, John Horne (April 1897). \"The Usher of the White Rod\". The Scottish Antiquary, or, Northern Notes and Queries. XI (44). W. Green and Sons: 158–170. Retrieved 2007-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hmDcuAnRpiwC","url_text":"\"The Usher of the White Rod\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/householdoftudor64jone","external_links_name":"The Household of a Tudor Nobleman"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hmDcuAnRpiwC","external_links_name":"\"The Usher of the White Rod\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Art_Prize | Liverpool Art Prize | ["1 Background","2 Winners and Shortlisted artists","3 References","4 External links"] | The Liverpool Art Prize is contemporary art competition open to professional artists based in the Liverpool City Region area of the United Kingdom.
Background
The inaugural competition took place in 2008.
The competition was inspired by the Turner Prize held in Liverpool in 2007 at the Tate Gallery.
The Liverpool Art Prize is organised by www.artinliverpool.com
Winners and Shortlisted artists
2008 - Exhibition 29 February 2008 to 7 May 2008
Imogen Stidworthy - Overall Winner
The Singh Twins - People's choice Winner
Emma Rodgers
Mary Fitzpatrick
Jayne Lawless
2009 - Exhibition 13 March 2009 to 4 May 2009 - Winners announced on 22 April 2009
AL and AL - Overall Winners
Terry Duffy
McCoy Wynne
Nicki McCubbing
Richard Meaghan
Elizabeth Willow - People's Choice Winner
2010 - Exhibition 4 June 2010 to 10 July 2010 - Winner announced on 30 June 2010
David Jacques - Overall Winner
James Quin - People's Choice Winner
Paul Rooney (artist)
Emily Speed
Gina Czarnecki
2011 - Exhibition 6 May 2011 to 11 June 2011 - Winner announced on 1 June 2011
Brendon Lyons
Bernadette O'Toole
Richard Proffitt
Markus Soukup
References
^ Coslett, Paul (10 March 2008). "Liverpool Art Prize winners named". BBC. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
External links
Liverpool Art Prize Website
Liverpool Art Prize winners 2009
The Liverpool Art Prize 2014 | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Liverpool Art Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turner Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Prize"},{"link_name":"Tate Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Gallery"},{"link_name":"www.artinliverpool.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artinliverpool.com"}],"text":"The inaugural competition took place in 2008.\nThe competition was inspired by the Turner Prize held in Liverpool in 2007 at the Tate Gallery.\nThe Liverpool Art Prize is organised by www.artinliverpool.com","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imogen Stidworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imogen_Stidworthy"},{"link_name":"Jayne Lawless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Lawless"},{"link_name":"AL and AL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alandal.co.uk"},{"link_name":"Paul Rooney (artist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rooney_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Emily Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Speed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1"}],"text":"2008 - Exhibition 29 February 2008 to 7 May 2008\nImogen Stidworthy - Overall Winner\nThe Singh Twins - People's choice Winner\nEmma Rodgers\nMary Fitzpatrick\nJayne Lawless\n2009 - Exhibition 13 March 2009 to 4 May 2009 - Winners announced on 22 April 2009\nAL and AL - Overall Winners\nTerry Duffy\nMcCoy Wynne\nNicki McCubbing\nRichard Meaghan\nElizabeth Willow - People's Choice Winner\n2010 - Exhibition 4 June 2010 to 10 July 2010 - Winner announced on 30 June 2010\nDavid Jacques - Overall Winner\nJames Quin - People's Choice Winner\nPaul Rooney (artist)\nEmily Speed\nGina Czarnecki\n2011 - Exhibition 6 May 2011 to 11 June 2011 - Winner announced on 1 June 2011\nBrendon Lyons\nBernadette O'Toole\nRichard Proffitt\nMarkus Soukup[1]","title":"Winners and Shortlisted artists"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Coslett, Paul (10 March 2008). \"Liverpool Art Prize winners named\". BBC. Retrieved 18 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2008/03/10/artinliverpool_prize_feature.shtml","url_text":"\"Liverpool Art Prize winners named\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.artinliverpool.com/","external_links_name":"www.artinliverpool.com"},{"Link":"http://www.alandal.co.uk/","external_links_name":"AL and AL"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2008/03/10/artinliverpool_prize_feature.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Liverpool Art Prize winners named\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolartprize.com/","external_links_name":"Liverpool Art Prize Website"},{"Link":"http://www.alandal.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Liverpool Art Prize winners 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.metalculture.com/projects/liverpool-art-prize/","external_links_name":"The Liverpool Art Prize 2014"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leena_Vainio | Leena Pietilä | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Competitive highlights","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Finnish figure skater
Leena PietiläFull nameIrja Ester Helena PietiläOther namesLeena VainioBorn(1925-03-29)29 March 1925Rauma, FinlandDied20 May 2014(2014-05-20) (aged 89)Mikkeli, FinlandHeight1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)Figure skating careerCountryFinlandSkating clubHelsingfors SkridskoklubbRetiredc. 1953
Irja Ester Helena "Leena" Pietilä, married surname: Vainio (born 29 March 1925 – 20 May 2014) was a Finnish figure skater. She was a two-time Nordic champion and a seven-time Finnish national champion.
Early life
On 29 March 1925, Pietilä was born in Rauma, Finland.
Career
Pietilä was a figure skater for Helsingfors Skridskoklubb in Helsinki. Pietilä placed 16th at the 1947 World Championships in Stockholm, Sweden; 13th at the 1950 European Championships in Oslo, Norway; and 13th at the 1951 European Championships in Zürich, Switzerland.
In February 1952, Pietilä represented Finland at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, and finished 20th.
After retiring from competition, Pietilä became an international figure skating judge and coach.
Competitive highlights
International
Event
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
Winter Olympics
20th
World Champ.
16th
European Champ.
13th
13th
WD
Nordics
3rd
1st
3rd
2nd
1st
2nd
National
Finnish Champ.
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
1st
WD = Withdrew
Personal life
On May 20, 2014, Pietilä died in Mikkeli, Finland. Pietilä was 89.
See also
Finnish Figure Skating Championships
References
^ "Leena Pietilä". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016.
^ a b c "Leena Vainio 1925-2014" (in Finnish). Helsingfors Skridskoklubb; Finnish Figure Skating Association (STLL). 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017.
^ a b "Yksinluistelu/Seniorit" (in Finnish). Finnish Figure Skating Association. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014.
^ a b c "Leena Pietilä". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
External links
Finnish Figure Skating Association at stll.fi (in Finnish)
vteFinnish champions – Women's singles
1917: Ludowika Jakobsson
1919: Anna-Lisa Allardt
1923–24: Anna Greta Henriksson
1927: Anna Greta Henriksson
1928–30: Gunnel Nysten
1931: Ilma Suuronen
1932: Gunnel Relander
1933: Ilma Suuronen
1934: Mary Lindeberg
1935–36: Ilma Suuronen
1937–39: Maj-Len Helin
1941–45: Maj-Len Helin
1946–47: Leena Pietilä
1948: Kirsti Linna
1949–53: Leena Pietilä
1954: Kirsti Linna
1955: Riitta Linna
1956–58: Kirsti Linna
1960: Kaarina Kukkonen
1961: Maire Nylund
1962: Pia Wingisaar
1963–65: Anna-Maija Rissanen
1966–67: Pia Wingisaar
1968: Inger Melander
1969: Anna-Maija Kivimäki
1970: Anu-Liisa Numminen
1971: Tarja Säde
1972: Tarja Näsi
1973: Hannele Koskinen
1974: Susan Broman
1975-1976: Niina Kyöttinen
1977: Kristiina Wegelius
1978: Hannele Koskinen
1979: Susan Broman
1980: Pia Snellman
1981–83: Kristiina Wegelius
1984: Susanna Peltola
1985: Elise Ahonen
1986: Elina Hänninen
1987: Tiia-Riikka Pietikäinen
1988–89: Elina Hänninen
1990: Meri Karvosenoja
1991–93: Mila Kajas
1994–95: Kaisa Kella
1996: Mila Kajas
1997–98: Alisa Drei
1999: Sanna-Maija Wiksten
2000: Susanna Pöykiö
2001: Elina Kettunen
2002: Susanna Pöykiö
2003–04: Alisa Drei
2005–07: Susanna Pöykiö
2008: Laura Lepistö
2009: Kiira Korpi
2010: Laura Lepistö
2011–13: Kiira Korpi
2014: Juulia Turkkila
2015: Kiira Korpi
2016: Anni Järvenpää
2017–18: Emmi Peltonen
2019: Viveca Lindfors
2020: Emmi Peltonen
2022: Jenni Saarinen
2023: Janna Jyrkinen | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSK140606-2"},{"link_name":"figure skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skater"},{"link_name":"Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Finnish national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FinNat-3"}],"text":"Irja Ester Helena \"Leena\" Pietilä,[1] married surname: Vainio (born 29 March 1925 – 20 May 2014)[2] was a Finnish figure skater. 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Pietilä was 89.[4]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | [{"title":"Finnish Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Figure_Skating_Championships"}] | [{"reference":"\"Leena Pietilä\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161203194501/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pi/leena-pietila-1.html","url_text":"\"Leena Pietilä\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pi/leena-pietila-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leena Vainio 1925-2014\" (in Finnish). Helsingfors Skridskoklubb; Finnish Figure Skating Association (STLL). 6 June 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengwe_language | Laru language | ["1 Dialects","2 References"] | Kainji language spoken in Nigeria
Not to be confused with Laro language.
LaruShenNative toNigeriaRegionNiger StateNative speakers(6,000 cited 1995–2014)Language familyNiger–Congo?
Atlantic–CongoBenue–CongoKainjiKainji Lake?LaruDialects
Laru (Shen)
Cuba (Shuba)
Language codesISO 639-3Either:lan – Larucbq – CubaGlottologlaru1238 Laru/Shencuba1236 Cuba/ShubaELPShen
LaruPersonShenLanguageShen gwe
Laru (Laro, also Shen or Sengwe) is a minor Kainji language of Nigeria. It has one dialect: Cuba (Shuba). Speakers are shifting to Busa.
Dialects
There are three dialects of Shen, spoken in the following villages.
Kárábàndéi and Sànsání
Sàːgúnú4, Sʷàʃí, Lúmːà, and Barkatai
Mɔ̀nːáĩ, Sáŋkʷà, and Màláːlé
The major villages, ordered from largest to smallest, are Sàːgúnú, Kárábàndéi, Sʷàʃí, Lúmːà, and Mɔ̀nːáĩ. There are fewer than 4,000 speakers.
Ethnologue (22nd ed.) lists Laru villages as Karabonde, Leshigbe, Luma, Monnai, Sansanni, and Shagunu.
References
^ Laru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Cuba at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ McGill, Stuart. 2012. The Kainji languages. Ms, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, 30 August 2012.
^ Blench, Roger (2012). "The Kainji languages of northwestern and central Nigeria" (PDF). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
vtePlatoid languagesJukunoid
Como Karim
Etkywan
Hõne
Jan Awei
Jiba
Jibu
Jiru
Jukun
Kpan
Kuteb
Lau
Nyifon
Shoo-Minda-Nye
Tigon Mbembe
Wannu
Wapan
Wãpha
KainjiKambari
Cipu
Baangi
Kimba
Shingini
Vadi
Wenci
Yumu
Basa
Basa-Benue
Basa-Gumna
Basa-Gurara
Basa-Kontagora
Basa-Kwali
Basa-Makurdi
Koromba
Bassa Nge
Kamuku
Cinda-Regi
Eastern Acipa
Hungworo
Kagare
Rogo
Rubaruba
Shama
Shiroro
Baushi
Fungwa
Gurmana
Pongu
Northwest
Damakawa
Gwamhi-Wuri
Hun-Saare
Lela
ut-Ma'in
Lakes
Laru (Shen)
Lopa (Rerang)
? Reshe
EastNorthern
Gamo-Ningi
Gyem
Iguta
Izora
Janji
Kudu-Camo
Lemoro
Lere
Shau
Ziriya
Kauru
Bina
Dungu
Gbiri-Niragu
Kaivi
Kinuku
Kono
Kurama
Mala
Ruma
Shuwa-Zamani
Vori (Surubu)
Tumi
Vono
Shammo
Zele
Boze
Panawa
Sanga
Gusu
Moro
Loro
Bunu
? Tunzu
Other
Atsam
Map
Piti
PlateauTarokoid
Kusur–Myet
Kwang
Pe
Shall-Zwall
Tarok
Yangkam
South
Ake
Eggon
Jijili
Jili
Alumic
Alumu
Toro
Sambe
Hasha
Nigbo
Ninzic
Bu-Ninkada
Ce
Gbətsu
Gwantu
Kanufi
Mada
Ningye
Ninka
Ninkyop
Ninzo
Nkɔ
Nungu
Ayu
East
Barkul
Fyam
Horom
Central
Ashe (Koro)
Ajuwa
Cori
Dangana
Doka
Fəràn
Gwara
Gyong
Hyam
Idon
Idun
Iku
Izere
Jju
Kadara
Kamanton
Kulu
Kuturmi
Rigwe
Shamang
Tyap
Yeskwa
Zhire
Beromic
Berom
Cara
Iten
Nincut
Yukubenic
Akum
Beezen
Bete
Kapya
Lufu
Yukuben
Ndunic
Ahwai
others
Eloyi
This article about Kainji languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laro language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laro_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McGillKainji-2"},{"link_name":"Kainji language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainji_language"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Busa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busa_language_(Mande)"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Laro language.Laru (Laro, also Shen or Sengwe[2]) is a minor Kainji language of Nigeria. It has one dialect: Cuba (Shuba). Speakers are shifting to Busa.","title":"Laru language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blench-3"}],"text":"There are three dialects of Shen, spoken in the following villages.[3]Kárábàndéi and Sànsání\nSàːgúnú4, Sʷàʃí, Lúmːà, and Barkatai\nMɔ̀nːáĩ, Sáŋkʷà, and MàláːléThe major villages, ordered from largest to smallest, are Sàːgúnú, Kárábàndéi, Sʷàʃí, Lúmːà, and Mɔ̀nːáĩ. There are fewer than 4,000 speakers.Ethnologue (22nd ed.) lists Laru villages as Karabonde, Leshigbe, Luma, Monnai, Sansanni, and Shagunu.","title":"Dialects"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Blench, Roger (2012). \"The Kainji languages of northwestern and central Nigeria\" (PDF). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Kainji/General/Kainji%20language%20overview.pdf","url_text":"\"The Kainji languages of northwestern and central Nigeria\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/laru1238","external_links_name":"laru1238"},{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cuba1236","external_links_name":"cuba1236"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4479","external_links_name":"Shen"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lan/","external_links_name":"Laru"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cbq/","external_links_name":"Cuba"},{"Link":"http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Kainji/General/Kainji%20language%20overview.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Kainji languages of northwestern and central Nigeria\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laru_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jones_Memorial_Baptist_Church | George Jones Memorial Baptist Church | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 35°56′21″N 84°22′22″W / 35.93917°N 84.37278°W / 35.93917; -84.37278Historic church in Tennessee, United States
United States historic placeGeorge Jones Memorial Baptist ChurchU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Front of the churchShow map of TennesseeShow map of the United StatesLocationBlair Rd., Oak Ridge, TennesseeCoordinates35°56′21″N 84°22′22″W / 35.93917°N 84.37278°W / 35.93917; -84.37278Built1901MPSOak Ridge MPSNRHP reference No.92000408Added to NRHPMay 6, 1992
The George Jones Memorial Baptist Church, also known as the "Wheat Church," is a historic church building at the former site of the community of Wheat in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States. It is the only structure remaining from Wheat, a rural Roane County community that was dissolved in 1942 when the United States government assumed ownership of the land for the Manhattan Project.
Founded in 1854 as a United Baptist congregation by 26 members of the Sulphur Springs Church of Christ, it was established in Wheat in the northern part of Roane County. Originally named the "Mount Zion Baptist Church," it changed its name to "George Jones Memorial Baptist Church" in 1901, after a local minister who had donated most of the land for the community. In the same year, the congregation built a new building, which remains today.
The church is considered a good example of a rural vernacular church building. It is a three-bay, rectangular plan brick building with wood cladding, a square bell tower, and a standing-seam metal roof. There are two rooms in its interior, an anteroom and the sanctuary, separated from one another by a waist-high partition. A 1½ acre cemetery is located west of the church.
The George Jones church served not only as a religious facility, but also as a community gathering place for Wheat residents. When Wheat was vacated by the federal government in 1942 as part of the Manhattan Project, the George Jones Memorial Baptist Church was abandoned with the rest of the community. All other Wheat buildings have been demolished. As the only pre-1942 building remaining in what was once Wheat, the church is the location of annual reunions of former residents.
The church is east of the K-25 site and a short distance north of State Route 58, from which it is visible. It is located on the old Wheat Road, a gravel road (accessible from Blair Road (SR 327)) that follows the historical roadbed of a one-time local thoroughfare. The church building and the road are owned and maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy. Motorized travel on the road is limited to government vehicles, but the road is open to pedestrians and bicycles as a public greenway trail.
George Jones Memorial Baptist Church was one of six Oak Ridge properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. This listing reflects its significance as the only existing physical remnant of the Wheat community, a physical representation of rural life in the area in the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century, and an example of vernacular church architecture.
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ Topographical map, USGS. Accessed 2009-06-09.
^ Map of Oak Ridge, City of Oak Ridge, 2008. Accessed 2009-06-10.
^ Roberts, Snyder E. Origin of First Baptist Church of Oliver Springs 1846–1980 via Some Churches and Cemeteries of Roane County Tennessee Archived 2009-06-03 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 2009-06-07.
^ a b Smith, D. Ray and Steve Goodpasture. "Wheat — Education, sacrifice and proud memories." The Oak Ridger. 26 September 2006.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Listing of Multiple Properties at Oak Ridge in the National Register of Historic Places" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. May 20, 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 3, 2010.
^ "Wheat residents will meet for 72nd reunion." The Oak Ridger. 1 October 2004. Accessed 10 June 2009.
^ a b Photographs at Wheat Community, mensetmanus. Accessed 2009-06-07.
^ a b Oak Ridge sprouted where Wheat once thrived, Knoxville News Sentinel, 2007-06-10. Accessed 2009-06-10.
vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"church building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"Wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Oak Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgs-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Roane County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roane_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"United Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Baptist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-4"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-education-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPnom-6"},{"link_name":"vernacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture"},{"link_name":"cladding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladding_(construction)"},{"link_name":"bell tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"link_name":"anteroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anteroom"},{"link_name":"sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary"},{"link_name":"cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPnom-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPnom-6"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-education-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPnom-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPnom-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"K-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-25"},{"link_name":"State Route 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_58"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mensetmanus-8"},{"link_name":"Blair Road (SR 327)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_327"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPnom-6"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPnom-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sprout-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mensetmanus-8"},{"link_name":"greenway trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenway_(landscape)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sprout-9"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPnom-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHPnom-6"}],"text":"Historic church in Tennessee, United StatesUnited States historic placeThe George Jones Memorial Baptist Church, also known as the \"Wheat Church,\" is a historic church building at the former site of the community of Wheat in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States.[2][3] It is the only structure remaining from Wheat, a rural Roane County community that was dissolved in 1942 when the United States government assumed ownership of the land for the Manhattan Project.Founded in 1854 as a United Baptist congregation by 26 members of the Sulphur Springs Church of Christ,[4] it was established in Wheat in the northern part of Roane County. Originally named the \"Mount Zion Baptist Church,\" it changed its name to \"George Jones Memorial Baptist Church\" in 1901, after a local minister who had donated most of the land for the community.[5] In the same year, the congregation built a new building, which remains today.[6]The church is considered a good example of a rural vernacular church building. It is a three-bay, rectangular plan brick building with wood cladding, a square bell tower, and a standing-seam metal roof. There are two rooms in its interior, an anteroom and the sanctuary, separated from one another by a waist-high partition. A 1½ acre cemetery is located west of the church.[6]The George Jones church served not only as a religious facility, but also as a community gathering place for Wheat residents.[6] When Wheat was vacated by the federal government in 1942 as part of the Manhattan Project, the George Jones Memorial Baptist Church was abandoned with the rest of the community.[5] All other Wheat buildings have been demolished.[6] As the only pre-1942 building remaining in what was once Wheat,[6] the church is the location of annual reunions of former residents.[7]The church is east of the K-25 site and a short distance north of State Route 58, from which it is visible.[8] It is located on the old Wheat Road, a gravel road (accessible from Blair Road (SR 327)) that follows the historical roadbed of a one-time local thoroughfare.[6] The church building and the road are owned and maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy.[6][9] Motorized travel on the road is limited to government vehicles,[8] but the road is open to pedestrians and bicycles as a public greenway trail.[9]George Jones Memorial Baptist Church was one of six Oak Ridge properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.[6] This listing reflects its significance as the only existing physical remnant of the Wheat community, a physical representation of rural life in the area in the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century, and an example of vernacular church architecture.[6]","title":"George Jones Memorial Baptist Church"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Listing of Multiple Properties at Oak Ridge in the National Register of Historic Places\" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. May 20, 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803123302/http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/history/NPSweb/doe_properties-multiple_property_documentation.pdf","url_text":"\"Listing of Multiple Properties at Oak Ridge in the National Register of Historic Places\""},{"url":"http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/history/NPSweb/doe_properties-multiple_property_documentation.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=George_Jones_Memorial_Baptist_Church¶ms=35_56_21_N_84_22_22_W_type:landmark_region:US-TN","external_links_name":"35°56′21″N 84°22′22″W / 35.93917°N 84.37278°W / 35.93917; -84.37278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=George_Jones_Memorial_Baptist_Church¶ms=35_56_21_N_84_22_22_W_type:landmark_region:US-TN","external_links_name":"35°56′21″N 84°22′22″W / 35.93917°N 84.37278°W / 35.93917; -84.37278"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/92000408","external_links_name":"92000408"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnis538/getgooglemap?p_lat=35.9384103&p_longi=-84.372427&fid=1285308","external_links_name":"Topographical map"},{"Link":"http://gis.cortn.org/GPMain.aspx?","external_links_name":"Map of Oak Ridge"},{"Link":"http://www.roanetn.com/church.htm","external_links_name":"Some Churches and Cemeteries of Roane County Tennessee"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090603005101/http://www.roanetn.com/church.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=TORB&p_theme=gatehouse&p_action=keyword","external_links_name":"Wheat — Education, sacrifice and proud memories."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100803123302/http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/history/NPSweb/doe_properties-multiple_property_documentation.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Listing of Multiple Properties at Oak Ridge in the National Register of Historic Places\""},{"Link":"http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/history/NPSweb/doe_properties-multiple_property_documentation.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=TORB&p_theme=gatehouse&p_action=keyword","external_links_name":"Wheat residents will meet for 72nd reunion."},{"Link":"http://www.mensetmanus.net/wheat","external_links_name":"Wheat Community"},{"Link":"http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2007/jun/10/oak-ridge-sprouted-where-wheat-once-thrived/","external_links_name":"Oak Ridge sprouted where Wheat once thrived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_de_Chartres | Chartres station | ["1 History","1.1 Current building","2 References"] | Coordinates: 48°26′54″N 1°28′52″E / 48.44833°N 1.48111°E / 48.44833; 1.48111ChartresGeneral informationLocation8, place Pierre-Semard28000 ChartresEure-et-LoirFranceElevation143 mOwned bySNCFOperated bySNCFLine(s)Paris-Brest railwayPlatforms4Tracks7ConstructionArchitectHenri PaconOther informationStation code87394007HistoryOpened12 July 1849Passengers20152 765 888
Services
Preceding station
Le Réseau Rémi
Following station
Vovestowards Tours
2.9
Terminus
Terminus
3.1
Lucétowards Courtalain-Saint-Pellerin
Amilly-Ouerraytowards Le Mans
3.2
La Villette-Saint-Presttowards Paris-Montparnasse
Preceding station
Ouigo
Following station
Versailles-Chantierstowards Paris-Austerlitz
Train Classique
Le Manstowards Nantes
Chartres station (French: Gare de Chartres) is a railway station serving the town of Chartres in the Eure-et-Loir department and Centre-Val de Loire region of France. It is situated on the Paris–Brest railway. The station is part of the SNCF rail network and is served by TER Centre-Val de Loire and Ouigo trains.
History
The original station was built in 1849.
Current building
The station building in 2012.
The station has been renovated five times since 1870.
In 1933, the current building was constructed under the authority of Raoul Dautry, the directeur général of the Chemins de fer de l'État. It was designed by the French architect Henri Pacon.
Since 2018, the station has been at the centre of a vast renewal of the city's urban core. The project is set to be finished by 2030.
References
^ "Le Pôle gare". www.chartres.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-04-30.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gare de Chartres.
48°26′54″N 1°28′52″E / 48.44833°N 1.48111°E / 48.44833; 1.48111
This article about a railway station in the Centre-Val de Loire région of France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_station"},{"link_name":"Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres"},{"link_name":"Eure-et-Loir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eure-et-Loir"},{"link_name":"Centre-Val de Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris–Brest railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Brest_railway"},{"link_name":"SNCF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNCF"},{"link_name":"TER Centre-Val de Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TER_Centre-Val_de_Loire"},{"link_name":"Ouigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouigo"}],"text":"Chartres station (French: Gare de Chartres) is a railway station serving the town of Chartres in the Eure-et-Loir department and Centre-Val de Loire region of France. It is situated on the Paris–Brest railway. The station is part of the SNCF rail network and is served by TER Centre-Val de Loire and Ouigo trains.","title":"Chartres station"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The original station was built in 1849.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gare_de_Chartres_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Raoul Dautry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Dautry"},{"link_name":"Chemins de fer de l'État","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_de_l%27%C3%89tat"},{"link_name":"Henri Pacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri_Pacon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Current building","text":"The station building in 2012.The station has been renovated five times since 1870.In 1933, the current building was constructed under the authority of Raoul Dautry, the directeur général of the Chemins de fer de l'État. It was designed by the French architect Henri Pacon.Since 2018, the station has been at the centre of a vast renewal of the city's urban core.[1] The project is set to be finished by 2030.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"The station building in 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gare_de_Chartres_02.jpg/220px-Gare_de_Chartres_02.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Le Pôle gare\". www.chartres.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chartres.fr/votre-mairie-ses-grands-projets/les-grands-projets/le-pole-gare/","url_text":"\"Le Pôle gare\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chartres_station¶ms=48_26_54_N_1_28_52_E_type:railwaystation_region:FR","external_links_name":"48°26′54″N 1°28′52″E / 48.44833°N 1.48111°E / 48.44833; 1.48111"},{"Link":"https://www.chartres.fr/votre-mairie-ses-grands-projets/les-grands-projets/le-pole-gare/","external_links_name":"\"Le Pôle gare\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chartres_station¶ms=48_26_54_N_1_28_52_E_type:railwaystation_region:FR","external_links_name":"48°26′54″N 1°28′52″E / 48.44833°N 1.48111°E / 48.44833; 1.48111"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartres_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenChrom | OpenChrom | ["1 History","2 Supported data formats","2.1 Mass selective detector","2.2 Flame ionization detector","2.3 Diode-array detection","2.4 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy","2.5 Near-infrared spectroscopy","2.6 Other formats","3 Major features","4 Releases","5 References","6 External links"] | OpenChromScreenshot of OpenChrom version 1.5.0 "McLafferty"Developer(s)Lablicate & Scientific communityStable release1.5.0 (rolling)
Written inJavaOperating systemCross-platformTypeChemoinformatics/BioinformaticsLicenseEPL, Third-party libraries under various OSI compatible licensesWebsitehttps://www.openchrom.net
OpenChrom is an open source software for the analysis and visualization of mass spectrometric and chromatographic data. Its focus is to handle native data files from several mass spectrometry systems (e.g. GC/MS, LC/MS, Py-GC/MS, HPLC-MS), vendors like Agilent Technologies, Varian, Shimadzu, Thermo Fisher, PerkinElmer and others. But also data formats from other detector types are supported recently.
OpenChrom supports only the analysis and representation of chromatographic and mass spectrometric data. It has no capabilities for data acquisition or control of vendor hardware. OpenChrom is built on the Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP), hence it is available for various operating systems, e.g. Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux. It is distributed under the Eclipse Public License 1.0 (EPL). Third-party libraries are separated into single bundles and are released under various OSI compatible licenses.
History
ChemClipse version 0.7.0
OpenChrom was developed by Philip Wenig (SCJP, LPIC-1) as part of his PhD thesis at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The focus of the thesis was to apply pattern recognition techniques on datasets recorded by analytical pyrolysis coupled with chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS).
OpenChrom won the Thomas Krenn Open Source Award 2010 as well as the Eclipse Community Award 2011. The developers are also founding members of the Eclipse Science Working Group. After successful commercialization of contract development and services around the OpenChrom project, vendor Lablicate reinforced the commitment to Free/Libre/Open-Source Software with the release of ChemClipse in October 2016, which serves as the base for all OpenChrom products.
Supported data formats
Each system vendor stores the recorded analysis data in its own proprietary format. That makes it difficult to compare data sets from different systems and vendors. Furthermore, it's a big drawback for interlaboratory tests. The aim of OpenChrom is to support a wide range of different mass spectrometry data formats natively. OpenChrom takes care that the raw data files can't be modified according to the good laboratory practice. To help scientists OpenChrom supports several open formats to import and export the analysis results. In addition, OpenChrom offers its own open source format (*.ocb) that makes it possible to save the edited chromatogram as well as the peaks and identification results.
Mass selective detector
Agilent ChemStation *.D (DATA.MS and MSD1.MS)
AMDIS Library (*.msl)
Bruker Flex MALDI-MS (*.fid)
Chromtech (*.dat)
CSV (*.csv)
Finnigan (*.RAW)
Finnigan MAT95 (*.dat)
Finnigan ITDS (*.DAT)
Finnigan ITS40 (*.MS)
Finnigan Element II (*.dat)
JCAMP-DX (*.JDX)
Microsoft Excel (*.xlsx)
mzXML (*.mzXML)
mzData (*.mzData)
NetCDF (*.CDF)
NIST Text (*.msp)
Open Chromatography Binary (*.ocb)
Peak Loadings (*.mpl)
PerkinElmer (*.raw)
Varian SMS (*.SMS)
Varian XMS (*.XMS)
VG MassLab (*.DAT_001;1)
Shimadzu (*.qgd)
Shimadzu (*.spc)
Waters (*.RAW)
ZIP (*.zip)
Agilent ICP-MS (*.icp)
Finnigan ICIS (*.dat)
mzML (*.mzML)
mzMLb (*.mzMLb)
mz5 (*.mz5)
mzDB (*.mzDB)
SVG (*.svg)
MassHunter (*.D)
Finnigan ICIS (*.dat)
MassLynx (*.RAW)
Galactic Grams (*.cgm)
AnIML (*.animl)
GAML (*.gaml)
...
Flame ionization detector
Agilent FID (*.D/*.ch)
FID Text (*.xy)
NetCDF (*.cdf)
PerkinElmer (*.raw)
Varian (*.run)
Finnigan FID (*.dat)
Finnigan FID (*.raw)
Shimadzu (*.gcd)
Arw (*.arw)
AnIML (*.animl)
GAML (*.gaml)
...
Diode-array detection
Agilent DAD (*.UV/*.ch)
ABSciex
Chromulan
Shimadzu (*.lcd)
Waters Empower
AnIML (*.animl)
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Thermo Galactics (*.spc)
Thermo Fisher Nicolet (*.spa)
GAML (*.gaml)
Near-infrared spectroscopy
Bruker OPUS (*.0)
Other formats
Peak Loadings (*.mpl)
NIST-DB (*.msp)
AMDIS (*.msl)
AMDIS (*.cal)
AMDIS (*.ELU)
MassBank (*.txt)
SIRIUS (*.ms)
Major features
OpenChrom offers a variety of features to analyze chromatographic data:
Native handling of chromatographic data (MSD and FID)
Batch processing support
Baseline detector support
Peak detector, integrator support
Peak deconvolution
Peaks and mass spectrum identifier support
Quantitation support
Filter support (e.g. Mass Fragment and Scan Removal, noise reduction, Savitzky–Golay smoothing, CODA, backfolding)
Retention time shift support
Retention index support
Chromatogram overlay mode
Support for principal component analysis (PCA)
Do/undo/redo support
Integration of OpenOffice/LibreOffice and Microsoft Office
Extensible by plug-ins
Chromatogram peak pattern analysis
Chromatogram and peak database support
Update support
Subtract mass spectra support
Releases
The software was first released in 2010. Each release is named after a famous scientist.
Codename
Eponym
Date
Version
Thomson
Joseph John Thomson
April 2010
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.1.0
Goldstein
Eugen Goldstein
May 2010
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.2.0
Wien
Wilhelm Wien
October 2010
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.3.0
Tswett
Mikhail Semyonovich Tswett
April 2011
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.4.0
Martin
Archer John Porter Martin
October 2011
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.5.0
Synge
Richard L. M. Synge
April 2012
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.6.0
Nernst
Walther Nernst
October 2012
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.7.0
Dempster
Arthur Jeffrey Dempster
July 2013
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.8.0
Mattauch
Josef Mattauch
July 2014
Old version, no longer maintained: 0.9.0
Aston
Francis William Aston
July 2015
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.0.0
Diels
Otto Diels
July 2016
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.1.0
Alder
Kurt Alder
August 2017
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.2.0
Dalton
John Dalton
August 2018
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.3.0
Lawrence
Ernest Lawrence
August 2019
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.4.0
McLafferty
Fred McLafferty
March 2022
Current stable version: 1.5.0
Legend:Old versionOlder version, still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture release
^ Rolling Release from here. Only the timestamp changes.
References
^ OpenChrom Contributors, Black Duck OpenHub
^ The OpenChrom Open Source Project on Open Hub
^ Eclipse Marketplace: OpenChrom
^ OpenChrom: a cross-platform open source software for the mass spectrometric analysis of chromatographic data, Philip Wenig, Juergen Odermatt, BMC Bioinformatics; 2010; doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-405
^ Softwarebasierte Verfahren zur datenbankgestützten Identifizierung organischer Substanzen mittels analytischer Pyrolyse gekoppelt mit Gaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie (Py-GC/MS), Philip Wenig, Dissertation; 2012; DNB-IDN 1027167683
^ Post-optimization of Py-GC/MS data: A case study using a new digital chemical noise reduction filter (NOISERA) to enhance the data quality utilizing OpenChrom mass spectrometric software, Philip Wenig, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis; 2011; doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2011.05.013
^ Characterizing odorous emissions using new software for identifying peaks in chemometric models of gas chromatography – mass spectrometry datasets, K.R. Murphy, P. Wenig, G. Parcsi, T. Skov, R.M. Stuetz, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems; 2012; doi:10.1016/j.chemolab.2012.07.006
^ Werner Fischer: Winner Thomas Krenn Open Source Award 2010
^ Eclipse Foundation: Eclipse Community Awards Winners Announced, Santa Clara, CA - March 21, 2011
^ Diana Kupfer: Insight into the Eclipse Science Working Group, June 11, 2014
^ Philip Wenig: ChemClipse 0.7.0 released, October 2, 2016
^ Dąbrowski, Łukasz (2015-08-07). "Review of free data processing software for chromatography". Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry. 4 (4): 193–200. doi:10.13171/mjc.4.4.2015.15.09.16.35/dabrowski.
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Molden
OpenChrom
SASHIMI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software"},{"link_name":"mass spectrometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry"},{"link_name":"chromatographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Agilent Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent"},{"link_name":"Varian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varian_Associates"},{"link_name":"Shimadzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimadzu"},{"link_name":"Thermo Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo_fisher"},{"link_name":"PerkinElmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkin_Elmer"},{"link_name":"Eclipse Rich Client Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)#Rich_Client_Platform"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"Eclipse Public License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License"},{"link_name":"OSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative"}],"text":"OpenChrom is an open source software for the analysis and visualization of mass spectrometric and chromatographic data.[4] Its focus is to handle native data files from several mass spectrometry systems (e.g. GC/MS, LC/MS, Py-GC/MS, HPLC-MS), vendors like Agilent Technologies, Varian, Shimadzu, Thermo Fisher, PerkinElmer and others. But also data formats from other detector types are supported recently.OpenChrom supports only the analysis and representation of chromatographic and mass spectrometric data. It has no capabilities for data acquisition or control of vendor hardware. OpenChrom is built on the Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP), hence it is available for various operating systems, e.g. Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux. It is distributed under the Eclipse Public License 1.0 (EPL). Third-party libraries are separated into single bundles and are released under various OSI compatible licenses.","title":"OpenChrom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChemClipse-0-7-0.png"},{"link_name":"SCJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCJP"},{"link_name":"LPIC-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Professional_Institute"},{"link_name":"University of Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Free/Libre/Open-Source Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free/Libre/Open-Source_Software"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"ChemClipse version 0.7.0OpenChrom was developed by Philip Wenig (SCJP, LPIC-1) as part of his PhD thesis at the University of Hamburg, Germany.[5] The focus of the thesis was to apply pattern recognition techniques on datasets recorded by analytical pyrolysis coupled with chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS).[6][7]OpenChrom won the Thomas Krenn Open Source Award 2010[8] as well as the Eclipse Community Award 2011.[9] The developers are also founding members of the Eclipse Science Working Group.[10] After successful commercialization of contract development and services around the OpenChrom project, vendor Lablicate reinforced the commitment to Free/Libre/Open-Source Software with the release of ChemClipse in October 2016, which serves as the base for all OpenChrom products.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proprietary format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_format"},{"link_name":"mass spectrometry data formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry_data_format"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"raw data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_data"},{"link_name":"good laboratory practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_laboratory_practice"},{"link_name":"open formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_formats"}],"text":"Each system vendor stores the recorded analysis data in its own proprietary format. That makes it difficult to compare data sets from different systems and vendors. Furthermore, it's a big drawback for interlaboratory tests. The aim of OpenChrom is to support a wide range of different mass spectrometry data formats natively.[12] OpenChrom takes care that the raw data files can't be modified according to the good laboratory practice. To help scientists OpenChrom supports several open formats to import and export the analysis results. In addition, OpenChrom offers its own open source format (*.ocb) that makes it possible to save the edited chromatogram as well as the peaks and identification results.","title":"Supported data formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agilent ChemStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_ChemStation"},{"link_name":"CSV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV_(file_format)"},{"link_name":"JCAMP-DX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCAMP-DX"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Excel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel"},{"link_name":"mzXML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MzXML"},{"link_name":"mzData","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MzData"},{"link_name":"NetCDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetCDF"},{"link_name":"ZIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_(file_format)"},{"link_name":"mzML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MzML"},{"link_name":"mzMLb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MzMLb"},{"link_name":"mz5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mz5"},{"link_name":"mzDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MzDB"},{"link_name":"SVG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics"},{"link_name":"MassLynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MassLynx"},{"link_name":"AnIML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnIML"}],"sub_title":"Mass selective detector","text":"Agilent ChemStation *.D (DATA.MS and MSD1.MS)\nAMDIS Library (*.msl)\nBruker Flex MALDI-MS (*.fid)\nChromtech (*.dat)\nCSV (*.csv)\nFinnigan (*.RAW)\nFinnigan MAT95 (*.dat)\nFinnigan ITDS (*.DAT)\nFinnigan ITS40 (*.MS)\nFinnigan Element II (*.dat)\nJCAMP-DX (*.JDX)\nMicrosoft Excel (*.xlsx)\nmzXML (*.mzXML)\nmzData (*.mzData)\nNetCDF (*.CDF)\nNIST Text (*.msp)\nOpen Chromatography Binary (*.ocb)\nPeak Loadings (*.mpl)\nPerkinElmer (*.raw)\nVarian SMS (*.SMS)\nVarian XMS (*.XMS)\nVG MassLab (*.DAT_001;1)\nShimadzu (*.qgd)\nShimadzu (*.spc)\nWaters (*.RAW)\nZIP (*.zip)\nAgilent ICP-MS (*.icp)\nFinnigan ICIS (*.dat)\nmzML (*.mzML)\nmzMLb (*.mzMLb)\nmz5 (*.mz5)\nmzDB (*.mzDB)\nSVG (*.svg)\nMassHunter (*.D)\nFinnigan ICIS (*.dat)\nMassLynx (*.RAW)\nGalactic Grams (*.cgm)\nAnIML (*.animl)\nGAML (*.gaml)\n...","title":"Supported data formats"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Flame ionization detector","text":"Agilent FID (*.D/*.ch)\nFID Text (*.xy)\nNetCDF (*.cdf)\nPerkinElmer (*.raw)\nVarian (*.run)\nFinnigan FID (*.dat)\nFinnigan FID (*.raw)\nShimadzu (*.gcd)\nArw (*.arw)\nAnIML (*.animl)\nGAML (*.gaml)\n...","title":"Supported data formats"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Diode-array detection","text":"Agilent DAD (*.UV/*.ch)\nABSciex\nChromulan\nShimadzu (*.lcd)\nWaters Empower\nAnIML (*.animl)","title":"Supported data formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thermo Galactics (*.spc)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPC_file_format"}],"sub_title":"Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy","text":"Thermo Galactics (*.spc)\nThermo Fisher Nicolet (*.spa)\nGAML (*.gaml)","title":"Supported data formats"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy","text":"Bruker OPUS (*.0)","title":"Supported data formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"MassBank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MassBank_(database)"}],"sub_title":"Other formats","text":"Peak Loadings (*.mpl)\nNIST-DB (*.msp)\nAMDIS (*.msl)\nAMDIS (*.cal)\nAMDIS (*.ELU)\nMassBank (*.txt)\nSIRIUS (*.ms)","title":"Supported data formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batch processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_processing"},{"link_name":"Savitzky–Golay smoothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitzky%E2%80%93Golay_filter"},{"link_name":"CODA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_detection_algorithm"},{"link_name":"Retention time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retention_time"},{"link_name":"principal component analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_component_analysis"},{"link_name":"undo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undo"},{"link_name":"OpenOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_OpenOffice"},{"link_name":"LibreOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office"},{"link_name":"plug-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Update support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_update"}],"text":"OpenChrom offers a variety of features to analyze chromatographic data:Native handling of chromatographic data (MSD and FID)\nBatch processing support\nBaseline detector support\nPeak detector, integrator support\nPeak deconvolution\nPeaks and mass spectrum identifier support\nQuantitation support\nFilter support (e.g. Mass Fragment and Scan Removal, noise reduction, Savitzky–Golay smoothing, CODA, backfolding)\nRetention time shift support\nRetention index support\nChromatogram overlay mode\nSupport for principal component analysis (PCA)\nDo/undo/redo support\nIntegration of OpenOffice/LibreOffice and Microsoft Office\nExtensible by plug-ins\nChromatogram peak pattern analysis\nChromatogram and peak database support\nUpdate support\nSubtract mass spectra support","title":"Major features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Rolling Release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Release"},{"link_name":"timestamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timestamp"}],"text":"The software was first released in 2010. Each release is named after a famous scientist.Legend:Old versionOlder version, still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture release^ Rolling Release from here. Only the timestamp changes.","title":"Releases"}] | [{"image_text":"ChemClipse version 0.7.0","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ChemClipse-0-7-0.png/220px-ChemClipse-0-7-0.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Dąbrowski, Łukasz (2015-08-07). \"Review of free data processing software for chromatography\". Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry. 4 (4): 193–200. doi:10.13171/mjc.4.4.2015.15.09.16.35/dabrowski.","urls":[{"url":"http://medjchem.com/index.php/medjchem/article/viewFile/197/239","url_text":"\"Review of free data processing software for chromatography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13171%2Fmjc.4.4.2015.15.09.16.35%2Fdabrowski","url_text":"10.13171/mjc.4.4.2015.15.09.16.35/dabrowski"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.openchrom.net/","external_links_name":"https://www.openchrom.net"},{"Link":"https://www.openhub.net/p/openchrom/contributors?query=&time_span=&sort=commits","external_links_name":"OpenChrom Contributors"},{"Link":"https://www.openhub.net/p/openchrom","external_links_name":"The OpenChrom Open Source Project"},{"Link":"https://marketplace.eclipse.org/content/openchrom","external_links_name":"OpenChrom"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2105-11-405","external_links_name":"10.1186/1471-2105-11-405"},{"Link":"http://d-nb.info/1027167683","external_links_name":"1027167683"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaap.2011.05.013","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jaap.2011.05.013"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemolab.2012.07.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.chemolab.2012.07.006"},{"Link":"http://www.thomas-krenn.com/de/wiki/Thomas_Krenn_Open_Source_F%C3%B6rderung_2010","external_links_name":"Winner Thomas Krenn Open Source Award 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.eclipse.org/org/press-release/20110321_awardwinners.php","external_links_name":"Eclipse Community Awards Winners Announced"},{"Link":"https://jaxenter.com/insight-into-the-eclipse-science-working-group-107880.html","external_links_name":"Insight into the Eclipse Science Working Group"},{"Link":"https://openchrom.wordpress.com/2016/10/02/chemclipse-0-7-0-released/","external_links_name":"ChemClipse 0.7.0 released"},{"Link":"http://medjchem.com/index.php/medjchem/article/viewFile/197/239","external_links_name":"\"Review of free data processing software for chromatography\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.13171%2Fmjc.4.4.2015.15.09.16.35%2Fdabrowski","external_links_name":"10.13171/mjc.4.4.2015.15.09.16.35/dabrowski"},{"Link":"https://www.openchrom.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_House_and_Garden | Tudor House and Garden | ["1 History","1.1 1180–15th century","1.2 15th century–1550","1.3 1550–1700","1.4 18th century","1.5 19th century","1.6 20th century","1.7 21st century","2 Garden","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°53′59″N 1°24′22″W / 50.8996°N 1.4060°W / 50.8996; -1.4060 Grade I listed building and museum
"Tudor House Museum" redirects here. For the museum in Dorset, see Tudor House Museum, Weymouth.
Tudor House and GardenTudor House, from St. Michael's Square, Bugle StreetTypeTudor HouseLocationBugle St, SouthamptonCoordinates50°53′59″N 1°24′22″W / 50.8996°N 1.4060°W / 50.8996; -1.4060OS grid referenceSU 41869 11290AreaHampshireBuilt1491Architectural style(s)TudorOwnerSouthampton City Council
Listed Building – Grade IOfficial nameTudor House MuseumDesignated14 July 1953Reference no.1339964
Location of Tudor House and Garden in Southampton
Tudor House and Garden is a historic building, museum, tourist attraction, and Grade I listed building in Southampton, England. Established as Southampton's first museum in 1912, the house was closed for nine years between 2002 and 2011 during an extensive renovation.
The house is located in Bugle Street, opposite St. Michael's Square, in Southampton's Old Town.
History
1180–15th century
Southampton Town Walls, fortified after 1336
The earliest part of the site is a Norman domestic dwelling, built in the 1180s. Although the site is known as King John's Palace there is no evidence that King John of England ever visited the house. In the 14th century the merchant and mayor of Southampton, John Whytegod, lived in the property. After the French raid of Southampton in 1338 the walls were turned into what would become Southampton's defensive walls. Its windows and doors were filled in or replaced with gun slits. It is one of the finest examples of Norman domestic architecture in England.
15th century–1550
The main body of the house was extended and developed by Sir John Dawtrey (d.1518), a major landowner, M.P. and Sheriff. He received large sums of money from Henry VIII to supply food for the navy and to help in the defences of the town. Money was also provided for the building, fitting out and provisioning of ships – including The Mary Rose. During the Tudor period, the house was a home for influential members of Southampton society including Sir Richard Lyster (1480–1554), a judge and Chief Justice of the King's Bench.
1550–1700
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the house was used as a merchant house as a cloth maker and manufacturer. During the restoration, in 2007, conservators discovered that several walls were covered with graffiti that dated between 1570 and 1620. Images include ships, caricatures of people, and exotic animals. During that period Tudor House was owned by ship owners, and it is likely that the house was used as a place of lodging for sailors and privateers. The graffiti is now considered to be some of the best-preserved Tudor maritime graffiti in England.
18th century
During the 18th century, Tudor House was owned by the artist George Rogers, who made significant alterations to the house, including building a Georgian wing, complete with two large sash windows. By this time, the oak beam façade at the front of the property had been plastered and repainted.
The house's improvements in fortune coincided with those of Southampton, which had become fashionable as a spa town, due to the discovery of a chalybeate spring.
19th century
For a large proportion of the century the house was divided into lease-held properties. The house also had a number of business uses, including a dyeworks, bookbinders, bonnet-makers and architect's office. By the end of the 19th century the area around Tudor House had become one of the city's worst slum areas, with limited running water, disease-ridden properties, and malnourished tenants. Because of this the area, including Tudor House, was scheduled for demolition.
20th century
As seen from Bugle Street
In 1886, when the house was threatened with demolition, local philanthropist William Spranger bought the house, recognising its significance as a site of historic importance. Spranger made significant changes to the house, including installing a 'minstrels' gallery in above the banqueting hall, and creating several doors where previously there had been none. For twelve years he led a campaign to turn the house into a museum. Eventually he was successful, and the house opened as a museum on 31 July 1912.
During the Second World War Tudor House and Garden remained open as a museum, and the wine cellar was used as an air raid shelter by the museum curator, Edward Judd, and his family during the Southampton Blitz in 1940. Tudor House remained undamaged, however a house two doors away was destroyed.
In the 1970s an early 19th-century cannon that had been found during the construction of the Itchen Bridge was placed in the house garden.
By the end of the century, the museum had become fairly dilapidated; a combination of poor renovation work, and time. According to a survey conducted in 1999, the house was 'opening like the petals of a flower', a reference to the way the house was bowing outwards.
In 1999, a survey of the building discovered major structural problems, and major redevelopment work was needed to preserve the building. Funds were sought from Southampton City Council, the Heritage Lottery Fund, English Heritage, and other donors.
21st century
External architectural detail
The museum closed to the public in 2002, and remained closed for nine years. During this time walls were strengthened, new interpretation was added, and archaeological fieldwork was conducted. Additionally a new block was added, consisting of a cafe and toilet facilities. These were designed to remain in keeping with the original building.
In 2012, the centenary was marked by opening with an admission price of 6 pence, the same price as when the museum first opened.
Garden
Tudor House's Garden, with the spire of St Michael's Church in the background.
The garden was initially developed in the 16th century, and was seen as an extension of the house itself. The current garden is a recreation of a Tudor knot garden, and was designed by garden historian Dr Sylvia Landsberg. The plants in the garden are representative of the types of plants that would have been found during the Tudor period,
particularly herbs and edible plants.
The garden is based on manuscripts and other historic sources. Features of the garden include parapets and mounts, a fountain plot, a seat arbour, and bee bole.
References
^ "Hidden secrets of Tudor House Museum in Southampton". BBC News. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
^ "History of King Johns Palace". History & Collections. Southampton City Council. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ Tucker 2011, p. 4.
^ "History of Tudor House". History & Collections. Southampton City Council. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ Tucker 2011, p. 9.
^ Tucker 2011, p. 26.
^ Tucker 2011, p. 15.
^ "Southampton's History". Southampton Tourist Guides Association. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ Tucker 2011, p. 20.
^ Tucker 2011, p. 22.
^ Tucker 2011, p. 28.
^ Brian, Adams (1977). The missing link : The story of the Itchen Bridge. Southampton City Council. p. 105.
^ Tucker 2011, p. 30.
^ "Tudor House and Garden: The story of the restoration and re-opening". Streets Ahead Southampton. 28 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "Tudor House and Garden". Culture24. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ "6p centenary at Tudor House and Garden". Southampton City Council. 25 July 2012. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
^ Tucker 2011, p. 12.
^ Landsberg 2012, p. 1.
^ Landsberg 2012, p. 6.
Bibliography
Landsberg, Sylvia (2012). The Tudor Garden. Southampton City Council, England.
Tucker, Sue (2011). Tudor House and Garden: 900 years of history in the Heart of Southampton's Old Town. Southampton City Council.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tudor House, Southampton.
Official website
vteBuildings and structures in SouthamptonGrade I listed
Bargate
Canute's Palace
The Cenotaph
King John's Palace
Medieval Merchant's House
St Julien's Church
St Mary's Church, South Stoneham
St Michael's Church
Town Walls
Tudor House and Garden
The Wool House
Religious buildings
286 (Swaythling Methodist Church)
Avenue St. Andrew's Church
Central Baptist Church
Christ Church, Freemantle
Conduit House
Highfield Church
Holyrood Church
Jesus Chapel
St. Alban's Church
St Denys Priory
St Edmund's Church
St Joseph's Church
St James' Church, Shirley
St Mary's Church
St Michael and All Angels Church
Transport and bridges
Bitterne railway station
Cobden Bridge
Itchen Bridge
Mans Bridge
Millbrook railway station
Northam Bridge
Redbridge Bridge
Redbridge railway station
Sholing railway station
Southampton Central railway station
Southampton Terminus railway station
St Denys railway station
Swaythling railway station
Woolston railway station
Schools and colleges
Bitterne Park School
Cantell School
King Edward VI School
Oasis Academy Lord's Hill
Oasis Academy Mayfield
Redbridge Community School
Regents Park Community College
Sholing Technology College
St Anne's Catholic School
Saint George Catholic College
St Mark's CE School
Upper Shirley High School
Weston Secondary School
Woodlands Community College
Other
Carlton Place drill hall
God's House Hospital
Southampton Castle
Civic Centre (SeaCity Museum, Southampton City Art Gallery, Southampton Guildhall)
South Stoneham House
Old Cemetery
Ordnance Survey buildings
Peartree House
Royal South Hants Hospital
Titanic Engineers' Memorial
Townhill Park House
Wyndham Court
God's House Tower
Hollybrook Cemetery
King George V Graving Dock
Carnival House
Centenary Quay
Ford Southampton plant
Marlands Shopping Centre
National Oceanography Centre
Ocean Village
Solent Sky aviation museum
South Stoneham Cemetery
Southampton Courts of Justice
Southampton General Hospital
St Mary's Stadium
Titanic Musicians' Memorial
Westquay
Pubs and recreation
Dolphin Hotel
The Hobbit
The Joiners
Southampton Old Bowling Green
The Old Farm House
Red Lion Inn
Mayflower Theatre
Demolished
All Saints' Church
Antelope Ground
County Ground
Day's Itchen Ground
The Dell
Northam railway station
Southampton Power Station
Television Centre
Theatre Royal
Category
Listed buildings | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tudor House Museum, Weymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_House_Museum,_Weymouth"},{"link_name":"Grade I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Grade I listed building and museum\"Tudor House Museum\" redirects here. For the museum in Dorset, see Tudor House Museum, Weymouth.Tudor House and Garden is a historic building, museum, tourist attraction, and Grade I listed building in Southampton, England. Established as Southampton's first museum in 1912, the house was closed for nine years between 2002 and 2011 during an extensive renovation.[1]The house is located in Bugle Street, opposite St. Michael's Square, in Southampton's Old Town.","title":"Tudor House and Garden"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southampton_City_Walls_-_geograph.org.uk_-_23024.jpg"},{"link_name":"Southampton Town Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Town_Walls"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"King John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"French raid of Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_town_walls"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20114-3"}],"sub_title":"1180–15th century","text":"Southampton Town Walls, fortified after 1336The earliest part of the site is a Norman domestic dwelling, built in the 1180s. Although the site is known as King John's Palace there is no evidence that King John of England ever visited the house. In the 14th century the merchant and mayor of Southampton, John Whytegod, lived in the property. After the French raid of Southampton in 1338 the walls were turned into what would become Southampton's defensive walls. Its windows and doors were filled in or replaced with gun slits.[2] It is one of the finest examples of Norman domestic architecture in England.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Mary Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Rose"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tudor period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_period"},{"link_name":"Richard Lyster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lyster"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the King's Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_King%27s_Bench"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20119-5"}],"sub_title":"15th century–1550","text":"The main body of the house was extended and developed by Sir John Dawtrey (d.1518), a major landowner, M.P. and Sheriff. He received large sums of money from Henry VIII to supply food for the navy and to help in the defences of the town. Money was also provided for the building, fitting out and provisioning of ships – including The Mary Rose.[4] During the Tudor period, the house was a home for influential members of Southampton society including Sir Richard Lyster (1480–1554), a judge and Chief Justice of the King's Bench.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker201126-6"}],"sub_title":"1550–1700","text":"In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the house was used as a merchant house as a cloth maker and manufacturer. During the restoration, in 2007, conservators discovered that several walls were covered with graffiti that dated between 1570 and 1620. Images include ships, caricatures of people, and exotic animals. During that period Tudor House was owned by ship owners, and it is likely that the house was used as a place of lodging for sailors and privateers. The graffiti is now considered to be some of the best-preserved Tudor maritime graffiti in England.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker201115-7"},{"link_name":"spa town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa_town"},{"link_name":"chalybeate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalybeate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"18th century","text":"During the 18th century, Tudor House was owned by the artist George Rogers, who made significant alterations to the house, including building a Georgian wing, complete with two large sash windows. By this time, the oak beam façade at the front of the property had been plastered and repainted.[7]The house's improvements in fortune coincided with those of Southampton, which had become fashionable as a spa town, due to the discovery of a chalybeate spring.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dyeworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye"},{"link_name":"bookbinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookbinding"},{"link_name":"bonnet-makers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker201120-9"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"For a large proportion of the century the house was divided into lease-held properties. The house also had a number of business uses, including a dyeworks, bookbinders, bonnet-makers and architect's office. By the end of the 19th century the area around Tudor House had become one of the city's worst slum areas, with limited running water, disease-ridden properties, and malnourished tenants. Because of this the area, including Tudor House, was scheduled for demolition.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tudor_House,_Southampton,_September_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker201122-10"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Southampton Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Blitz"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker201128-11"},{"link_name":"Itchen Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itchen_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adams105-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker201130-13"},{"link_name":"Southampton City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Heritage Lottery Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"As seen from Bugle StreetIn 1886, when the house was threatened with demolition, local philanthropist William Spranger bought the house, recognising its significance as a site of historic importance. Spranger made significant changes to the house, including installing a 'minstrels' gallery in above the banqueting hall, and creating several doors where previously there had been none. For twelve years he led a campaign to turn the house into a museum. Eventually he was successful, and the house opened as a museum on 31 July 1912.[10]During the Second World War Tudor House and Garden remained open as a museum, and the wine cellar was used as an air raid shelter by the museum curator, Edward Judd, and his family during the Southampton Blitz in 1940. Tudor House remained undamaged, however a house two doors away was destroyed.[11]In the 1970s an early 19th-century cannon that had been found during the construction of the Itchen Bridge was placed in the house garden.[12]By the end of the century, the museum had become fairly dilapidated; a combination of poor renovation work, and time. According to a survey conducted in 1999, the house was 'opening like the petals of a flower', a reference to the way the house was bowing outwards.[13]In 1999, a survey of the building discovered major structural problems, and major redevelopment work was needed to preserve the building. Funds were sought from Southampton City Council, the Heritage Lottery Fund, English Heritage, and other donors.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Detail_of_Tudor_House,_Southampton_from_the_Garden.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Culture24-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"External architectural detailThe museum closed to the public in 2002, and remained closed for nine years. During this time walls were strengthened, new interpretation was added, and archaeological fieldwork was conducted. Additionally a new block was added, consisting of a cafe and toilet facilities. These were designed to remain in keeping with the original building.[15]In 2012, the centenary was marked by opening with an admission price of 6 pence, the same price as when the museum first opened.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garden_of_Southampton_Tudor_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Michael's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Southampton"},{"link_name":"knot garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_garden"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker201112-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandsberg20121-18"},{"link_name":"bee bole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_bole"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandsberg20126-19"}],"text":"Tudor House's Garden, with the spire of St Michael's Church in the background.The garden was initially developed in the 16th century, and was seen as an extension of the house itself. The current garden is a recreation of a Tudor knot garden, and was designed by garden historian Dr Sylvia Landsberg. The plants in the garden are representative of the types of plants that would have been found during the Tudor period,[17]\nparticularly herbs and edible plants.[18]The garden is based on manuscripts and other historic sources. Features of the garden include parapets and mounts, a fountain plot, a seat arbour, and bee bole.[19]","title":"Garden"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Landsberg, Sylvia (2012). The Tudor Garden. Southampton City Council, England.\nTucker, Sue (2011). Tudor House and Garden: 900 years of history in the Heart of Southampton's Old Town. Southampton City Council.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Southampton Town Walls, fortified after 1336","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Southampton_City_Walls_-_geograph.org.uk_-_23024.jpg/260px-Southampton_City_Walls_-_geograph.org.uk_-_23024.jpg"},{"image_text":"As seen from Bugle Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tudor_House%2C_Southampton%2C_September_2019.jpg/220px-Tudor_House%2C_Southampton%2C_September_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"External architectural detail","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/External_Detail_of_Tudor_House%2C_Southampton_from_the_Garden.jpg/220px-External_Detail_of_Tudor_House%2C_Southampton_from_the_Garden.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tudor House's Garden, with the spire of St Michael's Church in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Garden_of_Southampton_Tudor_House.jpg/220px-Garden_of_Southampton_Tudor_House.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Hidden secrets of Tudor House Museum in Southampton\". BBC News. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-14273479","url_text":"\"Hidden secrets of Tudor House Museum in Southampton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"History of King Johns Palace\". History & Collections. Southampton City Council. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111101104935/http://tudorhouseandgarden.com/index.php/history-a-collections/history-of-king-johns-palace","url_text":"\"History of King Johns Palace\""},{"url":"http://tudorhouseandgarden.com/index.php/history-a-collections/history-of-king-johns-palace","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Tudor House\". History & Collections. Southampton City Council. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tudorhouseandgarden.com/index.php/history-a-collections/history-of-tudor-house","url_text":"\"History of Tudor House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southampton's History\". Southampton Tourist Guides Association. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117160948/http://www.stga.org.uk/about-southampton.html","url_text":"\"Southampton's History\""},{"url":"http://www.stga.org.uk/about-southampton.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brian, Adams (1977). The missing link : The story of the Itchen Bridge. Southampton City Council. p. 105.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tudor House and Garden: The story of the restoration and re-opening\". Streets Ahead Southampton. 28 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130421085319/http://www.southamptoncitycentre.co.uk/htm/n20110728.856765.htm","url_text":"\"Tudor House and Garden: The story of the restoration and re-opening\""},{"url":"http://www.southamptoncitycentre.co.uk/htm/n20110728.856765.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tudor House and Garden\". Culture24. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.culture24.org.uk/se000278","url_text":"\"Tudor House and Garden\""}]},{"reference":"\"6p centenary at Tudor House and Garden\". Southampton City Council. 25 July 2012. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116113032/http://southampton.gov.uk/news-events/latest-news/tudorhousecentenary.aspx","url_text":"\"6p centenary at Tudor House and Garden\""},{"url":"http://www.southampton.gov.uk/news-events/latest-news/tudorhousecentenary.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Landsberg, Sylvia (2012). The Tudor Garden. Southampton City Council, England.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tucker, Sue (2011). Tudor House and Garden: 900 years of history in the Heart of Southampton's Old Town. Southampton City Council.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tudor_House_and_Garden¶ms=50.8996_N_1.406_W_type:landmark_scale:3000_region:GB-OR","external_links_name":"50°53′59″N 1°24′22″W / 50.8996°N 1.4060°W / 50.8996; -1.4060"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tudor_House_and_Garden¶ms=50.8996_N_1.406_W_type:landmark_scale:3000_region:GB-OR","external_links_name":"50°53′59″N 1°24′22″W / 50.8996°N 1.4060°W / 50.8996; -1.4060"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tudor_House_and_Garden¶ms=50.899576_N_1.405987_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"SU 41869 11290"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1339964","external_links_name":"1339964"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-14273479","external_links_name":"\"Hidden secrets of Tudor House Museum in Southampton\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111101104935/http://tudorhouseandgarden.com/index.php/history-a-collections/history-of-king-johns-palace","external_links_name":"\"History of King Johns Palace\""},{"Link":"http://tudorhouseandgarden.com/index.php/history-a-collections/history-of-king-johns-palace","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tudorhouseandgarden.com/index.php/history-a-collections/history-of-tudor-house","external_links_name":"\"History of Tudor House\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117160948/http://www.stga.org.uk/about-southampton.html","external_links_name":"\"Southampton's History\""},{"Link":"http://www.stga.org.uk/about-southampton.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130421085319/http://www.southamptoncitycentre.co.uk/htm/n20110728.856765.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tudor House and Garden: The story of the restoration and re-opening\""},{"Link":"http://www.southamptoncitycentre.co.uk/htm/n20110728.856765.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.culture24.org.uk/se000278","external_links_name":"\"Tudor House and Garden\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130116113032/http://southampton.gov.uk/news-events/latest-news/tudorhousecentenary.aspx","external_links_name":"\"6p centenary at Tudor House and Garden\""},{"Link":"http://www.southampton.gov.uk/news-events/latest-news/tudorhousecentenary.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tudorhouseandgarden.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_Cleaning_(band) | Dry Cleaning (band) | ["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 \"Magic of Meghan\", EPs and New Long Leg","1.3 Stumpwork","2 Members","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Compilation albums","3.3 Extended plays","3.4 Singles","4 Awards and nominations","5 References"] | English post-punk band
Dry CleaningIn 2021, L–R: Maynard, Buxton, Shaw, DowseBackground informationOriginSouth London, United KingdomGenresPost-punkYears active2017–presentLabels
4AD
It's OK
Members
Florence Shaw
Lewis Maynard
Tom Dowse
Nick Buxton
Websitedrycleaningband.com
Dry Cleaning are an English post-punk band who formed in South London in 2017. The band is composed of vocalist Florence Shaw, guitarist Tom Dowse, bassist Lewis Maynard and drummer Nick Buxton. They are noted for their use of spoken word primarily in lieu of sung vocals, as well as their unconventional lyrics. Their musical style has been compared to Wire, Magazine and Joy Division. They have been described as "Annette Peacock fronting the Fall or PiL or Siouxsie and the Banshees".
The band's debut album, New Long Leg, was released in April 2021 to widespread critical acclaim, with its follow-up, Stumpwork, released in October 2022 to further accolades.
History
Formation
When Lewis Maynard, Tom Dowse and Nick Buxton – old friends whose previous bands had crossed paths in London - united to start a new band together in 2017, they did so with the intention of doing so for fun. Rehearsing from the garage at Maynard's mothers house, the trio spent the next few months writing the songs that would ultimately become Dry Cleaning.
Vocalist Florence Shaw had met Tom Dowse around 2010 at the Royal College of Art where they both were students, and quickly became friends.
Convincing Shaw to join the band took months. The rest of the band members invited her to one of their rehearsals. Drummer Nick Buxton told Shaw she could just talk instead of sing and gave her a playlist that included Grace Jones' cover of "Private Life" and other similar tracks. She finally accepted and went into rehearsal with "writing from my old drawings, stuff I’d written on my phone, diaries, things I’d seen in adverts and thought were funny" — and read aloud as the other three played their instruments around her. She recalls this moment “like when you see those cheesy films about bands, and they’re writing the hit, and there’s a magic moment.”
"Magic of Meghan", EPs and New Long Leg
The band released their debut single, "Magic of Meghan" in 2019. Shaw wrote the song after going through a break-up and moving out of her former partner's apartment the same day that Meghan Markle and Prince Harry announced they were engaged. This was followed by the release of two EPs that year: Sweet Princess in August and Boundary Road Snacks and Drinks in October. The band were included as part of the NME 100 of 2020, as well as DIY magazine's Class of 2020.
The band signed to 4AD in late 2020 and shared a new single, "Scratchcard Lanyard". In February 2021, the band shared details of their debut studio album, New Long Leg. They also shared the single "Strong Feelings". The album, which was produced by John Parish, was released on 2 April 2021.
Stumpwork
In June 2022, the band announced a new single, "Don't Press Me", which premiered on BBC Radio 6 Music on 14 June. That same day they announced their second album Stumpwork, which was released on 21 October 2022. As with their debut, the album was recorded at Rockfield Studios in Wales, and produced by John Parish.
Members
Florence Shaw – vocals, percussion, tape loops
Lewis Maynard – bass
Tom Dowse – guitar
Nick Buxton – drums, percussion, programming, keyboards, saxophone
Discography
Dry Cleaning at the Meltdown Festival in 2022
Dry Cleaning discographyStudio albums2Compilation albums1EPs3Singles10
Studio albums
List of studio albums, with selected chart positions, showing other relevant details
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
UK
UKIndie
AUS
BEL(FL)
IRE
POR
SCO
USSales
USHeat
New Long Leg
Released: 2 April 2021
Label: 4AD
Formats: LP, CD, cassette, digital download, streaming
4
1
—
67
45
26
4
60
16
Stumpwork
Released: 21 October 2022
Label: 4AD
Formats: LP, CD, cassette, digital download, streaming
11
4
77
30
—
—
9
34
13
Compilation albums
List of compilation albums, with selected chart positions, showing other relevant details
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
UKIndie
UKPhys.
Boundary Road Snacks and Drinks/Sweet Princess
Released: 25 October 2019
Label: It's OK
Formats: LP
36
91
Extended plays
List of extended plays, with selected chart positions
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
UKDL
Sweet Princess
Released: 24 September 2018
Label: It's OK
Formats: Digital download, streaming, cassette
–
Boundary Road Snacks and Drinks
Released: 25 October 2019
Label: It's OK
Formats: Digital download, streaming
–
Tascam Sessions
Released: 16 November 2021
Label: 4AD
Formats: 12-inch vinyl
–
Swampy
Released: 1 March 2023
Label: 4AD
Formats: Digital download, cassette
51
Singles
List of extended plays with relevant details
Title
Year
Albums
"Magic of Meghan"
2019
Sweet Princess
"Goodnight"
"Sit Down Meal"
Boundary Road Snacks and Drinks
"Viking Hair"
"Scratchcard Lanyard"
2020
New Long Leg
"Strong Feelings"
2021
"Unsmart Lady"
"Oblivion"
Non-album singles
"Bug Eggs" / "Tony Speaks!"
"Don't Press Me"
2022
Stumpwork
"Anna Calls from the Arctic"
"Gary Ashby"
"No Decent Shoes For Rain"
Awards and nominations
Year
Association
Category
Nominated Work
Result
Ref
2021
AIM Independent Music Awards
Best Independent Album
New Long Leg
Nominated
2022
Libera Awards
Record of the Year
Nominated
Best Alternative Rock Record
Nominated
2023
Record of the Year
Stumpwork
Pending
Best Alternative Rock Record
Pending
2024
Grammy Awards
Best Recording Package
Won
References
^ "4AD". 4AD.
^ "It's OK (2) Label - Releases". Discogs. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ "Dry Cleaning: London group uniting murky post-punk with, er, Meghan Markle". NME. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
^ Neale, Matthew (16 September 2019). "Dry Cleaning: the London group uniting murky post-punk, Meghan Markle and really weird YouTube comments". NME. BandLab Technologies. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Segal, Dave (15 November 2021). "Dry Cleaning at Neptune Theatre". Thestranger.com. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
^ Vozick-Levinson, Simon (17 March 2021). "The Everyday Poetry of Dry Cleaning". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
^ "Dry Cleaning's Everyday Surrealism". Pitchfork. 6 April 2021.
^ Jenkins, Carla. "Who are Dry Cleaning and what is the Meghan Markle connection?". The National. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Smith, Thomas (3 January 2020). "The NME 100: Essential new artists for 2020". NME. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Wright, Lisa (6 December 2019). "Class of 2020: Dry Cleaning". DIY. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Minsker, Evan (19 November 2020). "Dry Cleaning Sign to 4AD, Share New Song "Scratchcard Lanyard": Listen". Pitchfork. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Pappis, Konstantinos (10 February 2021). "Dry Cleaning Announce New Album 'New Long Leg', Share New Song 'Strong Feelings'". Our Culture Mag. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ "Dry Cleaning: New Long Leg review - terrific post-punk poets of the everyday". the Guardian. 2 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
^ "Dry Cleaning Announce New Album Stumpwork, Share Video for New Song: Watch". Pitchfork. 14 June 2022.
^ "Dry Cleaning – "Don't Press Me"". Stereogum. 14 June 2022.
^ a b "Dry Cleaning : Announce New Album 'Stumpwork' & New Single 'Don't Press Me'". 4AD. 14 June 2022.
^ "Dry Cleaning | full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ Peak positions
For New Long Leg: "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
For Stumpwork: "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
^ "The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 31 October 2022". The ARIA Report. No. 1704. Australian Recording Industry Association. 31 October 2022. p. 6.
