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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounge_Ax
Lounge Ax
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 41°55′34″N 87°39′00″W / 41.92620°N 87.65006°W / 41.92620; -87.65006Music venue in Chicago, Illinois, US The Lounge Ax was a music venue in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of Chicago, located across the street from Wax Trax. It was an important venue for live rock music, especially indie rock. The club was opened in 1987 by Jennifer Fischer and Julia Adams, who were joined around September 1989 by Sue Miller, previously the booker at two other Chicago clubs, West End and the Cubby Bear. For most of the club's existence, it was owned by Adams and Miller. The band Phish played their first performance ever in the state of Illinois at Lounge Ax on March 30, 1990. Miller married her husband, musician Jeff Tweedy, at the Lounge Ax in August 1995. The ceremony was conducted by a waitress at the club named Lana Levins, who was also an ordained minister. In 1996, Touch & Go Records released a compilation album to benefit the club, titled The Lounge Ax Defense & Relocation Compact Disc, featuring artists such as Guided by Voices, The Jesus Lizard, Sebadoh, Tortoise, The Coctails and Yo La Tengo. Lounge Ax was featured prominently in the Chicago-based movie High Fidelity, released in 2000. The club served as the site where John Cusack's character, Rob Gordon, and the staff from Championship Vinyl first encounter Marie DeSalle, played by Lisa Bonet. Its location across from the Biograph Theater plays an important part in the dialogue leading up to the Lounge Ax scenes. On January 15, 2000, the final show at Lounge Ax was headlined by The Coctails (who reunited for the occasion), with Dianogah and M.O.T.O. opening. References ^ Parnell, Sean (2003) Lounge Ax in Memoriam. ^ Wyman, Bill (8 September 1989). "Rock 'n' Roll: what will become of the Cubby Bear?" The Chicago Reader, Section 1, p. 7. . ^ "The Lounge Ax Defense & Relocation Compact Disc (1996, CD) - Discogs". Discogs. vteMusic venues of IllinoisOutdoor Credit Union 1 Amphitheatre Guaranteed Rate Field Huntington Bank Pavilion Jay Pritzker Pavilion Maxwell Street Market Marion Stadium Petrillo Music Shell Ravinia Festival Soldier Field Wrigley Field Theaters and clubs Aragon Ballroom Arcada Theater Arie Crown Theater Auditorium Theatre Bottom Lounge Buddy Guy's Legends Chicago Theatre Constellation Coronado Theatre Empty Bottle Foellinger Auditorium Genesee Theatre Green Mill Hideout House of Blues Jazz Showcase Kingston Mines Krannert Center Lincoln Hall Metro Paramount Theatre Park West Peoria Civic Center Theatre Rialto Square Theatre Riviera Theatre Rosemont Theatre Thalia Hall Vic Theatre Virginia Theatre Arenas Allstate Arena Bank of Springfield Center Banterra Center BMO Center Credit Union 1 Arena Grossinger Motors Arena NIU Convocation Center Now Arena Peoria Civic Center State Farm Center United Center Vibrant Arena at The MARK Wharton Field House Wintrust Arena Festivals Chicago Blues Festival Chicago Jazz Festival Grant Park Music Festival Lollapalooza Pitchfork Music Festival Pygmalion Music Festival Riot Fest Summer Camp Music Festival Historic venues Checkerboard Lounge Chicago Coliseum Chicago Stadium Congress Theater Double Door E2 International Amphitheatre The Limelight/Excalibur and Vision/Castle Lounge Ax Neo O'Banion's Poplar Creek Music Theater The Thirsty Whale Uptown Theatre Velvet Lounge West End Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place 41°55′34″N 87°39′00″W / 41.92620°N 87.65006°W / 41.92620; -87.65006 This article on a music performance venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a building or structure in Chicago is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_reserve
Conservation reserve
["1 Conservation reserves by country","1.1 Australia","1.2 India","1.3 United States","2 See also","3 References"]
Protected area set aside for conservation purposes A conservation reserve is a protected area set aside for conservation purposes. Conservation reserves by country Australia Further information: Conservation reserves of South Australia In South Australia, a conservation reserve is a type of protected area declared under the Crown Land Management Act 2009 for parcels of 'land set aside for conservation of natural and cultural features.' India This section is an excerpt from Conservation reserves and community reserves of India. Conservation reserves and community reserves in India are terms denoting protected areas of India which typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration corridors between established national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserved and protected forests of India. Such areas are designated as conservation areas if they are uninhabited and completely owned by the Government of India but used for subsistence by communities, and community areas if part of the lands are privately owned. Administration of such reserves would be through local people and local agencies like the gram panchayat, as in the case of communal forests. (See Communal forests of India) United States In the United States the Conservation Reserve Program offers annual payments for 10-15 year contracts to participants who establish grass, shrub and tree cover on environmentally sensitive lands. It was reauthorized in the 1996 Farm Bill and the 2002 Farm Bill. See also Ecology portalEnvironment portal Conservation movement List of conservation topics List of environmental issues References ^ "Types of parks". Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014. This environment-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vtevteConservation of species Index of conservation articles Conservationbiology Biodiversity Captive breeding Compassionate conservation Conservation behavior Conservation-dependent species Conservation genetics Conservation-induced extinction Conservation status Endemism Ex-situ conservation Extinction threshold In-situ conservation Latent extinction risk Marine conservation Mutualisms and conservation Nature conservation Conservation biology of parasites Species translocation Conservation welfare Threatened species Vulnerability and susceptibility Approaches Conservation agriculture Conservation development Conservation finance Conservation grazing Conservation management system Conservation movement Conservation photography Conservation psychology Conspicuous conservation Community-based conservation Ecoregion conservation status Environmental protection Evidence-based conservation Flagship species Forest management Forest protection Tropical rainforest conservation Integrated Conservation and Development Project Other effective area-based conservation measures Riparian buffer Roadless area conservation Roadside conservation Site-based conservation Wetland conservation Protectedareas Conservation designation Conservation district Conservation easement Conservation reserve Gap analysis Habitat conservation High conservation value area Landscape-scale conservation Marine protected area Marxan Open space reserve Wildlife corridor 30 by 30 target Key issues Conservation refugee Fortress conservation Habitat fragmentation Human–wildlife conflict Restoration Assisted natural regeneration Ecosystem restoration Island restoration Reforestation afforestation Rewilding marine Species reintroduction By taxon Arthropod Bird Hawaiian honeycreeper Raptor Golden eagle Fungi Land mammal American bison Arabian oryx Bear Polar bear Cheetah Elephant Indian elephant Slow loris Tiger Bengal Tiger Wolf Marine Dolphin Gray nurse shark Manatee Painted turtle Salmon Sea otter Plant Seed bank Cryopreservation By country Angola Australia Belize Brazil Canada Central African Republic Costa Rica Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Malaysia Mauritius Namibia New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea South Sudan Sweden Uganda United Kingdom Scotland United States forests Related Conservation officer De-extinction Planetary boundaries IUCN Red List NatureServe conservation status Special Area of Conservation Soil conservation List of conservation issues List of organisations List of people Category
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bullet_for_Joey
A Bullet for Joey
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","5 Reception","5.1 Critical response","5.2 Box office","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Sources","8 External links"]
1955 film by Lewis Allen A Bullet for JoeyTheatrical PosterDirected byLewis AllenWritten by"Geoffrey Homes" (Daniel MainwaringA. I. Bezzerides)Based onstory by James Benson NabloProduced bySamuel BischoffDavid DiamondStarringEdward G. RobinsonGeorge RaftAudrey TotterCinematographyHarry NeumannEdited byLeon BarshaMusic byHarry SukmanProductioncompanyBischoff-Diamond CorporationDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease date April 15, 1955 (1955-04-15) (U.S.) Running time87 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish A Bullet for Joey is a 1955 film noir directed by Lewis Allen and starring Edward G. Robinson and George Raft. The picture involves a gangster who sneaks into Canada to kidnap a scientist for the communists. The supporting cast features Audrey Totter, Peter van Eyck, George Dolenz, and Peter Hansen. Plot Communist agents in Canada are spying on Dr. Carl Macklin, an atomic physicist whose knowledge they want. To kidnap him, Eric Hartman, the party's top man in Montreal, offers $100,000 to a deported American criminal, Joe Victor. Joe's former flame, Joyce Geary, is blackmailed into helping with the plan. Police Inspector Leduc of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigates and ends up caring for Joyce, as she does for him. A thug working for Victor kills the scientist's secretary after using her to gain information. Leduc is taken prisoner aboard a ship as Hartman and Victor attempt to take Dr. Macklin with them to Europe. A plea is made by Leduc to the gangster Victor, who misses his native America, to do the right thing for a change and help stop the Communists. A shootout ensues between Victor and Hartman, who end up killing one another, but Joyce's innocence is proven to the satisfaction of Leduc and the law. Cast Edward G. Robinson as Inspector Leduc George Raft as Joe Victor Audrey Totter as Joyce Peter van Eyck as Hartman George Dolenz as Macklin Peter Hansen as Fred Production The film was originally entitled Canada's Great Manhunt. It was inspired by a magazine article by Stephen Brott. This was turned into a story by James Benson Nablo which was optioned by Sam Bischoff, who had owned a production company with George Raft in the late 1940s, and David Diamond. Geoffrey Homes wrote the script and George Raft and Edward G Robinson were signed to play the leads. Gloria Grahame was sought to play the female lead. Robinson and Raft had starred in a previous film together 14 years earlier, Raoul Walsh's Manpower with Marlene Dietrich. Filming started December 10, 1954. Robinson was greylisted at the time. He paid Bezzerides $5,000 to polish Robinson's dialogue. When Raft found out about this, Raft paid the writer to perform the same function for him. Release A Bullet for Joey was released in theatres in New York City on April 15, 1955. The film was released in London at the Exhibitors' Trade Show on April 7, 1955, and in Australia on March 16, 1956. A Bullet for Joey was released on Blu-ray in November 2015, and DVD by Kino Lorber Studio Classics on July 10, 2007, and November 17, 2015. Reception Critical response The Los Angeles Times called the film "moderately exciting". In his book, Film Noir, Detective and Mystery Movies on DVD, John Howard Reid considered the movie dull. Slow pace, one-dimensional characters, and an unconvincing climax plague the film. Film critic Bosley Crowther wrote in his review: "AGE cannot wither nor custom stale the infinite uniformity of Edward G. Robinson and George Raft. In A Bullet for Joey, a crime drama that came to the Palace yesterday, along with the vaudeville program, Mr. Raft solemnly appears as an outcast American gangster called back into service to do a job of kidnapping a key atomic scientist out of Canada for a "foreign power." And Mr. Robinson plays a cool inspector of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who is assigned to uncover the suspected connivance and nip it in the bud. Considerately, we need not scan the details of Mr. Raft's laying out the job and Mr. Robinson's patient checking on him every step of the way. These are things that Mr. Raft and Mr. Robinson can act with their eyes shut—and sometimes do. (We suspect, in this instance, that the director, Lewis Allen, had his eyes shut, too.)" Box office The film was a box office flop. See also List of American films of 1955 References ^ a b c d e f Reid 2009b ^ A Bullet for Joey at the TCM Movie Database. Retrieved May 6, 2017. ^ a b c d Aaker 2013, p. 162. ^ a b Beck 2008, p. 62. ^ "FILM EVENTS: Actor From Spain Gets Lead Role". Los Angeles Times. February 25, 1955. p. 23. ProQuest 166729370. ^ Pryor, Thomas M. (September 11, 1954). "ROBINSON TO STAR WITH RAFT IN FILM: Head Cast in 'Canada's Great Manhunt,' Melodrama About Atomic Bomb Spy Plot". The New York Times. p. 11. ProQuest 112974729. ^ Vagg, Stephen (February 9, 2020). "Why Stars Stop Being Stars: George Raft". FilmInk. ^ Aaker p 164 ^ a b Crowther, Bosley (April 16, 1955). "Screen: But at the End . . .; 'Bullet for Joey' Saves Key Atomic Scientist". The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2017. ^ "Kino Lorber Studio Classics". Classic Images. January 2016. p. 36. ^ A Bullet for Joey (Blu-ray). Kino Lorber Studio Classics. July 10, 2007. ASIN B014K3642A. Retrieved September 8, 2016. ^ Scott, J. L. (August 4, 1955). "Two Action Films Open". Los Angeles Times. p. D4. ProQuest 166829268. ^ Reid 2009a, p. 15. ^ Aaker 2013, p. 164. Sources Aaker, Everett (2013). The Films of George Raft. New York City: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0786466467. Beck, Robert (2008). The Edward G. Robinson Encyclopedia (Paperback ed.). New York City: McFarland & Company. p. 62. ISBN 978-0786438648. Reid, John Howard (2009a). Film Noir, Detective and Mystery Movies on DVD: A Guide to the Best in Suspense. Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu Books. ISBN 978-1435730106. Reid, John Howard (2009b). Mystery, Suspense, Film Noir and Detective Movies on DVD: A Guide to the Best in Cinema Thrills. Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu Books. ISBN 978-0557122233. External links A Bullet for Joey at IMDb A Bullet for Joey at AllMovie A Bullet for Joey at the TCM Movie Database Review of film at Cinema Retro Review of film at Variety vteFilms directed by Lewis Allen Freedom Comes High (1943) The Uninvited (1944) Our Hearts Were Young and Gay (1944) Those Endearing Young Charms (1945) The Unseen (1945) The Perfect Marriage (1947) The Imperfect Lady (1947) Desert Fury (1947) So Evil My Love (1948) Sealed Verdict (1948) Chicago Deadline (1949) Valentino (1951) Appointment with Danger (1951) At Sword's Point (1952) Suddenly (1954) A Bullet for Joey (1955) Illegal (1955) Another Time, Another Place (1958) Whirlpool (1959) Decision at Midnight (1963)