^ "Ultratop.be – Dry Cleaning – New Long Leg" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
^ "Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Dry Cleaning – New Long Leg". Hung Medien. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
^ Peak positions on the Scottish Albums Chart:
New Long Leg: "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
Stumpwork: "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
^ Peak positions
For New Long Leg: "Top Album Sales Chart – April 17, 2021". Billboard. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
For Stumpwork: "Top Album Sales: Week of November 5, 2022". Billboard. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ Peak positions
For New Long Leg: "Heatseekers Albums Chart – April 17, 2021". Billboard. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
For Stumpwork: "Heatseekers Albums: Week of November 5, 2022". Billboard. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
^ "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
^ "Official Physical Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
^ "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^ Murray, Robin (10 July 2019). "Dry Cleaning's Wiry, Surreal 'Magic Of Meghan' Is The Perfect Introduction". CLASH Magazine. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Lynch, Ben. "Direct, sincere and unfiltered, Dry Cleaning's "Goodnight" is an arresting listen". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Roberts, Christopher. "Dry Cleaning Announce New EP, Share New Song "Sit Down Meal"". Under the Radar. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Rettig, James (October 2019). "Dry Cleaning – 'Viking Hair'". Stereogum. Stereogum Media. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Vozick-Levinson, Simon (24 November 2020). "Song You Need to Know: Dry Cleaning, 'Scratchcard Lanyard'". Rolling Stone. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ Renshaw, David. "Dry Cleaning announce debut album, share "Strong Feelings"". The Fader. The Fader, Inc. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
^ "AIM Independent Music Awards 2021 Winners & Nominees". AIM Awards. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^ Aswad, Jem (23 March 2022). "Japanese Breakfast, Jason Isbell, Arlo Parks Lead Indie-Music Collective A2IM's 2022 Libera Awards Nominees". Variety. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
^ Aswad, Jem (22 March 2023). "Wet Leg Leads Nominations for A2IM's Indie Libera Awards". Variety. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
^ Dunworth, Liberty (5 February 2024). "Dry Cleaning's 'Stumpwork' artwork wins Grammy award". NME. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
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MusicBrainz
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"South London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"spoken word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_word"},{"link_name":"Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_(band)"},{"link_name":"Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine_(band)"},{"link_name":"Joy Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Division"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-4"},{"link_name":"Annette Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Peacock"},{"link_name":"the Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_(band)"},{"link_name":"PiL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Image_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie and the Banshees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New Long Leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Long_Leg"},{"link_name":"Stumpwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumpwork_(album)"}],"text":"Dry Cleaning are an English post-punk band who formed in South London in 2017.[3] The band is composed of vocalist Florence Shaw, guitarist Tom Dowse, bassist Lewis Maynard and drummer Nick Buxton. They are noted for their use of spoken word primarily in lieu of sung vocals, as well as their unconventional lyrics. Their musical style has been compared to Wire, Magazine and Joy Division.[4] They have been described as \"Annette Peacock fronting the Fall or PiL or Siouxsie and the Banshees\".[5]The band's debut album, New Long Leg, was released in April 2021 to widespread critical acclaim, with its follow-up, Stumpwork, released in October 2022 to further accolades.","title":"Dry Cleaning (band)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Grace Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Jones"},{"link_name":"Private Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Life_(song)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RollingStone-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"When Lewis Maynard, Tom Dowse and Nick Buxton – old friends whose previous bands had crossed paths in London - united to start a new band together in 2017, they did so with the intention of doing so for fun. Rehearsing from the garage at Maynard's mothers house, the trio spent the next few months writing the songs that would ultimately become Dry Cleaning.Vocalist Florence Shaw had met Tom Dowse around 2010 at the Royal College of Art where they both were students, and quickly became friends.Convincing Shaw to join the band took months. The rest of the band members invited her to one of their rehearsals. Drummer Nick Buxton told Shaw she could just talk instead of sing and gave her a playlist that included Grace Jones' cover of \"Private Life\" and other similar tracks. She finally accepted and went into rehearsal with \"writing from my old drawings, stuff I’d written on my phone, diaries, things I’d seen in adverts and thought were funny\" — and read aloud as the other three played their instruments around her. She recalls this moment “like when you see those cheesy films about bands, and they’re writing the hit, and there’s a magic moment.”[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meghan Markle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Prince Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"engaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Harry_and_Meghan_Markle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"DIY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DIYmag-10"},{"link_name":"4AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4AD"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"New Long Leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Long_Leg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Parish"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"\"Magic of Meghan\", EPs and New Long Leg","text":"The band released their debut single, \"Magic of Meghan\" in 2019. Shaw wrote the song after going through a break-up and moving out of her former partner's apartment the same day that Meghan Markle and Prince Harry announced they were engaged.[8] This was followed by the release of two EPs that year: Sweet Princess in August and Boundary Road Snacks and Drinks in October. The band were included as part of the NME 100 of 2020,[9] as well as DIY magazine's Class of 2020.[10]The band signed to 4AD in late 2020 and shared a new single, \"Scratchcard Lanyard\".[11] In February 2021, the band shared details of their debut studio album, New Long Leg. They also shared the single \"Strong Feelings\".[12] The album, which was produced by John Parish, was released on 2 April 2021.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Radio 6 Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music"},{"link_name":"Stumpwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumpwork_(album)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rockfield Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockfield_Studios"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"John Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Parish"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stumpwork-16"}],"sub_title":"Stumpwork","text":"In June 2022, the band announced a new single, \"Don't Press Me\", which premiered on BBC Radio 6 Music on 14 June. That same day they announced their second album Stumpwork, which was released on 21 October 2022.[14][15] As with their debut, the album was recorded at Rockfield Studios in Wales, and produced by John Parish.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Florence Shaw – vocals, percussion, tape loops\nLewis Maynard – bass\nTom Dowse – guitar\nNick Buxton – drums, percussion, programming, keyboards, saxophone","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dry_Cleaning_(52144611651).jpg"}],"text":"Dry Cleaning at the Meltdown Festival in 2022","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [{"image_text":"Dry Cleaning at the Meltdown Festival in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Dry_Cleaning_%2852144611651%29.jpg/220px-Dry_Cleaning_%2852144611651%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"4AD\". 4AD.","urls":[{"url":"https://4ad.com/artists/225","url_text":"\"4AD\""}]},{"reference":"\"It's OK (2) Label - Releases\". Discogs. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/label/1680467-It's-OK-2","url_text":"\"It's OK (2) Label - Releases\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dry Cleaning: London group uniting murky post-punk with, er, Meghan Markle\". NME. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dry-cleaning-band-meghan-markle-listen-london-band-2548481","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning: London group uniting murky post-punk with, er, Meghan Markle\""}]},{"reference":"Neale, Matthew (16 September 2019). \"Dry Cleaning: the London group uniting murky post-punk, Meghan Markle and really weird YouTube comments\". NME. BandLab Technologies. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dry-cleaning-band-meghan-markle-listen-london-band-2548481","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning: the London group uniting murky post-punk, Meghan Markle and really weird YouTube comments\""}]},{"reference":"Segal, Dave (15 November 2021). \"Dry Cleaning at Neptune Theatre\". Thestranger.com. Retrieved 21 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2021/11/15/62868572/live-review-dry-cleaning-and-dreamdecay-at-neptune-theatre","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning at Neptune Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"Vozick-Levinson, Simon (17 March 2021). \"The Everyday Poetry of Dry Cleaning\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 18 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/dry-cleaning-band-interview-london-1139020/","url_text":"\"The Everyday Poetry of Dry Cleaning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Dry Cleaning's Everyday Surrealism\". Pitchfork. 6 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/features/rising/dry-cleanings-everyday-surrealism/","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning's Everyday Surrealism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Carla. \"Who are Dry Cleaning and what is the Meghan Markle connection?\". The National. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenational.scot/news/18221720.dry-cleaning-meghan-markle-connection/","url_text":"\"Who are Dry Cleaning and what is the Meghan Markle connection?\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Thomas (3 January 2020). \"The NME 100: Essential new artists for 2020\". NME. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/nme-100-essential-new-artists-for-2020-2592024","url_text":"\"The NME 100: Essential new artists for 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Lisa (6 December 2019). \"Class of 2020: Dry Cleaning\". DIY. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://diymag.com/2019/12/06/class-of-2020-dry-cleaning-interview-december-january-magazine","url_text":"\"Class of 2020: Dry Cleaning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_(magazine)","url_text":"DIY"}]},{"reference":"Minsker, Evan (19 November 2020). \"Dry Cleaning Sign to 4AD, Share New Song \"Scratchcard Lanyard\": Listen\". Pitchfork. Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/dry-cleaning-sign-to-4ad-share-new-song-scratchcard-lanyard-listen/","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning Sign to 4AD, Share New Song \"Scratchcard Lanyard\": Listen\""}]},{"reference":"Pappis, Konstantinos (10 February 2021). \"Dry Cleaning Announce New Album 'New Long Leg', Share New Song 'Strong Feelings'\". Our Culture Mag. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ourculturemag.com/2021/02/10/dry-cleaning-announce-new-album-new-long-leg-share-new-song-strong-feelings/","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning Announce New Album 'New Long Leg', Share New Song 'Strong Feelings'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dry Cleaning: New Long Leg review - terrific post-punk poets of the everyday\". the Guardian. 2 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/apr/02/dry-cleaning-new-long-leg-review","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning: New Long Leg review - terrific post-punk poets of the everyday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dry Cleaning Announce New Album Stumpwork, Share Video for New Song: Watch\". Pitchfork. 14 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/dry-cleaning-announce-new-album-stumpwork-share-video-for-new-song-watch/","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning Announce New Album Stumpwork, Share Video for New Song: Watch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dry Cleaning – \"Don't Press Me\"\". Stereogum. 14 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2190045/dry-cleaning-dont-press-me-stumpwork/music/","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning – \"Don't Press Me\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dry Cleaning : Announce New Album 'Stumpwork' & New Single 'Don't Press Me'\". 4AD. 14 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://4ad.com/news/14/6/2022/announcenewalbumstumpworknewsingledontpressme","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning : Announce New Album 'Stumpwork' & New Single 'Don't Press Me'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dry Cleaning | full Official Chart History\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/56169/dry-cleaning/","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning | full Official Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-albums-chart/20210409/131/","url_text":"\"Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-albums-chart/20221028/","url_text":"\"Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 31 October 2022\". The ARIA Report. No. 1704. Australian Recording Industry Association. 31 October 2022. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Ultratop.be – Dry Cleaning – New Long Leg\" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/album/743cf/Dry-Cleaning-New-Long-Leg","url_text":"\"Ultratop.be – Dry Cleaning – New Long Leg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-albums-chart/20210409/ie7502/","url_text":"\"Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Portuguesecharts.com – Dry Cleaning – New Long Leg\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://portuguesecharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Dry+Cleaning&titel=New+Long+Leg&cat=a","url_text":"\"Portuguesecharts.com – Dry Cleaning – New Long Leg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20210409/40/","url_text":"\"Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 30 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20221028/40/","url_text":"\"Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Album Sales Chart – April 17, 2021\". Billboard. Retrieved 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/top-album-sales/2021-04-17/","url_text":"\"Top Album Sales Chart – April 17, 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Album Sales: Week of November 5, 2022\". Billboard. Retrieved 1 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/top-album-sales/2022-11-05/","url_text":"\"Top Album Sales: Week of November 5, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heatseekers Albums Chart – April 17, 2021\". Billboard. Retrieved 1 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/heatseekers-albums/2021-04-17/","url_text":"\"Heatseekers Albums Chart – April 17, 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Heatseekers Albums: Week of November 5, 2022\". Billboard. Retrieved 1 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/heatseekers-albums/2022-11-05/","url_text":"\"Heatseekers Albums: Week of November 5, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-albums-chart/20191101/131/","url_text":"\"Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Physical Albums Chart Top 100\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/physical-albums-chart/20191101/2/","url_text":"\"Official Physical Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 10 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-downloads-chart/20230303/7003/","url_text":"\"Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Robin (10 July 2019). \"Dry Cleaning's Wiry, Surreal 'Magic Of Meghan' Is The Perfect Introduction\". CLASH Magazine. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/news/dry-cleanings-wiry-surreal-magic-of-meghan-is-the-perfect-introduction","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning's Wiry, Surreal 'Magic Of Meghan' Is The Perfect Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"Lynch, Ben. \"Direct, sincere and unfiltered, Dry Cleaning's \"Goodnight\" is an arresting listen\". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/new-music/discovery/dry-cleaning-goodnight","url_text":"\"Direct, sincere and unfiltered, Dry Cleaning's \"Goodnight\" is an arresting listen\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Christopher. \"Dry Cleaning Announce New EP, Share New Song \"Sit Down Meal\"\". Under the Radar. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.undertheradarmag.com/news/dry_cleaning_announce_new_ep_share_new_song_sit_down_meal/","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning Announce New EP, Share New Song \"Sit Down Meal\"\""}]},{"reference":"Rettig, James (October 2019). \"Dry Cleaning – 'Viking Hair'\". Stereogum. Stereogum Media. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2059845/dry-cleaning-viking-hair-video/music/","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning – 'Viking Hair'\""}]},{"reference":"Vozick-Levinson, Simon (24 November 2020). \"Song You Need to Know: Dry Cleaning, 'Scratchcard Lanyard'\". Rolling Stone. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/dry-cleaning-scratchcard-lanyard-song-review-1094369/","url_text":"\"Song You Need to Know: Dry Cleaning, 'Scratchcard Lanyard'\""}]},{"reference":"Renshaw, David. \"Dry Cleaning announce debut album, share \"Strong Feelings\"\". The Fader. The Fader, Inc. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2021/02/09/dry-cleaning-new-long-leg-release-date-strong-feelings","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning announce debut album, share \"Strong Feelings\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"AIM Independent Music Awards 2021 Winners & Nominees\". AIM Awards. 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aimawards.co.uk/2021/08/26/aim-awards-2021-winners-revealed/","url_text":"\"AIM Independent Music Awards 2021 Winners & Nominees\""}]},{"reference":"Aswad, Jem (23 March 2022). \"Japanese Breakfast, Jason Isbell, Arlo Parks Lead Indie-Music Collective A2IM's 2022 Libera Awards Nominees\". Variety. Retrieved 25 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2022/music/news/japanese-breakfast-indie-a2im-2022-libera-awards-1235212419/","url_text":"\"Japanese Breakfast, Jason Isbell, Arlo Parks Lead Indie-Music Collective A2IM's 2022 Libera Awards Nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Aswad, Jem (22 March 2023). \"Wet Leg Leads Nominations for A2IM's Indie Libera Awards\". Variety. Retrieved 24 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2023/music/news/wet-leg-leads-nominations-a2im-indie-libera-awards-1235561388/","url_text":"\"Wet Leg Leads Nominations for A2IM's Indie Libera Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Dunworth, Liberty (5 February 2024). \"Dry Cleaning's 'Stumpwork' artwork wins Grammy award\". NME. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/dry-cleanings-stumpwork-artwork-wins-grammy-award-3582673","url_text":"\"Dry Cleaning's 'Stumpwork' artwork wins Grammy award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://drycleaningband.com/","external_links_name":"drycleaningband.com"},{"Link":"https://4ad.com/artists/225","external_links_name":"\"4AD\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/label/1680467-It's-OK-2","external_links_name":"\"It's OK (2) Label - Releases\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dry-cleaning-band-meghan-markle-listen-london-band-2548481","external_links_name":"\"Dry Cleaning: London group uniting murky post-punk with, er, Meghan Markle\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/dry-cleaning-band-meghan-markle-listen-london-band-2548481","external_links_name":"\"Dry Cleaning: the London group uniting murky post-punk, Meghan Markle and really weird YouTube comments\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2021/11/15/62868572/live-review-dry-cleaning-and-dreamdecay-at-neptune-theatre","external_links_name":"\"Dry Cleaning at Neptune Theatre\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/dry-cleaning-band-interview-london-1139020/","external_links_name":"\"The Everyday Poetry of Dry Cleaning\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/features/rising/dry-cleanings-everyday-surrealism/","external_links_name":"\"Dry Cleaning's Everyday Surrealism\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenational.scot/news/18221720.dry-cleaning-meghan-markle-connection/","external_links_name":"\"Who are Dry Cleaning and what is the Meghan Markle connection?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/nme-100-essential-new-artists-for-2020-2592024","external_links_name":"\"The NME 100: Essential new artists for 2020\""},{"Link":"https://diymag.com/2019/12/06/class-of-2020-dry-cleaning-interview-december-january-magazine","external_links_name":"\"Class of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Clear_Channel_Stripped_2008 | Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 | ["1 Background and release","2 Commercial performance","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | 2020 live album by Taylor SwiftLive from Clear Channel Stripped 2008Live album by Taylor SwiftReleasedApril 24, 2020 (2020-04-24)RecordedJune 8, 2008Genre
Country pop
pop rock
Length27:55Label
Big Machine
Apollo A-1 LLC
Producer
Scott Borchetta
Evan Harrison
Taylor Swift
Taylor Swift chronology
Lover(2019)
Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008(2020)
Lover (Live from Paris)(2020)
Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 is the second live album featuring songs by the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, released by Big Machine Records on April 24, 2020, without Swift's approval. It was recorded in 2008 but only released after the masters to her older music had changed ownership in a 2019 purchase of Big Machine by American media proprietor Scooter Braun. Swift denounced Live from Clear Channel on her social media accounts, calling it "shameless greed in the time of coronavirus" and asked fans not to buy or stream the album. Earning only 33 units in its first week in the United States, the live album was unsuccessful, and did not enter any domestic charts.
Background and release
Scooter Braun purchased Big Machine in 2019 and became the owner of the masters of Swift's pre-2018 albums. Big Machine, under Braun, released Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008Further information: Taylor Swift masters disputeThis release is not approved by me. It looks to me like Scooter Braun and his financial backers, 23 Capital, Alex Soros and the Soros family and the Carlyle Group have seen the latest balance sheets and realized that paying $330 million wasn't exactly a wise choice and they need money. In my opinion … Just another case of shameless greed in the time of coronavirus. So tasteless, but very transparent.— Swift on her Instagram story, "Taylor Swift disowns new live album, calling it 'shameless greed'", The Guardian
The album was recorded shortly after the beginning of Swift's professional career, while she was promoting her second studio album, Fearless (2008). The album is composed of songs from her first two studio albums and her second EP, Beautiful Eyes (2008). It was released on streaming platforms without any prior announcement on April 24, 2020. According to Swift, the recording was made during a 2008 Clear Channel affiliates' Internet-only performance when she was 18 years old. In a social media post, Swift stated that she did not authorize the release, calling it "just another case of shameless greed in the time of coronavirus. So tasteless, but very transparent." Swift's statement also mentioned Braun's financial backers: 23 Capital, The Carlyle Group, and Alexander Soros and the Soros family, the last of which drew allegations in The Jerusalem Post that she was "reproducing antisemitic conspiracy theories" by associating Soros and Braun, who are both Jewish, with "greed and profiting off the pandemic". Big Machine Records initially listed the record with a 2017 release date, but it was later adjusted to 2008 to reflect the fact that the recordings were available on Clear Channel websites in 2008.
Music critic Quinn Moreland from Pitchfork wrote that Live from Clear Channel is predictable, failing to match the standards of Swift's past work, and dubbed it a "cheap bootleg" and "a shameless cash-grab". Moreland commented that the unapproved release looks "eerily similar" to occasions when fake or leaked music appears on streaming services without the concerned artists' authorization—releases where "scammers hold the reins and the real creator never sees a dime".
Commercial performance
Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 sold 33 units in the United States and the YouTube audio videos of its eight tracks accumulated 6,000 views combined in its first three days. The commercial failure was attributed to Swift's denouncement of the album on her social media; the album did not enter any Billboard chart.
Track listing
"Love Story" (Swift) – 3:41
"Fearless" (Hillary Lindsey, Liz Rose, Swift) – 3:18
"Beautiful Eyes" (Swift) – 2:56
"Untouchable" (Swift, Cary Barlowe, Nathan Barlowe, and Tommy Lee James) – 3:42
"Teardrops on My Guitar" (Swift and Rose) – 3:16
"Picture to Burn" (Swift and Rose) – 2:53
"Should've Said No" (Swift) – 3:48
"Change" (Swift) – 4:18
Personnel
Taylor Swift – vocals, production, acoustic guitar (tracks: 2, 4), electric guitar (track 7)
Scott Borchetta – production, executive production
Ben Clark – banjo (tracks: 3, 5, 7, 8)
Chris Costello – recording supervision (tracks: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8)
Caitlin Evanson – fiddle, backing vocals (tracks: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8)
Evan Harrison – production, executive production
Amos Heller – bass guitar (tracks: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8)
Mike Meadows – banjo (tracks: 3, 5, 7, 8)
Grant Mickelson – acoustic guitar (tracks: 3, 5, 7, 8), bass guitar (track 6)
Jonathan Russell – mastering (tracks: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8)
Paul Sidoti – acoustic guitar (tracks: 1, 3, 5, 7), electric guitar (track 8); backing vocals (tracks: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8)
Al Wilson – drums (tracks: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8)
See also
List of 2020 albums
References
^ Kreps, Daniel (April 23, 2020). "Taylor Swift Decries Impending Release of Unauthorized 2008 Live Album". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
^ a b McIntyre, Hugh (May 20, 2020). "Taylor Swift Fights Back Against Her Former Label with Her Latest Single Releases". Forbes. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
^ a b Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (April 24, 2020). "Taylor Swift Disowns New Live Album, Calling It 'Shameless Greed'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
^ "Clear Channel Debuts First Show in 'Stripped' Series". Billboard. May 24, 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
^ "Taylor Swift: Scooter Braun paying $330m for Big Machine 'Wasn't Exactly a Wise Choice'". Music Business Worldwide. April 23, 2020. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
^ Burack, Emily (April 25, 2020). "Taylor Swift Calls Soros Family Shamelessly Greedy". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on April 25, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
^ Henderson, Cydney (April 23, 2020). "Taylor Swift Slams Big Machine's New Unauthorized Live Album as 'Shameless Greed'". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
^ Moreland, Quinn (April 27, 2020). "That 'New' Taylor Swift Live Album Feels Like the Unauthorized Cash Grab It Is". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
^ Friedman, Roger (April 27, 2020). "Taylor Swift 2008 Live Album, Which the Singer Protested, is A Bust with Just 33 Copies Streamed So Far". Music. Showbiz411. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
External links
Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 at Discogs
vteTaylor Swift
Albums discography
Singles discography
Awards and nominations
Live performances
Songs
Videography
Public image
Studio albums
Taylor Swift
Fearless
Speak Now
Red
1989
Reputation
Lover
Folklore
Evermore
Midnights
The Tortured Poets Department
Re-recorded albums
Fearless (Taylor's Version)
Red (Taylor's Version)
Speak Now (Taylor's Version)
1989 (Taylor's Version)
Extended plays
The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection
Beautiful Eyes
Live albums
Speak Now World Tour – Live
Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008
Lover (Live from Paris)
Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions
Concert tours
Fearless Tour
Speak Now World Tour
The Red Tour
The 1989 World Tour
Reputation Stadium Tour
The Eras Tour
Films
Miss Americana
Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions
All Too Well: The Short Film
The Eras Tour
Family
Austin Swift
Marjorie Finlay
Impact and legacy
Cultural impact
Political impact
Swifties
Impact of the Eras Tour
Nannaria swiftae
Castianeira swiftay
Controversies
2009 MTV Video Music Awards
Sexual assault trial
Masters dispute
Ticketmaster incident
Death of Ana Clara Benevides
Deepfake pornography
Related
City of Lover
Taylor Swift Productions
Olivia Benson
High Watch
Samuel Goldwyn Estate
Ashley Leechin
Taylor Sheesh
SwiftOnSecurity
Bryan West
University of York Swift Society
Category
Authority control databases
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Retrieved April 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/apr/24/taylor-swift-disowns-new-live-album-scooter-braun-big-machine","url_text":"\"Taylor Swift Disowns New Live Album, Calling It 'Shameless Greed'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200424101418/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/apr/24/taylor-swift-disowns-new-live-album-scooter-braun-big-machine","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Clear Channel Debuts First Show in 'Stripped' Series\". Billboard. May 24, 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1411875/clear-channel-debuts-first-show-in-stripped-series","url_text":"\"Clear Channel Debuts First Show in 'Stripped' Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Taylor Swift: Scooter Braun paying $330m for Big Machine 'Wasn't Exactly a Wise Choice'\". Music Business Worldwide. April 23, 2020. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-paying-330m-for-big-machine-wasnt-exactly-a-wise-choice/","url_text":"\"Taylor Swift: Scooter Braun paying $330m for Big Machine 'Wasn't Exactly a Wise Choice'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Business_Worldwide","url_text":"Music Business Worldwide"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200427062720/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-paying-330m-for-big-machine-wasnt-exactly-a-wise-choice/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burack, Emily (April 25, 2020). \"Taylor Swift Calls Soros Family Shamelessly Greedy\". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on April 25, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/taylor-swift-calls-soros-family-shamelessly-greedy-625837","url_text":"\"Taylor Swift Calls Soros Family Shamelessly Greedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post","url_text":"The Jerusalem Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200425211856/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/taylor-swift-calls-soros-family-shamelessly-greedy-625837","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Cydney (April 23, 2020). \"Taylor Swift Slams Big Machine's New Unauthorized Live Album as 'Shameless Greed'\". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/04/23/taylor-swift-big-machines-new-unapproved-album-shameless-greed/3015021001/","url_text":"\"Taylor Swift Slams Big Machine's New Unauthorized Live Album as 'Shameless Greed'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200424052859/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/04/23/taylor-swift-big-machines-new-unapproved-album-shameless-greed/3015021001/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moreland, Quinn (April 27, 2020). \"That 'New' Taylor Swift Live Album Feels Like the Unauthorized Cash Grab It Is\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/that-new-taylor-swift-live-album-feels-like-the-unauthorized-cash-grab-it-is/","url_text":"\"That 'New' Taylor Swift Live Album Feels Like the Unauthorized Cash Grab It Is\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200428065109/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/that-new-taylor-swift-live-album-feels-like-the-unauthorized-cash-grab-it-is/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Roger (April 27, 2020). \"Taylor Swift 2008 Live Album, Which the Singer Protested, is A Bust with Just 33 Copies Streamed So Far\". Music. Showbiz411. Retrieved July 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.showbiz411.com/2020/04/27/taylor-swift-2008-live-album-which-the-singer-protested-is-a-bust-with-just-33-copies-streamed-so-far","url_text":"\"Taylor Swift 2008 Live Album, Which the Singer Protested, is A Bust with Just 33 Copies Streamed So Far\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showbiz411","url_text":"Showbiz411"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-swift-unauthorized-2008-live-album-989143/","external_links_name":"\"Taylor Swift Decries Impending Release of Unauthorized 2008 Live Album\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2020/05/20/taylor-swift-fights-back-against-her-former-label-with-her-latest-single-releases/","external_links_name":"\"Taylor Swift Fights Back Against Her Former Label with Her Latest Single Releases\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211224021216/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2020/05/20/taylor-swift-fights-back-against-her-former-label-with-her-latest-single-releases/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/apr/24/taylor-swift-disowns-new-live-album-scooter-braun-big-machine","external_links_name":"\"Taylor Swift Disowns New Live Album, Calling It 'Shameless Greed'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200424101418/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2020/apr/24/taylor-swift-disowns-new-live-album-scooter-braun-big-machine","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1411875/clear-channel-debuts-first-show-in-stripped-series","external_links_name":"\"Clear Channel Debuts First Show in 'Stripped' Series\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-paying-330m-for-big-machine-wasnt-exactly-a-wise-choice/","external_links_name":"\"Taylor Swift: Scooter Braun paying $330m for Big Machine 'Wasn't Exactly a Wise Choice'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200427062720/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/taylor-swift-scooter-braun-paying-330m-for-big-machine-wasnt-exactly-a-wise-choice/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/taylor-swift-calls-soros-family-shamelessly-greedy-625837","external_links_name":"\"Taylor Swift Calls Soros Family Shamelessly Greedy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200425211856/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/taylor-swift-calls-soros-family-shamelessly-greedy-625837","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/04/23/taylor-swift-big-machines-new-unapproved-album-shameless-greed/3015021001/","external_links_name":"\"Taylor Swift Slams Big Machine's New Unauthorized Live Album as 'Shameless Greed'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200424052859/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/04/23/taylor-swift-big-machines-new-unapproved-album-shameless-greed/3015021001/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/that-new-taylor-swift-live-album-feels-like-the-unauthorized-cash-grab-it-is/","external_links_name":"\"That 'New' Taylor Swift Live Album Feels Like the Unauthorized Cash Grab It Is\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200428065109/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/that-new-taylor-swift-live-album-feels-like-the-unauthorized-cash-grab-it-is/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.showbiz411.com/2020/04/27/taylor-swift-2008-live-album-which-the-singer-protested-is-a-bust-with-just-33-copies-streamed-so-far","external_links_name":"\"Taylor Swift 2008 Live Album, Which the Singer Protested, is A Bust with Just 33 Copies Streamed So Far\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/15187925","external_links_name":"Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/81a20a2d-e9cb-40ce-9e22-178337f381a0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s | Gulf of Gabès | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Notes","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°00′N 10°25′E / 34.000°N 10.417°E / 34.000; 10.417Gulf of GabèsLesser Syrtisخليج قابس (Tunisian Arabic)Satellite image of the Gulf of GabèsGulf of GabèsLocation in TunisiaCoordinates34°00′N 10°25′E / 34.000°N 10.417°E / 34.000; 10.417Ocean/sea sourcesMediterraneanBasin countriesTunisiaMax. length50 km (31 mi)Max. width70 km (43 mi)SettlementsGabès
The Gulf of Gabes (or Cabès, Cabes, Gaps; Arabic: خليج قابس, romanized: ḫalīǧ Qābis), also known as Lesser Syrtis (from Ancient Greek: Μικρά Σύρτις, romanized: Mikrá Sýrtis; Latin: Syrtis Minor), contrasting with the Greater Syrtis in Libya, is a gulf on Tunisia's east coast in the Mediterranean Sea, off North Africa. The gulf roughly spans the coast from Sfax to Djerba. At the head of the gulf is the city of Gabès (Ghannouche) where the tides have a large range of up to 2.1 m at spring tides. Both Gabès and Sfax are major ports on the gulf, supporting sponge and tuna fisheries, with Gabès being the economic and administrative center.
History
The Latin name Syrtis Minor is used by Pliny the Elder, quoting an earlier description in Polybius 1.39.2, who uses the equivalent Ancient Greek: ἡ μικρά Σύρτις (elsewhere also Σύρτις ἡ μικρά, Σύρτις ἡ μικροτέρα, ἡ μικροτέρα Σύρτις).
An alternative name was Λωτοφαγῖτις σύρτις Lōtophagîtis sýrtis "Syrtis of the lotus-eaters", reported by Strabo. (Compare Syrtis Major, the ancient name of the Gulf of Sidra.)
Syrtis is referred to in the New Testament of the Bible where the Apostle Paul relates being sent in chains to Rome to stand trial before Caesar Nero. The crew of his ship was worried about being driven by a storm into Syrtis, and took precautions to prevent it, resulting, eventually, in being shipwrecked on the island of Malta in the Mediterranean Sea.
Strabo refers to Tacape (the modern Gabès) as an important entrepot of the Lesser Syrtis.
In Book IV of the Histories, Herodotus describes a violent ritual that took place in the region:During a festival dedicated to the goddess Athena, their young women divided into two camps and then set to fighting each other with blows from stones and wooden clubs, thereby enacting, as they say, a ceremonial that was instituted by their ancestors in honor of the indigenous deity whom we call Athena. Some of them who die from the wounds are called false virgins.
A modern counterpart to this festival of violence, involving two opposing gangs near the Shatt al-Jerid annually engaging in combat with stones and clubs was described in Une fete de printemps au Jerid (1942) by G. Payre.
Geography
Most sources consider the Gulf of Gabès as just being within the line between the northwest tip of Djerba (Jerba) Island on the southeast and Ras Yonga (Point Yonga) on the northwest. Ras Yonga is just north of the island of Jazīrat Khunayyis and its marshes and some 52 kilometres (32 mi) southwest of Sfax. The geographer Strabo indicated that the entrance to the gulf was located at the islands of Cercinna (Kerkennah) and Meninx (Djerba). Following Strabo gives a larger area with the line being from just north of Sfax to Djerba Island. That larger area would include part of the Kerkennah Islands and the coast around Sfax. The centroid for the smaller gulf is at 33°59′29″N 10°24′09″E / 33.99139°N 10.40250°E / 33.99139; 10.40250, and the distance across is 68.5 kilometres (42.6 mi), with a depth of 51.0 kilometres (31.7 mi). The larger gulf is 150 kilometres (93 mi) across with a depth of 90 kilometres (56 mi), and the centroid is at 34°04′48″N 10°28′36″E / 34.08000°N 10.47667°E / 34.08000; 10.47667.
The entire Gulf of Gabes, both larger and smaller versions, is underlain by the continental shelf of the African Plate, and is nowhere deeper than 200 meters. During the Permian Period and Triassic Period, carbonate minerals and evaporites were deposited in the Gulf of Gabes which now form salt domes and diapirs. In addition carbon and hydrocarbons primarily from vegetation were deposited. These now form the basis for the oil and gas industry in the gulf. Among the important oil and gas fields in the gulf are the Ashtart Field and the Chergui Field. The Ashtart Oil Terminal lies just outside the gulf at 34°17′N 11°23′E / 34.283°N 11.383°E / 34.283; 11.383 where tankers can easily tranship the oil.
Notes
^ GoogleEarth
^ see e.g.: Cabès in
John Bostock, Henry Thomas Riley (eds.), The natural history of Pliny, Volume 1, 1855, chapter 4, "The Syrtes", p. 391, fn. 7; Cabes in the "Atlas" article in Copley, John Singleton (chairman) (1835) The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volume III, Athanaric-Bassano C. Knight, London, page 32, OCLC 2041456;
Gaps in Charles Anthon, A classical dictionary: containing an account of the principal proper names mentioned in ancient authors, 1842, p. 1279.
^ a b c National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2002) Section 8: Tunisia–Cap Serrat to Ras Ajdir" Sailing Directions (Enroute) for Western Mediterranean (tenth edition) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, Maryland, page 102
^ Naturalis Historia Book V, Chapter 4 — The Syrtes
^ a b Συνεχὴς δ’ἐστὶν ἡ μικρά σύρτις, ἣν καὶ Λωτοφαγῖτιν σύρτιν λέγουσιν. Strabo Geographica Book XVII, Chapter III, Sections 16-18 pages 288-289
^ Acts 27:10-19
^ For usage see Deissmann, Adolf (1912) St. Paul: a study in social and religious history Hodder and Stoughton, London, page 268 footnote 1, OCLC 1240027
^ Brent D. Shaw. (2011). Sacred Violence. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available from: Cambridge Books Online doi:10.1017/CBO9780511762079 . page 23
^ a b British Naval Intelligence Division (1945) Tunisia London, pages 65-66, OCLC 13589103
^ It is 150 km from the northwestern point of Djerba Island to the coast just above Sfax, but only 81 km to the island, which comports with the distances from Pliny the Elder, above.
^ International Court of Justice (1984) Case concerning the continental shelf (Tunisia/Libya) International Court of Justice, The Hague, Netherlands, OCLC 11315850
^ Tawadros, Edward E. (2001) Geology of Egypt and Libya A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, page 4, ISBN 90-5809-331-X
^ Tawadros, Edward E. (2001) Geology of Egypt and Libya A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, page 6, ISBN 90-5809-331-X
^ Tawadros, Edward E. (2001) Geology of Egypt and Libya A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, page 383, ISBN 90-5809-331-X
^ Dean, Lucy (2006) The Middle East and North Africa 2007 Routledge, London, page 1094, ISBN 1-85743-390-4
^ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2002) Section 8: Tunisia–Cap Serrat to Ras Ajdir" Sailing Directions (Enroute) for Western Mediterranean (tenth edition) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, Maryland, page 101
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Σύρτις","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%82"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Greater Syrtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Syrtis"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Sfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfax"},{"link_name":"Djerba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerba"},{"link_name":"Gabès (Ghannouche)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide"},{"link_name":"spring tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_tide"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGIA-102-3"},{"link_name":"ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"sponge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_sponge"},{"link_name":"tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna"},{"link_name":"fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries"},{"link_name":"economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic"}],"text":"The Gulf of Gabes (or Cabès, Cabes, Gaps;[2] Arabic: خليج قابس, romanized: ḫalīǧ Qābis), also known as Lesser Syrtis (from Ancient Greek: Μικρά Σύρτις, romanized: Mikrá Sýrtis; Latin: Syrtis Minor), contrasting with the Greater Syrtis in Libya, is a gulf on Tunisia's east coast in the Mediterranean Sea, off North Africa. The gulf roughly spans the coast from Sfax to Djerba. At the head of the gulf is the city of Gabès (Ghannouche) where the tides have a large range of up to 2.1 m at spring tides.[3] Both Gabès and Sfax are major ports on the gulf, supporting sponge and tuna fisheries, with Gabès being the economic and administrative center.","title":"Gulf of Gabès"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Polybius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybius"},{"link_name":"1.39.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plb.%201.39&lang=original"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"lotus-eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus-eaters"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strabo-5"},{"link_name":"Syrtis Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Apostle Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_Paul"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Gabès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"Shatt al-Jerid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chott_el_Djerid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Latin name Syrtis Minor is used by Pliny the Elder,[4] quoting an earlier description in Polybius 1.39.2, who uses the equivalent Ancient Greek: ἡ μικρά Σύρτις (elsewhere also Σύρτις ἡ μικρά, Σύρτις ἡ μικροτέρα, ἡ μικροτέρα Σύρτις).An alternative name was Λωτοφαγῖτις σύρτις Lōtophagîtis sýrtis \"Syrtis of the lotus-eaters\", reported by Strabo.[5] (Compare Syrtis Major, the ancient name of the Gulf of Sidra.)Syrtis is referred to in the New Testament of the Bible[6] where the Apostle Paul relates being sent in chains to Rome to stand trial before Caesar Nero. The crew of his ship was worried about being driven by a storm into Syrtis,[7] and took precautions to prevent it, resulting, eventually, in being shipwrecked on the island of Malta in the Mediterranean Sea.Strabo refers to Tacape (the modern Gabès) as an important entrepot of the Lesser Syrtis.In Book IV of the Histories, Herodotus describes a violent ritual that took place in the region:During a festival dedicated to the goddess Athena, their young women divided into two camps and then set to fighting each other with blows from stones and wooden clubs, thereby enacting, as they say, a ceremonial that was instituted by their ancestors in honor of the indigenous deity whom we call Athena. Some of them who die from the wounds are called false virgins.A modern counterpart to this festival of violence, involving two opposing gangs near the Shatt al-Jerid annually engaging in combat with stones and clubs was described in Une fete de printemps au Jerid (1942) by G. Payre.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGIA-102-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BN-9"},{"link_name":"Djerba (Jerba) Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djerba"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BN-9"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Cercinna (Kerkennah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkennah_Islands"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strabo-5"},{"link_name":"Kerkennah Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerkennah_Islands"},{"link_name":"33°59′29″N 10°24′09″E / 33.99139°N 10.40250°E / 33.99139; 10.40250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s¶ms=33_59_29_N_10_24_09_E_"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"34°04′48″N 10°28′36″E / 34.08000°N 10.47667°E / 34.08000; 10.47667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s¶ms=34_04_48_N_10_28_36_E_"},{"link_name":"African Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Plate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Permian Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"},{"link_name":"Triassic Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"carbonate minerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_minerals"},{"link_name":"evaporites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporite"},{"link_name":"salt domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_dome"},{"link_name":"diapirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapir"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGIA-102-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"34°17′N 11°23′E / 34.283°N 11.383°E / 34.283; 11.383","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s¶ms=34_17_N_11_23_E_"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGIA-101-16"}],"text":"Most sources[3][9] consider the Gulf of Gabès as just being within the line between the northwest tip of Djerba (Jerba) Island on the southeast and Ras Yonga (Point Yonga) on the northwest. Ras Yonga is just north of the island of Jazīrat Khunayyis and its marshes[9] and some 52 kilometres (32 mi) southwest of Sfax. The geographer Strabo indicated that the entrance to the gulf was located at the islands of Cercinna (Kerkennah) and Meninx (Djerba).[5] Following Strabo gives a larger area with the line being from just north of Sfax to Djerba Island. That larger area would include part of the Kerkennah Islands and the coast around Sfax. The centroid for the smaller gulf is at 33°59′29″N 10°24′09″E / 33.99139°N 10.40250°E / 33.99139; 10.40250, and the distance across is 68.5 kilometres (42.6 mi), with a depth of 51.0 kilometres (31.7 mi). The larger gulf is 150 kilometres (93 mi) across[10] with a depth of 90 kilometres (56 mi), and the centroid is at 34°04′48″N 10°28′36″E / 34.08000°N 10.47667°E / 34.08000; 10.47667.The entire Gulf of Gabes, both larger and smaller versions, is underlain by the continental shelf of the African Plate,[11] and is nowhere deeper than 200 meters.[12] During the Permian Period and Triassic Period, carbonate minerals and evaporites were deposited in the Gulf of Gabes which now form salt domes and diapirs.[13] In addition carbon and hydrocarbons primarily from vegetation were deposited. These now form the basis for the oil and gas industry in the gulf. Among the important oil and gas fields in the gulf are the Ashtart Field[3][14] and the Chergui Field.[15] The Ashtart Oil Terminal lies just outside the gulf at 34°17′N 11°23′E / 34.283°N 11.383°E / 34.283; 11.383 where tankers can easily tranship the oil.[16]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GE_1-0"},{"link_name":"GoogleEarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoogleEarth"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"John Bostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)"},{"link_name":"Henry Thomas Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Riley"},{"link_name":"p. 391, fn. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VzwZAAAAYAAJ&dq=Cabes+Syrte&pg=PA391"},{"link_name":"Copley, John Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley"},{"link_name":"page 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iaYrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA32"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2041456","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2041456"},{"link_name":"p. 1279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kzEoAAAAYAAJ&dq=Gaps+Syrte&pg=PA1279"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NGIA-102_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NGIA-102_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NGIA-102_3-2"},{"link_name":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Section 8: Tunisia–Cap Serrat to Ras Ajdir\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux.nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub131/131sec08.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Naturalis Historia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"Book V, Chapter 4 — The Syrtes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Strabo_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Strabo_5-1"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"pages 288-289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0cZfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA288"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Acts 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"page 268","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=bR1VAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA268"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1240027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1240027"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/CBO9780511762079","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511762079"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BN_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BN_9-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"13589103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/13589103"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11315850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11315850"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"page 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wBXdka5y9KwC&pg=PA4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-5809-331-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5809-331-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"page 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wBXdka5y9KwC&pg=PA6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-5809-331-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5809-331-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-5809-331-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5809-331-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85743-390-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-390-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NGIA-101_16-0"},{"link_name":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Section 8: Tunisia–Cap Serrat to Ras Ajdir\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux.nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub131/131sec08.pdf"}],"text":"^ GoogleEarth\n\n^ see e.g.: Cabès in \nJohn Bostock, Henry Thomas Riley (eds.), The natural history of Pliny, Volume 1, 1855, chapter 4, \"The Syrtes\", p. 391, fn. 7; Cabes in the \"Atlas\" article in Copley, John Singleton (chairman) (1835) The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volume III, Athanaric-Bassano C. Knight, London, page 32, OCLC 2041456;\nGaps in Charles Anthon, A classical dictionary: containing an account of the principal proper names mentioned in ancient authors, 1842, p. 1279.\n\n^ a b c National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2002) Section 8: Tunisia–Cap Serrat to Ras Ajdir\" Sailing Directions (Enroute) for Western Mediterranean (tenth edition) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, Maryland, page 102\n\n^ Naturalis Historia Book V, Chapter 4 — The Syrtes\n\n^ a b Συνεχὴς δ’ἐστὶν ἡ μικρά σύρτις, ἣν καὶ Λωτοφαγῖτιν σύρτιν λέγουσιν. Strabo Geographica Book XVII, Chapter III, Sections 16-18 pages 288-289\n\n^ Acts 27:10-19\n\n^ For usage see Deissmann, Adolf (1912) St. Paul: a study in social and religious history Hodder and Stoughton, London, page 268 footnote 1, OCLC 1240027\n\n^ Brent D. Shaw. (2011). Sacred Violence. [Online]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available from: Cambridge Books Online doi:10.1017/CBO9780511762079 [Accessed 20 April 2016]. page 23\n\n^ a b British Naval Intelligence Division (1945) Tunisia London, pages 65-66, OCLC 13589103\n\n^ It is 150 km from the northwestern point of Djerba Island to the coast just above Sfax, but only 81 km to the island, which comports with the distances from Pliny the Elder, above.\n\n^ International Court of Justice (1984) Case concerning the continental shelf (Tunisia/Libya) International Court of Justice, The Hague, Netherlands, OCLC 11315850\n\n^ Tawadros, Edward E. (2001) Geology of Egypt and Libya A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, page 4, ISBN 90-5809-331-X\n\n^ Tawadros, Edward E. (2001) Geology of Egypt and Libya A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, page 6, ISBN 90-5809-331-X\n\n^ Tawadros, Edward E. (2001) Geology of Egypt and Libya A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, page 383, ISBN 90-5809-331-X\n\n^ Dean, Lucy (2006) The Middle East and North Africa 2007 Routledge, London, page 1094, ISBN 1-85743-390-4\n\n^ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2002) Section 8: Tunisia–Cap Serrat to Ras Ajdir\" Sailing Directions (Enroute) for Western Mediterranean (tenth edition) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, Maryland, page 101","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s¶ms=34_00_N_10_25_E_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"34°00′N 10°25′E / 34.000°N 10.417°E / 34.000; 10.417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s¶ms=34_00_N_10_25_E_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"34°00′N 10°25′E / 34.000°N 10.417°E / 34.000; 10.417"},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plb.%201.39&lang=original","external_links_name":"1.39.2"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s¶ms=33_59_29_N_10_24_09_E_","external_links_name":"33°59′29″N 10°24′09″E / 33.99139°N 10.40250°E / 33.99139; 10.40250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s¶ms=34_04_48_N_10_28_36_E_","external_links_name":"34°04′48″N 10°28′36″E / 34.08000°N 10.47667°E / 34.08000; 10.47667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s¶ms=34_17_N_11_23_E_","external_links_name":"34°17′N 11°23′E / 34.283°N 11.383°E / 34.283; 11.383"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VzwZAAAAYAAJ&dq=Cabes+Syrte&pg=PA391","external_links_name":"p. 391, fn. 7"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iaYrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"page 32"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2041456","external_links_name":"2041456"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kzEoAAAAYAAJ&dq=Gaps+Syrte&pg=PA1279","external_links_name":"p. 1279"},{"Link":"http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux.nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub131/131sec08.pdf","external_links_name":"Section 8: Tunisia–Cap Serrat to Ras Ajdir\""},{"Link":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D4","external_links_name":"Book V, Chapter 4 — The Syrtes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0cZfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA288","external_links_name":"pages 288-289"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bR1VAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA268","external_links_name":"page 268"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1240027","external_links_name":"1240027"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511762079","external_links_name":"10.1017/CBO9780511762079"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13589103","external_links_name":"13589103"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11315850","external_links_name":"11315850"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wBXdka5y9KwC&pg=PA4","external_links_name":"page 4"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wBXdka5y9KwC&pg=PA6","external_links_name":"page 6"},{"Link":"http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux.nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub131/131sec08.pdf","external_links_name":"Section 8: Tunisia–Cap Serrat to Ras Ajdir\""},{"Link":"https://www.panoramio.com/photo/40385156","external_links_name":"Port Gabes"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/240915733","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121366141","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121366141","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4262516-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549121405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95004665","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/344492","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029820472","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_MRT | Kaohsiung Metro | ["1 History","1.1 Scandals and major construction accidents","1.2 Opening","1.3 Ridership","1.4 Unopened Stations","2 Routes","2.1 Red line","2.2 Orange line","2.3 Circular light rail","3 Expansion projects","3.1 Active projects","3.2 All projects","4 Rolling stock","5 Fares and ticketing","6 Ridership","7 Art","8 Facilities and services","9 K.R.T. Girls","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"] | Transit system in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Kaohsiung MetroLogoOverviewOwnerKaohsiung City GovernmentLocaleKaohsiung, TaiwanTransit typeRapid transit, light railNumber of lines3Number of stations76Daily ridership
Red Line 130,042
Orange Line 43,240 (Nov 2023)
Annual ridership46.13 million (2022)Websitewww.krtc.com.tw/eng/ OperationBegan operation2008-03-09Operator(s)Kaohsiung Rapid Transit CorporationTechnicalSystem length59.8 km (37.2 mi)Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeElectrification750 V DC third rail (MRT)
System map
Kaohsiung MetroTraditional Chinese高雄捷運Simplified Chinese高雄捷运TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGāoxióng JiéyùnWade–GilesKao1-hsiung2 Chieh2-yün4Tongyong PinyinGaosyóng JiéyùnSouthern MinHokkien POJKo-hiông Chia̍t-ūnKaohsiung Rapid Transit SystemTraditional Chinese高雄都會區大眾捷運系統Simplified Chinese高雄都会区大众捷运系统TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGāoxióng Dūhuìqū Dàzhòng Jiéyùn XìtǒngWade–GilesKao1-hsiung2 Tu1-hui4-ch'ü1 Ta4-chung4 Chieh2-yün4 Hsi4-t'ung3Tongyong PinyinGaosyóng Duhuèicyu Dàjhòng Jiéyùn SìtǒngSouthern MinHokkien POJKo-hiông To·-hōe-khu Toā-chiòng Chia̍t-ūn Hē-thóng
Kaohsiung Metro (Chinese: 高雄大眾捷運系統, 高雄捷運) is a rapid transit and light rail system covering the metropolitan area of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Its rapid transit network is known as Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit System or Kaohsiung Rapid Transit (KRT). Construction of the MRT started in October 2001. The MRT opened in 2008 and the Circular light rail in 2015. Kaohsiung Metro is operated by the Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation (KRTC; Chinese: 高雄捷運公司) under a BOT contract the company signed with the Kaohsiung City Government.
The system uses romanizations derived from Tongyong Pinyin.
History
The Kaohsiung City Government undertook a feasibility study for constructing a rapid transit system in Kaohsiung in 1987. After finding favorable results, the city government began lobbying the Central Government for approval and funding. In 1990 approval was obtained to establish the Kaohsiung City Mass Rapid Transit Bureau and planning of the rapid transit network started. The first phase of the Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit System, the Red and Orange Lines, was approved in 1991, but disputes in funding shares between Kaohsiung City and County Governments stalled the project. The Kaohsiung City Mass Rapid Transit Bureau was officially established in 1994, to coincide with the project's move into the final scoping and detail design stages.
Work continued until 1996, when the Central Government ordered KMRT to look into constructing the project via the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) method. In 1999 the city government put out a request for the BOT contract to construct the first phase of the KMRT system. In 2000, out of the three consortia that submitted bids, Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation (KRTC) was awarded the contract, receiving priority negotiating rights with the city government in constructing the system. KRTC obtained a company license and was registered in December 2000. In January 2001, KRTC signed the "Construction and Operation Agreement" and the "Development Agreement" with the Kaohsiung City Government, signaling the beginning of construction of the KMRT system. The main participants of the KRTC are: China Steel Corporation, Southeast Cement Corporation, RSEA Engineering Corporation, China Development Industrial Bank, and the Industrial Bank of Taiwan. The current system cost NT$181.3 (US$5.46 billion) to construct and includes a contract for 30 years of operation and maintenance. Construction costs were shared between the central government (79%), Kaohsiung City Government (19%), and Kaohsiung County Government (2%).
Construction began in October 2001, with 66 shield tunnels (45.3 km (28.1 mi)) completed in May 2006. The cut-and-cover and bored tunnel methods were used for construction of the lines. In November 2006, the first trial runs began on the Red Line. In January 2007, the last concrete slabs were laid for the 37 planned stations.
Scandals and major construction accidents
Passengers lining up to board at Zuoying station
1.In August 2004, a section of subway tunnel near Sizihwan metro station at the west end of the Orange line collapsed during construction due to loose sand underground and water break-ins. Four low-rise buildings near the collapsed tunnel had to be evacuated and later on had to be torn down due to major structure damages.
2.The Kaohsiung MRT Foreign Workers Scandal, involving alleged inhumane treatment of Thai migrant workers, erupted in 2005. Investigation revealed kickbacks to politicians by the contractor. The scandal had tainted the public confidence in the construction of the system and prompted a diplomatic response by the Thai Prime Minister asking the migrant workers to return to Thailand. Chen Chu, the Chairperson of the Council of Labor Affairs of the Executive Yuan, resigned as a result of the scandal.
3.In December 2005, another subway tunnel section of the Orange line at eastern Kaohsiung collapsed during construction. The collapse of the subway tunnel also brought about the collapse of a road tunnel above the subway tunnel. Several nearby buildings were evacuated for several days for inspection. It was estimated that the road tunnel could not be rebuilt and reopened for traffic for at least a few months. In January 2008 the section was still closed and traffic is diverted around the affected area.
Opening
Construction accidents delayed the opening of the MRT considerably from the originally planned December 2006 date. The Sanduo-Siaogang section of the Red Line was eventually opened to the public for free test rides during 8–11 February 2008, and the Red Line (except for 2 stations) opened for service on 9 March 2008. The Orange Line fully opened for service on 14 September 2008.
Ridership
Ridership has been far below expectations, with an average of 100,000 passengers per day versus an expected 360,000, and accumulated losses are expected to reach NT$6 billion by the end of 2009.
As of December 2013, the average daily ridership stands at about 178,975, with ridership figures significantly greater on weekends than on weekdays. During New Year's Eve on 31 December 2012, the system transported 472,378 passengers. KRTC stated that ridership would need to exceed 380,000 passengers per day in order to break even.
Unopened Stations
The R1, R2, and O3 stations were planned originally but never built. The R1 and R2 stations were cancelled before construction, and O3 was cancelled due to a fire at the original station location.
Routes
Kaohsiung Metro is made up of the Red Line and Orange Line with 37 stations covering a distance of
42.7 km (26.5 mi). 27 of these stations are underground, with 8 elevated and 2 at-grade level. All underground stations have full height platform screen doors.
The light rail transit (LRT) system consists of the Circular Line with 30 stations.
Kaohsiung Metro route table:
In operation: Main lines: 3, Extensions: 0
Planned: Main lines: 9, Extensions: 6
Total routes: Main lines: 11, Extension: 6
Terminated: Main line: 1, Extensions: 1
Line
Termini(District)
Stations
Lengthkm
Opening
Depot
Kaohsiung Medical University Gangshan Hospital(Gangshan)
Siaogang(Siaogang)
24
28.3
2008
NorthSouth
Hamasen(Gushan)
Daliao(Daliao)
14
14.4
2008
Daliao
Lizihnei(Cianjhen)
Lizihnei(Cianjhen)
38
22.1
2015
Cianjhen
Red line
Central Park station
Main article: Red line (Kaohsiung Metro)
From the intersection of Yanhai and Hanmin Roads in the Siaogang District in the South, the Red Line travels northwards, following Jhongshan Road as it passes by Kaohsiung International Airport, Labour Park, Sanduo Shopping District, Central Park, and the Dagangpu circle to Kaohsiung Main Station. After crossing the track yard of TRA, the route then follows Bo'ai Road arriving at Zuoying. Then the route passes through Banpingshan, extends along Zuonan Road to Nanzih Export Processing Zone, and continues into parts of the city formerly part of Kaohsiung County. The route finally passes along the Gaonan Highway to Ciaotou District and the southern border area of Gangshan District. The total length of Red Line is approximately 28.3 kilometres (17.6 mi), with 24 stations on the route, of which 15 are underground, 8 elevated and 1 at ground level. Two depots serve the line near Caoya and Gangshan South. The Red line (excluding Gangshan South Station) commenced passenger service on 9 March 2008. Gangshan South station was opened for passenger service on 23 December 2012.
Orange line
Main article: Orange line (Kaohsiung Metro)
From the west, the Orange line starts at Sizihwan (Linhai 2nd Road), crosses the track yard of TRA Kaohsiung Port Station and follows Dayong Road, passing through Love River. The route then follows Jhongjheng Road as it passes by Kaohsiung City Council, Dagangpu Circle, Cultural Center, Martial Arts Stadium, and the Weiwuying Park planning site before entering parts of the city formerly part of Kaohsiung County. The route continues along Zihyou Road, Guangyuan Road and Jhongshan East Road in Fengshan District to Daliao District. The total length of the line is approximately 14.4 kilometres (8.9 mi), with 14 stations on the route. All stations are underground except Daliao Station, which is at ground level. A single depot has been built beside Daliao station to serve the line. The Orange Line commenced passenger service on 14 September 2008.
Circular light rail
Main article: Circular light rail
The Circular LRT Line (aka Kaohsiung LRT, Kaohsiung Tram) for Kaohsiung is a light rail line. Construction of Phase I, C1 Kaisyuan to C14 Sizhihwan began in June 2013. Phase I had operations in September 2017.
A temporary light rail system for demonstration purposes, with just 2 stations, was built in the Central Park in 2004, using Melbourne D2 Tram cars from Siemens. As it was simply for demonstration purposes, it was closed soon after, and is no longer operational.
Expansion projects
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2023)
Map of transit projects in Kaohsiung (Chinese).
Kaohsiung Metro is expected to be extended further into parts of Greater Kaohsiung, as well as Pingtung County.
Active projects
The Kaohsiung Underground Tunnel Project, extending from Baozhen Road, south of Zuoying Station, to Zhengyi Road, covers a distance of approximately 9.75 kilometres (6.06 mi). Alongside a twin-track tunnel, it will construct five commuter stations—Fine Arts Museum, Gushan, Sankuaicuo, Minzu and National Science and Technology Museum —as well as move underground Kaohsiung Station (R11 Station of Kaohsiung Metro included). The Zuoying Project runs from the new Zuoying Station to Baozhen Road, a length of 4.13 kilometres (2.57 mi), with the Neiwei and Zuoying stations to be moved underground. The Fengshan Project is the Kaohsiung project extension to Fengshan. It starts from the east of Dashun Overpass to Dazhi Overpass at Fengshan zone, covering a total length of about 4.3 kilometres (2.7 mi). The project includes adding one new underground commuter station Zhengyi/Chengqing station and the Fengshan Station underground. The Duration for the project is from 2006 to 2018. In 2016, subsequent works are under way on stations, tunnels and rail tracks.
Lines
Terminals
Lengthin km
TotalLength
Status
Type
Depot
Red line
Gangshan/Lujhu extension
Dahu–Gangshan South
13.22
13.22
Under construction (Gangshan South to Lujhu South)
Rapidtransit
NorthSouth
Linyuan extension
Siaogang–Linyuan Ind'l Park
12.2
12.2
Approved
Rapidtransit
Linyuan
Yellow line
Kaohsiung Exhibition Center–Niaosong
21.2
Approved
Rapidtransit
Niaosong
Cianjhen Senior High School–Niaosong
All projects
Lines
Terminals
Lengthin km
TotalLength
Status
Type
Depot
Red line
Gangshan/Lujhu extension
Dahu－Gangshan South
13.22
64.62
Approved. Expected to be completed by 2027
Rapidtransit
NorthSouth
Main line
Gangshan South－Siaogang
28.3
In operation
Linyuan extension
Siaogang—Linyuan Ind'l Park
12.2
Approved. Expected to be completed by 2030
Rapid transit
Linyuan
Donggang extension
Wufang—Dapengwan
10.9
Proposed
LRT
Orange line
Main line
Sizihwan—Daliao
14.4
43.07
In operation
Rapidtransit
Daliao
Daliao extension
Daliao—Linyuan
14.67
Proposed
BRT
Pingtung extension
Fongshan Jr. HS—Taisugar PT FTY
14.0
Proposed
Rapidtransit
Pingtung
Circular line
Phase I (Main line)
Lizihnei—Hamasen
8.7
22.1
In operation
LRT
CianjhenAgriculture 16 Yard
Phase II (Main line)
Hamasen—LRT Depot
13.4
Yanchao line
Phase I (Main line)
Yuanjhong Harbor—Shu-Te Univ.
12.78
23.17
Revised
Yanchao OEM
Phase II (Main line)
Shenshuei—Buddha Mem. Hall
10.39
Proposed
Youchang line
Main line
Zuoying—Yuanjhong Harbor
6.4
6.4
Proposed
BRT
Yellow line
Kaohsiung Exhibition Center-Niaosong
21.2
Approved. Construction expected to begin 2022
Rapidtransit
Niaosong
Cianjhen Senior High School-Niaosong
Fongshan line
Main line
Ruixiang Jr. HS—Niaosong
10.38
10.38
Planned
Green line
Main line
Wujia Ruilung—Houjing
16.15
16.15
Proposed
BRT
Foguangshan line
Main line
Siliao—Cable-Stayed Bridge
16.06
16.06
Proposed
Cijin line
Main line
Sizihwan—Kaisyuan Jhonghua
7.39
7.39
Proposed
LRT
Rolling stock
Main article: Siemens Modular Metro (Kaohsiung)
Central Park Station courtyard
The rolling stock is based on the Siemens Modular Metro design manufactured by Siemens Mobility. Trains run in 3 car sets (though platforms are designed to be able to accommodate up to 6 car sets) and are powered by third rail. Seats are arranged parallel to the windows, unlike their Taipei Metro counterparts. LED displays are installed above every alternate door (other doors show the route map), showing the name of the current station and next station in Chinese and English. Automated announcements are made in Mandarin, Taiwanese (with the exception of Kaohsiung Arena since no Taiwanese translation for the name is available), Hakka, and English, with Japanese announcements at the major stations. The train has AC traction motors with IGBT–VVVF inverters powered by Siemens.
Fares and ticketing
Formosa Boulevard Station's "Dome of Light"
The fares of KMRT is distance-based, with a minimum of NT$20 for trips within 10 km (6.2 mi). The maximum fare on Red Line is NT$60, from Siaogang Station to Ciaotou Station.
One way fare is ticketed with an RFID IC token. In addition to the RFID IC token, there are four kinds of contactless smart card are accepted by the system. The iPASS card was the only card that could be deducted before 1 July 2016. After 1 July 2016, EasyCard, iCash2.0, HappyCash are accepted by the system.
Ridership
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Art
Kaohsiung Arena Station, Formosa Boulevard Station, and Kaohsiung International Airport Station feature artworks integrated into the design of the station by international artists.
Facilities and services
Platform screen doors were supplied by ST Electronics have been installed at all underground stations. LCD television units have also been installed on platform doors for the broadcast of train information and advertisements. All stations are wheelchair accessible.
K.R.T. Girls
Main article: K.R.T. Girls
The K.R.T. Girls are four anime-styled characters that serve as mascots for the Kaohsiung Metro.
See also
Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation
List of metro systems
Rail transport in Taiwan
Taipei Metro
Notes
^ The MRT is under a BOT contract until 2037 where Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation is the concessionaire.
References
^ a b "History". krtco.com.tw. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
^ a b c d e f g "Introduction: Welcome to MBTU". Mass Rapid Transit Bureau, Kaohsiung City. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
^ "KRTC Nov. 2023 Traffic Statistics (PDF) - Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation".
^ "Notice to Travelers - KRTC-Kaohsiung Metro". www.krtc.com.tw. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
^ "Railways". Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
^ Staff writer (8 December 2007). "Kaohsiung firm apologizes for delay in opening MRT". Taipei Times. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
^ Wang, Flora (8 March 2008). "Kaohsiung MRT art illuminated". Taipei Times. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
^ "張揆主持高捷紅線首航通車典禮 (in Chinese)". Government Information Office 新聞局. 9 March 2008. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
^ Liu Chien-kuo; Chen Ting-fei; Kuan Bi-ling; Cheng Pao-chin (18 January 2017). "Language: A tool for messages or identity". Taipei Times. Retrieved 29 July 2019. Since Taiwan's Tongyong pinyin is closer to how English is actually pronounced and spoken around the world, — it uses "si" instead of "xi" — the new MRT line should use Tongyong pinyin. Kaohsiung's MRT has used Tongyong pinyin for many years, yet foreign visitors and residents have no problem navigating the system.
^ a b KMRT History - Kaohsiung City Mass Rapid Transit Bureau official site (Traditional Chinese) Archived 2014-08-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c "The Special Features And Prospect For Kaohsiung Rapid Transit System Project" (PDF). Retrieved 16 January 2011.
^ "Construction halts on Kaohsiung Orange Line". The Taipei Times. 14 August 2004. p. 2.
^ "Probe into Kaohsiung MRT project urged". Taiwan News. 5 October 2004. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
^ "The China Post". The China Post. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ 廖國雄 (10 March 2008). "高市／紅線通了 高捷公司允橘線8月通車 (in Chinese)". ETtoday. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
^ "The China Post". The China Post. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ "KRTC Transport Volume Statistics" (PDF). Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation (via: http://www.krtco.com.tw/en/about_StatisticalData.aspx). 6 January 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
^ "高雄捷運公司運量統計表" (PDF). Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ "Kaohsiung MRT predicts 11% rise in passenger traffic". Taipei Times. 4 January 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
^ "Government approves Kaohsiung MRT extension | Taiwan News | 2016-11-29 10:00:00".
^ "News". mtbu.kcg.gov.tw. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
^ 本機廠並未命名，位在林園區
^ 本機廠並未命名，位在OP5站附近
^ "New Kaohsiung MRT line approved; construction to start later this year - Focus Taiwan". Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. 20 March 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
^ "Siemens Mobility References". Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaohsiung MRT.
Kaohsiung Future LRT Network Map
Official website
Mass Rapid Transit Bureau of Kaohsiung City Government
Lines of KRTS
vteKaohsiung Metro - Red line
Kaohsiung Medical University Gangshan Hospital
Ciaotou
Ciaotou Sugar Refinery
Cingpu
Metropolitan Park
Houjing
Nanzih Technology Industrial Park
Oil Refinery Elementary School
World Games
Zuoying
Ecological District
Kaohsiung Arena
Aozihdi
Houyi
Kaohsiung Main Station
Formosa Boulevard
Central Park
Sanduo Shopping District
Shihjia
Kaisyuan ( via Cianjhen Star)
Cianjhen Senior High School
Caoya
Kaohsiung International Airport
Siaogang
vteKaohsiung Metro - Orange line
Hamasen
Yanchengpu
Cianjin
Formosa Boulevard
Sinyi Elementary School
Cultural Center
Wukuaicuo
Lingya Sports Park
Weiwuying
Fongshan West
Fongshan
Dadong
Fongshan Junior High School
Daliao
vteKaohsiung Metro - Circular light rail
（Loop line towards Depot）Lizihnei
Kaisyuan Rueitian
Cianjhen Star ( via Kaisyuan)
Kaisyuan Jhonghua
Dream Mall
Commerce and Trade Park
Software Technology Park
Kaohsiung Exhibition Center
Cruise Terminal
Glory Pier
Love Pier
Dayi Pier-2
Penglai Pier-2
Hamasen
Shoushan Park
Wenwu Temple
Gushan District Office
Gushan
Makadao
TRA Museum of Fine Arts
Neiwei Arts Center
Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts
Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital
Longhua Elementary School
Heart of Love River ( via Aozihdi)
Sin-shan Elementary School
Wanzihnei
Dingshan Street
Kaohsiung Industrial High School
Shu-Te Home Economics & Commercial High School
Science and Technology Museum
St. Joseph Hospital
Kaisyuan Park ( via Wukuaicuo)
Department of Health
Wucyuan Elementary School
Kaisyuan Wuchang
Kaisyuan Ersheng
LRT Depot（Loop line towards Lizihnei）
vteUrban rail transit in Taiwan Taipei MetroNew Taipei MetroTaichung Metro Kaohsiung Metro Taoyuan Metro
Wenhu line
Tamsui–Xinyi line
Songshan–Xindian line
Zhonghe–Xinlu line
Bannan line
Danhai light rail
Ankeng light rail
Circular line
Green line
Red line
Orange line
Circular light rail
Taoyuan Airport MRT
Chiayi BRT
Smart cards
iPASS
EasyCard
TaiwanMoney Card
Rail transport in Taiwan
vteRail transport in TaiwanInter-city
Taiwan High Speed Rail
Taiwan Railway
Urban transit
Kaohsiung Metro
New Taipei Metro
Taichung Metro
Taipei Metro
Taoyuan Metro
Industrial and Tourist
Alishan Forest Railway
Taiping Mountain Forest Railway
Taiwan Sugar Railways
vteRapid transit in Asia Armenia
Yerevan Metro
Azerbaijan
Baku Metro
Bangladesh
Dhaka Metro
China (PRC)
Beijing Subway
Changchun Rail Transit
Changsha Metro
Changzhou Metro
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Chongqing Rail Transit
Dalian Metro
Dongguan Rail Transit
Foshan Metro
Fuzhou Metro
Guangzhou Metro
Guiyang Metro
Hangzhou Metro
Harbin Metro
Hefei Metro
Hohhot Metro
Jinan Metro
Jinhua Rail Transit
Kunming Metro
Lanzhou Metro
Luoyang Subway
Nanchang Metro
Nanjing Metro
Nanning Metro
Nantong Rail Transit
Ningbo Rail Transit
Qingdao Metro
Shanghai Metro
Shenyang Metro
Shenzhen Metro
Shijiazhuang Metro
Suzhou Rail Transit
Taiyuan Metro
Tianjin Metro
Ürümqi Metro
Wenzhou Rail Transit
Wuhan Metro
Wuxi Metro
Xi'an Metro
Xiamen Metro
Xuzhou Metro
Zhengzhou Metro
Hong Kong MTR
Georgia
Tbilisi Metro
India
Agra Metro
Ahmedabad Metro
Bengaluru Metro
Chennai Metro
Delhi Metro
Hyderabad Metro
Jaipur Metro
Kanpur Metro
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Pune Metro
Rapid Metro Gurgaon
Indonesia
Jakarta Rail Network
Jakarta MRT
Jakarta LRT
Jabodebek LRT
Palembang LRT
Iran
Ahvaz Metro*
Isfahan Metro
Karaj Metro
Mashhad Urban Railway
Qom Urban Railway*
Shiraz Metro
Tabriz Metro
Tehran Metro
Japan
Fukuoka City Subway
Kōbe Rapid Transit Railway
Kobe Municipal Subway
Kyoto Municipal Subway
Nagoya Municipal Subway
Osaka Metro
Sapporo Municipal Subway
Sendai Subway
Tokyo Metro
Tokyo Rinkai Line
Tokyo Toei Subway
Yokohama Municipal Subway
Yokohama Minatomirai Line
Kazakhstan
Almaty Metro
North Korea
Pyongyang Metro
Malaysia
Klang Valley Integrated Transit System
RTS Link*
Pakistan
Lahore Metro
Philippines
Metro Manila Rail Network
Manila LRT
Manila MRT
Qatar
Doha Metro
Russia
Chelyabinsk Metro*
Kazan Metro
Krasnoyarsk Metro*
Moscow Metro
Novosibirsk Metro
Nizhny Novgorod Metro
Saint Petersburg Metro
Samara Metro
Yekaterinburg Metro
Saudi Arabia
Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro line (Mecca Metro)
Riyadh Metro*
Singapore
Singapore MRT
RTS Link*
South Korea
Busan Metro
Daegu Metro
Daejeon Metro
Gwangju Metro
Incheon Metro
Seoul Metropolitan Subway
Taiwan (ROC)
Kaohsiung Metro
New Taipei Metro
Taichung Metro
Taipei Metro
Taoyuan Metro
Thailand
Bangkok MRT
Bangkok Skytrain
Turkey
Adana Metro
Ankara Metro
Bursaray
Gebze Metro*
Istanbul Metro
İzmir Metro
Konya Metro*
Mersin Metro*
United Arab Emirates
Dubai Metro
Uzbekistan
Tashkent Metro
Vietnam
Hanoi Metro
Ho Chi Minh City Metro*
* Under construction. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-companyinfo-1"},{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Circular light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_light_rail"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Rapid_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"BOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build-Operate-Transfer"},{"link_name":"Tongyong Pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Kaohsiung Metro (Chinese: 高雄大眾捷運系統, 高雄捷運)[1] is a rapid transit and light rail system covering the metropolitan area of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Its rapid transit network is known as Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit System[4] or Kaohsiung Rapid Transit (KRT). Construction of the MRT started in October 2001.[5] The MRT opened in 2008 and the Circular light rail in 2015.[6][7][8] Kaohsiung Metro is operated by the Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation (KRTC; Chinese: 高雄捷運公司) under a BOT contract the company signed with the Kaohsiung City Government.The system uses romanizations derived from Tongyong Pinyin.[9]","title":"Kaohsiung Metro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaohsiung City Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_City_Government"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-11"},{"link_name":"Build-Operate-Transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build-Operate-Transfer"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Rapid_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"China Steel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Steel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ppt-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intro-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ppt-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intro-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ppt-12"}],"text":"The Kaohsiung City Government undertook a feasibility study for constructing a rapid transit system in Kaohsiung in 1987. After finding favorable results, the city government began lobbying the Central Government for approval and funding. In 1990 approval was obtained to establish the Kaohsiung City Mass Rapid Transit Bureau and planning of the rapid transit network started. The first phase of the Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit System, the Red and Orange Lines, was approved in 1991, but disputes in funding shares between Kaohsiung City and County Governments stalled the project. The Kaohsiung City Mass Rapid Transit Bureau was officially established in 1994, to coincide with the project's move into the final scoping and detail design stages.[10]Work continued until 1996, when the Central Government ordered KMRT to look into constructing the project via the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) method. In 1999 the city government put out a request for the BOT contract to construct the first phase of the KMRT system. In 2000, out of the three consortia that submitted bids, Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation (KRTC) was awarded the contract, receiving priority negotiating rights with the city government in constructing the system. KRTC obtained a company license and was registered in December 2000. In January 2001, KRTC signed the \"Construction and Operation Agreement\" and the \"Development Agreement\" with the Kaohsiung City Government, signaling the beginning of construction of the KMRT system. The main participants of the KRTC are: China Steel Corporation, Southeast Cement Corporation, RSEA Engineering Corporation, China Development Industrial Bank, and the Industrial Bank of Taiwan.[10] The current system cost NT$181.3 (US$5.46 billion) to construct and includes a contract for 30 years of operation and maintenance.[11] Construction costs were shared between the central government (79%), Kaohsiung City Government (19%), and Kaohsiung County Government (2%).[2]Construction began in October 2001, with 66 shield tunnels (45.3 km (28.1 mi)) completed in May 2006.[11] The cut-and-cover and bored tunnel methods were used for construction of the lines.[2] In November 2006, the first trial runs began on the Red Line.[11] In January 2007, the last concrete slabs were laid for the 37 planned stations.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_line_platform_in_KMRT_Zuoying_Station.JPG"},{"link_name":"Zuoying station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zuoying_Station"},{"link_name":"Sizihwan metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizihwan_metro_station"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung MRT Foreign Workers Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_MRT_Foreign_Workers_Scandal"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Chen Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Chu"},{"link_name":"Executive Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Yuan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Scandals and major construction accidents","text":"Passengers lining up to board at Zuoying station1.In August 2004, a section of subway tunnel near Sizihwan metro station at the west end of the Orange line collapsed during construction due to loose sand underground and water break-ins. Four low-rise buildings near the collapsed tunnel had to be evacuated and later on had to be torn down due to major structure damages.[12]2.The Kaohsiung MRT Foreign Workers Scandal, involving alleged inhumane treatment of Thai migrant workers, erupted in 2005. Investigation revealed kickbacks to politicians by the contractor. The scandal had tainted the public confidence in the construction of the system and prompted a diplomatic response by the Thai Prime Minister asking the migrant workers to return to Thailand. Chen Chu, the Chairperson of the Council of Labor Affairs of the Executive Yuan, resigned as a result of the scandal.[13]3.In December 2005, another subway tunnel section of the Orange line at eastern Kaohsiung collapsed during construction. The collapse of the subway tunnel also brought about the collapse of a road tunnel above the subway tunnel. Several nearby buildings were evacuated for several days for inspection. It was estimated that the road tunnel could not be rebuilt and reopened for traffic for at least a few months. In January 2008 the section was still closed and traffic is diverted around the affected area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Opening","text":"Construction accidents delayed the opening of the MRT considerably from the originally planned December 2006 date. The Sanduo-Siaogang section of the Red Line was eventually opened to the public for free test rides during 8–11 February 2008,[14] and the Red Line (except for 2 stations) opened for service on 9 March 2008.[15] The Orange Line fully opened for service on 14 September 2008.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ridership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridership"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaohsiung_Metro&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ridership-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11percent-20"}],"sub_title":"Ridership","text":"Ridership has been far below expectations, with an average of 100,000 passengers per day versus an expected 360,000, and accumulated losses are expected to reach NT$6 billion by the end of 2009.[16]As of December 2013[update], the average daily ridership stands at about 178,975, with ridership figures significantly greater on weekends than on weekdays.[17] During New Year's Eve on 31 December 2012, the system transported 472,378 passengers.[18] KRTC stated that ridership would need to exceed 380,000 passengers per day in order to break even.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Unopened Stations","text":"The R1, R2, and O3 stations were planned originally but never built. The R1 and R2 stations were cancelled before construction, and O3 was cancelled due to a fire at the original station location.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E6%8D%B7%E9%81%8B%E8%B7%AF%E7%B6%B2%E5%9C%96_(C1-C14%E7%AB%99%E5%90%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E7%89%88).png"},{"link_name":"Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line,_KMRT"},{"link_name":"Orange Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Line,_KMRT"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intro-3"},{"link_name":"platform screen doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_screen_doors"},{"link_name":"light rail transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail_transit"},{"link_name":"Circular Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_light_rail"}],"text":"Kaohsiung Metro is made up of the Red Line and Orange Line with 37 stations covering a distance of\n42.7 km (26.5 mi).[2] 27 of these stations are underground, with 8 elevated and 2 at-grade level. All underground stations have full height platform screen doors.The light rail transit (LRT) system consists of the Circular Line with 30 stations.Kaohsiung Metro route table:\nIn operation: Main lines: 3, Extensions: 0\nPlanned: Main lines: 9, Extensions: 6\nTotal routes: Main lines: 11, Extension: 6\nTerminated: Main line: 1, Extensions: 1","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CentralParkStation(KMRT-R9).jpg"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_metro_station_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"Siaogang District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaogang_District"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung Main Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Main_Station"},{"link_name":"Zuoying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuoying_HSR_station"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_County"},{"link_name":"Ciaotou District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaotou_District"},{"link_name":"Gangshan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangshan_District"},{"link_name":"Caoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caoya_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Gangshan South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangshan_South_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Gangshan South Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangshan_South_Station"}],"sub_title":"Red line","text":"Central Park stationFrom the intersection of Yanhai and Hanmin Roads in the Siaogang District in the South, the Red Line travels northwards, following Jhongshan Road as it passes by Kaohsiung International Airport, Labour Park, Sanduo Shopping District, Central Park, and the Dagangpu circle to Kaohsiung Main Station. After crossing the track yard of TRA, the route then follows Bo'ai Road arriving at Zuoying. Then the route passes through Banpingshan, extends along Zuonan Road to Nanzih Export Processing Zone, and continues into parts of the city formerly part of Kaohsiung County. The route finally passes along the Gaonan Highway to Ciaotou District and the southern border area of Gangshan District. The total length of Red Line is approximately 28.3 kilometres (17.6 mi), with 24 stations on the route, of which 15 are underground, 8 elevated and 1 at ground level. Two depots serve the line near Caoya and Gangshan South. The Red line (excluding Gangshan South Station) commenced passenger service on 9 March 2008. Gangshan South station was opened for passenger service on 23 December 2012.","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaohsiung City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Fengshan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengshan_District"},{"link_name":"Daliao District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daliao_District"},{"link_name":"Daliao Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daliao_Station"}],"sub_title":"Orange line","text":"From the west, the Orange line starts at Sizihwan (Linhai 2nd Road), crosses the track yard of TRA Kaohsiung Port Station and follows Dayong Road, passing through Love River. The route then follows Jhongjheng Road as it passes by Kaohsiung City Council, Dagangpu Circle, Cultural Center, Martial Arts Stadium, and the Weiwuying Park planning site before entering parts of the city formerly part of Kaohsiung County. The route continues along Zihyou Road, Guangyuan Road and Jhongshan East Road in Fengshan District to Daliao District. The total length of the line is approximately 14.4 kilometres (8.9 mi), with 14 stations on the route. All stations are underground except Daliao Station, which is at ground level. A single depot has been built beside Daliao station to serve the line. The Orange Line commenced passenger service on 14 September 2008.","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Rail"},{"link_name":"Melbourne D2 Tram cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-class_Melbourne_tram"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"}],"sub_title":"Circular light rail","text":"The Circular LRT Line (aka Kaohsiung LRT, Kaohsiung Tram) for Kaohsiung is a light rail line. Construction of Phase I, C1 Kaisyuan to C14 Sizhihwan began in June 2013. Phase I had operations in September 2017.A temporary light rail system for demonstration purposes, with just 2 stations, was built in the Central Park in 2004, using Melbourne D2 Tram cars from Siemens. As it was simply for demonstration purposes, it was closed soon after, and is no longer operational.","title":"Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaohsiung_transit_projects_map_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pingtung County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingtung_County"}],"text":"Map of transit projects in Kaohsiung (Chinese).Kaohsiung Metro is expected to be extended further into parts of Greater Kaohsiung, as well as Pingtung County.","title":"Expansion projects"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Active projects","text":"The Kaohsiung Underground Tunnel Project, extending from Baozhen Road, south of Zuoying Station, to Zhengyi Road, covers a distance of approximately 9.75 kilometres (6.06 mi). Alongside a twin-track tunnel, it will construct five commuter stations—Fine Arts Museum, Gushan, Sankuaicuo, Minzu and National Science and Technology Museum —as well as move underground Kaohsiung Station (R11 Station of Kaohsiung Metro included). The Zuoying Project runs from the new Zuoying Station to Baozhen Road, a length of 4.13 kilometres (2.57 mi), with the Neiwei and Zuoying stations to be moved underground. The Fengshan Project is the Kaohsiung project extension to Fengshan. It starts from the east of Dashun Overpass to Dazhi Overpass at Fengshan zone, covering a total length of about 4.3 kilometres (2.7 mi). The project includes adding one new underground commuter station Zhengyi/Chengqing station and the Fengshan Station underground. The Duration for the project is from 2006 to 2018. In 2016, subsequent works are under way on stations, tunnels and rail tracks.","title":"Expansion projects"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"All projects","title":"Expansion projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_stairs_and_escalators,_Central_Park_Station_2008-03-22.jpg"},{"link_name":"Siemens Modular Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_Modular_Metro"},{"link_name":"Siemens Mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_Mobility"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Taipei Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Metro"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Arena_metro_station"},{"link_name":"IGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor"},{"link_name":"VVVF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive"}],"text":"Central Park Station courtyardThe rolling stock is based on the Siemens Modular Metro design manufactured by Siemens Mobility.[25] Trains run in 3 car sets (though platforms are designed to be able to accommodate up to 6 car sets) and are powered by third rail. Seats are arranged parallel to the windows, unlike their Taipei Metro counterparts. LED displays are installed above every alternate door (other doors show the route map), showing the name of the current station and next station in Chinese and English. Automated announcements are made in Mandarin, Taiwanese (with the exception of Kaohsiung Arena since no Taiwanese translation for the name is available), Hakka, and English, with Japanese announcements at the major stations. The train has AC traction motors with IGBT–VVVF inverters powered by Siemens.","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FormosaBoulevardStation.JPG"},{"link_name":"Formosa Boulevard Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa_Boulevard_Station"},{"link_name":"RFID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID"},{"link_name":"RFID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID"},{"link_name":"contactless smart card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactless_smart_card"},{"link_name":"iPASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Pass_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"EasyCard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EasyCard"}],"text":"Formosa Boulevard Station's \"Dome of Light\"The fares of KMRT is distance-based, with a minimum of NT$20 for trips within 10 km (6.2 mi). The maximum fare on Red Line is NT$60, from Siaogang Station to Ciaotou Station.One way fare is ticketed with an RFID IC token. In addition to the RFID IC token, there are four kinds of contactless smart card are accepted by the system. The iPASS card was the only card that could be deducted before 1 July 2016. After 1 July 2016, EasyCard, iCash2.0, HappyCash are accepted by the system.","title":"Fares and ticketing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ridership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaohsiung Arena Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Arena_Station"},{"link_name":"Formosa Boulevard Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa_Boulevard_Station"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung International Airport Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_International_Airport_Station"}],"text":"Kaohsiung Arena Station, Formosa Boulevard Station, and Kaohsiung International Airport Station feature artworks integrated into the design of the station by international artists.","title":"Art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Platform screen doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_screen_doors"},{"link_name":"ST Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST_Electronics"},{"link_name":"LCD television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_television"}],"text":"Platform screen doors were supplied by ST Electronics have been installed at all underground stations. LCD television units have also been installed on platform doors for the broadcast of train information and advertisements. All stations are wheelchair accessible.","title":"Facilities and services"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The K.R.T. Girls are four anime-styled characters that serve as mascots for the Kaohsiung Metro.","title":"K.R.T. Girls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"BOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build,_Operate_and_Transfer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-companyinfo-1"}],"text":"^ The MRT is under a BOT contract until 2037 where Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation is the concessionaire.[1]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Passengers lining up to board at Zuoying station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Red_line_platform_in_KMRT_Zuoying_Station.JPG/220px-Red_line_platform_in_KMRT_Zuoying_Station.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E6%8D%B7%E9%81%8B%E8%B7%AF%E7%B6%B2%E5%9C%96_%28C1-C14%E7%AB%99%E5%90%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E7%89%88%29.png/220px-%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E6%8D%B7%E9%81%8B%E8%B7%AF%E7%B6%B2%E5%9C%96_%28C1-C14%E7%AB%99%E5%90%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E7%89%88%29.png"},{"image_text":"Central Park station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CentralParkStation%28KMRT-R9%29.jpg/220px-CentralParkStation%28KMRT-R9%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of transit projects in Kaohsiung (Chinese).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kaohsiung_transit_projects_map_2017.jpg/220px-Kaohsiung_transit_projects_map_2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"Central Park Station courtyard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Entrance_stairs_and_escalators%2C_Central_Park_Station_2008-03-22.jpg/220px-Entrance_stairs_and_escalators%2C_Central_Park_Station_2008-03-22.jpg"},{"image_text":"Formosa Boulevard Station's \"Dome of Light\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/FormosaBoulevardStation.JPG/220px-FormosaBoulevardStation.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Rapid_Transit_Corporation"},{"title":"List of metro systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metro_systems"},{"title":"Rail transport in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Taiwan"},{"title":"Taipei Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Metro"}] | [{"reference":"\"History\". krtco.com.tw. Retrieved 5 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.krtco.com.tw/en/about_intro.aspx","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction: Welcome to MBTU\". Mass Rapid Transit Bureau, Kaohsiung City. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130302035441/http://mtbu.kcg.gov.tw/english/intro.php","url_text":"\"Introduction: Welcome to MBTU\""},{"url":"http://mtbu.kcg.gov.tw/english/intro.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KRTC Nov. 2023 Traffic Statistics (PDF) - Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation\".","urls":[{"url":"https://corp.krtc.com.tw/eng/News/statistics_more?id=2f83212298984caaa8d5b8ca2037cf23","url_text":"\"KRTC Nov. 2023 Traffic Statistics (PDF) - Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notice to Travelers - KRTC-Kaohsiung Metro\". www.krtc.com.tw. Retrieved 12 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.krtc.com.tw/eng/Guide/regulations","url_text":"\"Notice to Travelers - KRTC-Kaohsiung Metro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Railways\". Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Retrieved 16 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motc.gov.tw/motchypage/en/hypage.cgi?HYPAGE=Eng_AboutMOTC_2_4.asp","url_text":"\"Railways\""}]},{"reference":"Staff writer (8 December 2007). \"Kaohsiung firm apologizes for delay in opening MRT\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 8 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/12/08/2003391663","url_text":"\"Kaohsiung firm apologizes for delay in opening MRT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Times","url_text":"Taipei Times"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Flora (8 March 2008). \"Kaohsiung MRT art illuminated\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 8 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/03/08/2003404549","url_text":"\"Kaohsiung MRT art illuminated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Times","url_text":"Taipei Times"}]},{"reference":"\"張揆主持高捷紅線首航通車典禮 (in Chinese)\". Government Information Office 新聞局. 9 March 2008. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130123753/http://info.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=36181&ctNode=919","url_text":"\"張揆主持高捷紅線首航通車典禮 (in Chinese)\""},{"url":"http://info.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=36181&ctNode=919","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Liu Chien-kuo; Chen Ting-fei; Kuan Bi-ling; Cheng Pao-chin (18 January 2017). \"Language: A tool for messages or identity\". Taipei Times. Retrieved 29 July 2019. Since Taiwan's Tongyong pinyin is closer to how English is actually pronounced and spoken around the world, — it uses \"si\" instead of \"xi\" — the new MRT line should use Tongyong pinyin. Kaohsiung's MRT has used Tongyong pinyin for many years, yet foreign visitors and residents have no problem navigating the system.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2017/01/18/2003663297","url_text":"\"Language: A tool for messages or identity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Times","url_text":"Taipei Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The Special Features And Prospect For Kaohsiung Rapid Transit System Project\" (PDF). Retrieved 16 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.easts.info/activities/awarding/award_project/KRTCppt.pdf","url_text":"\"The Special Features And Prospect For Kaohsiung Rapid Transit System Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Construction halts on Kaohsiung Orange Line\". The Taipei Times. 14 August 2004. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/08/14/2003198685","url_text":"\"Construction halts on Kaohsiung Orange Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Probe into Kaohsiung MRT project urged\". Taiwan News. 5 October 2004. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125519/http://english.www.gov.tw/TaiwanHeadlines/index.jsp?recordid=86568","url_text":"\"Probe into Kaohsiung MRT project urged\""},{"url":"http://english.www.gov.tw/TaiwanHeadlines/index.jsp?recordid=86568","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The China Post\". The China Post. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/2008/02/11/142482/Kaohsiung-mayor.htm","url_text":"\"The China Post\""}]},{"reference":"廖國雄 (10 March 2008). \"高市／紅線通了 高捷公司允橘線8月通車 (in Chinese)\". ETtoday. Retrieved 10 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ettoday.com/2008/03/10/329-2242867.htm","url_text":"\"高市／紅線通了 高捷公司允橘線8月通車 (in Chinese)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETtoday","url_text":"ETtoday"}]},{"reference":"\"The China Post\". The China Post. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/business/asia/b-taiwan/2009/09/25/226072/Kaohsiung-Metro.htm","url_text":"\"The China Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"KRTC Transport Volume Statistics\" (PDF). Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation (via: http://www.krtco.com.tw/en/about_StatisticalData.aspx). 6 January 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.krtco.com.tw/manage/G05Download/upFiles/20141716642.pdf","url_text":"\"KRTC Transport Volume Statistics\""},{"url":"http://www.krtco.com.tw/en/about_StatisticalData.aspx","url_text":"http://www.krtco.com.tw/en/about_StatisticalData.aspx"}]},{"reference":"\"高雄捷運公司運量統計表\" (PDF). Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.krtco.com.tw/manage/G05Download/upFiles/20131816628.pdf","url_text":"\"高雄捷運公司運量統計表\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kaohsiung MRT predicts 11% rise in passenger traffic\". Taipei Times. 4 January 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/01/04/2003492653","url_text":"\"Kaohsiung MRT predicts 11% rise in passenger traffic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government approves Kaohsiung MRT extension | Taiwan News | 2016-11-29 10:00:00\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3039720","url_text":"\"Government approves Kaohsiung MRT extension | Taiwan News | 2016-11-29 10:00:00\""}]},{"reference":"\"News\". mtbu.kcg.gov.tw. Retrieved 22 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mtbu.kcg.gov.tw/En/Activities/E003000?CategoryID=5f218043-cf94-4bb6-8d74-5061b609895f&id=ae00cd08-69a6-4bb4-8d5a-f2825a5ef437&PageType=1&Keyword=&PageNumber=2","url_text":"\"News\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Kaohsiung MRT line approved; construction to start later this year - Focus Taiwan\". Focus Taiwan - CNA English News. 20 March 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202203200006","url_text":"\"New Kaohsiung MRT line approved; construction to start later this year - Focus Taiwan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Siemens Mobility References\". Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_Academy | Amherst College | ["1 History","1.1 Founding and 19th century","1.2 Establishment","1.3 Development and academic reform","1.4 Presidents","2 Rankings","3 Admissions","4 Academics","4.1 Academic freedom debate","4.2 Five College Consortium","5 Campus","5.1 Sustainability","6 Student life","6.1 Sexual assault","6.2 Mascot","7 Athletics","7.1 Varsity sports","8 Alumni","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°22′15″N 72°31′01″W / 42.37083°N 72.51694°W / 42.37083; -72.51694Liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.
Not to be confused with the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
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Amherst CollegeLatin: Collegii AmherstiensisMottoTerras Irradient (Latin)Motto in EnglishLet them enlighten the landsTypePrivate liberal arts collegeEstablished1821; 203 years ago (1821)AccreditationNECHEAcademic affiliationsAICUMAnnapolis GroupCOFHEFive CollegesNAICUEndowment$3.775 billion (2021)PresidentMichael A. ElliottAcademic staff307 (Fall 2021)Undergraduates1,971 (Fall 2021)LocationAmherst, Massachusetts, United StatesCampusRural1,000 acres (4.0 km2)Colors Purple & whiteSporting affiliationsNCAA Division III – NESCACNEISAMascotMammothsWebsitewww.amherst.edu
Amherst College (/ˈæmərst/ ⓘ AM-ərst) is a private liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts. Founded in 1821 as an attempt to relocate Williams College by its then-president Zephaniah Swift Moore, Amherst is the third oldest institution of higher education in Massachusetts. The institution was named after the town, which in turn had been named after Jeffery, Lord Amherst, Commander-in-Chief of British forces of North America during the French and Indian War. Originally established as a men's college, Amherst became coeducational in 1975.
Amherst is an exclusively undergraduate four-year institution; 1,971 students were enrolled in fall 2021. Admissions is highly selective. Students choose courses from 42 major programs in an open curriculum and are not required to study a core curriculum or fulfill any distribution requirements; students may also design their own interdisciplinary major.
Amherst competes in the New England Small College Athletic Conference. Amherst has historically had close relationships and rivalries with Williams College and Wesleyan University, which form the Little Three colleges. The college is also a member of the Five College Consortium, which allows its students to attend classes at four other Pioneer Valley institutions: Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, Hampshire College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
History
Founding and 19th century
The Amherst graduating class of 1850, including William Austin Dickinson (second row, far left), brother of poet Emily Dickinson
Fayerweather Hall
Frost Library
College Row, consisting of Williston, South, North, and Appleton halls, with Johnson Chapel at center
In 1812, funds were raised in Amherst for a secondary school, Amherst Academy; it opened December 1814. The academy incorporated in 1816, and eventually counted among its students Emily Dickinson, Sylvester Graham, and Mary Lyon (founder of Mount Holyoke College). The institution was named after the town, which in turn had been named after Jeffery, Lord Amherst, a veteran from the Seven Years' War and later commanding general of the British forces in North America. On November 18, 1817, a project was adopted at the Academy to raise funds for the free instruction of "indigent young men of promising talents and hopeful piety, who shall manifest a desire to obtain a liberal education with a sole view to the Christian ministry". This required a substantial investment from benefactors.
During the fundraising for the project, it became clear that without larger designs, it would be impossible to raise sufficient funds. This led the committee overseeing the project to conclude that a new institution should be created. On August 18, 1818, the Amherst Academy board of trustees accepted this conclusion and began building a new college.
Founded in 1821, Amherst College developed from Amherst Academy, first established as a secondary school. The college was originally suggested as an alternative to Williams College, which was struggling to stay open. Although Williams survived, Amherst was formed and developed as a distinct institution.
Establishment
Moore, then President of Williams College, however, still believed that Williamstown was an unsuitable location for a college. When Amherst College was established, he was elected its first president on May 8, 1821. At its opening, Amherst had forty-seven students. Fifteen of these had followed Moore from Williams College. Those fifteen represented about one-third of the total students at Amherst, and about one-fifth of the whole number in the three classes to which they belonged in Williams College. President Moore died on June 29, 1823, and was replaced with a Williams College trustee, Heman Humphrey.
Williams alumni are fond of an apocryphal story ascribing the removal of books from the Williams College library to Amherst College. In 1995, Williams president Harry C. Payne declared the story false, but many still nurture the legend.
Amherst grew quickly, and for two years in the mid-1830s, it was the second largest college in the United States, behind Yale. In 1835, Amherst attempted to create a course of study parallel to the classical liberal arts education. This parallel course focused less on Greek and Latin, instead emphasizing contemporary English, French, and Spanish languages, chemistry, economics, etc. The parallel course did not take hold and replace the classical, however, until the next century.
Amherst was founded as a non-sectarian institution "for the classical education of indigent young men of piety and talents for the Christian ministry" (Tyler, A History of Amherst College). One of the hallmarks of the new college was its Charity Fund, an early form of financial aid that paid the tuition of poorer students. Although officially non-denominational, Amherst was considered a religiously conservative institution with a strong connection to Calvinism; the Puritans still controlled much of Massachusetts life.
As a result, there was considerable debate in the Massachusetts government over whether the new college should receive an official charter from the state. A charter was not granted until February 21, 1825, as reflected on the Amherst seal. Religious conservatism persisted at Amherst until the mid-nineteenth century: students who consumed alcohol or played cards were subject to expulsion. A number of religious revivals were held at Amherst. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, however, the college began a transition toward secularism. This movement was considered to culminate in the 1949 demolition of the college church.
Development and academic reform
Academic hoods in the United States are traditionally lined with the official colors of the school, in theory so watchers can tell where the hood wearer earned his or her degree. Amherst's hoods are purple (Williams' official color) with a white stripe or chevron, said to signify that Amherst was born of Williams. Amherst records one of the first uses of Latin honors of any American college, dating back to 1881. The college was an all-male school until the late 1960s, when a few female students from nearby schools in the Four-College Consortium (Amherst, Mount Holyoke, Smith, UMass) attended on an experimental basis. In October 1974, the faculty voted in favor of coeducation and in November 1974, the board of trustees voted to admit female students starting in the 1975–1976 school year. This was done while John William Ward served as president. In 1975, nine women who were already attending classes as part of an inter-college exchange program were admitted as transfer students. In June 1976, they became the first female graduates of the college.
The college established the Black Studies Department in 1969. In 1973, it launched the nation's first undergraduate neuroscience program. In 1983, it established a Department of Asian Languages and Literatures, which was later to become the Department of Asian Languages and Civilizations.
In 1984, on-campus fraternities were abolished. The former fraternity buildings, which were owned by the college, were converted into residence halls. The Department of Women's and Gender Studies, which later became the Department of Sexuality, Women's, and Gender Studies, was established in 1987, and the Department of Law, Jurisprudence, and Social Thought in 1993.
In March 2013, the faculty adopted an open-access policy. Eight years later, the college ended its practice of legacy admissions and increased financial aid to increase access to low and middle-income students and diversify the college.
Presidents
Zephaniah Swift Moore, 1821–1823
Heman Humphrey, 1823–1845
Edward Hitchcock, 1845–1854
William Augustus Stearns, 1854–1876
Julius Hawley Seelye, 1876–1890
Merrill Edwards Gates, 1890–1899
George Harris, 1899–1912
Alexander Meiklejohn, 1912–1924
George Daniel Olds, 1924–1927
Arthur Stanley Pease, 1927–1932
Stanley King, 1932–1946
Charles Woolsey Cole, 1946–1960
Calvin Hastings Plimpton, 1960–1971
John William Ward, 1971–1979
Julian Gibbs, 1979–1983
G. Armour Craig, 1983–1984 (acting)
Peter Pouncey, 1984–1994
Tom Gerety, 1994–2003
Anthony Marx, 2003–2011
Carolyn "Biddy" Martin, 2011–2022
Michael A. Elliott, 2022–
Rankings
Johnson Chapel
Academic rankingsLiberal artsU.S. News & World Report2Washington Monthly6NationalForbes11WSJ/College Pulse8GlobalARWU801–900
Since the inception of the U.S. News & World Report rankings in 1987, Amherst College has been ranked ten times as the first overall among 266 liberal arts colleges in the United States, and in 2022 ranked second, behind Williams. In 2023, Amherst College was ranked as the best liberal arts college and 8th best college or university overall in the United States by The WSJ/College Pulse 2024 Best College Rankings. In 2022, Amherst was ranked as the best liberal arts college in the country by The Wall Street Journal. Forbes ranked Amherst College as the 11th best college or university in the United States in 2023 and the 16th best college or university in the United States in 2021.
Kiplinger's Personal Finance places Amherst 11th in its 2016 ranking of best value liberal arts colleges in the United States.
Amherst ranked 6th in the 2021 Washington Monthly liberal arts college rankings, which focus on contribution to the public good in three broad categories: social mobility, research, and promoting public service.
Admissions
Admissions statistics2022 enteringclassChange vs.2017Admit rate7.2% ( −5.7)Yield rate43% ( +4)Test scores middle 50%SAT EBRW700–760SAT Math720–790ACT Composite32–35High school GPATop 10%90% ( +7)Top 25%96% ( +2)Top 50%100% ( no change)
^ 2022 data among students who chose to submit
^ Among students whose school ranked
Amherst has been dubbed one of the "most selective" liberal arts colleges in the United States; the Carnegie Foundation classifies Amherst as one of the "more selective" institutions whose first-year students' test scores places these institutions in roughly the top fifth of baccalaureate institutions. For the class first enrolled in fall 2021, Amherst received 13,999 applications and accepted 1,224 (an 8.7% acceptance rate). 514 students ultimately enrolled; 91% were in the top 10% of their high school classes, and the middle 50% scored between 1440 and 1540 on the SAT and between 32 and 35 on the ACT. 38 states and 23 countries were reflected among the first-year class, 55% received financial aid and 11% were first-generation college students. In addition, 16 transfer students enrolled.
Despite its high cost of attendance – comprehensive tuition, room, and board fee for the 2022–23 academic year was $80,250 – Amherst College meets the full demonstrated need of every admitted student. Sixty percent of current students receive scholarship aid, and the average financial aid package award amounts to $62,071; college expenditures are approximately $109,000 per student each year.
In July 2007, Amherst announced that grants would replace loans in all financial aid packages beginning in the 2008–09 academic year. Amherst had already been the first school to eliminate loans for low-income students, and with this announcement it joined Princeton University, Cornell University and Davidson College, then the only colleges to eliminate loans from need-based financial aid packages. Increased rates of admission of highly qualified lower income students has resulted in greater equality of opportunity at Amherst than is usual at elite American colleges.
In the 2008–2009 academic year, Amherst College also extended its need-blind admission policy to international applicants. In 2021, it also eliminated preferences for students whose parents are alumni ("legacies").
Academics
Amherst College offers 41 fields of study (with 850+ courses) in the sciences, arts, humanities, mathematics and computer sciences, social sciences, foreign languages, classics, and several interdisciplinary fields (including premedical studies) and provides an unusually open curriculum. Students are not required to study a core curriculum or fulfill any distribution requirements and may even design their own unique interdisciplinary major. Freshmen may take advanced courses, and seniors may take introductory ones. Amherst College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.
Forty-five percent of Amherst students in the class of 2019 were double majors. Amherst College has been the first college to have undergraduate departments in the interdisciplinary fields of American Studies; Law, Jurisprudence and Social Thought; and Neuroscience and has helped to pioneer other interdisciplinary programs, including Asian Languages and Civilizations. Its most popular majors, by 2021 graduates, were:
Mathematics (40)
Econometrics and Quantitative Economics (34)
Research and Experimental Psychology (31)
Political Science and Government (25)
History (22)
Biology/Biological Sciences (21)
Neuroscience (19)
American/U.S. Law/Legal Studies/Jurisprudence (19)
The Amherst library is named for long-time faculty member, poet Robert Frost. The student-faculty ratio is 7:1 and 84% of classes have fewer than 30 students.
Notable faculty members include, among others, modern literature and poetry critic William H. Pritchard, Beowulf translator Howell Chickering, Jewish and Latino studies scholar Ilan Stavans, novelist and legal scholar Lawrence Douglas, physicist Arthur Zajonc, Pulitzer Prize-winning Nikita Khrushchev biographer William Taubman, African art specialist Rowland Abiodun, Natural Law expert Hadley Arkes, Mathematician Daniel Velleman, Biblical scholar Susan Niditch, law and society expert Austin Sarat, Asian American studies scholar and former Director of the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center Franklin Odo, and Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Lewis Spratlan, professor emeritus of the music faculty.
Academic freedom debate
The writings of Amherst College political science Professor Hadley Arkes about homosexuality led to a dispute in 2013 over whether a college seeking to create a diverse, respectful academic community should speak out when a faculty member disparages community members or should instead remain silent as a way to protect academic freedom. The issue arose when a group of alumni petitioned the college trustees and President Biddy Martin to "dissociate the institution" from Arkes's "divisive and destructive" views, focusing particularly on his May 2013 comparison of homosexuality to bestiality, pedophilia and necrophilia. The alumni said, "Amherst College cannot credibly maintain its professed commitment to be an inclusive community as long as it chooses to remain silent while a sitting professor disparages members of its community in media of worldwide circulation and accessibility."
Martin disagreed, citing past debates over the college's position on the Vietnam War and apartheid in South Africa—issues on which the college initially remained silent but eventually took a public position. In such times, she said, colleges should "avoid taking institutional positions on controversial political matters, except in extraordinary circumstances" and should simultaneously both "protect their communities from discrimination and disrespect" and "cherish a diversity of viewpoints".
The Kirby Memorial Theater
Five College Consortium
Amherst is a member of the Five Colleges consortium, which allows its students to attend classes at four other Pioneer Valley institutions. These include Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, Hampshire College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In addition to the 850 courses available on campus, Amherst students have an additional 5,300 classes to consider through the Consortium (without paying additional tuition) and access to 8 million library volumes. The Five Colleges are geographically close to one another and are linked by buses that run between the campuses.
The Five Colleges share resources and develop common academic programs. Museums10 is a consortium of local art, history and science museums. The Five College Dance Department is one of the largest in the nation. The joint Astronomy department shares use of the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory, which contributed to work that won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics.
The Five College Coastal and Marine Sciences Program offers an interdisciplinary curriculum to undergraduates in the Five Colleges.
Campus
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2018)
Main Quad
Amherst College is located in the town of Amherst in Western Massachusetts.
Amherst College has a total of 34 residence halls, seven of which are strictly for first year students. Following their first year, sophomores, juniors, and seniors have the choice to live off campus and are offered options of Themed Houses including Arts House, Russian House, and French House, however this option is only available for two years of residence.
First-year students are required to live on campus.
The college also owns the Dickinson Homestead, operated as a museum about the life and history of poet Emily Dickinson, and the Inn on Boltwood near to the main campus.
Sustainability
Amherst College is reducing its energy consumption through a computerized monitoring system for lighting and the use of an efficient cogeneration facility. The cogeneration facility features a gas turbine that generates electricity in addition to steam for heating the campus. Amherst also operates a composting program, in which a portion of the food waste from dining halls is sent to a farmer in Vermont.
Student life
Amherst's resources, faculty, and academic life allow the college to enroll students with a range of talents, interests, and commitments. Students represent 48 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and sixty-six countries. The median family income of Amherst students is $158,200, with 51% of students coming from the top 10% highest-earning families and 24% from the bottom 60%. Ninety-eight percent of students live on campus. Ninety-eight percent of Amherst freshmen enrolled in Fall 2020 returned for their sophomore year; ninety-two percent of the most recent cohort graduated within six years. There are more than 200 student groups at Amherst. More than a third of the student body are members of a varsity athletics team.
Students pursue their interests through student-led organizations funded by a student fee and distributed by the student government, including a variety of cultural and religious groups, publications, fine and performing arts and political advocacy and service groups. Groups include a medieval sword-fighting club, a knitting club, and a club devoted to random acts of kindness, among others. Community service groups and opportunities (locally—through the Center for Community Engagement, nationally, and internationally) have been a priority at Amherst and for former President Anthony Marx, who helped start a secondary school for black students in apartheid South Africa.
One of the longstanding traditions at the college involves the Sabrina statue. Even year and odd year classes battle for possession of the historic statue, often engaging in elaborate pranks in the process.
Sexual assault
In 2012, President Biddy Martin began a community-wide review of the sexual misconduct and disciplinary policies at the college. This review was sparked by several factors, including a fraternity's T-shirt design that critics alleged was misogynist and an essay by Angie Epifano published in The Amherst Student, wherein she accused the college of inappropriate handling of a case of sexual assault. In January 2013, a college committee published a report noting Amherst's rate of sexual assault as similar to other colleges and universities, and making recommendations to address the problem.
After a complaint was filed by Epifano and an anonymous former student in November 2013, the US Department of Education opened an investigation into the college's handling of sexual violence and potential violations of Title IX. In May 2014, the Department of Education announced a list of 55 colleges and universities (including Amherst) currently under investigation.
A report from Amherst College stated that 2009 to 2011, Amherst reported 35 instances of "forcible sex offenses", a term that encompasses rape, attempted rape, and lesser forms of sexual contact.
Mascot
In the second decade of the 21st century, the original unofficial mascot of Amherst College, Lord Jeffery Amherst, became a cause of concern in the Amherst community. Many sought to separate the school from the problematic legacy of Lord Jeffery Amherst, in particular his advocacy of the use of biological warfare against Native Americans.
In May 2014, after a wild moose found its way onto the Amherst College campus and into the backyard of the house of the college president, students organized a Facebook campaign to change the mascot of the school to a moose. The page grew rapidly in popularity, receiving over 900 "likes" in under two weeks, and inspiring both a Twitter and Tumblr account for the newly proposed mascot. At the Commencement ceremony for the class of 2014, the moose mascot was mentioned by Biddy Martin in her address, and the Dining Hall served Moose Tracks ice cream in front of an ice sculpture of a moose.
In February 2015, discussion of a mascot change continued when the editorial board of the Amherst Student, the college's official student-run newspaper, came out in favor of "the moose-scot". In November 2015 the student body and the faculty overwhelmingly voted to vacate the mascot. That same month, several hundred students who staged a sit-in protest against racism at the college library included among their demands a call for the college to cease use of the Lord Jeff mascot. The decision to drop the mascot was made official by the college's trustees on January 26, 2016.
In April 2017, Amherst announced that their official mascot would be the mammoth. Mammoths beat the other finalists "Valley Hawks", "Purple and White", "Wolves", and "Fighting Poets" in a ranked-choice election process. The mammoth is linked to Amherst due to the long-standing presence of a woolly mammoth skeleton on campus dating back to the 1920s excavation of the skeleton by Amherst professor Frederic Brewster Loomis.
Athletics
See also: Amherst Mammoths football
Amherst College "Lord Jeffs" vs Cornell ice hockey game on Beebe Lake, Ithaca (January 14, 1922)
Amherst participates in the NCAA's Division III, the Eastern College Athletic Conference, and the New England Small College Athletic Conference, which includes Bates, Bowdoin, Colby, Connecticut College, Hamilton, Middlebury, Trinity, Tufts, Wesleyan, and Williams College. Amherst is also one of the "Little Three", along with Williams and Wesleyan. A Little Three champion is informally recognized by most teams based on the head-to-head records of the three schools, but three-way competitions are held in some of the sports.
Amherst claims its athletics program as the oldest in the nation, pointing to its compulsory physical fitness regimen put in place in 1860 (the mandate that all students participate in sports or pursue physical education has been discontinued). Amherst and Williams played the first college baseball game July 2, 1859.
Amherst's growing athletics program has been the subject of controversy in recent years due to dramatic contrasts between the racial and socioeconomic makeup of its student athletes and the rest of its student body, the clustering of athletes in particular academic departments, and a perceived "divide" on campus between varsity athletes and other students. Athletic skill plays a factor in the admissions decisions of between 28% and 35% of each incoming class.
Amherst fields several club athletic teams, including ultimate, soccer, crew, rugby union, water polo, equestrian, mountain biking, fencing, sailing and skiing. Intramural sports include soccer, tennis, golf, basketball, volleyball and softball.
The sport of Ultimate was started and named at Amherst College in the mid-1960s by Jared Kass.
Varsity sports
Men's sports
Women's sports
Baseball
Basketball
Basketball
Cross Country
Cross Country
Field Hockey
Football
Golf
Golf
Ice Hockey
Ice Hockey
Lacrosse
Lacrosse
Soccer
Soccer
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Squash
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Swimming & Diving
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Tennis
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Track & Field
Volleyball
† – Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor
Alumni
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Main article: List of Amherst College people
Although a relatively small college, Amherst has many accomplished alumni, including Nobel, Crafoord Prize and Lasker Award laureates, MacArthur Fellowship and Pulitzer Prize winners, National Medal of Science and National Book Award recipients, and Academy, Tony, Grammy and Emmy Award winners; a U.S. President, the current Sovereign Prince of Monaco, two Prime Ministers and one Foreign Minister of Greece, a President of Kenya, a President of El Salvador, a Chief Justice of the United States, three Speakers of the U.S. House of Representatives, a U.S. Poet Laureate, the legal architect of Brown v. Board of Education and the inventor of the blood bank; leaders in science, religion, politics, the Peace Corps, medicine, law, education, communications, and business; and acclaimed actors, architects, artists, astronauts, engineers, human rights activists, inventors, musicians, philanthropists, and writers.
Among its alumni, faculty and affiliates are six Nobel Prize laureates and twenty Rhodes Scholars. President Calvin Coolidge, Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone, and other notable writers, academics, politicians, entertainers, businesspeople, and activists have been graduates as well.
There are approximately 23,000 living alumni, of whom about 45% make a gift to Amherst each year—one of the highest alumni participation rates of any college in the country.
Notable Amherst College alumni include:
30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge
U.S. Senator from Delaware Chris Coons
Librarian and inventor of the Dewey Decimal System Melvil Dewey
Addiction specialist and television personality Dr. Drew
Nobel Prize-winning geneticist Jeffrey C. Hall
Nobel Prize-winning particle physicist Henry Way Kendall
President of Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta
42nd U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing
Film and television actor Burgess Meredith
Pulitzer Prize-winning poet James Merrill
Nobel Prize-winning economist Edmund Phelps
40th Speaker of the House Henry Thomas Rainey
Academy Award-nominated director David O. Russell
Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz
12th Chief Justice of the United States Harlan F. Stone
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Bibliography
Applegate, Debby , The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher (Doubleday, 2006).
Opal, J. M. "The Making of the Victorian Campus: Teacher and Student at Amherst College, 1850-1880." History of Education Quarterly 42.3 (2002): 342-367.
Pick, Nancy, and Frank Ward, Curious Footprints: Professor Hitchcock's Dinosaur Tracks & Other Natural History Treasures at Amherst College (Amherst College Press, 2006).
W. S. Tyler, History of Amherst College during its first half century, 1821–1871 (C. W. Bryan, 1873).
Exercises at the Semi-Centennial of Amherst College (1871).
William S. Tyler, A History of Amherst College (1894).
Passages of Time, Narratives in the History of Amherst College, edited and with several selections by Douglas C. Wilson, son of William E. Wilson (Amherst College Press, 2007).
Pick, Nancy, Eye Mind Heart: A View of Amherst College at 200 (Amherst College, 2020).
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"},{"link_name":"/ˈæmərst/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/En-us-Amherst.ogg/En-us-Amherst.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Amherst.ogg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dictionary-Amherst-Pronounce-6"},{"link_name":"AM-ərst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_college"},{"link_name":"liberal arts college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_colleges_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Amherst, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"Zephaniah Swift Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephaniah_Swift_Moore"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jeffery, Lord Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"men's college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_colleges"},{"link_name":"coeducational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-sex_education"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS_2016-9"},{"link_name":"open curriculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum#Open_curriculum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"New England Small College Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Small_College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"Little Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Three"},{"link_name":"Five College Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_College_Consortium"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Valley"},{"link_name":"Mount Holyoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College"},{"link_name":"Smith College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College"},{"link_name":"Hampshire College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_College"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"}],"text":"Liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.Not to be confused with the University of Massachusetts Amherst.Amherst College (/ˈæmərst/ ⓘ[6] AM-ərst) is a private liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts. Founded in 1821 as an attempt to relocate Williams College by its then-president Zephaniah Swift Moore, Amherst is the third oldest institution of higher education in Massachusetts.[7] The institution was named after the town, which in turn had been named after Jeffery, Lord Amherst, Commander-in-Chief of British forces of North America during the French and Indian War. Originally established as a men's college, Amherst became coeducational in 1975.[8]Amherst is an exclusively undergraduate four-year institution; 1,971 students were enrolled in fall 2021.[9] Admissions is highly selective. Students choose courses from 42 major programs in an open curriculum[10] and are not required to study a core curriculum or fulfill any distribution requirements; students may also design their own interdisciplinary major.[10]Amherst competes in the New England Small College Athletic Conference. Amherst has historically had close relationships and rivalries with Williams College and Wesleyan University, which form the Little Three colleges. The college is also a member of the Five College Consortium, which allows its students to attend classes at four other Pioneer Valley institutions: Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, Hampshire College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.","title":"Amherst College"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amherst_College_Class_of_1850_daguerreotypes.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Austin Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Austin_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Emily Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Dickinson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fayerweather_Hall,_Amherst_College.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_Library,_Amherst_College.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amherst_College_College_Row.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adams1853-12"},{"link_name":"Emily Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Graham"},{"link_name":"Mary Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Mount Holyoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jeffery, Lord Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"}],"sub_title":"Founding and 19th century","text":"The Amherst graduating class of 1850, including William Austin Dickinson (second row, far left), brother of poet Emily DickinsonFayerweather HallFrost LibraryCollege Row, consisting of Williston, South, North, and Appleton halls, with Johnson Chapel at centerIn 1812, funds were raised in Amherst for a secondary school, Amherst Academy; it opened December 1814.[11] The academy incorporated in 1816,[12] and eventually counted among its students Emily Dickinson, Sylvester Graham, and Mary Lyon (founder of Mount Holyoke College).[13] The institution was named after the town, which in turn had been named after Jeffery, Lord Amherst, a veteran from the Seven Years' War and later commanding general of the British forces in North America. On November 18, 1817, a project was adopted at the Academy to raise funds for the free instruction of \"indigent young men of promising talents and hopeful piety, who shall manifest a desire to obtain a liberal education with a sole view to the Christian ministry\".[14] This required a substantial investment from benefactors.[15]During the fundraising for the project, it became clear that without larger designs, it would be impossible to raise sufficient funds. This led the committee overseeing the project to conclude that a new institution should be created. On August 18, 1818, the Amherst Academy board of trustees accepted this conclusion and began building a new college.[15]Founded in 1821, Amherst College developed from Amherst Academy, first established as a secondary school. The college was originally suggested as an alternative to Williams College, which was struggling to stay open. Although Williams survived, Amherst was formed and developed as a distinct institution.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Williams_College_presidents"},{"link_name":"Williamstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Heman Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heman_Humphrey"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Harry C. Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_C._Payne"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_College"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEcollege-17"},{"link_name":"Calvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Puritans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEcollege-17"},{"link_name":"religious revivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_revival#United_States_1800%E2%80%931850"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEcollege-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Establishment","text":"Moore, then President of Williams College, however, still believed that Williamstown was an unsuitable location for a college. When Amherst College was established, he was elected its first president on May 8, 1821. At its opening, Amherst had forty-seven students. Fifteen of these had followed Moore from Williams College. Those fifteen represented about one-third of the total students at Amherst, and about one-fifth of the whole number in the three classes to which they belonged in Williams College. President Moore died on June 29, 1823, and was replaced with a Williams College trustee, Heman Humphrey.Williams alumni are fond of an apocryphal story ascribing the removal of books from the Williams College library to Amherst College.[16] In 1995, Williams president Harry C. Payne declared the story false, but many still nurture the legend.[14]Amherst grew quickly, and for two years in the mid-1830s, it was the second largest college in the United States, behind Yale. In 1835, Amherst attempted to create a course of study parallel to the classical liberal arts education. This parallel course focused less on Greek and Latin, instead emphasizing contemporary English, French, and Spanish languages, chemistry, economics, etc. The parallel course did not take hold and replace the classical, however, until the next century.[14]Amherst was founded as a non-sectarian institution \"for the classical education of indigent young men of piety and talents for the Christian ministry\" (Tyler, A History of Amherst College). One of the hallmarks of the new college was its Charity Fund, an early form of financial aid that paid the tuition of poorer students.[17] Although officially non-denominational, Amherst was considered a religiously conservative institution with a strong connection to Calvinism; the Puritans still controlled much of Massachusetts life.As a result, there was considerable debate in the Massachusetts government over whether the new college should receive an official charter from the state. A charter was not granted until February 21, 1825,[17] as reflected on the Amherst seal. Religious conservatism persisted at Amherst until the mid-nineteenth century: students who consumed alcohol or played cards were subject to expulsion. A number of religious revivals were held at Amherst.[17] Toward the end of the nineteenth century, however, the college began a transition toward secularism. This movement was considered to culminate in the 1949 demolition of the college church.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"John William Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Ward_(professor)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amherst.edu-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amherst.edu-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amherst.edu-22"},{"link_name":"open-access policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-access_policy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-open_access-23"},{"link_name":"legacy admissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_preferences"},{"link_name":"financial aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_financial_aid_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Development and academic reform","text":"Academic hoods in the United States are traditionally lined with the official colors of the school, in theory so watchers can tell where the hood wearer earned his or her degree. Amherst's hoods are purple (Williams' official color) with a white stripe or chevron, said to signify that Amherst was born of Williams. Amherst records one of the first uses of Latin honors of any American college, dating back to 1881.[19] The college was an all-male school until the late 1960s, when a few female students from nearby schools in the Four-College Consortium (Amherst, Mount Holyoke, Smith, UMass) attended on an experimental basis. In October 1974, the faculty voted in favor of coeducation and in November 1974, the board of trustees voted to admit female students starting in the 1975–1976 school year. This was done while John William Ward served as president.[20] In 1975, nine women who were already attending classes as part of an inter-college exchange program were admitted as transfer students. In June 1976, they became the first female graduates of the college.[21]The college established the Black Studies Department in 1969. In 1973, it launched the nation's first undergraduate neuroscience program. In 1983, it established a Department of Asian Languages and Literatures, which was later to become the Department of Asian Languages and Civilizations.[22]In 1984, on-campus fraternities were abolished. The former fraternity buildings, which were owned by the college, were converted into residence halls.[22] The Department of Women's and Gender Studies, which later became the Department of Sexuality, Women's, and Gender Studies, was established in 1987, and the Department of Law, Jurisprudence, and Social Thought in 1993.[22]In March 2013, the faculty adopted an open-access policy.[23] Eight years later, the college ended its practice of legacy admissions and increased financial aid to increase access to low and middle-income students and diversify the college.[24][25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zephaniah Swift Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephaniah_Swift_Moore"},{"link_name":"Heman Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heman_Humphrey"},{"link_name":"Edward Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"William Augustus Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Augustus_Stearns"},{"link_name":"Julius Hawley Seelye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Hawley_Seelye"},{"link_name":"Merrill Edwards Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Edwards_Gates"},{"link_name":"George Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harris_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Meiklejohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Meiklejohn"},{"link_name":"George Daniel Olds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Olds"},{"link_name":"Arthur Stanley Pease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Stanley_Pease"},{"link_name":"Stanley King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_King"},{"link_name":"Charles Woolsey Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Cole"},{"link_name":"Calvin Hastings Plimpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Plimpton"},{"link_name":"John William Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Ward_(professor)"},{"link_name":"Julian Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"G. Armour Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Armour_Craig"},{"link_name":"Peter Pouncey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pouncey"},{"link_name":"Tom Gerety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gerety"},{"link_name":"Anthony Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Marx"},{"link_name":"Carolyn \"Biddy\" Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Martin"},{"link_name":"Michael A. Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_A._Elliott"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"Zephaniah Swift Moore, 1821–1823\nHeman Humphrey, 1823–1845\nEdward Hitchcock, 1845–1854\nWilliam Augustus Stearns, 1854–1876\nJulius Hawley Seelye, 1876–1890\nMerrill Edwards Gates, 1890–1899\nGeorge Harris, 1899–1912\nAlexander Meiklejohn, 1912–1924\nGeorge Daniel Olds, 1924–1927\nArthur Stanley Pease, 1927–1932\nStanley King, 1932–1946\nCharles Woolsey Cole, 1946–1960\nCalvin Hastings Plimpton, 1960–1971\nJohn William Ward, 1971–1979\nJulian Gibbs, 1979–1983\nG. Armour Craig, 1983–1984 (acting)\nPeter Pouncey, 1984–1994\nTom Gerety, 1994–2003\nAnthony Marx, 2003–2011\nCarolyn \"Biddy\" Martin, 2011–2022\nMichael A. Elliott, 2022–[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amherst_College_Johnson_Chapel_winter.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNews-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WallStJ-35"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-37"},{"link_name":"Kiplinger's Personal Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiplinger%27s_Personal_Finance"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Washington Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Johnson ChapelSince the inception of the U.S. News & World Report rankings in 1987, Amherst College has been ranked ten times as the first overall among 266 liberal arts colleges in the United States,[32] and in 2022 ranked second, behind Williams.[33] In 2023, Amherst College was ranked as the best liberal arts college and 8th best college or university overall in the United States by The WSJ/College Pulse 2024 Best College Rankings.[34] In 2022, Amherst was ranked as the best liberal arts college in the country by The Wall Street Journal.[35] Forbes ranked Amherst College as the 11th best college or university in the United States in 2023 [36] and the 16th best college or university in the United States in 2021.[37]Kiplinger's Personal Finance places Amherst 11th in its 2016 ranking of best value liberal arts colleges in the United States.[38]Amherst ranked 6th in the 2021 Washington Monthly liberal arts college rankings, which focus on contribution to the public good in three broad categories: social mobility, research, and promoting public service.[39]","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Teaching"},{"link_name":"baccalaureate institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalaureate_college"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carnegie_Foundation-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Davidson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_College"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"preferences for students whose parents are alumni (\"legacies\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_admission"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-24"}],"text":"Amherst has been dubbed one of the \"most selective\" liberal arts colleges in the United States;[42] the Carnegie Foundation classifies Amherst as one of the \"more selective\" institutions whose first-year students' test scores places these institutions in roughly the top fifth of baccalaureate institutions.[43] For the class first enrolled in fall 2021, Amherst received 13,999 applications and accepted 1,224 (an 8.7% acceptance rate). 514 students ultimately enrolled; 91% were in the top 10% of their high school classes, and the middle 50% scored between 1440 and 1540 on the SAT and between 32 and 35 on the ACT. 38 states and 23 countries were reflected among the first-year class, 55% received financial aid and 11% were first-generation college students. In addition, 16 transfer students enrolled.[44]Despite its high cost of attendance – comprehensive tuition, room, and board fee for the 2022–23 academic year was $80,250[45] – Amherst College meets the full demonstrated need of every admitted student.[46] Sixty percent of current students receive scholarship aid, and the average financial aid package award amounts to $62,071; college expenditures are approximately $109,000 per student each year.[47][48]In July 2007, Amherst announced that grants would replace loans in all financial aid packages beginning in the 2008–09 academic year. Amherst had already been the first school to eliminate loans for low-income students, and with this announcement it joined Princeton University, Cornell University and Davidson College, then the only colleges to eliminate loans from need-based financial aid packages. Increased rates of admission of highly qualified lower income students has resulted in greater equality of opportunity at Amherst than is usual at elite American colleges.[49]In the 2008–2009 academic year, Amherst College also extended its need-blind admission policy to international applicants.[50] In 2021, it also eliminated preferences for students whose parents are alumni (\"legacies\").[24]","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"open curriculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum#Open_curriculum"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-53"},{"link_name":"accredited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"New England Commission of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"American Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies"},{"link_name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Robert Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frost"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"student-faculty ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%E2%80%93teacher_ratio"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-63"},{"link_name":"William H. Pritchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Pritchard"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf"},{"link_name":"Ilan Stavans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Stavans"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Arthur Zajonc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Zajonc"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"William Taubman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Taubman"},{"link_name":"Rowland Abiodun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Abiodun"},{"link_name":"Hadley Arkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_Arkes"},{"link_name":"Austin Sarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Sarat"},{"link_name":"Franklin Odo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Odo"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Lewis Spratlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Spratlan"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Amherst College offers 41 fields of study (with 850+ courses)[51] in the sciences, arts, humanities, mathematics and computer sciences, social sciences, foreign languages, classics, and several interdisciplinary fields (including premedical studies[52][53]) and provides an unusually open curriculum. Students are not required to study a core curriculum or fulfill any distribution requirements and may even design their own unique interdisciplinary major.[51] Freshmen may take advanced courses, and seniors may take introductory ones. Amherst College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.[54]Forty-five percent of Amherst students in the class of 2019 were double majors.[55] Amherst College has been the first college to have undergraduate departments in the interdisciplinary fields of American Studies; Law, Jurisprudence and Social Thought; and Neuroscience[56][57] and has helped to pioneer other interdisciplinary programs, including Asian Languages and Civilizations.[58] Its most popular majors, by 2021 graduates, were:[59]Mathematics (40)\nEconometrics and Quantitative Economics (34)\nResearch and Experimental Psychology (31)\nPolitical Science and Government (25)\nHistory (22)\nBiology/Biological Sciences (21)\nNeuroscience (19)\nAmerican/U.S. Law/Legal Studies/Jurisprudence (19)The Amherst library is named for long-time faculty member, poet Robert Frost.[60] The student-faculty ratio is 7:1 and 84% of classes have fewer than 30 students.[61]Notable faculty members include, among others, modern literature and poetry critic William H. Pritchard, Beowulf translator Howell Chickering, Jewish and Latino studies scholar Ilan Stavans, novelist and legal scholar Lawrence Douglas, physicist Arthur Zajonc, Pulitzer Prize-winning Nikita Khrushchev biographer William Taubman, African art specialist Rowland Abiodun, Natural Law expert Hadley Arkes, Mathematician Daniel Velleman, Biblical scholar Susan Niditch, law and society expert Austin Sarat, Asian American studies scholar and former Director of the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center Franklin Odo, and Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Lewis Spratlan, professor emeritus of the music faculty.[62]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadley Arkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_Arkes"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Biddy Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Martin"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terrasirradient.org-66"},{"link_name":"bestiality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiality"},{"link_name":"pedophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia"},{"link_name":"necrophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophilia"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terrasirradient.org-66"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirby_amherst.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Academic freedom debate","text":"The writings of Amherst College political science Professor Hadley Arkes about homosexuality led to a dispute in 2013 over whether a college seeking to create a diverse, respectful academic community should speak out when a faculty member disparages community members or should instead remain silent as a way to protect academic freedom.[63] The issue arose when a group of alumni petitioned the college trustees and President Biddy Martin to \"dissociate the institution\" from Arkes's \"divisive and destructive\" views,[64] focusing particularly on his May 2013 comparison of homosexuality to bestiality, pedophilia and necrophilia.[65][66] The alumni said, \"Amherst College cannot credibly maintain its professed commitment to be an inclusive community as long as it chooses to remain silent while a sitting professor disparages members of its community in media of worldwide circulation and accessibility.\"[64]Martin disagreed, citing past debates over the college's position on the Vietnam War and apartheid in South Africa—issues on which the college initially remained silent but eventually took a public position. In such times, she said, colleges should \"avoid taking institutional positions on controversial political matters, except in extraordinary circumstances\" and should simultaneously both \"protect their communities from discrimination and disrespect\" and \"cherish a diversity of viewpoints\".[67]The Kirby Memorial Theater","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Five Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_College_Consortium"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Valley"},{"link_name":"Mount Holyoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College"},{"link_name":"Smith College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_College"},{"link_name":"Hampshire College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_College"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"},{"link_name":"buses that run between the campuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Valley_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Museums10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museums10"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_College_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Five College Consortium","text":"Amherst is a member of the Five Colleges consortium, which allows its students to attend classes at four other Pioneer Valley institutions. These include Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, Hampshire College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In addition to the 850 courses available on campus, Amherst students have an additional 5,300 classes to consider through the Consortium (without paying additional tuition) and access to 8 million library volumes. The Five Colleges are geographically close to one another and are linked by buses that run between the campuses.[68]The Five Colleges share resources and develop common academic programs. Museums10 is a consortium of local art, history and science museums. The Five College Dance Department is one of the largest in the nation.[69] The joint Astronomy department shares use of the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory, which contributed to work that won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics.[70]The Five College Coastal and Marine Sciences Program offers an interdisciplinary curriculum to undergraduates in the Five Colleges.[71]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amherst_College_Main_Quad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Dickinson Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Dickinson_Museum"},{"link_name":"Emily Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Dickinson"}],"text":"Main QuadAmherst College is located in the town of Amherst in Western Massachusetts. \nAmherst College has a total of 34 residence halls, seven of which are strictly for first year students. Following their first year, sophomores, juniors, and seniors have the choice to live off campus and are offered options of Themed Houses including Arts House, Russian House, and French House, however this option is only available for two years of residence.[72]\nFirst-year students are required to live on campus.The college also owns the Dickinson Homestead, operated as a museum about the life and history of poet Emily Dickinson, and the Inn on Boltwood near to the main campus.","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeingGreen-75"},{"link_name":"food waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_waste"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeingGreen-75"}],"sub_title":"Sustainability","text":"Amherst College is reducing its energy consumption through a computerized monitoring system for lighting and the use of an efficient cogeneration facility. The cogeneration facility features a gas turbine that generates electricity in addition to steam for heating the campus.[73] Amherst also operates a composting program, in which a portion of the food waste from dining halls is sent to a farmer in Vermont.[73]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-63"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_mobility_index-76"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-63"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS_2016-9"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-63"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Anthony Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Marx"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campus-revolutionary-79"},{"link_name":"Sabrina statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_statue"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"Amherst's resources, faculty, and academic life allow the college to enroll students with a range of talents, interests, and commitments. Students represent 48 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and sixty-six countries.[61] The median family income of Amherst students is $158,200, with 51% of students coming from the top 10% highest-earning families and 24% from the bottom 60%.[74] Ninety-eight percent of students live on campus.[61] Ninety-eight percent of Amherst freshmen enrolled in Fall 2020 returned for their sophomore year; ninety-two percent of the most recent cohort graduated within six years.[9] There are more than 200 student groups at Amherst.[61] More than a third of the student body are members of a varsity athletics team.[75]Students pursue their interests through student-led organizations funded by a student fee and distributed by the student government, including a variety of cultural and religious groups, publications, fine and performing arts and political advocacy and service groups. Groups include a medieval sword-fighting club, a knitting club, and a club devoted to random acts of kindness, among others.[76] Community service groups and opportunities (locally—through the Center for Community Engagement, nationally, and internationally) have been a priority at Amherst and for former President Anthony Marx, who helped start a secondary school for black students in apartheid South Africa.[77]One of the longstanding traditions at the college involves the Sabrina statue. Even year and odd year classes battle for possession of the historic statue, often engaging in elaborate pranks in the process.[78]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Angie Epifano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Epifano"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mishkin-86"},{"link_name":"Title IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_IX"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"Sexual assault","text":"In 2012, President Biddy Martin began a community-wide review of the sexual misconduct and disciplinary policies at the college.[79][80] This review was sparked by several factors, including a fraternity's T-shirt design that critics alleged was misogynist[81] and an essay by Angie Epifano published in The Amherst Student, wherein she accused the college of inappropriate handling of a case of sexual assault.[82] In January 2013, a college committee published a report noting Amherst's rate of sexual assault as similar to other colleges and universities, and making recommendations to address the problem.[83]After a complaint was filed by Epifano and an anonymous former student in November 2013,[84] the US Department of Education opened an investigation into the college's handling of sexual violence and potential violations of Title IX. In May 2014, the Department of Education announced a list of 55 colleges and universities (including Amherst) currently under investigation.[85]A report from Amherst College stated that 2009 to 2011, Amherst reported 35 instances of \"forcible sex offenses\", a term that encompasses rape, attempted rape, and lesser forms of sexual contact.[86]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeffery Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytmascot-90"},{"link_name":"biological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bullwinkle-93"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bullwinkle-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bullwinkle-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drop-95"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytmascot-90"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drop-95"},{"link_name":"mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP004-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Frederic Brewster Loomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Brewster_Loomis"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loomis_papers_Amherst-100"}],"sub_title":"Mascot","text":"In the second decade of the 21st century, the original unofficial mascot of Amherst College, Lord Jeffery Amherst, became a cause of concern in the Amherst community.[87][88] Many sought to separate the school from the problematic legacy of Lord Jeffery Amherst, in particular his advocacy of the use of biological warfare against Native Americans.[89]In May 2014, after a wild moose found its way onto the Amherst College campus and into the backyard of the house of the college president,[90] students organized a Facebook campaign to change the mascot of the school to a moose.[91] The page grew rapidly in popularity, receiving over 900 \"likes\" in under two weeks,[91] and inspiring both a Twitter and Tumblr account for the newly proposed mascot. At the Commencement ceremony for the class of 2014, the moose mascot was mentioned by Biddy Martin in her address, and the Dining Hall served Moose Tracks ice cream in front of an ice sculpture of a moose.[92]In February 2015, discussion of a mascot change continued when the editorial board of the Amherst Student, the college's official student-run newspaper, came out in favor of \"the moose-scot\".[91] In November 2015 the student body and the faculty overwhelmingly voted to vacate the mascot.[93] That same month, several hundred students who staged a sit-in protest against racism at the college library included among their demands a call for the college to cease use of the Lord Jeff mascot.[94] The decision to drop the mascot was made official by the college's trustees on January 26, 2016.[88][93]In April 2017, Amherst announced that their official mascot would be the mammoth.[95][96] Mammoths beat the other finalists \"Valley Hawks\", \"Purple and White\", \"Wolves\", and \"Fighting Poets\" in a ranked-choice election process.[97] The mammoth is linked to Amherst due to the long-standing presence of a woolly mammoth skeleton on campus dating back to the 1920s excavation of the skeleton by Amherst professor Frederic Brewster Loomis.[98]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amherst Mammoths football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_Mammoths_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amherst-Cornell_Hockey_Game_on_Beebe_Lake,_Ithaca_(January_14,_1922)_NYSA_A3045-78_10436.tif"},{"link_name":"Cornell ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Beebe Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beebe_Lake_(Ithaca,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"NCAA's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III"},{"link_name":"Eastern College Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"New England Small College Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Small_College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bates_College"},{"link_name":"Bowdoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowdoin_College"},{"link_name":"Colby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colby_College"},{"link_name":"Connecticut College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_College"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_College"},{"link_name":"Middlebury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebury_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Tufts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Little Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Three"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tyler-103"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baseballgame-104"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-athletics-report-105"},{"link_name":"ultimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo"},{"link_name":"equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"mountain biking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_biking"},{"link_name":"fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"Intramural sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramural_sports"},{"link_name":"Ultimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herndon-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"text":"See also: Amherst Mammoths footballAmherst College \"Lord Jeffs\" vs Cornell ice hockey game on Beebe Lake, Ithaca (January 14, 1922)Amherst participates in the NCAA's Division III, the Eastern College Athletic Conference, and the New England Small College Athletic Conference, which includes Bates, Bowdoin, Colby, Connecticut College, Hamilton, Middlebury, Trinity, Tufts, Wesleyan, and Williams College.[99] Amherst is also one of the \"Little Three\", along with Williams and Wesleyan. A Little Three champion is informally recognized by most teams based on the head-to-head records of the three schools, but three-way competitions are held in some of the sports.Amherst claims its athletics program as the oldest in the nation,[100] pointing to its compulsory physical fitness regimen put in place in 1860 (the mandate that all students participate in sports or pursue physical education has been discontinued).[101] Amherst and Williams played the first college baseball game July 2, 1859.[102]Amherst's growing athletics program has been the subject of controversy in recent years[when?] due to dramatic contrasts between the racial and socioeconomic makeup of its student athletes and the rest of its student body, the clustering of athletes in particular academic departments, and a perceived \"divide\" on campus between varsity athletes and other students. Athletic skill plays a factor in the admissions decisions of between 28% and 35% of each incoming class.[103]Amherst fields several club athletic teams, including ultimate, soccer, crew, rugby union, water polo, equestrian, mountain biking, fencing, sailing and skiing. Intramural sports include soccer, tennis, golf, basketball, volleyball and softball.The sport of Ultimate was started and named at Amherst College in the mid-1960s by Jared Kass.[104][105]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Varsity sports","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Crafoord Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crafoord_Prize"},{"link_name":"Lasker Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasker_Award"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science"},{"link_name":"National Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Tony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Prince of Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Prime Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Foreign Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"President of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"President of El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Speakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Poet Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"blood bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_bank"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Rhodes Scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Harlan F. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chris_Coons_official_Senate_photo.png"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"Chris Coons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Coons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melvil_Dewey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dewey Decimal System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification"},{"link_name":"Melvil Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvil_Dewey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Drew_by_Randy_Stewart_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dr. Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Pinsky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeffrey_C._Hall_D81_4312_(25006072818).jpg"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey C. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Kendall_by_Tom_Frost_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Henry Way Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uhuru_Kenyatta.jpg"},{"link_name":"President of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Uhuru Kenyatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Robert_Lansing.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Robert Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lansing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burgess_Meredith_1954.JPG"},{"link_name":"Burgess Meredith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Meredith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Merrill_(1973)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"James Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Merrill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Phelps_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Edmund Phelps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Phelps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Thomas_Rainey_cph.3c04408.jpg"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Henry Thomas Rainey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_O_Russell_2011_Shankbone.JPG"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"David O. Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_O._Russell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empfang_Joseph_E._Stiglitz_im_Rathaus_K%C3%B6ln-1493.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stiglitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harlan_F._Stone_cph.3a38659.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Harlan F. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone"}],"text":"Although a relatively small college, Amherst has many accomplished alumni, including Nobel, Crafoord Prize and Lasker Award laureates, MacArthur Fellowship and Pulitzer Prize winners, National Medal of Science and National Book Award recipients, and Academy, Tony, Grammy and Emmy Award winners; a U.S. President, the current Sovereign Prince of Monaco, two Prime Ministers and one Foreign Minister of Greece, a President of Kenya, a President of El Salvador, a Chief Justice of the United States, three Speakers of the U.S. House of Representatives, a U.S. Poet Laureate, the legal architect of Brown v. Board of Education[106] and the inventor of the blood bank; leaders in science, religion, politics, the Peace Corps, medicine, law, education, communications, and business; and acclaimed actors, architects, artists, astronauts, engineers, human rights activists, inventors, musicians, philanthropists, and writers.Among its alumni, faculty and affiliates are six Nobel Prize laureates[107][108] and twenty Rhodes Scholars.[109] President Calvin Coolidge, Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone, and other notable writers, academics, politicians, entertainers, businesspeople, and activists have been graduates as well.There are approximately 23,000 living alumni, of whom about 45% make a gift to Amherst each year—one of the highest alumni participation rates of any college in the country.[110][111]Notable Amherst College alumni include:\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t30th President of the United States Calvin Coolidge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tU.S. Senator from Delaware Chris Coons\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLibrarian and inventor of the Dewey Decimal System Melvil Dewey\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAddiction specialist and television personality Dr. Drew\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNobel Prize-winning geneticist Jeffrey C. Hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNobel Prize-winning particle physicist Henry Way Kendall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPresident of Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t42nd U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFilm and television actor Burgess Meredith\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPulitzer Prize-winning poet James Merrill\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNobel Prize-winning economist Edmund Phelps\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t40th Speaker of the House Henry Thomas Rainey\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAcademy Award-nominated director David O. Russell\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t12th Chief Justice of the United States Harlan F. Stone","title":"Alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Applegate, Debby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debby_Applegate"},{"link_name":"The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Most_Famous_Man_in_America:_The_Biography_of_Henry_Ward_Beecher"},{"link_name":"W. S. Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Seymour_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Exercises at the Semi-Centennial of Amherst College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3rvruWe45XEC"},{"link_name":"A History of Amherst College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040225095338/http://www.amherst.edu/~rjyanco/amherst/history/1894tyler-ws/toc.html"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/gp/product/0943184223/ref=ox_sc_act_title_1?smid=ATVPDKIKX0DER&psc=1"}],"text":"Applegate, Debby , The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher (Doubleday, 2006).Opal, J. M. \"The Making of the Victorian Campus: Teacher and Student at Amherst College, 1850-1880.\" History of Education Quarterly 42.3 (2002): 342-367.Pick, Nancy, and Frank Ward, Curious Footprints: Professor Hitchcock's Dinosaur Tracks & Other Natural History Treasures at Amherst College (Amherst College Press, 2006).W. S. Tyler, History of Amherst College during its first half century, 1821–1871 (C. W. Bryan, 1873).\nExercises at the Semi-Centennial of Amherst College (1871).\nWilliam S. Tyler, A History of Amherst College (1894).\nPassages of Time, Narratives in the History of Amherst College, edited and with several selections by Douglas C. Wilson, son of William E. Wilson (Amherst College Press, 2007).\nPick, Nancy, Eye Mind Heart: A View of Amherst College at 200 [2] (Amherst College, 2020).","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The Amherst graduating class of 1850, including William Austin Dickinson (second row, far left), brother of poet Emily Dickinson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Amherst_College_Class_of_1850_daguerreotypes.jpg/187px-Amherst_College_Class_of_1850_daguerreotypes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fayerweather Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Fayerweather_Hall%2C_Amherst_College.jpg/220px-Fayerweather_Hall%2C_Amherst_College.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frost Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Frost_Library%2C_Amherst_College.jpg/220px-Frost_Library%2C_Amherst_College.jpg"},{"image_text":"College Row, consisting of Williston, South, North, and Appleton halls, with Johnson Chapel at center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Amherst_College_College_Row.jpg/220px-Amherst_College_College_Row.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johnson Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Amherst_College_Johnson_Chapel_winter.jpg/190px-Amherst_College_Johnson_Chapel_winter.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Kirby Memorial Theater","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kirby_amherst.jpg/230px-Kirby_amherst.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main Quad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Amherst_College_Main_Quad.jpg/220px-Amherst_College_Main_Quad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amherst College \"Lord Jeffs\" vs Cornell ice hockey game on Beebe Lake, Ithaca (January 14, 1922)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Amherst-Cornell_Hockey_Game_on_Beebe_Lake%2C_Ithaca_%28January_14%2C_1922%29_NYSA_A3045-78_10436.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Amherst-Cornell_Hockey_Game_on_Beebe_Lake%2C_Ithaca_%28January_14%2C_1922%29_NYSA_A3045-78_10436.tif.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Terras Irradient\". 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Elliott '92, Professor of English and Dean of The College of Arts and Sciences at Emory University, is Named 20th President of Amherst College | Press Releases | Amherst College\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220601140551/https://www.amherst.edu/news/press-releases/node/843569","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Best Colleges 2024: National Liberal Arts Colleges\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-liberal-arts-colleges","url_text":"\"Best Colleges 2024: National Liberal Arts Colleges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"}]},{"reference":"\"2023 Liberal Arts Rankings\". Washington Monthly. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Penang | List of governors of Penang | ["1 Superintendents of Prince of Wales Island","2 Lieutenant governors of Prince of Wales Island","3 Governors of Prince of Wales Island","4 Resident councillors of Prince of Wales Island","5 Residents and governors of the Residency of Prince of Wales Island, Singapore and Malacca (at George Town & Singapore)","6 Deputy residents and resident councillors, Prince of Wales Island","7 Colonial Office, United Kingdom","7.1 Lieutenant-governors, Penang","7.2 Resident Councillors, Penang","8 Japanese occupation","8.1 Japanese governors of Penang","9 British military administration","9.1 Military governors of the Settlement of Penang","10 Malayan Union and Federation of Malaya","10.1 Resident commissioners of the Settlement of Penang","11 Independent Federation of Malaya and Malaysia","11.1 List of Yang di-Pertua of the State of Penang","12 See also","13 References","13.1 Citations","13.2 Sources"] | This article may have too many section headers. Please help consolidate the article. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Governor of PenangYang di-Pertua Negeri Pulau PinangCoat of arms of PenangIncumbentAhmad Fuzi Abdul Razaksince 1 May 2021StyleTuan Yang TerutamaResidenceSeri MutiaraAppointerYang di-Pertuan AgongInaugural holderRaja Uda Raja MuhammadFormation31 August 1957; 66 years ago (1957-08-31)Websitewww.penang.gov.my/index.php/tyt
The governor of Penang (Malay: Yang di-Pertua Negeri Pulau Pinang) is the head of state of the Malaysian state of Penang. The role of governor is largely ceremonial with the power vested in the executive branch of the state government led by the chief minister.
Until the 18th century, the island of Penang was part of the Sultanate of Kedah. In 1786, the island was ceded by the sultan of Kedah to the East India Company, Francis Light representing the company. Light renamed the island Prince of Wales Island. In 1790, after suffering a military defeat at the hands of Light, Sultan Abdullah formally handed over the island to the British. Light was appointed Superintendent of Prince of Wales Island. From 1800 to 1805, the island was led by a lieutenant governor.
In 1805, Prince of Wales Island became a residency, led by a governor. In 1826, the island, along with Malacca and Singapore, were consolidated into the Straits Settlements. Thereafter, Penang was administered by a British resident councillor subordinate to the governor of the Straits Settlements.
Penang was occupied by the Japanese from 1941 to 1945. After the surrender of the Japanese, the British returned and briefly imposed military rule on Malaya before forming the Malayan Union in 1946. During the Malayan Union and the pre-independence Federation of Malaya period, Penang was administered by British resident commissioners.
Since independence, the head of state of Penang, the governor (Malay: Yang di-Pertua Negeri), has been appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (king of Malaysia) after consultation with the chief minister of Penang. The governor retains only ceremonial functions, including opening and dissolving the State Assembly, conferring state awards and appointing the chief minister after elections. The chief minister is the head of the executive branch of the state government.
Superintendents of Prince of Wales Island
#
Superintendent
Took office
Left office
Notes
1
Captain Francis Light
11 August 1786
21 November 1789
Superintendent
Captain John Glass
21 November 1789
9 February 1790
Acting Superintendent
Captain Francis Light
9 February 1790
21 October 1794
Superintendent, resumed. Died in office. "The inscription to his memory at St. George's Church by a contemporary Penang Resident – Robert Scott – adds to the favourable impression made by the public records a warm testimony to his worth:- "In Memory of Francis light Esq. who first established this Island as an English Settlement, and was many years Governor. "
Philip Manington
21 October 1794
30 November 1795
Acting Superintendent
Thomas Pigou
30 November 1795
31 January 1796
Acting Superintendent
John Beanland
31 January 1796
3 April 1796
Acting Superintendent
2
Major Forbes Ross MacDonald
3 April 1796
24 September 1797
Superintendent
George Caunter
24 September 1797
28 October 1798
Acting Superintendent, first period
2
Major Forbes Ross MacDonald
28 October 1798
December 1798
Superintendent, resumed
George Caunter
December 1798
20 April 1800
Acting Superintendent, second period
Lieutenant governors of Prince of Wales Island
#
Lieutenant Governor
Took office
Left office
Notes
1
Sir George Alexander William Leith
20 April 1800
1804
2
Sir Robert Townsend Farquhar
1804
1805
Governors of Prince of Wales Island
Governors of Prince of Wales' Island.
Appointed
Name
Ended
Notes
5 December 1804
Philip Dundas
8 April 1807
Died in office
8 April 1807
Henry Shepherd Pearson
2 March 1808
Acting
2 March 1808
Norman Macalister
March 1810
24 Mar.1810
Charles Andrew Bruce
December 1810
Died in office.
December 1810
William Edward Phillips
1811
Acting.
1811
Archibald Seton
1812
1811
William Petrie
1812
Acting while Seton in Java
29 January 1812
William Petrie
27 October 1816
Died in office
27 October 1816
William Edward Phillips
18 March 1817
Acting
18 March 1817
John Alexander Bannerman
8 August 1819
Died in office
1 March 1820
William Edward Phillips
Aug. 1824.
4 February 1824
Robert Fullerton.
12 November 1829
Governor of the Straits Settlements (1826–1830)
Resident councillors of Prince of Wales Island
Portrait
Name
Period in office
Notes
William Clubley
1825–1826
Robert Ibbetson
1826–1 May 1830
Residents and governors of the Residency of Prince of Wales Island, Singapore and Malacca (at George Town & Singapore)
Portrait
Name
Period in office
Notes
Robert Fullerton (Resident)
1 May 1830 – 12 November 1830
Robert Ibbetson (Initially Resident)
12 November 1830 – 7 December 1833
Kenneth Murchison
7 December 1833 – 18 November 1836
Sir Samuel George Bonham, Bt
18 November 1836–January 1843
Deputy residents and resident councillors, Prince of Wales Island
Portrait
Name
Period in office
Notes
Robert Ibbetson (Deputy Resident)
1 May 1830 – 12 November 1830
Kenneth Murchison (Initially Deputy Resident)
12 November 1830 – 7 December 1833
James William Salmond
22 September 1834 – 1836
Captain James Low (acting)
1838
Edmund Augustus Blundell
1849–1855
In 1851 the Straits Settlements, while still remaining a residency, was transferred from the authority of the governor of the Presidency of Bengal and put under direct control of the governor-general of India. The powers previously invested in the governor of Bengal were now vested in the governor of the Straits Settlements.
1851–1855: Edmund Augustus Blundell was Resident Councillor of Prince of Wales Isle / Penang until 1855.
18XX–1860: William Thomas Lewis, Asst. Resident Councillor of Prince of Wales' Isle was transferred to Resident Councillor of Malacca in 1854 upon the demise of Captain Hay Ferrier. He would later become Penang's commissioner of police and its Resident Councillor. On 6 December 1838, he was appointed to officiate as resident councillor at Malacca during the absence on leave of Mr. Garling. W. T. Lewis retired as Resident Councillor of Penang in September 1860. He had transferred to the Straits Settlements in 1825 and had served the Government of the Straits Settlements for about 54 years. He was Siamese Consul at Penang during Ord's Governorship. In 1856 he was Resident Councillor and Acting Governor of Penang.
1860–1867: Major General Henry Stuart Man was Resident Councillor of Penang (1860–1867). Major General Henry Man was born in 1815 and became known in 1834 as an ensign in the 49th Madras Native Infantry. He was the captain in 1848, serving in the second Anglo-Burmese was 1852–1853 later becoming executive engineer and superintendent of convicts at Mulmein, Burma. In 1858, he was the officer-in-charge of the detachment that secured the British landing at Port Blair and formally annexed the islands to the British Crown. In 1860, Lieutenant-Colonel Man, as then was he, was appointed Resident Councillor of Penang and served in that capacity until 1867. In 1868, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Man returned to Port Blair as its fifth Superintendent while at the same time taking over the responsibility for the newly annexed Nicobar islands. The following year, his son, E.H. Man, joined him at Port Blair and the old Man relinquished his official position and was promoted to colonel. He was promoted to major-general in 1881. He died at Surbiton, England, on 10 April 1898 was buried at Thames Ditton, Surrey.
Colonial Office, United Kingdom
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Lieutenant-governors, Penang
On 1 April 1867 the Straits Settlements were transferred from the control of the Indian government to that of the secretary of state for the colonies in London (Colonial Office).
1867–1871: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson, Lieutenant-Governor of Penang under Governor-General Sir Harry St. George Ord at Singapore.
1871–1872: Arthur Nonus Birch, Actg. Lieutenant-Governor of Penang, Malaysia (1871–1872)
1872–1873: Sir George William Robert Campbell, KCMG, Acting Lieutenant-Governor of Penang (1872–1873)
1873–1875: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson, Lieutenant-Governor of Penang under Governor General Sir Andrew Clarke at Singapore.
1875–1877: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson, Lieutenant-Governor of Penang under Governor-General Sir William Jervois at Singapore.
1877-1877: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson, Acting Governor of the Crown Colony of the Straits Settlements at Penang from 3 April 1877 to August 1877.
1877–1879: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson, Lieutenant-Governor of Penang under Sir William Cleaver Francis Robinson at Singapore.
1879–1880: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson was Acting Governor of the Crown Colony of the Straits Settlements at Penang from 10 February 1879 to 16 May 1880.
1879–1880: Charles John Irving, Actg. Lieutenant-Governor of Penang (1879–1880)& Resident Councillor of Penang (1885–1887). He was Auditor General to the government of Penang under Anson. He was born in 1831 at Isabelle place in Camberwell, London. He been took up some appointments at Mauritius.
1880–1881: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson, Lieutenant-Governor of Penang under Sir Frederick Weld at Singapore. Born 16 April 1826. His military experience began in 1844. He served in England, Ireland and Scotland from 1847 to 1855, Mauritius, 1857–1862 and Madagascar 1862–1865. He then returned to England and was appointed last Lieutenant Governor of Penang from 1867 to 1882, after serving in the army in India. In his memoirs "About Others and Myself." he describes the feeling of depression upon his appointment as Penang's Resident Councillor. He retired in 1881. It was during his appointment that the Penang Riots occurred. The riots ended when he negotiated a peace agreement between the contending parties; Red Flag and Tua Pek Kong members against the White Flag and the Ghee Hin. He was an Acting Governor of Straits Settlements from (4 March 1871 – 22 March 1872; 3–4 November 1873; 3 April 1877 – 29 October 1877; 10 February 1879 – 6 May 1880). Anson died in 1925.
1881–1884: Major John Frederick Adolphus McNair, Actg. Lieutenant-Governor of Penang (1881–1884)& Resident Councillor of Penang (1884)only. He was born at Bath in 1828. Entered Madras Royal Artillery in 1845. In 1857, A.D.C. to Governor Blundell in Singapore. From 1865 to 1867 he was in England as deputy governor in charge of public works at Woking Prison. He retired in 1884. He died in 1910.
1884-1884: Captain David Thompson Hatchell, Acting Lieutenant-Governor of Penang. He was born 1840. He became Commissioner of the court request in Ayer Itam, Penang in 1876.
Resident Councillors, Penang
1884–1885: Major Samuel Dunlop, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang (1884–1885). D.G.M of Freemasons' Hall in 1885,Singapore.
1885–1887: Charles John Irving, Resident Councillor of Penang (1885-1887). He was born in 1831 at Isabelle place in Camberwell, London. He been took up some appointments at Mauritius.
1887–1897: Allan Maclean Skinner, Resident Councillor of Penang (1887–1897). Inspector General of Schools, Hospitals and Prisons under Anson. 1881 – Colonial treasurer and Auditor-General, Skinner was the first Resident Councillor who took residence at the official residence called Residency (now Seri Mutiara) in 1890. He was the President of George Town Municipal Council.
1887–1889: Sir William Edward Maxwell, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang from(1887–1889). Actg. He was Lieutenant-Governor of Malacca in 1870.
1891–1895: Henry Trotter, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang (24 October 1891 – 31 October 1892; 16 September 1894 – 7 December 1895). Born 1837 in Cape Colony, South Africa. Became a private secretary to the Governor of Dominica in 1852.In 1859,he received a clerkship in the office of Commander-in-chief (Duke of Cambridge) at the House Guards. Appointed as Deputy Comptroller of the Convict Establishment in Bermuda. Transferred to Ceylon as Inspector of Post Offices and later became Postmaster General. In 1871, appointed as Postmaster General of Straits Settlements. He became Auditor-General Of Straits Settlements in 1882.
1894–1895: Francis James Anderson, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang
1897–1903: Charles Walter Sneyd-Kynnersley, Resident Councillor of Penang (5 May – 23 December 1897 / 8 April 1900 – 24 February 1901 – 1903). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (25 April 1889 – 9 March 1890; 4 February – 23 March 1897). Acting Resident Councillor of Malacca from (7 December 1893 – 1 January 1895; 31 December 1898 – 10 March 1899).Resident Councillor of Malacca from (1 January – 16 April 1895; 6 February 1896 – 4 February 1897). He was born on 25 September 1849. His first appointment was as a Cadet in April 1872 by the Secretary of State and was sent to the Colony the very next month. In October 1873, he passed Final Examination in Malay and was attached to the Lieutenant-Governor's Office, Penang, as Secretary Assistant. In 1875, he worked as the Assistant Magistrate and Commissioner Court of Request in Province Wellesley. He also served as the Secretary for Committee of Management of Penang Free School. He served as Third Magistrate in Singapore in 1880 and as Second Magistrate, the following year, before returning to Penang in the same year as First Magistrate. From 1890 to 1896, he held various posts including First Magistrate, Singapore. He married Ada Maud Nash in 1884 and was invested with CMG in 1899. He died on 11 July 1904.
1905–1906: James Kortright Birch, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang from (3 March 1897 – Aug. 1898; April 1901 – November 1902 – ?; 1903–1905) & Resident Councillor of Penang from (1905–1906). He was born on 12 August 1850. In 1872, he was appointed by the Secretary of State and was sent to the Colony to be attached to the Colonial Secretary's office. He passed Final Examination in Malay in 1873. In 1874, he was the Acting Deputy Collector of Land Revenue, Penang and the Magistrate and Coroner for the Settlement. In 1875, he was the Collector of Land Revenue, Penang. After home leave in 1876–77, he appointment as Acting Magistrate took him to work in Malacca and Singapore until 1882 when he returned to Penang to work as Acting Superintendent of Education in Province Wellesley. In 1888, he was appointed as Senior District Officer, Province Wellesley before becoming First Magistrate of Penang in 1890.
1907–1908: Robert Norman Bland, Resident Councillor of Penang from 17 February 1907 – 14 March 1908 and 7 May 1908 – 1910). Acting Resident Councillor in Malacca (22 April – 10 September 1900 and 26 November 1901 – 13 June 1903 and 15 October 1903 – 1 January 1905). Resident Councillor of Malacca (1 January 1905 – 13 March 1906). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang (22 November 1906 – 17 February 1907). Born on 10 October 1859. Arrived in the Colony February 1883 and was attached to the Colonial Secretary's Office as Cadet learning Chinese. In April of the same year, he was posted to Land Office, Malacca as a Cadet learning Malay and passed Final Examination in Malay in 1884. After a home leave in 1886, he was appointed Assistant to Resident Councillor, Penang before becoming District Officer of Balik Pulau in 1887 and District Officer, Nibong Tebal in the following year. He was Acting First Magistrate Penang before taking his second home in 1889. His next appointment after his home leave took him away from Penang to serve as Collector of Land Revenue, Singapore in 1890. Appointed Acting Officer in Charge, Negeri Sembilan from 1893 to 1895. He was transferred to Singapore in 1896 to resume his duties as Collector of Land Revenue before returning to Penang in 1897 to work as Inspector of Prison, Straits Settlement as well as Senior District Officer, Province Wellesley. He became Acting Resident Councillor of Malacca (22 April – 10 September 1900). He became Resident Councillor of Malacca from (26 November 1901)
1910–1911: James Oliver Anthonisz, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang (29 April 1910 – 18 January 1911).
1911–1912: William Evans, Resident Councillor of Penang from (21 January 1911 – 11 May 1912 and 29 January 1913 – 13 February 1914). Acting Resident Councillor in Malacca from (15 March 1906 – 17 February 1907). Resident Councillor of Malacca (17 February – 4 September 1907; 25 February – 14 March 1908; 8–29 May 1908; 3 July 1908 – 15 February 1909; 29 May 1909 – 8 February 1910). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang (14 March – 8 May 1908). William Evans was born on 5 September 1860. He first came to the Colony in 1882 and was attached to the Chinese Protectorate Service, Singapore. In 1884, he was sent to Amoy to study Chinese (Hok-kien) and passed its Final Examination in 1885. He also passed Final Examination in Malay in 1888. From 1887 onwards, he continued to serve in Penang and Singapore as the Protector of Chinese in the Straits Settlement until 1902 while holding other post such as Municipal Commissioner for Singapore in 1896.
1914–1917: Alfred Thomas Bryant, Resident Councillor of Penang (1914–1917). Born on 4 October 1860. First came to Colony in 1883 and was attached to the Colonial Secretary's Office for two years. After passing his Final Examination in Malay in 1885, he was appointed Acting Third Magistrate, Penang in 1886 and as Acting Collector of Land Revenue, Penang a few months later. In 1890, he was promoted to District Officer of Dindings. After his home leave, he passed Final Examination in Tamil in 1892 and was transferred to Malacca as Acting Collector of Land Revenue and Officer in Charge of Treasury. In 1895, he was in Penang again as Acting First Magistrate, a position he held until he became First Magistrate in 1898, while becoming the Inspector of Schools, Straits Settlements since 1897.
1917–1919: Walter Cecil Michell, Resident Councillor of Penang from (7 October 1917 – 1919). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (18 May 1912 – 29 January 1913) and Acting Resident of Malacca from (11 June 1914 – 24 December 1915). Born in Kensington, London on 9 August 1864. First came to the Colony in 1887 and was attached to the Colonial Secretary's Office until 1888 when he was posted to Sungai Ujong, Negeri Sembilan as Acting Collector of Land Revenue. He passed his Malay Examination in 1889. From 1889 until 1890, he was in Ulu Pahang as Acting Superintendent before arriving in Penang in April 1890 to serve as Acting District Officer, Balik Pulau, but soon to be promoted as District Officer of the district in 1891. In 1895, after home leave, he was transferred to Dindings as Acting District Officer but soon afterwards as its District Officer while holding other duties as Deputy Registrar, Supreme Court, Penang. He was in Singapore from 1897 to 1898 as Acting Second Assistant Colonial Secretary and as Acting Collector of Land revenue. He also passed Final Examination in Siamese in 1898, the year he was Acting Senior District Officer, Province Wellesley. In 1890, he was appointed Second Magistrate, Singapore and Official Assignee in 1901 before becoming Acting Commissioner, Court of Request Singapore in 1902. W.C. Michell loved polo, riding, shooting and member of various clubs in Penang.
1919–1922: Gilbert Amos Hall, Resident Councillor of Penang from 20 October 1919 – 27 February 1920 and 31 January 1921 – 1922). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (24 July – 20 October 1919). Born on 21 July 1867. He went to work for the Straits Settlements Civil Service, Singapore in 1888. In 1891, he passed Final Examination in Malay and was promoted to the Acting Third Magistrate, Penang the same year. In 1894, he was appointed as Acting District Officer, Dindings. A few months later, he passed Final Examination in Hok-kien and was appointed Superintendent of Education, Penang. He worked as Acting District Officer, Alor Gajah, Malacca, after returning from home leave in June 1895 until November 1896. In 1897, he was back in Penang to serve as Acting Second Magistrate and later as Sheriff and Deputy Registrar of the Supreme Court, Singapore, while continued to act as Second Magistrate, Penang. In 1898, he served two positions as Second Assistant Colonial Secretary and Collector of Land Revenue, Penang. He was transferred to Malacca at the end of 1900 after his home leave as Acting Collector of Land Revenue and Officer in Charge of Treasury. In 1902, he worked as Collector of Land Revenue, Malacca. He was the British Adviser of Kedah (1916–1919). He lived in Hampshire after his retirement in 1922.
1920: Harold William Firmstone, Acting Resident Councillor of Malacca, Malaysia (4 September 1907 – 6 September 1907; 14 March 1908 – 8 May 1908; 29 May 1908 – 3 July 1908). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from 28 February 1920.
1922–1925: Arthur Blennerhassett Voules, Resident Councillor of Penang 9 December 1922 – 1925). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang 17 November 1922 – 9 December 1922. Born London 15 September 1870. Joined Perak government Service in 1892. Acting Federal Inspector of Schools at Kuala Lumpur in 1900. Captain of the Royal Selangor Golf Club in 1905. Solicitor-General, Straits Settlements in 1913. Acting Attorney General of Straits Settlements in 1919. Acting Judicial Commissioner of Federated Malay States in 1919. Acting Legal Adviser of Federated Malay States and legal advisor (Officer, Class 1A), both in 1920. President of Selangor Golf Club in 1920. He retired in 1925. He died in 1954. Compiled a book called The Laws of the Federated Malay States, 1877–1920.
1924: Stewart Codrington, Acting Resident Councillor of Penang 11 May – 8 October 1924. Codrington Avenue is named after him.