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Robinson and George Raft.[2] The picture involves a gangster who sneaks into Canada to kidnap a scientist for the communists. The supporting cast features Audrey Totter,[1][3][4] Peter van Eyck,[1][3] George Dolenz,[1][3][4] and Peter Hansen.[3]","title":"A Bullet for Joey"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Communist agents in Canada are spying on Dr. Carl Macklin, an atomic physicist whose knowledge they want. To kidnap him, Eric Hartman, the party's top man in Montreal, offers $100,000 to a deported American criminal, Joe Victor.Joe's former flame, Joyce Geary, is blackmailed into helping with the plan. Police Inspector Leduc of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigates and ends up caring for Joyce, as she does for him.A thug working for Victor kills the scientist's secretary after using her to gain information. Leduc is taken prisoner aboard a ship as Hartman and Victor attempt to take Dr. Macklin with them to Europe.A plea is made by Leduc to the gangster Victor, who misses his native America, to do the right thing for a change and help stop the Communists. A shootout ensues between Victor and Hartman, who end up killing one another, but Joyce's innocence is proven to the satisfaction of Leduc and the law.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward G. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson"},{"link_name":"George Raft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Raft"},{"link_name":"Audrey Totter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Totter"},{"link_name":"Peter van Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_van_Eyck"},{"link_name":"George Dolenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dolenz"},{"link_name":"Peter Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hansen_(actor)"}],"text":"Edward G. Robinson as Inspector Leduc\nGeorge Raft as Joe Victor\nAudrey Totter as Joyce\nPeter van Eyck as Hartman\nGeorge Dolenz as Macklin\nPeter Hansen as Fred","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gloria Grahame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Grahame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Raoul Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Manpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manpower_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Marlene Dietrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"greylisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklisting"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The film was originally entitled Canada's Great Manhunt.[5] It was inspired by a magazine article by Stephen Brott. This was turned into a story by James Benson Nablo which was optioned by Sam Bischoff, who had owned a production company with George Raft in the late 1940s, and David Diamond. Geoffrey Homes wrote the script and George Raft and Edward G Robinson were signed to play the leads. Gloria Grahame was sought to play the female lead.[6] Robinson and Raft had starred in a previous film together 14 years earlier, Raoul Walsh's Manpower with Marlene Dietrich.[7]Filming started December 10, 1954. Robinson was greylisted at the time. He paid Bezzerides $5,000 to polish Robinson's dialogue. When Raft found out about this, Raft paid the writer to perform the same function for him.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reid-1"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kino Lorber Studio Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kino_Lorber_Studio_Classics"}],"text":"A Bullet for Joey was released in theatres in New York City on April 15, 1955.[9] The film was released in London at the Exhibitors' Trade Show on April 7, 1955, and in Australia on March 16, 1956.[1] A Bullet for Joey was released on Blu-ray in November 2015,[10] and DVD[11] by Kino Lorber Studio Classics on July 10, 2007, and November 17, 2015.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reid-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2009a15-13"},{"link_name":"Film critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_criticism"},{"link_name":"Bosley Crowther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosley_Crowther"},{"link_name":"Edward G. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson"},{"link_name":"George Raft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Raft"},{"link_name":"Lewis Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Allen_(director)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-9"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"The Los Angeles Times called the film \"moderately exciting\".[12]In his book, Film Noir, Detective and Mystery Movies on DVD, John Howard Reid considered the movie dull. Slow pace, one-dimensional characters, and an unconvincing climax plague the film.[1][13]Film critic Bosley Crowther wrote in his review: \"AGE cannot wither nor custom stale the infinite uniformity of Edward G. Robinson and George Raft. In A Bullet for Joey, a crime drama that came to the Palace yesterday, along with the vaudeville program, Mr. Raft solemnly appears as an outcast American gangster called back into service to do a job of kidnapping a key atomic scientist out of Canada for a \"foreign power.\" And Mr. Robinson plays a cool inspector of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police who is assigned to uncover the suspected connivance and nip it in the bud. Considerately, we need not scan the details of Mr. Raft's laying out the job and Mr. Robinson's patient checking on him every step of the way. These are things that Mr. Raft and Mr. Robinson can act with their eyes shut—and sometimes do. (We suspect, in this instance, that the director, Lewis Allen, had his eyes shut, too.)\"[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaker2013164-14"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"The film was a box office flop.[14]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of American films of 1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1955"}]
[{"reference":"\"FILM EVENTS: Actor From Spain Gets Lead Role\". Los Angeles Times. February 25, 1955. p. 23. ProQuest 166729370.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/166729370","url_text":"166729370"}]},{"reference":"Pryor, Thomas M. (September 11, 1954). \"ROBINSON TO STAR WITH RAFT IN FILM: Head Cast in 'Canada's Great Manhunt,' Melodrama About Atomic Bomb Spy Plot\". The New York Times. p. 11. ProQuest 112974729.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/112974729","url_text":"112974729"}]},{"reference":"Vagg, Stephen (February 9, 2020). \"Why Stars Stop Being Stars: George Raft\". FilmInk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmink.com.au/stars-stop-stars-george-raft/","url_text":"\"Why Stars Stop Being Stars: George Raft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FilmInk","url_text":"FilmInk"}]},{"reference":"Crowther, Bosley (April 16, 1955). \"Screen: But at the End . . .; 'Bullet for Joey' Saves Key Atomic Scientist\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosley_Crowther","url_text":"Crowther, Bosley"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1955/04/16/archives/screen-but-at-the-end-bullet-for-joey-saves-key-atomic-scientist.html","url_text":"\"Screen: But at the End . . .; 'Bullet for Joey' Saves Key Atomic Scientist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Kino Lorber Studio Classics\". Classic Images. January 2016. p. 36.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A Bullet for Joey (Blu-ray). Kino Lorber Studio Classics. July 10, 2007. ASIN B014K3642A. Retrieved September 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Bullet-Joey-Edward-G-Robinson/dp/B014K3642A/ref=tmm_dvd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=","url_text":"A Bullet for Joey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray","url_text":"Blu-ray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B014K3642A","url_text":"B014K3642A"}]},{"reference":"Scott, J. L. (August 4, 1955). \"Two Action Films Open\". Los Angeles Times. p. D4. ProQuest 166829268.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/166829268","url_text":"166829268"}]},{"reference":"Aaker, Everett (2013). The Films of George Raft. New York City: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0786466467.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=do_mYtgrjSAC&q=Peter+Hansen+as+Fred&pg=PA162","url_text":"The Films of George Raft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786466467","url_text":"978-0786466467"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Robert (2008). The Edward G. Robinson Encyclopedia (Paperback ed.). New York City: McFarland & Company. p. 62. ISBN 978-0786438648.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OcKSCgAAQBAJ&q=Audrey+Totter+as+Joyce&pg=PA62","url_text":"The Edward G. Robinson Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786438648","url_text":"978-0786438648"}]},{"reference":"Reid, John Howard (2009a). Film Noir, Detective and Mystery Movies on DVD: A Guide to the Best in Suspense. Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu Books. ISBN 978-1435730106.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-hLwwpIDOf4C&q=a+bullet+for+joey&pg=PA15","url_text":"Film Noir, Detective and Mystery Movies on DVD: A Guide to the Best in Suspense"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1435730106","url_text":"978-1435730106"}]},{"reference":"Reid, John Howard (2009b). Mystery, Suspense, Film Noir and Detective Movies on DVD: A Guide to the Best in Cinema Thrills. Raleigh, North Carolina: Lulu Books. ISBN 978-0557122233.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pgFfDQAAQBAJ&q=Audrey+Totter+as+Joyce&pg=PT25","url_text":"Mystery, Suspense, Film Noir and Detective Movies on DVD: A Guide to the Best in Cinema Thrills"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0557122233","url_text":"978-0557122233"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Farrell_Community_School
O'Farrell Community School
["1 Schools within a school","2 Athletics","2.1 Rivalries","3 Notable alumni","4 References"]
Coordinates: 32°42′09.09″N 117°03′55.16″W / 32.7025250°N 117.0653222°W / 32.7025250; -117.0653222School in San Diego, California 32°42′09.09″N 117°03′55.16″W / 32.7025250°N 117.0653222°W / 32.7025250; -117.0653222 The O'Farrell Charter SchoolsAddress6130 Skyline DriveSan Diego, CA 92114United StatesInformationFormer namesO'Farrell Junior High School O'Farrell Community School O'Farrell Charter SchoolTypePublic Charter SchoolMottoWhere college isn't just a possibility, it's a priorityOpened1959School districtSan Diego Unified School DistrictNumber of students1835 - O'Farrell (elementary, middle and high); 200 - IngenuityEducation systemCharterHours in school day7Campus typeUrbanColor(s)     Gold, royal blue, navy, blackNicknameFalconsRivalTubman Village Charter SchoolCalexico High SchoolSuperintendentCindy WagnerWebsitehttp://ofarrellschool.org/ The O'Farrell Charter Schools is a system of public charter schools on a campus in San Diego, California, United States. The school opened its doors in the San Diego Unified School District in 1959 chosen in 1957 as Mabel E. O'Farrell Junior High. It was voted to become a charter school in 1994. Through the years, the O'Farrell Charter School has received numerous awards and distinctions. It was named one of America's top high schools by U.S. News and World report six years in a row. It has also been named a school of distinction by National Center for Urban School Transformation. O'Farrell is an AVID National Demonstration School. Schools within a school The O'Farrell Charter Schools is divided into two local education agencies and multiple schools. The O'Farrell Charter Schools comprises The O'Farrell Elementary School The O'Farrell Charter Middle School The O'Farrell Charter High School Ingenuity Charter School is an Independent Study and Blended Learning Program located on the campus as well as other resource centers in Southeast San Diego. All schools operate on the same campus at the corner of 61st Street and Skyline Drive. The middle school entrance is off of Skyline Drive, at 6130 Skyline. The high school entrance in located at a separate entrance at 6150 Skyline Drive. The elementary school entrance is located on the intersecting 61st Street. Each O'Farrell school has a principal and vice principal, and has a separate program, teachers, and bell schedules. In 2014, "Ingenuity Charter School, Blended Learning Independent Study Program" was added as an official part of The O'Farrell Charter Schools. Students attend in person at one of the school's resource centers at least twice per week and work independently online on the other days. Athletics Athletic teams representing The O'Farrell Charter Schools O'Farrell Falcons and Lady FalconsSchoolThe O'Farrell Charter SchoolsConferenceSummit League (basketball, M volleyball)FrontierPatriot (soccer, XC)FrontierSierra (W Volleyball)Pacific League (football)CIF San Diego SectionDivision 5Athletic directorChris BakerLocationSan Diego, CaliforniaVarsity teams(6 men's, 5 women's)NicknameFalconsThe Flock (on football helmets)Lady Falcons (women's teams)Fight songThe O'Farrell charter school alma materColors ,  ,  , and  Websitehigh.ofarrellschool.org The O'Farrell Falcons (also O'Farrell Charter Falcons or OCS Falcons) is the name of all athletic teams that represent the O'Farrell Charter Middle School, the O'Farrell Charter High School and Ingenuity Charter School. The Falcons compete in a high school athletic association called the CIF (California Interscholastic Federation), of which they are in Division 5 of the San Diego Section. The Falcons' name represents members of every O'Farrell school (see Schools within a School heading above), primarily their athletic teams. Along with the men's volleyball team, the men's and women's basketball teams compete in the Summit League. The soccer teams and cross country teams are members of the Frontier-Patriot League, the women's volleyball team is in the Frontier-Sierra league, and the school's varsity football team is a part of the Pacific League. Rivalries O'Farrell has various sporting rivalries with different schools. OCS's primary rivalries for American football include the Maranatha Eagles of Maranatha Christian School and the Redhawks of Mountain Empire High School. Falcons football previously maintained a strong rivalry with the Calexico High School Bulldogs. Following a 49-0 blowout at Calexico in September 2023, this opposition became slightly less dormant. The middle school division of O'Farrell possesses a severely powerful rivalry with the Harriet Tubman Village Charter School Tigers. President Bill Clinton made a visit to San Diego in 1995 to sign the Goals 2000 education bill and to visit O'Farrell because it was a charter. The school was mentioned in Hillary Clinton's book It Takes a Village. Notable alumni Rosalie Hamlin, known for 1960 song "Angel Baby" Shirley Horton, California assemblywoman and former mayor of Chula Vista Tom Waits, claimed to have attended this school and remembered it as an all-black school in a 1973 interview References ^ "Celebrating 150 Years: The Sixties". San Diego City Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-02-07. ^ John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. "William J. Clinton: Remarks at the O'Farrell Community School in San Diego, California". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 2008-02-07. ^ Clinton, Hillary (2006-12-12). It Takes a Village. Simon and Schuster. p. 245. ISBN 1-4165-4064-4. Retrieved 2008-02-07. o farrell san diego california charter 1994. ^ "The Biography of Rosie Hamlin". ^ "Biography of Shirley Horton". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-02-08. ^ "Quotes: Childhood". Tom Waits Library. Retrieved 2008-02-07. Authority control databases ISNI
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"32°42′09.09″N 117°03′55.16″W / 32.7025250°N 117.0653222°W / 32.7025250; -117.0653222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=O%27Farrell_Community_School&params=32_42_09.09_N_117_03_55.16_W_"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"San Diego Unified School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Unified_School_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"School in San Diego, California32°42′09.09″N 117°03′55.16″W / 32.7025250°N 117.0653222°W / 32.7025250; -117.0653222The O'Farrell Charter Schools is a system of public charter schools on a campus in San Diego, California, United States. The school opened its doors in the San Diego Unified School District in 1959 chosen in 1957 as Mabel E. O'Farrell Junior High.[1] It was voted to become a charter school in 1994.Through the years, the O'Farrell Charter School has received numerous awards and distinctions. It was named one of America's top high schools by U.S. News and World report six years in a row. It has also been named a school of distinction by National Center for Urban School Transformation. O'Farrell is an AVID National Demonstration School.","title":"O'Farrell Community School"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The O'Farrell Charter Schools is divided into two local education agencies and multiple schools.The O'Farrell Charter Schools comprises\nThe O'Farrell Elementary School\nThe O'Farrell Charter Middle School\nThe O'Farrell Charter High School\nIngenuity Charter School is an Independent Study and Blended Learning Program located on the campus as well as other resource centers in Southeast San Diego.All schools operate on the same campus at the corner of 61st Street and Skyline Drive. The middle school entrance is off of Skyline Drive, at 6130 Skyline. The high school entrance in located at a separate entrance at 6150 Skyline Drive. The elementary school entrance is located on the intersecting 61st Street.Each O'Farrell school has a principal and vice principal, and has a separate program, teachers, and bell schedules.In 2014, \"Ingenuity Charter School, Blended Learning Independent Study Program\" was added as an official part of The O'Farrell Charter Schools. Students attend in person at one of the school's resource centers at least twice per week and work independently online on the other days.","title":"Schools within a school"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Athletic teams representing The O'Farrell Charter SchoolsThe O'Farrell Falcons (also O'Farrell Charter Falcons or OCS Falcons) is the name of all athletic teams that represent the O'Farrell Charter Middle School, the O'Farrell Charter High School and Ingenuity Charter School. The Falcons compete in a high school athletic association called the CIF (California Interscholastic Federation), of which they are in Division 5 of the San Diego Section. The Falcons' name represents members of every O'Farrell school (see Schools within a School heading above), primarily their athletic teams. Along with the men's volleyball team, the men's and women's basketball teams compete in the Summit League. The soccer teams and cross country teams are members of the Frontier-Patriot League, the women's volleyball team is in the Frontier-Sierra league, and the school's varsity football team is a part of the Pacific League.