1925–1926: William Peel, Resident Councillor of Penang from 9 July 1925 – 9 May 1926. Born in Hexham, Northumberland on 27 February 1875. Joined the Colonial Service in 1897 as Cadet. Promoted to Acting District Officer of Nibong Tebal in 1898 and Bukit Mertajam in 1899 and Province Wellesley until 1901. Acting Second Colonial Secretary, Singapore in 1902. Returned to Penang in 1905 to serve as Acting Second Magistrate and Coroner. After serving as Acting Auditor in 1908 in Penang, he continued his service at various capacities in the Federated Malay States such as Acting Secretary to the Resident of Selangor in 1909 and Acting District Officer Lower Perak in 1910 before returning to Penang as President of the Municipal Commissioners Penang in 1911. Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (26 February – 5 October 1917). Later he became president of the municipal commissioners of Singapore in 1918. In 1919 he was appointed as joint passage controller of labour for the Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements in 1920; and chairman of European Unemployment Committee in 1921. In 1922 he became British Adviser for Government of Kedah. He became Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (10 May – 9 July 1925). In 1927,he acted as officer administering the government and High Commissioner for the Malay States, having been promoted to be Chief Secretary to Government in 1926.He was appointed Governor of Hong Kong in 1930. He retired in 1935. Peel Avenue is named after him.
1926–1928: Ralph Scott, Resident Councillor of Penang (9 June 1926 – 1928). Born 26 February 1874. First appointed as Cadet by the Secretary of State in 1895. In 1896, attached to the Colonial Secretary's Office. From 1897 until 1912, served various appointments in the Straits Settlements: Land Office in Malacca, Acting Deputy Registrar at Penang Supreme Court and Acting Collector of Land Revenue, Singapore. In 1912, promoted to Acting District Judge, Singapore and as Acting District Judge and First Magistrate of Penang in 1915. Acting Resident of Malacca (14 February 1909 – 25 July 1910) / Actg. Resident of Malacca from (15 March 1920 – 6 January 1921) /Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang from (10 September – 17 November 1922) /Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang from (May 1926) /Resident Councillor of Malacca from (14 April 1925 – May 1926). Scott Road was named after him.
1928–1930: Captain Meadows Frost, Resident Councillor of Penang (8 July 1928 – 1930). Resident Councillor of Malacca (9 June 1926 – 25 March 1927). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang (8 April 1928 – 8 July 1928). Born on 18 April 1875. First joined the Colonial Service in 1898 as a cadet and promoted to Assistant District Officer of Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan in 1901 and Acting District Officer of Kuala Lipis, Pahang in 1902. Moved to Pekan, Pahang in 1904 also to serve as Assistant District Officer. In 1905, promoted to District Treasurer of Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. His next appointment took him to the Northern part of the Malay Peninsula where he was to act as British Consul to the Siamese Southern States in 1905 and as Acting British Adviser to His Royal Highness Raja of Perlis from 1909 to 1911. Acting British Adviser of Kedah in 1911. Acting Superintendent, Convict Establishment. He married Catherine Fulton Carver in 1911 and died on 28 August 1954.
1930–1931: Edward Wilmot Francis Gilman, Resident Councillor of Penang (17 April 1930 – 15 August 1931). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang (17 January – 17 April 1930). Born on 16 August 1876 in Shanghai, China. Appointed as a Cadet in the Straits Settlements in 1899. Acting Fourth Magistrate of Singapore in 1901. In 1902, passed examination in Tamil and was transferred to Penang as Acting Assistant of Indian Immigration. In 1910, served as Acting District Officer of Kuala Lipis, Pahang for a year before reassigned as Deputy Superintendent of Immigrants Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States in 1911. Secretary Indian immigration Committee in 1912 and Deputy Controller of Labour in same year. Federal Examiner in Tamil in 1913 and served as Immigration Officer in Madras for the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States. In 1915, he was the Officiating Deputy Controller of Labour, Penang, and Assistant Censor in 1916. He married Bessie Violet Bagot in 1904 and was invested with CBE in 1929. Retired on 15 August 1931 and died on 13 March 1955.
1931–1933: Percy Tothill Allen was Resident Councillor of Penang from 16 August 1931 – 1933. Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (2 May 1931 – 16 August 1931). Born 14 October 1878. Appointed as a Cadet by the Secretary of State in 1902 and was later promoted to acting Second Assistant in the Chinese Protectorate at Penang in 1905. Served as District Officer of Matang, Perak in 1906. Acting District Officer of Christmas Island, Australia in 1907 then District Officer until 1909. In 1909, returned to Penang to hold the Acting Assistant Protector of Chinese and Superintendent of Prisons. Served a few months as Acting Second Assistant for District Officer in Tapah, Perak in 1909 before being appointed Secretary to the Resident of Negeri Sembilan in the same year. Acting Magistrate of Seremban, Negeri Sembilan until 1912. Returned to Penang to hold post of Acting Assistant, Protector of Chinese in 1913 and in Singapore in 1917.
1933–1941: Arthur Mitchell Goodman was Resident Councillor of Penang (1933–1941). Born 15 December 1886. Joined the Malayan Civil Service in 1909 as a Cadet. Acting Assistant Protector of Chinese, Perak in 1912. Assistant Controller of Labour, Perak in 1915. Acting Magistrate in Ipoh in 1916. Acting Assistant Protector of Chinese, Penang in 1917. Acting Secretary for Chinese Affairs of the Federated Malay States 1921. Secretary Chinese Affairs SS 1927. Member Penang Harbour Board. Member Executive and Legislative Councils SS. Acting Resident Councillor of Penang (21 April 1933 – 14 October 1933). Resident Councillor of Penang (14 October 1933 – 24 November 1934). On leave from (24 November 1934 – 29 August 1935). Resumed duty from (29 August 1935 – 8 December 1937). Resumed duty on 6 July 1938.
1934: James Startin Wills Arthur was Acting Resident Councillor for Penang in 1934. Born in Powick, Worcester 9 March 1881. District Officer of Christmas Island, Australia (1911–1912), Assistant Adviser Kedah 1916–1921, Deputy President Municipal Commissioners Penang 1923, District Judge Malacca 1924, MCS Assistant Treasurer in Penang. Director-General of Posts and Telegraphs, Malaya 1934. Acting Resident Councillor for Malacca (20 February 1934) and Penang (24 November 1934). Retired 29 August 1935.
1937–1938: George Alexander de Chazal de Moubray, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang, from 8 December 1937 to 6 July 1938. Born 1888. Director of Land Office of Terengganu (1926–1929). DO Kinta and Member of Perak State Council 1934. Acting British Adviser, Kelantan 1938. British Adviser of Terengganu (1940–1941). Police Magistrate, Straits Settlements. He was taken as prisoner of war in Changi, Singapore during Japanese Occupation. Changi and Sime Rd internee.
1940–1941: Leslie Forbes (born 1889) was Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from 1940 to 1941. He was an internee at Changi and Sime Rd. He was a member of the British Military Administration until 1973.
Japanese occupation
Japanese governors of Penang
1942–1943: Lt-Gen. Shotaro Katayama Governor of Penang from(1942–1943)
1943–1944: Maj-Gen. Masakich i Itami Governor of Penang from(1943–1944)
1944: Lt-Gen. Shinohara Seiichiro Governor of Penang from (1944–1944)
1944: S.Ikagawa Deputy Governor of Penang from (1944) only.
1944–1945: Lt-Gen. Shinohara Seiichiro was Governor of Penang from 1944 to 1945
British military administration
Military governors of the Settlement of Penang
1945–1945: Peter Dicken Cracroft (1907–2003) assumed command as Military Governor of Penang on 24 September 1945 under Lord Louis Mountbatten of the British High Command at Singapore (12 September 1945). He retired in 1958 and died in 2003.
1945–1946: Thomas John Norman Hilken (1901–1969)
Malayan Union and Federation of Malaya
Resident commissioners of the Settlement of Penang
1946–1948: Sydney Noel King (6 June 1897) was Resident Commissioner of Penang from 1946 to 1948. He was born on 6 June 1897. He was a Cadet in the Straits Settlements in March 1920. He was attached to Land Office, Penang in May 1920. He served as Acting District officer in Bukit Mertajam in 1923. In March 1932 he worked as Acting First Magistrate, Johor Bahru, before being appointed Deputy Public Prosecutor, Johor, in the same year. He was District Officer of Christmas Island, Australia from 1925 to 1926. He was appointed Acting Under Secretary of the Straits Settlements in April 1936 and as Acting Legal Adviser of Kedah in June 1937. He was an internee at Changi and Sime Rd. He was a member of the British Military Administration until 1973.
1948–1951: Arthur Vincent Aston (born in Chester 1896) was a Resident Commissioner of Penang from 1948 to 1951. He was an internee at Changi and Sime Rd.
1948: George Evan Cameron Wisdom was Acting Resident Commissioner of Penang in 1948. He was Resident Commissioner of Malacca from 1951 to 1954.
1951–1957: Robert Porter Bingham was Resident Commissioner of Penang from 1951 to 1957. He was an Acting Resident Commissioner of Penang in 1950.
1952: Norman Ward was Acting Resident Commissioner of Penang in 1952.
1954: John Sjovald Hoseason Cunyngham-Brown (born 1905) was Acting Resident Commissioner of Penang from 25 June – 17 July 1954. He retired in 1957 and died, in Georgetown, Penang, in 1989.
1954–1955: David Gray (born 1906), Acting Resident Commissioner of Penang, from 30 December 1954 to 3 August 1955. He had been Assistant Protector of Chinese, Singapore Police Magistrate, Chinese Secretariat in 1934. He was an internee at Changi and Sime Rd internee. Upon returning to Malaya in 1947, he was assigned to the Dept of Labour, Federation of Malaya. He was appointed to Secretary of Chinese Affairs, Federation of Malaya in 1951. In 1952 he was appointed Acting Chief Secretary of the Federation of Malaya. He was Acting Resident Commissioner, Penang, from 1954 to 1955. He then moved on to become Acting Chief Secretary for the Federation of Malaya and Officer Administering the Government of the Federation of Malaya from 1955 to 1956.
Independent Federation of Malaya and Malaysia
List of Yang di-Pertua of the State of Penang
No.
Portrait
Governor
Term of office
Took office
Left office
Time in office
1
Tun Dato' Seri Utama SirRaja Uda Raja Muhammad(1894–1976)
31 August 1957
30 August 1967
10 years, 0 days
2
Tun Dato' Seri UtamaSyed Sheh Shahabudin(1912–1969)
31 August 1967
31 January 1969
1 year, 154 days
3
Tun Dato' Seri UtamaSyed Sheh Hassan Barakbah(1906–1975)
1 February 1969
1 February 1975
6 years, 0 days
4
Tun Dato' Seri UtamaSardon Jubir(1917–1985)
2 February 1975
30 April 1981
6 years, 88 days
5
Tun Dato' Seri UtamaAwang Hassan(1910–1998)
1 May 1981
30 April 1989
8 years, 0 days
6
Tun Dato' Seri UtamaHamdan Sheikh Tahir(1921–2005)
1 May 1989
30 April 2001
12 years, 0 days
7
Tun Dato' Seri Utama HajiAbdul Rahman Abbas(b. 1938)
1 May 2001
30 April 2021
20 years, 0 days
8
Tun Dato' Seri UtamaAhmad Fuzi Abdul Razak(b. 1949)
1 May 2021
Incumbent
3 years, 46 days
See also
Factory Records: Straits Settlements IOR/G/34 1786–1830
References
Citations
^ a b c d e "History of Penang". Visit Penang. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ "Article 1.(1), Constitution of the State of Penang" (PDF). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
^ "Appointment Of Persons To Important Posts". Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ "Role". Penang State Government. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ Memoir of Captain Francis light by Allan Maclean Skinner. 1895. Print. Page 17.
^ Auber 1826, p. 743.
^ Governor Fullerton moved the seat of the Straits Government from Penang to Singapore (12 November 1829), after which time Ibbetson assumed the role of governor of Penang, as the sole survivor of the officials appointed to the new Penang Presidency in 1805. The departure of the last Governor is also recorded in the Gazette. The issue of 29 August 1829 carries the following notification:
"The Honorable the Governor, being about to proceed to Singapore and Malacca, NOTICE is hereby given that this station will cease to be the seat of Government from the date of his departure, and the charge of the settlement will devolve upon the Honorable Robert Ibbetson, Resident Councillor; to whom all local references will be made." -- New Ways of Knowing: The Prince of Wales Island Gazette—Penang’s First Newspaper by Geoff Wade, University of Hong Kong; Email [email protected], Presented at The Penang Story – International Conference 2002 18–21 April 2002, The City Bayview Hotel, Penang, Malaysia organised by The Penang Heritage Trust & STAR Publications
^ 1831: Ibbetson signed the British Treaty with Rumbowe, 30 November 1831 as the Resident of Singapore, Prince of Wales' Island, Malacca and its dependencies. (See Newbold, 1839)
^ 1832: Robert Ibbetson, Governor of Penang, Malacca and Singapore.
^ Boundary Treaty with Johore,
15 June 1833.
^ Political and Statistical account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca by Thomas John Newbold, published 1839.
^ The Bengal directory and annual register Published by Samuel Smith & Co., 1838
^ The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia Published by Parbury, Allen, and Co., 1838; Item notes: n.s. 25 (January–April 1838); p. 264
^ The Western Malay States, 1850–1873: the effects of commercial development on Malay politics By Kay Kim Khoo Published by Oxford University Press, 1972; p. 90, 91, 113
^ Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malayan Branch Published by The Branch, 1923; Item notes: v.56–58 1983–1985; p. 119
^ The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris: First American Consul and Minister to Japan By Townsend Harris, Japan Society (New York, N.Y.), Mario Emilio Cosenza Published by Published for Japan Society, New York, by Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1930; p. 48, 75
^ The British in West Sumatra (1685-1825).: A Selection of Documents, Mainly from the East India Company Records Preserved in the India Office Library, Commonwealth Relations Office, London By John Sturgus Bastin, John Bastin, India Office Library, East India Company Compiled by John Sturgus Bastin Published by University of Malaya Press, 1965; p. 178
^ JMBRAS XXXIII L. A. Mills
^ ANSON, ARCHIBALD EDWARD HARBORD About Others and Myself, London, John Murray. 1920
^ "No. 11056". The Edinburgh Gazette. 6 January 1899. p. 14.
^ "Death of Mr C. W. S. Kynnersley, C.M.G." The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (Weekly). 21 July 1904. p. 37.
^ "Kynnersley, Charles Walter Sneyd-, (1849–11 July 1904), Resident Councillor at Penang, Straits Settlements, from 1897". ukwhoswho. 1 December 2007.
^ Evans, William (b 1860) Resident Councillor, Penang
^ a b Frost, Captain Meadows, (18 April 1875–28 Aug. 1954). 1 December 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U237467.
^ "No. 27016". The London Gazette. 21 October 1898. p. 6142.
^ a b "Gilman, Edward Wilmot Francis, (16 Aug. 1876–13 March 1955)". ukwhoswho. 1 December 2007.
^ "No. 11141". The Edinburgh Gazette. 31 October 1899. p. 1022.
^ "No. 33501". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 May 1929. p. 3679.
^ Mustafa, Siti Fairuz. "Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Pulau Pinang - Governor". www.penang.gov.my.
^ "Malaysia: States". Rulers. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
^ India Office Records, 1600-1948, British Library, Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections
Sources
Auber, Peter (1826), An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India, Kingsbury, Parburg, and Allen, J. M. Richardson, and Harding and co., p. 743
Langdon, Marcus (2013), Penang: The Fourth Presidency of India, 1805-1830. Volume One: Ships, Men and Mansions, Areca Books
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Governor of Western Australia
Lieutenant Governor of the Swan River Colony
category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"Malaysian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"state government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Penang"},{"link_name":"chief minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Penang"},{"link_name":"island of Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang_Island"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Francis Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Light"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-1"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-1"},{"link_name":"residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_minister#Pseudo-colonial_residents"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-1"},{"link_name":"Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Straits Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements"},{"link_name":"governor of the Straits Settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Straits_Settlements"},{"link_name":"occupied by the Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hist-1"},{"link_name":"Malayan Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Union"},{"link_name":"Federation of Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"Yang di-Pertuan Agong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong"},{"link_name":"chief minister of Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Penang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang_State_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The governor of Penang (Malay: Yang di-Pertua Negeri Pulau Pinang) is the head of state of the Malaysian state of Penang. The role of governor is largely ceremonial with the power vested in the executive branch of the state government led by the chief minister.Until the 18th century, the island of Penang was part of the Sultanate of Kedah. In 1786, the island was ceded by the sultan of Kedah to the East India Company, Francis Light representing the company.[1] Light renamed the island Prince of Wales Island. In 1790, after suffering a military defeat at the hands of Light, Sultan Abdullah formally handed over the island to the British. Light was appointed Superintendent of Prince of Wales Island.[1] From 1800 to 1805, the island was led by a lieutenant governor.[1]In 1805, Prince of Wales Island became a residency, led by a governor.[1] In 1826, the island, along with Malacca and Singapore, were consolidated into the Straits Settlements. Thereafter, Penang was administered by a British resident councillor subordinate to the governor of the Straits Settlements.Penang was occupied by the Japanese from 1941 to 1945.[1] After the surrender of the Japanese, the British returned and briefly imposed military rule on Malaya before forming the Malayan Union in 1946. During the Malayan Union and the pre-independence Federation of Malaya period, Penang was administered by British resident commissioners.Since independence, the head of state of Penang, the governor (Malay: Yang di-Pertua Negeri), has been appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (king of Malaysia) after consultation with the chief minister of Penang.[2][3] The governor retains only ceremonial functions, including opening and dissolving the State Assembly, conferring state awards and appointing the chief minister after elections.[4] The chief minister is the head of the executive branch of the state government.","title":"List of governors of Penang"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Superintendents of Prince of Wales Island"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lieutenant governors of Prince of Wales Island"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Governors of Prince of Wales Island"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Resident councillors of Prince of Wales Island"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Residents and governors of the Residency of Prince of Wales Island, Singapore and Malacca (at George Town & Singapore)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmund Augustus Blundell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Augustus_Blundell"},{"link_name":"William Thomas Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Thomas_Lewis_(governor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ajmrbi1938-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Henry Stuart Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Stuart_Man&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"In 1851 the Straits Settlements, while still remaining a residency, was transferred from the authority of the governor of the Presidency of Bengal and put under direct control of the governor-general of India. The powers previously invested in the governor of Bengal were now vested in the governor of the Straits Settlements.1851–1855: Edmund Augustus Blundell was Resident Councillor of Prince of Wales Isle / Penang until 1855.\n18XX–1860: William Thomas Lewis, Asst. Resident Councillor of Prince of Wales' Isle was transferred to Resident Councillor of Malacca in 1854 upon the demise of Captain Hay Ferrier. He would later become Penang's commissioner of police and its Resident Councillor. On 6 December 1838, he was appointed to officiate as resident councillor at Malacca during the absence on leave of Mr. Garling.[13] W. T. Lewis retired as Resident Councillor of Penang in September 1860. He had transferred to the Straits Settlements in 1825 and had served the Government of the Straits Settlements for about 54 years.[14] He was Siamese Consul at Penang during Ord's Governorship.[15] In 1856 he was Resident Councillor and Acting Governor of Penang.[16][17][18]\n1860–1867: Major General Henry Stuart Man was Resident Councillor of Penang (1860–1867). Major General Henry Man was born in 1815 and became known in 1834 as an ensign in the 49th Madras Native Infantry. He was the captain in 1848, serving in the second Anglo-Burmese was 1852–1853 later becoming executive engineer and superintendent of convicts at Mulmein, Burma. In 1858, he was the officer-in-charge of the detachment that secured the British landing at Port Blair and formally annexed the islands to the British Crown. In 1860, Lieutenant-Colonel Man, as then was he, was appointed Resident Councillor of Penang and served in that capacity until 1867. In 1868, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Man returned to Port Blair as its fifth Superintendent while at the same time taking over the responsibility for the newly annexed Nicobar islands. The following year, his son, E.H. Man, joined him at Port Blair and the old Man relinquished his official position and was promoted to colonel. He was promoted to major-general in 1881. He died at Surbiton, England, on 10 April 1898 was buried at Thames Ditton, Surrey.","title":"Deputy residents and resident councillors, Prince of Wales Island"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Colonial Office, United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secretary of state for the colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_state_for_the_colonies"},{"link_name":"Archibald Edward Harbord Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Anson"},{"link_name":"Arthur Nonus Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Nonus_Birch"},{"link_name":"George William Robert Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_William_Robert_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Archibald Edward Harbord Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Anson"},{"link_name":"Archibald Edward Harbord Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Anson"},{"link_name":"Archibald Edward Harbord Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Anson"},{"link_name":"Archibald Edward Harbord Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Anson"},{"link_name":"William Cleaver Francis Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cleaver_Francis_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Archibald Edward Harbord Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Anson"},{"link_name":"Charles John Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_John_Irving"},{"link_name":"Archibald Edward Harbord Anson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Anson"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Penang Riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penang_Riots_1867"},{"link_name":"John Frederick Adolphus McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Adolphus_McNair"},{"link_name":"Woking Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking_Convict_Invalid_Prison"},{"link_name":"David Thompson Hatchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Thompson_Hatchell&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Lieutenant-governors, Penang","text":"On 1 April 1867 the Straits Settlements were transferred from the control of the Indian government to that of the secretary of state for the colonies in London (Colonial Office).1867–1871: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson, Lieutenant-Governor of Penang under Governor-General Sir Harry St. George Ord at Singapore.\n1871–1872: Arthur Nonus Birch, Actg. Lieutenant-Governor of Penang, Malaysia (1871–1872)\n1872–1873: Sir George William Robert Campbell, KCMG, Acting Lieutenant-Governor of Penang (1872–1873)\n1873–1875: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson, Lieutenant-Governor of Penang under Governor General Sir Andrew Clarke at Singapore.\n1875–1877: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson, Lieutenant-Governor of Penang under Governor-General Sir William Jervois at Singapore.\n1877-1877: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson, Acting Governor of the Crown Colony of the Straits Settlements at Penang from 3 April 1877 to August 1877.\n1877–1879: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson, Lieutenant-Governor of Penang under Sir William Cleaver Francis Robinson at Singapore.\n1879–1880: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson was Acting Governor of the Crown Colony of the Straits Settlements at Penang from 10 February 1879 to 16 May 1880.\n1879–1880: Charles John Irving, Actg. Lieutenant-Governor of Penang (1879–1880)& Resident Councillor of Penang (1885–1887). He was Auditor General to the government of Penang under Anson. He was born in 1831 at Isabelle place in Camberwell, London. He been took up some appointments at Mauritius.\n1880–1881: Major General Archibald Edward Harbord Anson, Lieutenant-Governor of Penang under Sir Frederick Weld at Singapore. Born 16 April 1826. His military experience began in 1844. He served in England, Ireland and Scotland from 1847 to 1855, Mauritius, 1857–1862 and Madagascar 1862–1865. He then returned to England and was appointed last Lieutenant Governor of Penang from 1867 to 1882, after serving in the army in India. In his memoirs \"About Others and Myself.\" he describes the feeling of depression upon his appointment as Penang's Resident Councillor.[19] He retired in 1881. It was during his appointment that the Penang Riots occurred. The riots ended when he negotiated a peace agreement between the contending parties; Red Flag and Tua Pek Kong members against the White Flag and the Ghee Hin. He was an Acting Governor of Straits Settlements from (4 March 1871 – 22 March 1872; 3–4 November 1873; 3 April 1877 – 29 October 1877; 10 February 1879 – 6 May 1880). Anson died in 1925.\n1881–1884: Major John Frederick Adolphus McNair, Actg. Lieutenant-Governor of Penang (1881–1884)& Resident Councillor of Penang (1884)only. He was born at Bath in 1828. Entered Madras Royal Artillery in 1845. In 1857, A.D.C. to Governor Blundell in Singapore. From 1865 to 1867 he was in England as deputy governor in charge of public works at Woking Prison. He retired in 1884. He died in 1910.\n1884-1884: Captain David Thompson Hatchell, Acting Lieutenant-Governor of Penang. He was born 1840. He became Commissioner of the court request in Ayer Itam, Penang in 1876.","title":"Colonial Office, United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Dunlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Dunlop"},{"link_name":"Charles John Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_John_Irving"},{"link_name":"Allan Maclean Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan_Maclean_Skinner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Edward Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Henry Trotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Trotter_(governor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Francis James Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_James_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Walter Sneyd-Kynnersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Walter_Sneyd-Kynnersley"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"James Kortright Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Kortright_Birch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Norman Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Norman_Bland"},{"link_name":"James Oliver Anthonisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Oliver_Anthonisz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Evans_(governor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Alfred Thomas Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thomas_Bryant_(colonial_administrator)"},{"link_name":"Walter Cecil Michell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Cecil_Michell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Amos Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Amos_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harold William Firmstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_William_Firmstone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Blennerhassett Voules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Blennerhassett_Voules&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stewart Codrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stewart_Codrington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Peel_(colonial_administrator)"},{"link_name":"Meadows Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meadows_Frost&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost-24"},{"link_name":"Edward Wilmot Francis Gilman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Wilmot_Francis_Gilman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWFG-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWFG-26"},{"link_name":"Percy Tothill Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Tothill_Allen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Mitchell Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Mitchell_Goodman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Startin Wills Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Startin_Wills_Arthur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Alexander de Chazal de Moubray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Alexander_de_Chazal_de_Moubray&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leslie Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Forbes&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Resident Councillors, Penang","text":"1884–1885: Major Samuel Dunlop, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang (1884–1885). D.G.M of Freemasons' Hall in 1885,Singapore.\n1885–1887: Charles John Irving, Resident Councillor of Penang (1885-1887). He was born in 1831 at Isabelle place in Camberwell, London. He been took up some appointments at Mauritius.\n1887–1897: Allan Maclean Skinner, Resident Councillor of Penang (1887–1897). Inspector General of Schools, Hospitals and Prisons under Anson. 1881 – Colonial treasurer and Auditor-General, Skinner was the first Resident Councillor who took residence at the official residence called Residency (now Seri Mutiara) in 1890. He was the President of George Town Municipal Council.\n1887–1889: Sir William Edward Maxwell, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang from(1887–1889). Actg. He was Lieutenant-Governor of Malacca in 1870.\n1891–1895: Henry Trotter, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang (24 October 1891 – 31 October 1892; 16 September 1894 – 7 December 1895). Born 1837 in Cape Colony, South Africa. Became a private secretary to the Governor of Dominica in 1852.In 1859,he received a clerkship in the office of Commander-in-chief (Duke of Cambridge) at the House Guards. Appointed as Deputy Comptroller of the Convict Establishment in Bermuda. Transferred to Ceylon as Inspector of Post Offices and later became Postmaster General. In 1871, appointed as Postmaster General of Straits Settlements. He became Auditor-General Of Straits Settlements in 1882.\n1894–1895: Francis James Anderson, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang\n1897–1903: Charles Walter Sneyd-Kynnersley, Resident Councillor of Penang (5 May – 23 December 1897 / 8 April 1900 – 24 February 1901 – 1903). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (25 April 1889 – 9 March 1890; 4 February – 23 March 1897). Acting Resident Councillor of Malacca from (7 December 1893 – 1 January 1895; 31 December 1898 – 10 March 1899).Resident Councillor of Malacca from (1 January – 16 April 1895; 6 February 1896 – 4 February 1897). He was born on 25 September 1849. His first appointment was as a Cadet in April 1872 by the Secretary of State and was sent to the Colony the very next month. In October 1873, he passed Final Examination in Malay and was attached to the Lieutenant-Governor's Office, Penang, as Secretary Assistant. In 1875, he worked as the Assistant Magistrate and Commissioner Court of Request in Province Wellesley. He also served as the Secretary for Committee of Management of Penang Free School. He served as Third Magistrate in Singapore in 1880 and as Second Magistrate, the following year, before returning to Penang in the same year as First Magistrate. From 1890 to 1896, he held various posts including First Magistrate, Singapore. He married Ada Maud Nash in 1884 and was invested with CMG in 1899.[20] He died on 11 July 1904.[21][22]\n1905–1906: James Kortright Birch, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang from (3 March 1897 – Aug. 1898; April 1901 – November 1902 – ?; 1903–1905) & Resident Councillor of Penang from (1905–1906). He was born on 12 August 1850. In 1872, he was appointed by the Secretary of State and was sent to the Colony to be attached to the Colonial Secretary's office. He passed Final Examination in Malay in 1873. In 1874, he was the Acting Deputy Collector of Land Revenue, Penang and the Magistrate and Coroner for the Settlement. In 1875, he was the Collector of Land Revenue, Penang. After home leave in 1876–77, he appointment as Acting Magistrate took him to work in Malacca and Singapore until 1882 when he returned to Penang to work as Acting Superintendent of Education in Province Wellesley. In 1888, he was appointed as Senior District Officer, Province Wellesley before becoming First Magistrate of Penang in 1890.\n1907–1908: Robert Norman Bland, Resident Councillor of Penang from 17 February 1907 – 14 March 1908 and 7 May 1908 – 1910). Acting Resident Councillor in Malacca (22 April – 10 September 1900 and 26 November 1901 – 13 June 1903 and 15 October 1903 – 1 January 1905). Resident Councillor of Malacca (1 January 1905 – 13 March 1906). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang (22 November 1906 – 17 February 1907). Born on 10 October 1859. Arrived in the Colony February 1883 and was attached to the Colonial Secretary's Office as Cadet learning Chinese. In April of the same year, he was posted to Land Office, Malacca as a Cadet learning Malay and passed Final Examination in Malay in 1884. After a home leave in 1886, he was appointed Assistant to Resident Councillor, Penang before becoming District Officer of Balik Pulau in 1887 and District Officer, Nibong Tebal in the following year. He was Acting First Magistrate Penang before taking his second home in 1889. His next appointment after his home leave took him away from Penang to serve as Collector of Land Revenue, Singapore in 1890. Appointed Acting Officer in Charge, Negeri Sembilan from 1893 to 1895. He was transferred to Singapore in 1896 to resume his duties as Collector of Land Revenue before returning to Penang in 1897 to work as Inspector of Prison, Straits Settlement as well as Senior District Officer, Province Wellesley. He became Acting Resident Councillor of Malacca (22 April – 10 September 1900). He became Resident Councillor of Malacca from (26 November 1901)\n1910–1911: James Oliver Anthonisz, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang (29 April 1910 – 18 January 1911).\n1911–1912: William Evans, Resident Councillor of Penang from (21 January 1911 – 11 May 1912 and 29 January 1913 – 13 February 1914). Acting Resident Councillor in Malacca from (15 March 1906 – 17 February 1907). Resident Councillor of Malacca (17 February – 4 September 1907; 25 February – 14 March 1908; 8–29 May 1908; 3 July 1908 – 15 February 1909; 29 May 1909 – 8 February 1910). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang (14 March – 8 May 1908). William Evans was born on 5 September 1860. He first came to the Colony in 1882 and was attached to the Chinese Protectorate Service, Singapore. In 1884, he was sent to Amoy to study Chinese (Hok-kien) and passed its Final Examination in 1885. He also passed Final Examination in Malay in 1888. From 1887 onwards, he continued to serve in Penang and Singapore as the Protector of Chinese in the Straits Settlement until 1902 while holding other post such as Municipal Commissioner for Singapore in 1896.[23]\n1914–1917: Alfred Thomas Bryant, Resident Councillor of Penang (1914–1917). Born on 4 October 1860. First came to Colony in 1883 and was attached to the Colonial Secretary's Office for two years. After passing his Final Examination in Malay in 1885, he was appointed Acting Third Magistrate, Penang in 1886 and as Acting Collector of Land Revenue, Penang a few months later. In 1890, he was promoted to District Officer of Dindings. After his home leave, he passed Final Examination in Tamil in 1892 and was transferred to Malacca as Acting Collector of Land Revenue and Officer in Charge of Treasury. In 1895, he was in Penang again as Acting First Magistrate, a position he held until he became First Magistrate in 1898, while becoming the Inspector of Schools, Straits Settlements since 1897.\n1917–1919: Walter Cecil Michell, Resident Councillor of Penang from (7 October 1917 – 1919). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (18 May 1912 – 29 January 1913) and Acting Resident of Malacca from (11 June 1914 – 24 December 1915). Born in Kensington, London on 9 August 1864. First came to the Colony in 1887 and was attached to the Colonial Secretary's Office until 1888 when he was posted to Sungai Ujong, Negeri Sembilan as Acting Collector of Land Revenue. He passed his Malay Examination in 1889. From 1889 until 1890, he was in Ulu Pahang as Acting Superintendent before arriving in Penang in April 1890 to serve as Acting District Officer, Balik Pulau, but soon to be promoted as District Officer of the district in 1891. In 1895, after home leave, he was transferred to Dindings as Acting District Officer but soon afterwards as its District Officer while holding other duties as Deputy Registrar, Supreme Court, Penang. He was in Singapore from 1897 to 1898 as Acting Second Assistant Colonial Secretary and as Acting Collector of Land revenue. He also passed Final Examination in Siamese in 1898, the year he was Acting Senior District Officer, Province Wellesley. In 1890, he was appointed Second Magistrate, Singapore and Official Assignee in 1901 before becoming Acting Commissioner, Court of Request Singapore in 1902. W.C. Michell loved polo, riding, shooting and member of various clubs in Penang.\n1919–1922: Gilbert Amos Hall, Resident Councillor of Penang from 20 October 1919 – 27 February 1920 and 31 January 1921 – 1922). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (24 July – 20 October 1919). Born on 21 July 1867. He went to work for the Straits Settlements Civil Service, Singapore in 1888. In 1891, he passed Final Examination in Malay and was promoted to the Acting Third Magistrate, Penang the same year. In 1894, he was appointed as Acting District Officer, Dindings. A few months later, he passed Final Examination in Hok-kien and was appointed Superintendent of Education, Penang. He worked as Acting District Officer, Alor Gajah, Malacca, after returning from home leave in June 1895 until November 1896. In 1897, he was back in Penang to serve as Acting Second Magistrate and later as Sheriff and Deputy Registrar of the Supreme Court, Singapore, while continued to act as Second Magistrate, Penang. In 1898, he served two positions as Second Assistant Colonial Secretary and Collector of Land Revenue, Penang. He was transferred to Malacca at the end of 1900 after his home leave as Acting Collector of Land Revenue and Officer in Charge of Treasury. In 1902, he worked as Collector of Land Revenue, Malacca. He was the British Adviser of Kedah (1916–1919). He lived in Hampshire after his retirement in 1922.\n1920: Harold William Firmstone, Acting Resident Councillor of Malacca, Malaysia (4 September 1907 – 6 September 1907; 14 March 1908 – 8 May 1908; 29 May 1908 – 3 July 1908). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from 28 February 1920.\n1922–1925: Arthur Blennerhassett Voules, Resident Councillor of Penang 9 December 1922 – 1925). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang 17 November 1922 – 9 December 1922. Born London 15 September 1870. Joined Perak government Service in 1892. Acting Federal Inspector of Schools at Kuala Lumpur in 1900. Captain of the Royal Selangor Golf Club in 1905. Solicitor-General, Straits Settlements in 1913. Acting Attorney General of Straits Settlements in 1919. Acting Judicial Commissioner of Federated Malay States in 1919. Acting Legal Adviser of Federated Malay States and legal advisor (Officer, Class 1A), both in 1920. President of Selangor Golf Club in 1920. He retired in 1925. He died in 1954. Compiled a book called The Laws of the Federated Malay States, 1877–1920.\n1924: Stewart Codrington, Acting Resident Councillor of Penang 11 May – 8 October 1924. Codrington Avenue is named after him.\n1925–1926: William Peel, Resident Councillor of Penang from 9 July 1925 – 9 May 1926. Born in Hexham, Northumberland on 27 February 1875. Joined the Colonial Service in 1897 as Cadet. Promoted to Acting District Officer of Nibong Tebal in 1898 and Bukit Mertajam in 1899 and Province Wellesley until 1901. Acting Second Colonial Secretary, Singapore in 1902. Returned to Penang in 1905 to serve as Acting Second Magistrate and Coroner. After serving as Acting Auditor in 1908 in Penang, he continued his service at various capacities in the Federated Malay States such as Acting Secretary to the Resident of Selangor in 1909 and Acting District Officer Lower Perak in 1910 before returning to Penang as President of the Municipal Commissioners Penang in 1911. Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (26 February – 5 October 1917). Later he became president of the municipal commissioners of Singapore in 1918. In 1919 he was appointed as joint passage controller of labour for the Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements in 1920; and chairman of European Unemployment Committee in 1921. In 1922 he became British Adviser for Government of Kedah. He became Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (10 May – 9 July 1925). In 1927,he acted as officer administering the government and High Commissioner for the Malay States, having been promoted to be Chief Secretary to Government in 1926.He was appointed Governor of Hong Kong in 1930. He retired in 1935. Peel Avenue is named after him.\n1926–1928: Ralph Scott, Resident Councillor of Penang (9 June 1926 – 1928). Born 26 February 1874. First appointed as Cadet by the Secretary of State in 1895. In 1896, attached to the Colonial Secretary's Office. From 1897 until 1912, served various appointments in the Straits Settlements: Land Office in Malacca, Acting Deputy Registrar at Penang Supreme Court and Acting Collector of Land Revenue, Singapore. In 1912, promoted to Acting District Judge, Singapore and as Acting District Judge and First Magistrate of Penang in 1915. Acting Resident of Malacca (14 February 1909 – 25 July 1910) / Actg. Resident of Malacca from (15 March 1920 – 6 January 1921) /Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang from (10 September – 17 November 1922) /Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang from (May 1926) /Resident Councillor of Malacca from (14 April 1925 – May 1926). Scott Road was named after him.\n1928–1930: Captain Meadows Frost, Resident Councillor of Penang (8 July 1928 – 1930). Resident Councillor of Malacca (9 June 1926 – 25 March 1927). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang (8 April 1928 – 8 July 1928). Born on 18 April 1875.[24] First joined the Colonial Service in 1898 as a cadet[25] and promoted to Assistant District Officer of Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan in 1901 and Acting District Officer of Kuala Lipis, Pahang in 1902. Moved to Pekan, Pahang in 1904 also to serve as Assistant District Officer. In 1905, promoted to District Treasurer of Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. His next appointment took him to the Northern part of the Malay Peninsula where he was to act as British Consul to the Siamese Southern States in 1905 and as Acting British Adviser to His Royal Highness Raja of Perlis from 1909 to 1911. Acting British Adviser of Kedah in 1911. Acting Superintendent, Convict Establishment. He married Catherine Fulton Carver in 1911 and died on 28 August 1954.[24]\n1930–1931: Edward Wilmot Francis Gilman, Resident Councillor of Penang (17 April 1930 – 15 August 1931). Acting Resident Councillor of Penang (17 January – 17 April 1930). Born on 16 August 1876 in Shanghai, China.[26] Appointed as a Cadet in the Straits Settlements in 1899.[27] Acting Fourth Magistrate of Singapore in 1901. In 1902, passed examination in Tamil and was transferred to Penang as Acting Assistant of Indian Immigration. In 1910, served as Acting District Officer of Kuala Lipis, Pahang for a year before reassigned as Deputy Superintendent of Immigrants Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States in 1911. Secretary Indian immigration Committee in 1912 and Deputy Controller of Labour in same year. Federal Examiner in Tamil in 1913 and served as Immigration Officer in Madras for the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States. In 1915, he was the Officiating Deputy Controller of Labour, Penang, and Assistant Censor in 1916. He married Bessie Violet Bagot in 1904 and was invested with CBE in 1929.[28] Retired on 15 August 1931 and died on 13 March 1955.[26]\n1931–1933: Percy Tothill Allen was Resident Councillor of Penang from 16 August 1931 – 1933. Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from (2 May 1931 – 16 August 1931). Born 14 October 1878. Appointed as a Cadet by the Secretary of State in 1902 and was later promoted to acting Second Assistant in the Chinese Protectorate at Penang in 1905. Served as District Officer of Matang, Perak in 1906. Acting District Officer of Christmas Island, Australia in 1907 then District Officer until 1909. In 1909, returned to Penang to hold the Acting Assistant Protector of Chinese and Superintendent of Prisons. Served a few months as Acting Second Assistant for District Officer in Tapah, Perak in 1909 before being appointed Secretary to the Resident of Negeri Sembilan in the same year. Acting Magistrate of Seremban, Negeri Sembilan until 1912. Returned to Penang to hold post of Acting Assistant, Protector of Chinese in 1913 and in Singapore in 1917.\n1933–1941: Arthur Mitchell Goodman was Resident Councillor of Penang (1933–1941). Born 15 December 1886. Joined the Malayan Civil Service in 1909 as a Cadet. Acting Assistant Protector of Chinese, Perak in 1912. Assistant Controller of Labour, Perak in 1915. Acting Magistrate in Ipoh in 1916. Acting Assistant Protector of Chinese, Penang in 1917. Acting Secretary for Chinese Affairs of the Federated Malay States 1921. Secretary Chinese Affairs SS 1927. Member Penang Harbour Board. Member Executive and Legislative Councils SS. Acting Resident Councillor of Penang (21 April 1933 – 14 October 1933). Resident Councillor of Penang (14 October 1933 – 24 November 1934). On leave from (24 November 1934 – 29 August 1935). Resumed duty from (29 August 1935 – 8 December 1937). Resumed duty on 6 July 1938.\n1934: James Startin Wills Arthur was Acting Resident Councillor for Penang in 1934. Born in Powick, Worcester 9 March 1881. District Officer of Christmas Island, Australia (1911–1912), Assistant Adviser Kedah 1916–1921, Deputy President Municipal Commissioners Penang 1923, District Judge Malacca 1924, MCS Assistant Treasurer in Penang. Director-General of Posts and Telegraphs, Malaya 1934. Acting Resident Councillor for Malacca (20 February 1934) and Penang (24 November 1934). Retired 29 August 1935.\n1937–1938: George Alexander de Chazal de Moubray, Actg. Resident Councillor of Penang, from 8 December 1937 to 6 July 1938. Born 1888. Director of Land Office of Terengganu (1926–1929). DO Kinta and Member of Perak State Council 1934. Acting British Adviser, Kelantan 1938. British Adviser of Terengganu (1940–1941). Police Magistrate, Straits Settlements. He was taken as prisoner of war in Changi, Singapore during Japanese Occupation. Changi and Sime Rd internee.\n1940–1941: Leslie Forbes (born 1889) was Acting Resident Councillor of Penang from 1940 to 1941. He was an internee at Changi and Sime Rd. He was a member of the British Military Administration until 1973.","title":"Colonial Office, United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Japanese occupation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Japanese governors of Penang","text":"1942–1943: Lt-Gen. Shotaro Katayama Governor of Penang from(1942–1943)\n1943–1944: Maj-Gen. Masakich i Itami Governor of Penang from(1943–1944)\n1944: Lt-Gen. Shinohara Seiichiro Governor of Penang from (1944–1944)\n1944: S.Ikagawa Deputy Governor of Penang from (1944) only.\n1944–1945: Lt-Gen. Shinohara Seiichiro was Governor of Penang from 1944 to 1945","title":"Japanese occupation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"British military administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Dicken Cracroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Dicken_Cracroft&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas John Norman Hilken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_John_Norman_Hilken&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Military governors of the Settlement of Penang","text":"1945–1945: Peter Dicken Cracroft (1907–2003) assumed command as Military Governor of Penang on 24 September 1945 under Lord Louis Mountbatten of the British High Command at Singapore (12 September 1945). He retired in 1958 and died in 2003.\n1945–1946: Thomas John Norman Hilken (1901–1969)","title":"British military administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Malayan Union and Federation of Malaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney Noel King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Noel_King&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Vincent Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Vincent_Aston"},{"link_name":"George Evan Cameron Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Evan_Cameron_Wisdom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Porter Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Porter_Bingham"},{"link_name":"John Sjovald Hoseason Cunyngham-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Sjovald_Hoseason_Cunyngham-Brown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Gray_(British_diplomat)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Resident commissioners of the Settlement of Penang","text":"1946–1948: Sydney Noel King (6 June 1897) was Resident Commissioner of Penang from 1946 to 1948. He was born on 6 June 1897. He was a Cadet in the Straits Settlements in March 1920. He was attached to Land Office, Penang in May 1920. He served as Acting District officer in Bukit Mertajam in 1923. In March 1932 he worked as Acting First Magistrate, Johor Bahru, before being appointed Deputy Public Prosecutor, Johor, in the same year. He was District Officer of Christmas Island, Australia from 1925 to 1926. He was appointed Acting Under Secretary of the Straits Settlements in April 1936 and as Acting Legal Adviser of Kedah in June 1937. He was an internee at Changi and Sime Rd. He was a member of the British Military Administration until 1973.\n1948–1951: Arthur Vincent Aston (born in Chester 1896) was a Resident Commissioner of Penang from 1948 to 1951. He was an internee at Changi and Sime Rd.\n1948: George Evan Cameron Wisdom was Acting Resident Commissioner of Penang in 1948. He was Resident Commissioner of Malacca from 1951 to 1954.\n1951–1957: Robert Porter Bingham was Resident Commissioner of Penang from 1951 to 1957. He was an Acting Resident Commissioner of Penang in 1950.\n1952: Norman Ward was Acting Resident Commissioner of Penang in 1952.\n1954: John Sjovald Hoseason Cunyngham-Brown (born 1905) was Acting Resident Commissioner of Penang from 25 June – 17 July 1954. He retired in 1957 and died, in Georgetown, Penang, in 1989.\n1954–1955: David Gray (born 1906), Acting Resident Commissioner of Penang, from 30 December 1954 to 3 August 1955. He had been Assistant Protector of Chinese, Singapore Police Magistrate, Chinese Secretariat in 1934. He was an internee at Changi and Sime Rd internee. Upon returning to Malaya in 1947, he was assigned to the Dept of Labour, Federation of Malaya. He was appointed to Secretary of Chinese Affairs, Federation of Malaya in 1951. In 1952 he was appointed Acting Chief Secretary of the Federation of Malaya. He was Acting Resident Commissioner, Penang, from 1954 to 1955. He then moved on to become Acting Chief Secretary for the Federation of Malaya and Officer Administering the Government of the Federation of Malaya from 1955 to 1956.","title":"Malayan Union and Federation of Malaya"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Independent Federation of Malaya and Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of Yang di-Pertua of the State of Penang","title":"Independent Federation of Malaya and Malaysia"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28Tudor_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28Tudor_Crown%29.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Factory Records: Straits Settlements IOR/G/34 1786–1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=059-iorg_4&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18"},{"title":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}] | [{"reference":"\"History of Penang\". Visit Penang. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160102075051/http://www.visitpenang.gov.my/portal3/about-penang/history.html","url_text":"\"History of Penang\""},{"url":"http://www.visitpenang.gov.my/portal3/about-penang/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Article 1.(1), Constitution of the State of Penang\" (PDF). Retrieved 29 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dun.penang.gov.my/images/v25/Perlembagaan%20Negeri_VERSI%20BM_BI.pdf","url_text":"\"Article 1.(1), Constitution of the State of Penang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Appointment Of Persons To Important Posts\". Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402004239/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/malaysianmonarchy/?q=en%2Fappointment","url_text":"\"Appointment Of Persons To Important Posts\""},{"url":"http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/malaysianmonarchy/?q=en/appointment","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Role\". Penang State Government. Retrieved 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.penang.gov.my/index.php/portal-tyt/peranan","url_text":"\"Role\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 11056\". The Edinburgh Gazette. 6 January 1899. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/11056/page/14","url_text":"\"No. 11056\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edinburgh_Gazette","url_text":"The Edinburgh Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Death of Mr C. W. S. Kynnersley, C.M.G.\" The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (Weekly). 21 July 1904. p. 37.","urls":[{"url":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19040721-1.2.42","url_text":"\"Death of Mr C. W. S. Kynnersley, C.M.G.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kynnersley, Charles Walter Sneyd-, (1849–11 July 1904), Resident Councillor at Penang, Straits Settlements, from 1897\". ukwhoswho. 1 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/search?q=Charles+Walter+Sneyd+Kynnersley&searchBtn=Search&isQuickSearch=true","url_text":"\"Kynnersley, Charles Walter Sneyd-, (1849–11 July 1904), Resident Councillor at Penang, Straits Settlements, from 1897\""}]},{"reference":"Frost, Captain Meadows, (18 April 1875–28 Aug. 1954). 1 December 2007. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U237467.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U237467","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U237467"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27016\". The London Gazette. 21 October 1898. p. 6142.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27016/page/6142","url_text":"\"No. 27016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Gilman, Edward Wilmot Francis, (16 Aug. 1876–13 March 1955)\". ukwhoswho. 1 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/search?q=Edward+Wilmot+Francis+Gilman&searchBtn=Search&isQuickSearch=true","url_text":"\"Gilman, Edward Wilmot Francis, (16 Aug. 1876–13 March 1955)\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 11141\". The Edinburgh Gazette. 31 October 1899. p. 1022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/11141/page/1022","url_text":"\"No. 11141\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Edinburgh_Gazette","url_text":"The Edinburgh Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 33501\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 May 1929. p. 3679.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33501/supplement/3679","url_text":"\"No. 33501\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Mustafa, Siti Fairuz. \"Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Pulau Pinang - Governor\". www.penang.gov.my.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penang.gov.my/en/tyt#formers-governors","url_text":"\"Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Pulau Pinang - Governor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malaysia: States\". Rulers. Retrieved 13 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rulers.org/malstat.html","url_text":"\"Malaysia: States\""}]},{"reference":"Auber, Peter (1826), An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India, Kingsbury, Parburg, and Allen, J. M. Richardson, and Harding and co., p. 743","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA743","url_text":"743"}]},{"reference":"Langdon, Marcus (2013), Penang: The Fourth Presidency of India, 1805-1830. Volume One: Ships, Men and Mansions, Areca Books","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.penang.gov.my/index.php/tyt","external_links_name":"www.penang.gov.my/index.php/tyt"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_governors_of_Penang&action=edit","external_links_name":"converting this article"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=059-iorg_4&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18","external_links_name":"Factory Records: Straits Settlements IOR/G/34 1786–1830"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160102075051/http://www.visitpenang.gov.my/portal3/about-penang/history.html","external_links_name":"\"History of Penang\""},{"Link":"http://www.visitpenang.gov.my/portal3/about-penang/history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dun.penang.gov.my/images/v25/Perlembagaan%20Negeri_VERSI%20BM_BI.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Article 1.(1), Constitution of the State of Penang\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402004239/http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/malaysianmonarchy/?q=en%2Fappointment","external_links_name":"\"Appointment Of Persons To Important Posts\""},{"Link":"http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/malaysianmonarchy/?q=en/appointment","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.penang.gov.my/index.php/portal-tyt/peranan","external_links_name":"\"Role\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RMcNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA459","external_links_name":"Political and Statistical account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books/pdf/The_Bengal_directory_and_annual_register.pdf?id=O94NAAAAQAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U3_Db0KeBszW-5t_2TLxP75MQ0yPw&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0","external_links_name":"The Bengal directory and annual register Published by Samuel Smith & Co., 1838"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/11056/page/14","external_links_name":"\"No. 11056\""},{"Link":"http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19040721-1.2.42","external_links_name":"\"Death of Mr C. W. S. Kynnersley, C.M.G.\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/search?q=Charles+Walter+Sneyd+Kynnersley&searchBtn=Search&isQuickSearch=true","external_links_name":"\"Kynnersley, Charles Walter Sneyd-, (1849–11 July 1904), Resident Councillor at Penang, Straits Settlements, from 1897\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P37241","external_links_name":"Evans, William (b 1860) Resident Councillor, Penang"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U237467","external_links_name":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U237467"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27016/page/6142","external_links_name":"\"No. 27016\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/search?q=Edward+Wilmot+Francis+Gilman&searchBtn=Search&isQuickSearch=true","external_links_name":"\"Gilman, Edward Wilmot Francis, (16 Aug. 1876–13 March 1955)\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/11141/page/1022","external_links_name":"\"No. 11141\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33501/supplement/3679","external_links_name":"\"No. 33501\""},{"Link":"https://www.penang.gov.my/en/tyt#formers-governors","external_links_name":"\"Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Pulau Pinang - Governor\""},{"Link":"http://www.rulers.org/malstat.html","external_links_name":"\"Malaysia: States\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA743","external_links_name":"743"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Socialist_Party | Congress Socialist Party | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Footnotes"] | 1934–1948 socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress
Indian political party
Congress Socialist Party FounderJai Prakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Acharya Narendra DevaFounded1934Dissolved1948Political positionLeft WingPolitics of IndiaPolitical partiesElections
JP, Lohia & Benipuri at Kisan Sabha CSP Patna Rally, August 1936The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was a socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress. It was founded in 1934 by Congress members who rejected what they saw as the anti-rational mysticism of Gandhi as well as the sectarian attitude of the Communist Party of India towards the Congress. Influenced by Fabianism as well as Marxism-Leninism, the CSP included advocates of armed struggle or sabotage (such as Yusuf Meherally, Jai Prakash Narayan, and Basawon Singh (Sinha) as well as those who insisted upon Ahimsa or Nonviolent resistance (such as Acharya Narendra Deva). The CSP advocated decentralized socialism in which co-operatives, trade unions, independent farmers, and local authorities would hold a substantial share of the economic power.
As secularists, they hoped to transcend communal divisions through class solidarity. Some, such as Narendra Deva or Basawon Singh (Sinha), advocated a democratic socialism distinct from both Marxism and reformist social democracy. During the Popular Front period, the communists worked within CSP.
History
JP Narayan and Minoo Masani were released from jail in 1934. JP Narayan convened a meeting in Patna on 17 May 1934, which founded the Bihar Congress Socialist Party. He was a Gandhian Socialist. Narayan became general secretary of the party and Acharya Narendra Deva became president. The Patna meeting gave a call for a socialist conference which would be held in connection to the Congress Annual Conference. At this conference, held in Bombay October 22–23 October 1934, they formed a new All India party, the Congress Socialist Party. Narayan became general secretary of the party, and Masani joint secretary. The conference venue was decorated by Congress flags and a portrait of Karl Marx.
In the new party the greeting 'comrade' was used. Masani mobilized the party in Bombay, whereas Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya and Puroshottam Trikamdas organized the party in other parts of Maharashtra. Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha) was among the prominent leaders of the Indian National Congress Party as among the founders of the Congress Socialist Party. The constitution of the CSP defined that the members of CSP were the members of the Provisional Congress Socialist Parties and that they were all required to be members of the Indian National Congress.
Members of communal organizations or political organizations whose goals were incompatible with the ones of CSP, were barred from CSP membership. The Bombay conference raised the slogan of mobilising the masses for a Constituent Assembly.
In 1936 the Communists joined CSP, as part of the Popular Front strategy of the ComIntern. In some states, like Kerala and Orissa, communists came to dominate CSP. In fact communists dominated the entire Congress in Kerala through its hold of CSP at one point.Congress Socialist Party possessed countrymade pipe bomb that recovered in 1943.
In 1936, the CSP began fraternal relations with the Lanka Sama Samaja Party of Ceylon. In 1937 the CSP sent Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya on a speaking tour of the island.
The CSP had adopted Marxism in 1936 and their third conference in Faizpur they had formulated a thesis that directed the party to work to transform the Indian National Congress into an anti-imperialist front.
During the summer of 1938 a meeting took place between the Marxist sector of the Anushilan movement and the CSP. Present in the meeting were Jai Prakash Narayan (leader of CSP), Jogesh Chandra Chatterji, Tridib Kumar Chaudhuri and Keshav Prasad Sharma. The Anushilan marxists then held talks with Acharya Narendra Deva, a former Anushilan militant. The Anushilan marxists decided to join CSP, but keeping a separate identity within the party. With them came the Anushilan Samiti, not only the Marxist sector. The non-Marxists (who constituted about a half of the membership of the Samiti), although not ideologically attracted to the CSP, felt loyalty towards the Marxist sector. Moreover, around 25% of the membership of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association joined the CSP. This group was led by Jogesh Chandra Chatterji. The Anushilan marxists were however soon to be disappointed by developments inside the CSP. The party, at that the time Anushilan marxists had joined it, was not a homogeneous entity. There was the Marxist trend led by J.P. Narayan and Narendra Deva, the Fabian socialist trend led by Minoo Masani and Asoka Mehta and a Gandhian socialist trend led by Ram Manohar Lohia, and Achyut Patwardan. To the Anushilan marxists differences emerged between the ideological stands of the party and its politics in practice. These differences surfaced at the 1939 annual session of the Indian National Congress at Tripuri. At Tripuri, in the eyes of the Anushlian marxists, the CSP had failed to consistently defend Subhas Chandra Bose. Jogesh Chandra Chatterji renounced his CSP membership in protest against the action by the party leadership.
Soon after the Tripuri session, Bose resigned as Congress president and formed the Forward Bloc. The Forward Bloc was intended to function as a unifying force for all leftwing elements. The Forward Bloc held its first conference on 22–23 June 1939, and at the same time a Left Consolidation Committee consisting of the Forward Bloc, CPI, CSP, the Kisan Sabha, League of Radical Congressmen, Labour Party and the Anushilan marxists. At this moment, in October 1939, J.P. Narayan tried to stretch out an olive branch to the Anushilan marxists. He proposed the formation of a 'War Council' consisting of himself, Pratul Ganguly, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Acharya Narendra Deva. But few days later, at a session of the All India Congress Committee, J.P. Narayan and the other CSP leaders pledged not to start any other movements parallel to those initiated by Gandhi. The Left Consolidation Committee soon fell into pieces, as the CPI, the CSP and the Royists deserted it. The Anushlian marxists left the CSP soon thereafter, forming the Revolutionary Socialist Party.
Narayan organized the CSP relief work in Kutch in 1939.
On the occasion of the 1940 Ramgarh Congress Conference CPI released a declaration called Proletarian Path, which sought to utilize the weakened state of the British Empire in the time of war and gave a call for general strike, no-tax, no-rent policies and mobilising for an armed revolution uprising. The National Executive of the CSP assembled at Ramgarh took a decision that all communists were expelled from CSP.
Members of the CSP were particularly active in the Quit India movement of August 1942. Although a socialist, Jawaharlal Nehru did not join the CSP, which created some rancor among CSP members who saw Nehru as unwilling to put his socialist slogans into action. After independence, the CSP broke away from Congress, under the influence of JP, and Lohia to form the Socialist Party of India.
See also
Triveni Sangh
Arjak Sangh
References
Chaudhuri, Asim Kumar, 1980. Socialist Movement in India: The Congress Socialist Party, 1934-1947. Calcutta: Progressive Publishers.
Chowdhuri, Satyabrata Rai, 2008. Leftism in India: 1917-1947. London and New Delhi: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gupta, Asha, 1987. Socialism in Theory and Practice: Narendra Deva’s Contribution. New Delhi: Gitanjali Publishing House.
Mahendru, K C, 1986. Gandhi and the Congress Socialist Party, 1934-48: An Analysis of their Interaction. Jalandhar, Punjab: Asian Book Services.
Srivastava, N.M.P. Anguish, Protest and Surcharged Nationalism: A Study of the Proscribed Literature in Colonial Bihar (1912–47) (2015 ed.). Directorate of Bihar State Archives, Government of Bihar, Patna. p. 768 (at pages 378–79) (In Yuvak Sedition Case 1930–31). ISBN 978-93-81456-36-1.
Socialist movement in India, by Krushna Singh Padhy, P. K. Panigrahy. 1992-260 pages.
Meanwhile, the Bihar Socialist Party had been set up by Ganga Sharan Sinha, Rambriksh Benipuri and Jayaprakash. They did not use the word 'Congress' with the name of the party.
Agrarian movements in India: studies on 20th century Bihar, by Arvind N. Das.1982-152
pages. Intellectuals' like Rahul Sankrityayana and Nagarjuna on the one side and Congress
Socialist leaders like Jaya Prakash Narayan, Rambriksh Benipuri, Ganga Saran Sinha,
Awadheshwar Prasad Singh and Ramnandan Mishra, joined them.
History of the Indian National Congress in Bihar, 1885-1985.P. N. Ojha, Kashi Prasad Jayaswal
Research Institute.1985-934 pages. Jaya Prakash Narayan, Rambriksh Benipuri, Phulan Prasad Verma, Ram
Nandan Mishra, Ganga Sharan Singh, Basawan Singh, Yogendra Shukla,
Kishori Prasanna Sinha, Rahul Sankrityayana and others tried to form independent workers'
The Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha, 1929-1942: a study of an Indian, by Walter Hauser.1961-
428 pages. The case of Congressmen, Socialists, Communists, and Kisan Sabhites alike. In the
Kisan Sabha this leadership resided in the hands of men like Rambriksh Benipuri, Jadunandan Sharma, Ram
Chandra Sharma, Ramnandan Misra.
Footnotes
^ Surendra Mohan (21 March 2009). "Mainstream, Vol XLVII, No 14 - Dr Lohia's Life and Thought: Some Notes". Mainstream. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
^ Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 24. Socialist Movement in India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 58-60, 91
^ a b Roy, Samaren. M.N. Roy: A Political Biography. Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1998. p. 113, 115
^ Trotskyism in India (1935-1945) 1 - RH
^ a b Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938-1947. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 35-37
^ Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938-1947. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 38-42
^ Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938-1947. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 43-45
^ Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938-1947. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 44-46
^ Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938-1947. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 46-47
^ Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 24. Socialist Movement in India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 61
^ Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 24. Socialist Movement in India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 82 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JP,_Lohia_%26_Benipuri_at_Kisan_Sabha_CSP_Patna_Rally,_August_1936.jpg"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India"},{"link_name":"Fabianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabianism"},{"link_name":"Marxism-Leninism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism-Leninism"},{"link_name":"Yusuf Meherally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Meherally"},{"link_name":"Jai Prakash Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_Prakash_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Basawon Singh (Sinha)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basawon_Singh_(Sinha)"},{"link_name":"Ahimsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa"},{"link_name":"Nonviolent resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance"},{"link_name":"Narendra Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Deva"},{"link_name":"Basawon Singh (Sinha)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basawon_Singh_(Sinha)"},{"link_name":"democratic socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"social democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"Popular Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front"}],"text":"Indian political partyJP, Lohia & Benipuri at Kisan Sabha CSP Patna Rally, August 1936The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was a socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress. It was founded in 1934 by Congress members who rejected what they saw as the anti-rational mysticism of Gandhi as well as the sectarian attitude of the Communist Party of India towards the Congress. Influenced by Fabianism as well as Marxism-Leninism, the CSP included advocates of armed struggle or sabotage (such as Yusuf Meherally, Jai Prakash Narayan, and Basawon Singh (Sinha) as well as those who insisted upon Ahimsa or Nonviolent resistance (such as Acharya Narendra Deva). The CSP advocated decentralized socialism in which co-operatives, trade unions, independent farmers, and local authorities would hold a substantial share of the economic power.As secularists, they hoped to transcend communal divisions through class solidarity. Some, such as Narendra Deva or Basawon Singh (Sinha), advocated a democratic socialism distinct from both Marxism and reformist social democracy. During the Popular Front period, the communists worked within CSP.","title":"Congress Socialist Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JP Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Minoo Masani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoo_Masani"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"comrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comrade"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyaya"},{"link_name":"Puroshottam Trikamdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puroshottam_Trikamdas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Ganga Sharan Singh 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Narayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_Prakash_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Jogesh Chandra Chatterji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogesh_Chandra_Chatterji"},{"link_name":"Tridib Kumar Chaudhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tridib_Kumar_Chaudhuri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keshav Prasad Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keshav_Prasad_Sharma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acharya Narendra Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya_Narendra_Deva"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saha1-5"},{"link_name":"Hindustan Socialist Republican Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association"},{"link_name":"Fabian socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_socialism"},{"link_name":"Minoo Masani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoo_Masani"},{"link_name":"Asoka Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asoka_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Gandhian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Ram Manohar Lohia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia"},{"link_name":"Tripuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabalpur"},{"link_name":"Subhas Chandra Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Forward Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Left Consolidation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_Consolidation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kisan Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha"},{"link_name":"League of Radical Congressmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Democratic_Party_(India)"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(India)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pratul Ganguly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratul_Ganguly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(India)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"general strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Quit India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_India"}],"text":"JP Narayan and Minoo Masani were released from jail in 1934. JP Narayan convened a meeting in Patna on 17 May 1934, which founded the Bihar Congress Socialist Party. He was a Gandhian Socialist. Narayan became general secretary of the party and Acharya Narendra Deva became president. The Patna meeting gave a call for a socialist conference which would be held in connection to the Congress Annual Conference. At this conference, held in Bombay October 22–23 October 1934, they formed a new All India party, the Congress Socialist Party. Narayan became general secretary of the party, and Masani joint secretary. The conference venue was decorated by Congress flags and a portrait of Karl Marx.In the new party the greeting 'comrade' was used. Masani mobilized the party in Bombay, whereas Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya and Puroshottam Trikamdas organized the party in other parts of Maharashtra. Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha) was among the prominent leaders of the Indian National Congress Party as among the founders of the Congress Socialist Party.[1] The constitution of the CSP defined that the members of CSP were the members of the Provisional Congress Socialist Parties and that they were all required to be members of the Indian National Congress.Members of communal organizations or political organizations whose goals were incompatible with the ones of CSP, were barred from CSP membership.[2] The Bombay conference raised the slogan of mobilising the masses for a Constituent Assembly.[3]In 1936 the Communists joined CSP, as part of the Popular Front strategy of the ComIntern.[3] In some states, like Kerala and Orissa, communists came to dominate CSP. In fact communists dominated the entire Congress in Kerala through its hold of CSP at one point.Congress Socialist Party possessed countrymade pipe bomb that recovered in 1943.In 1936, the CSP began fraternal relations with the Lanka Sama Samaja Party of Ceylon. In 1937 the CSP sent Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya on a speaking tour of the island.[4]The CSP had adopted Marxism in 1936 and their third conference in Faizpur they had formulated a thesis that directed the party to work to transform the Indian National Congress into an anti-imperialist front.[5]During the summer of 1938 a meeting took place between the Marxist sector of the Anushilan movement and the CSP. Present in the meeting were Jai Prakash Narayan (leader of CSP), Jogesh Chandra Chatterji, Tridib Kumar Chaudhuri and Keshav Prasad Sharma. The Anushilan marxists then held talks with Acharya Narendra Deva, a former Anushilan militant. The Anushilan marxists decided to join CSP, but keeping a separate identity within the party.[5] With them came the Anushilan Samiti, not only the Marxist sector. The non-Marxists (who constituted about a half of the membership of the Samiti), although not ideologically attracted to the CSP, felt loyalty towards the Marxist sector. Moreover, around 25% of the membership of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association joined the CSP. This group was led by Jogesh Chandra Chatterji. The Anushilan marxists were however soon to be disappointed by developments inside the CSP. The party, at that the time Anushilan marxists had joined it, was not a homogeneous entity. There was the Marxist trend led by J.P. Narayan and Narendra Deva, the Fabian socialist trend led by Minoo Masani and Asoka Mehta and a Gandhian socialist trend led by Ram Manohar Lohia, and Achyut Patwardan. To the Anushilan marxists differences emerged between the ideological stands of the party and its politics in practice. These differences surfaced at the 1939 annual session of the Indian National Congress at Tripuri. At Tripuri, in the eyes of the Anushlian marxists, the CSP had failed to consistently defend Subhas Chandra Bose.[6] Jogesh Chandra Chatterji renounced his CSP membership in protest against the action by the party leadership.Soon after the Tripuri session, Bose resigned as Congress president and formed the Forward Bloc. The Forward Bloc was intended to function as a unifying force for all leftwing elements. The Forward Bloc held its first conference on 22–23 June 1939, and at the same time a Left Consolidation Committee consisting of the Forward Bloc, CPI, CSP, the Kisan Sabha, League of Radical Congressmen, Labour Party and the Anushilan marxists.[7] At this moment, in October 1939, J.P. Narayan tried to stretch out an olive branch to the Anushilan marxists. He proposed the formation of a 'War Council' consisting of himself, Pratul Ganguly, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Acharya Narendra Deva. But few days later, at a session of the All India Congress Committee, J.P. Narayan and the other CSP leaders pledged not to start any other movements parallel to those initiated by Gandhi.[8] The Left Consolidation Committee soon fell into pieces, as the CPI, the CSP and the Royists deserted it. The Anushlian marxists left the CSP soon thereafter, forming the Revolutionary Socialist Party.[9]Narayan organized the CSP relief work in Kutch in 1939.[10]On the occasion of the 1940 Ramgarh Congress Conference CPI released a declaration called Proletarian Path, which sought to utilize the weakened state of the British Empire in the time of war and gave a call for general strike, no-tax, no-rent policies and mobilising for an armed revolution uprising. The National Executive of the CSP assembled at Ramgarh took a decision that all communists were expelled from CSP.[11]Members of the CSP were particularly active in the Quit India movement of August 1942. Although a socialist, Jawaharlal Nehru did not join the CSP, which created some rancor among CSP members who saw Nehru as unwilling to put his socialist slogans into action. After independence, the CSP broke away from Congress, under the influence of JP, and Lohia to form the Socialist Party of India.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Surendra_Mohan_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Mainstream, Vol XLVII, No 14 - Dr Lohia's Life and Thought: Some Notes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1243.html"},{"link_name":"Mainstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Publishing"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mnroy_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mnroy_3-1"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Trotskyism in India (1935-1945) 1 - RH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marxists.org/history/etol/document/india/india01.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-saha1_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-saha1_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"}],"text":"^ Surendra Mohan (21 March 2009). \"Mainstream, Vol XLVII, No 14 - Dr Lohia's Life and Thought: Some Notes\". Mainstream. Retrieved 23 March 2009.\n\n^ Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 24. Socialist Movement in India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 58-60, 91\n\n^ a b Roy, Samaren. M.N. Roy: A Political Biography. Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1998. p. 113, 115\n\n^ Trotskyism in India (1935-1945) 1 - RH\n\n^ a b Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938-1947. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 35-37\n\n^ Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938-1947. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 38-42\n\n^ Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938-1947. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 43-45\n\n^ Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938-1947. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 44-46\n\n^ Saha, Murari Mohan (ed.), Documents of the Revolutionary Socialist Party: Volume One 1938-1947. Agartala: Lokayata Chetana Bikash Society, 2001. p. 46-47\n\n^ Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 24. Socialist Movement in India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 61\n\n^ Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 24. Socialist Movement in India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1997. p. 82","title":"Footnotes"}] | [{"image_text":"JP, Lohia & Benipuri at Kisan Sabha CSP Patna Rally, August 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/JP%2C_Lohia_%26_Benipuri_at_Kisan_Sabha_CSP_Patna_Rally%2C_August_1936.jpg/220px-JP%2C_Lohia_%26_Benipuri_at_Kisan_Sabha_CSP_Patna_Rally%2C_August_1936.jpg"},{"image_text":"Congress Socialist Party possessed countrymade pipe bomb that recovered in 1943.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Congress_Socialist_Party_Possessed_Countrymade_Pipe_Bomb_-_1943_CE_-_Kolkata_2017-02-05_5133.JPG/150px-Congress_Socialist_Party_Possessed_Countrymade_Pipe_Bomb_-_1943_CE_-_Kolkata_2017-02-05_5133.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Triveni Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triveni_Sangh"},{"title":"Arjak Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjak_Sangh"}] | [{"reference":"Surendra Mohan (21 March 2009). \"Mainstream, Vol XLVII, No 14 - Dr Lohia's Life and Thought: Some Notes\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Slum_Dwellers_Federation | National Slum Dwellers Federation | ["1 Background","2 References"] | The National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF) in India was established by Jockin Arputham when he fought on behalf of a community of 70,000 to appeal a 1976 eviction order. It is a national organization which brings together multiple communities and their leaders who live in slum settlements around India. NSDF along with Mahila Milan are one of the oldest members of the Urban Poor Fund International Network. Due to the efforts of NSDF, around 90 buildings and 300 toilet blocks have been constructed in Mumbai, providing houses and sanitation to over 35,000 families. Additionally, around 100 toilet blocks have been constructed in Pune.
In the 1980s, NSDF formed an alliance with Mahila Milan and SPARC, and this alliance became the basis for establishing Slum Dwellers International in 1996.
In 1999, National Slum Dwellers Federation won the UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award.
Background
The National Slum Dwellers Federation was started after the demolition of the Janata Colony in Mumbai. It was one of the largest slums in Mumbai and had mostly a South Indian population. In 1967, the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre gave an eviction notice to all residents to vacate the land. Jockin Arputham, who was 18 years old then, was also a resident. To contest the eviction, the residents had to prove that they were permanent residents and have the right to live there. This colony was formed in 1947 and the rent was anywhere between 50 Indian Paise to 2 Indian Rupees. The documentation proved that this was a permanent settlement and a legal settlement thus the residents were not illegally staying there. By 1970, Jockin was travelling all around Mumbai and India to meet other slum leaders and dwellers to help fight the eviction order. All the activists involved worked to make sure that eviction notices could not be served. However, when the eviction notices were finally ordered, the activists went to the district court and won. The Atomic Energy Commission took it to the High Court and won. Finally, the case was taken to the Supreme Court and the activists won. However, then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was personally interested in that land and one Supreme Court judge, while speaking to Jockin, mentioned how it is too late to stop the eviction due to the Prime Minister. After a long while, a meeting was conducted with Indira Gandhi and a conclusion was reached that there will be no demolition of the slums without the consultation of the slum dwellers and their leaders. Yet, due to the National Emergency declared by Indira Gandhi, fresh eviction orders were given and an arrest warrant for the slum leaders was also issued. A huge demolition took place, and all 70,000 people were moved to Cheetah camp.
In 1975, the NSDF was formed and multiple slums around India followed this example and formed their own committees.
References
^ "NSDF- National Slum Dwellers Federation". Sparcindia.org. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
^ a b "UPFI partner | National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF) and Mahila Milan". Upfi.info. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ "Documentation". www.sparcindia.org. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
^ SDI Jockin Arputham, Habitjam.com
^ a b c Satterthwaite, David; Mitlin, Diana (15 August 2013). Reducing Urban Poverty in the Global South. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-24929-7.
vteIndian non-profit organisationsOrganisations
Agastya International Foundation
AR Rahman Foundation
Child Rights and You
CHD Group
Deepak Foundation
Deepalaya
Eklavya India Foundation
Foundation for Democratic Reforms
Goonj
HelpAge India
Infosys Foundation
Kamal Kumari Foundation
LEPRA
Let's Do It! India
Meer Foundation
MOHAN Foundation
Narayan Seva Sansthan
National Slum Dwellers Federation
Our Children Foundation
Parivartan Sandesh Foundation
Pratham
Robin Hood Army
Srujanika
Supervasi
Udaan Trust
Uday Foundation
Yuva Unstoppable
Zonal Welfare Council | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahila Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahila_Milan"},{"link_name":"SPARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sparcindia.org/aboutnsdf.php"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Slum Dwellers International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum_Dwellers_International"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Habitat_Scroll_of_Honour_Award#1999_WINNERS"}],"text":"In the 1980s, NSDF formed an alliance with Mahila Milan and SPARC,[3] and this alliance became the basis for establishing Slum Dwellers International in 1996.[4]In 1999, National Slum Dwellers Federation won the UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award.","title":"National Slum Dwellers Federation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Atomic Energy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_court"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"The National Slum Dwellers Federation was started after the demolition of the Janata Colony in Mumbai. 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The Atomic Energy Commission took it to the High Court and won. Finally, the case was taken to the Supreme Court and the activists won. However, then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was personally interested in that land and one Supreme Court judge, while speaking to Jockin, mentioned how it is too late to stop the eviction due to the Prime Minister. After a long while, a meeting was conducted with Indira Gandhi and a conclusion was reached that there will be no demolition of the slums without the consultation of the slum dwellers and their leaders. Yet, due to the National Emergency declared by Indira Gandhi, fresh eviction orders were given and an arrest warrant for the slum leaders was also issued. A huge demolition took place, and all 70,000 people were moved to Cheetah camp.[5]In 1975, the NSDF was formed and multiple slums around India followed this example and formed their own committees.[5]","title":"Background"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"NSDF- National Slum Dwellers Federation\". Sparcindia.org. Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sparcindia.org/aboutnsdf.php","url_text":"\"NSDF- National Slum Dwellers Federation\""}]},{"reference":"\"UPFI partner | National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF) and Mahila Milan\". Upfi.info. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://upfi.info/partners/implementing/national-slum-dwellers-federation-mahila-milan/","url_text":"\"UPFI partner | National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF) and Mahila Milan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Documentation\". www.sparcindia.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Chamberlin | Guy Chamberlin | ["1 Early years","2 College football","2.1 Nebraska Wesleyan","2.2 Nebraska","3 1916–1919","3.1 Farmer and coach at Doane College","3.2 United States Army","4 Professional football","4.1 Canton Bulldogs","4.2 Decatur/Chicago Staleys","4.3 Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs","4.4 Frankford Yellow Jackets","4.5 Chicago Cardinals","5 Legacy and honors","6 Family and later years","7 Head coaching record","8 References","9 External links"] | American football player and coach (1894–1967)
American football player
Guy ChamberlinNo. 12, 2, 13Position:EndPersonal informationBorn:(1894-01-16)January 16, 1894Blue Springs, Nebraska, U.S.Died:April 4, 1967(1967-04-04) (aged 73)Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.Height:6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight:196 lb (89 kg)Career informationHigh school:Blue Springs (NE)College:NebraskaCareer history
As a player:
Canton Bulldogs (1919)
Decatur / Chicago Staleys (1920–1921)
Canton Bulldogs (1922–1923)
Cleveland Bulldogs (1924)
Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925–1926)
Chicago Cardinals (1927)
As a coach:
Canton Bulldogs (1922–1923)
Cleveland Bulldogs (1924)
Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925–1926)
Chicago Cardinals (1927)
Career highlights and awards
Ohio League champion (1919)
5× NFL champion (1921–1924, 1926)
4× First-team All-Pro (1920, 1922–1924)
NFL 1920s All-Decade Team
Consensus All-American (1915)
Military careerAllegiance United StatesService/branch U.S. ArmyYears of service1918–1919
Player stats at PFRCoaching stats at PFRPro Football Hall of FameCollege Football Hall of Fame
Berlin Guy "Champ" Chamberlin (January 16, 1894 – April 4, 1967), sometimes misspelled Guy Chamberlain, was an American professional football player and coach. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1962 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965. He was also named in 1969 to the NFL 1920s All-Decade Team.
A native of Blue Springs, Nebraska, Chamberlin played college football as a halfback at Nebraska Wesleyan University in 1911 and 1912. He transferred to the University of Nebraska in 1913 and played at the halfback and end positions for the undefeated 1914 and 1915 Nebraska Cornhuskers football teams that won consecutive Missouri Valley Conference championships. He was a consensus first-team All-American in 1915, and he was selected in 1936 as the greatest player in Nebraska football history.
He played professional football for nine years with the Canton Bulldogs (1919), Decatur / Chicago Staleys (1920–1921), Canton Bulldogs (1922–1923), Cleveland Bulldogs (1924), Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925–1926), and Chicago Cardinals (1927). He won professional football championships in six of his nine seasons in professional football: as a player in 1919 with the undefeated Bulldogs and in 1921 with the Staleys, and as a player/coach in 1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and in 1926 with the Yellow Jackets. He compiled a 58-16-7 record in six years as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL), the best win percentage (.759) of any coach in NFL history with a minimum 50 wins. He is also the only coach to win NFL championships with three different clubs.
Early years
Chamberlin was born in Blue Springs, Nebraska, in 1894. He was raised with five siblings on a family farm in Blue Springs. He graduated from Blue Springs High School in 1911.
College football
Nebraska Wesleyan
In the fall of 1911, Chamberlin enrolled at Nebraska Wesleyan University in Lincoln, Nebraska. Chamberlin was selected by the Omaha World-Herald as an all-state halfback while playing for the undefeated 1911 Nebraska Wesleyan football team that won the NIAA championship. Chamberlin also competed for Nebraska Wesleyan in baseball as a pitcher and outfielder and in track as a sprinter and weight man.
He returned to the Nebraska Wesleyan football team in the fall of 1912 and was again selected as an all-state player. In announcing its selection of Chamberlin to the all-state team, the Omaha World-Herald wrote: "Chamberlin is almost in a class by himself. He is a fierce and aggressive runner and adopts the system of bowling over the opposing tacklers in much the same style as the famous Coy of Yale. Chamberlin rarely used a stiff arm, and yet many times it was next to impossible to stop him."
Nebraska
Chamberlain at Nebraska.
In the fall of 1913, Chamberlin transferred to the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. There he became a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He played halfback for Jumbo Stiehm's undefeated 1914 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team that won the Missouri Valley Conference championship and became known as the "Stiehm Rollers". At the end of the 1914 season, Chamberlin was named to Outing magazine's "Football Roll of Honor: The Men Whom the Best Coaches of the Country Have Named as the Stars of the Gridiron in 1914".
In 1915, Chamberlin moved to the end position for the undefeated 1915 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team that again won the Missouri Valley championship. He led the team with 15 touchdowns. After leading the Cornhuskers to a 20–19 victory over Notre Dame, The Omaha World-Herald wrote of Chamberlin: "His defensive stunts bordered upon the miraculous, while his open field running, in which he displayed that famous 'side walk trot' to the best advantage, brought victory to the colors of the Cornhuskers." In his final game for Nebraska, Chamberlin scored four touchdowns, including a 60-yard touchdown run, in a 52–7 victory over Iowa. At the end of the season, he was a consensus All-American on the 1915 College Football All-America Team with first-team honors from Frank G. Menke, Walter Eckersall, and Parke H. Davis. He graduated from Nebraska in 1916.
1916–1919
Farmer and coach at Doane College
After graduating from Nebraska, Chamberlin returned to the family farm. In August 1916, he was hired as the athletic director and football coach at Doane College in Crete, Nebraska. In 1917, he returned to work on his father's farm in Blue Springs, Nebraska.
United States Army
Chamberlin served in the United States Army from May 1918 to October 1919. He served in a field artillery unit with the rank of second lieutenant and was stationed at Camp Zachary Taylor in Louisville, Kentucky, Fort Sill in Oklahoma, and Camp Kearny in San Diego County, California.
Professional football
Canton Bulldogs
Chamberlin began playing professional football in 1919 as an end for Jim Thorpe's undefeated 1919 Canton Bulldogs, winners of that year's unofficial professional football championship with a 9–0–1 record.
Decatur/Chicago Staleys
In August 1920, the American Professional Football Association (APFA, later renamed the National Football League) was organized. Chamberlin signed with George Halas' 1920 Decatur Staleys team that compiled a 10–1–2 record and finished second in the APFA. At the end of the 1920 season, Chamberlin was selected as a first-team end on the first All-Pro Team.
In 1921, Chamberlin played as a center fielder for the Staleys baseball team during the summer, and he remained with the organization as the Staleys football team moved to Chicago and won the APFA championship with a 9–1–1 record. On December 3, 1921, before a crowd of 13,000 in Chicago, the Staleys defeated the first-place Buffalo All-Americans in what was touted as the championship game. In the victory over Buffalo, Chamberlain intercepted a pass and returned it 90 yards for the game-winning touchdown.
George Halas, who coached Chamberlin with the Staleys, wrote in 1957: "Chamberlin was the best 2-way end I've ever seen. He was a tremendous tackler on defense and a triple-threat performer on offense."
Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs
In 1922, Chamberlin joined the Canton Bulldogs in multiple roles as a player, head coach, team captain, and part owner. He strengthened the team in the off-season by signing guard Tarzan Taylor, with whom he had played on the Staleys, and tackle Link Lyman, an All-American who played at Chamberlin's alma mater, Nebraska. Chamberlin led the 1922 Bulldogs to an NFL championship with an undefeated 10–0–2 record. The team shut out nine of twelve opponents and allowed only 15 points in 12 games. Three players from the 1922 Bulldogs (Chamberlin, Lyman, and Pete Henry) were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Chamberlin led the team in scoring with seven touchdowns, two of them on interception returns. He played at the halfback position in the first game of the season and at end for the remaining 12 games; he reportedly "played every minute of the thirteen games."
Chamberlin returned to the Bulldogs as player/coach the following year. The 1923 team had another undefeated season (11-0-1), shut out eight of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 246 to 19, and won its second consecutive NFL championship. After the season, Chamberlin was selected as a first-team All-Pro player by Collyer's Eye magazine.
In August 1924, Cleveland jeweler Samuel Deutsch bought the Canton Bulldogs and moved the team to Cleveland where they became the Cleveland Bulldogs during the 1924 NFL season. With Chamberlin still serving as player/coach, the Bulldogs compiled a 7–1–1 record, outscored opponents by a total of 229 to 60, and won their third consecutive NFL championship. After the 1924 season, Chamberlin was again selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye and a third-team All-Pro by the Green Bay Press-Gazette.
In three seasons with the Bulldogs, Chamberlin led the franchise to three NFL championships and a record of 28-1-4, having outscored opponents by a combined total of 659 to 94. Dave Noble, who played for the 1924 Bulldogs, explained Chamberlin's coaching success as follows: "Guy Chamberlain knows as much or more football than any other coach in the country. Moreover, he has a faculty for getting the most out of players, not because he is a driver, for he isn't that sort, but because they like him and will do their utmost to please him by playing hard."
Frankford Yellow Jackets
In 1925, Chamberlin joined the Frankford Yellow Jackets in Philadelphia as player and coach. He led the 1925 Frankford team to a 15–7 overall record, 13–7 against NFL opponents. The team had compiled a 9–1 record in its first 10 games, but Chamberlin suffered a broken shoulder in a game against Akron, and the Yellow Jackets lost six of the next eight games. Chamberlin returned to the lineup in mid-December and led the team to victories in its final two games.
In 1926, Chamberlin returned to Philadelphia and appeared in all 17 games as a player, despite being the oldest player on the team at age 32. He led the 1926 Yellow Jackets to an NFL championship with a 14–1–2 record, shutting out 10 NFL opponents and outscoring all NFL opponents, 236 to 49. On December 4, 1926, the Yellow Jackets defeated the previously unbeaten Chicago Bears, 7–6, to secure the championship. In a 1968 book titled "Pro Football's All-time Greats", the author wrote that Chamberlin blocked both an extra point and a field goal in the victory over the Bears, though contemporary accounts do not corroborate the claim.
Chamberlin left the team after the 1926 season for unclear reasons; sports historian Bob Carroll notes that "one is that Chamberlin and the players he wanted were too costly. Another theory is that he was fired as a result of a power battle within the Frankford organization." In two years at Frankford, Chamberlin led the Yellow Jackets to Philadelphia's first NFL championship and compiled a 27-8-2 record against NFL opponents.
Chicago Cardinals
In August 1927, Chamberlin signed as player/coach for the Chicago Cardinals. With the exception of Ben Jones, the 1927 Cardinals lacked star players, and Chamberlin at age 33 started only one game. The team compiled a 3–7–1 and finished ninth in the NFL.
Legacy and honors
With a 58-16-7 record in six years as an NFL head coach, Chamberlin has the best win percentage (.759) of any coach in NFL history with a minimum of 50 wins. See List of National Football League head coaches with 50 wins. His accomplishment of winning a championship with three separate franchises in a major North American sports league would not be matched until 1997, when Scotty Bowman won the 1997 Stanley Cup Finals.
Chamberlin received numerous honors for his accomplishments as a football player and coach. His honors include the following:
In 1936, Chamberlin was named the greatest player in Nebraska football history in a poll of former Nebraska football players.
In 1951, he became the fifth person inducted into the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame.
In 1962, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. On learning of his selection, Chamberlin said he accepted the honor to share it with all members of the 1914 and 1915 Nebraska football teams and paid particular tribute to Dick Rutherford who was the blocking star during those years.
Also in 1962, a new baseball diamond was dedicated at the Nebraska State Reformatory, where Chamberlin had been a guard for seven-and-a-half year was named Guy Chamberlin Field. The name was chosen by popular vote among the inmates. At the dedication ceremony, Governor Frank B. Morrison praised Chamberlin for his devotion to the inmates.
In 1965, he was also inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965 as part of the third class of inductees. His Pro Football Hall of Fame bust and certificate are displayed in the gallery cabinet at the Beta Theta Pi fraternity house at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
In 1967, the University of Nebraska began awarding the Guy Chamberlin Trophy. It is awarded each year to the player "who has the qualities and dedication of the Husker Tradition." Past winners include Jordan Westerkamp (2016), Dean Steinkuhler (1984), Maury Damkroger (1974), Rich Glover (1973), and Jeff Kinney (1972).
In 1969, as part of the NFL's 50th anniversary, the Pro Football Hall of Fame selected all-decade teams for each of the league's first five decades. Chamberlin was selected as an end on the NFL 1920s All-Decade Team.
In 1971, he was one of eight persons (along with Bob Devaney, Ed Weir, George Sauer, Dana X. Bible, Biff Jones, Fielding H. Yost, and Eddie N. Robinson) in the first class to be inducted into the Nebraska Football Hall of Fame.
In 2014, a monument to Chamberlin was dedicated on the grounds of Southern Elementary School in Blue Springs, Nebraska.
In 2017, his jersey was retired by the University of Nebraska and his name was added to the north facade of Memorial Stadium.
Family and later years
Chamberlin was married twice. He married Lucile B. Lees in 1919. They had a daughter, Patricia, born in 1923. Chamberlin and his first wife were divorced. In 1941, he was married to Bernyce Gertrude Weekes.
After retiring from football, was a salesman in Cleveland for several years. He returned to Blue Springs in 1932, where he managed his father's farm. In 1948, he moved to Nebraska City, Nebraska, where he owned and operated a Ford-Ferguson agricultural equipment dealership. In 1954 or 1955, he sold the Ford-Ferguson business and moved to Lincoln, Nebraska, where he was employed as a guard at the Nebraska State Reformatory. He retired in 1962.
Chamberlin died in 1967 at age 73 in Lincoln, Nebraska. Per Chamberlin's request, his body was cremated, and his ashes were either spread in his hometown, Blue Springs, Nebraska, or placed near the Schiller linden tree north of Architectural Hall on the University of Nebraska–Lincoln campus.
Head coaching record
Team
Year
Regular season
Post season
Won
Lost
Ties
Win %
Finish
Won
Lost
Win %
Result
CAN
1922
10
0
2
1.000
1st in NFL
–
–
–
NFL Champions
CAN
1923
11
0
1
1.000
1st in NFL
–
–
–
NFL Champions
CTN Total
21
0
3
1.000
–
–
–
–
CLE
1924
7
1
1
.875
1st in NFL
–
–
–
NFL Champions on tiebreaker over Chicago Bears
CLE Total
7
1
1
.875
–
–
–
–
FYJ
1925
13
7
0
.650
6th in NFL
–
–
–
–
FYJ
1926
14
1
2
.933
1st in NFL
–
–
–
NFL Champions
FYJ Total
27
8
2
.771
–
–
–
–
CHI
1927
3
7
1
.300
9th in NFL
–
–
–
–
CHI Total
3
7
1
.300
–
–
–
–
Total
58
16
7
.759
–
–
–
–
References
^ a b "Guy Chamberlin Record". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Berlin Guy Chamberlin Monument". City of Blue Springs, Nebraska. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
^ "The Beta Theta Pi". Google.com/books. 1915.
^ "Football Roll of Honor: The Men Whom the Best Coaches of the Country Have Named as the Stars of the Gridiron in 1914" (PDF). Outing. 1915. p. 498.
^ "Huskers Triumph In Final Combat". The Lincoln Star. November 21, 1915. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Covers Wide Scope In Choosing His All-American Gridironers". The Lincoln Star. December 5, 1915 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Walter Eckersall (December 5, 1915). "Nebraska Player on 'All-America': Chamberlain, Huskers' Wizard, is Given Recognition by New York Writer". Chicago Tribune – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Buck Mayer and Vandegraaaff Are Chosen for All-American". The Charlotte News. December 5, 1915. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "untitled". The Emporia (KS) Gazette. August 10, 1916. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Draft registration card dated June 1917 for Berlin Guy Chamberlin, born January 16, 1894, working as a farmer in the employ of Elmer Chamberlin. Registration State: Nebraska; Registration County: Gage; Roll: 1711529. Source Information: Ancestry.com. U.S., World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 .
^ a b "Staleys Sign All American Grid Star". The Pantagraph (Bloomington, IL). October 7, 1920. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Hogrogian, John (1984). "1920 All-Pros" (PDF). The Coffin Corner. 6 (1). Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2014.
^ "1920 APFA All-Pros". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
^ "Staleys Easily Defeat Madison Club of Dakota League". Decatur Herald. May 13, 1921. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Staleys Annex 1921 Professional Title by Win Over Buffalo". The Decatur Review. December 5, 1921. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Staleys Win National Pro Grid Title: Beat Buffalo, 10-7; Starchworkers Win 10-7; Chamberlain Makes 90 Yard Run". Decatur Herald. December 5, 1921. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d "1922 Canton Bulldogs Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
^ "Chamberlain To Quit Canton Bulldogs". The Akron Beacon Journal. December 15, 1922. p. 30 – via Newspapers.com.(part owner)
^ "Lyman To Play At Canton: Former Husker Star Will Join Guy Chamberlain's Professional Team In Ohio". The Nebraska State Journal. September 25, 1922. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Guy Chamberlain Places Canton Back on the Grid Map". The Decatur Review. December 24, 1922. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Guy Chamberlain To Coach Canton Bulldogs Grid Team". The Akron Beacon Journal. August 2, 1923. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "1923 Canton Bulldogs Schedule & Game Results". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
^ "1923 NFL All-Pros". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
^ "Collyer's All-Star Pro Elevens". The Davenport Democrat and Leader. December 21, 1923. p. 25 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Champion Bulldogs Sold To Cleveland". Akron Beacon-Journal. August 4, 1924. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "1924 Cleveland Bulldogs Schedule & Game Results". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
^ "1924 NFL All-Pros". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
^ "Noble Keen For Ex-Husker Star". The Lincoln Star. December 30, 1924. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c "1925 Frankford Yellow Jackets Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
^ "Guy Chamberlain Is Out of Game; Right Shoulder Fractured". Green Bay Press-Gazette. November 14, 1925. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "1926 Frankford Yellow Jackets Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
^ "Frankford Tops Bears in Thrilling Fray: Stockton Passes 45 Yards to Homan, Scores Touchdown". The Philadelphia Inquirer. December 5, 1926. p. Sports 1, 3 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Fitzpatrick, Frank (February 15, 2007). "Why did winning coach leave Philly?". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
^ "Chamberlain To Coach Cards' Pro Gridiron Squad". Chicago Daily Tribune. August 9, 1927. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "1927 Chicago Cardinals Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
^ "Chamberlin, End, Is Husker 'All' Player". The Minneapolis Star. November 14, 1936. p. 12.
^ "Guy Chamberlin Named To State Hall of Fame". Lincoln Evening Journal. August 21, 1951. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Nebraska's Guy Chamberlin to Football Hall of Fame". Lincoln Evening Journal. April 4, 1962. p. 32 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Guy Thankful To Former Mates: Exceptional NU, Pro Grid Star Accepts Honor for 'Whole Team'". Lincoln Evening Journal. April 4, 1962. p. 32 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Chamberlin Field Officially Dedicated". Lincoln Evening Journal. July 16, 1962. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Guy Chamberlin To Hall of Fame". The Lincoln Star. September 12, 1965. p. 28 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Nebraska announces 2016 Football Award winners". NebraskaOnline.com. December 18, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
^ "Halas, Grange on NFL All-Star Team of '20s". Decatur Herald. August 24, 1969. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Hall of Famers". The Lincoln Star. May 16, 1971. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Nebraska adds eight former football players to its list of Huskers with retired jerseys". August 23, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
^ "untitled". The Nebraska State Journal. February 12, 1923. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
^ 1920 U.S. Census entry for Berlin Guy Chamberlin and wife Lucile. Census Place: Canton Ward 3, Stark, Ohio; Roll: T625_1434; Page: 6B; Enumeration District: 38; Image: 449. Source Information: Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census .
^ 1930 U.S. Census entry for Guy Chamberlin, age 36, wife Lucile, and daughter Patricia. Census Place: East Cleveland, Cuyahoga, Ohio; Roll: 1785; Page: 5B; Enumeration District: 0595; Image: 11.0; FHL microfilm: 2341519. Source Information: Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census .
^ "Bernyce G. Weekes United In Marriage with Guy Chamberlin". The Lincoln Star. June 13, 1941. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Guy Chamberlin Dies at 73". Lincoln Evening Journal. April 4, 1967. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Husker Football Stars Go To Chamberlin Rites". The Lincoln Star. April 8, 1967. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
External links
Guy Chamberlin Bio (Staley Museum)
Guy Chamberlin at the College Football Hall of Fame
Guy Chamberlin at the Pro Football Hall of Fame
vteCanton Bulldogs head coaches
Bill Laub (1905)
Blondy Wallace (1905–1906)
Jack Cusack (1912–1915)
Harry Hazlett (1913–1915)
Jim Thorpe (1915–1920)
Cap Edwards (1921)
Guy Chamberlin (1922–1923)
Harry Robb (1925–1926)
Pete Henry (1926)
vteCleveland Indians / Bulldogs head coaches
Guy Chamberlin (1924)
Cap Edwards (1925)
LeRoy Andrews (1927)
vteFrankford Yellow Jackets head coaches
Punk Berryman (1924)
Guy Chamberlin (1925–1926)
Charley Moran (1927)
Tom Moran # (1927)
Russell Daugherity, Charley Rogers, Ed Weir, & Swede Youngstrom (1927)
Ed Weir (1928)
Bull Behman (1929–1930)
George Gibson (1930)
Bull Behman (1931)
# denotes interim head coach
vteArizona Cardinals head coachesFormerly the Chicago Cardinals (1920–1959), St. Louis Cardinals (1960–1987) and Phoenix Cardinals (1988–1993)
Paddy Driscoll (1920–1922)
Arnold Horween (1923–1924)
Norman Barry (1925–1926)
Guy Chamberlin (1927)
Fred Gillies (1928)
Dewey Scanlon (1929)
Ernie Nevers (1930–1931)
LeRoy Andrews (1931)
Jack Chevigny (1932)
Paul J. Schissler (1933–1934)
Milan Creighton (1935–1938)
Ernie Nevers (1939)
Jimmy Conzelman (1940–1942)
Phil Handler (1943–1945)
Jimmy Conzelman (1946–1948)
Phil Handler & Buddy Parker (1949)
Buddy Parker (1949)
Curly Lambeau (1950–1951)
Phil Handler & Cecil Isbell (1951)
Cecil Isbell (1951)
Joe Kuharich (1952)
Joe Stydahar (1953–1954)
Ray Richards (1955–1957)
Pop Ivy (1958–1961)
Chuck Drulis, Ray Prochaska, & Ray Willsey # (1961)
Wally Lemm (1962–1965)
Charley Winner (1966–1970)
Bob Hollway (1971–1972)
Don Coryell (1973–1977)
Bud Wilkinson (1978–1979)
Larry Wilson # (1979)
Jim Hanifan (1980–1985)
Gene Stallings (1986–1989)
Hank Kuhlmann (1989)
Joe Bugel (1990–1993)
Buddy Ryan (1994–1995)
Vince Tobin (1996–2000)
Dave McGinnis (2000–2003)
Dennis Green (2004–2006)
Ken Whisenhunt (2007–2012)
Bruce Arians (2013–2017)
Steve Wilks (2018)
Kliff Kingsbury (2019–2022)
Jonathan Gannon (2023–present)
# denotes interim head coach
Guy Chamberlin—championships, awards and honors
vteDecatur Staleys 1920 inaugural season roster
Roy Adkins
Hugh Blacklock
Guy Chamberlin
Jimmy Conzelman
Chuck Dressen
Paddy Driscoll
Andy Feichtinger
Sid Gepford
George Halas
Lenny High
Burt Ingwersen
Jerry Jones
Bob Koehler
Jake Lanum
Kyle MacWherter
Walt May
Jack Mintun
Pard Pearce
Ross Petty
Henry Shank
Hub Shoemake
Dutch Sternaman
George Trafton
Walt Veach
Randy Young
Head coach: George Halas
vteChicago Staleys 1921 APFA champions
Dick Barker
Hugh Blacklock
George Bolan
Guy Chamberlin
Harry Englund
George Halas
Chic Harley
Ken Huffine
Jerry Jones
Jake Lanum
Jack Mintun
Pard Pearce
Ralph Scott
Russ Smith
Dutch Sternaman
Pete Stinchcomb
Tarzan Taylor
George Trafton
Lou Usher
Head coach: George Halas
vteCanton Bulldogs 1922 NFL champions
Don Batchelor
Arda Bowser
Bird Carroll
Guy Chamberlin
Doc Elliott
Cecil Grigg
Russ Hathaway
Pete Henry
Jim Kendrick
Link Lyman
Johnny McQuade
Candy Miller
William Murrah
Duke Osborn
Harry Robb
Wooky Roberts
Norb Sacksteder
Ed Shaw
Lou Smyth
Dutch Speck
Tarzan Taylor
Ralph Waldsmith
Head coach: Guy Chamberlin
vteCanton Bulldogs 1923 NFL champions
Bird Carroll
Guy Chamberlin
Rudy Comstock
Larry Conover
Doc Elliott
Cecil Grigg
Dutch Hendrian
Pete Henry
Ben Jones
Link Lyman
Vern Mullen
Duke Osborn
Harry Robb
Wooky Roberts
Ben Roderick
Ben Shaw
Russ Smith
Lou Smyth
Dutch Speck
Joe Williams
Head coach: Guy Chamberlin
vteCleveland Bulldogs 1924 NFL champions
Chalmer Ault
Scotty Bierce
Hal Burt
Guy Chamberlin
Rudy Comstock
Cap Edwards
Doc Elliott
Charlie Honaker
Ben Jones
Jerry Jones
Link Lyman
Stanley Muirhead
Dave Noble
Duke Osborn
Wooky Roberts
Olin Smith
Russ Smith
John Tanner
Ralph Vince
Dick Wolf
Joe Work
Hoge Workman
Head coach Guy Chamberlin
vteFrankford Yellow Jackets 1926 NFL champions
Bob Books
Doc Bruder
Johnny Budd
Joe Carpe
Guy Chamberlin
Rudy Comstock
Rae Crowther
Leo Douglass
Fred Graham
Tex Hamer
Bill Hoffman
Paul Hogan
Two-Bits Homan
Ben Jones
Bulger Lowe
Walter Mahan
Hap Moran
Daddy Potts
Max Reed
Wooky Roberts
Lou Smyth
Bill Springsteen
Hust Stockton
Ed Weir
Ned Wilcox
Swede Youngstrom
Head coach: Guy Chamberlin
vte1915 College Football All-America Team consensus selectionsBackfield
QB Charley Barrett
HB Neno DaPrato
HB Dick King
HB Bart Macomber
HB Eugene Mayer
FB Eddie Mahan
Line
E Guy Chamberlin
E Bert Baston
E Bob Higgins
E Murray Shelton
T Cub Buck
T Joseph Gilman
G Clarence Spears
G Harold White
C Bob Peck
vteNFL's 1920s All-Decade Team
Jimmy Conzelman
Paddy Driscoll
Red Grange
Joe Guyon
Curly Lambeau
Jim Thorpe
Ernie Nevers
Guy Chamberlin
LaVern Dilweg
George Halas
Ed Healey
Pete Henry
Cal Hubbard
Steve Owen
Hunk Anderson
Walt Kiesling
Mike Michalske
George Trafton
vtePro Football Hall of Fame Class of 1965
Guy Chamberlin
Paddy Driscoll
Dan Fortmann
Otto Graham
Sid Luckman
Steve Van Buren
Bob Waterfield
vteMembers of the Pro Football Hall of FameQuarterbacks
Aikman
Baugh
Blanda
Bradshaw
Clark
Conzelman
L. Dawson
Driscoll
Elway
Favre
Fouts
Friedman
Graham
Griese
Herber
Jurgensen
J. Kelly
Layne
Luckman
Manning
Marino
Montana
Moon
Namath
A. Parker
Stabler
Starr
Staubach
Tarkenton
Tittle
Unitas
Van Brocklin
Warner
Waterfield
S. Young
Running backs
M. Allen
Battles
Bettis
J. Brown
Campbell
Canadeo
Csonka
T. Davis
Dickerson
Dorsett
Dudley
Faulk
Gifford
Grange
Guyon
F. Harris
Hinkle
Hornung
James
J. H. Johnson
L. Kelly
Lambeau
Leemans
F. Little
Martin
Matson
McAfee
McElhenny
J. McNally
Moore
Motley
Nagurski
Nevers
Payton
Perry
Pollard
Riggins
B. Sanders
Sayers
Simpson
E. Smith
Strong
Ji. Taylor
T. Thomas
Thorpe
Tomlinson
Trippi
Van Buren
Walker
Wide receivers /ends
Alworth
Badgro
Berry
Biletnikoff
Branch
T. Brown
Bruce
Carmichael
Carter
Chamberlin
Fears
Flaherty
Halas
Harrison
Hayes
Hewitt
Hirsch
Hutson
Irvin
A. Johnson
C. Johnson
Joiner
Largent
Lavelli
Lofton
Maynard
McDonald
Millner
Mitchell
Monk
Moss
Owens
Pearson
Pihos
A. Reed
Rice
Speedie
Stallworth
Swann
C. Taylor
Warfield
Tight ends
Casper
Ditka
Gonzalez
Mackey
Newsome
C. Sanders
Sharpe
J. Smith
Winslow
Offensivelinemen
L. Allen
Boselli
B. Brown
R. Brown
Covert
Creekmur
D. Dawson
DeLamielleure
Dierdorf
Faneca
Gatski
Gregg
Grimm
Hannah
Hickerson
Hill
Hutchinson
S. Jones
W. Jones
Kramer
Langer
L. Little
Mack
Matthews
Mawae
McCormack
McDaniel
Mix
Munchak
Muñoz
Ogden
Otto
Pace
J. Parker
Ringo
Roaf
Shaw
A. Shell
Shields
J. Slater
St. Clair
Stanfel
Stephenson
J. Thomas
Tingelhoff
Upshaw
Webster
Wright
Yary
Zimmerman
Pre-modern eratwo-way players
Edwards
Fortmann
Healey
Hein
Henry
Hubbard
Kiesling
Kinard
Lyman
Michalske
Musso
Owen
D. Slater
Stydahar
Trafton
Turner
Wojciechowicz
Defensivelinemen
Atkins
Bethea
Buchanan
Culp
W. Davis
Dean
Dent
Doleman
Donovan
Eller
Ford
Freeney
J. Greene
Haley
Hampton
Humphrey
D. Jones
Jordan
Karras
Kennedy
Klecko
Lilly
Long
Marchetti
McMichael
Nomellini
Olsen
Page
Peppers
Randle
Robustelli
Sapp
Selmon
Seymour
B. Smith
Sprinkle
Stautner
Strahan
Ja. Taylor
Weinmeister
Ra. White
Re. White
B. Willis
B. Young
Youngblood
Linebackers
Bednarik
Bo. Bell
Brazile
Brooks
Buoniconti
Butkus
Carson
Connor
George
Gradishar
K. Greene
Ham
Hanburger
Hendricks
Howley
Huff
Jackson
Lambert
Lanier
Lewis
Mills
Nitschke
Richter
D. Robinson
Schmidt
Seau
Singletary
L. Taylor
D. Thomas
Z. Thomas
Tippett
Urlacher
Ware
Wilcox
P. Willis
Defensive backs
Adderley
Atwater
Bailey
Barber
Barney
Blount
W. Brown
J. Butler
L. Butler
Christiansen
Dawkins
Dillon
Easley
Green
C. Harris
Haynes
Houston
J. Johnson
Krause
Lane
Lary
Law
LeBeau
Lott
Lynch
Polamalu
E. Reed
Renfro
Revis
Riley
J. Robinson
D. Sanders
D. Shell
E. Thomas
Tunnell
Wehrli
Williams
L. Wilson
Wood
C. Woodson
R. Woodson
Special teams
Andersen
Groza
Guy
Hester
Stenerud
Coaches
G. Allen
P. Brown
Chamberlin
Conzelman
Coryell
Cowher
Dungy
Ewbank
Flaherty
Flores
Gibbs
Gillman
Grant
Halas
J. Johnson
Lambeau
Landry
Levy
Lombardi
Madden
Neale
Noll
Owen
Parcells
Shula
Stram
Vermeil
Walsh
Contributors
Beathard
Be. Bell
Bidwill
Bowlen
Brandt
Carr
A. Davis
DeBartolo
Finks
Halas
Hunt
J. Jones
Lambeau
T. Mara
W. Mara
Marshall
A. McNally
Nunn
Polian
Ray
Reeves
A. Rooney
D. Rooney
Rozelle
E. Sabol
S. Sabol
Schramm
Tagliabue
R. Wilson
Wolf
G. Young
Italics denotes members who have been elected, but not yet inducted. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"NFL 1920s All-Decade Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_1920s_All-Decade_Team"},{"link_name":"Blue Springs, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"halfback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfback_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln"},{"link_name":"end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team"},{"link_name":"1915 Nebraska Cornhuskers football teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Missouri Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference"},{"link_name":"Canton Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Canton_Bulldogs_season"},{"link_name":"Decatur / Chicago Staleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Decatur_Staleys_season"},{"link_name":"1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Chicago_Staleys_season"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Canton_Bulldogs_season"},{"link_name":"1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Canton_Bulldogs_season"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Cleveland_Bulldogs_season"},{"link_name":"Frankford Yellow Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankford_Yellow_Jackets"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_Frankford_Yellow_Jackets_season"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Frankford_Yellow_Jackets_season"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cardinals_(NFL,_1920%E2%80%9359)"},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_Chicago_Cardinals_season"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"}],"text":"American football playerBerlin Guy \"Champ\" Chamberlin (January 16, 1894 – April 4, 1967), sometimes misspelled Guy Chamberlain, was an American professional football player and coach. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1962 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965. He was also named in 1969 to the NFL 1920s All-Decade Team.A native of Blue Springs, Nebraska, Chamberlin played college football as a halfback at Nebraska Wesleyan University in 1911 and 1912. He transferred to the University of Nebraska in 1913 and played at the halfback and end positions for the undefeated 1914 and 1915 Nebraska Cornhuskers football teams that won consecutive Missouri Valley Conference championships. He was a consensus first-team All-American in 1915, and he was selected in 1936 as the greatest player in Nebraska football history.He played professional football for nine years with the Canton Bulldogs (1919), Decatur / Chicago Staleys (1920–1921), Canton Bulldogs (1922–1923), Cleveland Bulldogs (1924), Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925–1926), and Chicago Cardinals (1927). He won professional football championships in six of his nine seasons in professional football: as a player in 1919 with the undefeated Bulldogs and in 1921 with the Staleys, and as a player/coach in 1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and in 1926 with the Yellow Jackets. He compiled a 58-16-7 record in six years as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL), the best win percentage (.759) of any coach in NFL history with a minimum 50 wins. He is also the only coach to win NFL championships with three different clubs.","title":"Guy Chamberlin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Springs, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFR-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"}],"text":"Chamberlin was born in Blue Springs, Nebraska, in 1894.[1] He was raised with five siblings on a family farm in Blue Springs. He graduated from Blue Springs High School in 1911.[2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"College football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nebraska Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"NIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"}],"sub_title":"Nebraska Wesleyan","text":"In the fall of 1911, Chamberlin enrolled at Nebraska Wesleyan University in Lincoln, Nebraska. Chamberlin was selected by the Omaha World-Herald as an all-state halfback while playing for the undefeated 1911 Nebraska Wesleyan football team that won the NIAA championship. Chamberlin also competed for Nebraska Wesleyan in baseball as a pitcher and outfielder and in track as a sprinter and weight man.[2]He returned to the Nebraska Wesleyan football team in the fall of 1912 and was again selected as an all-state player. In announcing its selection of Chamberlin to the all-state team, the Omaha World-Herald wrote: \"Chamberlin is almost in a class by himself. He is a fierce and aggressive runner and adopts the system of bowling over the opposing tacklers in much the same style as the famous Coy of Yale. Chamberlin rarely used a stiff arm, and yet many times it was next to impossible to stop him.\"[2]","title":"College football"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chamberlainhalfback.png"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Beta Theta Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jumbo Stiehm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumbo_Stiehm"},{"link_name":"1914 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Missouri Valley Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference"},{"link_name":"Outing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outing_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"1915 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1915 College Football All-America Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"Frank G. Menke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_G._Menke"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Walter Eckersall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Eckersall"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Parke H. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parke_H._Davis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"}],"sub_title":"Nebraska","text":"Chamberlain at Nebraska.In the fall of 1913, Chamberlin transferred to the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. There he became a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity.[3] He played halfback for Jumbo Stiehm's undefeated 1914 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team that won the Missouri Valley Conference championship and became known as the \"Stiehm Rollers\". At the end of the 1914 season, Chamberlin was named to Outing magazine's \"Football Roll of Honor: The Men Whom the Best Coaches of the Country Have Named as the Stars of the Gridiron in 1914\".[4]In 1915, Chamberlin moved to the end position for the undefeated 1915 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team that again won the Missouri Valley championship. He led the team with 15 touchdowns.[2] After leading the Cornhuskers to a 20–19 victory over Notre Dame, The Omaha World-Herald wrote of Chamberlin: \"His defensive stunts bordered upon the miraculous, while his open field running, in which he displayed that famous 'side walk trot' to the best advantage, brought victory to the colors of the Cornhuskers.\"[2] In his final game for Nebraska, Chamberlin scored four touchdowns, including a 60-yard touchdown run, in a 52–7 victory over Iowa.[5] At the end of the season, he was a consensus All-American on the 1915 College Football All-America Team with first-team honors from Frank G. Menke,[6] Walter Eckersall,[7] and Parke H. Davis.[8] He graduated from Nebraska in 1916.[2]","title":"College football"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1916–1919"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"Doane College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doane_College"},{"link_name":"Crete, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Blue Springs, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Farmer and coach at Doane College","text":"After graduating from Nebraska, Chamberlin returned to the family farm.[2] In August 1916, he was hired as the athletic director and football coach at Doane College in Crete, Nebraska.[2][9] In 1917, he returned to work on his father's farm in Blue Springs, Nebraska.[10]","title":"1916–1919"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Camp Zachary Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Fort Sill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sill"},{"link_name":"Camp Kearny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Kearny"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"}],"sub_title":"United States Army","text":"Chamberlin served in the United States Army from May 1918 to October 1919. He served in a field artillery unit with the rank of second lieutenant and was stationed at Camp Zachary Taylor in Louisville, Kentucky, Fort Sill in Oklahoma, and Camp Kearny in San Diego County, California.[2]","title":"1916–1919"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"1919 Canton Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919_Canton_Bulldogs_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staleys-11"}],"sub_title":"Canton Bulldogs","text":"Chamberlin began playing professional football in 1919 as an end for Jim Thorpe's undefeated 1919 Canton Bulldogs, winners of that year's unofficial professional football championship with a 9–0–1 record.[2][11]","title":"Professional football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Professional Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Professional_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"George Halas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Halas"},{"link_name":"1920 Decatur Staleys team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Decatur_Staleys_season"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staleys-11"},{"link_name":"All-Pro Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_All-Pro_Team"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Staleys football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Chicago_Staleys_season"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Buffalo All-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Buffalo_All-Americans_season"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"George Halas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Halas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"}],"sub_title":"Decatur/Chicago Staleys","text":"In August 1920, the American Professional Football Association (APFA, later renamed the National Football League) was organized. Chamberlin signed with George Halas' 1920 Decatur Staleys team that compiled a 10–1–2 record and finished second in the APFA.[11] At the end of the 1920 season, Chamberlin was selected as a first-team end on the first All-Pro Team.[12][13]In 1921, Chamberlin played as a center fielder for the Staleys baseball team during the summer,[14] and he remained with the organization as the Staleys football team moved to Chicago and won the APFA championship with a 9–1–1 record. On December 3, 1921, before a crowd of 13,000 in Chicago, the Staleys defeated the first-place Buffalo All-Americans in what was touted as the championship game. In the victory over Buffalo, Chamberlain intercepted a pass and returned it 90 yards for the game-winning touchdown.[15][16]George Halas, who coached Chamberlin with the Staleys, wrote in 1957: \"Chamberlin was the best 2-way end I've ever seen. He was a tremendous tackler on defense and a triple-threat performer on offense.\"[2]","title":"Professional football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canton Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t22-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tarzan Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Link Lyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Lyman"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"1922 Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_Canton_Bulldogs_season"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t22-17"},{"link_name":"Pete Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Henry"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t22-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"1923 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_Canton_Bulldogs_season"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t23-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Samuel Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Cleveland_Bulldogs_season"},{"link_name":"1924 NFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t24-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t22-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t23-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t24-26"},{"link_name":"Dave Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Noble"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs","text":"In 1922, Chamberlin joined the Canton Bulldogs in multiple roles as a player, head coach, team captain, and part owner.[17][18] He strengthened the team in the off-season by signing guard Tarzan Taylor, with whom he had played on the Staleys, and tackle Link Lyman, an All-American who played at Chamberlin's alma mater, Nebraska.[19] Chamberlin led the 1922 Bulldogs to an NFL championship with an undefeated 10–0–2 record. The team shut out nine of twelve opponents and allowed only 15 points in 12 games.[17] Three players from the 1922 Bulldogs (Chamberlin, Lyman, and Pete Henry) were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Chamberlin led the team in scoring with seven touchdowns, two of them on interception returns.[17] He played at the halfback position in the first game of the season and at end for the remaining 12 games; he reportedly \"played every minute of the thirteen games.\"[20]Chamberlin returned to the Bulldogs as player/coach the following year.[21] The 1923 team had another undefeated season (11-0-1), shut out eight of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 246 to 19, and won its second consecutive NFL championship.[22] After the season, Chamberlin was selected as a first-team All-Pro player by Collyer's Eye magazine.[23][24]In August 1924, Cleveland jeweler Samuel Deutsch bought the Canton Bulldogs and moved the team to Cleveland where they became the Cleveland Bulldogs during the 1924 NFL season.[25] With Chamberlin still serving as player/coach, the Bulldogs compiled a 7–1–1 record, outscored opponents by a total of 229 to 60, and won their third consecutive NFL championship.[26] After the 1924 season, Chamberlin was again selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye and a third-team All-Pro by the Green Bay Press-Gazette.[27]In three seasons with the Bulldogs, Chamberlin led the franchise to three NFL championships and a record of 28-1-4, having outscored opponents by a combined total of 659 to 94.[17][22][26] Dave Noble, who played for the 1924 Bulldogs, explained Chamberlin's coaching success as follows: \"Guy Chamberlain knows as much or more football than any other coach in the country. Moreover, he has a faculty for getting the most out of players, not because he is a driver, for he isn't that sort, but because they like him and will do their utmost to please him by playing hard.\"[28]","title":"Professional football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankford Yellow Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankford_Yellow_Jackets"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"1925 Frankford team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_Frankford_Yellow_Jackets_season"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t25-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t25-29"},{"link_name":"1926 Yellow Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Frankford_Yellow_Jackets_season"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t26-31"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Chicago_Bears_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Bob Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Carroll_(author)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fitz-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t25-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t26-31"}],"sub_title":"Frankford Yellow Jackets","text":"In 1925, Chamberlin joined the Frankford Yellow Jackets in Philadelphia as player and coach. He led the 1925 Frankford team to a 15–7 overall record, 13–7 against NFL opponents.[29] The team had compiled a 9–1 record in its first 10 games, but Chamberlin suffered a broken shoulder in a game against Akron,[30] and the Yellow Jackets lost six of the next eight games.[29] Chamberlin returned to the lineup in mid-December and led the team to victories in its final two games.In 1926, Chamberlin returned to Philadelphia and appeared in all 17 games as a player, despite being the oldest player on the team at age 32. He led the 1926 Yellow Jackets to an NFL championship with a 14–1–2 record, shutting out 10 NFL opponents and outscoring all NFL opponents, 236 to 49.[31] On December 4, 1926, the Yellow Jackets defeated the previously unbeaten Chicago Bears, 7–6, to secure the championship. In a 1968 book titled \"Pro Football's All-time Greats\", the author wrote that Chamberlin blocked both an extra point and a field goal in the victory over the Bears,[2] though contemporary accounts do not corroborate the claim.[32]Chamberlin left the team after the 1926 season for unclear reasons; sports historian Bob Carroll notes that \"one [theory] is that Chamberlin and the players he wanted were too costly. Another theory is that he was fired as a result of a power battle within the Frankford organization.\"[33] In two years at Frankford, Chamberlin led the Yellow Jackets to Philadelphia's first NFL championship and compiled a 27-8-2 record against NFL opponents.[29][31]","title":"Professional football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Ben Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jones_(halfback)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Chicago Cardinals","text":"In August 1927, Chamberlin signed as player/coach for the Chicago Cardinals.[34] With the exception of Ben Jones, the 1927 Cardinals lacked star players, and Chamberlin at age 33 started only one game. The team compiled a 3–7–1 and finished ninth in the NFL.[35]","title":"Professional football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFR-1"},{"link_name":"List of National Football League head coaches with 50 wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Football_League_head_coaches_with_50_wins"},{"link_name":"major North American sports league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scotty Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty_Bowman"},{"link_name":"1997 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fitz-33"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Dick Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._B._Rutherford"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Frank B. Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Morrison"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Beta Theta Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Jordan Westerkamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Westerkamp"},{"link_name":"Dean Steinkuhler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Steinkuhler"},{"link_name":"Maury Damkroger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maury_Damkroger"},{"link_name":"Rich Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Glover"},{"link_name":"Jeff Kinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Kinney_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"NFL 1920s All-Decade Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_1920s_All-Decade_Team"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Bob Devaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Devaney"},{"link_name":"Ed Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Weir"},{"link_name":"George Sauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sauer"},{"link_name":"Dana X. Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_X._Bible"},{"link_name":"Biff Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff_Jones"},{"link_name":"Fielding H. Yost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_H._Yost"},{"link_name":"Eddie N. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_N._Robinson"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Blue Springs, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Stadium_(Lincoln)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"With a 58-16-7 record in six years as an NFL head coach,[1] Chamberlin has the best win percentage (.759) of any coach in NFL history with a minimum of 50 wins. See List of National Football League head coaches with 50 wins. His accomplishment of winning a championship with three separate franchises in a major North American sports league would not be matched until 1997, when Scotty Bowman won the 1997 Stanley Cup Finals.[33]Chamberlin received numerous honors for his accomplishments as a football player and coach. His honors include the following:In 1936, Chamberlin was named the greatest player in Nebraska football history in a poll of former Nebraska football players.[36]\nIn 1951, he became the fifth person inducted into the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame.[37]\nIn 1962, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.[38] On learning of his selection, Chamberlin said he accepted the honor to share it with all members of the 1914 and 1915 Nebraska football teams and paid particular tribute to Dick Rutherford who was the blocking star during those years.[39]\nAlso in 1962, a new baseball diamond was dedicated at the Nebraska State Reformatory, where Chamberlin had been a guard for seven-and-a-half year was named Guy Chamberlin Field. The name was chosen by popular vote among the inmates. At the dedication ceremony, Governor Frank B. Morrison praised Chamberlin for his devotion to the inmates.[40]\nIn 1965, he was also inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965 as part of the third class of inductees.[41] His Pro Football Hall of Fame bust and certificate are displayed in the gallery cabinet at the Beta Theta Pi fraternity house at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.[2]\nIn 1967, the University of Nebraska began awarding the Guy Chamberlin Trophy.[2] It is awarded each year to the player \"who has the qualities and dedication of the Husker Tradition.\"[42] Past winners include Jordan Westerkamp (2016), Dean Steinkuhler (1984), Maury Damkroger (1974), Rich Glover (1973), and Jeff Kinney (1972).\nIn 1969, as part of the NFL's 50th anniversary, the Pro Football Hall of Fame selected all-decade teams for each of the league's first five decades. Chamberlin was selected as an end on the NFL 1920s All-Decade Team.[43]\nIn 1971, he was one of eight persons (along with Bob Devaney, Ed Weir, George Sauer, Dana X. Bible, Biff Jones, Fielding H. Yost, and Eddie N. Robinson) in the first class to be inducted into the Nebraska Football Hall of Fame.[44]\nIn 2014, a monument to Chamberlin was dedicated on the grounds of Southern Elementary School in Blue Springs, Nebraska.[2]\nIn 2017, his jersey was retired by the University of Nebraska and his name was added to the north facade of Memorial Stadium.[45]","title":"Legacy and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Nebraska City, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"},{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Blue Springs, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"linden tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden_tree"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska–Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-2"}],"text":"Chamberlin was married twice. He married Lucile B. Lees in 1919.[2] They had a daughter, Patricia, born in 1923.[46][47][48] Chamberlin and his first wife were divorced.[2] In 1941, he was married to Bernyce Gertrude Weekes.[49]After retiring from football, was a salesman in Cleveland for several years. He returned to Blue Springs in 1932, where he managed his father's farm. In 1948, he moved to Nebraska City, Nebraska, where he owned and operated a Ford-Ferguson agricultural equipment dealership. In 1954 or 1955, he sold the Ford-Ferguson business and moved to Lincoln, Nebraska, where he was employed as a guard at the Nebraska State Reformatory. He retired in 1962.[2]Chamberlin died in 1967 at age 73 in Lincoln, Nebraska.[50] Per Chamberlin's request, his body was cremated, and his ashes were either spread in his hometown, Blue Springs, Nebraska,[51] or placed near the Schiller linden tree north of Architectural Hall on the University of Nebraska–Lincoln campus.[2]","title":"Family and later years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"}] | [{"image_text":"Chamberlain at Nebraska.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Chamberlainhalfback.png/150px-Chamberlainhalfback.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Guy Chamberlin Record\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/coaches/ChamGu0.htm","url_text":"\"Guy Chamberlin Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Berlin Guy Chamberlin Monument\". City of Blue Springs, Nebraska. Retrieved May 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluespringsne.com/chamberlin.html","url_text":"\"Berlin Guy Chamberlin Monument\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Beta Theta Pi\". Google.com/books. 1915.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw_QAAAAMAAJ&dq=guy+chamberlin+beta+theta+pi&pg=PA66","url_text":"\"The Beta Theta Pi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football Roll of Honor: The Men Whom the Best Coaches of the Country Have Named as the Stars of the Gridiron in 1914\" (PDF). Outing. 1915. p. 498.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Outing/Volume_65/outLXV04/outLXV04s.pdf","url_text":"\"Football Roll of Honor: The Men Whom the Best Coaches of the Country Have Named as the Stars of the Gridiron in 1914\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huskers Triumph In Final Combat\". The Lincoln Star. November 21, 1915. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10881287/huskers_triumph_in_final_contest/","url_text":"\"Huskers Triumph In Final Combat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Covers Wide Scope In Choosing His All-American Gridironers\". The Lincoln Star. December 5, 1915 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3508520/1915_allamerica_chamberlin_and/","url_text":"\"Covers Wide Scope In Choosing His All-American Gridironers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Walter Eckersall (December 5, 1915). \"Nebraska Player on 'All-America': Chamberlain, Huskers' Wizard, is Given Recognition by New York Writer\". Chicago Tribune – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Eckersall","url_text":"Walter Eckersall"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10852881/eckie_names_four_of_west_for_allstars/","url_text":"\"Nebraska Player on 'All-America': Chamberlain, Huskers' Wizard, is Given Recognition by New York Writer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Buck Mayer and Vandegraaaff Are Chosen for All-American\". The Charlotte News. December 5, 1915. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10111599/buck_mayer_and_vandegraaaff_are_chosen/","url_text":"\"Buck Mayer and Vandegraaaff Are Chosen for All-American\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"untitled\". The Emporia (KS) Gazette. August 10, 1916. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10858458/untitled_chamberlin_at_doane_college/","url_text":"\"untitled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Staleys Sign All American Grid Star\". The Pantagraph (Bloomington, IL). October 7, 1920. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10865369/staleys_sign_all_american_grid_star/","url_text":"\"Staleys Sign All American Grid Star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Hogrogian, John (1984). \"1920 All-Pros\" (PDF). The Coffin Corner. 6 (1). Professional Football Researchers Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808122855/http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/06-01-173.pdf","url_text":"\"1920 All-Pros\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coffin_Corner","url_text":"The Coffin Corner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Football_Researchers_Association","url_text":"Professional Football Researchers Association"},{"url":"http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/06-01-173.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1920 APFA All-Pros\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1920_APFA/allpro.htm","url_text":"\"1920 APFA All-Pros\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staleys Easily Defeat Madison Club of Dakota League\". Decatur Herald. May 13, 1921. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10868054/the_decatur_herald/","url_text":"\"Staleys Easily Defeat Madison Club of Dakota League\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Staleys Annex 1921 Professional Title by Win Over Buffalo\". The Decatur Review. December 5, 1921. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10868129/staleys_annex_1921_professional_title/","url_text":"\"Staleys Annex 1921 Professional Title by Win Over Buffalo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Staleys Win National Pro Grid Title: Beat Buffalo, 10-7; Starchworkers Win 10-7; Chamberlain Makes 90 Yard Run\". Decatur Herald. December 5, 1921. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10868150/staleys_win_national_pro_grid_title/","url_text":"\"Staleys Win National Pro Grid Title: Beat Buffalo, 10-7; Starchworkers Win 10-7; Chamberlain Makes 90 Yard Run\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1922 Canton Bulldogs Statistics & Players\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/cbd/1922.htm","url_text":"\"1922 Canton Bulldogs Statistics & Players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chamberlain To Quit Canton Bulldogs\". The Akron Beacon Journal. December 15, 1922. p. 30 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10868526/chamberlain_to_quit_canton_bulldogs/","url_text":"\"Chamberlain To Quit Canton Bulldogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Lyman To Play At Canton: Former Husker Star Will Join Guy Chamberlain's Professional Team In Ohio\". The Nebraska State Journal. September 25, 1922. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10180354/lyman_to_play_at_canton/","url_text":"\"Lyman To Play At Canton: Former Husker Star Will Join Guy Chamberlain's Professional Team In Ohio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Guy Chamberlain Places Canton Back on the Grid Map\". The Decatur Review. December 24, 1922. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10868307/guy_chamberlain_places_canton_back_on/","url_text":"\"Guy Chamberlain Places Canton Back on the Grid Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Guy Chamberlain To Coach Canton Bulldogs Grid Team\". The Akron Beacon Journal. August 2, 1923. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10868608/guy_chamberlain_to_coach_canton/","url_text":"\"Guy Chamberlain To Coach Canton Bulldogs Grid Team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1923 Canton Bulldogs Schedule & Game Results\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. 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August 4, 1924. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10181517/champion_bulldogs_sold_to_cleveland/","url_text":"\"Champion Bulldogs Sold To Cleveland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1924 Cleveland Bulldogs Schedule & Game Results\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved April 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/cib/1924_games.htm","url_text":"\"1924 Cleveland Bulldogs Schedule & Game Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"1924 NFL All-Pros\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved April 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1924/allpro.htm","url_text":"\"1924 NFL All-Pros\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noble Keen For Ex-Husker Star\". The Lincoln Star. December 30, 1924. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10868688/noble_keen_for_exhusker_star/","url_text":"\"Noble Keen For Ex-Husker Star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1925 Frankford Yellow Jackets Statistics & Players\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/fyj/1925.htm","url_text":"\"1925 Frankford Yellow Jackets Statistics & Players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guy Chamberlain Is Out of Game; Right Shoulder Fractured\". Green Bay Press-Gazette. November 14, 1925. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10868924/guy_chamberlain_is_out_of_game_right/","url_text":"\"Guy Chamberlain Is Out of Game; Right Shoulder Fractured\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1926 Frankford Yellow Jackets Statistics & Players\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/fyj/1926.htm","url_text":"\"1926 Frankford Yellow Jackets Statistics & Players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frankford Tops Bears in Thrilling Fray: Stockton Passes 45 Yards to Homan, Scores Touchdown\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. December 5, 1926. p. Sports 1, 3 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10878283/frankford_tops_bears_in_thrilling_fray/","url_text":"\"Frankford Tops Bears in Thrilling Fray: Stockton Passes 45 Yards to Homan, Scores Touchdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Fitzpatrick, Frank (February 15, 2007). \"Why did winning coach leave Philly?\". The Philadelphia Inquirer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/philly/sports/20070215_Why_did_winning_coach_leave_Philly_.html","url_text":"\"Why did winning coach leave Philly?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chamberlain To Coach Cards' Pro Gridiron Squad\". Chicago Daily Tribune. August 9, 1927. p. 17 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10879742/chamberlain_to_coach_cards_pro/","url_text":"\"Chamberlain To Coach Cards' Pro Gridiron Squad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"1927 Chicago Cardinals Statistics & Players\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/crd/1927.htm","url_text":"\"1927 Chicago Cardinals Statistics & Players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chamberlin, End, Is Husker 'All' Player\". The Minneapolis Star. November 14, 1936. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10843016/chamberlin_end_is_husker_all_player/","url_text":"\"Chamberlin, End, Is Husker 'All' Player\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guy Chamberlin Named To State Hall of Fame\". Lincoln Evening Journal. August 21, 1951. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10842934/guy_chamberlin_named_to_state_hall_of/","url_text":"\"Guy Chamberlin Named To State Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Nebraska's Guy Chamberlin to Football Hall of Fame\". Lincoln Evening Journal. April 4, 1962. p. 32 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/725503/1962/","url_text":"\"Nebraska's Guy Chamberlin to Football Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Guy Thankful To Former Mates: Exceptional NU, Pro Grid Star Accepts Honor for 'Whole Team'\". Lincoln Evening Journal. April 4, 1962. p. 32 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/725503/1962/","url_text":"\"Guy Thankful To Former Mates: Exceptional NU, Pro Grid Star Accepts Honor for 'Whole Team'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Chamberlin Field Officially Dedicated\". Lincoln Evening Journal. July 16, 1962. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10880271/chamberlin_field_officially_dedicated/","url_text":"\"Chamberlin Field Officially Dedicated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Guy Chamberlin To Hall of Fame\". The Lincoln Star. September 12, 1965. p. 28 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10880364/guy_chamberlin_to_hall_of_fame/","url_text":"\"Guy Chamberlin To Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Nebraska announces 2016 Football Award winners\". NebraskaOnline.com. December 18, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://nebraska.rivals.com/news/nebraska-announces-2016-football-award-winners","url_text":"\"Nebraska announces 2016 Football Award winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Halas, Grange on NFL All-Star Team of '20s\". Decatur Herald. August 24, 1969. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10869434/halas_grange_on_nfl_allstar_team_of/","url_text":"\"Halas, Grange on NFL All-Star Team of '20s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Famers\". The Lincoln Star. May 16, 1971. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10882959/hall_of_famers/","url_text":"\"Hall of Famers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Nebraska adds eight former football players to its list of Huskers with retired jerseys\". August 23, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omaha.com/huskers/blogs/nebraska-adds-eight-former-football-players-to-its-list-of/article_a855697c-8846-11e7-8635-0b7bb1dc8fc2.html","url_text":"\"Nebraska adds eight former football players to its list of Huskers with retired jerseys\""}]},{"reference":"\"untitled\". The Nebraska State Journal. February 12, 1923. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10849928/untitled_guy_chamberlin_daughter/","url_text":"\"untitled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Bernyce G. 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April 8, 1967. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10886163/husker_football_stars_go_to_chamberlin/","url_text":"\"Husker Football Stars Go To Chamberlin Rites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/C/ChamGu20.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/coaches/ChamGu0.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"http://www.profootballhof.com/players/guy-chamberlin","external_links_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame"},{"Link":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1292","external_links_name":"College Football Hall of Fame"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/coaches/ChamGu0.htm","external_links_name":"\"Guy Chamberlin Record\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluespringsne.com/chamberlin.html","external_links_name":"\"Berlin Guy Chamberlin Monument\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw_QAAAAMAAJ&dq=guy+chamberlin+beta+theta+pi&pg=PA66","external_links_name":"\"The Beta Theta Pi\""},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Outing/Volume_65/outLXV04/outLXV04s.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Football Roll of Honor: The Men Whom the Best Coaches of the Country Have Named as the Stars of the Gridiron in 1914\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10881287/huskers_triumph_in_final_contest/","external_links_name":"\"Huskers Triumph In Final Combat\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3508520/1915_allamerica_chamberlin_and/","external_links_name":"\"Covers Wide Scope In Choosing His All-American Gridironers\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10852881/eckie_names_four_of_west_for_allstars/","external_links_name":"\"Nebraska Player on 'All-America': Chamberlain, Huskers' Wizard, is Given Recognition by New York Writer\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10111599/buck_mayer_and_vandegraaaff_are_chosen/","external_links_name":"\"Buck Mayer and Vandegraaaff Are Chosen for All-American\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10858458/untitled_chamberlin_at_doane_college/","external_links_name":"\"untitled\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10865369/staleys_sign_all_american_grid_star/","external_links_name":"\"Staleys Sign All American Grid Star\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140808122855/http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/06-01-173.pdf","external_links_name":"\"1920 All-Pros\""},{"Link":"http://www.profootballresearchers.org/Coffin_Corner/06-01-173.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1920_APFA/allpro.htm","external_links_name":"\"1920 APFA All-Pros\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10868054/the_decatur_herald/","external_links_name":"\"Staleys Easily Defeat Madison Club of Dakota League\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10868129/staleys_annex_1921_professional_title/","external_links_name":"\"Staleys Annex 1921 Professional Title by Win Over Buffalo\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10868150/staleys_win_national_pro_grid_title/","external_links_name":"\"Staleys Win National Pro Grid Title: Beat Buffalo, 10-7; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velilla | Velilla | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 41°33′30″N 5°00′16″W / 41.5583°N 5.0044°W / 41.5583; -5.0044Place in Castile and León, SpainVelilla, SpainVelilla, SpainLocation in SpainCoordinates: 41°33′30″N 5°00′16″W / 41.5583°N 5.0044°W / 41.5583; -5.0044CountrySpainAutonomous communityCastile and LeónProvinceValladolidMunicipalityVelillaArea • Total19 km2 (7 sq mi)Population (2018) • Total113 • Density5.9/km2 (15/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Velilla is a municipality located in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 138 inhabitants.
References
^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
vteMunicipalities in the province of Valladolid
Adalia
Aguasal
Aguilar de Campos
Alaejos
Alcazarén
Aldea de San Miguel
Aldeamayor de San Martín
Almenara de Adaja
Amusquillo
Arroyo de la Encomienda
Ataquines
Bahabón
Barcial de la Loma
Barruelo del Valle
Becilla de Valderaduey
Benafarces
Bercero
Berceruelo
Berrueces
Bobadilla del Campo
Bocigas
Bocos de Duero
Boecillo
Bolaños de Campos
Brahojos de Medina
Bustillo de Chaves
Cabezón de Pisuerga
Cabezón de Valderaduey
Cabreros del Monte
Campaspero
Camporredondo
Canalejas de Peñafiel
Canillas de Esgueva
Carpio
Casasola de Arión
Castrejón de Trabancos
Castrillo de Duero
Castrillo-Tejeriego
Castrobol
Castrodeza
Castromembibre
Castromonte
Castronuevo de Esgueva
Castronuño
Castroponce
Castroverde de Cerrato
Ceinos de Campos
Cervillego de la Cruz
Cigales
Ciguñuela
Cistérniga
Cogeces de Íscar
Cogeces del Monte
Corcos
Corrales de Duero
Cubillas de Santa Marta
Cuenca de Campos
Curiel de Duero
El Campillo
Encinas de Esgueva
Esguevillas de Esgueva
Fombellida
Fompedraza
Fontihoyuelo
Fresno el Viejo
Fuensaldaña
Fuente el Sol
Fuente-Olmedo
Gallegos de Hornija
Gatón de Campos
Geria
Herrín de Campos
Hornillos de Eresma
Íscar
La Mudarra
La Parrilla
La Pedraja de Portillo
La Seca
La Unión de Campos
La Zarza
Laguna de Duero
Langayo
Llano de Olmedo
Lomoviejo
Manzanillo
Marzales
Matapozuelos
Matilla de los Caños
Mayorga
Medina de Rioseco
Medina del Campo
Megeces
Melgar de Abajo
Melgar de Arriba
Mojados
Monasterio de Vega
Montealegre de Campos
Montemayor de Pililla
Moral de la Reina
Moraleja de las Panaderas
Morales de Campos
Mota del Marqués
Mucientes
Muriel de Zapardiel
Nava del Rey
Nueva Villa de las Torres
Olivares de Duero
Olmedo
Olmos de Esgueva
Olmos de Peñafiel
Palazuelo de Vedija
Pedrajas de San Esteban
Pedrosa del Rey
Pesquera de Duero
Peñafiel
Peñaflor de Hornija
Piña de Esgueva
Piñel de Abajo
Piñel de Arriba
Pollos
Portillo
Pozal de Gallinas
Pozaldez
Pozuelo de la Orden
Puras
Quintanilla de Arriba
Quintanilla de Onésimo
Quintanilla de Trigueros
Quintanilla del Molar
Ramiro
Renedo de Esgueva
Roales de Campos
Robladillo
Roturas
Rubí de Bracamonte
Rueda
Rábano
Saelices de Mayorga
Salvador de Zapardiel
San Cebrián de Mazote
San Llorente
San Martín de Valvení
San Miguel del Arroyo
San Miguel del Pino
San Pablo de la Moraleja
San Pedro de Latarce
San Pelayo
San Román de Hornija
San Salvador
San Vicente del Palacio
Santa Eufemia del Arroyo
Santervás de Campos
Santibáñez de Valcorba
Santovenia de Pisuerga
Sardón de Duero
Serrada
Siete Iglesias de Trabancos
Simancas
Tamariz de Campos
Tiedra
Tordehumos
Tordesillas
Torre de Esgueva
Torre de Peñafiel
Torrecilla de la Abadesa
Torrecilla de la Orden
Torrecilla de la Torre
Torrelobatón
Torrescárcela
Traspinedo
Trigueros del Valle
Tudela de Duero
Urones de Castroponce
Urueña
Valbuena de Duero
Valdearcos de la Vega
Valdenebro de los Valles
Valdestillas
Valdunquillo
Valladolid
Valoria la Buena
Valverde de Campos
Vega de Ruiponce
Vega de Valdetronco
Velascálvaro
Velilla
Velliza
Ventosa de la Cuesta
Viana de Cega
Villabaruz de Campos
Villabrágima
Villabáñez
Villacarralón
Villacid de Campos
Villaco
Villafrades de Campos
Villafranca de Duero
Villafrechós
Villafuerte de Esgueva
Villagarcía de Campos
Villagómez la Nueva
Villalar de los Comuneros
Villalba de la Loma
Villalba de los Alcores
Villalbarba
Villalán de Campos
Villalón de Campos
Villamuriel de Campos
Villanubla
Villanueva de Duero
Villanueva de San Mancio
Villanueva de la Condesa
Villanueva de los Caballeros
Villanueva de los Infantes
Villardefrades
Villarmentero de Esgueva
Villasexmir
Villavaquerín
Villavellid
Villaverde de Medina
Villavicencio de los Caballeros
Villán de Tordesillas
Viloria
Wamba
Zaratán
This article about a location in the province of Valladolid, Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"province of Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid_(province)"},{"link_name":"Castile and León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"INE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)"}],"text":"Place in Castile and León, SpainVelilla is a municipality located in the province of Valladolid, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 138 inhabitants.","title":"Velilla"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Velilla¶ms=41.5583_N_5.0044_W_region:ES_type:city(113)","external_links_name":"41°33′30″N 5°00′16″W / 41.5583°N 5.0044°W / 41.5583; -5.0044"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Velilla¶ms=41.5583_N_5.0044_W_region:ES_type:city(113)","external_links_name":"41°33′30″N 5°00′16″W / 41.5583°N 5.0044°W / 41.5583; -5.0044"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velilla&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_texture | Vesicular texture | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Texture of small enclosed cavities found in some volcanic rocks
Vesicular texture in volcanic rock from Tenerife
Vesicular olivine basalt from La Palma
Vesicular texture is a volcanic rock texture characterized by a rock being pitted with many cavities (known as vesicles) at its surface and inside.
This texture is common in aphanitic, or glassy, igneous rocks that have come to the surface of the Earth, a process known as extrusion. As magma rises to the surface the pressure on it decreases. When this happens gasses dissolved in the magma are able to come out of solution, forming gas bubbles (the cavities) inside it. When the magma finally reaches the surface as lava and cools, the rock solidifies around the gas bubbles and traps them inside, preserving them as holes filled with gas called vesicles.
A related texture is amygdaloidal in which the volcanic rock, usually basalt or andesite, has cavities, or vesicles, that are filled with secondary minerals, such as zeolites, calcite, quartz, or chalcedony. Individual cavity fillings are termed amygdules (American usage) or amygdales (British usage). Sometimes these can be sources of semi-precious or precious stones such as diamonds.
Rock types that display a vesicular texture include pumice and scoria.
See also
Glossary of geology
References
^ See "Elmhurst College Powerpoint via google viewer" Archived October 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved May 8, 2011
^ D. Armstrong, F. Mugglestone, R. Richards and F. Stratton "OCR AS and A2 Geology". Pearson Education Limited, 2008, p. 76.
^ Vesicules and Amygdule, pitt.edu, accessed 14 Sept 2021.
This volcanology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Piedra_porosa,_Parque_nacional_del_Teide,_Tenerife,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2015.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olivine_basalt2.jpg"},{"link_name":"olivine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine"},{"link_name":"La Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Palma"},{"link_name":"volcanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"aphanitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphanite"},{"link_name":"igneous rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock"},{"link_name":"extrusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrusive_rock"},{"link_name":"magma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"amygdaloidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdule"},{"link_name":"basalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"andesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesite"},{"link_name":"zeolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolite"},{"link_name":"calcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite"},{"link_name":"quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz"},{"link_name":"chalcedony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"amygdules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdules"},{"link_name":"pumice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumice"},{"link_name":"scoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoria"}],"text":"Vesicular texture in volcanic rock from TenerifeVesicular olivine basalt from La PalmaVesicular texture is a volcanic rock texture characterized by a rock being pitted with many cavities (known as vesicles) at its surface and inside.\n[1] \nThis texture is common in aphanitic, or glassy, igneous rocks that have come to the surface of the Earth, a process known as extrusion. As magma rises to the surface the pressure on it decreases. When this happens gasses dissolved in the magma are able to come out of solution, forming gas bubbles (the cavities) inside it. When the magma finally reaches the surface as lava and cools, the rock solidifies around the gas bubbles and traps them inside, preserving them as holes filled with gas called vesicles.\n[2]A related texture is amygdaloidal in which the volcanic rock, usually basalt or andesite, has cavities, or vesicles, that are filled with secondary minerals, such as zeolites, calcite, quartz, or chalcedony.[3] Individual cavity fillings are termed amygdules (American usage) or amygdales (British usage). Sometimes these can be sources of semi-precious or precious stones such as diamonds.Rock types that display a vesicular texture include pumice and scoria.","title":"Vesicular texture"}] | [{"image_text":"Vesicular texture in volcanic rock from Tenerife","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Piedra_porosa%2C_Parque_nacional_del_Teide%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015.JPG/220px-Piedra_porosa%2C_Parque_nacional_del_Teide%2C_Tenerife%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015.JPG"},{"image_text":"Vesicular olivine basalt from La Palma","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Olivine_basalt2.jpg/220px-Olivine_basalt2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Glossary of geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geology"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.elmhurst.edu/~richs/EC/102/Lectures/Igneous.ppt","external_links_name":"\"Elmhurst College Powerpoint via google viewer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121030084627/https://www.elmhurst.edu/~richs/EC/102/Lectures/Igneous.ppt","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://sites.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/2IgneousRocks/IgneousTextures/7VesicularAmygdaloidal.html","external_links_name":"Vesicules and Amygdule"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vesicular_texture&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Swana | John Swana | ["1 Discography","1.1 As sideman","2 References","3 Sources","4 External links"] | American jazz musician
John Elliott Swana (born 1962) is an American jazz musician who played trumpet and flügelhorn until a benign tumor forced him to put down those instruments. He then picked up the valve trombone and electronic wind instrument to continue his music profession.
He began his career in clubs of his hometown of Philadelphia. He played in big bands, organ combos, and with musicians of the hard bop mainstream. Swana also worked with Ralph Bowen, Orrin Evans, Charles Fambrough, Jimmy Greene, and J. D. Walter.
Discography
Introducing (Criss Cross Jazz, 1990)
John Swana and Friends (Criss Cross, 1991)
The Feeling's Mutual (Criss Cross, 1993)
In the Moment (Criss Cross, 1995)
Philly-New York Junction (Criss Cross, 1998)
Tug of War (Criss Cross, 1997/98)
Philly Gumbo (Criss Cross, 2001)
On Target (Criss Cross, 2002)
Philly Gumbo Vol.2 (Criss Cross, 2005)
Bright Moments (Criss Cross, 2008)
Abohm (Gallta Media, 2012)
Channels (1K, 2019)
As sideman
Eric Alexander, Full Range (Criss Cross, 1995)
Eric Alexander, New York Calling (Criss Cross, 1993)
Chuck Anderson, Angel Blue Tour of Jazz (Anderson Music, 2002)
Ralph Bowen, Soul Proprietor (Criss Cross, 2001)
Orrin Evans, Justin Time (Criss Cross, 1997)
Charles Fambrough, City Tribes (Evidence, 1996)
Charles Fambrough, Keeper of the Spirit (AudioQuest, 1995)
Jimmy Greene, Introducing Jimmy Greene (Criss Cross, 1997)
Benny Golson, Remembering Clifford (Milestone, 1998)
Peter Leitch, Trio/Quartet '91 (Concord Jazz, 1991)
Donny McCaslin, Give and Go (Criss Cross, 2006)
Clarence Penn, Play-Penn (Criss Cross, 2001)
Chris Potter, Presenting Chris Potter (Criss Cross, 1993)
J. D. Walter, Sirens in the C House (Dreambox 2000)
References
^ John Swana/Tim Motzer/Doug Hirlinger, Channels. Review by Alex Henderson, NYCJR, September 2019, Issue 209, page 24 - retrieved 1 September 2019.
Sources
Richard Cook, Brian Morton: The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings. 8. Auflage. Penguin, London 2006, ISBN 0-141-02327-9.
Lancaster Online
Crisscross JAzz
External links
Work of John Swana in the German National Library catalogue
Website of John Swana
John Swana at phillyjazz.org
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Korea
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"valve trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_trombone"},{"link_name":"electronic wind instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EWI_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"Ralph Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Orrin Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrin_Evans"},{"link_name":"Charles Fambrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fambrough"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Greene"},{"link_name":"J. D. Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Walter"}],"text":"John Elliott Swana (born 1962) is an American jazz musician who played trumpet and flügelhorn until a benign tumor forced him to put down those instruments. He then picked up the valve trombone and electronic wind instrument to continue his music profession.He began his career in clubs of his hometown of Philadelphia. He played in big bands, organ combos, and with musicians of the hard bop mainstream. Swana also worked with Ralph Bowen, Orrin Evans, Charles Fambrough, Jimmy Greene, and J. D. Walter.","title":"John Swana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Criss Cross Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criss_Cross_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Introducing (Criss Cross Jazz, 1990)\nJohn Swana and Friends (Criss Cross, 1991)\nThe Feeling's Mutual (Criss Cross, 1993)\nIn the Moment (Criss Cross, 1995)\nPhilly-New York Junction (Criss Cross, 1998)\nTug of War (Criss Cross, 1997/98)\nPhilly Gumbo (Criss Cross, 2001)\nOn Target (Criss Cross, 2002)\nPhilly Gumbo Vol.2 (Criss Cross, 2005)\nBright Moments (Criss Cross, 2008)\nAbohm (Gallta Media, 2012)\nChannels (1K, 2019)[1]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eric Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Alexander_(jazz_saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Anderson_(jazz_guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Ralph Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Orrin Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrin_Evans"},{"link_name":"Charles Fambrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fambrough"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Greene"},{"link_name":"Benny Golson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Golson"},{"link_name":"Remembering Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembering_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Peter Leitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Leitch_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Donny McCaslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donny_McCaslin"},{"link_name":"Clarence Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Penn"},{"link_name":"Chris Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Potter_(jazz_saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Presenting Chris Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenting_Chris_Potter"},{"link_name":"J. D. Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Walter"}],"sub_title":"As sideman","text":"Eric Alexander, Full Range (Criss Cross, 1995)\nEric Alexander, New York Calling (Criss Cross, 1993)\nChuck Anderson, Angel Blue Tour of Jazz (Anderson Music, 2002)\nRalph Bowen, Soul Proprietor (Criss Cross, 2001)\nOrrin Evans, Justin Time (Criss Cross, 1997)\nCharles Fambrough, City Tribes (Evidence, 1996)\nCharles Fambrough, Keeper of the Spirit (AudioQuest, 1995)\nJimmy Greene, Introducing Jimmy Greene (Criss Cross, 1997)\nBenny Golson, Remembering Clifford (Milestone, 1998)\nPeter Leitch, Trio/Quartet '91 (Concord Jazz, 1991)\nDonny McCaslin, Give and Go (Criss Cross, 2006)\nClarence Penn, Play-Penn (Criss Cross, 2001)\nChris Potter, Presenting Chris Potter (Criss Cross, 1993)\nJ. D. Walter, Sirens in the C House (Dreambox 2000)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cook_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Brian Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morton_(Scottish_writer)"},{"link_name":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Guide_to_Jazz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-141-02327-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-141-02327-9"},{"link_name":"Lancaster Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lancasteronline.com/features/entertainment/thanks-to-electronics-sidelined-trumpeter-is-back-on-stage/article_1655a4ac-6b6a-55ee-aa74-95309ebadaa9.html"},{"link_name":"Crisscross JAzz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.crisscrossjazz.com/artist/SwanaJohn.html"}],"text":"Richard Cook, Brian Morton: The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings. 8. Auflage. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal-India_relations | India–Nepal relations | ["1 Independent political history","1.1 1950–1971","1.2 1970–1990","1.3 1990s","1.4 2000s","1.5 2010s","2 Treaty","3 Infrastructural and financial support","4 Military ties","5 Border disputes","6 Border crossings","7 Trade","8 Human trafficking","9 2015 Madhesi crisis and Nepal blockade","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"] | Bilateral relationsIndia-Nepal relations
India
Nepal
Diplomatic missionEmbassy of India, KathmanduEmbassy of Nepal, New DelhiEnvoyIndian Ambassador to Nepal Naveen SrivastavaNepalese Ambassador to India Dr. Shankar Sharma
India–Nepal relations (Hindi and Nepali: भारत-नेपाल सम्बन्ध) are the bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Both countries initiated their relationship with the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship and accompanying secret letters that defined security relations between the two countries, and an agreement governing both bilateral trade and trade transiting Indian territory.
Both countries enjoy excellent bilateral ties. There are close linguistic, marital, religious and cultural ties at people-to-people level between Indians and Nepalese.
Independent political history
1950–1971
The foundation of relations between India and Nepal was laid with the Indo-Nepalese friendship Treaty in 1950. In the 1950s, the Rana rulers of the Kingdom of Nepal welcomed close relations with the newly independent India, fearing a China-backed communist overthrow of their autocratic regime after the success of Communist revolution in China and establishment of CCP government on October 1, 1949. Rana rule in Nepal however collapsed within three months of signing the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, to be replaced by the only pro-Indian party of the time – Nepali Congress. As the number of Indians living and working in Nepal's Terai region increased and the involvement of India in Nepal's politics deepened in the 1960s and after, so too did Nepal's discomfort with the special relationship. India's influence over Nepal increased throughout the 1950s. The Nepalese Citizenship Act of 1952 granted Indians the right to immigrate to Nepal and acquire Nepalese citizenship without any difficulty, which caused resentment in Nepal. This policy remained in effect until 1962, when several restrictive clauses were added to the Nepalese constitution. Further, in 1952, an Indian military mission was established in Nepal, which consisted of a Major General and 20 other Indian army personnel, which was later extended to 197 in total. At the same time, Nepal's Royal family's dissatisfaction with India's growing influence began to emerge. As a consequence, overtures to China were initiated by Nepal as a counterweight to India.
Lord Shiva's Pashupatinath Temple in Nepal
Lord Shiva's Kashi Vishwanath Temple in India
The Treaty of Trade and Commerce between the two countries was ratified in October 1950, wherein India acknowledged Nepal's right to import and export commodities through the Indian territories and ports. As per the treaty, customs duties could not be levied on commodities that were in transit through India.
Following the 1962 Sino-Indian border war, the relationship between Nepal and India thawed significantly. India suspended its support to India-based Nepalese opposition forces, opposing the dissolution of democratic government by King Mahendra. The defeat of Indian forces in 1962 in a border war with China, provided Nepal with the much-needed breathing space and Nepal extracted several concessions in trade with India. In exchange, through a secret accord concluded in 1965, similar to an arrangement that had been suspended in 1963, India won a monopoly on arms sales to Nepal.
In 1969, relations between both countries again became stressful as Nepal challenged the existing mutual security arrangement and asked that the Indian security checkposts and liaison group be withdrawn. Resentment also was expressed against the 1950s TPF. India withdrew its military check-posts and liaison group consisting of 23 military personnel in 1970 from all but Kalapani area of Nepal, although the treaty was not abrogated.
Tensions further increased in the mid-1970s, when Nepal pressed for substantial changes in the trade and transit treaty and openly denounced Sikkim's 1975 annexation by India. In 1975 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev against the backdrop of Indian annexation of Nepal's close neighbor the Kingdom of Sikkim proposed Nepal to be recognized internationally as a 'Zone of Peace' where military competition would be off limits. Nepal's proposal immediately received support from Pakistan and China, but not from India. In New Delhi's view, if the king's proposal did not contradict the 1950 treaty that the-then Indian government had signed with the Rana rulers of Nepal, it was unnecessary; if it was a repudiation of the special relationship, it represented a possible threat to India's security and could not be endorsed. In 1984 Nepal repeated the proposal, but there was no reaction from India. Nepal continually promoted the proposal in international forums and by 1990 it had won the support of 112 countries including the US, the UK, and France.
1970–1990
In 1978 India agreed to separate trade and transit treaties, satisfying a long-term Nepalese demand. However, much to the annoyance of Nepalese Royal Palace and in continued violation of the 1950s PFT, India consistently allowed the opposition parties of Nepal to use Indian soil to launch agitation against the Nepalese government and refused to endorse Nepal as a Zone of Peace. In 1988, when the two treaties were up for renewal, Nepal refused to accommodate India's wishes for a single trade and transit treaty stating that 'it violates the principle of freedom to trade'. Thereafter, both India and Nepal took a hard-line position that led to a serious crisis in India–Nepal relations. Nepalese leaders asserted the position that as per the UN charter, transit privileges were "a fundamental and a permanent right of a land-locked country" and thus India's demand for a single treaty was unacceptable. After two extensions, the two treaties expired on 23 March 1989, resulting in a virtual Indian economic blockade of Nepal that lasted until late April 1990.
Over the years, Indian economic sanctions over Nepal steadily widened. For example, preferential customs and transit duties on Nepalese goods entering or passing through India (whether imports or exports) were discontinued. Thereafter India let agreements relating to oil processing and warehouse space in Calcutta for goods destined to Nepal expire. Aside from these sanctions, India cancelled all trade credits it had previously extended to Nepal on a routine basis.
To withstand the renewed pressure from India, Nepal undertook a major diplomatic initiative and presented its case on trade and transit matters to the world community.
In 1989, Nepal decoupled its rupee from the Indian rupee which had been circulating in Nepal freely. This further strained the relationship between the two countries. India retaliated to this move by Nepal and denied port facilities in Calcutta to Nepal, thereby preventing delivery of oil supplies from Singapore and other source countries. In historian Enayetur Rahim's view, "the economic consequences of the dispute... were enormous. Nepal's GDP growth rate plummeted from 9.7% in 1988 to 1.5% in 1989. This had a lot to do with the decreased availability of goods. Shortly after the imposition of sanctions, Nepal experienced serious deficiencies of important goods such as coal, fuel, oil, medicine and spare parts. Nepal also suffered economically from higher tariffs, the closure of border points and the tense political atmosphere. From one of the most thriving economies in Asia, Nepal was now quickly finding itself in the league of World's poorest nation." Although economic issues were a major factor in the two countries' confrontation, Indian dissatisfaction with Nepal's decision to impose work permits over Indians living in Nepal and Nepal government's attempt to acquire Chinese weaponry in 1988 played an important role. India linked security with economic relations and insisted on reviewing India–Nepal relations as a whole. After failing to receive support from wider international community, Nepalese government backed down from its position to avoid the worsening economic conditions. Indian government, with the help of Nepalese opposition parties operating from India, managed to bring a change in Nepal's political system, in which the king was forced to institute a parliamentary democracy. The new government, led by pro-India parties, sought quick restoration of amicable relations with India.