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maranatha Christian School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranatha_Christian_Schools"},{"link_name":"Calexico High School Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calexico_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Goals 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goals_2000"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"It Takes a Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Takes_a_Village"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hclinton001-3"}],"sub_title":"Rivalries","text":"O'Farrell has various sporting rivalries with different schools. OCS's primary rivalries for American football include the Maranatha Eagles of Maranatha Christian School and the Redhawks of Mountain Empire High School. Falcons football previously maintained a strong rivalry with the Calexico High School Bulldogs. Following a 49-0 blowout at Calexico in September 2023, this opposition became slightly less dormant. The middle school division of O'Farrell possesses a severely powerful rivalry with the Harriet Tubman Village Charter School Tigers.President Bill Clinton made a visit to San Diego in 1995 to sign the Goals 2000 education bill and to visit O'Farrell because it was a charter.[2]The school was mentioned in Hillary Clinton's book It Takes a Village.[3]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosalie Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalie_Hamlin"},{"link_name":"Angel Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Baby_(Rosie_and_the_Originals_song)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Shirley Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Horton"},{"link_name":"Chula Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chula_Vista"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tom Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Rosalie Hamlin, known for 1960 song \"Angel Baby\"[4]\nShirley Horton, California assemblywoman and former mayor of Chula Vista[5]\nTom Waits, claimed to have attended this school and remembered it as an all-black school in a 1973 interview[6]","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Celebrating 150 Years: The Sixties\". San Diego City Schools. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080510120153/http://www.sandi.net/events/150years/60s.html","url_text":"\"Celebrating 150 Years: The Sixties\""},{"url":"http://www.sandi.net/events/150years/60s.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters. \"William J. Clinton: Remarks at the O'Farrell Community School in San Diego, California\". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 2008-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=51897","url_text":"\"William J. Clinton: Remarks at the O'Farrell Community School in San Diego, California\""}]},{"reference":"Clinton, Hillary (2006-12-12). It Takes a Village. Simon and Schuster. p. 245. ISBN 1-4165-4064-4. Retrieved 2008-02-07. o farrell san diego california charter 1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ittakesvillage00clin","url_text":"It Takes a Village"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ittakesvillage00clin/page/245","url_text":"245"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4165-4064-4","url_text":"1-4165-4064-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The Biography of Rosie Hamlin\".","urls":[{"url":"http://rosieandtheoriginals.com/main/rosiehamlin.htm","url_text":"\"The Biography of Rosie Hamlin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of Shirley Horton\". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516221312/http://www.asianamerican.net/bios/Horton-Shirley.html","url_text":"\"Biography of Shirley Horton\""},{"url":"http://www.asianamerican.net/bios/Horton-Shirley.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Quotes: Childhood\". Tom Waits Library. Retrieved 2008-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/quotes/childhood.html","url_text":"\"Quotes: Childhood\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizing_the_Galilee
Judaization of the Galilee
["1 Background","2 History of implementation","3 Mixed Arab–Jewish communities","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
Israeli government project Judaization of the Galilee (Hebrew: ייהוד הגליל Yehud ha-Galil; Arabic: تهويد الجليل, tahweed al-jalīl) is a regional project and policy of the Israeli government and associated private organizations which is intended to increase Jewish population and communities in the Galilee, a region within Israel which has an Arab majority. Background Main article: 1948 Arab–Israeli war With the termination of the British Mandate of Palestine and the withdrawal of British troops in mid-May 1948, the ongoing civil war between the Jewish and Arab communities escalated into the 1948 Arab–Israeli war with the Israeli Declaration of Independence and the armies of Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria crossed the former borders into the territory, and a Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries occurred, sometimes with Jews leaving voluntarily, in most cases by force, the majority of whom migrated to Israel. The unenacted Partition Plan for Palestine contained in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, which had called for the establishment of separate Jewish and Arab states, had recommended placement of the Western Galilee region in the latter. However, following the 1949 Armistice Agreements that ended the official hostilities of the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, the region was instead incorporated into Israel. The Arab population, largely decimated by the war, still formed the majority in the area. Israel's independence meant that the priorities of the Zionist movement shifted from securing a safe territorial base for Jewish immigrants (many of whom were refugees of European persecution), to building viable Jewish communities of the newly created sovereign state and 'the ingathering and assimilation of exiles' (mizug galuyot). According to Oren Yiftachel, Judaization is a statewide policy that aims at preventing the return of the 750,000 Palestinian refugees exiled by the 1948 war and at exerting Jewish control over Israeli territory which still included the 13–14% of the Arab population who remained there following the war. Judaization has also entailed the transfer of lands expropriated from Arabs to Jews, the physical destruction of Arab villages, towns, and neighborhoods whose inhabitants fled or were expelled in the 1948 and 1967 Six-Day War, restrictions on Arab settlement and development and the parallel development of Jewish urban and industrial centers, Hebraization of Palestinian place names (viz. replacing them Arabic place names with Hebrew ones) and the redrawing of municipal boundaries to ensure Jewish dominance. Two main areas targeted by the Judaization strategy are the Negev and the Galilee. History of implementation The policy to 'Judaize Galilee' was first endorsed by the Israeli cabinet in March 1949. Beginning in the early 1950s, the Jewish Agency, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Interior Ministry coordinated their efforts to increase the number of Jews living in the Galilee. Primary advocates of the project included Yosef Nahmani and Yosef Weitz who stressed the need to create a Jewish majority in the Galilee to reduce "the Arab threat" and prevent the formation of "a nucleus of Arab nationalism within the Jewish state". Part of the effort to develop and populate the Galilee with a Jewish majority included the Land Acquisition Law of 1953 that resulted in the confiscation of 1,220,000 dunams of land belonging to Arabs in the first year following its implementation. Nahmani had advocated that particular attention be paid to settling Jews in the city of Nazareth in a 1953 letter to Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion. In the second half of 1954, the Defense Ministry expanded its role in plans for the settlement of the Galilee by setting up the Galilee Development Department which was concerned with, among other things, caring for the new Jewish settlement of Nazareth Illit (Upper Nazareth) founded by the government that year. Nazareth Illit, though smaller in population than Nazareth itself, is now the administrative capital of Israel's Northern District. The creation of the Jewish city of Karmiel on Arab village lands in 1962, which like Nazareth Illit was also part of the implementation of the same policy. An additional reason for the undertaking of the Judaization policy was, according to David McDowall, "to ensure that there could be no serious discussion of returning any of these lands earmarked for an Arab state by the United Nations to Arab control". By 1964, there were over 200 Jewish settlements in Israel's Northern District, while in the Galilee proper, as a result of intensive Jewish settlement, Jews outnumbered Palestinians by 3:2. To attract Jewish migration to the areas targeted by the Judaization policy, public resources were marshalled to offer incentives in the form of tax breaks, land and housing subsidies, low interest loans and rent assistance. Direct establishment grants were also offered and regional infrastructure was developed to support the Jewish localities established. Project implementation in the 1970s involved further confiscations of Arab land by the state, explicitly announced under the banner of the "Judaization of the Galilee" in February 1976. The announcement provoked the calling of a general strike and demonstrations by the Arab population in which 6 Arab citizens were killed and many more wounded and arrested by state forces. These events are commemorated annually by Palestinians on Land Day. By the mid-1970s, "it was clear that the Jewish settlement drive in the Galilee was a failure." Israel Koenig, author of the Koenig Memorandum, renewed the call for the Judaization of the Galilee in 1977. The International Institute for Environment and Development charges that the continued growth of the Arab population and their continued ownership of land were sources of consternation for Koenig, who advocated adopting measures to compel them to leave the country. Judaization efforts in the Galilee continued, and by the mid-1990s had changed the demography of the Galilee (and the Negev) significantly, though in the heart of the Galilee, Arabs still made up 72% of the population. A 1995 planning map for the Galilee drafted by the Regional Planning Board and leaked to the press, explicitly called for Judaization via the increase of Jewish settlement there distributed, "in such a way that they would disrupt any Palestinian geographical continuity." Assaf Adiv states that while the government has avoided using the term "Judaization" to describe its development policies in the Galilee since the outbreak of the Second Intifada, government policy has remained aimed at promoting Jewish settlement in the Galilee. Mixed Arab–Jewish communities An unexpected effect of the government's efforts to attract Jewish population to the Galilee has been the growth of mixed Arab–Jewish communities. "Efforts to Judaize the Galilee have had a paradoxical effect," writes Meiron Rapaport of Haaretz. "Prosperous Jews are leaving the northern cities ... and in their place come Arabs." While the government built housing units in towns intended for Jewish settlement, Jews did not migrate to the region as expected. Meanwhile, Arabs, whose housing options were increasingly limited by development restrictions in their own villages, bought units in the Jewish towns. There are now substantial Arab populations in several new Galilee towns, including Upper Nazareth (about 20%) and Carmiel (10%). With no guiding policy of the national government to deal with this integration, local regional councils have been left to themselves to deal with these developments. For example, the Menashe regional council, in the lower Galilee, elected to send its municipal workers to Arabic courses in order to provide services to their Arab residents; the Misgav Regional Council has declared that "cooperation between all sectors ... Jewish and Arab" is a development objective, though Jewish–Arab relations have not been without problems. Israeli nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have taken a leading role in developing programs to promote integration and to militate for government development policies. "Promoting a shared society in mixed areas needs to be focused on specific policy planning, and must be managed with a multifaceted approach including socioeconomic, educational, public and governmental considerations," writes Amnon Be'eri-Sulitzeanu, co-executive director of the Abraham Fund. "It is vital to recognize that Israel today is a mixed country. Policy aimed at improving the nature of Jewish–Arab relations in mixed cities and regions is of primary and paramount importance for the future of the state." See also Judaization of Jerusalem Islamization of East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule Islamization of the Temple Mount Islam in Palestine References ^ a b c Firro, 1999, pp. 134–135. Refers to it as "a project". ^ Ben-Ami et al., 2000, p. 249. Refers to it as "a regional policy". ^ Lustick, 1980, p. 129. Refers to it as "an ongoing program of the regime undertaken by various governmental and nongovernmental agencies". ^ McDowall, 1991, p. 127. ^ a b Rabinowitz, 1997, p. 6. ^ a b c Yitachel et al., 2001, p. 118–120. ^ Holzman-Gazit, 2007, p. 105. ^ Yacobi, 2009, p. 9. "The Judaization and de-Arabization of space employed a range of strategies, which followed the flight and eviction of Palestinian refugees in 1948. These included the prevention of the right of return, the destruction of some 400 Arab villages (Morris 1987), and the expropriation of some 50 to 60 percent of the land owned by Arabs who remained in Israel (Kedar 1998)." ^ a b Sufian and Levine, 2007, pp. 81–83. ^ Wesley, 2006, p. 29. ^ a b c McDowall, 1991, p. 131. ^ a b Yitachel, 2001, p. 120. ^ a b Kimmerling and Migdal, 2003, p. 195. ^ a b c IIED, 1994, p. 98. ^ Kanaaneh, 2002, p. 53. ^ Assaf Adiv (May–June 2001). ""Judaizing" Galilee!". Challenge: a Jerusalem Magazine on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Archived from the original on August 17, 2002. ^ Meiron Rapaport (November 17, 2007). מעורב צפוני . Haaretz (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2014. ^ a b c d e Amnon Be'eri-Sulitzeanu (March 15, 2009). "A coexistence-policy imperative". Haaretz. Retrieved October 15, 2014. ^ a b Ofer Petersburg (December 12, 2007). "Jewish population in Galilee declining". Ynetnews. Retrieved October 15, 2014. ^ חזון מועצה אזורית משגב (in Hebrew). Misgav Regional Council. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. ^ See, for example, Jack Khoury (December 14, 2009). "Jewish town won't let Arab build home on his own land". Haaretz. Retrieved October 15, 2014. Bibliography Ben-Ami, Shlomo; Peled, Yoav; Spektorowski, Alberto (2000). Ethnic challenges to the modern nation state (Illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23053-1. Falah, Ghazi (1991). "Israeli "Judaization" Policy in Galilee". Journal of Palestine Studies. 20 (4). University of California Press on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies: 69–85. doi:10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0268u. JSTOR 2537436. Holzman-Gazit, Yifat (2007). Land expropriation in Israel: law, culture and society. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-2543-8. Firro, Kais (1999). The Druzes in the Jewish state: a brief history (Illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 9789004112513. Kanaaneh, Rhoda Ann (2002). Birthing the nation: strategies of Palestinian women in Israel (Illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-520-22379-0. judaization galilee. International Institute for Environment & Development (IIED) (1994). Evictions - 7010iied. IIED. ISBN 978-1-84369-082-5. Kimmerling, Baruch; Migdal, Joel S. (2003). The Palestinian people: a history (Illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674011298. Lustick, Ian (1980). Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's control of a national minority (2nd ed.). University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70347-6. McDowall, David (1991). Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond (Reprint, illustrated ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07653-2. Rabinowitz, Dan (1997). Overlooking Nazareth: the ethnography of exclusion in Galilee (Illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56495-3. Sufian, Sandra Marlene; LeVine, Mark (2007). Reapproaching borders: new perspectives on the study of Israel-Palestine (Illustrated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742546394. Wesley, David A. (2006). State practices and Zionist images: shaping economic development in Arab towns in Israel (Illustrated ed.). Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845450588. Yacobi, Haim (2009). The Jewish-Arab city: spatio-politics in a mixed community (Illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-44500-9. Yiftachel, Oren (2001). Oren Yiftachel; Jo Little; David Hedgcock (eds.). The power of planning: spaces of control and transformation (Illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-0534-3.