1990s
The special security relationship between New Delhi and Kathmandu was re-established during the June 1990 New Delhi meeting of Nepal's prime minister Krishna Prasad Bhatarai and Indian prime minister V.P. Singh, after India ended its 13-month-long economic blockade of Nepal. During the December 1991 visit to India by Nepalese prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala, the two countries signed new, separate trade and transit treaties and other economic agreements designed to accord Nepal additional economic benefits.
Indian-Nepali relations appeared to be undergoing still more reassessment when Nepal's prime minister Man Mohan Adhikary visited New Delhi in April 1995 and insisted on a major review of the 1950 peace and friendship treaty which Nepal believed was enabling an ongoing demographic shift in Nepal's Terai region. In the face of benign statements by his Indian hosts relating to the treaty, Adhikary sought greater economic independence for his landlocked nation while simultaneously striving to improve ties with China.
In June 1990, a joint Kathmandu-New Delhi communique was issued pending the finalisation of a comprehensive arrangement covering all aspects of bilateral relations, restoring trade relations, reopening transit routes for Nepal's imports, and formalising respect of each other's security concerns.
The communiqué announced the restoration of the status quo ante along with the reopening of all border points. Nepal agreed to various concessions regarding India's commercial privileges. Kathmandu announced that it factored in the lower cost while purchasing arms and personnel carriers from China. Nepal was advising China to withhold delivery of the last shipment. As per the declaration made by the communiqué, both countries would cooperate in the industrial development and waters coming from their common rivers would be harnessed for mutual benefit for both the countries, while also protecting and managing the environment.
2000s
In 2005, after King Gyanendra took over, Nepalese relations with India soured. However, even after the restoration of democracy, in 2008, Prachanda, the Prime Minister of Nepal, visited India, in September 2008 only after visiting China, breaking the long-held tradition of Nepalese PM making India as their first port-of-call. When in India, he spoke about a new dawn, in the bilateral relations, between the two countries. He said, "I am going back to Nepal as a satisfied person. I will tell Nepali citizens back home that a new era has dawned. Time has come to effect a revolutionary change in bilateral relations. On behalf of the new government, I assure you that we are committed to make a fresh start."
In 2006, the newly formed democratic parliament of Nepal passed the controversial citizenship bill that led to distribution of Nepalese citizenship to nearly 4 million stateless immigrants in Nepal's Terai by virtue of naturalisation. While the Indian government welcomed the reformed citizenship law, certain section of Nepalese people expressed deep concerns regarding the new citizenship act and feared that the new citizenship law might be a threat to Nepalese sovereignty. The citizenship bill passed by the Nepalese parliament in 2006 was the same bill that was rejected by King Birendra in 2000 before he along with his entire family was massacred and upon which Indian government had then formally expressed sorrow.
In 2008, Indo-Nepal ties got a further boost with an agreement to resume water talks after a 4-year hiatus. The Nepalese Water Resources Secretary Shanker Prasad Koirala said the Nepal-India Joint Committee on Water Resources meet decided to start the reconstruction of the breached Koshi embankment after the water level went down. During the Nepal Prime Minister's visit to New Delhi in September, the Prime Ministers of both the countries expressed satisfaction at the age-old close, cordial and extensive relationships between their states and expressed their support and co-operation to further consolidate the relationship.
The two issued a 22-point statement highlighting the need to review, adjust and update the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship, amongst other agreements. India would also provide a credit line of up to $15 million to Nepal to ensure uninterrupted supplies of petroleum products, as well as lift bans on the export of rice, wheat, maize, sugar and sucrose for quantities agreed to with Nepal. India would also provide $2 million as immediate flood relief. In return, Nepal will take measures for the promotion of investor friendly, enabling business environment to encourage Indian investments in Nepal.
2010s
Indian President Ram Nath Kovind met with Nepalese President Bidya Devi Bhandari in Tokyo, 2019
In 2010 India extended a line of credit worth US$50 million and 80,000 tonnes of food grains. Furthermore, a three-tier mechanism at the level of ministerial, secretary and technical levels will be built to push forward discussions on the development of water resources between the two sides. Politically, India acknowledged a willingness to promote efforts towards peace in Nepal. Indian External affairs minister Pranab Mukherjee promised the Nepali Prime Minister Prachanda that he would "extend all possible help for peace and development." In 2014, the Indian embassy in Kathmandu started an open house service which would hear grievances faced by the Indian nationals living in Nepal.
However, in recent years, the increasing dominance of Maoism in Nepal's domestic politics, along with the strengthening economic and political influence of the People's Republic of China has caused the Nepalese government to gradually distance its ties with India, though Nepal still does support India at the UN. Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi visited Nepal in August 2014, marking the first official visit by an Indian prime minister in 17 years. During his visit, the Indian government agreed to provide Nepal with US$1 billion as concessional line of credit for various development purposes and a HIT formula, but he insisted that Indian immigrants in Nepal do not pose a threat to Nepal's sovereignty and therefore open border between Nepal and India should be a bridge and not a barrier. Nepal and India signed an agreement on 25 November 2014 as per which India will build a 900 MW hydropower plant at a cost of another US$1 billion. An amount of US$250 million has been granted to Nepal as a part of the agreements signed on 22 February 2016 for post-earthquake reconstruction.
A perpetual issue for many people of Nepali origin, the birthplace of Gautama Buddha has long been a cultural and social issue devoid from the political landscape of both Nepal and India. However, since the souring of relations between the two countries, the issue has been used to undermine relations between the two countries both politically and socially. The two-day-long International Buddhist conference in Kathmandu which ran from 19 to 20 May 2016 marked Vesak and the 2,560th birthday of the Buddha was also used to promote the Buddha's birthplace which lies in modern-day Nepal. The decision of the Nepal Culture Ministry to change the theme, "Preservation and Development of Buddhist Heritage of Nepal" with the sub-theme "Lumbini – Birthplace of Buddha" under the name "Lumbini – Fountainhead of Buddhism" was met with criticism from India which subsequently boycotted the conference due to this and on the back of China's supposed monetary involvement in the conference. Nepali Prime Minister, K.P. Oli told the media that the conference, "should help us make clear to the world that Buddha was born in Nepal and that Buddhist philosophy is the product of Nepal".
In early March 2017, the fatal shooting of a Nepali man who was protesting Indian-occupation on disputed territory between India and Nepal sparked protests in the capital Kathmandu. Indian troops had previously prevented a group of Nepalese farmers living along the border from completing a culvert in the disputed area which ultimately led to protests. It was considered rare for India to retaliate with gunfire.
Treaty
The 1950 treaty and letters exchanged between the then Indian government and Rana rulers of Nepal, stated that "neither government shall tolerate any threat to the security of the other by a foreign aggressor" and obligated both sides "to inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighboring state likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two governments." These accords cemented a "special relationship" between India and Nepal. The treaty also granted citizens of Nepal, the same economic and educational opportunities as Indian citizens in India, while accounting for preferential treatment to Indian citizens and businesses compared to other nationalities in Nepal. The Indo-Nepal border is open; Nepalese and Indian nationals may move freely across the border without passports or visas and may live and work in either country. However, Indians are not allowed to own land-properties or work in government institutions in Nepal, while Nepalese nationals in India are allowed to work in some Indian government institutions (except in some states and some civil services (the IFS, IAS, and IPS)) notably the Indian military. The Election commission of Nepal has published a figure of 562,456 Nepali citizens in India as of 2021, eligible to vote in the upcoming Federal elections of 2022 in Nepal. The number of Indian immigrants in Nepal who haven't registered their paperwork with the Indian embassy in Kathmandu isn't known as of 2021, while Indian embassy in Kathmandu published a figured of 600,000 Indian citizens as currently residing in Nepal.
After years of dissatisfaction by the Nepalese government, India in 2014, agreed to revise and adjust the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship to reflect the current realities. However, the modality of adjustment hasn't been made clear by either side. The Nepali side is reported to have submitted an EPG report to the PM of Nepal while the Indian foreign ministry hasn't made any announcements in regards to the submission of the same EPG report to the Indian PM.
Infrastructural and financial support
Since the early 1950s, India has made a considerable contribution to Nepal's socioeconomic development. Along with crucial social sector areas like health, education, and human resource development, other areas of relations include infrastructure like airports, irrigation, agriculture, roads, bridges, power projects, industrial estates, communication, surveys, forestry, and building construction.
In 1951, Nepal and India began working together to build a modern infrastructure, and as Nepal's major development partner, India built Kathmandu's Gauchar Airport, also known as Tribhuvan International Airport which was completed in 1954. In the same year the Indian Aid Mission in Nepal was also set up for developing projects in a number of areas including health, connectivity, education, power, and government departments.
In 1976, India assisted Nepal in the construction of the 21 MW Trishuli Hydropower Station with a grant of Rs 140 million.
In 2014, the Nepal Bharat Maitri Emergency & Trauma Centre in Kathmandu at a cost of Rs 100 crore, and a new college block of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan at a cost of Rs 125 crore were inaugurated. In 2019, the Motihari-Amlekhgunj Petroleum Pipeline was installed at a cost of Rs 324 crore.
After the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, the Government of India committed US$1 billion for post-earthquake reconstruction projects in Nepal. The reconstruction of 50,000 houses at a cost of US$100 million was completed in November 2021. Other projects include construction of 132 health facilities across 10 districts and the reconstruction of 71 educational institutes in 8 districts. Also, 28 cultural heritage projects in 7 districts are in the process of being restored.
During the coronavirus crisis, India sent 10 lakh (1 million) doses of vaccines to Nepal as a grant within a week of the roll-out in India. Under India's Vaccine Maitri initiative, it provided nearly 95 lakh (9.5 million) doses of vaccines to Nepal.
Military ties
Nepal and India have long-standing military ties and since 1950 have a custom of awarding the honorary rank of General to each other's Army Chiefs. India has been giving training and equipment to aid the Nepali Army (NA) in modernising. Other facets of India's defence cooperation with Nepal include assistance during disasters, joint military exercises, adventure activities, and bilateral visits. Many Nepal Army personnel attend training courses at various Indian Army training facilities. The Indian Army's Gorkha battalions are raised in part through recruiting in the Nepalese hill districts. Presently, the Indian Army employs roughly 32,000 Gorkha soldiers from Nepal.
Border disputes
Main article: Territorial disputes of India and Nepal
The territorial disputes of India and Nepal include Kalapani 400 km2 at India-Nepal-China tri-junction in Western Nepal and Susta 140 km2 in Southern Nepal. Nepal claims that the river to the west of Kalapani is the main Kali river; hence the area should belong to Nepal. But India claims that the river to the west of Kalapani is not the main Kali river, and owing to this new Indian claim, Indian government led by Narendra Modi, for the first time removed the full delineation of Kali river from official Indian map in the newly released map of India in 2018. The river borders the Nepalese province of Sudurpashchim and the Indian state of Uttarakhand. The Sugauli Treaty signed by Nepal and British India on 4 March 1816 locates the Kali River as Nepal's western boundary with India. Subsequent maps drawn by British surveyors show the source of the boundary river at different places. This discrepancy in locating the source of the river led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal, with each country producing maps supporting their own claims. The Kali River runs through an area that includes a disputed area of about 400 km2 around the source of the river although the exact size of the disputed area varies from source to source. The dispute intensified in 1997 as the Nepali parliament considered a treaty on hydro-electric development of the river. India and Nepal differ as to which stream constitutes the source of the river. Nepal has reportedly tabled an 1856 map from the British India Office to support its position. Kalapani has been controlled by India's Indo-Tibetan border security forces since the Sino-Indian War with China in 1962. In 2015, the Nepalese parliament objected an agreement between India and China to trade through Lipulekh Pass, a mountainous pass in the disputed Kalapani area, stating that the agreement between India and China to trade through Kalapani violates Nepal's sovereign rights over the territory. Nepal has called for the withdrawal of the Indian border forces from Kalapani area.
As the first step for demarcating Indo-Nepal border, survey teams from both countries located and identified missing pillars along the border, and, an agreement was reached to construct new pillars in some places. India and Nepal share more than 1,770-kilometer border. According to the Nepalese government estimates, of the 8000 boundary pillars along the border, 1,240 pillars are missing, 2,500 require restoration, and, 400 more need to be constructed. The survey teams conducted survey of the border pillars based on the strip maps prepared by the Joint Technical Level Nepal-India Boundary Committee (JTLNIBC). The JTLNIBC was set up in 1981 to demarcate the India-Nepal border and after years of surveying, deliberations and extensions, the committee had delineated 98 per cent of the India-Nepal boundary, excluding Kalapani and Susta, on 182 strip maps which was finally submitted in 2007 for ratification by both the countries. Unfortunately neither country ratified the maps. Nepal maintained that it cannot ratify the maps without the resolution of outstanding boundary disputes, i.e. Kalapani and Susta. India, on the other hand, awaited Nepal's ratification while at the same time urging it to endorse the maps as a confidence building measure for solving the Kalapani and Susta disputes. In absence of a ratification, the process of completely demarcating the India-Nepal boundary could not be undertaken and completed.
In 2020, the relation between the two countries came under strain after the inauguration of a 80 km long road which connected the Lipulekh pass with Dharchula in Uttarakhand. The strategically crucial road was inaugurated by India's Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh on 8 May 2020. Nepal reacted to this inauguration and claimed that the road passed through Nepalese territory. India later rejected Nepal's claim and stated that the road was within the Indian territory.
Border crossings
Main articles: Designated border crossings of India and Borders of India
Integrated check posts with immigration and customs facilities are:
Jogbani, Bihar
Bhitthamore, Bihar
Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh
Rupaidiha, Uttar Pradesh
Taulihawa-Siddharthnagar (only for India and Nepalese citizens)
Jathi, Bihar
Laukaha in Bihar - Thadi Nepal.
In 2014, to enhance the collaborative relations between the two nations, Nepal and India started a Trans-border bus service from New Delhi to Kathmandu connecting the nation's capital of both countries. The direct bus service with multiple routes improves connectivity between the capitals of both countries. The service is in operation by Delhi Bus Corporation (DTC), India and several other private Travel companies. At present (2019), Kathmandu to Delhi bus service, Kathmandu to Siliguri Bus service, Kathmandu to Varanasi, Delhi to Janakpur bus service are in operation.
According to an official statement issued by the Ministry of Railways, from February 2023, Indian Railways will run its Bharat Gaurav Tourist Train on a route which will connect pilgrimage sites of Ayodhya in India and Janakpur in Nepal. The train service will connect the two most significant pilgrimage sites of both the nations. This initiative aims at strengthening the bilateral ties between the two countries while also boosting religious tourism.
Trade
PM Modi meeting the PM of Nepal, Mr. Sher Bahadur Deuba, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on April 02, 2022.
India is Nepal's largest trade partner and the largest source of total foreign investments (China has been the largest source of FDI in Nepal from 2015 onward), besides providing transit for almost entire third country trade of Nepal in accordance with Indo-Nepal Transit treaty. India accounts for over two-thirds of Nepal's merchandise trade, about one-third of trade in services, one-third of foreign direct investments, almost 100% of petroleum supplies, and a significant share of inward remittances on account of pensioners, professionals and workers working in India, with nearly $1.2 billion per year remitted by Nepalese citizens in India back to Nepal. India accounts for 30% FDI into Nepal, which makes it one of the primary investors for Nepal.
Nepal is the 9th largest trading partner of India. Nepal is also the 7th largest source of remittance to India, with $3.2 billion a year remitted from Nepal to India per the World Bank.
In the year 2017–2018, Nepal's total trade with India was about US$8.2 billion; Nepal's exports to India were US$446.5 million; while imports from India were upwards of US$7.7 billion. In percentage terms, Nepal's trade deficit with India is approximately 1724%.
Nepal's main imports from India are petroleum products (28.6%), motor vehicles and spare parts (7.8%), M. S. billet (7%), medicines (3.7%), other machinery and spares (3.4%), coldrolled sheet in coil (3.1%), electrical equipment (2.7%), hotrolled sheet in coil (2%), M. S. wires, rods, coils and bars (1.9%), cement (1.5%), agriculture equipment and parts (1.2%), chemical fertilizer (1.1%), chemicals (1.1%) and thread (1%). Nepal's export basket to India mainly comprises jute goods (9.2%), zinc sheet (8.9%), textiles (8.6%), threads (7.7%), polyester yarn (6%), juice (5.4%), catechue (4.4%), Cardamom (4.4%), wire (3.7%), tooth paste (2.2%) and M. S. Pipe (2.1%).
Based on the high quantity of petroleum import from India, the countries are in talks for setting up new additional pipelines.
In 2020, Nepal incurred the highest trade deficit with India amounting to US$6.1 billion.
In 2022, Nepal exported electricity worth Rs10.38 billion to India till mid-November 2022. In the recent years, electricity is one of Nepal's largest exports to India. In November 2021, India allowed Nepal for the first time to sell electricity in the Indian market through a bidding process. Nepal has been authorized to sell over 400MW of electricity to India.
Human trafficking
Human trafficking in Nepal is a serious concern. An estimated 100,000–200,000 Nepalese in India are believed to have been trafficked. Sex trafficking is particularly rampant within Nepal and to India, with as many as 5,000–10,000 women and girls trafficked to India alone each year. The seriousness of trafficking of Nepalese girls to India was highlighted by CNN Freedom Project's documentary: Nepal's Stolen Children. Maiti Nepal has rescued more than 12,000 stolen Nepalese children from sex trafficking since 1993.
2015 Madhesi crisis and Nepal blockade
Main article: 2015 Nepal blockade
In 2015, Nepal promulgated its new Constitution but the Madheshis, some Janajatis and some Tharus, felt they were marginalized and being left out in the new constitution. These groups, the Madheshis in particular, then organized small scale protests and blockaded a portion of border India-Nepal border near Biratnagar area in September 2015, shortly after the devastating earthquake which had mainly affected people of Hilly regions of Nepal.
The Nepalese government accused India of deliberately blockading the entirety of the border by not allowing vehicles to pass from checkpoints where no protests were held (like borders along Sikkim, Gorkhaland, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh) questioning how the blockade of the long border was even possible given the strong kingship between Hill Nepalese people, Gorkhas of Gorkhaland, and Nepali-speaking citizens of Sikkim. Indian government, however, denied all allegations of any involvement in the blockade and also warned Nepal not to play with the emotions of Nepali-speaking Sikkimese, and not to call Sikkimese people 'oppressed people'.
See also
Nepali Indians
Nepalese people of Indian ancestry
Foreign relations of Nepal
Foreign relations of India
Territorial disputes of India and Nepal
India-Nepal border
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Nepal Bharat Library
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Further reading
Bhattarai, Keshav, and Madhukar Pandey. "Disputed Territories between Nepal and India: The Cases of Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh and Susta." The Mega Journal. online
Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L., eds. (1995), "Foreign Policy: Nepal", India: A Country Study, GPO for the Library of Congress, retrieved 6 October 2007
Karki, Karun Kishor, and K. C. Hari. "Nepal-India relations: beyond realist and liberal theoretical prisms." Journal of International Affairs 3.1 (2020): 84–102. online
Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) excerpt pp 398–411.
Sanjay Upadhya (2021). Backfire in Nepal: How India Lost The Plot to China. Vitasta Publishing
Shukla, Deeptima. "India-Nepal relations: Problems and prospects." The Indian Journal of Political Science (2006): 355–374. online
Tripathi, Dhananjay. "Influence of Borders on Bilateral Ties in South Asia: A Study of Contemporary India–Nepal Relations." International Studies 56.2-3 (2019): 186–200.
Tripathi, Dhananjay. "What happened to India-Nepal Relations?." CSSAME (2020) online
External links
Indo Nepal Border Concept: A public view: A broader scope Archived 3 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Nepal India Relations – Similarities and Misconceptions
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Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"},{"link_name":"bilateral relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_relations"},{"link_name":"Republic of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_India"},{"link_name":"Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Indo-Nepal_Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bilateral relationsIndia–Nepal relations (Hindi and Nepali: भारत-नेपाल सम्बन्ध) are the bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Both countries initiated their relationship with the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship and accompanying secret letters that defined security relations between the two countries, and an agreement governing both bilateral trade and trade transiting Indian territory.Both countries enjoy excellent bilateral ties. There are close linguistic, marital, religious and cultural ties at people-to-people level between Indians and Nepalese.[1][2]","title":"India–Nepal relations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Independent political history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Indo-Nepal_Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship"},{"link_name":"Nepali Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Congress"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrystudies.us-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrystudies.us-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrystudies.us-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kashi_Vishwanath.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrystudies.us-3"},{"link_name":"King Mahendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Mahendra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrystudies_foreign_policy-4"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrystudies_foreign_policy-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrystudies.us-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"1950–1971","text":"The foundation of relations between India and Nepal was laid with the Indo-Nepalese friendship Treaty in 1950. In the 1950s, the Rana rulers of the Kingdom of Nepal welcomed close relations with the newly independent India, fearing a China-backed communist overthrow of their autocratic regime after the success of Communist revolution in China and establishment of CCP government on October 1, 1949.[citation needed] Rana rule in Nepal however collapsed within three months of signing the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, to be replaced by the only pro-Indian party of the time – Nepali Congress. As the number of Indians living and working in Nepal's Terai region increased and the involvement of India in Nepal's politics deepened in the 1960s and after, so too did Nepal's discomfort with the special relationship.[citation needed] India's influence over Nepal increased throughout the 1950s. The Nepalese Citizenship Act of 1952 granted Indians the right to immigrate to Nepal and acquire Nepalese citizenship without any difficulty, which caused resentment in Nepal. This policy remained in effect until 1962, when several restrictive clauses were added to the Nepalese constitution.[3] Further, in 1952, an Indian military mission was established in Nepal, which consisted of a Major General and 20 other Indian army personnel, which was later extended to 197 in total.[3] At the same time, Nepal's Royal family's dissatisfaction with India's growing influence began to emerge. As a consequence, overtures to China were initiated by Nepal as a counterweight to India.[3]Lord Shiva's Pashupatinath Temple in NepalLord Shiva's Kashi Vishwanath Temple in IndiaThe Treaty of Trade and Commerce between the two countries was ratified in October 1950, wherein India acknowledged Nepal's right to import and export commodities through the Indian territories and ports. As per the treaty, customs duties could not be levied on commodities that were in transit through India.[3]Following the 1962 Sino-Indian border war, the relationship between Nepal and India thawed significantly. India suspended its support to India-based Nepalese opposition forces, opposing the dissolution of democratic government by King Mahendra. The defeat of Indian forces in 1962 in a border war with China, provided Nepal with the much-needed breathing space and Nepal extracted several concessions in trade with India. In exchange, through a secret accord concluded in 1965, similar to an arrangement that had been suspended in 1963, India won a monopoly on arms sales to Nepal.[4]In 1969, relations between both countries again became stressful as Nepal challenged the existing mutual security arrangement and asked that the Indian security checkposts and liaison group be withdrawn. Resentment also was expressed against the 1950s TPF.[clarification needed] India withdrew its military check-posts and liaison group consisting of 23 military personnel in 1970 from all but Kalapani area of Nepal, although the treaty was not abrogated.[4][5]Tensions further increased in the mid-1970s, when Nepal pressed for substantial changes in the trade and transit treaty and openly denounced Sikkim's 1975 annexation by India. In 1975 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev against the backdrop of Indian annexation of Nepal's close neighbor the Kingdom of Sikkim proposed Nepal to be recognized internationally as a 'Zone of Peace' where military competition would be off limits. Nepal's proposal immediately received support from Pakistan and China, but not from India.[3] In New Delhi's view, if the king's proposal did not contradict the 1950 treaty that the-then Indian government had signed with the Rana rulers of Nepal, it was unnecessary; if it was a repudiation of the special relationship, it represented a possible threat to India's security and could not be endorsed. In 1984 Nepal repeated the proposal, but there was no reaction from India. Nepal continually promoted the proposal in international forums and by 1990 it had won the support of 112 countries including the US, the UK, and France.[6]","title":"Independent political history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes1989-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrystudies.us-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrystudies.us-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrystudies.us-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes1989-8"}],"sub_title":"1970–1990","text":"In 1978 India agreed to separate trade and transit treaties, satisfying a long-term Nepalese demand. However, much to the annoyance of Nepalese Royal Palace and in continued violation of the 1950s PFT, India consistently allowed the opposition parties of Nepal to use Indian soil to launch agitation against the Nepalese government and refused to endorse Nepal as a Zone of Peace.[citation needed] In 1988, when the two treaties were up for renewal, Nepal refused to accommodate India's wishes for a single trade and transit treaty stating that 'it violates the principle of freedom to trade'. Thereafter, both India and Nepal took a hard-line position that led to a serious crisis in India–Nepal relations. Nepalese leaders asserted the position that as per the UN charter, transit privileges were \"a fundamental and a permanent right of a land-locked country\" and thus India's demand for a single treaty was unacceptable.[7] After two extensions, the two treaties expired on 23 March 1989, resulting in a virtual Indian economic blockade of Nepal that lasted until late April 1990.[8]Over the years, Indian economic sanctions over Nepal steadily widened. For example, preferential customs and transit duties on Nepalese goods entering or passing through India (whether imports or exports) were discontinued. Thereafter India let agreements relating to oil processing and warehouse space in Calcutta for goods destined to Nepal expire. Aside from these sanctions, India cancelled all trade credits it had previously extended to Nepal on a routine basis.[3]To withstand the renewed pressure from India, Nepal undertook a major diplomatic initiative and presented its case on trade and transit matters to the world community.[9]In 1989, Nepal decoupled its rupee from the Indian rupee which had been circulating in Nepal freely. This further strained the relationship between the two countries. India retaliated to this move by Nepal and denied port facilities in Calcutta to Nepal, thereby preventing delivery of oil supplies from Singapore and other source countries.[3] In historian Enayetur Rahim's view, \"the economic consequences of the dispute... were enormous. Nepal's GDP growth rate plummeted from 9.7% in 1988 to 1.5% in 1989.[9] This had a lot to do with the decreased availability of goods. Shortly after the imposition of sanctions, Nepal experienced serious deficiencies of important goods such as coal, fuel, oil, medicine and spare parts.[3] Nepal also suffered economically from higher tariffs, the closure of border points and the tense political atmosphere. From one of the most thriving economies in Asia, Nepal was now quickly finding itself in the league of World's poorest nation.\" Although economic issues were a major factor in the two countries' confrontation, Indian dissatisfaction with Nepal's decision to impose work permits over Indians living in Nepal and Nepal government's attempt to acquire Chinese weaponry in 1988 played an important role.[8] India linked security with economic relations and insisted on reviewing India–Nepal relations as a whole. After failing to receive support from wider international community, Nepalese government backed down from its position to avoid the worsening economic conditions. Indian government, with the help of Nepalese opposition parties operating from India, managed to bring a change in Nepal's political system, in which the king was forced to institute a parliamentary democracy. The new government, led by pro-India parties, sought quick restoration of amicable relations with India.","title":"Independent political history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krishna Prasad Bhatarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Prasad_Bhatarai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"V.P. Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.P._Singh"},{"link_name":"Girija Prasad Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girija_Prasad_Koirala"},{"link_name":"Man Mohan Adhikary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Mohan_Adhikary"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-open_house_service-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrystudies.us-3"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"The special security relationship between New Delhi and Kathmandu was re-established during the June 1990 New Delhi meeting of Nepal's prime minister Krishna Prasad Bhatarai and Indian prime minister V.P. Singh, after India ended its 13-month-long economic blockade of Nepal. During the December 1991 visit to India by Nepalese prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala, the two countries signed new, separate trade and transit treaties and other economic agreements designed to accord Nepal additional economic benefits.Indian-Nepali relations appeared to be undergoing still more reassessment when Nepal's prime minister Man Mohan Adhikary visited New Delhi in April 1995 and insisted on a major review of the 1950 peace and friendship treaty which Nepal believed was enabling an ongoing demographic shift in Nepal's Terai region.[10] In the face of benign statements by his Indian hosts relating to the treaty, Adhikary sought greater economic independence for his landlocked nation while simultaneously striving to improve ties with China.In June 1990, a joint Kathmandu-New Delhi communique was issued pending the finalisation of a comprehensive arrangement covering all aspects of bilateral relations, restoring trade relations, reopening transit routes for Nepal's imports, and formalising respect of each other's security concerns.[11]The communiqué announced the restoration of the status quo ante along with the reopening of all border points. Nepal agreed to various concessions regarding India's commercial privileges. Kathmandu announced that it factored in the lower cost while purchasing arms and personnel carriers from China. Nepal was advising China to withhold delivery of the last shipment. As per the declaration made by the communiqué, both countries would cooperate in the industrial development and waters coming from their common rivers would be harnessed for mutual benefit for both the countries, while also protecting and managing the environment.[3]","title":"Independent political history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Gyanendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Gyanendra"},{"link_name":"Prachanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prachanda"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Terai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terai"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"King Birendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Shanker Prasad Koirala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanker_Prasad_Koirala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Koshi embankment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshi_embankment"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Peace and Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Indo-Nepal_Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"In 2005, after King Gyanendra took over, Nepalese relations with India soured. However, even after the restoration of democracy, in 2008, Prachanda, the Prime Minister of Nepal, visited India, in September 2008 only after visiting China, breaking the long-held tradition of Nepalese PM making India as their first port-of-call. When in India, he spoke about a new dawn, in the bilateral relations, between the two countries. He said, \"I am going back to Nepal as a satisfied person. I will tell Nepali citizens back home that a new era has dawned. Time has come to effect a revolutionary change in bilateral relations. On behalf of the new government, I assure you that we are committed to make a fresh start.\"In 2006, the newly formed democratic parliament of Nepal passed the controversial citizenship bill[12] that led to distribution of Nepalese citizenship to nearly 4 million stateless immigrants in Nepal's Terai by virtue of naturalisation.[13] While the Indian government welcomed the reformed citizenship law, certain section of Nepalese people expressed deep concerns regarding the new citizenship act and feared that the new citizenship law might be a threat to Nepalese sovereignty. The citizenship bill passed by the Nepalese parliament in 2006 was the same bill that was rejected by King Birendra in 2000[14] before he along with his entire family was massacred and upon which Indian government had then formally expressed sorrow.In 2008, Indo-Nepal ties got a further boost with an agreement to resume water talks after a 4-year hiatus.[15][16] The Nepalese Water Resources Secretary Shanker Prasad Koirala said the Nepal-India Joint Committee on Water Resources meet decided to start the reconstruction of the breached Koshi embankment after the water level went down.[17] During the Nepal Prime Minister's visit to New Delhi in September, the Prime Ministers of both the countries expressed satisfaction at the age-old close, cordial and extensive relationships between their states and expressed their support and co-operation to further consolidate the relationship.The two issued a 22-point statement highlighting the need to review, adjust and update the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship, amongst other agreements. India would also provide a credit line of up to $15 million to Nepal to ensure uninterrupted supplies of petroleum products, as well as lift bans on the export of rice, wheat, maize, sugar and sucrose for quantities agreed to with Nepal. India would also provide $2 million as immediate flood relief. In return, Nepal will take measures for the promotion of investor friendly, enabling business environment to encourage Indian investments in Nepal.","title":"Independent political history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_President,_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_meeting_the_President_of_Nepal,_Ms._Bidya_Devi_Bhandari,_in_Tokyo,_Japan_on_October_22,_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ram Nath Kovind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Nath_Kovind"},{"link_name":"Bidya Devi Bhandari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidya_Devi_Bhandari"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Nepali Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Prachanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prachanda"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-open_house_service-10"},{"link_name":"Maoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Nepalese government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_government"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"Narendra Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modi"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Gautama Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"Vesak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesak"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"K.P. Oli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadga_Prasad_Sharma_Oli"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"culvert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culvert"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"2010s","text":"Indian President Ram Nath Kovind met with Nepalese President Bidya Devi Bhandari in Tokyo, 2019In 2010 India extended a line of credit worth US$50 million and 80,000 tonnes of food grains. Furthermore, a three-tier mechanism at the level of ministerial, secretary and technical levels will be built to push forward discussions on the development of water resources between the two sides.[18] Politically, India acknowledged a willingness to promote efforts towards peace in Nepal. Indian External affairs minister Pranab Mukherjee promised the Nepali Prime Minister Prachanda that he would \"extend all possible help for peace and development.\"[19] In 2014, the Indian embassy in Kathmandu started an open house service which would hear grievances faced by the Indian nationals living in Nepal.[10]However, in recent years, the increasing dominance of Maoism in Nepal's domestic politics,[20] along with the strengthening economic and political influence of the People's Republic of China[21][22][23] has caused the Nepalese government to gradually distance its ties with India, though Nepal still does support India at the UN. Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi visited Nepal in August 2014, marking the first official visit by an Indian prime minister in 17 years. During his visit, the Indian government agreed to provide Nepal with US$1 billion as concessional line of credit for various development purposes and a HIT formula, but he insisted that Indian immigrants in Nepal do not pose a threat to Nepal's sovereignty and therefore open border between Nepal and India should be a bridge and not a barrier.[24][25] Nepal and India signed an agreement on 25 November 2014 as per which India will build a 900 MW hydropower plant at a cost of another US$1 billion.[26] An amount of US$250 million has been granted to Nepal as a part of the agreements signed on 22 February 2016 for post-earthquake reconstruction.[27]A perpetual issue for many people of Nepali origin, the birthplace of Gautama Buddha has long been a cultural and social issue devoid from the political landscape of both Nepal and India.[28] However, since the souring of relations between the two countries, the issue has been used to undermine relations between the two countries both politically and socially. The two-day-long International Buddhist conference in Kathmandu which ran from 19 to 20 May 2016 marked Vesak and the 2,560th birthday of the Buddha was also used to promote the Buddha's birthplace which lies in modern-day Nepal.[29] The decision of the Nepal Culture Ministry to change the theme, \"Preservation and Development of Buddhist Heritage of Nepal\" with the sub-theme \"Lumbini – Birthplace of Buddha\" under the name \"Lumbini – Fountainhead of Buddhism\" was met with criticism from India which subsequently boycotted the conference due to this and on the back of China's supposed monetary involvement in the conference.[30] Nepali Prime Minister, K.P. Oli told the media that the conference, \"should help us make clear to the world that Buddha was born in Nepal and that Buddhist philosophy is the product of Nepal\".[31]In early March 2017, the fatal shooting of a Nepali man who was protesting Indian-occupation on disputed territory between India and Nepal sparked protests in the capital Kathmandu. Indian troops had previously prevented a group of Nepalese farmers living along the border from completing a culvert in the disputed area which ultimately led to protests. It was considered rare for India to retaliate with gunfire.[32]","title":"Independent political history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rana rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_dynasty"},{"link_name":"except in some states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreigners_(Protected_Areas)_Order_1958_(India)"},{"link_name":"IFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Foreign_Service"},{"link_name":"IAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service"},{"link_name":"IPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Indo-Nepal_Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"The 1950 treaty and letters exchanged between the then Indian government and Rana rulers of Nepal, stated that \"neither government shall tolerate any threat to the security of the other by a foreign aggressor\" and obligated both sides \"to inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighboring state likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two governments.\" These accords cemented a \"special relationship\" between India and Nepal. The treaty also granted citizens of Nepal, the same economic and educational opportunities as Indian citizens in India, while accounting for preferential treatment to Indian citizens and businesses compared to other nationalities in Nepal. The Indo-Nepal border is open; Nepalese and Indian nationals may move freely across the border without passports or visas and may live and work in either country. However, Indians are not allowed to own land-properties or work in government institutions in Nepal, while Nepalese nationals in India are allowed to work in some Indian government institutions (except in some states and some civil services (the IFS, IAS, and IPS))[33] notably the Indian military.[34] The Election commission of Nepal has published a figure of 562,456 Nepali citizens in India as of 2021, eligible to vote in the upcoming Federal elections of 2022 in Nepal.[35] The number of Indian immigrants in Nepal who haven't registered their paperwork with the Indian embassy in Kathmandu isn't known as of 2021, while Indian embassy in Kathmandu published a figured of 600,000 Indian citizens as currently residing in Nepal.[36][37]After years of dissatisfaction by the Nepalese government, India in 2014, agreed to revise and adjust the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship to reflect the current realities.[38] However, the modality of adjustment hasn't been made clear by either side. The Nepali side is reported to have submitted an EPG report to the PM of Nepal while the Indian foreign ministry hasn't made any announcements in regards to the submission of the same EPG report to the Indian PM.[39]","title":"Treaty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoN-40"},{"link_name":"Tribhuvan International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribhuvan_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trishuli Hydropower Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trishuli_Hydropower_Station"},{"link_name":"B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.P._Koirala_Institute_of_Health_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Motihari-Amlekhgunj Petroleum Pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motihari-Amlekhganj_pipeline"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FE-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoN-42"},{"link_name":"April 2015 Nepal earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FE-41"},{"link_name":"coronavirus crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Vaccine Maitri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Maitri"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIR-44"}],"text":"Since the early 1950s, India has made a considerable contribution to Nepal's socioeconomic development. Along with crucial social sector areas like health, education, and human resource development, other areas of relations include infrastructure like airports, irrigation, agriculture, roads, bridges, power projects, industrial estates, communication, surveys, forestry, and building construction.[40]In 1951, Nepal and India began working together to build a modern infrastructure, and as Nepal's major development partner, India built Kathmandu's Gauchar Airport, also known as Tribhuvan International Airport which was completed in 1954. In the same year the Indian Aid Mission in Nepal was also set up for developing projects in a number of areas including health, connectivity, education, power, and government departments.\nIn 1976, India assisted Nepal in the construction of the 21 MW Trishuli Hydropower Station with a grant of Rs 140 million. \nIn 2014, the Nepal Bharat Maitri Emergency & Trauma Centre in Kathmandu at a cost of Rs 100 crore, and a new college block of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan at a cost of Rs 125 crore were inaugurated. In 2019, the Motihari-Amlekhgunj Petroleum Pipeline was installed at a cost of Rs 324 crore.[41][42]After the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, the Government of India committed US$1 billion for post-earthquake reconstruction projects in Nepal. The reconstruction of 50,000 houses at a cost of US$100 million was completed in November 2021. Other projects include construction of 132 health facilities across 10 districts and the reconstruction of 71 educational institutes in 8 districts. Also, 28 cultural heritage projects in 7 districts are in the process of being restored.[41]During the coronavirus crisis, India sent 10 lakh (1 million) doses of vaccines to Nepal as a grant within a week of the roll-out in India.[43] Under India's Vaccine Maitri initiative, it provided nearly 95 lakh (9.5 million) doses of vaccines to Nepal.[44]","title":"Infrastructural and financial support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nepali Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Army"},{"link_name":"Gorkha battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorkha_regiments_(India)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoI-45"}],"text":"Nepal and India have long-standing military ties and since 1950 have a custom of awarding the honorary rank of General to each other's Army Chiefs. India has been giving training and equipment to aid the Nepali Army (NA) in modernising. Other facets of India's defence cooperation with Nepal include assistance during disasters, joint military exercises, adventure activities, and bilateral visits. Many Nepal Army personnel attend training courses at various Indian Army training facilities. The Indian Army's Gorkha battalions are raised in part through recruiting in the Nepalese hill districts. Presently, the Indian Army employs roughly 32,000 Gorkha soldiers from Nepal.[45]","title":"Military ties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalapani_territory"},{"link_name":"Susta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susta_territory"},{"link_name":"Kali river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_River_(Uttarakhand)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kyodo-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Sudurpashchim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-48"},{"link_name":"Sino-Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War"},{"link_name":"Lipulekh Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipulekh_Pass"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kyodo-46"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-border_length-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strain_border-52"}],"text":"The territorial disputes of India and Nepal include Kalapani 400 km2 at India-Nepal-China tri-junction in Western Nepal and Susta 140 km2 in Southern Nepal. Nepal claims that the river to the west of Kalapani is the main Kali river; hence the area should belong to Nepal.[46][47] But India claims that the river to the west of Kalapani is not the main Kali river, and owing to this new Indian claim, Indian government led by Narendra Modi, for the first time removed the full delineation of Kali river from official Indian map in the newly released map of India in 2018. The river borders the Nepalese province of Sudurpashchim and the Indian state of Uttarakhand. The Sugauli Treaty signed by Nepal and British India on 4 March 1816[48] locates the Kali River as Nepal's western boundary with India. Subsequent maps drawn by British surveyors show the source of the boundary river at different places. This discrepancy in locating the source of the river led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal, with each country producing maps supporting their own claims. The Kali River runs through an area that includes a disputed area of about 400 km2 around the source of the river although the exact size of the disputed area varies from source to source. The dispute intensified in 1997 as the Nepali parliament considered a treaty on hydro-electric development of the river. India and Nepal differ as to which stream constitutes the source of the river. Nepal has reportedly tabled an 1856 map from the British India Office to support its position.[48] Kalapani has been controlled by India's Indo-Tibetan border security forces since the Sino-Indian War with China in 1962. In 2015, the Nepalese parliament objected an agreement between India and China to trade through Lipulekh Pass, a mountainous pass in the disputed Kalapani area, stating that the agreement between India and China to trade through Kalapani violates Nepal's sovereign rights over the territory.[49] Nepal has called for the withdrawal of the Indian border forces from Kalapani area.[46]As the first step for demarcating Indo-Nepal border, survey teams from both countries located and identified missing pillars along the border, and, an agreement was reached to construct new pillars in some places. India and Nepal share more than 1,770-kilometer border.[50] According to the Nepalese government estimates, of the 8000 boundary pillars along the border, 1,240 pillars are missing, 2,500 require restoration, and, 400 more need to be constructed.[51] The survey teams conducted survey of the border pillars based on the strip maps prepared by the Joint Technical Level Nepal-India Boundary Committee (JTLNIBC). The JTLNIBC was set up in 1981 to demarcate the India-Nepal border and after years of surveying, deliberations and extensions, the committee had delineated 98 per cent of the India-Nepal boundary, excluding Kalapani and Susta, on 182 strip maps which was finally submitted in 2007 for ratification by both the countries. Unfortunately neither country ratified the maps. Nepal maintained that it cannot ratify the maps without the resolution of outstanding boundary disputes, i.e. Kalapani and Susta. India, on the other hand, awaited Nepal's ratification while at the same time urging it to endorse the maps as a confidence building measure for solving the Kalapani and Susta disputes. In absence of a ratification, the process of completely demarcating the India-Nepal boundary could not be undertaken and completed.[51]In 2020, the relation between the two countries came under strain after the inauguration of a 80 km long road which connected the Lipulekh pass with Dharchula in Uttarakhand. The strategically crucial road was inaugurated by India's Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh on 8 May 2020. Nepal reacted to this inauguration and claimed that the road passed through Nepalese territory. India later rejected Nepal's claim and stated that the road was within the Indian territory.[52]","title":"Border disputes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icp1-53"},{"link_name":"Jogbani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogbani"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Bhitthamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhitthamore"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Sonauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonauli"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Rupaidiha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupaidiha"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Taulihawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taulihawa"},{"link_name":"Siddharthnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharthnagar"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Laukaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laukaha"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Thadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thadi"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Siliguri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri"},{"link_name":"Varanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi"},{"link_name":"Janakpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janakpur"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bharat_gaurav-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bharat_gaurav_services-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-religious_tourism-61"}],"text":"Integrated check posts with immigration and customs facilities are:[53]Jogbani, Bihar\nBhitthamore, Bihar\nSonauli, Uttar Pradesh\nRupaidiha, Uttar Pradesh\nTaulihawa-Siddharthnagar (only for India and Nepalese citizens)\nJathi, Bihar\nLaukaha in Bihar - Thadi Nepal.[54][55]In 2014, to enhance the collaborative relations between the two nations, Nepal and India started a Trans-border bus service from New Delhi to Kathmandu connecting the nation's capital of both countries. The direct bus service with multiple routes improves connectivity between the capitals of both countries.[56][57] The service is in operation by Delhi Bus Corporation (DTC), India and several other private Travel companies. At present (2019), Kathmandu to Delhi bus service, Kathmandu to Siliguri Bus service, Kathmandu to Varanasi, Delhi to Janakpur bus service are in operation.[58]According to an official statement issued by the Ministry of Railways, from February 2023, Indian Railways will run its Bharat Gaurav Tourist Train on a route which will connect pilgrimage sites of Ayodhya in India and Janakpur in Nepal.[59][60] The train service will connect the two most significant pilgrimage sites of both the nations. This initiative aims at strengthening the bilateral ties between the two countries while also boosting religious tourism.[61]","title":"Border crossings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PM_meeting_the_Prime_Minister_of_Nepal,_Mr._Sher_Bahadur_Deuba_,_at_Hyderabad_House,_in_New_Delhi_on_April_02,_2022._Download_this_image.jpg"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-india_trade_partner-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trades-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fdi_invest-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ties_figures-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indianembassy1-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petroleum_import-68"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indianembassy1-67"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trade_deficit_india-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-power_trade-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electricity_selling-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cap_electricity-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cap_on_electricity_sell-75"}],"text":"PM Modi meeting the PM of Nepal, Mr. Sher Bahadur Deuba, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on April 02, 2022.India is Nepal's largest trade partner and the largest source of total foreign investments (China has been the largest source of FDI in Nepal from 2015 onward), besides providing transit for almost entire third country trade of Nepal in accordance with Indo-Nepal Transit treaty.[62][63] India accounts for over two-thirds of Nepal's merchandise trade, about one-third of trade in services, one-third of foreign direct investments, almost 100% of petroleum supplies, and a significant share of inward remittances on account of pensioners, professionals and workers working in India, with nearly $1.2 billion per year remitted by Nepalese citizens in India back to Nepal. India accounts for 30% FDI into Nepal, which makes it one of the primary investors for Nepal.[64][65]Nepal is the 9th largest trading partner of India. Nepal is also the 7th largest source of remittance to India, with $3.2 billion a year remitted from Nepal to India per the World Bank.In the year 2017–2018, Nepal's total trade with India was about US$8.2 billion;[66] Nepal's exports to India were US$446.5 million; while imports from India were upwards of US$7.7 billion. In percentage terms, Nepal's trade deficit with India is approximately 1724%.[67]Nepal's main imports from India are petroleum products (28.6%),[68] motor vehicles and spare parts (7.8%), M. S. billet (7%), medicines (3.7%), other machinery and spares (3.4%), coldrolled sheet in coil (3.1%), electrical equipment (2.7%), hotrolled sheet in coil (2%), M. S. wires, rods, coils and bars (1.9%), cement (1.5%), agriculture equipment and parts (1.2%), chemical fertilizer (1.1%), chemicals (1.1%) and thread (1%). Nepal's export basket to India mainly comprises jute goods (9.2%), zinc sheet (8.9%), textiles (8.6%), threads (7.7%), polyester yarn (6%), juice (5.4%), catechue (4.4%), Cardamom (4.4%), wire (3.7%), tooth paste (2.2%) and M. S. Pipe (2.1%).[67]Based on the high quantity of petroleum import from India, the countries are in talks for setting up new additional pipelines.[69]In 2020, Nepal incurred the highest trade deficit with India amounting to US$6.1 billion.[70]In 2022, Nepal exported electricity worth Rs10.38 billion to India till mid-November 2022.[71] In the recent years, electricity is one of Nepal's largest exports to India. In November 2021, India allowed Nepal for the first time to sell electricity in the Indian market through a bidding process.[72][73] Nepal has been authorized to sell over 400MW of electricity to India.[74][75]","title":"Trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human trafficking in Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sexual_slavery-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sexual_slavery-76"},{"link_name":"CNN Freedom Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Freedom_Project"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-childrightscoalitionasia1-78"},{"link_name":"Maiti Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiti_Nepal"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-childrightscoalitionasia1-78"}],"text":"Human trafficking in Nepal is a serious concern. An estimated 100,000–200,000 Nepalese in India are believed to have been trafficked.[76][77] Sex trafficking is particularly rampant within Nepal and to India, with as many as 5,000–10,000 women and girls trafficked to India alone each year.[76] The seriousness of trafficking of Nepalese girls to India was highlighted by CNN Freedom Project's documentary: Nepal's Stolen Children.[78] Maiti Nepal has rescued more than 12,000 stolen Nepalese children from sex trafficking since 1993.[78]","title":"Human trafficking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Madheshis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhesi_people"},{"link_name":"Janajatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_people"},{"link_name":"Tharus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharu_people"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Nepal_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"In 2015, Nepal promulgated its new Constitution but the Madheshis, some Janajatis and some Tharus, felt they were marginalized and being left out in the new constitution. These groups, the Madheshis in particular, then organized small scale protests and blockaded a portion of border India-Nepal border near Biratnagar area in September 2015, shortly after the devastating earthquake which had mainly affected people of Hilly regions of Nepal.The Nepalese government accused India of deliberately blockading the entirety of the border by not allowing vehicles to pass from checkpoints where no protests were held (like borders along Sikkim, Gorkhaland, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh) questioning how the blockade of the long border was even possible given the strong kingship between Hill Nepalese people, Gorkhas of Gorkhaland, and Nepali-speaking citizens of Sikkim. Indian government, however, denied all allegations of any involvement in the blockade and also warned Nepal not to play with the emotions of Nepali-speaking Sikkimese, and not to call Sikkimese people 'oppressed people'.[79]","title":"2015 Madhesi crisis and Nepal blockade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nepalmegacollege.edu.np/public/upload/editor/files/final%20mega%20journal%202020.pdf#page=68"},{"link_name":"\"Foreign Policy: Nepal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//countrystudies.us/india/126.htm"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/download/29085/23583"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41856222"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cssame.nchu.edu.tw/2020/06/30/what-happened-to-india-nepal-relations/"}],"text":"Bhattarai, Keshav, and Madhukar Pandey. \"Disputed Territories between Nepal and India: The Cases of Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh and Susta.\" The Mega Journal. online\nHeitzman, James; Worden, Robert L., eds. (1995), \"Foreign Policy: Nepal\", India: A Country Study, GPO for the Library of Congress, retrieved 6 October 2007\nKarki, Karun Kishor, and K. C. Hari. \"Nepal-India relations: beyond realist and liberal theoretical prisms.\" Journal of International Affairs 3.1 (2020): 84–102. online\nMalone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) excerpt pp 398–411.\nSanjay Upadhya (2021). Backfire in Nepal: How India Lost The Plot to China. Vitasta Publishing\nShukla, Deeptima. \"India-Nepal relations: Problems and prospects.\" The Indian Journal of Political Science (2006): 355–374. online\nTripathi, Dhananjay. \"Influence of Borders on Bilateral Ties in South Asia: A Study of Contemporary India–Nepal Relations.\" International Studies 56.2-3 (2019): 186–200.\nTripathi, Dhananjay. \"What happened to India-Nepal Relations?.\" CSSAME (2020) online","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Lord Shiva's Pashupatinath Temple in Nepal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg/220px-Pashupatinath_Temple-2020.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lord Shiva's Kashi Vishwanath Temple in India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kashi_Vishwanath.jpg/220px-Kashi_Vishwanath.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indian President Ram Nath Kovind met with Nepalese President Bidya Devi Bhandari in Tokyo, 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_President%2C_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_meeting_the_President_of_Nepal%2C_Ms._Bidya_Devi_Bhandari%2C_in_Tokyo%2C_Japan_on_October_22%2C_2019.jpg/220px-The_President%2C_Shri_Ram_Nath_Kovind_meeting_the_President_of_Nepal%2C_Ms._Bidya_Devi_Bhandari%2C_in_Tokyo%2C_Japan_on_October_22%2C_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"PM Modi meeting the PM of Nepal, Mr. Sher Bahadur Deuba, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on April 02, 2022.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/PM_meeting_the_Prime_Minister_of_Nepal%2C_Mr._Sher_Bahadur_Deuba_%2C_at_Hyderabad_House%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_April_02%2C_2022._Download_this_image.jpg/220px-PM_meeting_the_Prime_Minister_of_Nepal%2C_Mr._Sher_Bahadur_Deuba_%2C_at_Hyderabad_House%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_April_02%2C_2022._Download_this_image.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Nepali Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_Indians"},{"title":"Nepalese people of Indian ancestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalese_people_of_Indian_ancestry"},{"title":"Foreign relations of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nepal"},{"title":"Foreign relations of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India"},{"title":"Territorial disputes of India and Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_India_and_Nepal"},{"title":"India-Nepal border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India-Nepal_border"},{"title":"South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation"},{"title":"Nepal Bharat Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_Bharat_Library"}] | [{"reference":"\"Nepal-India Relations\". 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Diplomat\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150203095052/http://www.indianembassy.org.np/index1.php?option=e6r5wlVM8od_u8Y0CdwsDiTfg0cohLLpEcNS8hphu-0&id=taAqA4U_mmWkWsmN_CzXG4M4vGGJBNImNbX_NWVyTLQ","external_links_name":"\"Embassy of India Kathmandu Nepal\""},{"Link":"https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/page/about-trade-and-commerce/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nepalnews.com/s/nation/rs-320-billion-goes-out-of-country-on-fuel-import","external_links_name":"\"Rs 320 billion goes out of country on fuel import\""},{"Link":"https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/india-considers-laying-more-petro-pipelines-for-nepal-11663605478926.html","external_links_name":"\"India considers laying more petro pipelines for Nepal\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldstopexports.com/nepals-top-import-partners/","external_links_name":"\"Nepal's Top Trading Partners 2020\""},{"Link":"https://thehimalayantimes.com/business/nea-three-months-profit-surpasses-rs-8-billion","external_links_name":"\"NEA three month's profit surpasses Rs 8 billion\""},{"Link":"https://kathmandupost.com/money/2022/11/19/nepal-exports-power-worth-rs10-38-billion-to-india-in-five-months","external_links_name":"\"Nepal exports power worth Rs10.38 billion to India in five months\""},{"Link":"https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/06/02/nepal-starts-selling-electricity-to-india","external_links_name":"\"Nepal starts selling electricity to India\""},{"Link":"https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/11/15/nepal-reduces-power-export-to-india-as-production-dips","external_links_name":"\"Nepal reduces power export to India as production dips\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/nepal-starts-exporting-364-mw-electricity-to-india/article65516780.ece","external_links_name":"\"Nepal starts exporting 364 MW electricity to India\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569945","external_links_name":"\"Sexual slavery without borders: trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation in India\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-9276-7-22","external_links_name":"10.1186/1475-9276-7-22"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569945","external_links_name":"2569945"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18817576","external_links_name":"18817576"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150125061129/http://childrightscoalitionasia.org/nepals-stolen-children-premieres-on-june-26/","external_links_name":"\"\"Nepal's Stolen Children\" Premieres on June 26\""},{"Link":"http://childrightscoalitionasia.org/nepals-stolen-children-premieres-on-june-26/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34968252","external_links_name":"\"UN: Nepal blockade puts millions of children at risk\""},{"Link":"http://www.nepalmegacollege.edu.np/public/upload/editor/files/final%20mega%20journal%202020.pdf#page=68","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"http://countrystudies.us/india/126.htm","external_links_name":"\"Foreign Policy: Nepal\""},{"Link":"https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/download/29085/23583","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/","external_links_name":"excerpt"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856222","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://cssame.nchu.edu.tw/2020/06/30/what-happened-to-india-nepal-relations/","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"http://www.risingkashmir.in/news/flow-of-emotions-cannot-be-restricted-30490.aspx","external_links_name":"Indo Nepal Border Concept: A public view: A broader scope"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181103132408/http://www.risingkashmir.in/news/flow-of-emotions-cannot-be-restricted-30490.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.merokalam.com/nepal-india-relations/","external_links_name":"Nepal India Relations – Similarities and Misconceptions"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_light | Wells light | ["1 Operation","2 Illumination","2.1 Comparisons to electric lighting","2.2 Other uses","3 A. C. Wells & Co.","4 References"] | Advertisement, c. 1890
A Wells light was a large paraffin-fuelled (kerosene) blowlamp used for engineering work, particularly for illumination, in Victorian times. At a time before widespread electrical lighting, they were the most common form of high-powered portable illumination used for construction work, particularly railways, civil engineering, shipyards and ironworks.
Operation
The Wells light was a typical blowlamp in principle, consisting of a floor-standing fuel tank with the burner on a tall post above it. It was distinguished by its large size, the more common plumber's blow lamp being a hand-held tool of about a pint in capacity. Wells lights were made in a number of sizes, the smallest Nº1 being of 800 candlepower with a 15 inch flame. Weighing 75 pounds (34 kg) when filled, it was advertised as "can be carried by a boy". The largest Nº3 produced 2,000 candlepower, weighed 240 lbs, and was available with barrow wheels for portability.
The burner of the Wells light used a vaporiser that heated the oil before it escaped the nozzle, so vaporising immediately. As the lamp was intended for use with heavy, sooty oils as well, this vaporiser was constructed of a square frame of straight tubes. Each tube was closed with a screwed plug that could be removed for cleaning. For initial lighting, the vaporiser would be preheating by burning a little oil in a tray beneath the burner. The burners were mounted horizontally, although some models were produced with a flexible hose to the burner that allowed it to be rotated vertically.
Pressure was provided by a hand-worked stirrup pump on the tank. Once pressurised, a large lamp could burn for some hours before the pressure fell enough to require more pumping. A particular feature of the Wells design was that the tank could be refilled whilst the lamp was still burning (i.e. without releasing the pressure in the tank) by using this same pressurisation pump as a fuel pump to suck in oil from another container.
Illumination
The major use of the Wells light was for the illumination of outdoor construction work. They were portable and simple to operate. Their fuel was cheap and commonly available, especially as the Wells' pressure burner could burn a much lower and cheaper grade of oil than the lamp paraffin that was pure enough to not clog a wick lamp. Oil fuels were still more expensive than coal gas though, so fixed lighting, such as in factories, remained on town mains gas.
Nottingham Forest played a floodlit match against Notts Rangers on 25 March 1889 at 7:45pm illuminated by 14 Wells lights.
Comparisons to electric lighting
The Wells light pre-dated mains electricity but was contemporaneous with early use of the arc lamp.
Electricity had two disadvantages: firstly it required an on-site generating plant. This was expensive and also represented a long-term capital investment that took time simply to build it beforehand. In some cases, the use of a semi-portable engine could provide a generating plant more quickly. Where the need for lighting was mobile, as for the construction of railways or canals, the Wells light had a clear advantage.
Secondly, although the carbon arc lamp was bright, and relatively economical for the illumination produced, individual lamps were expensive and complicated, although powerful. This encouraged their use as the minimum number of large lamps to cover an entire work site. As the arc lamp also has a very small source of light, this gave a particularly harsh lighting. There was a sudden contrast between the illuminated and shadow areas, especially where a point was only in sight of a single lamp. This was recognised as a trip and obstacle hazard, as well as making even the light areas difficult to work under. The Wells light was specifically contrasted with the point-source of the arc lamp and the relatively shadow-free illumination was cited as an advantage in their adverts. Because the smaller Wells lights were so portable, they could be carried into the best position to illuminate a deep shaft or inside a ship's hull.
Other uses
Wells lights in Norway
As well as illumination, the Wells light was also used where a large portable blowlamp was required for heating. They were sometimes used for heating iron rivets, inserted red hot, during the assembly of structural ironwork. Although such rivets were normally heated in small portable coke braziers (which also used a cheaper fuel), the Wells light was favoured for some final assembly work at height, as the smaller lights were considered lighter and easier to lift into place high atop a bridge.
Wells lights were also used in the erection and repair of large stationary steam engines. Typically this was for the shrink-fitting of components such as large crankpins in crankshafts or flywheels. The crankshaft web would be heated to expand it until the pin could be slid or gently hammered into place. On cooling, the pin would be securely held in place.
A. C. Wells & Co.
A. C. Wells & Co. began in Cheetham, Manchester. Their first product was a range of engineer's lamps, simple cast-iron wick lamps that were widely used before electric battery torches. This type of lamp was not very bright and their limited light has been blamed for several engineering failures and losses of life, where an inspection was poorly carried out, owing to poor light.
The Wells light, with its pressure burner, was an attempt to produce the first really bright portable lighting. It was an immediate success, working well and having no significant competition from other makers. The name "Wells light" soon became a genericized name for this type of light, even though almost all were Wells' own, or licensed, products.
Wells lights were also produced under licence in Canada, by James Cooper of Montreal, and sold as 'Wallwork & Wells' patent lights.
In later years, Wells used their knowledge of small pressure vessels and pumps to produce a range of paint spraying equipment. Up to the 1960s, they also produced waste oil filtration equipment.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wells lights.
^ These are the numbers and sizes quoted for the Canadian market. Other sizes, somewhat larger and smaller, have been quoted in other adverts for the UK market.
^ a b c d e f g The Wells light : Wallwork & Wells' patents. 1890. ISBN 9780665902130.
^ "Nottingham Evening Post - Football by Wells Light". Nottingham Evening Post. 26 March 1889. p. 4.
^ "Replacing a mill engine crankpin". Model Engineer.
^ a b "A. C. Wells and Co". Grace's Guide.
^ The Engineer: 69. 27 January 1888. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Hither Green boiler explosion, 1947, in Hewison, C.H. (1983). Locomotive Boiler Explosions. David & Charles. pp. 130–132. ISBN 0-7153-8305-1.
^ "Has wells light become a generic trademark?". genericides.org. Retrieved February 21, 2021. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kerosene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene"},{"link_name":"blowlamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowlamp"}],"text":"A Wells light was a large paraffin-fuelled (kerosene) blowlamp used for engineering work, particularly for illumination, in Victorian times. At a time before widespread electrical lighting, they were the most common form of high-powered portable illumination used for construction work, particularly railways, civil engineering, shipyards and ironworks.","title":"Wells light"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blowlamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowlamp"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"candlepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlepower"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallwork_Wells-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallwork_Wells-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallwork_Wells-1"},{"link_name":"stirrup pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirrup_pump"}],"text":"The Wells light was a typical blowlamp in principle, consisting of a floor-standing fuel tank with the burner on a tall post above it. It was distinguished by its large size, the more common plumber's blow lamp being a hand-held tool of about a pint in capacity. Wells lights were made in a number of sizes, the smallest Nº1[i] being of 800 candlepower with a 15 inch flame. Weighing 75 pounds (34 kg) when filled, it was advertised as \"can be carried by a boy\".[1] The largest Nº3 produced 2,000 candlepower, weighed 240 lbs, and was available with barrow wheels for portability.[1]The burner of the Wells light used a vaporiser that heated the oil before it escaped the nozzle, so vaporising immediately.[1] As the lamp was intended for use with heavy, sooty oils as well, this vaporiser was constructed of a square frame of straight tubes. Each tube was closed with a screwed plug that could be removed for cleaning. For initial lighting, the vaporiser would be preheating by burning a little oil in a tray beneath the burner. The burners were mounted horizontally, although some models were produced with a flexible hose to the burner that allowed it to be rotated vertically.Pressure was provided by a hand-worked stirrup pump on the tank. Once pressurised, a large lamp could burn for some hours before the pressure fell enough to require more pumping. A particular feature of the Wells design was that the tank could be refilled whilst the lamp was still burning (i.e. without releasing the pressure in the tank) by using this same pressurisation pump as a fuel pump to suck in oil from another container.","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lamp paraffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamp_oil"},{"link_name":"coal gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gas"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"Notts Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notts_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nottingham_Evening_Post_-_Football_by_Wells_Light-3"}],"text":"The major use of the Wells light was for the illumination of outdoor construction work. They were portable and simple to operate. Their fuel was cheap and commonly available, especially as the Wells' pressure burner could burn a much lower and cheaper grade of oil than the lamp paraffin that was pure enough to not clog a wick lamp. Oil fuels were still more expensive than coal gas though, so fixed lighting, such as in factories, remained on town mains gas.Nottingham Forest played a floodlit match against Notts Rangers on 25 March 1889 at 7:45pm illuminated by 14 Wells lights.[2]","title":"Illumination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mains electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity"},{"link_name":"arc lamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_lamp"},{"link_name":"semi-portable engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-portable_engine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallwork_Wells-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallwork_Wells-1"}],"sub_title":"Comparisons to electric lighting","text":"The Wells light pre-dated mains electricity but was contemporaneous with early use of the arc lamp.Electricity had two disadvantages: firstly it required an on-site generating plant. This was expensive and also represented a long-term capital investment that took time simply to build it beforehand. In some cases, the use of a semi-portable engine could provide a generating plant more quickly. Where the need for lighting was mobile, as for the construction of railways or canals, the Wells light had a clear advantage.[1]Secondly, although the carbon arc lamp was bright, and relatively economical for the illumination produced, individual lamps were expensive and complicated, although powerful. This encouraged their use as the minimum number of large lamps to cover an entire work site. As the arc lamp also has a very small source of light, this gave a particularly harsh lighting. There was a sudden contrast between the illuminated and shadow areas, especially where a point was only in sight of a single lamp. This was recognised as a trip and obstacle hazard, as well as making even the light areas difficult to work under. The Wells light was specifically contrasted with the point-source of the arc lamp and the relatively shadow-free illumination was cited as an advantage in their adverts.[1] Because the smaller Wells lights were so portable, they could be carried into the best position to illuminate a deep shaft or inside a ship's hull.","title":"Illumination"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wells_light_nr._236_og_247_-_fo30141512090018.jpg"},{"link_name":"rivets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivet"},{"link_name":"structural ironwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_steel"},{"link_name":"coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)"},{"link_name":"braziers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazier"},{"link_name":"stationary steam engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"shrink-fitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrink-fitting"},{"link_name":"crankpins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankpin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Other uses","text":"Wells lights in NorwayAs well as illumination, the Wells light was also used where a large portable blowlamp was required for heating. They were sometimes used for heating iron rivets, inserted red hot, during the assembly of structural ironwork. Although such rivets were normally heated in small portable coke braziers (which also used a cheaper fuel), the Wells light was favoured for some final assembly work at height, as the smaller lights were considered lighter and easier to lift into place high atop a bridge.Wells lights were also used in the erection and repair of large stationary steam engines. Typically this was for the shrink-fitting of components such as large crankpins in crankshafts or flywheels.[3] The crankshaft web would be heated to expand it until the pin could be slid or gently hammered into place. On cooling, the pin would be securely held in place.","title":"Illumination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheetham, Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetham,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graces-5"},{"link_name":"engineer's lamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engineer%27s_lamp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cast-iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast-iron"},{"link_name":"wick lamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_lamp"},{"link_name":"torches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashlight"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"genericized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"under licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence-built"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallwork_Wells-1"},{"link_name":"waste oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_oil"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graces-5"}],"text":"A. C. Wells & Co. began in Cheetham, Manchester.[4] Their first product was a range of engineer's lamps, simple cast-iron wick lamps that were widely used before electric battery torches.[5] This type of lamp was not very bright and their limited light has been blamed for several engineering failures and losses of life, where an inspection was poorly carried out, owing to poor light.[6]The Wells light, with its pressure burner, was an attempt to produce the first really bright portable lighting. It was an immediate success, working well and having no significant competition from other makers. The name \"Wells light\" soon became a genericized name for this type of light,[7] even though almost all were Wells' own, or licensed, products.Wells lights were also produced under licence in Canada, by James Cooper of Montreal, and sold as 'Wallwork & Wells' patent lights.[1]In later years, Wells used their knowledge of small pressure vessels and pumps to produce a range of paint spraying equipment. Up to the 1960s, they also produced waste oil filtration equipment.[4]","title":"A. C. Wells & Co."}] | [{"image_text":"Advertisement, c. 1890","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Im18891213Eng-Wells1.jpg/170px-Im18891213Eng-Wells1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wells lights in Norway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wells_light_nr._236_og_247_-_fo30141512090018.jpg/220px-Wells_light_nr._236_og_247_-_fo30141512090018.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"The Wells light : Wallwork & Wells' patents. 1890. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_motorway_(Luxembourg) | A1 motorway (Luxembourg) | ["1 Overview","2 Route","3 References","4 External links"] | Motorway in Luxembourg
Autoroute 1Autobunn 1Autoroute de TrèvesRoute informationPart of E44
Length36.203 km (22.496 mi)Existed1969–presentHistoryCompleted: 23 September 1996Major junctionsWestern endCroix de Gasperich for Luxembourg City, A3, A6Major intersectionsKirchberg Luxembourg Airport Munsbach Mertert WasserbilligEastern endSauer Valley Bridge & Bundesautobahn 64 for Trier
LocationCountryLuxembourg
Highway system
Motorways in Luxembourg
The Autoroute 1, abbreviated to A1 or otherwise known as the Trier motorway (Luxembourgish: Tréierer Autobunn, French: Autoroute de Trèves), is a motorway in Luxembourg. It is 36.203 kilometres (22.496 mi) long and connects Luxembourg City, in the south, to Wasserbillig, in the east. A few hundred metres to the north of Wasserbillig, it reaches the German border, whereupon it becomes the A64, which leads to Trier.
Overview
Originally a connection from Luxembourg City to Luxembourg Airport, at Senningerberg, in 1969, the A1 was extended in three stages from 1988 to 1992 to connect to the German border. From 1994 to 1996, two more sections were opened, bypassing the south-east of Luxembourg City and connecting the A1 to the Croix de Gasperich, where it meets the A3 (to Dudelange) and A6 (towards Arlon, in Belgium).
In all, the A1 was opened in six separate sections:
1969: Kirchberg - Senningerberg
6 September 1988: Potaschberg - Wasserbillig
11 July 1990: Senningerberg - Munsbach
26 June 1992: Munsbach - Potaschberg
20 May 1994: Croix de Gasperich - Irrgarten
23 September 1996: Irrgarten - Kirchberg
Route
This article contains a bulleted list or table of intersections which should be presented in a properly formatted junction table. Please consult this guideline for information on how to create one. Please improve this article if you can. (November 2021)
Junctions and structures
Croix de Gasperich
A 3 / A 6
Howald Tunnel
Victor Bodson Bridge
(J7)
Hamm / Sandweiler
N 2
Cents Tunnel
Neudorf Viaduct
/ (J8)
Kirchberg / Grunewald Junction
N 51 / A 7
(J9)
Senningerberg / Airport
(J10)
Cargo Centre
(J11)
Munsbach
Syre Viaduct
(J12)
Flaxweiler
(J13)
Potaschbierg
N 1
(J14)
Mertert
(J15)
Wasserbillig
/
Wasserbillig services
Border with Germany
A 64
References
^ "Evolution du réseau autoroutier" (in French). Administration des Ponts et Chaussées. 24 January 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to A1 (Luxembourg).
(in French) Administration des Ponts et Chaussées
vteMotorways in Luxembourg
A1
A3
A4
A6
A7
A13
vteRoads in LuxembourgMotorways/Autoroutes
A1
A3
A4
A6
A7
A13
E-roads
E25
E29
E44
E421
N-roads
N6
N51
CR-roads
CR118
Streets
Avenue de la Liberté
Boulevard Royal
Fishmarket
Krautmaart
Interchanges
Croix de Cessange
Croix de Gasperich
This list is incomplete. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luxembourgish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorway"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_City"},{"link_name":"Wasserbillig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserbillig"},{"link_name":"A few hundred metres to the north of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauer_Valley_Bridge_(Wasserbillig)"},{"link_name":"Wasserbillig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserbillig"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"A64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_64"},{"link_name":"Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier"}],"text":"The Autoroute 1, abbreviated to A1 or otherwise known as the Trier motorway (Luxembourgish: Tréierer Autobunn, French: Autoroute de Trèves), is a motorway in Luxembourg. It is 36.203 kilometres (22.496 mi) long and connects Luxembourg City, in the south, to Wasserbillig, in the east. A few hundred metres to the north of Wasserbillig, it reaches the German border, whereupon it becomes the A64, which leads to Trier.","title":"A1 motorway (Luxembourg)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luxembourg Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Airport"},{"link_name":"Senningerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senningerberg"},{"link_name":"Croix de Gasperich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_Gasperich"},{"link_name":"A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3_motorway_(Luxembourg)"},{"link_name":"Dudelange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudelange"},{"link_name":"A6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A6_motorway_(Luxembourg)"},{"link_name":"Arlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlon"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Kirchberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchberg,_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Senningerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senningerberg"},{"link_name":"Potaschberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potaschberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wasserbillig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserbillig"},{"link_name":"Senningerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senningerberg"},{"link_name":"Munsbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsbach"},{"link_name":"Munsbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsbach"},{"link_name":"Potaschberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potaschberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Croix de Gasperich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_Gasperich"},{"link_name":"Irrgarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irrgarten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Irrgarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irrgarten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kirchberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchberg,_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reseau_autoroutier-1"}],"text":"Originally a connection from Luxembourg City to Luxembourg Airport, at Senningerberg, in 1969, the A1 was extended in three stages from 1988 to 1992 to connect to the German border. From 1994 to 1996, two more sections were opened, bypassing the south-east of Luxembourg City and connecting the A1 to the Croix de Gasperich, where it meets the A3 (to Dudelange) and A6 (towards Arlon, in Belgium).In all, the A1 was opened in six separate sections:1969: Kirchberg - Senningerberg\n6 September 1988: Potaschberg - Wasserbillig\n11 July 1990: Senningerberg - Munsbach\n26 June 1992: Munsbach - Potaschberg\n20 May 1994: Croix de Gasperich - Irrgarten\n23 September 1996: Irrgarten - Kirchberg[1]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Evolution du réseau autoroutier\" (in French). Administration des Ponts et Chaussées. 24 January 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303095145/http://www.pch.public.lu/reseau_routier/autoroutes/evolution/index.html","url_text":"\"Evolution du réseau autoroutier\""},{"url":"http://www.pch.public.lu/reseau_routier/autoroutes/evolution/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A1_motorway_(Luxembourg)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303095145/http://www.pch.public.lu/reseau_routier/autoroutes/evolution/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Evolution du réseau autoroutier\""},{"Link":"http://www.pch.public.lu/reseau_routier/autoroutes/evolution/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070207220036/http://www.pch.public.lu/reseau_routier/autoroutes/A1/index.html","external_links_name":"Administration des Ponts et Chaussées"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselback_potatoes | Hasselback potatoes | ["1 Origins","2 References"] | Swedish baked potato dish
Hasselback potatoes
Hasselback potatoes or Potato à la Hasselbacken (Swedish: hasselbackspotatis) are a type of baked potato that is cut about halfway through into thin, fan-like slices.
They can be served as a main course, side dish, or canapé. Various toppings can be added, such as caraway seeds, paprika, and bread crumbs.
Origins
Hasselback potatoes may have been created in 1953 by Leif Elisson, a trainee chef at Hasselbacken restaurant on Djurgården, Stockholm.
However, there is a recipe for "Oven Fried Potatoes (Hasselback Potatoes )" in the 1929 "Prinsessornas kokbok" (The Cookbook of Princesses) by Jenny Åkerström, leading to some question as to whether the recipe did in fact originate at the restaurant.
References
^ Steafel, Eleanor (12 November 2019). "Rarebit hasselback potatoes with pink pickled onions recipe". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ Myers, Dave. "Poached turbot with hasselback potatoes". BBC Food. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "Hasselback potatoes". BBC Food. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ Cloake, Felicity (17 May 2018). "How to make the perfect hasselback potatoes". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
^ "About Hasselbacken". Hasselbacken.com. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
^ Prinsessornas kokbok: husmanskost och helgdagsmat. OCLC 79999282.
vtePotato dishesBaked or roasted
Baeckeoffe
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Fondant potatoes
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Jansson's temptation
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Latke
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Spanish omelette
Trinxat
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Other or mixed
Aloo pie
Aloo chaat
Aloo gobi
Batata harra
Péla
Samosa
Tombet
Mashed
Aligot
Bangers and mash
Brandade
Brændende kærlighed
Champ
Clapshot
Colcannon
Cottage pie
Croquette
Duchess potatoes
Hachis Parmentier
Himmel und Erde
Hutspot
Mince and tatties
Ragda pattice
Skomakarlåda
Stamppot
Stoemp
Pies
Homity pie
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Salads
Olivier salad
Szałot
Soups
Ajiaco
Gamja-ongsimi
Gamja-tang
Sayur sop
Other
Chuño
Gnocchi
Kartoffelkäse
Munini-imo
Potato cake
Potatonik
This cooking article about preparation methods for food and drink is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hasselback_Potatoes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"baked potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baked_potato"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"canapé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canap%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"caraway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraway"},{"link_name":"paprika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprika"},{"link_name":"bread crumbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_crumbs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hasselback potatoesHasselback potatoes or Potato à la Hasselbacken (Swedish: hasselbackspotatis) are a type of baked potato that is cut about halfway through into thin, fan-like slices.They can be served as a main course,[1] side dish, or canapé.[2][3] Various toppings can be added, such as caraway seeds, paprika, and bread crumbs.[4]","title":"Hasselback potatoes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hasselbacken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselbacken"},{"link_name":"Djurgården","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurg%C3%A5rden"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Hasselback potatoes may have been created in 1953 by Leif Elisson, a trainee chef at Hasselbacken restaurant on Djurgården, Stockholm.[5]However, there is a recipe for \"Oven Fried Potatoes (Hasselback Potatoes )\" in the 1929 \"Prinsessornas kokbok\" (The Cookbook of Princesses) by Jenny Åkerström,[6] leading to some question as to whether the recipe did in fact originate at the restaurant.","title":"Origins"}] | [{"image_text":"Hasselback potatoes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Hasselback_Potatoes.jpg/220px-Hasselback_Potatoes.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Steafel, Eleanor (12 November 2019). \"Rarebit hasselback potatoes with pink pickled onions recipe\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/recipes/0/tonights-dinner-rarebit-hasselback-potatoes-pink-pickled-onions/","url_text":"\"Rarebit hasselback potatoes with pink pickled onions recipe\""}]},{"reference":"Myers, Dave. \"Poached turbot with hasselback potatoes\". BBC Food. Retrieved 11 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Myers_(presenter)","url_text":"Myers, Dave"},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/poachedturbotwithale_87816","url_text":"\"Poached turbot with hasselback potatoes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hasselback potatoes\". BBC Food. Retrieved 11 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/hasselback_bacon_61171","url_text":"\"Hasselback potatoes\""}]},{"reference":"Cloake, Felicity (17 May 2018). \"How to make the perfect hasselback potatoes\". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_Cloake","url_text":"Cloake, Felicity"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/may/17/how-to-make-the-perfect-hasselback-potatoes","url_text":"\"How to make the perfect hasselback potatoes\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Hasselbacken\". Hasselbacken.com. Retrieved 30 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hasselbacken.com/en/about-hasselbacken/#historia","url_text":"\"About Hasselbacken\""}]},{"reference":"Prinsessornas kokbok: husmanskost och helgdagsmat. OCLC 79999282.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79999282","url_text":"Prinsessornas kokbok: husmanskost och helgdagsmat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79999282","url_text":"79999282"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/recipes/0/tonights-dinner-rarebit-hasselback-potatoes-pink-pickled-onions/","external_links_name":"\"Rarebit hasselback potatoes with pink pickled onions recipe\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/poachedturbotwithale_87816","external_links_name":"\"Poached turbot with hasselback potatoes\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/hasselback_bacon_61171","external_links_name":"\"Hasselback potatoes\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/may/17/how-to-make-the-perfect-hasselback-potatoes","external_links_name":"\"How to make the perfect hasselback potatoes\""},{"Link":"https://hasselbacken.com/en/about-hasselbacken/#historia","external_links_name":"\"About Hasselbacken\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79999282","external_links_name":"Prinsessornas kokbok: husmanskost och helgdagsmat"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79999282","external_links_name":"79999282"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasselback_potatoes&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langlands | Robert Langlands | ["1 Career","2 Research","3 Awards and honors","4 Personal life","5 Publications","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Canadian mathematician
Robert Langlands CC FRS FRSC Born (1936-10-06) October 6, 1936 (age 87)New Westminster, British Columbia, CanadaNationalityCanadian/AmericanAlma materUniversity of British Columbia,Yale UniversityKnown forLanglands programAwardsJeffery–Williams Prize (1980)Cole Prize (1982)Wolf Prize (1995–96)Steele Prize (2005)Nemmers Prize (2006)Shaw Prize (2007)Abel Prize (2018)Order of Canada (2019)Scientific careerFieldsMathematicsInstitutionsPrinceton University, Middle East Technical University, University of California, Berkeley, Yale University, Institute for Advanced StudyThesis Semi-Groups and Representations of Lie Groups (1960)Doctoral advisorCassius Ionescu-TulceaDoctoral studentsJames ArthurThomas Callister HalesDiana Shelstad
Robert Phelan Langlands, CC FRS FRSC (/ˈlæŋləndz/; born October 6, 1936) is a Canadian mathematician. He is best known as the founder of the Langlands program, a vast web of conjectures and results connecting representation theory and automorphic forms to the study of Galois groups in number theory, for which he received the 2018 Abel Prize. He was an emeritus professor and occupied Albert Einstein's office at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, until 2020 when he retired.