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The unenacted Partition Plan for Palestine contained in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, which had called for the establishment of separate Jewish and Arab states, had recommended placement of the Western Galilee region in the latter.[4] However, following the 1949 Armistice Agreements that ended the official hostilities of the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, the region was instead incorporated into Israel. The Arab population, largely decimated by the war, still formed the majority in the area.[5]Israel's independence meant that the priorities of the Zionist movement shifted from securing a safe territorial base for Jewish immigrants (many of whom were refugees of European persecution), to building viable Jewish communities of the newly created sovereign state and 'the ingathering and assimilation of exiles' (mizug galuyot).[6]According to Oren Yiftachel, Judaization is a statewide policy that aims at preventing the return of the 750,000 Palestinian refugees exiled by the 1948 war and at exerting Jewish control over Israeli territory which still included the 13–14% of the Arab population who remained there following the war.[6] Judaization has also entailed the transfer of lands expropriated from Arabs to Jews, the physical destruction of Arab villages, towns, and neighborhoods whose inhabitants fled or were expelled in the 1948 and 1967 Six-Day War, restrictions on Arab settlement and development and the parallel development of Jewish urban and industrial centers, Hebraization of Palestinian place names (viz. replacing them Arabic place names with Hebrew ones) and the redrawing of municipal boundaries to ensure Jewish dominance.[7][8] Two main areas targeted by the Judaization strategy are the Negev and the Galilee.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rabinowitzp6-5"},{"link_name":"Jewish Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Agency"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Interior Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sufianp81-9"},{"link_name":"Yosef Nahmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yosef_Nahmani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yosef Weitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Weitz"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Arab nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Jewish state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_state"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firrop134-1"},{"link_name":"Land Acquisition Law of 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_and_Property_Laws_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firrop134-1"},{"link_name":"Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth"},{"link_name":"David Ben-Gurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wesleyp29-10"},{"link_name":"Defense Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Nazareth Illit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth_Illit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sufianp81-9"},{"link_name":"Karmiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmiel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDowallp131-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDowallp131-11"},{"link_name":"Israel's Northern District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDowallp131-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yiftachelp120-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimmerlingp195-13"},{"link_name":"general strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike"},{"link_name":"Land Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Day"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimmerlingp195-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIEDp98-14"},{"link_name":"Koenig Memorandum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenig_Memorandum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIEDp98-14"},{"link_name":"International Institute for Environment and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Environment_and_Development"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IIEDp98-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yiftachelp120-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kanaanehp53-15"},{"link_name":"Second Intifada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adiv-16"}],"text":"The policy to 'Judaize Galilee' was first endorsed by the Israeli cabinet in March 1949.[5] Beginning in the early 1950s, the Jewish Agency, Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Interior Ministry coordinated their efforts to increase the number of Jews living in the Galilee.[9] Primary advocates of the project included Yosef Nahmani and Yosef Weitz who stressed the need to create a Jewish majority in the Galilee to reduce \"the Arab threat\" and prevent the formation of \"a nucleus of Arab nationalism within the Jewish state\".[1]Part of the effort to develop and populate the Galilee with a Jewish majority included the Land Acquisition Law of 1953 that resulted in the confiscation of 1,220,000 dunams of land belonging to Arabs in the first year following its implementation.[1]Nahmani had advocated that particular attention be paid to settling Jews in the city of Nazareth in a 1953 letter to Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion.[10] In the second half of 1954, the Defense Ministry expanded its role in plans for the settlement of the Galilee by setting up the Galilee Development Department which was concerned with, among other things, caring for the new Jewish settlement of Nazareth Illit (Upper Nazareth) founded by the government that year.[9] Nazareth Illit, though smaller in population than Nazareth itself, is now the administrative capital of Israel's Northern District. The creation of the Jewish city of Karmiel on Arab village lands in 1962, which like Nazareth Illit was also part of the implementation of the same policy.[11]An additional reason for the undertaking of the Judaization policy was, according to David McDowall, \"to ensure that there could be no serious discussion of returning any of these lands earmarked for an Arab state by the United Nations to Arab control\".[11] By 1964, there were over 200 Jewish settlements in Israel's Northern District, while in the Galilee proper, as a result of intensive Jewish settlement, Jews outnumbered Palestinians by 3:2.[11]To attract Jewish migration to the areas targeted by the Judaization policy, public resources were marshalled to offer incentives in the form of tax breaks, land and housing subsidies, low interest loans and rent assistance. Direct establishment grants were also offered and regional infrastructure was developed to support the Jewish localities established.[12]Project implementation in the 1970s involved further confiscations of Arab land by the state, explicitly announced under the banner of the \"Judaization of the Galilee\" in February 1976.[13] The announcement provoked the calling of a general strike and demonstrations by the Arab population in which 6 Arab citizens were killed and many more wounded and arrested by state forces. These events are commemorated annually by Palestinians on Land Day.[13]By the mid-1970s, \"it was clear that the Jewish settlement drive in the Galilee was a failure.\"[14] Israel Koenig, author of the Koenig Memorandum, renewed the call for the Judaization of the Galilee in 1977.[14] The International Institute for Environment and Development charges that the continued growth of the Arab population and their continued ownership of land were sources of consternation for Koenig, who advocated adopting measures to compel them to leave the country.[14]Judaization efforts in the Galilee continued, and by the mid-1990s had changed the demography of the Galilee (and the Negev) significantly, though in the heart of the Galilee, Arabs still made up 72% of the population.[12] A 1995 planning map for the Galilee drafted by the Regional Planning Board and leaked to the press, explicitly called for Judaization via the increase of Jewish settlement there distributed, \"in such a way that they would disrupt any Palestinian geographical continuity.\"[15]Assaf Adiv states that while the government has avoided using the term \"Judaization\" to describe its development policies in the Galilee since the outbreak of the Second Intifada, government policy has remained aimed at promoting Jewish settlement in the Galilee.[16]","title":"History of implementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haaretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coexistence-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coexistence-18"},{"link_name":"Upper Nazareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth_Illit"},{"link_name":"Carmiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmiel"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petersburg-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coexistence-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petersburg-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coexistence-18"},{"link_name":"Misgav Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misgav_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coexistence-18"}],"text":"An unexpected effect of the government's efforts to attract Jewish population to the Galilee has been the growth of mixed Arab–Jewish communities. \"Efforts to Judaize the Galilee have had a paradoxical effect,\" writes Meiron Rapaport of Haaretz. \"Prosperous Jews are leaving the northern cities ... and in their place come Arabs.\"[17] While the government built housing units in towns intended for Jewish settlement, Jews did not migrate to the region as expected.[18] Meanwhile, Arabs, whose housing options were increasingly limited by development restrictions in their own villages,[18] bought units in the Jewish towns. There are now substantial Arab populations in several new Galilee towns, including Upper Nazareth (about 20%) and Carmiel (10%).[19]With no guiding policy of the national government to deal with this integration, local regional councils have been left to themselves to deal with these developments. [18][19] For example, the Menashe regional council, in the lower Galilee, elected to send its municipal workers to Arabic courses in order to provide services to their Arab residents;[18] the Misgav Regional Council has declared that \"cooperation between all sectors ... Jewish and Arab\" is a development objective,[20] though Jewish–Arab relations have not been without problems.[21]Israeli nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have taken a leading role in developing programs to promote integration and to militate for government development policies. \"Promoting a shared society in mixed areas needs to be focused on specific policy planning, and must be managed with a multifaceted approach including socioeconomic, educational, public and governmental considerations,\" writes Amnon Be'eri-Sulitzeanu, co-executive director of the Abraham Fund.[18] \"It is vital to recognize that Israel today is a mixed country. Policy aimed at improving the nature of Jewish–Arab relations in mixed cities and regions is of primary and paramount importance for the future of the state.\"","title":"Mixed Arab–Jewish communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben-Ami, Shlomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Ben-Ami"},{"link_name":"Ethnic challenges to the modern nation state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=fnJYRgFcvlEC&q=%22Judaization+of+the+Galilee%22&pg=PA249"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-312-23053-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23053-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0268u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.1991.20.4.00p0268u"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2537436","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2537436"},{"link_name":"Land expropriation in Israel: law, culture and society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RgWZ_yvIvVcC&q=judaization&pg=PA71"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7546-2543-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2543-8"},{"link_name":"The Druzes in the Jewish state: a brief history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=owhg2R8Ndy8C&q=%22Judaization+of+the+Galilee%22&pg=PA134"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004112513","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004112513"},{"link_name":"Birthing the nation: strategies of Palestinian women in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/birthingnationst0000kana"},{"link_name":"53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/birthingnationst0000kana/page/53"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-22379-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22379-0"},{"link_name":"Evictions - 7010iied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZsPf0T0nZCYC&q=%22Judaization+of+the+Galilee%22&pg=PA98"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84369-082-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84369-082-5"},{"link_name":"Kimmerling, Baruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling"},{"link_name":"Migdal, Joel S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Migdal"},{"link_name":"The Palestinian people: a history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&q=%22Judaization+of+the+Galilee%22&pg=PA195"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780674011298","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674011298"},{"link_name":"Lustick, Ian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Lustick"},{"link_name":"Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's control of a national minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/arabsinjewishsta00lust"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-292-70347-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70347-6"},{"link_name":"Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IYGOCNb7zHkC&q=judaize&pg=PA131"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-07653-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07653-2"},{"link_name":"Overlooking Nazareth: the ethnography of exclusion in Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0xX6UfsmO-EC&q=judaize&pg=PA6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-56495-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56495-3"},{"link_name":"LeVine, Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_LeVine"},{"link_name":"Reapproaching borders: new perspectives on the study of Israel-Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qNw9qRPHTScC&q=%22Judaization+of+the+Galilee%22&pg=PA83"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780742546394","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742546394"},{"link_name":"State practices and Zionist images: shaping economic development in Arab towns in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4qNZdc7spNIC&q=%22Judaization+of+the+Galilee%22&pg=PA29"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781845450588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845450588"},{"link_name":"The Jewish-Arab city: spatio-politics in a mixed community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&q=%22palestinian+refugees%22+judaization&pg=PA9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-44500-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44500-9"},{"link_name":"Yiftachel, Oren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oren_Yiftachel"},{"link_name":"The power of planning: spaces of control and transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5Tj6E4nuGJ8C&q=judaization+galilee&pg=PA120"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4020-0534-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0534-3"}],"text":"Ben-Ami, Shlomo; Peled, Yoav; Spektorowski, Alberto (2000). Ethnic challenges to the modern nation state (Illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23053-1.\nFalah, Ghazi (1991). \"Israeli \"Judaization\" Policy in Galilee\". Journal of Palestine Studies. 20 (4). University of California Press on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies: 69–85. doi:10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0268u. JSTOR 2537436.\nHolzman-Gazit, Yifat (2007). Land expropriation in Israel: law, culture and society. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-2543-8.\nFirro, Kais (1999). The Druzes in the Jewish state: a brief history (Illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 9789004112513.\nKanaaneh, Rhoda Ann (2002). Birthing the nation: strategies of Palestinian women in Israel (Illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-520-22379-0. judaization galilee.\nInternational Institute for Environment & Development (IIED) (1994). Evictions - 7010iied. IIED. ISBN 978-1-84369-082-5.\nKimmerling, Baruch; Migdal, Joel S. (2003). The Palestinian people: a history (Illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674011298.\nLustick, Ian (1980). Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's control of a national minority (2nd ed.). University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70347-6.\nMcDowall, David (1991). Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond (Reprint, illustrated ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07653-2.\nRabinowitz, Dan (1997). Overlooking Nazareth: the ethnography of exclusion in Galilee (Illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56495-3.\nSufian, Sandra Marlene; LeVine, Mark (2007). Reapproaching borders: new perspectives on the study of Israel-Palestine (Illustrated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742546394.\nWesley, David A. (2006). State practices and Zionist images: shaping economic development in Arab towns in Israel (Illustrated ed.). Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845450588.\nYacobi, Haim (2009). The Jewish-Arab city: spatio-politics in a mixed community (Illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-44500-9.\nYiftachel, Oren (2001). Oren Yiftachel; Jo Little; David Hedgcock (eds.). The power of planning: spaces of control and transformation (Illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-0534-3.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Judaization of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaization_of_Jerusalem"},{"title":"Islamization of East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_East_Jerusalem_under_Jordanian_rule"},{"title":"Islamization of the Temple Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_the_Temple_Mount"},{"title":"Islam in Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine"}]
[{"reference":"Assaf Adiv (May–June 2001). \"\"Judaizing\" Galilee!\". Challenge: a Jerusalem Magazine on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Archived from the original on August 17, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020817040522/http://www.hanitzotz.com/challenge/67/in-issue.htm","url_text":"\"\"Judaizing\" Galilee!\""},{"url":"http://www.hanitzotz.com/challenge/67/asaf.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Meiron Rapaport (November 17, 2007). מעורב צפוני [Mixed North]. Haaretz (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605023553/http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=924636&contrassID=&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0","url_text":"מעורב צפוני"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz","url_text":"Haaretz"},{"url":"http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=924636&contrassID=&subContrassID=0&sbSubContrassID=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Amnon Be'eri-Sulitzeanu (March 15, 2009). \"A coexistence-policy imperative\". Haaretz. Retrieved October 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/a-coexistence-policy-imperative-1.272052","url_text":"\"A coexistence-policy imperative\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz","url_text":"Haaretz"}]},{"reference":"Ofer Petersburg (December 12, 2007). \"Jewish population in Galilee declining\". Ynetnews. Retrieved October 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3481768,00.html","url_text":"\"Jewish population in Galilee declining\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynetnews","url_text":"Ynetnews"}]},{"reference":"חזון מועצה אזורית משגב [Misgav Regional Council Vision] (in Hebrew). Misgav Regional Council. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071025061322/http://www.misgav.org.il/1403/","url_text":"חזון מועצה אזורית משגב"},{"url":"http://www.misgav.org.il/1403/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jack Khoury (December 14, 2009). \"Jewish town won't let Arab build home on his own land\". Haaretz. Retrieved October 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/jewish-town-won-t-let-arab-build-home-on-his-own-land-1.2194","url_text":"\"Jewish town won't let Arab build home on his own land\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz","url_text":"Haaretz"}]},{"reference":"Ben-Ami, Shlomo; Peled, Yoav; Spektorowski, Alberto (2000). Ethnic challenges to the modern nation state (Illustrated ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23053-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Ben-Ami","url_text":"Ben-Ami, Shlomo"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fnJYRgFcvlEC&q=%22Judaization+of+the+Galilee%22&pg=PA249","url_text":"Ethnic challenges to the modern nation state"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23053-1","url_text":"978-0-312-23053-1"}]},{"reference":"Falah, Ghazi (1991). \"Israeli \"Judaization\" Policy in Galilee\". Journal of Palestine Studies. 20 (4). University of California Press on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies: 69–85. doi:10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0268u. JSTOR 2537436.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.1991.20.4.00p0268u","url_text":"10.1525/jps.1991.20.4.00p0268u"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537436","url_text":"2537436"}]},{"reference":"Holzman-Gazit, Yifat (2007). Land expropriation in Israel: law, culture and society. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-2543-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RgWZ_yvIvVcC&q=judaization&pg=PA71","url_text":"Land expropriation in Israel: law, culture and society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2543-8","url_text":"978-0-7546-2543-8"}]},{"reference":"Firro, Kais (1999). The Druzes in the Jewish state: a brief history (Illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 9789004112513.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=owhg2R8Ndy8C&q=%22Judaization+of+the+Galilee%22&pg=PA134","url_text":"The Druzes in the Jewish state: a brief history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004112513","url_text":"9789004112513"}]},{"reference":"Kanaaneh, Rhoda Ann (2002). Birthing the nation: strategies of Palestinian women in Israel (Illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-520-22379-0. judaization galilee.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/birthingnationst0000kana","url_text":"Birthing the nation: strategies of Palestinian women in Israel"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/birthingnationst0000kana/page/53","url_text":"53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22379-0","url_text":"978-0-520-22379-0"}]},{"reference":"International Institute for Environment & Development (IIED) (1994). Evictions - 7010iied. IIED. ISBN 978-1-84369-082-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsPf0T0nZCYC&q=%22Judaization+of+the+Galilee%22&pg=PA98","url_text":"Evictions - 7010iied"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84369-082-5","url_text":"978-1-84369-082-5"}]},{"reference":"Kimmerling, Baruch; Migdal, Joel S. (2003). The Palestinian people: a history (Illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674011298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling","url_text":"Kimmerling, Baruch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Migdal","url_text":"Migdal, Joel S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&q=%22Judaization+of+the+Galilee%22&pg=PA195","url_text":"The Palestinian people: a history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674011298","url_text":"9780674011298"}]},{"reference":"Lustick, Ian (1980). Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's control of a national minority (2nd ed.). University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70347-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Lustick","url_text":"Lustick, Ian"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/arabsinjewishsta00lust","url_text":"Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's control of a national minority"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70347-6","url_text":"978-0-292-70347-6"}]},{"reference":"McDowall, David (1991). Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond (Reprint, illustrated ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07653-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IYGOCNb7zHkC&q=judaize&pg=PA131","url_text":"Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07653-2","url_text":"978-0-520-07653-2"}]},{"reference":"Rabinowitz, Dan (1997). Overlooking Nazareth: the ethnography of exclusion in Galilee (Illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56495-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0xX6UfsmO-EC&q=judaize&pg=PA6","url_text":"Overlooking Nazareth: the ethnography of exclusion in Galilee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56495-3","url_text":"978-0-521-56495-3"}]},{"reference":"Sufian, Sandra Marlene; LeVine, Mark (2007). Reapproaching borders: new perspectives on the study of Israel-Palestine (Illustrated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742546394.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_LeVine","url_text":"LeVine, Mark"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qNw9qRPHTScC&q=%22Judaization+of+the+Galilee%22&pg=PA83","url_text":"Reapproaching borders: new perspectives on the study of Israel-Palestine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742546394","url_text":"9780742546394"}]},{"reference":"Wesley, David A. (2006). State practices and Zionist images: shaping economic development in Arab towns in Israel (Illustrated ed.). Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845450588.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4qNZdc7spNIC&q=%22Judaization+of+the+Galilee%22&pg=PA29","url_text":"State practices and Zionist images: shaping economic development in Arab towns in Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845450588","url_text":"9781845450588"}]},{"reference":"Yacobi, Haim (2009). The Jewish-Arab city: spatio-politics in a mixed community (Illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-44500-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CE0EFVnpuAMC&q=%22palestinian+refugees%22+judaization&pg=PA9","url_text":"The Jewish-Arab city: spatio-politics in a mixed community"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44500-9","url_text":"978-0-415-44500-9"}]},{"reference":"Yiftachel, Oren (2001). Oren Yiftachel; Jo Little; David Hedgcock (eds.). The power of planning: spaces of control and transformation (Illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-0534-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oren_Yiftachel","url_text":"Yiftachel, Oren"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5Tj6E4nuGJ8C&q=judaization+galilee&pg=PA120","url_text":"The power of planning: spaces of control and transformation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0534-3","url_text":"978-1-4020-0534-3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins_trademark_dispute
Washington Redskins trademark dispute
["1 Harjo case","2 Related trademark actions","3 Blackhorse case","3.1 Appeal of Blackhorse decision","4 Supreme Court review","5 See also","6 References"]
Former legal dispute to trademark the slur "Redskin" Main article: Washington Redskins name controversy The Washington Redskins trademark dispute was a legal effort by Native Americans to define the term "redskin" to be an offensive and pejorative racial slur to deprive the owners of the NFL's Washington Redskins of the ability to maintain federal trademark protection for the name. These efforts had primarily been carried forward in two cases brought before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). While prevailing in the most recent case in which the trademarks were cancelled, petitioners withdrew for further litigation now that the legal issue has become moot due to a decision in another case which found the relevant portion of the trademark law to be an unconstitutional infringement on freedom of speech. After decades of defending the name, amidst the removal of many names and images as part of the George Floyd protests combined with pressure from investors and sponsors, the Redskins began the process of changing their name. On July 23, 2020 the team announced that, given that a rebrand typically takes 12 to 18 months, they would be called the Washington Football Team with a block "W" logo for the 2020 and 2021 seasons. The franchise underwent an extensive search for a new trademark and name, and announced its new branding as the Washington Commanders on February 2, 2022. Harjo case The first action in the dispute occurred in 1992, when Suzan Shown Harjo, President of the Morning Star Institute, with six other prominent Native Americans represented by the Dorsey & Whitney law firm of Minneapolis, petitioned the USPTO to cancel the trademark registrations owned by the Redskins' corporate entity of Pro-Football, Inc. They based their lawsuit on the claim that federal trademark law states that certain trademark registrations are not legal if they are "disparaging, scandalous, contemptuous, or disreputable." The legal battle went on for seven years. In 1999 the PTO judges canceled the federal registration of the mark REDSKINS "on the grounds that the subject marks may disparage Native Americans and may bring them into contempt or disrepute." The owners appealed the decision to a district court in the District of Columbia in Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo. The court reversed the USPTO's decision on the grounds of insufficient evidence of disparagement. Subsequent appeals have been rejected on the basis of laches, which means that the specific Native American plaintiffs had pursued their rights in an untimely and delayed manner. In 2009 the Supreme Court declined to take up the case. Related trademark actions Since 1992, the USPTO has rejected eleven applications for other trademarks that included the word redskins, based on the same reason of disparagement. Some of the applications were made by Pro-Football, Inc., including "Washington Redskins Cheerleaders", some for other products. The USPTO rejected an application to register "Redskins Hog Rinds" because it "consists of or includes matter which may disparage or bring into contempt or disrepute persons, institutions, beliefs, or national symbols". Blackhorse case A second case was filed, Blackhorse v. Pro-Football, Inc., with younger plaintiffs whose standing might not be hindered by laches. On June 18, 2014, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) voted to cancel the six trademarks held by the team in a two-to-one decision that held that the term "redskins" is disparaging to a "substantial composite of Native Americans", and this is demonstrated "by the near complete drop-off in usage of 'redskins' as a reference to Native Americans beginning in the 1960s." The Trademark board asked two questions in determining disparagement: 1) what is the meaning of the mark as it appears in connection with the goods and services in the registrations and 2) is the meaning of the marks one that may be disparaging. The questions are to be answered in the context of the respective dates of registration of each mark. Evidence of disparagement submitted by the petitioners in the case include the frequent references to "scalping" made by sportswriters for sixty years when reporting the Redskins loss of a game, and passages from movies made from the 1940s to the 1960s using "redskin" to refer to Native Americans as a savage enemy. A linguistics expert for the team unsuccessfully argued that the name is merely a descriptive term no different than other uses of color to differentiate people by race. The TTAB also found that the term "redskin" refers to Native Americans (rather than having an "independent meaning" as the team sometimes claimed) as shown by the costumes worn by both the cheerleaders and marching band from the 1960s until the 1980s, and the native imagery used on the press guides for many years. In a press release the trademark attorney for the team stated that they were confident that they would once again prevail on appeal, and that today's decision will make no difference in the continued use of the Redskins name. Plaintiff Amanda Blackhorse, a social worker and member of the Navajo Nation, said in an interview, "We’ve been through this process for eight years now. We will continue to fight. And, you know, this is not the end for us." Some legal experts have opined that the ruling could stick this time. The political columnist George Will portrayed the case as an example of overreach by government regulatory agencies, arguing that there was an "absence of general or Native American revulsion" toward the name. A sports columnist for The Washington Post compared the TTAB's actions to "policing speech". The cancellation of Federal registration in fact made no change to the team's use of the name, but withdrew the government from the responsibility to regulate the use of the name by anyone. The team retains other rights under common law, but must enforce them without government assistance. However, in the opinion of one intellectual property law firm, the team "may be hesitant to sue another for infringing its marks because of the risk that a court could possibly determine that the team has no protectable interest in the name because of its disparaging nature". Appeal of Blackhorse decision The Washington Redskins filed its appeal in the Blackhorse case on August 14, 2014, stating their belief "that the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) ignored both federal case law and the weight of the evidence". They also cite infringement of their First Amendment right to free expression. On September 22, 2014 the Native Americans asked that the team's appeal be dismissed because it names them as individuals, which is contrary to federal law, and because the appeal was filed with the U.S. District Court in Alexandria, VA, stating that the Redskins should have filed its case against the patent office in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Washington, DC. In Oct, 2014 Judge Gerald B. Lee rejected the Native American plaintiffs' attempts to have the team's appeal dismissed. The United States Department of Justice entered the case in a limited way by stating that it will defend the constitutionality of the trademark law. The ACLU filed an Amicus brief stating that while it found the name Redskins repellant, the government should not be able to decide what types of speech are forbidden, and that the provision of the Lanham Act barring the trademark of disparaging terms is unconstitutionally vague in its wording and has not been applied with consistency. On March 23, 2015, the Attorney General's Office filed a brief addressing the Constitutional issues, stating that as commercial speech, the team name and logo are not protected by the First Amendment, and that there is a large number of cases supporting the cancellation of the trademarks. The brief also stated that the court should also reject the claim that the cancellation of trademarks constitutes an illegal taking of valuable property which is barred by the Fifth Amendment. By opening up an inquiry into constitutional issues regarding limits on disparaging speech in order to protect "the unique cultural heritage" of the American Indian population, the case may go well beyond what a football team calls itself. The Navajo Nation filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the decision to cancel the trademarks, due to Pro-Football, Inc. stating in its appeal that individual members of the Navajo Nation such as former chairman Peter McDonald do not find the name disparaging. The brief states that these individuals speak only for themselves, while the tribe’s elected, appointed and traditional leaders speak for the Navajo people and present “unified opposition” to the team name because it is disparaging and has a negative psychological effect on tribal members. On July 8, 2015, Judge Lee affirmed the decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board. Judge Lee denied the team's summary judgment motions challenging the constitutionality of the Lanham Act and granted the Blackhorse Defendants' summary judgment motions, finding that "the evidence before the Court supports the legal conclusion that...the Redskin Marks consisted of matter that 'may disparage' a substantial composite of Native Americans." The decision does not bar the team from using the marks going forward, and the order itself is subject to further appeal. Team president Bruce Allen expressed surprise at the decision, and that a summary judgement was made by the judge based upon the evidence submitted rather than proceeding to a trial. While the team continues to have certain rights to its trademarks, it must take action to protect those rights individually. The cancellation of federal registration of the trademarks means that the government will no longer take any action against anyone else using the name or logo, such as blocking counterfeit goods from being imported into the country. On October 30, 2015 Pro-Football, Inc. filed its appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. In addition to maintaining the validity of all the arguments rejected by both the TTAB and the first appeal, the team has added a list of offensive names that have been given trademarks, thus claiming unequal treatment. The names cited as offensive are mainly sexual or scatological, but do include the racial terms "yid", "dago", "gringo" and "negro". Eighteen law professors have jointly filed an amicus brief in the case stating that the relevant section of the Lanham Act is an unconstitutional intrusion into freedom of expression, and rejecting the TTAB opinion that trademarks are government speech not protected by the first amendment. Ron Katz, sports attorney and Chair Emeritus of the Institute of Sports Law and Ethics at Santa Clara University, expects the team to win its appeal based upon constitutional grounds, while describing the trademark as "repugnant". These cases prompted a range of opinions from law professors. Megan M. Carpenter, a professor and co-director of the Center for Law and Intellectual Property at the Texas A&M University School of Law: Trademark law should not be used to make moral decisions, which change over time, and notes that the law has been applied unevenly. Christine Haight Farley, a professor at American University Washington College of Law: A distinction should be made between trademarks and government registration. Protection of free speech may allow any trademark to be used, but registration places a seal of approval which should not be given to racist trademarks. Sonia Katyal, professor of law and faculty co-director of the Berkeley Center for Law and Technology at the University of California, Berkeley: A distinction should be made between a racially sensitive trademark being used ironically by the targets of racism in order to reclaim it, and one used offensively. In addition, denying registration is not limiting speech, since the trademark may be used without government protection. Ashutosh Bhagwat, professor of constitutional law at the University of California, Davis, School of Law: Banning any trademark is an unconstitutional violation of free speech protection. Supreme Court review Both the USPTO and Pro-Football, Inc. requested a review by the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) of the same legal issue, the constitutionality of banning a disparaging trademark. The USPTO appealed the decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit which found in December 2015 that part of the Lanham Act is unconstitutional. That case (Matal v. Tam) involved the denial of a trademark for an Asian-American rock band, "The Slants". The National Asian Pacific American Bar Association (NAPABA) filed an amicus brief supporting the constitutionality of the Lanham Act, NAPABA President Cyndie Chang stating “Racial slurs should not be recognized as commercial speech through federally-protected trademarks. "Freedom of speech does not require that the government allow racially derogatory terms to be trademarked so that a trademark owner can have exclusive rights to use and monetize such terms." On June 19, 2017 the court ruled unanimously in favor of Tam, the majority opinion stating "The disparagement clause violates the First Amendment's Free Speech Clause. Contrary to the Government’s contention, trademarks are private, not government speech." Both the Native American petitioners and the Justice Department have withdrawn from any further litigation now that the Supreme Court has rendered the legal issue moot. While team owner Daniel Snyder expressed the opinion that the court decision was a victory for the team, the executive director of the NCAI asserted that the name remains a slur, and the decision that grants it First Amendment protection does not alter any of the arguments against its continued use. See also "Go Fund Yourself", a 2014 South Park episode referencing the dispute References ^ McDonald, Scott (July 1, 2020). "Washington Redskins Urged to Lose Name, or Millions in Sponsorships". Newsweek. Retrieved July 3, 2020. ^ Clarke, Liz (July 2, 2020). "FedEx calls on Redskins to change name following investors' demands on sponsors". Washington Post. ^ Carpenter, Les; Maske, Mark (July 23, 2020). "NFL franchise to go by 'Washington Football Team' this season, delaying permanent name change". The Washington Post. ^ Wright, Jason (January 4, 2022). "Presidents Brief: Why Wolves won't work (and a date to save)". Washington Commanders. Retrieved February 2, 2022. ^ Jhabvala, Nicki (January 4, 2022). "Washington Football Team to reveal name, identity on Feb. 2". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 4, 2022. ^ "Washington Football Team unveils new name: The Commanders". NBC News. Retrieved 2022-02-02. ^ Davin L Seamon (8 July 2014). "Trademark Sensitivity: Learning from the Washington Redskins". The National Law Review. Steptoe & Johnson PLLC. Retrieved 31 July 2014. ^ Warren Richey (November 16, 2009). "Washington Redskins can keep team name; Supreme Court refuses native Americans' suit". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 15, 2015. ^ Theresa Vargas (January 28, 2014). "From pork rinds to cheerleaders, the trademark office rejects the word 'Redskins'". The Washington Post. ^ Theresa Vargas (January 6, 2014). "Agency rejects trademark of 'Redskins Hog Rinds,' calling term 'derogatory'". The Washington Post. ^ "United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Office Action (Official Letter) About Applicant's Trademark Application". December 29, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-08. ^ "United States Patent and Trademark Office". Retrieved October 16, 2013. ^ Erik Brady (May 10, 2013). "New generation of Native Americans challenges Redskins". USA Today. Retrieved May 10, 2013. ^ KEN BELSON; EDWARD WYATT (June 18, 2014). "U.S. Patent Office Cancels Redskins Trademark Registration". The New York Times. ^ "USPTO TTABVUE. Proceeding Number 92046185". United States Patent and Trademark Office. June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014. ^ DeMarte, Luke W. (18 June 2014). "Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Cancels Six Redskins Trademark Registrations". The National Law Review. Michael Best & Friedrich LLP. Retrieved 31 July 2014. ^ Lindsey Adler (June 18, 2014). "60 Years Of Shocking Redskins Headlines:A sampling of violent wordplay". BuzzFeed. ^ Dan Steinberg (June 18, 2014). "Here are some of the movie clips cited in the Redskins trademark case". The Washington Post. ^ Jay Caspian Kang (June 18, 2014). "Dan Snyder and the Redskins Take a Loss". The New Yorker. ^ Judd Legum (June 18, 2014). "7 Things That Convinced The U.S. Patent Office To Cancel The Redskins Trademark". ThinkProgress. ^ "Statement By Bob Raskopf, Trademark Attorney For The Washington Redskins" (PDF). June 18, 2014. ^ "Meet the Navajo Activist Who Got the Washington Redskins' Trademark Revoked: Amanda Blackhorse". Democracy Now!. 2014-06-19. Retrieved 2014-06-19. ^ Pete Williams, "Redskins Ruling Could Stick This Time, Say Trademark Experts", MSNBC (June 18, 2014). ^ George F. Will (June 27, 2014). "The government decided that 'Redskins' bothers you". The Washington Post. ^ Sally Jenkins (June 18, 2014). "The team and NFL should change the Redskins name, not the federal government". The Washington Post. ^ Matt Bruenig (June 20, 2014). "The myth of Big Government in the Redskins trademark case: This is government inaction, not government action". The Week. ^ "U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Finds Redskins Trademark Disparaging… Again: Five Things to Know About This Decision". Womble Carlyle Sandridge & Rice, LLP. June 18, 2014. ^ Erik Brady; Megan Finnerty (August 14, 2014). "Washington Redskins appeal decision to cancel trademark". USA Today Sports. ^ Ian Shapira (September 22, 2014). "Native Americans seek dismissal of Redskins lawsuit against them in trademark case". The Washington Post. ^ "Judge suggests it's OK for Redskins to sue Indians - Associated Press - The Buffalo News". Archived from the original on 2015-02-16. ^ Ian Shapira (January 9, 2015). "Justice Department intervenes in Redskins trademark protection lawsuit". The Washington Post. ^ "Pro-Football, Inc. v. Blackhorse - ACLU Amicus Brief". Retrieved March 10, 2015. ^ Andrew Johnson (March 9, 2015). "ACLU Begrudgingly Comes to the Redskins' Defense". The National Review. ^ "Brief supporting cancellation of Redskins trademarks". Richmond Times-Dispatch. March 24, 2015. ^ Lyle Denniston (January 13, 2015). "Constitution Check: Is the First Amendment on the side of a pro football team's name?". National Constitution Center. Retrieved January 14, 2015. ^ Noel Lyn Smith (February 23, 2016). "Navajo attorneys file brief against Redskins trademark". Albuquerque Journal. ^ "Memorandum Opinion and Order, Pro-Football, Inc. v. Blackhorse, et al" (PDF). Retrieved July 8, 2015. ^ "Judge upholds ruling against Redskins trademark; team can appeal". ESPN. Associated Press. July 8, 2015. ^ Chris Lingebach (July 8, 2015). "Bruce Allen 'Surprised' by Ruling to Uphold 'Redskins' Trademark Cancellation". CBS DC. ^ "No. 15-1874" (PDF). October 30, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2015. ^ Scott Flaherty (November 3, 2015). "Seeking to Salvage Trademark, Redskins' Lawyers Get Dirty". The Am Law Daily. ^ Ira Shapira (November 3, 2015). "'Take Yo Panties Off' defense: Redskins cite other protected products in trademark appeal". The Washington Post. ^ Barry Petchesky (November 3, 2015). "The Skins' Latest Court Filing Is Comically Vulgar". Deadspin. ^ Matthew Albright (November 9, 2015). "Widener profs: Gov't can't revoke Redskins' trademark". The News Journal. ^ Ron Katz (November 20, 2015). "Major NFL Match-up: Disparaging Speech Versus The First Amendment". Forbes. ^ Megan M. Carpenter (May 4, 2016). "Trademark Law Promotes Fair Competition, Not Morality". The New York Times. ^ Christine Haight Farley (May 4, 2016). "Trademark Restrictions Permit Free Speech Without Approving Offensive Speech". The New York Times. ^ Sonia Katyal (May 4, 2016). "Trademark Law Promotes Fair Competition, Not Morality". The New York Times. ^ Ashutosh Bhagwat (May 4, 2016). "Trademark Law Promotes Fair Competition, Not Morality". The New York Times. ^ "NAPABA disagrees with band in trademark case". Asian American Press. January 21, 2017. ^ "15-1293 Martal V. Tam" (PDF). Retrieved 19 June 2017. ^ Ian Shapira; Ann E. Marimow (June 29, 2017). "Washington Redskins win trademark fight over the team's name". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 June 2017. ^ Jacqueline Pata; Ray Halbritter (July 26, 2017). "The NFL Needs to Stop Promoting a Racial Slur". Time. Time, Inc. Retrieved July 27, 2017. vteNative American mascot controversyProfessional sports teams Atlanta Braves Tomahawk chop and name controversy Chief Noc-A-Homa Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy Kansas City Chiefs name controversy Prior usageWashington Redskins Name controversy Name change advocates Trademark dispute Opinion polls Original Americans Foundation Chief Zee Washington Redhawks Other teams Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy Chief Wahoo Edmonton Eskimos Golden State Warriors College teams NCAA Native American mascot decision Chief Illiniwek Florida State Seminoles Osceola and Renegade Sammy Seminole Fighting Sioux name controversy San Diego State Aztec Warrior List of college teams Youth and school teams Sports teams named Redskins List of secondary school teams Change advocates Amanda Blackhorse Brett Chapman Gregg Deal Stephanie Fryberg Deb Haaland Suzan Shown Harjo Adrienne Keene Jacqueline Keeler Mary Kathryn Nagle Robert Roche Sundance Charlene Teters Philip Yenyo Related Contemporary Native American issues in the United States Cultural appropriation Indigenous intellectual property List of teams Native American mascot laws and regulations Pretendian Redface Redskin Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States Tomahawk chop vteWashington Commanders Formerly the Boston Braves (1932), Boston Redskins (1933–1936), Washington Redskins (1937–2019), and Washington Football Team (2020–2021) Based in Landover, Maryland Headquartered in Ashburn, Virginia Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches Draft first-round picks Starting quarterbacks Records Broadcasters Stadiums Braves Field Fenway Park Griffith Stadium RFK Stadium Commanders Field Key personnel Managing partner: Josh Harris Notable limited partners: Mitchell Rales, Magic Johnson, David Blitzer, Mark Ein Team president: Jason Wright General manager: Adam Peters Head coach: Dan Quinn Culture "Hail to the Commanders" Marching Band Major Tuddy Hogettes Chief Zee Redskins name controversy Name change advocates Opinion polls Trademark dispute Original Americans Foundation "Go Fund Yourself" The Replacements Everybody's All-American Operation Flagship Bears 73, Redskins 0 The Hogs The Fun Bunch The Over-the-Hill Gang Body Bag Game Redskins Rule Ricky Williams trade Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Division championships (15) 1936 1937 1940 1942 1943 1945 1972 1983 1984 1987 1991 1999 2012 2015 2020 Conference championships (5) 1972 1982 1983 1987 1991 League championships (2) 1937 1942 Super Bowl championships (3) 1982 (XVII) 1987 (XXII) 1991 (XXVI) Hall of Famers Cliff Battles Sammy Baugh Bill Dudley Turk Edwards Joe Gibbs Darrell Green Russ Grimm Chris Hanburger Ken Houston Sam Huff Deacon Jones Stan Jones Sonny Jurgensen Paul Krause Vince Lombardi Wayne Millner Bobby Mitchell Art Monk John Riggins Bruce Smith Charley Taylor Affiliations League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: East Division Category Commons
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These efforts had primarily been carried forward in two cases brought before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). While prevailing in the most recent case in which the trademarks were cancelled, petitioners withdrew for further litigation now that the legal issue has become moot due to a decision in another case which found the relevant portion of the trademark law to be an unconstitutional infringement on freedom of speech.After decades of defending the name, amidst the removal of many names and images as part of the George Floyd protests combined with pressure from investors and sponsors, the Redskins began the process of changing their name.[1][2] On July 23, 2020 the team announced that, given that a rebrand typically takes 12 to 18 months, they would be called the Washington Football Team with a block \"W\" logo for the 2020 and 2021 seasons.[3]The franchise underwent an extensive search for a new trademark and name, and announced its new branding as the Washington Commanders on February 2, 2022.[4][5][6]","title":"Washington Redskins trademark dispute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suzan Shown Harjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzan_Shown_Harjo"},{"link_name":"Dorsey & Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsey_%26_Whitney"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Football,_Inc._v._Harjo"},{"link_name":"laches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laches_(equity)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The first action in the dispute occurred in 1992, when Suzan Shown Harjo, President of the Morning Star Institute, with six other prominent Native Americans represented by the Dorsey & Whitney law firm of Minneapolis, petitioned the USPTO to cancel the trademark registrations owned by the Redskins' corporate entity of Pro-Football, Inc. They based their lawsuit on the claim that federal trademark law states that certain trademark registrations are not legal if they are \"disparaging, scandalous, contemptuous, or disreputable.\" The legal battle went on for seven years. In 1999 the PTO judges canceled the federal registration of the mark REDSKINS \"on the grounds that the subject marks may disparage Native Americans and may bring them into contempt or disrepute.\"[7] The owners appealed the decision to a district court in the District of Columbia in Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo. The court reversed the USPTO's decision on the grounds of insufficient evidence of disparagement. Subsequent appeals have been rejected on the basis of laches, which means that the specific Native American plaintiffs had pursued their rights in an untimely and delayed manner. In 2009 the Supreme Court declined to take up the case.[8]","title":"Harjo case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theresa_Vargas-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Since 1992, the USPTO has rejected eleven applications for other trademarks that included the word redskins, based on the same reason of disparagement. Some of the applications were made by Pro-Football, Inc., including \"Washington Redskins Cheerleaders\",[9] some for other products.[10] The USPTO rejected an application to register \"Redskins Hog Rinds\" because it \"consists of or includes matter which may disparage or bring into contempt or disrepute persons, institutions, beliefs, or national symbols\".[11]","title":"Related trademark actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Trademark Trial and Appeal Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_Trial_and_Appeal_Board"},{"link_name":"United States Patent and Trademark Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-words-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movies-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Amanda Blackhorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Blackhorse"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"George Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Will"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcsr-27"}],"text":"A second case was filed, Blackhorse v. Pro-Football, Inc.,[12] with younger plaintiffs whose standing might not be hindered by laches.[13] On June 18, 2014, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) voted to cancel the six trademarks held by the team in a two-to-one decision that held that the term \"redskins\" is disparaging to a \"substantial composite of Native Americans\", and this is demonstrated \"by the near complete drop-off in usage of 'redskins' as a reference to Native Americans beginning in the 1960s.\"[14][15] The Trademark board asked two questions in determining disparagement: 1) what is the meaning of the mark as it appears in connection with the goods and services in the registrations and 2) is the meaning of the marks one that may be disparaging. The questions are to be answered in the context of the respective dates of registration of each mark.[16]Evidence of disparagement submitted by the petitioners in the case include the frequent references to \"scalping\" made by sportswriters for sixty years when reporting the Redskins loss of a game,[17] and passages from movies made from the 1940s to the 1960s using \"redskin\" to refer to Native Americans as a savage enemy.[18] A linguistics expert for the team unsuccessfully argued that the name is merely a descriptive term no different than other uses of color to differentiate people by race.[19] The TTAB also found that the term \"redskin\" refers to Native Americans (rather than having an \"independent meaning\" as the team sometimes claimed) as shown by the costumes worn by both the cheerleaders and marching band from the 1960s until the 1980s, and the native imagery used on the press guides for many years.[20]In a press release the trademark attorney for the team stated that they were confident that they would once again prevail on appeal, and that today's decision will make no difference in the continued use of the Redskins name.[21] Plaintiff Amanda Blackhorse, a social worker and member of the Navajo Nation, said in an interview, \"We’ve been through this process for eight years now. We will continue to fight. And, you know, this is not the end for us.\"[22] Some legal experts have opined that the ruling could stick this time.[23]The political columnist George Will portrayed the case as an example of overreach by government regulatory agencies, arguing that there was an \"absence of general or Native American revulsion\" toward the name.[24] A sports columnist for The Washington Post compared the TTAB's actions to \"policing speech\".[25] The cancellation of Federal registration in fact made no change to the team's use of the name, but withdrew the government from the responsibility to regulate the use of the name by anyone.[26] The team retains other rights under common law, but must enforce them without government assistance. However, in the opinion of one intellectual property law firm, the team \"may be hesitant to sue another for infringing its marks because of the risk that a court could possibly determine that the team has no protectable interest in the name because of its disparaging nature\".[27]","title":"Blackhorse case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Lanham Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanham_Act"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Navajo Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Nation"},{"link_name":"amicus curiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"American University Washington College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_Washington_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Sonia Katyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Katyal"},{"link_name":"Berkeley Center for Law and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law#Centers_at_Berkeley_Law"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"University of California, Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Appeal of Blackhorse decision","text":"The Washington Redskins filed its appeal in the Blackhorse case on August 14, 2014, stating their belief \"that the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB) ignored both federal case law and the weight of the evidence\". They also cite infringement of their First Amendment right to free expression.[28] On September 22, 2014 the Native Americans asked that the team's appeal be dismissed because it names them as individuals, which is contrary to federal law, and because the appeal was filed with the U.S. District Court in Alexandria, VA, stating that the Redskins should have filed its case against the patent office in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Washington, DC.[29] In Oct, 2014 Judge Gerald B. Lee rejected the Native American plaintiffs' attempts to have the team's appeal dismissed.[30] The United States Department of Justice entered the case in a limited way by stating that it will defend the constitutionality of the trademark law.