Career
Langlands was born in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada, in 1936 to Robert Langlands and Kathleen J Phelan. He has two younger sisters (Mary b 1938; Sally b 1941). In 1945, his family moved to White Rock, near the US border, where his parents had a building supply and construction business.
He graduated from Semiahmoo Secondary School and started enrolling at the University of British Columbia at the age of 16, receiving his undergraduate degree in Mathematics in 1957; he continued at UBC to receive an M. Sc. in 1958. He then went to Yale University where he received a PhD in 1960.
His first academic position was at Princeton University from 1960 to 1967, where he worked as an associate professor. He spent a year in Turkey at METU during 1967–68 in an office next to Cahit Arf's. He was a Miller Research Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley from 1964 to 1965, then was a professor at Yale University from 1967 to 1972. He was appointed Hermann Weyl Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1972, and became professor emeritus in January 2007.
Research
Langlands' Ph.D. thesis was on the analytical theory of Lie semigroups, but he soon moved into representation theory, adapting the methods of Harish-Chandra to the theory of automorphic forms. His first accomplishment in this field was a formula for the dimension of certain spaces of automorphic forms, in which particular types of Harish-Chandra's discrete series appeared.
He next constructed an analytical theory of Eisenstein series for reductive groups of rank greater than one, thus extending work of Hans Maass, Walter Roelcke, and Atle Selberg from the early 1950s for rank one groups such as
S
L
(
2
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {SL} (2)}
. This amounted to describing in general terms the continuous spectra of arithmetic quotients, and showing that all automorphic forms arise in terms of cusp forms and the residues of Eisenstein series induced from cusp forms on smaller subgroups. As a first application, he proved the Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers for the large class of arbitrary simply connected Chevalley groups defined over the rational numbers. Previously this had been known only in a few isolated cases and for certain classical groups where it could be shown by induction.
As a second application of this work, he was able to show meromorphic continuation for a large class of
L
{\displaystyle L}
-functions arising in the theory of automorphic forms, not previously known to have them. These occurred in the constant terms of Eisenstein series, and meromorphicity as well as a weak functional equation were a consequence of functional equations for Eisenstein series. This work led in turn, in the winter of 1966–67, to the now well known conjectures making up what is often called the Langlands program. Very roughly speaking, they propose a huge generalization of previously known examples of reciprocity, including (a) classical class field theory, in which characters of local and arithmetic abelian Galois groups are identified with characters of local multiplicative groups and the idele quotient group, respectively; (b) earlier results of Martin Eichler and Goro Shimura in which the Hasse–Weil zeta functions of arithmetic quotients of the upper half plane are identified with
L
{\displaystyle L}
-functions occurring in Hecke's theory of holomorphic automorphic forms. These conjectures were first posed in relatively complete form in a famous letter to Weil, written in January 1967. It was in this letter that he introduced what has since become known as the
L
{\displaystyle L}
-group and along with it, the notion of functoriality.
The book by Hervé Jacquet and Langlands on
G
L
(
2
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}
presented a theory of automorphic forms for the general linear group
G
L
(
2
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}
, establishing among other things the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence showing that functoriality was capable of explaining very precisely how automorphic forms for
G
L
(
2
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}
related to those for quaternion algebras. This book applied the adelic trace formula for
G
L
(
2
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {GL} (2)}
and quaternion algebras to do this. Subsequently, James Arthur, a student of Langlands while he was at Yale, successfully developed the trace formula for groups of higher rank. This has become a major tool in attacking functoriality in general, and in particular has been applied to demonstrating that the Hasse–Weil zeta functions of certain Shimura varieties are among the
L
{\displaystyle L}
-functions arising from automorphic forms.
The functoriality conjecture is far from proven, but a special case (the octahedral Artin conjecture, proved by Langlands and Tunnell) was the starting point of Andrew Wiles' attack on the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture and Fermat's Last Theorem.
In the mid-1980s Langlands turned his attention to physics, particularly the problems of percolation and conformal invariance. In 1995, Langlands started a collaboration with Bill Casselman at the University of British Columbia with the aim of posting nearly all of his writings—including publications, preprints, as well as selected correspondence—on the Internet. The correspondence includes a copy of the original letter to Weil that introduced the
L
{\displaystyle L}
-group. In recent years he has turned his attention back to automorphic forms, working in particular on a theme he calls "beyond endoscopy".
Awards and honors
Langlands has received the 1996 Wolf Prize (which he shared with Andrew Wiles), the 2005 AMS Steele Prize, the 1980 Jeffery–Williams Prize, the 1988 NAS Award in Mathematics from the National Academy of Sciences, the 2000 grande médaille de l'Académie des sciences de Paris, the 2006 Nemmers Prize in Mathematics, the 2007 Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences (with Richard Taylor) for his work on automorphic forms. In 2018, Langlands was awarded the Abel Prize for "his visionary program connecting representation theory to number theory".
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1972 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1981. In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Langlands was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1990. He was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1993 and a member of the American Philosophical Society 2004.
Among other honorary degrees, in 2003, Langlands received a doctorate honoris causa from Université Laval.
In 2019, Langlands was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada.
On January 10, 2020, Langlands was honoured at Semiahmoo Secondary, which installed a mural to celebrate his contributions to mathematics.
Personal life
Langlands has been married to Charlotte Lorraine Cheverie (b 1935) since 1957. They have four children (2 daughters and 2 sons). He holds Canadian and American citizenships.
Langlands spent a year in Turkey in 1967–68, where his office at the Middle East Technical University was next to that of Cahit Arf. In addition to his mathematical studies, Langlands likes to learn foreign languages, both for better understanding of foreign publications on his topic and just as a hobby. He speaks English, French, Turkish and German, and reads (but does not speak) Russian.
Publications
Euler Products, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967, ISBN 0-300-01395-7
On the Functional Equations Satisfied by Eisenstein Series, Berlin: Springer, 1976, ISBN 3-540-07872-X
Base Change for GL(2), Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-691-08272-3
Automorphic Representations, Shimura Varieties, and Motives. Ein Märchen (PDF), Chelsea Publishing Company, 1979
See also
Automorphic L-function
Endoscopic group
Geometric Langlands correspondence
Jacquet–Langlands correspondence
Langlands classification
Langlands decomposition
Langlands–Deligne local constant
Langlands dual
Langlands group
Langlands–Shahidi method
Local Langlands conjectures
Standard L-function
Taniyama group
References
^ a b Alex Bellos (March 20, 2018). "Abel Prize 2018: Robert Langlands wins for 'unified theory of maths'". The Guardian. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ "Robert Phelan Langlands". NAS. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ a b c d Contento, Sandro (March 27, 2015), "The Canadian Who Reinvented Mathematics", Toronto Star
^ D Mackenzie (2000) Fermat's Last Theorem's First Cousin, Science 287(5454), 792–793.
^ a b Edward Frenkel (2013). "preface". Love and Math: The Heart of Hidden Reality. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-05074-1. Robert Langlands, the mathematician who currently occupies Albert Einstein's office at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton
^ "UBC Newsletter: Robert Langlands Interview" (PDF). 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
^ Kenneth, Chang (March 20, 2018). "Robert P. Langlands Is Awarded the Abel Prize, a Top Math Honor". The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
^ "Canadian mathematician Robert Langlands wins Abel Prize for 2018". The New Indian Express. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ "Robert Langlands wins Abel Prize 2018 for 'unified theory of maths' | Mathematics Department". math.metu.edu.tr. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
^ For context, see the note by Derek Robinson at the IAS site
^ "IAS publication paper 14". IAS. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ R. P. Langlands (January 1963). "The dimension of spaces of automorphic forms". American Journal of Mathematics. 85 (1): 99–125. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.637.9130. doi:10.2307/2373189. JSTOR 2373189. MR 0156362.
^ Langlands, Robert P. (1966), "The volume of the fundamental domain for some arithmetical subgroups of Chevalley groups", Algebraic Groups and Discontinuous Subgroups, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Providence, R.I.: Amer. Math. Soc., pp. 143–148, MR 0213362
^ a b "IAS paper 43". IAS. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ "IAS paper 60". Institute of Advanced Studies. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ Langlands, Robert P, Base change for GL(2). Annals of Mathematics Studies, 96. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.; ISBN 0-691-08263-4; MR 574808
^ Tunnell, Jerrold, Artin's conjecture for representations of octahedral type, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society (N.S.) 5 (1981), no. 2, 173–175.
^ "IAS publication". Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ "IAS paper 25". IAS. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
^ "AMS Notices" (PDF).
^ "NAS Award in Mathematics". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
^ "2018: Robert P. Langlands". The Abel Prize. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
^ "Search Fellows". Royal Society of Canada. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ "Robert Langlands". Royal Society. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved January 27, 2013.
^ "Robert Phelan Langlands". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
^ "Robert Langlands". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
^ "Robert Langlands, Université Laval". Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
^ Office of the Secretary to the Governor General (June 20, 2019). "Governor General Announces 83 New Appointments to the Order of Canada". The Governor General of Canada. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
^ Dunlevy, T'Cha (June 27, 2019). "Alanis Obomsawin, 15 other Quebecers to receive Order of Canada". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
^ The work of Robert Langlands – Miscellaneous items, Digital Mathematics Archive, UBC SunSITE, last accessed December 10, 2013.
^ a b Interview with Robert Langlands, UBC Dept. of Math., 2010; last accessed April 5, 2014.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Robert Langlands.
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Robert Langlands", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
Robert Langlands at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
The work of Robert Langlands (a nearly complete archive)
Faculty page at IAS
The Abel Prize Interview 2018 with Robert Langlands
Contenta, Sandro. "The Canadian who reinvented mathematics". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 28, 2015.
Julia Mueller, On the genesis of Robert P. Langlands' conjectures and his letter to André Weil, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., January 25, 2018
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"FRSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"/ˈlæŋləndz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TG-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Langlands program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_program"},{"link_name":"representation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory"},{"link_name":"automorphic forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphic_form"},{"link_name":"number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Abel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Prize"},{"link_name":"emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emeritus"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EF-5"}],"text":"Robert Phelan Langlands, CC FRS FRSC (/ˈlæŋləndz/; born October 6, 1936) is a Canadian mathematician.[1][2] He is best known as the founder of the Langlands program, a vast web of conjectures and results connecting representation theory and automorphic forms to the study of Galois groups in number theory,[3][4] for which he received the 2018 Abel Prize. He was an emeritus professor and occupied Albert Einstein's office at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, until 2020 when he retired.[5]","title":"Robert Langlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rock,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ubc-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TG-1"},{"link_name":"Semiahmoo Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiahmoo_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt20180320-7"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-3"},{"link_name":"METU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"Cahit Arf's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahit_Arf"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EF-5"}],"text":"Langlands was born in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada, in 1936 to Robert Langlands and Kathleen J Phelan. He has two younger sisters (Mary b 1938; Sally b 1941). In 1945, his family moved to White Rock, near the US border, where his parents had a building supply and construction business.[6][3][1]He graduated from Semiahmoo Secondary School and started enrolling at the University of British Columbia at the age of 16, receiving his undergraduate degree in Mathematics in 1957;[7] he continued at UBC to receive an M. Sc. in 1958. He then went to Yale University where he received a PhD in 1960.[8]His first academic position was at Princeton University from 1960 to 1967, where he worked as an associate professor.[3] He spent a year in Turkey at METU during 1967–68 in an office next to Cahit Arf's.[9] He was a Miller Research Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley from 1964 to 1965, then was a professor at Yale University from 1967 to 1972. He was appointed Hermann Weyl Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1972, and became professor emeritus in January 2007.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"semigroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semigroup"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"representation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory"},{"link_name":"Harish-Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harish-Chandra"},{"link_name":"automorphic forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphic_form"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Eisenstein series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenstein_series"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebraic_group#Tori"},{"link_name":"Hans Maass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Maass"},{"link_name":"Atle Selberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atle_Selberg"},{"link_name":"spectra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_geometry"},{"link_name":"Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weil_conjecture_on_Tamagawa_numbers"},{"link_name":"Chevalley groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevalley_group"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"meromorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meromorphic_function"},{"link_name":"L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n-functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-function"},{"link_name":"functional equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_equation_(L-function)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-publications.ias.edu-14"},{"link_name":"Langlands program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_program"},{"link_name":"class field theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_field_theory"},{"link_name":"Galois groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_group"},{"link_name":"multiplicative groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_group"},{"link_name":"Martin Eichler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Eichler"},{"link_name":"Goro Shimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goro_Shimura"},{"link_name":"Hasse–Weil zeta functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse%E2%80%93Weil_zeta_function"},{"link_name":"upper half plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_half_plane"},{"link_name":"Hecke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Hecke"},{"link_name":"holomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_function"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-publications.ias.edu-14"},{"link_name":"Hervé Jacquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Jacquet"},{"link_name":"general linear group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group"},{"link_name":"Jacquet–Langlands correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquet%E2%80%93Langlands_correspondence"},{"link_name":"quaternion algebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion_algebra"},{"link_name":"trace formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selberg_trace_formula"},{"link_name":"James Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Arthur_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Hasse–Weil zeta functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse%E2%80%93Weil_zeta_function"},{"link_name":"Shimura varieties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimura_variety"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Artin conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin_L-function#The_Artin_conjecture"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Andrew Wiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wiles"},{"link_name":"Taniyama–Shimura conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniyama%E2%80%93Shimura_conjecture"},{"link_name":"Fermat's Last Theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_Last_Theorem"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"percolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation"},{"link_name":"Bill Casselman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Casselman_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"endoscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_group"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Langlands' Ph.D. thesis was on the analytical theory of Lie semigroups,[10] but he soon moved into representation theory, adapting the methods of Harish-Chandra to the theory of automorphic forms. His first accomplishment in this field was a formula for the dimension of certain spaces of automorphic forms, in which particular types of Harish-Chandra's discrete series appeared.[11][12]He next constructed an analytical theory of Eisenstein series for reductive groups of rank greater than one, thus extending work of Hans Maass, Walter Roelcke, and Atle Selberg from the early 1950s for rank one groups such as \n \n \n \n \n S\n L\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SL} (2)}\n \n. This amounted to describing in general terms the continuous spectra of arithmetic quotients, and showing that all automorphic forms arise in terms of cusp forms and the residues of Eisenstein series induced from cusp forms on smaller subgroups. As a first application, he proved the Weil conjecture on Tamagawa numbers for the large class of arbitrary simply connected Chevalley groups defined over the rational numbers. Previously this had been known only in a few isolated cases and for certain classical groups where it could be shown by induction.[13]As a second application of this work, he was able to show meromorphic continuation for a large class of \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n-functions arising in the theory of automorphic forms, not previously known to have them. These occurred in the constant terms of Eisenstein series, and meromorphicity as well as a weak functional equation were a consequence of functional equations for Eisenstein series. This work led in turn, in the winter of 1966–67, to the now well known conjectures[14] making up what is often called the Langlands program. Very roughly speaking, they propose a huge generalization of previously known examples of reciprocity, including (a) classical class field theory, in which characters of local and arithmetic abelian Galois groups are identified with characters of local multiplicative groups and the idele quotient group, respectively; (b) earlier results of Martin Eichler and Goro Shimura in which the Hasse–Weil zeta functions of arithmetic quotients of the upper half plane are identified with \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n-functions occurring in Hecke's theory of holomorphic automorphic forms. These conjectures were first posed in relatively complete form in a famous letter to Weil,[14] written in January 1967. It was in this letter that he introduced what has since become known as the \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n-group and along with it, the notion of functoriality.The book by Hervé Jacquet and Langlands on \n \n \n \n \n G\n L\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {GL} (2)}\n \n presented a theory of automorphic forms for the general linear group \n \n \n \n \n G\n L\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {GL} (2)}\n \n, establishing among other things the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence showing that functoriality was capable of explaining very precisely how automorphic forms for \n \n \n \n \n G\n L\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {GL} (2)}\n \n related to those for quaternion algebras. This book applied the adelic trace formula for \n \n \n \n \n G\n L\n \n (\n 2\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {GL} (2)}\n \n and quaternion algebras to do this. Subsequently, James Arthur, a student of Langlands while he was at Yale, successfully developed the trace formula for groups of higher rank. This has become a major tool in attacking functoriality in general, and in particular has been applied to demonstrating that the Hasse–Weil zeta functions of certain Shimura varieties are among the \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n-functions arising from automorphic forms.[15]The functoriality conjecture is far from proven, but a special case (the octahedral Artin conjecture, proved by Langlands[16] and Tunnell[17]) was the starting point of Andrew Wiles' attack on the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture and Fermat's Last Theorem.In the mid-1980s Langlands turned his attention[18] to physics, particularly the problems of percolation and conformal invariance. In 1995, Langlands started a collaboration with Bill Casselman at the University of British Columbia with the aim of posting nearly all of his writings—including publications, preprints, as well as selected correspondence—on the Internet. The correspondence includes a copy of the original letter to Weil that introduced the \n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n-group. In recent years he has turned his attention back to automorphic forms, working in particular on a theme he calls \"beyond endoscopy\".[19]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wolf Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize"},{"link_name":"Andrew Wiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wiles"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Steele Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steele_Prize"},{"link_name":"Jeffery–Williams Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery%E2%80%93Williams_Prize"},{"link_name":"NAS Award in Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Award_in_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASMath-21"},{"link_name":"Nemmers Prize in Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemmers_Prize_in_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Shaw Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Prize"},{"link_name":"Richard Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Abel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Prize"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Université Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Semiahmoo Secondary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiahmoo_Secondary_School"}],"text":"Langlands has received the 1996 Wolf Prize (which he shared with Andrew Wiles),[20] the 2005 AMS Steele Prize, the 1980 Jeffery–Williams Prize, the 1988 NAS Award in Mathematics from the National Academy of Sciences,[21] the 2000 grande médaille de l'Académie des sciences de Paris, the 2006 Nemmers Prize in Mathematics, the 2007 Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences (with Richard Taylor) for his work on automorphic forms. In 2018, Langlands was awarded the Abel Prize for \"his visionary program connecting representation theory to number theory\".[22]He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1972 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1981.[23][24] In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.[25] Langlands was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1990.[26] He was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1993[27] and a member of the American Philosophical Society 2004.[28]Among other honorary degrees, in 2003, Langlands received a doctorate honoris causa from Université Laval.[29]In 2019, Langlands was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada.[30][31]On January 10, 2020, Langlands was honoured at Semiahmoo Secondary, which installed a mural to celebrate his contributions to mathematics.","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-3"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Middle East Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"Cahit Arf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahit_Arf"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview-33"}],"text":"Langlands has been married to Charlotte Lorraine Cheverie (b 1935) since 1957. They have four children (2 daughters and 2 sons).[3] He holds Canadian and American citizenships.Langlands spent a year in Turkey in 1967–68, where his office at the Middle East Technical University was next to that of Cahit Arf.[32][33] In addition to his mathematical studies, Langlands likes to learn foreign languages, both for better understanding of foreign publications on his topic and just as a hobby. He speaks English, French, Turkish and German, and reads (but does not speak) Russian.[33]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-300-01395-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01395-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-540-07872-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-07872-X"},{"link_name":"Base Change for GL(2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Tt6cmSdgVdcC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-691-08272-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08272-3"},{"link_name":"Automorphic Representations, Shimura Varieties, and Motives. Ein Märchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sunsite.ubc.ca/DigitalMathArchive/Langlands/pdf/autoreps-ps.pdf"}],"text":"Euler Products, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967, ISBN 0-300-01395-7\nOn the Functional Equations Satisfied by Eisenstein Series, Berlin: Springer, 1976, ISBN 3-540-07872-X\nBase Change for GL(2), Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-691-08272-3\nAutomorphic Representations, Shimura Varieties, and Motives. Ein Märchen (PDF), Chelsea Publishing Company, 1979","title":"Publications"}] | [] | [{"title":"Automorphic L-function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphic_L-function"},{"title":"Endoscopic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_group"},{"title":"Geometric Langlands correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Langlands_correspondence"},{"title":"Jacquet–Langlands correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquet%E2%80%93Langlands_correspondence"},{"title":"Langlands classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_classification"},{"title":"Langlands decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_decomposition"},{"title":"Langlands–Deligne local constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands%E2%80%93Deligne_local_constant"},{"title":"Langlands dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_dual"},{"title":"Langlands group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands_group"},{"title":"Langlands–Shahidi method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands%E2%80%93Shahidi_method"},{"title":"Local Langlands conjectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Langlands_conjectures"},{"title":"Standard L-function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_L-function"},{"title":"Taniyama group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniyama_group"}] | [{"reference":"Euler Products, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967, ISBN 0-300-01395-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01395-7","url_text":"0-300-01395-7"}]},{"reference":"On the Functional Equations Satisfied by Eisenstein Series, Berlin: Springer, 1976, ISBN 3-540-07872-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-07872-X","url_text":"3-540-07872-X"}]},{"reference":"Base Change for GL(2), Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-691-08272-3","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tt6cmSdgVdcC","url_text":"Base Change for GL(2)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08272-3","url_text":"0-691-08272-3"}]},{"reference":"Automorphic Representations, Shimura Varieties, and Motives. 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Retrieved March 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/47401.html","url_text":"\"Robert Phelan Langlands\""}]},{"reference":"Contento, Sandro (March 27, 2015), \"The Canadian Who Reinvented Mathematics\", Toronto Star","urls":[{"url":"http://projects.thestar.com/math-the-canadian-who-reinvented-mathematics/","url_text":"\"The Canadian Who Reinvented Mathematics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"Edward Frenkel (2013). \"preface\". Love and Math: The Heart of Hidden Reality. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-05074-1. Robert Langlands, the mathematician who currently occupies Albert Einstein's office at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Frenkel","url_text":"Edward Frenkel"},{"url":"http://www.loveandmathbook.com/","url_text":"\"preface\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lovemathheartofh0000fren","url_text":"Love and Math: The Heart of Hidden Reality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05074-1","url_text":"978-0-465-05074-1"}]},{"reference":"\"UBC Newsletter: Robert Langlands Interview\" (PDF). 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083054/http://www.math.ubc.ca/Dept/Newsletters/Robert_Langlands_interview_2010.pdf","url_text":"\"UBC Newsletter: Robert Langlands Interview\""},{"url":"https://www.math.ubc.ca/Dept/Newsletters/Robert_Langlands_interview_2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kenneth, Chang (March 20, 2018). \"Robert P. Langlands Is Awarded the Abel Prize, a Top Math Honor\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/20/science/robert-langlands-abel-prize-mathematics.html","url_text":"\"Robert P. Langlands Is Awarded the Abel Prize, a Top Math Honor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian mathematician Robert Langlands wins Abel Prize for 2018\". The New Indian Express. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/mar/21/canadian-mathematician-robert-langlands-wins-abel-prize-for-2018-1790351.html","url_text":"\"Canadian mathematician Robert Langlands wins Abel Prize for 2018\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express","url_text":"The New Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Langlands wins Abel Prize 2018 for 'unified theory of maths' | Mathematics Department\". math.metu.edu.tr. Retrieved July 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://math.metu.edu.tr/en/announcement/robert-langlands-wins-abel-prize-2018-unified-theory-maths","url_text":"\"Robert Langlands wins Abel Prize 2018 for 'unified theory of maths' | Mathematics Department\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAS publication paper 14\". IAS. Retrieved March 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/section/14","url_text":"\"IAS publication paper 14\""}]},{"reference":"R. P. Langlands (January 1963). \"The dimension of spaces of automorphic forms\". American Journal of Mathematics. 85 (1): 99–125. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.637.9130. doi:10.2307/2373189. JSTOR 2373189. MR 0156362.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.637.9130","url_text":"10.1.1.637.9130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2373189","url_text":"10.2307/2373189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2373189","url_text":"2373189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0156362","url_text":"0156362"}]},{"reference":"\"IAS paper 43\". IAS. Retrieved March 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/paper/43","url_text":"\"IAS paper 43\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAS paper 60\". Institute of Advanced Studies. Retrieved March 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/paper/60","url_text":"\"IAS paper 60\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAS publication\". Retrieved March 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/section/27","url_text":"\"IAS publication\""}]},{"reference":"\"IAS paper 25\". IAS. Retrieved March 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/section/25","url_text":"\"IAS paper 25\""}]},{"reference":"\"AMS Notices\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ams.org/notices/199602/people.pdf","url_text":"\"AMS Notices\""}]},{"reference":"\"NAS Award in Mathematics\". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved February 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=AWARDS_mathematics","url_text":"\"NAS Award in Mathematics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018: Robert P. Langlands\". The Abel Prize. Retrieved July 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://abelprize.no/abel-prize-laureates/2018","url_text":"\"2018: Robert P. Langlands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search Fellows\". Royal Society of Canada. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsc-src.ca/en/search-fellows?keywords_44=&first_name=robert&last_name=langlands&display_name=&election_year_21=&academy_25=All&division_24=All&discipline_23=All&is_deceased=0&sort_by=last_name&sort_order=ASC","url_text":"\"Search Fellows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada","url_text":"Royal Society of Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Langlands\". Royal Society. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsociety.org/people/robert-langlands-11784/","url_text":"\"Robert Langlands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society","url_text":"Royal Society"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Phelan Langlands\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved March 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amacad.org/person/robert-phelan-langlands","url_text":"\"Robert Phelan Langlands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Langlands\". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved March 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/47401.html","url_text":"\"Robert Langlands\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved June 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Robert+P.+Langlands&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Langlands, Université Laval\". Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ulaval.ca/notre-universite/prix-et-distinctions/doctorats-honoris-causa-de-luniversite-laval/recipiendaires-doctorat-honoris-causa-2002-2003/robert-langlands.html","url_text":"\"Robert Langlands, Université Laval\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160629104739/http://www2.ulaval.ca/notre-universite/prix-et-distinctions/doctorats-honoris-causa-de-luniversite-laval/recipiendaires-doctorat-honoris-causa-2002-2003/robert-langlands.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Office of the Secretary to the Governor General (June 20, 2019). \"Governor General Announces 83 New Appointments to the Order of Canada\". The Governor General of Canada. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190628034534/https://www.gg.ca/en/media/news/2019/governor-general-announces-83-new-appointments-order-canada","url_text":"\"Governor General Announces 83 New Appointments to the Order of Canada\""},{"url":"https://www.gg.ca/en/media/news/2019/governor-general-announces-83-new-appointments-order-canada","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dunlevy, T'Cha (June 27, 2019). \"Alanis Obomsawin, 15 other Quebecers to receive Order of Canada\". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/16-quebecers-to-receive-order-of-canada-honours","url_text":"\"Alanis Obomsawin, 15 other Quebecers to receive Order of Canada\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190704041620/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/16-quebecers-to-receive-order-of-canada-honours","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Robert Langlands\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Langlands.html","url_text":"\"Robert Langlands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]},{"reference":"Contenta, Sandro. \"The Canadian who reinvented mathematics\". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://projects.thestar.com/math-the-canadian-who-reinvented-mathematics/","url_text":"\"The Canadian who reinvented mathematics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tt6cmSdgVdcC","external_links_name":"Base Change for GL(2)"},{"Link":"http://www.sunsite.ubc.ca/DigitalMathArchive/Langlands/pdf/autoreps-ps.pdf","external_links_name":"Automorphic Representations, Shimura Varieties, and Motives. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Root | Marcus Aurelius Root | ["1 Life and career","2 Misfortune and legacy","3 References"] | American photographer
Marcus Aurelius Root, Philadelphia daguerreotypist and photographer
Half-plate daguerreotype of Phineas Taylor Barnum and Charles Sherwood Stratton (PT Barnum and General Tom Thumb) circa 1850 by Samuel Root
Marcus Aurelius Root (1808–1888) was a writing teacher and photographer. He was born in Granville, Ohio and died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Root was a leading daguerreotypist in the United States, with studios in New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, St. Louis, Mobile, New Orleans and Washington, D.C. His studio photographed some of the biggest celebrities of his time, including Edgar Allan Poe, Jenny Lind, P.T. Barnum, General Tom Thumb, presidential candidate Winfield Scott, and Vice President of the United States George M. Dallas.
Portraits on U.S. dollar bills were also taken from daguerreotypes made by Root, including portraits of Henry Clay on the $50 bill and Daniel Webster on the $10 bill. Root is also speculated to have made the portrait of Ulysses Grant on the $50 bill.
He authored an important book on photography entitled The Camera and the Pencil.
Life and career
In 1835, Root moved to Philadelphia to take lessons in portrait painting from Thomas Sully, whose subjects included Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson and Queen Victoria.
The first daguerreotype Root ever made was in 1839 on solid silver. It was a view from one of the windows of the Philadelphia Mint. It was later featured at the Centennial Exposition.
Lacking success in painting, Root turned to photography in 1843 and opened a daguerreotype studio.
On June 20, 1846, he bought John Jabez Edwin Mayall's Chestnut Street photography studio that was in the same building as Root's residence in Philadelphia. Root had success as a daguerreotypist working with his brother, Samuel Root. The Root Brothers had a gallery in New York City from 1849 to 1857.
Marcus Aurelius Root was awarded first prize at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851. He was also awarded first prize at annual exhibitions of the Franklin Institute.
Misfortune and legacy
In June 1856, Root invested $40,000 in Mt. Vernon Hotel of Cape May, New Jersey, which was described as the world's largest resort hotel. It was entirely destroyed by a deadly fire three months later, losing Root's entire investment.
While preparing for a New York City gallery opening in December 1856, Root was seriously injured in a train accident. He was standing on a train platform in Alliance, Ohio when two trains collided, throwing cars into the rotunda of the station and part of a hotel, killing 8 people including a man standing beside Root. Root's left leg was crushed and the thigh was severely fractured, leaving him crippled for the rest of his life. The engineer responsible fled according to newspaper reports. Root's lawyer collected the damages and absconded with the money.
During his lengthy recovery, Root authored an exhaustive history of American photography, a book entitled The Camera and the Pencil. Root argued for photographers to be considered artists alongside painters.
After falling from a streetcar in 1885 he spent the rest of his life in seclusion until he died from his injuries three years later, at his home in Philadelphia, on April 2, 1888. He was buried at The Woodlands Cemetery.
References
^ "Marcus Aurelius Root". Luminous Lint. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
^ "Marcus Aurelius Root". The Library Company. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
^ Granville Times (April 27, 1888). "Marcus Aurelius Root Obituary". Genealogy.com. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
^ "exhibition: 'daguerreotypes: five decades of collecting' at the smithsonian national portrait gallery, washington, dc". ArtBlart. November 30, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "Marcus Aurelius Root, American photographer". Sartle. October 29, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "M.A. Root". J. Paul Getty Museum. Retrieved August 5, 2015.
^ "Marcus Aurelius Root Obituary". Genealogy.com. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "Destruction of the Mount Vernon Hotel at Cape May--Five Persons burned to Death". The New York Times. Cape Island, New Jersey. September 8, 1856. p. 3. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "The Railway Collision in Ohio". The New York Times. December 10, 1856. p. 1. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Alliance's Deadliest Train Accident". December 3, 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "Marcus and Samuel Root". Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "The Dead Daguerrotyper". The Daily Wamegan. April 27, 1888. p. 3. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "City Notes". The Philadelphia Inquirer. April 17, 1888. p. 3. Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
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This article about a photographer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcus_Aurelius_Root.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PT_Barnum_and_General_Tom_Thumb_by_Root,_c1850.png"},{"link_name":"daguerreotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype"},{"link_name":"Phineas Taylor Barnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Taylor_Barnum"},{"link_name":"Charles Sherwood Stratton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sherwood_Stratton"},{"link_name":"Granville, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"Jenny Lind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Lind"},{"link_name":"P.T. 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He was born in Granville, Ohio and died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[1][2][3]Root was a leading daguerreotypist in the United States, with studios in New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, St. Louis, Mobile, New Orleans and Washington, D.C. His studio photographed some of the biggest celebrities of his time, including Edgar Allan Poe, Jenny Lind, P.T. Barnum, General Tom Thumb, presidential candidate Winfield Scott, and Vice President of the United States George M. Dallas.[4]Portraits on U.S. dollar bills were also taken from daguerreotypes made by Root, including portraits of Henry Clay on the $50 bill and Daniel Webster on the $10 bill. 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Retrieved January 19, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116804063/city-notes/","url_text":"\"City Notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"The Philadelphia Inquirer"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.luminous-lint.com/app/photographer/Marcus_Aurelius__Root/A/","external_links_name":"\"Marcus Aurelius Root\""},{"Link":"http://www.librarycompany.org/catchingashadow/section5/","external_links_name":"\"Marcus Aurelius Root\""},{"Link":"http://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/root/1400/","external_links_name":"\"Marcus Aurelius Root Obituary\""},{"Link":"https://artblart.com/2018/11/30/exhibition-daguerreotypes-five-decades-of-collecting-at-the-smithsonian-national-portrait-gallery-washington-dc/","external_links_name":"\"exhibition: 'daguerreotypes: five decades of collecting' at the smithsonian national portrait gallery, washington, dc\""},{"Link":"https://www.sartle.com/artist/marcus-aurelius-root","external_links_name":"\"Marcus Aurelius Root, American photographer\""},{"Link":"http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/2036/ma-root-american-1808-1888/","external_links_name":"\"M.A. Root\""},{"Link":"https://www.genealogy.com/forum/surnames/topics/root/1400/","external_links_name":"\"Marcus Aurelius Root Obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116803488/destruction-of-the-mount-vernon-hotel/","external_links_name":"\"Destruction of the Mount Vernon Hotel at Cape May--Five Persons burned to Death\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116803260/the-railway-collision-in-ohio/","external_links_name":"\"The Railway Collision in Ohio\""},{"Link":"https://alliancehistory.org/alliances-deadliest-train-accident","external_links_name":"\"Alliance's Deadliest Train Accident\""},{"Link":"http://historiccamera.com/cgi-bin/librarium2/pm.cgi?action=app_display&app=datasheet&app_id=2024","external_links_name":"\"Marcus and Samuel Root\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116804005/the-dead-daguerrotyper/","external_links_name":"\"The Dead Daguerrotyper\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116804063/city-notes/","external_links_name":"\"City Notes\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1510654/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000077322666","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/76185742","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcKMpbmP8RVmkjMdXmGHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14928584v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14928584v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/114621264X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93007175","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/ljx14nm406n3gwl","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/36005","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/marcus-a-root","external_links_name":"National Gallery of Canada"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/1724","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/381886","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500118846","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius_Root&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Historical_Research_and_Documentation_on_War_and_Contemporary_Society | Study and Documentation Centre for War and Contemporary Society | ["1 History","1.1 Major projects","2 Research","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Cegesoma is housed in the La Prévoyance Sociale building on the Square de l'Aviation/Luchtvaartsquare in Anderlecht, Brussels.
The Study and Documentation Centre for War and Contemporary Society (French: Centre d'Études et de Documentation Guerre et Sociétés contemporaines; Dutch: Studie- en Documentatiecentrum Oorlog en Hedendaagse Maatschappij), known by its combined French—Dutch acronym Cegesoma or CegeSoma, is a historical research institute and archive based in Anderlecht, Brussels in Belgium. It focusses on World War II and the contemporary history of Belgium. Since 2016 it has formed part of the Belgian State Archives. Its director is Nico Wouters.
History
The centre was founded on 13 December 1967 as the Centre for Research and Historical Study into the Second World War (Centre de Recherches et d’Etudes historiques de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, CREHSGM; Navorsings- en Studiecentrum van de Geschiedenis van de Tweede Wereldoorlog, NSGWO) . It was created in response to the legal acquittal of Robert Jan Verbelen, a Flemish collaborator, in 1965 as a result of insufficient documentary records. From 1969, the institution began to actively collect publications, interviews and archives relating to the Second World War. Subsequently, it began to expand the scope of its research into World War I and other aspects of contemporary history. In 1997, it was renamed the Centre for Study and Documentary on War and Contemporary Society. It became an autonomous part of the State Archives of Belgium in 2016.
Major projects
Notable projects run by the Centre include:
Belgian War Press: a digital archive of Belgian newspapers published during World War I and II, both "censored" and "clandestine";
Belgium WWII: an educational resource on aspects of Belgian history during World War II.
Research
The centre has supported a range of monographs, edited volumes and peer-reviewed journals including the Journal of Belgian History. It is a member of the European Network for Contemporary History (EURHISTXX).
See also
Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO)
NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies - an equivalent institution in the Netherlands
Royal Library of Belgium
State Archives (Belgium)
Journal of Belgian History
References
^ a b Kesteloot, Chantal. "Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Guerre et Sociétés contemporaines (CegeSoma)". Belgium WWII. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Institutional Partners". European Network for Contemporary History. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01.
Further reading
Kesteloot, Chantal; Van Doorslaer, Rudi (1996). "Le Centre de recherches et d'études historiques de la Seconde Guerre mondiale (Bruxelles)". Bulletins de l'Institut d'Histoire du Temps Présent. 63 (1): 39–48. doi:10.3406/ihtp.1996.1496.
External links
Media related to CEGESOMA at Wikimedia Commons
Official CEGESOMA website
"European Network for Contemporary History (EURHISTXX)". EURHISTXX. Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
People
ISIL
This article about a scientific organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"research institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_institute"},{"link_name":"archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"contemporary history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_history"},{"link_name":"Belgian State Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Archives_(Belgium)"}],"text":"The Study and Documentation Centre for War and Contemporary Society (French: Centre d'Études et de Documentation Guerre et Sociétés contemporaines; Dutch: Studie- en Documentatiecentrum Oorlog en Hedendaagse Maatschappij), known by its combined French—Dutch acronym Cegesoma or CegeSoma, is a historical research institute and archive based in Anderlecht, Brussels in Belgium. 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It was created in response to the legal acquittal of Robert Jan Verbelen, a Flemish collaborator, in 1965 as a result of insufficient documentary records. From 1969, the institution began to actively collect publications, interviews and archives relating to the Second World War.[1] Subsequently, it began to expand the scope of its research into World War I and other aspects of contemporary history. In 1997, it was renamed the Centre for Study and Documentary on War and Contemporary Society. It became an autonomous part of the State Archives of Belgium in 2016.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_archive"},{"link_name":"newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"}],"sub_title":"Major projects","text":"Notable projects run by the Centre include:Belgian War Press: a digital archive of Belgian newspapers published during World War I and II, both \"censored\" and \"clandestine\";\nBelgium WWII: an educational resource on aspects of Belgian history during World War II.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed_journal"},{"link_name":"Journal of Belgian History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Belgian_History"},{"link_name":"European Network for Contemporary History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Network_for_Contemporary_History&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"text":"The centre has supported a range of monographs, edited volumes and peer-reviewed journals including the Journal of Belgian History. It is a member of the European Network for Contemporary History (EURHISTXX).[2][failed verification]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Le Centre de recherches et d'études historiques de la Seconde Guerre mondiale (Bruxelles)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.persee.fr/doc/ihtp_0247-0101_1996_num_63_1_1496"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/ihtp.1996.1496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fihtp.1996.1496"}],"text":"Kesteloot, Chantal; Van Doorslaer, Rudi (1996). \"Le Centre de recherches et d'études historiques de la Seconde Guerre mondiale (Bruxelles)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraballeda | Caraballeda | ["1 History","2 Vargas tragedy","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 10°36′47″N 66°51′02″W / 10.61306°N 66.85056°W / 10.61306; -66.85056Place in Vargas State, VenezuelaCaraballedaCaraballedaLocation in VenezuelaCoordinates: 10°36′47″N 66°51′02″W / 10.61306°N 66.85056°W / 10.61306; -66.85056Country VenezuelaState Vargas StateFounded1568Population (2011) • Total48,622Time zoneVSTPostal Code1165
Caraballeda is a Venezuelan town, capital of the parish of the same name in Vargas state. It is located on the Venezuelan central coast, facing the Caribbean Sea. It was devastated by the floods that occurred in 1999 known as the Vargas tragedy.
History
Caraballeda was founded as the original port for the capital, Caracas, by Captain Diego de Losada in early 1568. The name is derived from the Carballeda Virgin, patron saint of the town of Rionegro del Puente in Zamora, Spain, which was the birthplace of Diego de Losada.
Caraballeda was granted considerable privileges of self-government by the Spanish Cabinet. For eighteen years the city did well, and was one of the most prosperous in the colony; but in 1586 the governor of Venezuela, Don Luis de Rojas y Mendoza, a tyrant, attempted to take the power of appointing Caraballeda's officials. Rather than submit, most of the city's inhabitants abandoned their houses and fields and wandered off. The successor of Rojas endeavoured to persuade them back again, but in vain. Afterwards, as a port was necessary, La Guaira, six miles to the west, was founded in 1588, and is now the chief port of the Republic.
Vargas tragedy
The area of Caraballeda is 82.1 square kilometers. It is located in a highly seismic zone where earthquakes occurred in 1641, 1776, 1812, and 1900. There was a great loss of lives in the earthquake of July 29, 1967.
A section of the Vargas state after the 1999 Tragedy. Notice the scars in the mountains due to the mudslides.
When the Macuto-Sheraton Hotel opened in 1963 in Caraballeda it was the first Sheraton Hotel in Latin America. The beauty pageants Miss Venezuela 1980 through Miss Venezuela 1985 were held at the Macuto-Sheraton Hotel. The hotel was later renamed the Hotel Guaicamacuto.
Coast of the parish.
On 15 December 1999 occurred tremendous rains that led to horrible mud slides. This occurred all along the coastal area that makes up Vargas state but was concentrated in Caraballeda. The debris flows that had occurred in the past provided the only flat places where structures could be built.
During the night 1.8 million cubic meters of rocks and trees flowed through Caraballeda. Many buildings were washed out to sea. The ones that remained were filled with 8 feet of sand and debris. The Macuto-Sheraton Hotel was so damaged that it was abandoned. Also the Melia Caribe hotel. Of the 300,000 people living on this part of the coast the government of Venezuela estimated that 15,000 died. Others estimated as many as 30,000. Initial estimates said 150,000 people were homeless.
References
Notes
^ "Venezuela: Vargas". City Population. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
^ Spence, James Mudie (1878). "Land of Bolivar Or War, Peace, and Adventure in the Republic of Venezuela". Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
^ Venezuela, Issue 34. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1892. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
^ "Sheraton History". Sheraton Hotels and Resorts. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
^ Wieczorek GF, Larsen MC, Eaton LS, Morgan BA, Blair JL (2 December 2002). "Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
^ M.C. Larsen; G.F. Wieczorek; L.S. Eaton; Heriberto Torres-Sierra (March 14, 2008). "Natural Hazards on Alluvial Fans". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ Kovaleski, Serge F. (December 21, 1999). "Shantytowns Hit Hardest by Venezuelan Floods". Washington Post. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Bibliography
Spence, James Mudie. Land of Bolivar Or War, Peace, and Adventure in the Republic of Venezuela. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1878. (Where the town's name is misspelled as "Caravalleda".)
External links
Vargas Tragedy on YouTube
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vargas tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas_tragedy"}],"text":"Place in Vargas State, VenezuelaCaraballeda is a Venezuelan town, capital of the parish of the same name in Vargas state. It is located on the Venezuelan central coast, facing the Caribbean Sea. It was devastated by the floods that occurred in 1999 known as the Vargas tragedy.","title":"Caraballeda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diego de Losada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_de_Losada"},{"link_name":"Rionegro del Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rionegro_del_Puente"},{"link_name":"Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Zamora"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"La Guaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Guaira"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Caraballeda was founded as the original port for the capital, Caracas, by Captain Diego de Losada in early 1568. The name is derived from the Carballeda Virgin, patron saint of the town of Rionegro del Puente in Zamora, Spain, which was the birthplace of Diego de Losada.Caraballeda was granted considerable privileges of self-government by the Spanish Cabinet. For eighteen years the city did well, and was one of the most prosperous in the colony; but in 1586 the governor of Venezuela, Don Luis de Rojas y Mendoza, a tyrant, attempted to take the power of appointing Caraballeda's officials. Rather than submit, most of the city's inhabitants abandoned their houses and fields and wandered off.[2] The successor of Rojas endeavoured to persuade them back again, but in vain. Afterwards, as a port was necessary, La Guaira, six miles to the west, was founded in 1588, and is now the chief port of the Republic.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seismic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_zone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monta%C3%B1asdeslave.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Miss Venezuela 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Venezuela_1980"},{"link_name":"Miss Venezuela 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Venezuela_1985"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_Viejo,_Catia_La_Mar.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DebrisFlowUSGS-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The area of Caraballeda is 82.1 square kilometers. It is located in a highly seismic zone where earthquakes occurred in 1641, 1776, 1812, and 1900. There was a great loss of lives in the earthquake of July 29, 1967.A section of the Vargas state after the 1999 Tragedy. Notice the scars in the mountains due to the mudslides.When the Macuto-Sheraton Hotel opened in 1963 in Caraballeda it was the first Sheraton Hotel in Latin America.[4] The beauty pageants Miss Venezuela 1980 through Miss Venezuela 1985 were held at the Macuto-Sheraton Hotel. The hotel was later renamed the Hotel Guaicamacuto.Coast of the parish.On 15 December 1999 occurred tremendous rains that led to horrible mud slides.[5] This occurred all along the coastal area that makes up Vargas state but was concentrated in Caraballeda. The debris flows that had occurred in the past provided the only flat places where structures could be built.During the night 1.8 million cubic meters of rocks and trees flowed through Caraballeda. Many buildings were washed out to sea. The ones that remained were filled with 8 feet of sand and debris. The Macuto-Sheraton Hotel was so damaged that it was abandoned. Also the Melia Caribe hotel. Of the 300,000 people living on this part of the coast the government of Venezuela estimated that 15,000 died. Others estimated as many as 30,000.[6] Initial estimates said 150,000 people were homeless.[7]","title":"Vargas tragedy"}] | [{"image_text":"A section of the Vargas state after the 1999 Tragedy. Notice the scars in the mountains due to the mudslides.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Monta%C3%B1asdeslave.jpg/200px-Monta%C3%B1asdeslave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coast of the parish.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Puerto_Viejo%2C_Catia_La_Mar.jpg/250px-Puerto_Viejo%2C_Catia_La_Mar.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Venezuela: Vargas\". City Population. Retrieved December 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citypopulation.de/php/venezuela-vargas.php","url_text":"\"Venezuela: Vargas\""}]},{"reference":"Spence, James Mudie (1878). \"Land of Bolivar Or War, Peace, and Adventure in the Republic of Venezuela\". Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. Retrieved December 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/landofbolivarorw01spen/landofbolivarorw01spen_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"Land of Bolivar Or War, Peace, and Adventure in the Republic of Venezuela\""}]},{"reference":"Venezuela, Issue 34. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1892. Retrieved December 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb0XAAAAYAAJ&q=Caravalleda&pg=PA61","url_text":"Venezuela, Issue 34"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheraton History\". Sheraton Hotels and Resorts. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130901023058/http://www.starwoodhotels.com/sheraton/about/history.html","url_text":"\"Sheraton History\""},{"url":"http://www.starwoodhotels.com/sheraton/about/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wieczorek GF, Larsen MC, Eaton LS, Morgan BA, Blair JL (2 December 2002). \"Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation\". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 23 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0144/","url_text":"\"Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation\""}]},{"reference":"M.C. Larsen; G.F. Wieczorek; L.S. Eaton; Heriberto Torres-Sierra (March 14, 2008). \"Natural Hazards on Alluvial Fans\". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://pr.water.usgs.gov/public/reports/matt.html","url_text":"\"Natural Hazards on Alluvial Fans\""}]},{"reference":"Kovaleski, Serge F. (December 21, 1999). \"Shantytowns Hit Hardest by Venezuelan Floods\". Washington Post. Retrieved January 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Shantytowns-Hit-Hardest-by-Venezuelan-Floods-2889048.php","url_text":"\"Shantytowns Hit Hardest by Venezuelan Floods\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caraballeda¶ms=10_36_47_N_66_51_02_W_region:VE_type:city","external_links_name":"10°36′47″N 66°51′02″W / 10.61306°N 66.85056°W / 10.61306; -66.85056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caraballeda¶ms=10_36_47_N_66_51_02_W_region:VE_type:city","external_links_name":"10°36′47″N 66°51′02″W / 10.61306°N 66.85056°W / 10.61306; -66.85056"},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/php/venezuela-vargas.php","external_links_name":"\"Venezuela: Vargas\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/landofbolivarorw01spen/landofbolivarorw01spen_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"\"Land of Bolivar Or War, Peace, and Adventure in the Republic of Venezuela\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Gb0XAAAAYAAJ&q=Caravalleda&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"Venezuela, Issue 34"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130901023058/http://www.starwoodhotels.com/sheraton/about/history.html","external_links_name":"\"Sheraton History\""},{"Link":"http://www.starwoodhotels.com/sheraton/about/history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0144/","external_links_name":"\"Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation\""},{"Link":"https://pr.water.usgs.gov/public/reports/matt.html","external_links_name":"\"Natural Hazards on Alluvial Fans\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Shantytowns-Hit-Hardest-by-Venezuelan-Floods-2889048.php","external_links_name":"\"Shantytowns Hit Hardest by Venezuelan Floods\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwpLgzt6hYM","external_links_name":"Vargas Tragedy on YouTube"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/145517671","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564822805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87943400","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M167_VADS | M167 VADS | ["1 History","2 Design","3 Operators","3.1 Current operators","3.2 Former operators","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "M167 VADS" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Rotary cannon M167 VADS A JASDF JM167A1 mounted on an AA gun mount at Tsuiki Air Base.TypeRotary cannonPlace of originUnited StatesService historyIn service
1965–1994 (United States)
1960s–present (other countries)
Used bySee OperatorsWarsWar in DarfurSudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue NileYemeni Civil War (2015–present)Saudi Arabian-led intervention in YemenProduction historyDesignerRock Island ArsenalDesigned1964Manufacturer
Armament Systems Department, General Electric
Daewoo Heavy Industries Ltd
VariantsSee VariantsSpecificationsMass1,583 kg (3,490 lb) including carriageLength
472.4 cm (186.0 in) in travel configuration
386.1 cm (152.0 in) emplaced
Cartridge20×102mmCaliber20 mm (0.787 in)Barrels6-barrel (progressive RH parabolic twist, 9 grooves)ActionHydraulically operated, electrically fired, rotary cannonRate of fire1000 or 3000 rounds per minuteMuzzle velocity1030 m/s Effective firing range1200m (Aerial) or 4500m (Ground) Feed system500rd linked feed
The M167 Vulcan Air Defense System (VADS) is a towed, short-range United States Army anti-aircraft gun designed to protect forward area combat elements and rear area critical assets. It was also used to protect U.S. Air Force warplane airfields and U.S. Army helicopter airfields. The heart of the M167 is the M168 Cannon, a variant of the M61 Vulcan 20×102 mm rapid-fire rotary cannon.
It was also effective against lightly armored ground targets. The M167 gun has now been withdrawn from service by U.S. military units, but is still used by other countries.
History
The two versions of the Vulcan Air-Defense System, the towed M167 and self-propelled M163 VADS, were developed by the United States Army Weapons Command at Rock Island Arsenal in 1964. They were accepted as a replacement for the M45 Quadmount in 1965, and first production M167s were delivered to the U.S. Army in 1967.
Starting in 1994, the M167 was replaced in U.S. service by the M1097 Avenger missile launcher and in 2005, by a ground-based version of the Phalanx CIWS self-defense gun which the U.S. Navy uses on its ships. The Phalanx CIWS uses the same basic 20 mm rapid-fire Gatling gun as the M167.
Design
A JASDF VADS on display at the JASDF's Hanamatsu base.
The M167 VADS consists of a 20mm M168 cannon, linked ammunition feed system, and a fire control system in powered turret, mounted on an M42A1 towed carriage.
The M167A2 VADS was modified with an improved fire-control subsystem. The improvement was obtained by replacing the disturbed reticle sight with a director reticle sight, the sight current generator with a digital processor, and the azimuth drive assembly with a harmonic drive. It also had an extra wheel put on each side which prevented flipping by providing a longer lever.
Sudan and Yemen used M167 guns seated upon the Soviet BTR-152 APC.
An M167 mounted on a Toyota Land Cruiser as a “technical” has been sighted in action in Yemen with the Houthi.
Operators
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Current operators
Botswana (7): 455
Chile: 405
Ecuador (10): 413
Egypt (72)
Honduras (30)
Israel: 349
Japan: 279
South Korea (60): 284
Saudi Arabia (30) Used by the National Guard: 368
Sudan (16): 498
Thailand (24): 312
Uruguay (6) : 432
Yemen - Used by Houthi forces: 377
Former operators
Belgium
Morocco (40, 42 delivered)
United States
See also
M163 VADS
M61 Vulcan
Phalanx CIWS
References
^ a b c d e f Foss, Christopher; Cullen, Tony F., eds. (1992). Jane's Land-Based Air Defence 1992-93. Jane's Information Group. p. 215. ISBN 9780710609793.
^ Operator's Manual (Crew) for Gun, Air Defense Artillery, Towed, 20mm, M167A1. Headquarters, Department of the Army. 22 May 1986. p. 1-1.
^ a b FM 44-1-2: Air Defense Artillery Reference Handbook. Headquarters, Department of the Army. 30 June 1978. p. 2-4.
^ FM 44-3: U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Employment, Chaparral/Vulcan. Headquarters, Department of the Army. 30 September 1981. p. 4-4.
^ "M167 Vulcan Towed / Static Air Defense System - United States". Militaryfactory.com.
^ Pike, John. "M167 VADS Vulcan Air Defense System". Globalsecurity.org.
^ "M167 Vulcan - Weaponsystems.net". Weaponsystems.net.
^ "20mm M167 VADS". Militaryedge.org. 23 January 2014.
^ "CIWS now does surface targets, too – Murdoc Online". Murdoconline.net. Archived from the original on 2009-04-12. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
^ "M167A2 VADS Basis of Issue Plan - BOIP". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
^ Steven Zaloga, Soviet wheeled armoured vehicles, Concord: Hong Kong, 1990
^ Ye. Prochko, Bronetransporter BTR-152, Bronyekollektsya 5(38)/2001 (in Russian)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k International Institute for Strategic Studies (2022). The military balance. 2022. Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 978-1032279008.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (20 September 2015). "The Oryx Handbook of Pre-war Yemeni Fighting Vehicles". Oryxspioenkop.com.
External links
M167 VADS at GlobalSecurity.org
Direct support and general support maintenance manual for gun, air defense artillery, towed, 20-mm, M167A1, cannon M168, gun carriage M42A1, sight M61 (NSN 1005-01-014-0837). at the HathiTrust Digital Library
Wikimedia Commons has media related to M167 Vulcan. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"anti-aircraft gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfield"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"M61 Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M61_Vulcan"},{"link_name":"20×102 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_mm_caliber"},{"link_name":"armored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_warfare"}],"text":"Rotary cannonThe M167 Vulcan Air Defense System (VADS)[5][6][7][8] is a towed, short-range United States Army anti-aircraft gun designed to protect forward area combat elements and rear area critical assets. It was also used to protect U.S. Air Force warplane airfields and U.S. Army helicopter airfields. The heart of the M167 is the M168 Cannon, a variant of the M61 Vulcan 20×102 mm rapid-fire rotary cannon.It was also effective against lightly armored ground targets. The M167 gun has now been withdrawn from service by U.S. military units, but is still used by other countries.","title":"M167 VADS"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M163 VADS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M163_VADS"},{"link_name":"Rock Island Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"M45 Quadmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M45_Quadmount"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jane-1"},{"link_name":"M1097 Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1097_Avenger"},{"link_name":"Phalanx CIWS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"}],"text":"The two versions of the Vulcan Air-Defense System, the towed M167 and self-propelled M163 VADS, were developed by the United States Army Weapons Command at Rock Island Arsenal in 1964. They were accepted as a replacement for the M45 Quadmount in 1965, and first production M167s were delivered to the U.S. Army in 1967.[1]Starting in 1994, the M167 was replaced in U.S. service by the M1097 Avenger missile launcher and in 2005, by a ground-based version of the Phalanx CIWS self-defense gun[9] which the U.S. Navy uses on its ships. The Phalanx CIWS uses the same basic 20 mm rapid-fire Gatling gun as the M167.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JASDF_VADS1_Kai_in_Hamamatsu_Air_Base_20140928-01.JPG"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jane-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"BTR-152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTR-152"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Toyota Land Cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser"},{"link_name":"technical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Houthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi"}],"text":"A JASDF VADS on display at the JASDF's Hanamatsu base.The M167 VADS consists of a 20mm M168 cannon, linked ammunition feed system, and a fire control system in powered turret, mounted on an M42A1 towed carriage.[1]The M167A2 VADS was modified with an improved fire-control subsystem. The improvement was obtained by replacing the disturbed reticle sight with a director reticle sight, the sight current generator with a digital processor, and the azimuth drive assembly with a harmonic drive.[10] It also had an extra wheel put on each side which prevented flipping by providing a longer lever.Sudan and Yemen used M167 guns seated upon the Soviet BTR-152 APC.[11][12]An M167 mounted on a Toyota Land Cruiser as a “technical” has been sighted in action in Yemen with the Houthi.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2022-13"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2022-13"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2022-13"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2022-13"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2022-13"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2022-13"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2022-13"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2022-13"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2022-13"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2022-13"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2022-13"}],"sub_title":"Current operators","text":"Botswana (7)[13]: 455 \n Chile[13]: 405 \n Ecuador (10)[13]: 413 \n Egypt (72) [citation needed]\n Honduras (30) [citation needed]\n Israel[13]: 349 \n Japan[13]: 279 \n South Korea (60)[13]: 284 \n Saudi Arabia (30) Used by the National Guard[13]: 368 \n Sudan (16)[13]: 498 \n Thailand (24)[13]: 312 \n Uruguay (6) [13]: 432 \n Yemen[14] - Used by Houthi forces[13]: 377","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"sub_title":"Former operators","text":"Belgium\n Morocco (40, 42 delivered)\n United States","title":"Operators"}] | [{"image_text":"A JASDF VADS on display at the JASDF's Hanamatsu base.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/JASDF_VADS1_Kai_in_Hamamatsu_Air_Base_20140928-01.JPG/300px-JASDF_VADS1_Kai_in_Hamamatsu_Air_Base_20140928-01.JPG"}] | [{"title":"M163 VADS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M163_VADS"},{"title":"M61 Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M61_Vulcan"},{"title":"Phalanx CIWS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS"}] | [{"reference":"Foss, Christopher; Cullen, Tony F., eds. 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Militaryedge.org. 23 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://militaryedge.org/armaments/20mm-m167-vads/","url_text":"\"20mm M167 VADS\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIWS now does surface targets, too – Murdoc Online\". Murdoconline.net. Archived from the original on 2009-04-12. Retrieved 2009-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090412090513/http://www.murdoconline.net/archives/003558.html","url_text":"\"CIWS now does surface targets, too – Murdoc Online\""},{"url":"http://www.murdoconline.net/archives/003558.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"M167A2 VADS Basis of Issue Plan - BOIP\". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 26 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://man.fas.org/dod-101/sys/land/docs/bnD010AB.htm","url_text":"\"M167A2 VADS Basis of Issue Plan - BOIP\""}]},{"reference":"International Institute for Strategic Studies (2022). The military balance. 2022. Abingdon, Oxon. 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Oryxspioenkop.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2015/09/pre-war-yemeni-fighting-vehicles_20.html","url_text":"\"The Oryx Handbook of Pre-war Yemeni Fighting Vehicles\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22M167+VADS%22","external_links_name":"\"M167 VADS\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22M167+VADS%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22M167+VADS%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22M167+VADS%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22M167+VADS%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22M167+VADS%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/TM9-1005-286-10","external_links_name":"Operator's Manual (Crew) for Gun, Air Defense Artillery, Towed, 20mm, M167A1"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fm441278airdefenseartileryreference./","external_links_name":"FM 44-1-2: Air Defense Artillery Reference Handbook"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fm-44-3","external_links_name":"FM 44-3: U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Employment, Chaparral/Vulcan"},{"Link":"https://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.asp?armor_id=119","external_links_name":"\"M167 Vulcan Towed / Static Air Defense System - United States\""},{"Link":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m167.htm","external_links_name":"\"M167 VADS Vulcan Air Defense System\""},{"Link":"http://weaponsystems.net/weaponsystem/EE02+-+M167+Vulcan.html","external_links_name":"\"M167 Vulcan - Weaponsystems.net\""},{"Link":"https://militaryedge.org/armaments/20mm-m167-vads/","external_links_name":"\"20mm M167 VADS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090412090513/http://www.murdoconline.net/archives/003558.html","external_links_name":"\"CIWS now does surface targets, too – Murdoc Online\""},{"Link":"http://www.murdoconline.net/archives/003558.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://man.fas.org/dod-101/sys/land/docs/bnD010AB.htm","external_links_name":"\"M167A2 VADS Basis of Issue Plan - BOIP\""},{"Link":"https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2015/09/pre-war-yemeni-fighting-vehicles_20.html","external_links_name":"\"The Oryx Handbook of Pre-war Yemeni Fighting Vehicles\""},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m167.htm","external_links_name":"M167 VADS"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uva.x002217646","external_links_name":"Direct support and general support maintenance manual for gun, air defense artillery, towed, 20-mm, M167A1, cannon M168, gun carriage M42A1, sight M61 (NSN 1005-01-014-0837)."}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urasoe | Urasoe, Okinawa | ["1 Etymology","2 Geography","2.1 Neighboring municipalities","3 Transportation","4 History","5 Economy","6 Diplomatic missions","7 Education","8 Notable residents","9 References","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 26°14′45″N 127°43′19″E / 26.24583°N 127.72194°E / 26.24583; 127.72194City in Kyushu, JapanUrasoe
浦添市UrashiiCityUrasoe City Hall
FlagSealLocation of Urasoe in Okinawa PrefectureUrasoeCoordinates: 26°14′45″N 127°43′19″E / 26.24583°N 127.72194°E / 26.24583; 127.72194CountryJapanRegionKyushu (Ryukyu)PrefectureOkinawa PrefectureGovernment • MayorTetsuji MatsumotoArea • Total19.09 km2 (7.37 sq mi)Population (February, 2024) • Total115,518 • Density6,051.2/km2 (15,673/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+9 (Japan Standard Time)- TreeHorutonoki (Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. ellipticus)- FlowerHenderson Allamanda- Flowering treePoincianaPhone number098-876-1234Address1-1-1, Ahacha, Urasoe-shi 901-2501Websitewww.city.urasoe.lg.jp
National Theatre Okinawa
Urasoe (浦添市, Urasoe-shi, Okinawan: Urashii) is a city located in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The neighboring municipalities are Naha to the south, Ginowan to the north, and Nishihara to the east. As of February 2024, the city has an estimated population of 115,518 and a population density of 6,051.2 persons per km2. The total area is 19.09 km2.
United States Marine Corps base Camp Kinser is located on the city's coast.
Etymology
The name "Urasoe" is made up of two kanji characters. The first, 浦, means "a coastal area", and the second, 添, means "ruling" or "uniting". The name is a reference to "ruling over many areas".
Geography
Urasoe sits to the south of Okinawa Island. Urasoe is rugged and hilly to the east, and the city slopes gently to the East China Sea in the west. Urasoe, while formerly agricultural, has become heavily urbanized due to its proximity to the prefectural capital of Naha.
Neighboring municipalities
Naha
Ginowan
Nishihara
Transportation
The city is served by Naha Airport and the Okinawa Expressway. Also it has three stations of Okinawa Urban Monorail (Yui Rail): Kyozuka, Urasoe-Maeda and Tedako-Uranishi.
History
Urasoe was the original capital of the Okinawan kingdom of Chūzan for several centuries until it was supplanted by Shuri in the late 14th or early 15th century. Shunten (1166–1237), the first known king of the Chuzan Kingdom, located in the central region of the island of Okinawa, ruled from Urasoe, as did his son and grandson. For much of the 14th century, Urasoe Castle was the largest on the island of Okinawa. The castle now contains the remains of several kings of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
Urasoe was completely razed during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945 at the end of World War II. 45% of the population, 4,117 residents, died during the battle. The village office of Urasoe was re-established in 1946 to conduct basic administrative functions, settle refugees returning to the village, and restore agricultural land. The village saw a significant increase in U.S. military presence in 1950 in the western coast of the village, which eventually became Camp Kinser. The population of Urasoe rapidly from 1956, and the city became a bedroom community of Naha in this period. Urasoe was elevated to city status on July 1, 1970.
Economy
The beer company Orion Breweries has its headquarters in Urasoe.
Diplomatic missions
The U.S. Consulate General for Naha is in Urasoe.
Education
Urasoe city operates public elementary schools and junior high schools, while the Okinawa Prefectural Board of Education operates public high schools.
Prefectural high schools:
Naha Technical High School
Urasoe High School
Urasoe Commercial High School
Urasoe Technical High School
Youmei High School
Municipal junior high schools include:
Kamimori Junior High School (神森中学校)
Minatogawa Junior High School (港川中学校)
Nakanishi Junior High School (仲西中学校)
Uranishi Junior High School (浦西中学校)
Urasoe Junior High School (浦添中学校)
Municipal elementary schools include:
Kamimori Elementary School (神森小学校)
Maeda Elementary School (前田小学校)
Makiminato Elementary School (牧港小学校)
Miyagi Elementary School (宮城小学校)
Nakanishi Elementary School (仲西小学校)
Takushi Elementary School (沢岻小学校)
Toyama Elementary School (当山小学校)
Uchima Elementary School (内間小学校)
Urashiro Elementary School (浦城小学校)
Urasoe Elementary School (浦添小学校)
Private schools:
Junior and Senior High School Affiliated to Showa Pharmaceutical University
The Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) of the United States federal government operates Kinser Elementary School at Camp Kinser.
Notable residents
Urasoe is the hometown of Japanese actress, musician and former idol Yukie Nakama.
References
^ 浦添市の人口 (in Japanese). Urasoe, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan: City of Urasoe. 2012. Retrieved Jan 2, 2013.
^ a b c d "Urasoe City Guide". Urasoe, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan: City of Urasoe. c. 2012. Retrieved Jan 2, 2012.
^ a b c d e f "浦添" . Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 153301537. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
^ "浦添" . Dijitaru Daijisen (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
^ a b c "Urasoe". Encyclopedia of Japan. Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
^ Pearson, Richard. "Archaeological Perspectives on the Rise of the Okinawan State." Journal of Archaeological Research, 9:3. 2001. p270.
^ "会社概要 - オリオンビール." Orion Breweries. Retrieved on November 30, 2009.
^ "Contact Us". Embassy of the United States in Japan. Retrieved 2024-01-09. U.S. Consulate General, Naha 2-1-1 Toyama, Urasoe City, Okinawa, Japan 901-2104 - Japanese address: "郵便番号901-2104 沖縄県浦添市当山２−１−１"
^ a b "小学校通学区域" (PDF). City of Urasoe. Retrieved 2024-01-09. - Linked from here
^ "Contact Us". Kinser Elementary School. Retrieved 2024-01-09. Unit 35037 Camp Kinser FPO, AP 96373-5037 United States
^ "仲間 由紀恵" . JK Who's Who (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2013. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urasoe, Okinawa.
Urasoe City official website (in Japanese)
Geographic data related to Urasoe, Okinawa at OpenStreetMap
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CiNii | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Theater_Okinawa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Okinawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Naha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naha"},{"link_name":"Ginowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginowan"},{"link_name":"Nishihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishihara,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-1"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Camp Kinser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Kinser"}],"text":"City in Kyushu, JapanNational Theatre OkinawaUrasoe (浦添市, Urasoe-shi, Okinawan: Urashii) is a city located in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. 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Camp Kinser.[10]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yukie Nakama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukie_Nakama"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nakama-11"}],"text":"Urasoe is the hometown of Japanese actress, musician and former idol Yukie Nakama.[11]","title":"Notable residents"}] | [{"image_text":"National Theatre Okinawa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/National_Theater_Okinawa.jpg/220px-National_Theater_Okinawa.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"浦添市の人口 [Population of Urasoe] (in Japanese). Urasoe, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan: City of Urasoe. 2012. Retrieved Jan 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city.urasoe.lg.jp/article.php/s20090220183941455","url_text":"浦添市の人口"}]},{"reference":"\"Urasoe City Guide\". Urasoe, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan: City of Urasoe. c. 2012. Retrieved Jan 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city.urasoe.lg.jp/archive/8761234/kokusai/guidebook/contents.html","url_text":"\"Urasoe City Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"浦添\" [Uraose]. Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 153301537. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2013-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"浦添\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/153301537","url_text":"153301537"},{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"浦添\" [Urasoe]. 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Retrieved 2013-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"\"仲間 由紀恵\""},{"url":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Urasoe,_Okinawa¶ms=26_14_45_N_127_43_19_E_region:JP-47_type:city(115518)","external_links_name":"26°14′45″N 127°43′19″E / 26.24583°N 127.72194°E / 26.24583; 127.72194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Urasoe,_Okinawa¶ms=26_14_45_N_127_43_19_E_region:JP-47_type:city(115518)","external_links_name":"26°14′45″N 127°43′19″E / 26.24583°N 127.72194°E / 26.24583; 127.72194"},{"Link":"http://www.city.urasoe.lg.jp/","external_links_name":"www.city.urasoe.lg.jp"},{"Link":"http://www.city.urasoe.lg.jp/article.php/s20090220183941455","external_links_name":"浦添市の人口"},{"Link":"http://www.city.urasoe.lg.jp/archive/8761234/kokusai/guidebook/contents.html","external_links_name":"\"Urasoe City Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","external_links_name":"\"浦添\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/153301537","external_links_name":"153301537"},{"Link":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","external_links_name":"\"浦添\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56431036","external_links_name":"56431036"},{"Link":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","external_links_name":"\"Urasoe\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56431036","external_links_name":"56431036"},{"Link":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.orionbeer.co.jp/company/outline.html","external_links_name":"会社概要 - オリオンビール"},{"Link":"https://jp.usembassy.gov/contact/","external_links_name":"\"Contact Us\""},{"Link":"https://jp.usembassy.gov/ja/contact-us-ja/","external_links_name":"Japanese address"},{"Link":"https://prdurbanosursapp1.blob.core.windows.net/common-article/609e70a23d59ae2434bfd8d4/gakkouku.pdf","external_links_name":"\"小学校通学区域\""},{"Link":"https://www.city.urasoe.lg.jp/faq?articleId=60d313fd64667334e2f69669","external_links_name":"Linked from here"},{"Link":"https://kinseres.dodea.edu/school-contacts","external_links_name":"\"Contact Us\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825113418/http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","external_links_name":"\"仲間 由紀恵\""},{"Link":"http://rekishi.jkn21.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.city.urasoe.lg.jp/","external_links_name":"Urasoe City official website"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/4556096","external_links_name":"Urasoe, Okinawa"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1219055/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/172851448","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139280192","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyX4ctTF4p7qMdGKKqfbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/5324000-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561996705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82041441","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00386820","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/92a3f96a-0561-4dd8-b907-26222d8b79b1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12372862?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_the_Future | Love the Future | ["1 Background","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References","7 External links"] | 2009 studio album by Chester FrenchLove the FutureStudio album by Chester FrenchReleasedApril 21, 2009 (2009-04-21)Recorded2005–2009Genre
Indie pop
futurepop
synth-pop
electronic
Length42:55Label
Star Trak
Interscope
ProducerChester FrenchChester French chronology
Jacques Jams, Vol. 1: Endurance(2008)
Love the Future(2009)
Songs 4 Tngrs(2012)
Singles from Love the Future
"She Loves Everybody"Released: November 18, 2008
Love the Future is the debut album by the band Chester French, which was released on April 21, 2009 under the record label Star Trak Entertainment.
Background
Love the Future was primarily recorded while the duo attended Harvard University; they recorded most of the songs during class and study breaks at a Harvard recording studio. After recording the album, lead vocalist David-Andrew "D.A." Wallach sent the work to several record labels. The band received recording contract offers from Kanye West's GOOD Music, Jermaine Dupri's Island Def Jam Music Group, Pharrell Williams Star Trak Entertainment and several independent record labels; they ended up signing with Star Trak.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicBlenderThe Boston Globe(favorable)Entertainment Weekly(B+)NME(3/10)Okayplayer(75/100)Rolling StoneSpinVibe(favorable)
Love the Future received generally mixed reviews from music critics, receiving an aggregated score of 59 out of 100 on Metacritic. Christopher Muther of The Boston Globe felt that the album was "too wise" and "too catchy" to possibly be the debut of Chester French. He compared the songs to that of the band Fountains of Wayne. Heather Phares of Allmusic called the album "much better" when the duo "tones down the hyperactivity and sticks to making songs with ridiculously ingratiating hooks". Wallach's voice was compared to that of Carl Wilson of The Beach Boys.
Track listing
All songs written and composed by David-Andrew "D.A." Wallach and Maxwell Drummey.
"Introduction" – 1:07
"C'mon (On My Own)" - 3:22
"Bebe Buell" – 3:38
"String Interlude" – 0:57
"The Jimmy Choos" – 3:15
"Time to Unwind" – 1:44
"Fingers" – 4:16
"Country Interlude" – 5:37
"Beneath the Veil" – 2:47
"Neal" – 3:36
"Not Over You" – 4:24
"She Loves Everybody" – 3:59
"Sleep" – 4:13
"Pleasure Squad" – 3:40 (Amazon.com bonus track)
"People" - 3:17 (iTunes bonus track)
Personnel
Jeremiah Alvera – assistant
Matt Antonowicz – trumpet
Kevin Arndt – engineer
Andrew Bergman – bass violin
Julia Boynton – tap soloist
Mike Bozzi – mastering
Mikey Canzonetta – assistant
Damien Chazelle – drum kit
Maxwell Drummey – arranger, guitars, basses, keyboards, drums, percussion, synthesizers, marimba, xylophone, timpani, violin, theremin, programming, background vocals, engineer, producer
Steve Fiascone – cello
Scott Fruhan – background vocals
Jeff Hefler – timpani
Daniel Holter – engineer
Mike Judge – bass, background vocals
Matthew Kan – strings
Clara Kim – strings
Laura Krentzman – strings
Sharan Leventhal – strings
Marissa Lieata – strings
Nick Machen – saxophone
Laura Meyer – tuba
Amy Ng – strings
Barry Oosterwaal – trombone
Neil Pogue – audio mixing
Robin Ryczek – strings
Eric Segnitz – strings
Sopen Shah – strings
Matt Tahaney – engineer
Richard Tremarello – French horn
D.A. Wallach – lead vocals, engineer, producer
Tyler Wood – piano, mixing
Adrien Zitoun – strings
Charts
Chart (2009)
Peakposition
U.S. Billboard 200
77
U.S. Billboard Comprehensive Albums
82
U.S. Billboard Top Digital Albums
19
U.S. Billboard Top Internet Albums
77
References
^ Bradley, Bill (2009-03-10). "Chester French Love the Future out April 21st". Vanity Fair. Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
^ a b Muther, Christopher (2007-07-08). "Retrograds". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ a b Phares, Heather. "Love the Future - Overview". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
^ Maerz, Melissa (2009-04-21). "Love the Future". Blender. Alpha Media Group. Archived from the original on 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ a b Muther, Christopher (2009-04-20). "Chester French, 'Love the Future'". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
^ Wood, Mikael (2009-04-14). "Love the Future - Music Review". Entertainment Weekly. Time. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ Cooper, Leonie (2009-06-02). "Album review: Chester French - 'Love The Future'". NME. Time. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ Steve Hammer, M. (2009-05-07). "Chester French - Love The Future". Okayplayer. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ Hoard, Christian (2009-04-14). "Love the Future: Chester French: Review". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ Dolan, Jon (2009-05-20). "Chester French, 'Love the Future' (Star Trak/Interscope)". Spin. Spin Media. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ Norton, Maiya (2009-04-21). "Chester French: 'Love the Future'". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. Archived from the original on 2009-04-27. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ "Love the Future by Chester French". Metacritic. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ Norton, Maiya (2009-04-21). "Chester French: 'Love the Future'". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. Archived from the original on 2009-04-25. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
^ "Artist Chart History - Chester French - Albums". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
^ "Billboard Comprehensive Albums - Love the Future - Chester French". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ "Top Digital Albums - Love the Future - Chester French". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ "Top Internet Albums - Love the Future - Chester French". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
External links
Love the Future at Metacritic
vteChester FrenchStudio album
Love the Future
Music 4 Tngrs
Mixtape
Jacques Jams, Vol. 1: Endurance
EP
She Loves Everybody (EP)
Single
"She Loves Everybody"
Black Girls
Related articles
Star Trak Entertainment
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chester French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_French"},{"link_name":"Star Trak Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trak_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Love the Future is the debut album by the band Chester French, which was released on April 21, 2009 under the record label Star Trak Entertainment.[1]","title":"Love the Future"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Boston_Globe-2"},{"link_name":"lead vocalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocalist"},{"link_name":"David-Andrew \"D.A.\" Wallach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.A._Wallach"},{"link_name":"recording contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_contract"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"GOOD Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOOD_Music"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Dupri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Dupri"},{"link_name":"Island Def Jam Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Def_Jam_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"},{"link_name":"Star Trak Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trak_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"independent record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Boston_Globe-2"}],"text":"Love the Future was primarily recorded while the duo attended Harvard University; they recorded most of the songs during class and study breaks at a Harvard recording studio.[2] After recording the album, lead vocalist David-Andrew \"D.A.\" Wallach sent the work to several record labels. The band received recording contract offers from Kanye West's GOOD Music, Jermaine Dupri's Island Def Jam Music Group, Pharrell Williams Star Trak Entertainment and several independent record labels; they ended up signing with Star Trak.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music critics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_critic"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"Fountains of Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountains_of_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_review-5"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-3"},{"link_name":"Carl Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilson"},{"link_name":"The Beach Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Love the Future received generally mixed reviews from music critics, receiving an aggregated score of 59 out of 100 on Metacritic.[12] Christopher Muther of The Boston Globe felt that the album was \"too wise\" and \"too catchy\" to possibly be the debut of Chester French. He compared the songs to that of the band Fountains of Wayne.[5] Heather Phares of Allmusic called the album \"much better\" when the duo \"tones down the hyperactivity and sticks to making songs with ridiculously ingratiating hooks\".[3] Wallach's voice was compared to that of Carl Wilson of The Beach Boys.[13]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"She Loves Everybody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Loves_Everybody"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"}],"text":"All songs written and composed by David-Andrew \"D.A.\" Wallach and Maxwell Drummey.\"Introduction\" – 1:07\n\"C'mon (On My Own)\" - 3:22\n\"Bebe Buell\" – 3:38\n\"String Interlude\" – 0:57\n\"The Jimmy Choos\" – 3:15\n\"Time to Unwind\" – 1:44\n\"Fingers\" – 4:16\n\"Country Interlude\" – 5:37\n\"Beneath the Veil\" – 2:47\n\"Neal\" – 3:36\n\"Not Over You\" – 4:24\n\"She Loves Everybody\" – 3:59\n\"Sleep\" – 4:13\n\"Pleasure Squad\" – 3:40 (Amazon.com bonus track)\n\"People\" - 3:17 (iTunes bonus track)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"bass violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_violin"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"Damien Chazelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Chazelle"},{"link_name":"drum kit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"arranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"background vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocalist"},{"link_name":"timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"tuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"audio mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"French horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocalist"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"}],"text":"Jeremiah Alvera – assistant\nMatt Antonowicz – trumpet\nKevin Arndt – engineer\nAndrew Bergman – bass violin\nJulia Boynton – tap soloist\nMike Bozzi – mastering\nMikey Canzonetta – assistant\nDamien Chazelle – drum kit\nMaxwell Drummey – arranger, guitars, basses, keyboards, drums, percussion, synthesizers, marimba, xylophone, timpani, violin, theremin, programming, background vocals, engineer, producer\nSteve Fiascone – cello\nScott Fruhan – background vocals\nJeff Hefler – timpani\nDaniel Holter – engineer\nMike Judge – bass, background vocals\nMatthew Kan – strings\nClara Kim – strings\n\n\nLaura Krentzman – strings\nSharan Leventhal – strings\nMarissa Lieata – strings\nNick Machen – saxophone\nLaura Meyer – tuba\nAmy Ng – strings\nBarry Oosterwaal – trombone\nNeil Pogue – audio mixing\nRobin Ryczek – strings\nEric Segnitz – strings\nSopen Shah – strings\nMatt Tahaney – engineer\nRichard Tremarello – French horn\nD.A. Wallach – lead vocals, engineer, producer\nTyler Wood – piano, mixing\nAdrien Zitoun – strings","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bradley, Bill (2009-03-10). \"Chester French Love the Future out April 21st\". Vanity Fair. Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2009-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090408055209/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/culture/2009/03/10/chester-french-love-the-future-out-april-21.html","url_text":"\"Chester French Love the Future out April 21st\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)","url_text":"Vanity Fair"},{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/online/culture/2009/03/10/chester-french-love-the-future-out-april-21.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Muther, Christopher (2007-07-08). \"Retrograds\". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2009-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2007/07/08/retrograds/","url_text":"\"Retrograds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company","url_text":"The New York Times Company"}]},{"reference":"Phares, Heather. \"Love the Future - Overview\". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1544791","url_text":"\"Love the Future - Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Maerz, Melissa (2009-04-21). \"Love the Future\". Blender. Alpha Media Group. Archived from the original on 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2009-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090522072828/http://www.blender.com/guide/new/77177/love-future.html","url_text":"\"Love the Future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)","url_text":"Blender"},{"url":"http://www.blender.com/guide/new/77177/love-future.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Muther, Christopher (2009-04-20). \"Chester French, 'Love the Future'\". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2009-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2009/04/20/chester_french_love_the_future/","url_text":"\"Chester French, 'Love the Future'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company","url_text":"The New York Times Company"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Mikael (2009-04-14). \"Love the Future - Music Review\". Entertainment Weekly. Time. 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Retrieved 2009-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.okayplayer.com/reviews/may-2009/chester-french-200905077965/","url_text":"\"Chester French - Love The Future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okayplayer","url_text":"Okayplayer"}]},{"reference":"Hoard, Christian (2009-04-14). \"Love the Future: Chester French: Review\". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090417045713/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/27386688/review/27534410/love_the_future","url_text":"\"Love the Future: Chester French: Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jann_Wenner","url_text":"Wenner Media"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/27386688/review/27534410/love_the_future","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dolan, Jon (2009-05-20). \"Chester French, 'Love the Future' (Star Trak/Interscope)\". Spin. Spin Media. Retrieved 2009-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spin.com/reviews/chester-french-love-future-star-trakinterscope","url_text":"\"Chester French, 'Love the Future' (Star Trak/Interscope)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Maiya (2009-04-21). \"Chester French: 'Love the Future'\". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. Archived from the original on 2009-04-27. Retrieved 2009-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090427014302/http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2009/04/chester_french_love_the_future/","url_text":"\"Chester French: 'Love the Future'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)","url_text":"Vibe"},{"url":"http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2009/04/chester_french_love_the_future/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Love the Future by Chester French\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2009-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/chesterfrench/lovethefuture","url_text":"\"Love the Future by Chester French\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Maiya (2009-04-21). \"Chester French: 'Love the Future'\". Vibe. Vibe Media Group. Archived from the original on 2009-04-25. Retrieved 2009-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090425124215/http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2009/04/chester_french_love_the_future/","url_text":"\"Chester French: 'Love the Future'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)","url_text":"Vibe"},{"url":"http://www.vibe.com/music/revolutions/2009/04/chester_french_love_the_future/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Artist Chart History - Chester French - Albums\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Retrieved 2009-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/chester-french/chart-history/","url_text":"\"Artist Chart History - Chester French - Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Company","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Comprehensive Albums - Love the Future - Chester French\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Retrieved 2009-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/chester-french/chart-history/billboard-comprehensive-albums","url_text":"\"Billboard Comprehensive Albums - Love the Future - Chester French\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Digital Albums - Love the Future - Chester French\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Retrieved 2009-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/2009-05-09/digital-albums","url_text":"\"Top Digital Albums - Love the Future - Chester French\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Internet Albums - Love the Future - Chester French\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_spectral_distortions | Cosmic microwave background spectral distortions | ["1 Overview","2 History","3 Thermalisation physics","3.1 Thermalization era","3.2 μ-distortion era","3.3 y-distortion era","3.4 Beyond μ and y distortions","4 Cosmological recombination radiation (CRR)","5 Experimental and observational challenges","6 See also","7 References"] | Fluctuations in the energy spectrum of the microwave background
CMB spectral distortions are tiny departures of the average cosmic microwave background (CMB) frequency spectrum from the predictions given by a perfect black body. They can be produced by a number of standard and non-standard processes occurring at the early stages of cosmic history, and therefore allow us to probe the standard picture of cosmology. Importantly, the CMB frequency spectrum and its distortions should not be confused with the CMB anisotropy power spectrum, which relates to spatial fluctuations of the CMB temperature in different directions of the sky.
Spectral distortions at different cosmological epochs. At very early times, with redshift
z
>
2
×
10
6
{\displaystyle z>2\times 10^{6}}
, any injection of energy emerges as a temperature shift in the black body. As the age of the Universe increases, the processes that lead to thermalization of CMB distortions to a blackbody become less efficient (bremsstrahlung and double Compton scattering when
z
<
10
6
{\displaystyle z<10^{6}}
, Compton scattering when
z
<
10
4
{\displaystyle z<10^{4}}
). The spectral distortions also interplay with distinguished epochs of cosmic history such as reionization, recombination and Big Bang nucleosynthesis as shown. Specifically, during the recombination epoch (
∼
300
,
000
{\displaystyle \sim 300,000}
years after the Big Bang), the cosmological recombination lines are imprinted on the CMB as a result of non-equilibrium atomic processes during that era
Overview
The energy spectrum of the CMB is extremely close to that of a perfect blackbody with a temperature of
2.7255
K
{\displaystyle 2.7255K}
. This is expected because in the early Universe matter and radiation are in thermal equilibrium. However, at redshifts
z
<
2
×
10
6
{\displaystyle z<2\times 10^{6}}
, several mechanisms, both standard and non-standard, can modify the CMB spectrum and introduce departures from a blackbody spectrum. These departures are commonly referred to as CMB spectral distortions and mostly concern the average CMB spectrum across the full sky (i.e., the CMB monopole spectrum).
Spectral distortions are created by processes that drive matter and radiation out of equilibrium. One important scenario relates to spectral distortions from early energy injection, for instance, by decaying particles, primordial black hole evaporation or the dissipation of acoustic waves set up by inflation. In this process, the baryons heat up and transfer some of their excess energy to the ambient CMB photon bath via Compton scattering. Depending on the moment of injection, this causes a distortion, which can be characterized using so-called
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
- and
y
{\displaystyle y}
-type distortion spectra. The dimensionless
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
and
y
{\displaystyle y}
-parameters are a measure for the total amount of energy that was injected into the CMB. CMB spectral distortions therefore provide a powerful probe of early-universe physics and even deliver crude estimates for the epoch at which the injection occurred.
The current best observational limits set in the 1990s by COBE-satellite/FIRAS-instrument (COBE/FIRAS) are
|
μ
|
<
9
×
10
−
5
{\displaystyle |\mu |<9\times 10^{-5}}
and
|
y
|
<
1.5
×
10
−
5
{\displaystyle |y|<1.5\times 10^{-5}}
at 95% confidence level. Within
Λ
{\displaystyle \Lambda }
CDM we expect
μ
∼
2
×
10
−
8
{\displaystyle \mu \sim 2\times 10^{-8}}
and
y
∼
f
e
w
×
10
−
6
{\displaystyle y\sim {\rm {few}}\times 10^{-6}}
, signals that have come into reach of current-day technology (see § Experimental and observational challenges). Richer distortion signals, going beyond the classical
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
and
y
{\displaystyle y}
distortions, can be created by photon injection processes, relativistic electron distributions and during the gradual transition between the
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
and
y
{\displaystyle y}
-distortion eras. The cosmological recombination radiation (CRR) is a prime example within
Λ
{\displaystyle \Lambda }
CDM that is created by photon injection from the recombining hydrogen and helium plasma around redshifts of
z
∼
10
3
−
10
4
{\displaystyle z\sim 10^{3}-10^{4}}
.
History
The first considerations of spectral distortions to the CMB go back to the early days of CMB cosmology starting with the seminal papers of Yakov B. Zeldovich and Rashid Sunyaev in 1969 and 1970. These works appeared just a few years after the first detection of the CMB by Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson and its interpretation as the echo of the Big Bang by Robert H. Dicke and his team in 1965. These findings constitute one of the most important pillars of Big Bang cosmology, which predicts the blackbody nature of the CMB. However, as shown by Zeldovich and Sunyaev, energy exchange with moving electrons can cause spectral distortions.
The pioneering analytical studies of Zeldovich and Sunyaev were later complemented by the numerical investigations of Illarionov and Sunyaev in the 1970s. These treated the thermalization problem including Compton scattering and the Bremsstrahlung process for a single release of energy. In 1982, the importance of double Compton emission as a source of photons at high redshifts was recognized by Danese and de Zotti. Modern considerations of CMB spectral distortions started with the works of Burigana, Danese and de Zotti and Hu, Silk and Scott in the early 1990s.
After COBE/FIRAS provided stringent limits on the CMB spectrum, essentially ruling out distortions at the level
Δ
I
I
∼
10
−
5
−
10
−
4
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\Delta I}{I}}\sim 10^{-5}-10^{-4}}
, the interest in CMB spectral distortions decreased. In 2011, PIXIE was proposed to NASA as a mid-Ex satellite mission, providing first strong motivation to revisit the theory of spectral distortions. Although no successor of COBE/FIRAS has been funded so far, this led to a renaissance of CMB spectral distortions with numerous theoretical studies and the design of novel experimental concepts
The spectral distortion in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) looks different depending on the moment in the universe's history where this black body was modified. At very early times where
z
>
10
6
{\displaystyle z>10^{6}}
, any injection of energy emerges as a temperature shift in the black body. If the energy injection is later (still very early in the Universe's history), we see the shape of the
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
- distortion, whereas we can see a sharper fluctuation at later times, associated with
y
{\displaystyle y}
-distortion. Here some energy is injected into the CMB at time defined by the redshift
z
h
{\displaystyle z_{h}}
with the resultant distortion being plotted.
Thermalisation physics
In the cosmological 'thermalization problem', three main eras are distinguished: the thermalization or temperature-era, the
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
-era and the
y
{\displaystyle y}
-era, each with slightly different physical conditions due to the change in the density and temperature of particles caused by the Hubble expansion.
Thermalization era
In the very early stages of cosmic history (up until a few months after the Big Bang), photons and baryons are efficiently coupled by scattering processes and, therefore, are in full thermodynamic equilibrium. Energy that is injected into the medium is rapidly redistributed among the photons, mainly by Compton scattering, while the photon number density is adjusted by photon non-conserving processes, such as double Compton and thermal Bremsstrahlung. This allows the photon field to quickly relax back to a Planckian distribution, even if for a very short phase a spectral distortion appears. Observations today cannot tell the difference in this case, as there is no independent cosmological prediction for the CMB monopole temperature. This regime is frequently referred to as the thermalization or temperature era and ends at redshift
z
∼
2
×
10
6
{\displaystyle z\sim 2\times 10^{6}}
.
μ-distortion era
At redshifts between
5
×
10
4
{\displaystyle 5\times 10^{4}}
and
2
×
10
6
{\displaystyle 2\times 10^{6}}
, efficient energy exchange through Compton scattering continues to establish kinetic equilibrium between matter and radiation, but photon number changing processes stop being efficient. Since the photon number density is conserved but the energy density is modified, photons gain an effective non-zero chemical potential, acquiring a Bose-Einstein distribution. This distinct type of distortion is called
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
-distortion after the chemical potential known from standard thermodynamics. The value for the chemical potential can be estimated by combining the photon energy density and number density constraints from before and after the energy injection. This yields the well-known expression,
μ
∼
1.4
Δ
ρ
ρ
,
{\displaystyle \mu \sim 1.4\;{\frac {\Delta \rho }{\rho }},}
where
Δ
ρ
ρ
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\Delta \rho }{\rho }}}
determines the total energy that is injected into the CMB photon field. With respect to the equilibrium blackbody spectrum, the
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
-distortion is characterized by a deficit of photons at low frequencies and an increment at high frequencies. The distortion changes sign at a frequency of
ν
∼
130
G
H
z
{\displaystyle \nu \sim 130{\rm {GHz}}}
, allowing us to distinguish it observationally from the
y
{\displaystyle y}
-type distortion.
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
-distortion signals can be created by decaying particles, evaporating primordial black holes, primordial magnetic fields and other non-standard physics examples. Within
Λ
{\displaystyle \Lambda }
CDM cosmology, the adiabatic cooling of matter and dissipation of acoustic waves set up by inflation cause a
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
-distortion with
μ
∼
2
×
10
−
8
{\displaystyle \mu \sim 2\times 10^{-8}}
. This signal can be used as a powerful test for inflation, as it is sensitive to the amplitude of density fluctuations at scales corresponding to physical scales of
λ
∼
0.6
k
p
c
{\displaystyle \lambda \sim 0.6\,{\rm {kpc}}}
(i.e., dwarf galaxies). By combining COBE’s measurements of the large-scale CMB anisotropies with the
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
-distortion constraint, the first limits on the small-scale power spectrum could be obtained well-before direct measurements became possible
y-distortion era
At redshifts
z
≲
5
×
10
4
{\displaystyle z\lesssim 5\times 10^{4}}
, also Compton scattering becomes inefficient. The plasma has a temperature of
T
<
10
5
K
{\displaystyle T<10^{5}{\rm {K}}}
, such that CMB photons are boosted via non-relativistic Compton scattering, giving rise to a
y
{\displaystyle y}
-distortion. Again, by considering the total energetics of the problem and using photon number conservation, one can obtain the estimate
y
∼
1
4
Δ
ρ
ρ
.
{\displaystyle y\sim {\frac {1}{4}}\;{\frac {\Delta \rho }{\rho }}.}
The name for the
y
{\displaystyle y}
-distortion simply stems from the choice of dimensionless variables in the seminal paper of Zeldovich and Sunyaev, 1969. There, the energy injection caused by the hot electrons residing inside clusters of galaxies was considered and the associated effect is more commonly referred to as the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect.
Like for the
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
-distortion, in principle many non-standard physics examples can cause
y
{\displaystyle y}
-type distortions. However, the largest contribution to the all-sky
y
{\displaystyle y}
-distortion stems from the cumulative cluster SZ signal, which provides a way to constrain the amount of hot gas in the Universe. While at
z
<
10
4
{\displaystyle z<10^{4}}
, the cosmic plasma on average has a low temperature, electrons inside galaxy clusters can reach temperatures of a few keV. In this case, the scattering electrons can have speeds of
v
∼
0.1
c
{\displaystyle v\sim 0.1c}
, such that relativistic corrections to the Compton process become relevant. These relativistic corrections carry information of electron temperatures which can be used as a measure for the cluster energetics.
Beyond μ and y distortions
The classical studies mainly considered energy release (i.e., heating) as a source of distortions. However, recent work has shown that richer signals can be created by direct photon injection and non-thermal electron populations, both processes that appear in connection with decaying or annihilating particles. Similarly, it was demonstrated that the transition between the
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
and
y
{\displaystyle y}
-eras is more gradual and that the distortion shape is not simply given by a sum of
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
- and
y
{\displaystyle y}
. All these effects could allow us to differentiate observationally between a wide range of scenarios, as additional time-dependent information can be extracted.
Cosmological recombination radiation (CRR)
About 280,000 years after the Big Bang, electrons and protons became bound into electrically neutral atoms as the Universe expanded. In cosmology, this is known as recombination and preludes the decoupling of the CMB photons from matter before they free stream throughout the Universe around 380,000 years after the Big Bang. Within the energy levels of hydrogen and helium atoms, various interactions take place, both collisional and radiative. The line emission arising from these processes is injected into the CMB, showing as small distortions to the CMB blackbody commonly referred to as the cosmological recombination radiation (CRR). The specific spectral shape of this distortion is directly related to the redshift at which this emission takes place, freezing the distortion in time over the microwave frequency bands. Since the distortion signal arises from the hydrogen and two helium recombination eras, this gives us a unique probe of the pre-recombination Universe that allows us to peek behind the last scattering surface that we observe using the CMB anisotropies. It gives us a unique way to constrain the primordial amount of helium in the early Universe, before recombination, and measure the early expansion rate.
Experimental and observational challenges
The expected Lambda-CDM (LCDM) distortion signals are small – The largest distortion, arising from the cumulative flux of all hot gas in the Universe, has an amplitude that is about one order of magnitude below the limits of COBE/FIRAS. While this is considered to be an ‘easy’ target, the cosmological recombination radiation (CRR), as the smallest expected signal, has an amplitude that is another factor of
10
3
{\displaystyle 10^{3}}
smaller. All LCDM distortions are furthermore obscured by large Galactic and extragalactic foreground emissions (e.g., dust, synchrotron and free-free emission, cosmic infrared background), and for observations from the ground or balloons, atmospheric emission poses another hurdle to overcome.
A detection of the LCDM distortions therefore requires novel experimental approaches that provide unprecedented sensitivity, spectral coverage, control of systematics and the capabilities to accurately remove foregrounds. Building on the design of FIRAS and experience with ARCADE, this has led to several spectrometer concepts to observe from space (PIXIE, PRISM, PRISTINE, SuperPIXIE and Voyage2050), balloon (BISOU) and the ground (APSERa and Cosmo at Dome-C, TMS at Teide Observatory). These are all designed to reach important milestones towards a detection of CMB distortions. As an ultimate frontier, a full characterization and exploitation of the cosmological recombination signal could be achieved by using a coordinated international experimental campaign, potentially including an observatory on the moon
In June 2021, the European Space Agency unveiled its plans for the future L-class missions as part of Voyage 2050 with a chance for `high precision spectroscopy` for the new early universe part of their strategy, opening the door for spectral distortions telescopes for the future.
See also
Bremsstrahlung
Compton scattering
Cosmic Background Explorer
Cosmic Background Imager
Cosmic microwave background
Cosmological perturbation theory – theory by which the evolution of structure is understood in the big bang modelPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Degree Angular Scale Interferometer
European Space Agency Science Programme
Gravitational wave background – Random background of gravitational waves permeating the Universe
List of cosmic microwave background experiments
Observational cosmology – Study of the origin of the universe (structure and evolution)
Primordial fluctuations
Recombination (cosmology)
Sachs–Wolfe effect
Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect
Redshift-space distortions
References
^ McKee, Maggie (30 June 2015). "Why the Big Bang's Light May Have a Tilt". Quanta. Simons Foundation. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ a b c Chluba, J.; et al. (2021). "New Horizons in Cosmology with Spectral Distortions of the Cosmic Microwave Background". Voyage 2050 Proposals. 51 (3): 1515–1554. arXiv:1909.01593. Bibcode:2021ExA....51.1515C. doi:10.1007/s10686-021-09729-5. S2CID 202539910.
^ Mather, J.C.; et al. (1994). "Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum by the COBE FIRAS Instrument". The Astrophysical Journal. 420: 439. Bibcode:1994ApJ...420..439M. doi:10.1086/173574.
^ Fixsen, D.J.; et al. (1996). "The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum from the Full COBE FIRAS Data Set". The Astrophysical Journal. 473 (2): 576. arXiv:astro-ph/9605054. Bibcode:1996ApJ...473..576F. doi:10.1086/178173. S2CID 18615251.
^ Sunyaev, R. A.; Zeldovich, Ya. B. (1969). "Distortions of the Background Radiation Spectrum". Nature. 223 (5207): 721. Bibcode:1969Natur.223..721S. doi:10.1038/223721a0. S2CID 4279379.
^ Dicke, R. H.; et al. (1965). "Cosmic Black-Body Radiation". The Astrophysical Journal. 142: 414. Bibcode:1965ApJ...142..414D. doi:10.1086/148306.
^ Penzias, A.A.; R. W. Wilson (July 1965). "A Measurement Of Excess Antenna Temperature At 4080 Mc/s". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 142: 419–421. Bibcode:1965ApJ...142..419P. doi:10.1086/148307.
^ a b Kogut, A.; et al. (2011). "The Primordial Inflation Explorer (PIXIE): a nulling polarimeter for cosmic microwave background observations". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2011 (7): 25. arXiv:1105.2044. Bibcode:2011JCAP...07..025K. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2011/07/025. S2CID 119188059.
^ Kogut, A.; et al. (2020). "CMB Spectral Distortions: Status and Prospects" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 51 (7). Astro 2020 White Paper: 113. arXiv:1907.13195. Bibcode:2019BAAS...51g.113K.
^ In the language of cosmologists, the term "baryons" includes the electrons even if the latter are leptons in particle physics
^ One exception is when energy release occurs in a narrow window after the era of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis but before the
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
-era. In this case one can in principle use measurements of the light element abundances to deduce an independent CMB monopole measurement. By combining the two, a constraint on the energy release can be derived
^ The
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
-parameter is normalized to the electron temperature, which makes it dimensionless, and it has the opposite sign convention
^ Sunyaev, R. A.; Zeldovich, Ya. B. (1970). "Small-Scale Fluctuations of Relic Radiation". Astrophysics and Space Science. 7 (1): 3. Bibcode:1970Ap&SS...7....3S. doi:10.1007/BF00653471. S2CID 117050217.
^ Hu, Wayne; et al. (1994). "Power spectrum constraints from spectral distortions in the cosmic microwave background". The Astrophysical Journal. 430: L5. arXiv:astro-ph/9402045. Bibcode:1994ApJ...430L...5H. doi:10.1086/187424. S2CID 16628087.
^ a b Zeldovich, Ya. B.; Sunyaev, R. A. (1969). "The Interaction of Matter and Radiation in a Hot-Model Universe". Astrophysics and Space Science. 4 (3): 301. Bibcode:1969Ap&SS...4..301Z. doi:10.1007/BF00661821. S2CID 118207102.
^ Hill, J. C. (2015). "The Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect and Large-Scale Structure". arXiv:1510.06237. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Silk, J. (2020). "The limits of cosmology: role of the Moon". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 379 (2188). arXiv:2011.04671. doi:10.1098/rsta.2019.0561. PMID 33222642. S2CID 226289839.
^ ESA (11 June 2021). "Voyage 2050 sets sail: ESA chooses future science mission themes" (Press release). Retrieved 7 July 2021.
Portals: Physics Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Science | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cosmic microwave background (CMB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background"},{"link_name":"frequency spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_energy_distribution"},{"link_name":"black body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body"},{"link_name":"cosmic history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_history"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SD-epochs.pdf"},{"link_name":"reionization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reionization"},{"link_name":"recombination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)"},{"link_name":"Big Bang nucleosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Voyage2050-2"}],"text":"CMB spectral distortions are tiny departures of the average cosmic microwave background (CMB) frequency spectrum from the predictions given by a perfect black body. They can be produced by a number of standard and non-standard processes occurring at the early stages of cosmic history, and therefore allow us to probe the standard picture of cosmology. Importantly, the CMB frequency spectrum and its distortions should not be confused with the CMB anisotropy power spectrum, which relates to spatial fluctuations of the CMB temperature in different directions of the sky.[1]Spectral distortions at different cosmological epochs. At very early times, with redshift \n \n \n \n z\n >\n 2\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z>2\\times 10^{6}}\n \n, any injection of energy emerges as a temperature shift in the black body. As the age of the Universe increases, the processes that lead to thermalization of CMB distortions to a blackbody become less efficient (bremsstrahlung and double Compton scattering when \n \n \n \n z\n <\n \n 10\n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z<10^{6}}\n \n, Compton scattering when \n \n \n \n z\n <\n \n 10\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z<10^{4}}\n \n). The spectral distortions also interplay with distinguished epochs of cosmic history such as reionization, recombination and Big Bang nucleosynthesis as shown. Specifically, during the recombination epoch (\n \n \n \n ∼\n 300\n ,\n 000\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sim 300,000}\n \n years after the Big Bang), the cosmological recombination lines are imprinted on the CMB as a result of non-equilibrium atomic processes during that era [2]","title":"Cosmic microwave background spectral distortions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"thermal equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"redshifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift"},{"link_name":"Compton scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_scattering"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"COBE-satellite/FIRAS-instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer"},{"link_name":"§ Experimental and observational challenges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Experimental_and_observational_challenges"},{"link_name":"Λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda }\n \nCDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model"},{"link_name":"plasma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)"}],"text":"The energy spectrum of the CMB is extremely close to that of a perfect blackbody with a temperature of \n \n \n \n 2.7255\n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2.7255K}\n \n.[3][4] This is expected because in the early Universe matter and radiation are in thermal equilibrium. However, at redshifts \n \n \n \n z\n <\n 2\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z<2\\times 10^{6}}\n \n, several mechanisms, both standard and non-standard, can modify the CMB spectrum and introduce departures from a blackbody spectrum. These departures are commonly referred to as CMB spectral distortions and mostly concern the average CMB spectrum across the full sky (i.e., the CMB monopole spectrum).Spectral distortions are created by processes that drive matter and radiation out of equilibrium. One important scenario relates to spectral distortions from early energy injection, for instance, by decaying particles, primordial black hole evaporation or the dissipation of acoustic waves set up by inflation. In this process, the baryons heat up and transfer some of their excess energy to the ambient CMB photon bath via Compton scattering. Depending on the moment of injection, this causes a distortion, which can be characterized using so-called \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n- and \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n-type distortion spectra. The dimensionless \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n and \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n-parameters are a measure for the total amount of energy that was injected into the CMB. CMB spectral distortions therefore provide a powerful probe of early-universe physics and even deliver crude estimates for the epoch at which the injection occurred.[5]The current best observational limits set in the 1990s by COBE-satellite/FIRAS-instrument (COBE/FIRAS) are \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n μ\n \n |\n \n <\n 9\n ×\n \n 10\n \n −\n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\mu |<9\\times 10^{-5}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n y\n \n |\n \n <\n 1.5\n ×\n \n 10\n \n −\n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |y|<1.5\\times 10^{-5}}\n \n at 95% confidence level. Within \n \n \n \n Λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda }\n \nCDM we expect \n \n \n \n μ\n ∼\n 2\n ×\n \n 10\n \n −\n 8\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu \\sim 2\\times 10^{-8}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n y\n ∼\n \n \n f\n e\n w\n \n \n ×\n \n 10\n \n −\n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y\\sim {\\rm {few}}\\times 10^{-6}}\n \n, signals that have come into reach of current-day technology (see § Experimental and observational challenges). Richer distortion signals, going beyond the classical \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n and \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n distortions, can be created by photon injection processes, relativistic electron distributions and during the gradual transition between the \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n and \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n-distortion eras. The cosmological recombination radiation (CRR) is a prime example within \n \n \n \n Λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda }\n \nCDM that is created by photon injection from the recombining hydrogen and helium plasma around redshifts of \n \n \n \n z\n ∼\n \n 10\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n \n 10\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z\\sim 10^{3}-10^{4}}\n \n.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yakov B. Zeldovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich"},{"link_name":"Rashid Sunyaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev"},{"link_name":"Arno Allan Penzias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias"},{"link_name":"Robert Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"Robert H. Dicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bremsstrahlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung"},{"link_name":"double Compton emission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_Compton_scattering&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIXIE-8"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spectral_distortions_in_the_early_universe_new.gif"}],"text":"The first considerations of spectral distortions to the CMB go back to the early days of CMB cosmology starting with the seminal papers of Yakov B. Zeldovich and Rashid Sunyaev in 1969 and 1970. These works appeared just a few years after the first detection of the CMB by Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson and its interpretation as the echo of the Big Bang by Robert H. Dicke and his team in 1965.[6][7] These findings constitute one of the most important pillars of Big Bang cosmology, which predicts the blackbody nature of the CMB. However, as shown by Zeldovich and Sunyaev, energy exchange with moving electrons can cause spectral distortions.The pioneering analytical studies of Zeldovich and Sunyaev were later complemented by the numerical investigations of Illarionov and Sunyaev in the 1970s. These treated the thermalization problem including Compton scattering and the Bremsstrahlung process for a single release of energy. In 1982, the importance of double Compton emission as a source of photons at high redshifts was recognized by Danese and de Zotti. Modern considerations of CMB spectral distortions started with the works of Burigana, Danese and de Zotti and Hu, Silk and Scott in the early 1990s.After COBE/FIRAS provided stringent limits on the CMB spectrum, essentially ruling out distortions at the level \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n I\n \n I\n \n \n \n ∼\n \n 10\n \n −\n 5\n \n \n −\n \n 10\n \n −\n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {\\Delta I}{I}}\\sim 10^{-5}-10^{-4}}\n \n, the interest in CMB spectral distortions decreased. In 2011, PIXIE[8] was proposed to NASA as a mid-Ex satellite mission, providing first strong motivation to revisit the theory of spectral distortions. Although no successor of COBE/FIRAS has been funded so far, this led to a renaissance of CMB spectral distortions with numerous theoretical studies and the design of novel experimental concepts [9]The spectral distortion in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) looks different depending on the moment in the universe's history where this black body was modified. At very early times where \n \n \n \n z\n >\n \n 10\n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z>10^{6}}\n \n, any injection of energy emerges as a temperature shift in the black body. If the energy injection is later (still very early in the Universe's history), we see the shape of the \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n- distortion, whereas we can see a sharper fluctuation at later times, associated with \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n-distortion. Here some energy is injected into the CMB at time defined by the redshift \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z_{h}}\n \n with the resultant distortion being plotted.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the cosmological 'thermalization problem', three main eras are distinguished: the thermalization or temperature-era, the \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n-era and the \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n-era, each with slightly different physical conditions due to the change in the density and temperature of particles caused by the Hubble expansion.","title":"Thermalisation physics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Planckian distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planckian_distribution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Thermalization era","text":"In the very early stages of cosmic history (up until a few months after the Big Bang), photons and baryons[10] are efficiently coupled by scattering processes and, therefore, are in full thermodynamic equilibrium. Energy that is injected into the medium is rapidly redistributed among the photons, mainly by Compton scattering, while the photon number density is adjusted by photon non-conserving processes, such as double Compton and thermal Bremsstrahlung. This allows the photon field to quickly relax back to a Planckian distribution, even if for a very short phase a spectral distortion appears. Observations today cannot tell the difference in this case, as there is no independent cosmological prediction for the CMB monopole temperature.[11] This regime is frequently referred to as the thermalization or temperature era and ends at redshift \n \n \n \n z\n ∼\n 2\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z\\sim 2\\times 10^{6}}\n \n.","title":"Thermalisation physics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bose-Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"μ-distortion era","text":"At redshifts between \n \n \n \n 5\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 5\\times 10^{4}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n 2\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\times 10^{6}}\n \n, efficient energy exchange through Compton scattering continues to establish kinetic equilibrium between matter and radiation, but photon number changing processes stop being efficient. Since the photon number density is conserved but the energy density is modified, photons gain an effective non-zero chemical potential, acquiring a Bose-Einstein distribution. This distinct type of distortion is called \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n-distortion after the chemical potential known from standard thermodynamics.[12] The value for the chemical potential can be estimated by combining the photon energy density and number density constraints from before and after the energy injection. This yields the well-known expression,[13]μ\n ∼\n 1.4\n \n \n \n \n Δ\n ρ\n \n ρ\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu \\sim 1.4\\;{\\frac {\\Delta \\rho }{\\rho }},}Δ\n ρ\n \n ρ\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {\\Delta \\rho }{\\rho }}}μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }ν\n ∼\n 130\n \n \n G\n H\n z\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu \\sim 130{\\rm {GHz}}}y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n-distortion signals can be created by decaying particles, evaporating primordial black holes, primordial magnetic fields and other non-standard physics examples. Within \n \n \n \n Λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda }\n \nCDM cosmology, the adiabatic cooling of matter and dissipation of acoustic waves set up by inflation cause a \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n-distortion with \n \n \n \n μ\n ∼\n 2\n ×\n \n 10\n \n −\n 8\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu \\sim 2\\times 10^{-8}}\n \n. This signal can be used as a powerful test for inflation, as it is sensitive to the amplitude of density fluctuations at scales corresponding to physical scales of \n \n \n \n λ\n ∼\n 0.6\n \n \n \n k\n p\n c\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda \\sim 0.6\\,{\\rm {kpc}}}\n \n (i.e., dwarf galaxies). By combining COBE’s measurements of the large-scale CMB anisotropies with the \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n-distortion constraint, the first limits on the small-scale power spectrum could be obtained well-before direct measurements became possible [14]","title":"Thermalisation physics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZS69-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZS69-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"y-distortion era","text":"At redshifts \n \n \n \n z\n ≲\n 5\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z\\lesssim 5\\times 10^{4}}\n \n, also Compton scattering becomes inefficient. The plasma has a temperature of \n \n \n \n T\n <\n \n 10\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T<10^{5}{\\rm {K}}}\n \n, such that CMB photons are boosted via non-relativistic Compton scattering, giving rise to a \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n-distortion. Again, by considering the total energetics of the problem and using photon number conservation, one can obtain the estimate[15]y\n ∼\n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Δ\n ρ\n \n ρ\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y\\sim {\\frac {1}{4}}\\;{\\frac {\\Delta \\rho }{\\rho }}.}y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}[15]Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effectμ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}z\n <\n \n 10\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z<10^{4}}v\n ∼\n 0.1\n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v\\sim 0.1c}[16]","title":"Thermalisation physics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"energy release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerma_(physics)"}],"sub_title":"Beyond μ and y distortions","text":"The classical studies mainly considered energy release (i.e., heating) as a source of distortions. However, recent work has shown that richer signals can be created by direct photon injection and non-thermal electron populations, both processes that appear in connection with decaying or annihilating particles. Similarly, it was demonstrated that the transition between the \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n and \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n-eras is more gradual and that the distortion shape is not simply given by a sum of \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n- and \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n. All these effects could allow us to differentiate observationally between a wide range of scenarios, as additional time-dependent information can be extracted.","title":"Thermalisation physics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decoupling of the CMB photons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoupling_(cosmology)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Voyage2050-2"}],"text":"About 280,000 years after the Big Bang, electrons and protons became bound into electrically neutral atoms as the Universe expanded. In cosmology, this is known as recombination and preludes the decoupling of the CMB photons from matter before they free stream throughout the Universe around 380,000 years after the Big Bang. Within the energy levels of hydrogen and helium atoms, various interactions take place, both collisional and radiative. The line emission arising from these processes is injected into the CMB, showing as small distortions to the CMB blackbody commonly referred to as the cosmological recombination radiation (CRR). The specific spectral shape of this distortion is directly related to the redshift at which this emission takes place, freezing the distortion in time over the microwave frequency bands. Since the distortion signal arises from the hydrogen and two helium recombination eras, this gives us a unique probe of the pre-recombination Universe that allows us to peek behind the last scattering surface that we observe using the CMB anisotropies.[2] It gives us a unique way to constrain the primordial amount of helium in the early Universe, before recombination, and measure the early expansion rate.","title":"Cosmological recombination radiation (CRR)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lambda-CDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model"},{"link_name":"ARCADE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCADE"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PIXIE-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Voyage2050-2"},{"link_name":"Teide Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teide_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The expected Lambda-CDM (LCDM) distortion signals are small – The largest distortion, arising from the cumulative flux of all hot gas in the Universe, has an amplitude that is about one order of magnitude below the limits of COBE/FIRAS. While this is considered to be an ‘easy’ target, the cosmological recombination radiation (CRR), as the smallest expected signal, has an amplitude that is another factor of \n \n \n \n \n 10\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 10^{3}}\n \n smaller. All LCDM distortions are furthermore obscured by large Galactic and extragalactic foreground emissions (e.g., dust, synchrotron and free-free emission, cosmic infrared background), and for observations from the ground or balloons, atmospheric emission poses another hurdle to overcome.A detection of the LCDM distortions therefore requires novel experimental approaches that provide unprecedented sensitivity, spectral coverage, control of systematics and the capabilities to accurately remove foregrounds. Building on the design of FIRAS and experience with ARCADE, this has led to several spectrometer concepts to observe from space (PIXIE, PRISM, PRISTINE, SuperPIXIE and Voyage2050),[8][2] balloon (BISOU) and the ground (APSERa and Cosmo at Dome-C, TMS at Teide Observatory). These are all designed to reach important milestones towards a detection of CMB distortions. As an ultimate frontier, a full characterization and exploitation of the cosmological recombination signal could be achieved by using a coordinated international experimental campaign, potentially including an observatory on the moon [17]In June 2021, the European Space Agency unveiled its plans for the future L-class missions as part of Voyage 2050 with a chance for `high precision spectroscopy` for the new early universe part of their strategy, opening the door for spectral distortions telescopes for the future.[18]","title":"Experimental and observational challenges"}] | [{"image_text":"Spectral distortions at different cosmological epochs. At very early times, with redshift \n \n \n \n z\n >\n 2\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z>2\\times 10^{6}}\n \n, any injection of energy emerges as a temperature shift in the black body. As the age of the Universe increases, the processes that lead to thermalization of CMB distortions to a blackbody become less efficient (bremsstrahlung and double Compton scattering when \n \n \n \n z\n <\n \n 10\n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z<10^{6}}\n \n, Compton scattering when \n \n \n \n z\n <\n \n 10\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z<10^{4}}\n \n). The spectral distortions also interplay with distinguished epochs of cosmic history such as reionization, recombination and Big Bang nucleosynthesis as shown. Specifically, during the recombination epoch (\n \n \n \n ∼\n 300\n ,\n 000\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sim 300,000}\n \n years after the Big Bang), the cosmological recombination lines are imprinted on the CMB as a result of non-equilibrium atomic processes during that era [2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/SD-epochs.pdf/page1-550px-SD-epochs.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"The spectral distortion in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) looks different depending on the moment in the universe's history where this black body was modified. At very early times where \n \n \n \n z\n >\n \n 10\n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z>10^{6}}\n \n, any injection of energy emerges as a temperature shift in the black body. If the energy injection is later (still very early in the Universe's history), we see the shape of the \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n- distortion, whereas we can see a sharper fluctuation at later times, associated with \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n-distortion. Here some energy is injected into the CMB at time defined by the redshift \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle z_{h}}\n \n with the resultant distortion being plotted.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Spectral_distortions_in_the_early_universe_new.gif/440px-Spectral_distortions_in_the_early_universe_new.gif"}] | [{"title":"Bremsstrahlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung"},{"title":"Compton scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_scattering"},{"title":"Cosmic Background Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer"},{"title":"Cosmic Background Imager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Imager"},{"title":"Cosmic microwave background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background"},{"title":"Cosmological perturbation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_perturbation_theory"},{"title":"Degree Angular Scale Interferometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_Angular_Scale_Interferometer"},{"title":"European Space Agency Science Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme"},{"title":"Gravitational wave background","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background"},{"title":"List of cosmic microwave background experiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmic_microwave_background_experiments"},{"title":"Observational cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_cosmology"},{"title":"Primordial fluctuations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_fluctuations"},{"title":"Recombination (cosmology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)"},{"title":"Sachs–Wolfe effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachs%E2%80%93Wolfe_effect"},{"title":"Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyaev%E2%80%93Zeldovich_effect"},{"title":"Redshift-space distortions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift-space_distortions"}] | [{"reference":"McKee, Maggie (30 June 2015). \"Why the Big Bang's Light May Have a Tilt\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simona_Levi | Simona Levi | ["1 Artistic career","2 Activism","3 Political career","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Simona LeviBorn( 1966-07-23)July 23, 1966Torino, ItalyNationalitySpanishKnown forActivism, Performing arts
Simona Levi is a theatre director, playwright, activist, technopolitical strategist, cultural manager and curator, and lecturer. Born in Italy and with Spanish nationality, she has been living in Barcelona, Spain, since 1990. She is an activist in the field of freedom of expression and information, digital rights, the free flow of culture and knowledge, strategic use of digital tools for collective action, institutional accountability, protection of whistleblowers and the fight against corruption and disinformation. She has also participated in movements in defence of the right to housing and use of public space.
She is one of the founders of Xnet, the Free Culture Forum, the anticorruption movement 15MpaRato, and the Citizens Group against Corruption at both Catalan and Spanish levels.
Simona Levi is coauthor of #FakeYou, Fake news and disinformation - Governments, political parties, mass media, corporations, big fortunes: monopolies of information manipulation and cuts to freedom of expression, published by Rayo Verde (2019)., Votar y Cobrar - La impunidad como forma de gobierno published by Capitan Swing (2017), Tecnopolítica, internet y r-evoluciones - Sobre la centralidad de redes digitales en el #15M and editor of Cultura libre digital - Nociones básicas para defender lo que es de todxs, both of which were published in 2012 by Icaria.
She is the academic director of the Postgraduate Course in Technopolitics and Rights, first offered at Pompeu Fabra University and, since 2020, at the University of Barcelona.
In 2017, Rolling Stone magazine chose Simona Levi, as the founder of Xnet and for her work with 15MpaRato, as one of 25 people in the world who are shaping the future.
Simona Levi has been leading Xnet's Democratic Digitalization of Education Plan since 2019 to replace the proprietary tools from big tech companies in schools. As a result of this experience, in 2021, she published for the Publications Office of the European Union the report "Proposal for a sovereign and democratic digitalisation of Europe" at the request of the President of the European Parliament.
Simona Levi of Xnet in the dialogue "Internet access, a new human right"
Artistic career
A theatre director, actress and dancer by training, Simona Levi studied performing arts at the Jacques Lecoq School in Paris, where she worked as a programmer in the squatter arts space L’oeil du Cyclone. She started touring as an actress with several companies in 1982, eventually settling in Barcelona in 1990. In 1994 she set up Conservas in the city's Raval neighborhood. This is a venue promoting local, innovative, independent performing arts based on a self-production paradigm.
In 1999, she founded Compañía Conservas, and that same year the company presented its first stage production, Femina Ex Machina, directed by Levi and Dominique Grandmougin. The piece was awarded the FAD Special Critics Price and the Aplaudiment Award, and toured extensively to festivals and theatres in Europe (Spain, France, the UK, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Norway, among others) for more than two years. In 2003, again with Dominique Grandmougin, she directed the company's second production, 7 Dust, which premièred at Mercat de les Flors in Barcelona. The production toured through several European countries, including Italy, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Finland, Slovenia and Poland.
In 2007, with Marc Sampere, she co-directed the third show by Compañia Conservas, Realidades Avanzadas, which questioned representative democracy and the concept of property. This work is based on the open-source model. At the end of the performance, audience members could take home a CD-ROM with the texts, videos, music and images used in the show. The idea for the production was sparked by a video posted on YouTube in October 2006 that denounced real estate speculation and included footage recorded with a hidden camera in the anti-mobbing office at Barcelona City Council. The video was removed from YouTube at the request of the bank La Caixa, which alleged copyright infringement based on the use of images of one of its branches.
From 2001 to 2011, Simona Levi directed the Performing and Applied Arts Festival InnMotion, which is held at the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona. [From 2008 to 2013 she directed the stage production of the oXcars.
She is scriptwriter and director of the play Hazte Banquero - Tarjetas Black: todo lo que quisieron ocultarte (Become a Banker: Black Cards, Everything They Wanted to Hide from You), a documentary looking at the “black credit cards” corruption case and revealing the modus operandi of the top management of the bank Caja Madrid by means of a selection of 447 emails sent to and by the bank's president Miguel Blesa. The work premiered in July 2016 in the Poliorama Theatre, Barcelona, as part of the city's Grec Festival and has also been performed in several venues including the Fernán Gómez Theatre in Madrid and the Rosalía de Castro Theatre in A Coruña. After seeing the show in Madrid, the HSBC whistleblower Hervé Falciani said that he could “see the future” in this dramatisation of data.
In 2018, she directed the play Advanced Realities 2, which premiered at the Festival Grec de Barcelona.
Activism
Simona Levi is one of the founders of eXgae (now Xnet), a non-profit association created in 2008 which explores alternative models for cultural diffusion, copyright and democracy in the digital age. Since 2008, Xnet, with the support of Conservas, has organised the annual oXcars, a non-competitive awards ceremony, which places the spotlight on projects created in different arts disciplines based on the paradigm of free culture.
As a member of Xnet, she is staging director of the oXcars and also coordinator of the FCForum, an international arena in which organisations and experts in the field of free/libre knowledge and culture work towards creating a global strategic framework for action and coordination. She is also a founding member of Red Sostenible (Sustainable Network), a citizen platform created in January 2010 to combat the introduction of the anti-download legislation known as the “Sinde Law” in Spain, and to defend Internet rights.
In 2010, she appeared before the Spanish Parliamentary Sub-Committee on Intellectual Property Law reform to defend the proposals contained in the “Charter for Innovation, Creativity and Access to Knowledge”, a document that was drafted collectively by participants of the FCForum. In her presentation, she offered an overview of some of the omissions in the legislation and put forward possible solutions included in the Charter, such as the abolition of Spain's levy for private copying or “canon digital” and the need to reform copyright collecting societies which, she pointed out, “hinder the free circulation of knowledge and sustainability for authors.”
Simona Levi is a member of the 15M movement in Spain and founder of the group 15MpaRato, which filed a lawsuit against the banker and former IMF Managing Director Rodrigo Rato, an action that launched the Bankia trial in Spain after an anonymous source used the Xnet anticorruption mailbox to give access to the web domain http://correosdeblesa.com with more than 8,000 emails from the Inbox of Miguel Blesa, president of Caja Madrid from 1996 to 2009. These revealed, for the first time, the existence of the so-called Black Cards (tax-free, corporate credit cards for associates of Caja Madrid–Bankia), how the bank bought and sold the City National Bank of Florida, and how the bank's customers were defrauded by the preferred stock scheme. In June 2015, Xnet published a selection of the Blesa emails through four online media sources. The Spanish National Court admitted the case and charged Rodrigo Rato and the former board of directors with fraud, falsification of accounts in order to attract investment, and improper management, among other crimes.
Simona Levi is a member of the Grupo Ciudadano contra la Corrupción (Citizens Group against Corruption), a network which works at both Catalan and Spanish levels to strengthen already-existing initiatives to protect whistleblowers, coordinate them and facilitate exchange of information among them.
In 2015–2016, as a member of the Advisory Council of the Barcelona City Hall Office for Transparency and Best Practices, she initiated and worked to install the Ethical and Good Governance Box, a complaints box by means of which citizens can report corruption and other practices that are damaging for good governance in the city of Barcelona. This mailbox, similar to that already produced by Xnet, is the first such box to be promoted by a government (in this case that of the city of Barcelona). Once the mailbox was presented in public, Levi announced her resignation from the advisory board. She advises several institutions such as the Government of Spain, the Government of Catalonia and the City Council of Barcelona.
Since 2019, together with a group of families, Levi has designed and leads Xnet's Plan for Democratic Digitalization of Education. This project includes:
The development of a comprehensive, auditable, agile and interoperable IT tool called DD (Digital Democratic) to replace the proprietary tools in all the activity of the schools. This tool has already been implemented in 11 schools in the city of Barcelona since 2021, in collaboration with the Directorate of Democratic Innovation of the City Council and the Consortium of Education of the city.
A program of reform of the educational system for digital training that started with the I International Congress on Democratic Digital Education and Open Edtech (2022), directed by Levi and recognized as teacher training by the Department of Education of the government of Catalonia.
As a consequence of this project, in 2021 and at the request of the President of the European Parliament, Levi published for the Publications Office of the European Union the report "Proposal for a sovereign and democratic digitalisation of Europe".
Proposal for a Democratic Digitalisation of Europe - European Parliament
Simona Levi and her Xnet team have been the subject of a documentary entitled "L'escletxa" directed by David Fernandez de Castro and produced by Bettina Walter in 2021. The documentary was produced by the Catalan public television as part of the documentary program "Sense Ficció".
She participates as a speaker and expert at national and international events, where she talks about the Xnet project, and the state of free culture, digital rights and technopolitics. These events include the Ministerial Forum for Creative Europe (Czech Republic), Transmediale (Berlin), Economies of the Commons (Amsterdam) and the seminar “Sustainable Economy Law and the Internet” organised by the Telecommunications Technical Engineering Faculty at the Technical University of Madrid. As a representative of the FCForum, she is a lobbyist at the European Commission. She has provided expert advice on democratic innovation and digital rights to institutions such as the Secretary of State for Digitalisation and Artificial Intelligence of Spain and the Directorate of Digital Society of the Government of Catalonia, as well as citizens' associations.
Political career
Simona Levi is one of the developers of X Party, an "anti-party" born from the 15M movement, founded on December 17, 2012, and active until 2015. She held the number 2 position on the electoral list of X Party for the 2014 European elections, behind Hervé Falciani.
See also
Xnet
FCForum
oXcars
X Party
References
^ González, David (November 17, 2017). "25 People Shaping the Future in Tech, Science, Medicine, Activism and More". Rolling Stone. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
^ El Periódico - Escoles per desbancar Google de l'educació a Barcelona
^ El País - Escuelas que buscan alternativas a Google
^ Informe - Proposal for a sovereign and democratic digitalisation of Europe
^ Orpella, Veronica Sanchez (April 22, 2008). "Simona Levi reabre su histórico espacio de creación Conservas". El País. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
^ "La revolución del público llega a la Fundición con un corrosivo mitin contra la "violencia inmobiliaria"". Diario Gara. February 15, 2008. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
^ "Simona Levi's projects at CCCB". CCCB.
^ "Become a Banker: #Hazte Banquero - Show by Xnet and 15MpaRato - ES/EN sub". Youtube. April 24, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
^ "Advanced Realities 2". Retrieved December 8, 2018.
^ "How Spanish activists landed ex-IMF head Rodrigo Rato in court". BBC. September 25, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
^ "The Citizen Guerilla that Brings 'Banksters' to Court in Spain". Institute of Network Cultures. October 27, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
^ "A whistleblowing platform against corruption for the City Council of Barcelona". Open Democracy. January 19, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
^ El Periódico - Inquietud por la protección de datos de menores por el uso de Google en la escuela catalana
^ Xnet - Plan de Digitalització Democràtica de l'Educació (Piloto Barcelona)
^ Democràtica Digitalització - I Curs Internacional d'Educació Digital Democràtica i Open Edtech
^ Report - Proposal for a sovereign and democratic digitalisation of Europe
^ TV3 - L'escletxa
^ "Conference agenda". Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
^ "Observer talk of the day with Simona Levi". Transmediale.
^ "Simona Levi: "Power is always using the name of freedom to do the nasty things". November 15, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
^ Springer - The Anti-Party: The Development of a Political Innovation against the Background of the Spanish 15M Movement
^ Party X's Page
^ CTXT - Interview with Simona Levi and Sergio Salgado
External links
Xnet website
FCForum website
oXcars website
Conservas website
Rolling Stone: 25 People Shaping the Future | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"freedom of expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expression"},{"link_name":"information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information"},{"link_name":"digital rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights"},{"link_name":"whistleblowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower"},{"link_name":"disinformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation"},{"link_name":"right to housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_housing"},{"link_name":"public space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_space"},{"link_name":"Xnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xnet"},{"link_name":"Free Culture Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum"},{"link_name":"Pompeu Fabra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra_University"},{"link_name":"University of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Simona Levi is a theatre director, playwright, activist, technopolitical strategist, cultural manager and curator, and lecturer. 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[7] [From 2008 to 2013 she directed the stage production of the oXcars.She is scriptwriter and director of the play Hazte Banquero - Tarjetas Black: todo lo que quisieron ocultarte (Become a Banker: Black Cards, Everything They Wanted to Hide from You), a documentary looking at the “black credit cards” corruption case and revealing the modus operandi of the top management of the bank Caja Madrid by means of a selection of 447 emails sent to and by the bank's president Miguel Blesa.[8] The work premiered in July 2016 in the Poliorama Theatre, Barcelona, as part of the city's Grec Festival and has also been performed in several venues including the Fernán Gómez Theatre in Madrid and the Rosalía de Castro Theatre in A Coruña. After seeing the show in Madrid, the HSBC whistleblower Hervé Falciani said that he could “see the future” in this dramatisation of data.In 2018, she directed the play Advanced Realities 2, which premiered at the Festival Grec de Barcelona.[9]","title":"Artistic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xnet"},{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"FCForum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum"},{"link_name":"levy for private copying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_copying_levy"},{"link_name":"copyright collecting societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_collective"},{"link_name":"15M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-M_Movement"},{"link_name":"IMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMF"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Rato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Rato"},{"link_name":"Bankia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankia"},{"link_name":"http://correosdeblesa.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//correosdeblesa.com"},{"link_name":"Miguel Blesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Blesa"},{"link_name":"Caja Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caja_Madrid"},{"link_name":"City National Bank of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_National_Bank_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"preferred stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferred_stock"},{"link_name":"National Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencia_Nacional"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"whistleblowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Transmediale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmediale"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"}],"text":"Simona Levi is one of the founders of eXgae (now Xnet), a non-profit association created in 2008 which explores alternative models for cultural diffusion, copyright and democracy in the digital age. Since 2008, Xnet, with the support of Conservas, has organised the annual oXcars, a non-competitive awards ceremony, which places the spotlight on projects created in different arts disciplines based on the paradigm of free culture.As a member of Xnet, she is staging director of the oXcars and also coordinator of the FCForum, an international arena in which organisations and experts in the field of free/libre knowledge and culture work towards creating a global strategic framework for action and coordination. She is also a founding member of Red Sostenible (Sustainable Network), a citizen platform created in January 2010 to combat the introduction of the anti-download legislation known as the “Sinde Law” in Spain, and to defend Internet rights.In 2010, she appeared before the Spanish Parliamentary Sub-Committee on Intellectual Property Law reform to defend the proposals contained in the “Charter for Innovation, Creativity and Access to Knowledge”, a document that was drafted collectively by participants of the FCForum. In her presentation, she offered an overview of some of the omissions in the legislation and put forward possible solutions included in the Charter, such as the abolition of Spain's levy for private copying or “canon digital” and the need to reform copyright collecting societies which, she pointed out, “hinder the free circulation of knowledge and sustainability for authors.”Simona Levi is a member of the 15M movement in Spain and founder of the group 15MpaRato, which filed a lawsuit against the banker and former IMF Managing Director Rodrigo Rato, an action that launched the Bankia trial in Spain after an anonymous source used the Xnet anticorruption mailbox to give access to the web domain http://correosdeblesa.com with more than 8,000 emails from the Inbox of Miguel Blesa, president of Caja Madrid from 1996 to 2009. These revealed, for the first time, the existence of the so-called Black Cards (tax-free, corporate credit cards for associates of Caja Madrid–Bankia), how the bank bought and sold the City National Bank of Florida, and how the bank's customers were defrauded by the preferred stock scheme. In June 2015, Xnet published a selection of the Blesa emails through four online media sources. The Spanish National Court admitted the case and charged Rodrigo Rato and the former board of directors with fraud, falsification of accounts in order to attract investment, and improper management, among other crimes.[10][11]Simona Levi is a member of the Grupo Ciudadano contra la Corrupción (Citizens Group against Corruption), a network which works at both Catalan and Spanish levels to strengthen already-existing initiatives to protect whistleblowers, coordinate them and facilitate exchange of information among them.In 2015–2016, as a member of the Advisory Council of the Barcelona City Hall Office for Transparency and Best Practices, she initiated and worked to install the Ethical and Good Governance Box, a complaints box by means of which citizens can report corruption and other practices that are damaging for good governance in the city of Barcelona.[12] This mailbox, similar to that already produced by Xnet, is the first such box to be promoted by a government (in this case that of the city of Barcelona). Once the mailbox was presented in public, Levi announced her resignation from the advisory board. She advises several institutions such as the Government of Spain, the Government of Catalonia and the City Council of Barcelona.Since 2019, together with a group of families, Levi has designed and leads Xnet's Plan for Democratic Digitalization of Education. This project includes:[13] [14]The development of a comprehensive, auditable, agile and interoperable IT tool called DD (Digital Democratic) to replace the proprietary tools in all the activity of the schools. This tool has already been implemented in 11 schools in the city of Barcelona since 2021, in collaboration with the Directorate of Democratic Innovation of the City Council and the Consortium of Education of the city.\nA program of reform of the educational system for digital training that started with the I International Congress on Democratic Digital Education and Open Edtech (2022), directed by Levi and recognized as teacher training by the Department of Education of the government of Catalonia.[15]As a consequence of this project, in 2021 and at the request of the President of the European Parliament, Levi published for the Publications Office of the European Union the report \"Proposal for a sovereign and democratic digitalisation of Europe\".[16]Proposal for a Democratic Digitalisation of Europe - European ParliamentSimona Levi and her Xnet team have been the subject of a documentary entitled \"L'escletxa\" directed by David Fernandez de Castro and produced by Bettina Walter in 2021. The documentary was produced by the Catalan public television as part of the documentary program \"Sense Ficció\".[17]She participates as a speaker and expert at national and international events, where she talks about the Xnet project, and the state of free culture, digital rights and technopolitics. These events include the Ministerial Forum for Creative Europe (Czech Republic),[18] Transmediale (Berlin),[19] Economies of the Commons (Amsterdam)[20] and the seminar “Sustainable Economy Law and the Internet” organised by the Telecommunications Technical Engineering Faculty at the Technical University of Madrid. As a representative of the FCForum, she is a lobbyist at the European Commission. She has provided expert advice on democratic innovation and digital rights to institutions such as the Secretary of State for Digitalisation and Artificial Intelligence of Spain and the Directorate of Digital Society of the Government of Catalonia, as well as citizens' associations.","title":"Activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"X Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Party"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"X Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Party"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Simona Levi is one of the developers of X Party, an \"anti-party\" born from the 15M movement, founded on December 17, 2012, and active until 2015.[21][22] She held the number 2 position on the electoral list of X Party for the 2014 European elections, behind Hervé Falciani.[23]","title":"Political career"}] | [{"image_text":"Simona Levi of Xnet in the dialogue \"Internet access, a new human right\""},{"image_text":"Proposal for a Democratic Digitalisation of Europe - European Parliament"}] | [{"title":"Xnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xnet"},{"title":"FCForum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum"},{"title":"oXcars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXcars"},{"title":"X Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Party"}] | [{"reference":"González, David (November 17, 2017). \"25 People Shaping the Future in Tech, Science, Medicine, Activism and More\". Rolling Stone. Penske Business Media, LLC. Retrieved December 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/pictures/25-people-shaping-future-in-tech-science-medicine-activism-w511978","url_text":"\"25 People Shaping the Future in Tech, Science, Medicine, Activism and More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Business_Media,_LLC.","url_text":"Penske Business Media, LLC."}]},{"reference":"Orpella, Veronica Sanchez (April 22, 2008). \"Simona Levi reabre su histórico espacio de creación Conservas\". El País. Retrieved April 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cataluna/Simona/Levi/reabre/historico/espacio/creacion/Conservas/elpepiespcat/20080422elpcat_25/Tes","url_text":"\"Simona Levi reabre su histórico espacio de creación Conservas\""}]},{"reference":"\"La revolución del público llega a la Fundición con un corrosivo mitin contra la \"violencia inmobiliaria\"\". Diario Gara. February 15, 2008. Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402212551/http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20080215/62657/es/La-revolucion-publico-llega-Fundicion-corrosivo-mitin-contra-violencia-inmobiliaria","url_text":"\"La revolución del público llega a la Fundición con un corrosivo mitin contra la \"violencia inmobiliaria\"\""},{"url":"http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20080215/62657/es/La-revolucion-publico-llega-Fundicion-corrosivo-mitin-contra-violencia-inmobiliaria","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Simona Levi's projects at CCCB\". CCCB.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cccb.org/en/autor-simona_levi-12711","url_text":"\"Simona Levi's projects at CCCB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Become a Banker: #Hazte Banquero - Show by Xnet and 15MpaRato - ES/EN sub\". Youtube. April 24, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGZqKRjhf3o&ab_channel=Xnet","url_text":"\"Become a Banker: #Hazte Banquero - Show by Xnet and 15MpaRato - ES/EN sub\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advanced Realities 2\". Retrieved December 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://lameva.barcelona.cat/grec/en/show/advanced-realities-2","url_text":"\"Advanced Realities 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Spanish activists landed ex-IMF head Rodrigo Rato in court\". BBC. September 25, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37417462","url_text":"\"How Spanish activists landed ex-IMF head Rodrigo Rato in court\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Citizen Guerilla that Brings 'Banksters' to Court in Spain\". Institute of Network Cultures. October 27, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://networkcultures.org/moneylab/2016/10/27/the-citizen-guerilla-that-brings-banksters-to-court-in-spain/","url_text":"\"The Citizen Guerilla that Brings 'Banksters' to Court in Spain\""}]},{"reference":"\"A whistleblowing platform against corruption for the City Council of Barcelona\". Open Democracy. January 19, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/digitaliberties/whistleblowing-platform-against-corruption-for-city-council-of-barcelona/","url_text":"\"A whistleblowing platform against corruption for the City Council of Barcelona\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conference agenda\". Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100813065345/http://www.forumforcreativeeurope.cz/en/Conference-agenda","url_text":"\"Conference agenda\""},{"url":"http://www.forumforcreativeeurope.cz/en/Conference-agenda","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Observer talk of the day with Simona Levi\". Transmediale.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transmediale.de/content/observer-talk-day-simona-levi","url_text":"\"Observer talk of the day with Simona Levi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simona Levi: \"Power is always using the name of freedom to do the nasty things\". November 15, 2010. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203190425/http://ecommons.tuxic.nl/?p=2506","url_text":"\"Simona Levi: \"Power is always using the name of freedom to do the nasty things\""},{"url":"http://ecommons.tuxic.nl/?p=2506","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://correosdeblesa.com/","external_links_name":"http://correosdeblesa.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/pictures/25-people-shaping-future-in-tech-science-medicine-activism-w511978","external_links_name":"\"25 People Shaping the Future in Tech, Science, Medicine, Activism and More\""},{"Link":"https://www.elperiodico.cat/ca/barcelona/20201211/escoles-desbancar-google-educacioacute-barcelona-11359081","external_links_name":"El Periódico - Escoles per desbancar Google de l'educació a Barcelona"},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/espana/catalunya/2020-12-10/escuelas-que-buscan-alternativas-a-google.html","external_links_name":"El País - Escuelas que buscan alternativas a Google"},{"Link":"https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/dae77969-7812-11ec-9136-01aa75ed71a1","external_links_name":"Informe - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mara | Mary Mara | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 References","6 External links"] | American actress (1960–2022)
Mary MaraPublicity photoBorn(1960-09-21)September 21, 1960Syracuse, New York, U.S.DiedJune 26, 2022(2022-06-26) (aged 61)Cape Vincent, New York, U.S.EducationCorcoran High SchoolAlma materSan Francisco State UniversityYale UniversityOccupationActressYears active1989–2020
Mary T. Mara (September 21, 1960 – June 26, 2022) was an American television and film actress known for her main role as Inspector Bryn Carson on Nash Bridges and appearances on primetime dramas ER and Law & Order. She also appeared in Mr. Saturday Night.
Early life and education
Mara was born in Syracuse, New York, on September 21, 1960. Her father, Roger, worked as the director of special events for the New York State Fair; her mother, Lucille, was an accountant. Mara had a brother and two sisters. She attended Corcoran High School in Syracuse. After graduating, she studied at San Francisco State University and the Yale School of Drama, obtaining a Master of Fine Arts from the latter institution.
Career
Mara made her film debut in the 1989 television film The Preppie Murder. In the same year, she participated in the New York Shakespeare Festival's production of Twelfth Night, alongside Michelle Pfeiffer, Jeff Goldblum and Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio. She later featured in Mr. Saturday Night (1992), starring alongside Billy Crystal as his character's estranged daughter.
Mara's breakthrough role came on ER, which was the most popular medical drama airing on prime time television during the mid-1990s. She played Loretta Sweets, a patient with cervical cancer, in nine episodes from 1995 to 1996. This helped spur her into the starring role of Inspector Bryn Carson on Nash Bridges from 1996 to 1997. When reflecting on that role several years later, she noted that it was a "male-dominated show", adding that although the writers "started to write for me really well about halfway through the season", the producers "were afraid I would stand out too much." She also featured on shows such as Law & Order, NYPD Blue, and Ally McBeal around this time.
During the later part of her career, Mara appeared as a recurring character in Dexter (2009) as Valerie Hodges and Ray Donovan (2013) as Mrs. Sullivan. She also starred in the horror film Prom Night (2008). Her final role was in the 2020 film Break Even. After appearing in the film, Mara retired from acting.
Personal life
Mara lived a bicoastal life at New York City and Southern California. According to Jon Lindstrom, she underwent chemotherapy for cancer in 2008, when they performed together in the play In Heat by Malcolm Danare. Following her retirement from acting, she returned to Syracuse. She resided in Cape Vincent, New York, at the time of her death. Mara had a stepdaughter.
Mara drowned on the morning of June 26, 2022, in Cape Vincent while swimming in the St. Lawrence River. She was 61. Tributes to Mara were posted on social media by Billy Crystal, Annette O'Toole, and Jon Lindstrom. Her death was ruled an accident.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1989
The Preppie Murder
Susan Bird
Television filmFilm debut
1990
Blue Steel
Wife
1991
The Hard Way
Detective China
True Colors
Sophia Palmeri
Out of the Rain
Trisha
1992
Mr. Saturday Night
Susan
Love Potion No. 9
Marisa
1995
Just Looking
Alicia
Indictment: The McMartin Trial
Detective Jane Hoag
1996
Bound
Sue the Bartender
What Kind of Mother Are You?
Marcy Hackman
Television film
1998
A Civil Action
Kathy Boyer
1999
Switched at Birth
Judy
Television film
2001
Stranger Inside
Tanya
Television film
Lloyd
JoAnn
K-PAX
Abby
2002
Saint Sinner
Munkar
Television film
2006
Undoing
Kasawa
Gridiron Gang
Kenny's mom
2008
Prom Night
Mrs. Waters
2020
Break Even
Molly
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1993, 1999
Law & Order
Mrs. Sharkey/Sally Knight
2 episodes
1994, 1998
NYPD Blue
Linda Walker/Theresa Carlin
2 episodes
1995–96
ER
Loretta Sweet
9 episodes
1996–97
Nash Bridges
Inspector Bryn Carson
Main character, seasons 1–2
1997
Dellaventura
Anne Morgan
Episode: "Clean Slate"
Spicy City
Alice / Geisha
Voice
1998
The Visitor
Magnolia Vale
Episode: "The Chain"
1999
Ally McBeal
Julie Stall
Episode: "Angels and Blimps"
Farscape
Lyneea
Episode: "I, E.T."
Profiler
Mrs. Atkins
Episode: "Infidelity"
G vs E
Leona
Episode: "Evilator"
2001
The Practice
Dr. Jane Lefkowitz
2 episodes
Gideon's Crossing
Dr. Jane Lefkowitz
2 episodes
Becker
Beth
Episode: "Really Good Advice"
Judging Amy
Deborah Mahaffey
Episode: "Hold on Tight"
The West Wing
Sherri Wexler
Episode: "On the Day Before"
Third Watch
Mrs. Jensen
2 episodes
2002
Boston Public
Pauline Campbell
Episode: "Chapter Thirty-Two"
Philly
Melissa Cannon
Episode: "Meat Me in Philly"
Crossing Jordan
Denise Tremaine
Episode: "Lost and Found"
2003–04
The Handler
Camille
3 episodes
2004
The Guardian
Alison Scanlon
Episode: "The Watchers"
Star Trek: Enterprise
Sphere Builder Presage
3 episodes
Without a Trace
Mrs. Corcoran
Episode: "In the Dark"
7th Heaven
Nurse
Episode: "Gratitude"
Joan of Arcadia
Sarah Polonsky
Episode: "The Book of Questions"
2005
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Carlene Ballentine
Episode: "Pure"
Monk
Treesa Crane
Episode: "Mr. Monk and the Kid"
Nip/Tuck
Natalie Holden
Episode: "Sal Perri"
2006
Bones
Helen Bronson
Episode: "The Woman in the Tunnel"
2009
Dexter
Valerie Hodges
3 episodes
Lost
Jill
2 episodes
Lie to Me
Krentz
Episode: "Control Factor"
Saving Grace
Zoe
Episode: "She's a Lump"
2013
Ray Donovan
Mrs. Sullivan
4 episodes
Shameless
Nance
2 episodes
2014
Criminal Minds
Judith Anderson
Episode: "Mr. and Mrs. Anderson"
General Hospital
Selma
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Padnani, Amisha (June 29, 2022). "Mary Mara, Actress on 'ER,' 'Dexter' and 'Nash Bridges,' Dies at 61". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bella, Timothy (June 28, 2022). "'ER' actress Mary Mara dies after apparent drowning in New York river". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
^ Stevenson, Darian (June 27, 2022). "TV, movie actress Mary Mara, a Syracuse native, drowns in St. Lawrence River". syracuse.com. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
^ a b Perez, Lexy (June 27, 2022). "Mary Mara, Actress in 'ER' and 'Law & Order', Dies at 61". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
^ a b c d e Chapman, Wilson (June 27, 2022). "Mary Mara, 'ER' and 'Law and Order' Actor, Dies at 61 in Apparent Drowning". Variety. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
^ Garner, Glenn (June 27, 2022). "ER Actress Mary Mara Dead at 61 After Apparent Drowning in NY River: 'Everyone Loved Her'". People.
^ a b Jackson, Dory (June 28, 2022). "Mary Mara's Family Remembers Gifted ER Actress Who 'Just Missed Stardom but Always Played for Winning Teams'". People.
^ Petski, Denise (June 27, 2022). "Mary Mara Dies In Apparent Drowning: 'Nash Bridges', 'ER', 'Law & Order: SVU' Actor Was 61". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
^ Perez, Lexy (June 28, 2022). "Mary Mara, Actress in 'ER' and 'Law & Order', Dies at 61". The Hollywood Reporter.
^ Petski, Denise (June 29, 2022). "'Nash Bridges' Actor Mary Mara's Cause Of Death Revealed". Deadline Hollywood.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Mary Mara – Filmography". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "Mary Mara List of Movies and TV Shows". TV Guide. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
^ a b c d e "Mary Mara". American Film Institute. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar "Mary Mara". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
^ Solomon, Charles (July 11, 1997). "'Spicy City': Adolescent Humor for Adults". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
^ Saad, Nardine (June 28, 2022). "Mary Mara, prolific TV and film star, dies in apparent drowning at 61". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
^ "Ins&Outs". See Ya, Mickey!. Vol. 18. Bauer Media Group. August 18, 2014. p. 12. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ "General Hospital Spoilers: Actress Mary Mara Arrives As Mickey Diamond's Sister Selma – Gives Alice His Heart and Saves Her?". celebritylaundry.com. MLRP Media Group. August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
External links
Mary Mara at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nash Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Bridges"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"Mr. Saturday Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Saturday_Night"}],"text":"Mary T. Mara (September 21, 1960 – June 26, 2022) was an American television and film actress known for her main role as Inspector Bryn Carson on Nash Bridges and appearances on primetime dramas ER and Law & Order. She also appeared in Mr. Saturday Night.","title":"Mary Mara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syracuse, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_obit-2"},{"link_name":"New York State Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Fair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_obit-2"},{"link_name":"Corcoran High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoran_High_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"San Francisco State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University"},{"link_name":"Yale School of Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Drama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_obit-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perez-4"},{"link_name":"Master of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_obit-1"}],"text":"Mara was born in Syracuse, New York, on September 21, 1960.[1][2] Her father, Roger, worked as the director of special events for the New York State Fair; her mother, Lucille, was an accountant.[1] Mara had a brother and two sisters.[2] She attended Corcoran High School in Syracuse.[3] After graduating, she studied at San Francisco State University and the Yale School of Drama,[2][4] obtaining a Master of Fine Arts from the latter institution.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Preppie Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Preppie_Murder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_obit-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-5"},{"link_name":"New York Shakespeare Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night"},{"link_name":"Michelle Pfeiffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer"},{"link_name":"Jeff Goldblum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum"},{"link_name":"Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Mastrantonio"},{"link_name":"Mr. Saturday Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Saturday_Night"},{"link_name":"Billy Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Crystal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_obit-1"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"medical drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_drama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_obit-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_obit-2"},{"link_name":"Nash Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Bridges"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_obit-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_obit-1"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"NYPD Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYPD_Blue"},{"link_name":"Ally McBeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_McBeal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_obit-2"},{"link_name":"Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ray Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Donovan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_obit-2"},{"link_name":"Prom Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prom_Night_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_obit-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-5"}],"text":"Mara made her film debut in the 1989 television film The Preppie Murder.[2][5] In the same year, she participated in the New York Shakespeare Festival's production of Twelfth Night, alongside Michelle Pfeiffer, Jeff Goldblum and Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio. She later featured in Mr. Saturday Night (1992), starring alongside Billy Crystal as his character's estranged daughter.[1]Mara's breakthrough role came on ER, which was the most popular medical drama airing on prime time television during the mid-1990s.[2] She played Loretta Sweets, a patient with cervical cancer, in nine episodes from 1995 to 1996.[1][2] This helped spur her into the starring role of Inspector Bryn Carson on Nash Bridges from 1996 to 1997.[2] When reflecting on that role several years later, she noted that it was a \"male-dominated show\", adding that although the writers \"started to write for me really well about halfway through the season\", the producers \"were afraid I would stand out too much.\"[1] She also featured on shows such as Law & Order, NYPD Blue, and Ally McBeal around this time.[2]During the later part of her career, Mara appeared as a recurring character in Dexter (2009) as Valerie Hodges and Ray Donovan (2013) as Mrs. Sullivan.[2] She also starred in the horror film Prom Night (2008).[1] Her final role was in the 2020 film Break Even.[2][5] After appearing in the film, Mara retired from acting.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jon Lindstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Lindstrom"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Danare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Danare"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_obit-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_Tributes-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-5"},{"link_name":"Cape Vincent, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Vincent,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP_obit-2"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeadlineHollywood-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HollywoodReporter-9"},{"link_name":"Billy Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Crystal"},{"link_name":"Annette O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"Jon Lindstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Lindstrom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People_Tributes-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Mara lived a bicoastal life at New York City and Southern California.[6] According to Jon Lindstrom, she underwent chemotherapy for cancer in 2008, when they performed together in the play In Heat by Malcolm Danare.[2][7] Following her retirement from acting, she returned to Syracuse.[5] She resided in Cape Vincent, New York, at the time of her death. Mara had a stepdaughter.[1][2]Mara drowned on the morning of June 26, 2022, in Cape Vincent while swimming in the St. Lawrence River. She was 61.[5][8][9] Tributes to Mara were posted on social media by Billy Crystal, Annette O'Toole, and Jon Lindstrom.[7] Her death was ruled an accident.[10]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Padnani, Amisha (June 29, 2022). \"Mary Mara, Actress on 'ER,' 'Dexter' and 'Nash Bridges,' Dies at 61\". The New York Times. 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People.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/tv/mary-mara-family-friends-mourn-actress/","url_text":"\"Mary Mara's Family Remembers Gifted ER Actress Who 'Just Missed Stardom but Always Played for Winning Teams'\""}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (June 27, 2022). \"Mary Mara Dies In Apparent Drowning: 'Nash Bridges', 'ER', 'Law & Order: SVU' Actor Was 61\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/06/mary-mara-dead-nash-bridges-er-law-order-svu-actor-dies-in-apparent-drowning-at-61-1235053046/","url_text":"\"Mary Mara Dies In Apparent Drowning: 'Nash Bridges', 'ER', 'Law & Order: SVU' Actor Was 61\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Perez, Lexy (June 28, 2022). \"Mary Mara, Actress in 'ER' and 'Law & Order', Dies at 61\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/mary-mara-dead-er-law-and-order-actress-1235172694/","url_text":"\"Mary Mara, Actress in 'ER' and 'Law & Order', Dies at 61\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (June 29, 2022). \"'Nash Bridges' Actor Mary Mara's Cause Of Death Revealed\". Deadline Hollywood.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/06/nash-bridges-mary-mara-cause-of-death-revealed-1235054502/amp/","url_text":"\"'Nash Bridges' Actor Mary Mara's Cause Of Death Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Mara – Filmography\". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved June 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/121596%7C0/Mary-Mara#filmography","url_text":"\"Mary Mara – Filmography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Mara List of Movies and TV Shows\". TV Guide. Retrieved June 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mary-mara/credits/3030582892/","url_text":"\"Mary Mara List of Movies and TV Shows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Mara\". American Film Institute. Retrieved June 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Person/260294-Mary-Mara","url_text":"\"Mary Mara\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Mara\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/mary_mara","url_text":"\"Mary Mara\""}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Charles (July 11, 1997). \"'Spicy City': Adolescent Humor for Adults\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-jul-11-ca-11568-story.html","url_text":"\"'Spicy City': Adolescent Humor for Adults\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Saad, Nardine (June 28, 2022). \"Mary Mara, prolific TV and film star, dies in apparent drowning at 61\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-06-28/mary-mara-dead-drowning","url_text":"\"Mary Mara, prolific TV and film star, dies in apparent drowning at 61\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Ins&Outs\". See Ya, Mickey!. Vol. 18. Bauer Media Group. 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Retrieved August 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.celebdirtylaundry.com/2014/general-hospital-spoilers-mary-mara-mickey-diamond-sister-selma-gives-alice-heart/","url_text":"\"General Hospital Spoilers: Actress Mary Mara Arrives As Mickey Diamond's Sister Selma – Gives Alice His Heart and Saves Her?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebritylaundry.com&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"celebritylaundry.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/29/arts/television/mary-mara-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Mary Mara, Actress on 'ER,' 'Dexter' and 'Nash Bridges,' Dies at 61\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/06/28/mary-mara-drowning-actress-er-ny/","external_links_name":"\"'ER' actress Mary Mara dies after apparent drowning in New York river\""},{"Link":"https://www.syracuse.com/news/2022/06/actress-mary-mara-a-syracuse-native-drowns-in-st-lawrence-river.html","external_links_name":"\"TV, movie actress Mary Mara, a Syracuse native, drowns in St. Lawrence River\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/mary-mara-dead-er-law-and-order-actress-1235172694/","external_links_name":"\"Mary Mara, Actress in 'ER' and 'Law & Order', Dies at 61\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/mary-mara-dead-er-law-and-order-1235304655/","external_links_name":"\"Mary Mara, 'ER' and 'Law and Order' Actor, Dies at 61 in Apparent Drowning\""},{"Link":"https://people.com/tv/mary-mara-dead-at-61-after-apparent-drowning-ny-river/","external_links_name":"\"ER Actress Mary Mara Dead at 61 After Apparent Drowning in NY River: 'Everyone Loved Her'\""},{"Link":"https://people.com/tv/mary-mara-family-friends-mourn-actress/","external_links_name":"\"Mary Mara's Family Remembers Gifted ER Actress Who 'Just Missed Stardom but Always Played for Winning Teams'\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/06/mary-mara-dead-nash-bridges-er-law-order-svu-actor-dies-in-apparent-drowning-at-61-1235053046/","external_links_name":"\"Mary Mara Dies In Apparent Drowning: 'Nash Bridges', 'ER', 'Law & Order: SVU' Actor Was 61\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/mary-mara-dead-er-law-and-order-actress-1235172694/","external_links_name":"\"Mary Mara, Actress in 'ER' and 'Law & Order', Dies at 61\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/06/nash-bridges-mary-mara-cause-of-death-revealed-1235054502/amp/","external_links_name":"\"'Nash Bridges' Actor Mary Mara's Cause Of Death Revealed\""},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/121596%7C0/Mary-Mara#filmography","external_links_name":"\"Mary Mara – Filmography\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mary-mara/credits/3030582892/","external_links_name":"\"Mary Mara List of Movies and TV Shows\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Person/260294-Mary-Mara","external_links_name":"\"Mary Mara\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/mary_mara","external_links_name":"\"Mary Mara\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-jul-11-ca-11568-story.html","external_links_name":"\"'Spicy City': Adolescent Humor for Adults\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-06-28/mary-mara-dead-drowning","external_links_name":"\"Mary Mara, prolific TV and film star, dies in apparent drowning at 61\""},{"Link":"http://www.celebdirtylaundry.com/2014/general-hospital-spoilers-mary-mara-mickey-diamond-sister-selma-gives-alice-heart/","external_links_name":"\"General Hospital Spoilers: Actress Mary Mara Arrives As Mickey Diamond's Sister Selma – Gives Alice His Heart and Saves Her?\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0544721/","external_links_name":"Mary Mara"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3728156919254154970003","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvMDcwbb84gfky8Pv8DMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1261196643","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2019135463","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
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