[31]The ACLU filed an Amicus brief[32] stating that while it found the name Redskins repellant, the government should not be able to decide what types of speech are forbidden, and that the provision of the Lanham Act barring the trademark of disparaging terms is unconstitutionally vague in its wording and has not been applied with consistency.[33] On March 23, 2015, the Attorney General's Office filed a brief addressing the Constitutional issues, stating that as commercial speech, the team name and logo are not protected by the First Amendment, and that there is a large number of cases supporting the cancellation of the trademarks. The brief also stated that the court should also reject the claim that the cancellation of trademarks constitutes an illegal taking of valuable property which is barred by the Fifth Amendment.[34] By opening up an inquiry into constitutional issues regarding limits on disparaging speech in order to protect \"the unique cultural heritage\" of the American Indian population, the case may go well beyond what a football team calls itself.[35] The Navajo Nation filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the decision to cancel the trademarks, due to Pro-Football, Inc. stating in its appeal that individual members of the Navajo Nation such as former chairman Peter McDonald do not find the name disparaging. The brief states that these individuals speak only for themselves, while the tribe’s elected, appointed and traditional leaders speak for the Navajo people and present “unified opposition” to the team name because it is disparaging and has a negative psychological effect on tribal members.[36]On July 8, 2015, Judge Lee affirmed the decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board.[37] Judge Lee denied the team's summary judgment motions challenging the constitutionality of the Lanham Act and granted the Blackhorse Defendants' summary judgment motions, finding that \"the evidence before the Court supports the legal conclusion that...the Redskin Marks consisted of matter that 'may disparage' a substantial composite of Native Americans.\" The decision does not bar the team from using the marks going forward, and the order itself is subject to further appeal.[38]Team president Bruce Allen expressed surprise at the decision, and that a summary judgement was made by the judge based upon the evidence submitted rather than proceeding to a trial. While the team continues to have certain rights to its trademarks, it must take action to protect those rights individually. The cancellation of federal registration of the trademarks means that the government will no longer take any action against anyone else using the name or logo, such as blocking counterfeit goods from being imported into the country.[39]On October 30, 2015 Pro-Football, Inc. filed its appeal[40] with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. In addition to maintaining the validity of all the arguments rejected by both the TTAB and the first appeal,[41] the team has added a list of offensive names that have been given trademarks, thus claiming unequal treatment. The names cited as offensive are mainly sexual or scatological, but do include the racial terms \"yid\", \"dago\", \"gringo\" and \"negro\".[42][43] Eighteen law professors have jointly filed an amicus brief in the case stating that the relevant section of the Lanham Act is an unconstitutional intrusion into freedom of expression, and rejecting the TTAB opinion that trademarks are government speech not protected by the first amendment.[44] Ron Katz, sports attorney and Chair Emeritus of the Institute of Sports Law and Ethics at Santa Clara University, expects the team to win its appeal based upon constitutional grounds, while describing the trademark as \"repugnant\".[45]These cases prompted a range of opinions from law professors.Megan M. Carpenter, a professor and co-director of the Center for Law and Intellectual Property at the Texas A&M University School of Law: Trademark law should not be used to make moral decisions, which change over time, and notes that the law has been applied unevenly.[46]\nChristine Haight Farley, a professor at American University Washington College of Law: A distinction should be made between trademarks and government registration. Protection of free speech may allow any trademark to be used, but registration places a seal of approval which should not be given to racist trademarks.[47]\nSonia Katyal, professor of law and faculty co-director of the Berkeley Center for Law and Technology at the University of California, Berkeley: A distinction should be made between a racially sensitive trademark being used ironically by the targets of racism in order to reclaim it, and one used offensively. In addition, denying registration is not limiting speech, since the trademark may be used without government protection.[48]\nAshutosh Bhagwat, professor of constitutional law at the University of California, Davis, School of Law: Banning any trademark is an unconstitutional violation of free speech protection.[49]","title":"Blackhorse case"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Matal v. Tam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matal_v._Tam"},{"link_name":"The Slants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slants"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Daniel Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Snyder"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PataJ.20170726-53"}],"text":"Both the USPTO and Pro-Football, Inc. requested a review by the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) of the same legal issue, the constitutionality of banning a disparaging trademark. The USPTO appealed the decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit which found in December 2015 that part of the Lanham Act is unconstitutional. That case (Matal v. Tam) involved the denial of a trademark for an Asian-American rock band, \"The Slants\". The National Asian Pacific American Bar Association (NAPABA) filed an amicus brief supporting the constitutionality of the Lanham Act, NAPABA President Cyndie Chang stating “Racial slurs should not be recognized as commercial speech through federally-protected trademarks. \"Freedom of speech does not require that the government allow racially derogatory terms to be trademarked so that a trademark owner can have exclusive rights to use and monetize such terms.\"[50] On June 19, 2017 the court ruled unanimously in favor of Tam, the majority opinion stating \"The disparagement clause violates the First Amendment's Free Speech Clause. Contrary to the Government’s contention, trademarks are private, not government speech.\"[51] Both the Native American petitioners and the Justice Department have withdrawn from any further litigation now that the Supreme Court has rendered the legal issue moot.[52]While team owner Daniel Snyder expressed the opinion that the court decision was a victory for the team, the executive director of the NCAI asserted that the name remains a slur, and the decision that grants it First Amendment protection does not alter any of the arguments against its continued use.[53]","title":"Supreme Court review"}]
[]
[{"title":"Go Fund Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Fund_Yourself"},{"title":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park"}]
[{"reference":"McDonald, Scott (July 1, 2020). \"Washington Redskins Urged to Lose Name, or Millions in Sponsorships\". Newsweek. Retrieved July 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/washington-redskins-urged-lose-name-millions-sponsorships-1514894","url_text":"\"Washington Redskins Urged to Lose Name, or Millions in Sponsorships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Liz (July 2, 2020). \"FedEx calls on Redskins to change name following investors' demands on sponsors\". Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/07/02/fedex-redskins-name-change/","url_text":"\"FedEx calls on Redskins to change name following investors' demands on sponsors\""}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, Les; Maske, Mark (July 23, 2020). \"NFL franchise to go by 'Washington Football Team' this season, delaying permanent name change\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/07/23/washington-redskins-new-team-name-washington-football-team/","url_text":"\"NFL franchise to go by 'Washington Football Team' this season, delaying permanent name change\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Jason (January 4, 2022). \"Presidents Brief: Why Wolves won't work (and a date to save)\". Washington Commanders. Retrieved February 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commanders.com/news/presidents-brief-why-wolves-wont-work","url_text":"\"Presidents Brief: Why Wolves won't work (and a date to save)\""}]},{"reference":"Jhabvala, Nicki (January 4, 2022). \"Washington Football Team to reveal name, identity on Feb. 2\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2022/01/04/washington-football-team-name-change-announcement-date/","url_text":"\"Washington Football Team to reveal name, identity on Feb. 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"Washington Football Team unveils new name: The Commanders\". NBC News. Retrieved 2022-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/washington-commanders-washington-football-team-unveils-new-name-rcna14421","url_text":"\"Washington Football Team unveils new name: The Commanders\""}]},{"reference":"Davin L Seamon (8 July 2014). \"Trademark Sensitivity: Learning from the Washington Redskins\". The National Law Review. Steptoe & Johnson PLLC. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.natlawreview.com/article/trademark-sensitivity-learning-washington-redskins","url_text":"\"Trademark Sensitivity: Learning from the Washington Redskins\""}]},{"reference":"Warren Richey (November 16, 2009). \"Washington Redskins can keep team name; Supreme Court refuses native Americans' suit\". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 15, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/1116/p02s07-usju.html","url_text":"\"Washington Redskins can keep team name; Supreme Court refuses native Americans' suit\""}]},{"reference":"Theresa Vargas (January 28, 2014). \"From pork rinds to cheerleaders, the trademark office rejects the word 'Redskins'\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/local/wp/2014/01/28/from-pork-rinds-to-cheerleaders-the-trademark-office-rejects-the-word-redskins/","url_text":"\"From pork rinds to cheerleaders, the trademark office rejects the word 'Redskins'\""}]},{"reference":"Theresa Vargas (January 6, 2014). \"Agency rejects trademark of 'Redskins Hog Rinds,' calling term 'derogatory'\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/pork-rinds-cant-be-sold-under-trademark-redskins-hog-rinds-agency-rules/2014/01/06/954feea4-7726-11e3-b1c5-739e63e9c9a7_story.html","url_text":"\"Agency rejects trademark of 'Redskins Hog Rinds,' calling term 'derogatory'\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Office Action (Official Letter) About Applicant's Trademark Application\". December 29, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn86052159&docId=OOA20131229163025#docIndex=0&page=1","url_text":"\"United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Office Action (Official Letter) About Applicant's Trademark Application\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States Patent and Trademark Office\". Retrieved October 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?qt=adv&pno=92046185","url_text":"\"United States Patent and Trademark Office\""}]},{"reference":"Erik Brady (May 10, 2013). \"New generation of Native Americans challenges Redskins\". USA Today. Retrieved May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/redskins/2013/05/09/native-americans-washington-mascot-fight/2148877/","url_text":"\"New generation of Native Americans challenges Redskins\""}]},{"reference":"KEN BELSON; EDWARD WYATT (June 18, 2014). \"U.S. Patent Office Cancels Redskins Trademark Registration\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/19/sports/football/us-patent-office-cancels-redskins-trademark-registration.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"U.S. Patent Office Cancels Redskins Trademark Registration\""}]},{"reference":"\"USPTO TTABVUE. Proceeding Number 92046185\". United States Patent and Trademark Office. June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92046185&pty=CAN&eno=199","url_text":"\"USPTO TTABVUE. Proceeding Number 92046185\""}]},{"reference":"DeMarte, Luke W. (18 June 2014). \"Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Cancels Six Redskins Trademark Registrations\". The National Law Review. Michael Best & Friedrich LLP. Retrieved 31 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.natlawreview.com/article/trademark-trial-and-appeal-board-cancels-six-redskins-trademark-registrations","url_text":"\"Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Cancels Six Redskins Trademark Registrations\""}]},{"reference":"Lindsey Adler (June 18, 2014). \"60 Years Of Shocking Redskins Headlines:A sampling of violent wordplay\". BuzzFeed.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/lindseyadler/redskins-puns-in-sports-headlines","url_text":"\"60 Years Of Shocking Redskins Headlines:A sampling of violent wordplay\""}]},{"reference":"Dan Steinberg (June 18, 2014). \"Here are some of the movie clips cited in the Redskins trademark case\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/dc-sports-bog/wp/2014/06/18/here-are-some-of-the-movie-clips-cited-in-the-redskins-trademark-case/","url_text":"\"Here are some of the movie clips cited in the Redskins trademark case\""}]},{"reference":"Jay Caspian Kang (June 18, 2014). \"Dan Snyder and the Redskins Take a Loss\". The New Yorker.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2014/06/dan-snyder-and-the-redskins-take-a-loss.html","url_text":"\"Dan Snyder and the Redskins Take a Loss\""}]},{"reference":"Judd Legum (June 18, 2014). \"7 Things That Convinced The U.S. Patent Office To Cancel The Redskins Trademark\". ThinkProgress.","urls":[{"url":"http://thinkprogress.org/sports/2014/06/18/3450434/7-things-that-convinced-the-us-patent-office-to-cancel-the-redskins-trademark/","url_text":"\"7 Things That Convinced The U.S. Patent Office To Cancel The Redskins Trademark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement By Bob Raskopf, Trademark Attorney For The Washington Redskins\" (PDF). June 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://files.redskins.com/pdf/Statement-by-Bob-Raskopf-Trademark-Attorney-for-the-Washington-Redskins.pdf","url_text":"\"Statement By Bob Raskopf, Trademark Attorney For The Washington Redskins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the Navajo Activist Who Got the Washington Redskins' Trademark Revoked: Amanda Blackhorse\". Democracy Now!. 2014-06-19. Retrieved 2014-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.democracynow.org/2014/6/19/meet_the_navajo_activist_who_got","url_text":"\"Meet the Navajo Activist Who Got the Washington Redskins' Trademark Revoked: Amanda Blackhorse\""}]},{"reference":"George F. Will (June 27, 2014). \"The government decided that 'Redskins' bothers you\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.washingtonpost.com/opinions/george-f-will-the-government-decided-that-redskins-bothers-you/2014/06/27/669558a6-fd54-11e3-932c-0a55b81f48ce_story.html","url_text":"\"The government decided that 'Redskins' bothers you\""}]},{"reference":"Sally Jenkins (June 18, 2014). \"The team and NFL should change the Redskins name, not the federal government\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.washingtonpost.com/sports/redskins/the-team-and-nfl-should-change-the-redskins-name-not-the-federal-government/2014/06/18/f6d6837c-f728-11e3-a3a5-42be35962a52_story.html","url_text":"\"The team and NFL should change the Redskins name, not the federal government\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Bruenig (June 20, 2014). \"The myth of Big Government in the Redskins trademark case: This is government inaction, not government action\". The Week.","urls":[{"url":"http://theweek.com/article/index/263498/the-myth-of-big-government-in-the-redskins-trademark-case","url_text":"\"The myth of Big Government in the Redskins trademark case: This is government inaction, not government action\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Finds Redskins Trademark Disparaging… Again: Five Things to Know About This Decision\". Womble Carlyle Sandridge & Rice, LLP. June 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wcsr.com/Insights/Articles/2014/June/US-Trademark-Trial-and-Appeal-Board-Finds-REDSKINS-Trademark-Disparaging","url_text":"\"U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Finds Redskins Trademark Disparaging… Again: Five Things to Know About This Decision\""}]},{"reference":"Erik Brady; Megan Finnerty (August 14, 2014). \"Washington Redskins appeal decision to cancel trademark\". USA Today Sports.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/redskins/2014/08/14/washington-redskins-appeal-federal-trademark-registrations/14066527/","url_text":"\"Washington Redskins appeal decision to cancel trademark\""}]},{"reference":"Ian Shapira (September 22, 2014). \"Native Americans seek dismissal of Redskins lawsuit against them in trademark case\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/native-americans-seek-dismissal-of-redskins-lawsuit-in-trademark-case/2014/09/22/fc9fc362-418e-11e4-b437-1a7368204804_story.html","url_text":"\"Native Americans seek dismissal of Redskins lawsuit against them in trademark case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Judge suggests it's OK for Redskins to sue Indians - Associated Press - The Buffalo News\". Archived from the original on 2015-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150216063537/http://www.buffalonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?aid=/20141031/ap/310319835/1588","url_text":"\"Judge suggests it's OK for Redskins to sue Indians - Associated Press - The Buffalo News\""},{"url":"https://www.buffalonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?aid=/20141031/ap/310319835/1588","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ian Shapira (January 9, 2015). \"Justice Department intervenes in Redskins trademark protection lawsuit\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/justice-department-intervenes-in-redskins-trademark-protection-lawsuit/2015/01/09/5840c07c-9815-11e4-8005-1924ede3e54a_story.html","url_text":"\"Justice Department intervenes in Redskins trademark protection lawsuit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pro-Football, Inc. v. Blackhorse - ACLU Amicus Brief\". 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The Am Law Daily.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanlawyer.com/home/id=1202741520572/Seeking-to-Salvage-Trademark-Redskins-Big-Firm-Lawyers-Get-Dirty?mcode=1202617075486&curindex=0&slreturn=20151004202545","url_text":"\"Seeking to Salvage Trademark, Redskins' Lawyers Get Dirty\""}]},{"reference":"Ira Shapira (November 3, 2015). \"'Take Yo Panties Off' defense: Redskins cite other protected products in trademark appeal\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/take-yo-panties-off-defense-redskins-cite-other-protected-products-in-trademark-appeal/2015/11/03/d6501692-81b8-11e5-8ba6-cec48b74b2a7_story.html","url_text":"\"'Take Yo Panties Off' defense: Redskins cite other protected products in trademark appeal\""}]},{"reference":"Barry Petchesky (November 3, 2015). \"The Skins' Latest Court Filing Is Comically Vulgar\". Deadspin.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadspin.com/the-skins-latest-court-filing-is-comically-vulgar-1740262036","url_text":"\"The Skins' Latest Court Filing Is Comically Vulgar\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew Albright (November 9, 2015). \"Widener profs: Gov't can't revoke Redskins' trademark\". The News Journal.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/11/09/redskins-delaware-widener/75457964/","url_text":"\"Widener profs: Gov't can't revoke Redskins' trademark\""}]},{"reference":"Ron Katz (November 20, 2015). \"Major NFL Match-up: Disparaging Speech Versus The First Amendment\". Forbes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/rkatz/2015/11/20/major-nfl-match-up-disparaging-speech-versus-the-first-amendment/","url_text":"\"Major NFL Match-up: Disparaging Speech Versus The First Amendment\""}]},{"reference":"Megan M. Carpenter (May 4, 2016). \"Trademark Law Promotes Fair Competition, Not Morality\". 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The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/05/04/redskins-and-other-troubling-trademarks/trademark-officials-must-distinguish-between-irony-and-offense","url_text":"\"Trademark Law Promotes Fair Competition, Not Morality\""}]},{"reference":"Ashutosh Bhagwat (May 4, 2016). \"Trademark Law Promotes Fair Competition, Not Morality\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/05/04/redskins-and-other-troubling-trademarks/banning-trademarks-called-offensive-violates-free-speech","url_text":"\"Trademark Law Promotes Fair Competition, Not Morality\""}]},{"reference":"\"NAPABA disagrees with band in trademark case\". Asian American Press. January 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://aapress.com/editorial/napaba-disagrees-with-band-in-trademark-case/","url_text":"\"NAPABA disagrees with band in trademark case\""}]},{"reference":"\"15-1293 Martal V. Tam\" (PDF). Retrieved 19 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-1293_1o13.pdf","url_text":"\"15-1293 Martal V. Tam\""}]},{"reference":"Ian Shapira; Ann E. Marimow (June 29, 2017). \"Washington Redskins win trademark fight over the team's name\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/2017/06/29/a26f52f0-5cf6-11e7-9fc6-c7ef4bc58d13_story.html","url_text":"\"Washington Redskins win trademark fight over the team's name\""}]},{"reference":"Jacqueline Pata; Ray Halbritter (July 26, 2017). \"The NFL Needs to Stop Promoting a Racial Slur\". Time. Time, Inc. Retrieved July 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/4859656/washington-redskins-dan-snyder-supreme-court/","url_text":"\"The NFL Needs to Stop Promoting a Racial Slur\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.newsweek.com/washington-redskins-urged-lose-name-millions-sponsorships-1514894","external_links_name":"\"Washington Redskins Urged to Lose Name, or Millions in Sponsorships\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/07/02/fedex-redskins-name-change/","external_links_name":"\"FedEx calls on Redskins to change name following investors' demands on sponsors\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/07/23/washington-redskins-new-team-name-washington-football-team/","external_links_name":"\"NFL franchise to go by 'Washington Football Team' this season, delaying permanent name change\""},{"Link":"https://www.commanders.com/news/presidents-brief-why-wolves-wont-work","external_links_name":"\"Presidents Brief: Why Wolves won't work (and a date to save)\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2022/01/04/washington-football-team-name-change-announcement-date/","external_links_name":"\"Washington Football Team to reveal name, identity on Feb. 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/washington-commanders-washington-football-team-unveils-new-name-rcna14421","external_links_name":"\"Washington Football Team unveils new name: The Commanders\""},{"Link":"http://www.natlawreview.com/article/trademark-sensitivity-learning-washington-redskins","external_links_name":"\"Trademark Sensitivity: Learning from the Washington Redskins\""},{"Link":"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2009/1116/p02s07-usju.html","external_links_name":"\"Washington Redskins can keep team name; Supreme Court refuses native Americans' suit\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/local/wp/2014/01/28/from-pork-rinds-to-cheerleaders-the-trademark-office-rejects-the-word-redskins/","external_links_name":"\"From pork rinds to cheerleaders, the trademark office rejects the word 'Redskins'\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/pork-rinds-cant-be-sold-under-trademark-redskins-hog-rinds-agency-rules/2014/01/06/954feea4-7726-11e3-b1c5-739e63e9c9a7_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Agency rejects trademark of 'Redskins Hog Rinds,' calling term 'derogatory'\""},{"Link":"http://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn86052159&docId=OOA20131229163025#docIndex=0&page=1","external_links_name":"\"United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) Office Action (Official Letter) About Applicant's Trademark Application\""},{"Link":"http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?qt=adv&pno=92046185","external_links_name":"\"United States Patent and Trademark Office\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/redskins/2013/05/09/native-americans-washington-mascot-fight/2148877/","external_links_name":"\"New generation of Native Americans challenges Redskins\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/19/sports/football/us-patent-office-cancels-redskins-trademark-registration.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Patent Office Cancels Redskins Trademark Registration\""},{"Link":"http://ttabvue.uspto.gov/ttabvue/v?pno=92046185&pty=CAN&eno=199","external_links_name":"\"USPTO TTABVUE. Proceeding Number 92046185\""},{"Link":"http://www.natlawreview.com/article/trademark-trial-and-appeal-board-cancels-six-redskins-trademark-registrations","external_links_name":"\"Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Cancels Six Redskins Trademark Registrations\""},{"Link":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/lindseyadler/redskins-puns-in-sports-headlines","external_links_name":"\"60 Years Of Shocking Redskins Headlines:A sampling of violent wordplay\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/dc-sports-bog/wp/2014/06/18/here-are-some-of-the-movie-clips-cited-in-the-redskins-trademark-case/","external_links_name":"\"Here are some of the movie clips cited in the Redskins trademark case\""},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2014/06/dan-snyder-and-the-redskins-take-a-loss.html","external_links_name":"\"Dan Snyder and the Redskins Take a Loss\""},{"Link":"http://thinkprogress.org/sports/2014/06/18/3450434/7-things-that-convinced-the-us-patent-office-to-cancel-the-redskins-trademark/","external_links_name":"\"7 Things That Convinced The U.S. Patent Office To Cancel The Redskins Trademark\""},{"Link":"http://files.redskins.com/pdf/Statement-by-Bob-Raskopf-Trademark-Attorney-for-the-Washington-Redskins.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statement By Bob Raskopf, Trademark Attorney For The Washington Redskins\""},{"Link":"http://www.democracynow.org/2014/6/19/meet_the_navajo_activist_who_got","external_links_name":"\"Meet the Navajo Activist Who Got the Washington Redskins' Trademark Revoked: Amanda Blackhorse\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/sports/redskins-ruling-could-stick-time-say-trademark-experts-n134781","external_links_name":"Redskins Ruling Could Stick This Time, Say Trademark Experts"},{"Link":"http://m.washingtonpost.com/opinions/george-f-will-the-government-decided-that-redskins-bothers-you/2014/06/27/669558a6-fd54-11e3-932c-0a55b81f48ce_story.html","external_links_name":"\"The government decided that 'Redskins' bothers you\""},{"Link":"http://m.washingtonpost.com/sports/redskins/the-team-and-nfl-should-change-the-redskins-name-not-the-federal-government/2014/06/18/f6d6837c-f728-11e3-a3a5-42be35962a52_story.html","external_links_name":"\"The team and NFL should change the Redskins name, not the federal government\""},{"Link":"http://theweek.com/article/index/263498/the-myth-of-big-government-in-the-redskins-trademark-case","external_links_name":"\"The myth of Big Government in the Redskins trademark case: This is government inaction, not government action\""},{"Link":"http://www.wcsr.com/Insights/Articles/2014/June/US-Trademark-Trial-and-Appeal-Board-Finds-REDSKINS-Trademark-Disparaging","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Finds Redskins Trademark Disparaging… Again: Five Things to Know About This Decision\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/redskins/2014/08/14/washington-redskins-appeal-federal-trademark-registrations/14066527/","external_links_name":"\"Washington Redskins appeal decision to cancel trademark\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/native-americans-seek-dismissal-of-redskins-lawsuit-in-trademark-case/2014/09/22/fc9fc362-418e-11e4-b437-1a7368204804_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Native Americans seek dismissal of Redskins lawsuit against them in trademark case\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150216063537/http://www.buffalonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?aid=/20141031/ap/310319835/1588","external_links_name":"\"Judge suggests it's OK for Redskins to sue Indians - Associated Press - The Buffalo News\""},{"Link":"https://www.buffalonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?aid=/20141031/ap/310319835/1588","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/justice-department-intervenes-in-redskins-trademark-protection-lawsuit/2015/01/09/5840c07c-9815-11e4-8005-1924ede3e54a_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Justice Department intervenes in Redskins trademark protection lawsuit\""},{"Link":"https://www.aclu.org/free-speech/pro-football-inc-v-blackhorse-aclu-amicus-brief","external_links_name":"\"Pro-Football, Inc. v. 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Blackhorse, et al\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/13220885/federal-judge-upholds-washington-redskins-trademark-ruling","external_links_name":"\"Judge upholds ruling against Redskins trademark; team can appeal\""},{"Link":"http://washington.cbslocal.com/2015/07/08/bruce-allen-surprised-by-ruling-to-uphold-redskins-trademark-cancellation/","external_links_name":"\"Bruce Allen 'Surprised' by Ruling to Uphold 'Redskins' Trademark Cancellation\""},{"Link":"http://pdfserver.amlaw.com/nlj/Pro-Football%20opening%20brief.pdf","external_links_name":"\"No. 15-1874\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanlawyer.com/home/id=1202741520572/Seeking-to-Salvage-Trademark-Redskins-Big-Firm-Lawyers-Get-Dirty?mcode=1202617075486&curindex=0&slreturn=20151004202545","external_links_name":"\"Seeking to Salvage Trademark, Redskins' Lawyers Get Dirty\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/take-yo-panties-off-defense-redskins-cite-other-protected-products-in-trademark-appeal/2015/11/03/d6501692-81b8-11e5-8ba6-cec48b74b2a7_story.html","external_links_name":"\"'Take Yo Panties Off' defense: Redskins cite other protected products in trademark appeal\""},{"Link":"https://deadspin.com/the-skins-latest-court-filing-is-comically-vulgar-1740262036","external_links_name":"\"The Skins' Latest Court Filing Is Comically Vulgar\""},{"Link":"http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/11/09/redskins-delaware-widener/75457964/","external_links_name":"\"Widener profs: Gov't can't revoke Redskins' trademark\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/rkatz/2015/11/20/major-nfl-match-up-disparaging-speech-versus-the-first-amendment/","external_links_name":"\"Major NFL Match-up: Disparaging Speech Versus The First Amendment\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/05/04/redskins-and-other-troubling-trademarks/trademark-law-promotes-fair-competition-not-morality","external_links_name":"\"Trademark Law Promotes Fair Competition, Not Morality\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/05/04/redskins-and-other-troubling-trademarks/trademark-restrictions-permit-free-speech-without-approving-offensive-speech","external_links_name":"\"Trademark Restrictions Permit Free Speech Without Approving Offensive Speech\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/05/04/redskins-and-other-troubling-trademarks/trademark-officials-must-distinguish-between-irony-and-offense","external_links_name":"\"Trademark Law Promotes Fair Competition, Not Morality\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/05/04/redskins-and-other-troubling-trademarks/banning-trademarks-called-offensive-violates-free-speech","external_links_name":"\"Trademark Law Promotes Fair Competition, Not Morality\""},{"Link":"http://aapress.com/editorial/napaba-disagrees-with-band-in-trademark-case/","external_links_name":"\"NAPABA disagrees with band in trademark case\""},{"Link":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-1293_1o13.pdf","external_links_name":"\"15-1293 Martal V. Tam\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/2017/06/29/a26f52f0-5cf6-11e7-9fc6-c7ef4bc58d13_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Washington Redskins win trademark fight over the team's name\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/4859656/washington-redskins-dan-snyder-supreme-court/","external_links_name":"\"The NFL Needs to Stop Promoting a Racial Slur\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_minesweeper_Sperrbrecher_139_Flamingo
SS Reiher (1909)
["1 Description","2 History","3 References"]
Coordinates: 57°58′N 7°02′E / 57.967°N 7.033°E / 57.967; 7.033975 GRT cargo ship For other ships with the same name, see SS Reiher, HMS Flamingo, and USS Flamingo. History Name Reiher (1909–38) Flamingo (1938–39) V 109 Flamingo (1939–40) Sperrbrecher 39 (1940–41) Sperrbrecher 139 (1941–44) Owner Argo Line (1909–23) Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo mbH (1923–25/26) Norddeutscher Lloyd (1925/26–33) Argo Reederei AG (1933–37) Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Co (1937–39) Kriegsmarine (1939–44) Port of registry Bremen, Germany (1909–19) Bremen, Germany (1919–33) Bremen, Germany (1933–39)  Kriegsmarine (1939–44) BuilderBremer Vulkan AG Yard number531 Launched1909 Commissioned1 October 1940 Out of service18 February 1945 Identification Code Letters QJSC (1909–34) Code Letters DOAU (1934–44) Pennant Number V 109 (1939–40) FateStruck a mine and sank 17 February 1945 General characteristics Tonnage975 GRT402 NRT, 1,035 DWT Length67.21 m (220 ft 6 in) Beam9.86 m (32 ft 4 in) Depth4.11 m (13 ft 6 in) Installed powerTriple expansion steam engine, 179nhp PropulsionSingle screw propeller Speed11 knots (20 km/h) Reiher was a 975 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1909 by Bremer Vulkan, Bremen, Germany for Argo Line. She was renamed Flamingo in 1938 and was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine in 1939, serving as the vorpostenboot V-109 Flamingo and the sperrbrecher Sperrbrecher 39 and Sperrbrecher 139. She struck a mine and sank off the coast on Norway in February 1945. Description The ship was 67.21 metres (220 ft 6 in) long, with a beam of 9.86 metres (32 ft 4 in) and a depth of 4.11 metres (13 ft 6 in). She was assessed at 975 GRT, 402 NRT, 1,035 DWT. She was powered by a triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of 54 centimetres (21+1⁄4 in), 87.5 centimetres (34+7⁄16 in) and 138 centimetres (54+1⁄2 in) diameter by 90.0 centimetres (35+7⁄16 in) stroke. The engine was built by Bremer Vulkan, Bremen. It was rated at 179nhp and drove a single screw propeller. It could propel her at 11 knots (20 km/h). History Reiher was built in 1909 as Yard Number 531 by Bremer Vulkan, Bremen for Argo Line, Bremen. Her port of registry was Bremen and the Code Letters QJSC were allocated. In 1923, Argo Line merged with the Roland Line to form Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo mbH. In December 1924, her captain was fined £10 with 10gns costs at the Thames Police Court, London for an offence under the Merchant Shipping Act 1906, having had an excessive deck cargo of mahogany logs which were improperly stored. Around 1925/26, Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo mbH was absorbed by Norddeutscher Lloyd. Reiher was transferred to Argo Reederei AG in 1933. On 14 April 1928, Soviet gold valued at £1,043,000 was transferred from the Norddeutscher Lloyd ocean liner Dresden to Reiher at a position 12 nautical miles (22 km) off Falmouth, Cornwall, United Kingdom. The transfer was to prevent the gold being seized by the French when Dresden docked at Cherbourg, Manche. Reiher sailed to Bremerhaven with the gold, arriving the next day. In 1934, her Code Letters were changed to DOAU. She was transferred to Argo Reederei Richard Adler in 1937 and was renamed Flamingo in 1938. On 1 November 1940, Flamingo was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a vorpostenboot, serving with 1 Vorpostenbootflottille as V 109 Flamingo. On 26 June 1940, she was transferred to 3 Sperrbrecherflottille serving as Sperrbrecher 39, and from 1941 as Sperrbrecher 139. On 17 February 1945, she struck a mine off Lindesnes, Norway. She sank the next day 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) south west of the Lindesnes Lighthouse (57°58′N 7°02′E / 57.967°N 7.033°E / 57.967; 7.033. References ^ a b "Reiher (82363)" (PDF). Lloyd's Register: Navires à Vapeur et à Moteurs. REI-REK (in English and French). London: Lloyd's Register. 1930–1931. Retrieved 29 April 2022 – via Southampton City Council. ^ a b c d "Reiher". Shipspotting. Retrieved 29 April 2022. ^ a b c "Argo Line, Bremen / Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo AG 1896–1923 / Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo mbH 1923–1925 / Argo Reederei AG 1933–1936 / Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Co. 1936–1952 / Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Söhne 1952–present". The Ships List. Retrieved 29 April 2022. ^ "Excessive Deck Cargo". The Times. No. 43845. London. 29 December 1924. col D, p. 16. ^ "Ships' Secret Meeting off Falmouth". The Times. No. 44868. London. 16 April 1928. col C, p. 11. ^ "Trans-shipped Gold for Russia". The Times. No. 44869. London. 17 April 1928. col C, p. 18. ^ "The Soviet Gold". The Times. No. 44870. London. 18 April 1928. col C, p. 16. ^ "Reiher (83727)" (PDF). Lloyd's Register: Navires à Vapeur et à Moteurs. REG-REM (in English and French). London: Lloyd's Register. 1934–1935. Retrieved 29 April 2022 – via Southampton City Council. ^ "Vorpostenflottillen 1939 - 1945" (in German). Württembergische Landesbibliothek. Retrieved 29 April 2022. vteVorpostenboote of the KriegsmarineList of Vorpostenboote in World War II1 Vorpostenflotille V 101 Schwan V 102 Cressida V 103 Sylvia V 104 Falke V 105 Cremon V 106 Phönix V 107 Botilla Russ V 108 Friedrich Karl V 108 Porjus V 109 Flamingo 2 Vorpostenflotille V 201 Seydlitz V 202 Franz Westermann V 203 Heinrich Buermann V 204 Dorum V 205 Hermann Bösch V 206 Gauleiter Telschow V 207 Otto Bröhan V 208 Gebrüder Kähler V 209 Carl Röver V 209 Dr. Rudolf Wahrendorff V 210 R. Walther Darré V 211 Friedrich Busse V 212 Hinrich Hey V 213 Claus Bolten V 213 Zieten V 214 Spica V 214 Teutonia V 215 Baden V 215 Hela V 215 Oliva V 216 Goëland V 222 V 223 V 224 V 225 V 226 V 227 3 Vorpostenflotille V 301 Weser V 302 Bremen V 303 Tannenberg V 304 Breslau V 305 Ostpreussen V 306 Fritz Hincke V 307 Württemberg V 308 Oscar Neynaber V 309 Martin Donandt V 310 Rosemarie V 311 Osdorf V 312 Hanseat V 313 Eifel V 314 Heinrich Lehnert V 315 Bris V 316 V 317 Wega 4 Vorpostenflotille V 401 Nordland V 401 Dr. Adolf Spilker V 402 Hans Loh V 403 Germania V 404 Deutschland V 404 Baden V 405 J. Hinrich Wilhelms V 406 Jan Mayen V 407 Saarland V 407 Dorum V 408 Haltenbank V 409 August Bösch V 412 Bremerhaven V 413 Ferdinand Niedermeyer V 414 Sachsenwald V 415 Gotland V 420 Alcyon V 421 Rauzan V 422 Kergroise V 423 Keryado II V 424 Carl J. Busch V 427 Victoire V 430 V 431 V 432 V 433 V 434 V 435 5 Vorpostengruppe Wandrahm Birka Neuss Nerissa 6 Vorpostengruppe Dr. Heinrich Wiegand Jupiter Möwe Oldenburg Schürbek 6 Vorpostenflotille V 601 Dr. Heinrich Wiegand V 602 Richard C. Krogmann V 603 Carsten V 604 Fritz Reiser V 605 Arthur Duncker V 606 Fladengrund V 607 Düsseldorf V 620 Derfflinger V 621 Mars V 622 Almuth V 623 Jupiter V 624 Köln V 625 Johann Schulte V 626 Le Tésterin V 627 Elise V 628 De Ruyter 7 Vorpostenflotille V 701 Este V 702 Memel V 703 Henry Fricke V 704 Claus Wisch V 704 Richard C. Krogmann V 705 Carsten V 706 Fritz Reiser V 707 Arthur Duncker V 708 Fladengrund V 709 Guido Möhring V 710 Düsseldorf V 711 Senator Predöhl V 712 V 712 Chemnitz V 713 Leipzig V 714 V 715 Alfred I V 716 Alfred II V 717 Alfred III V 718 V 719 V 720 V 721 V 722 Pilote XIII V 723 Jeanne Marie V 724 St. Dominique V 725 Petit Poilu V 726 Antifer V 727 Goëland V 728 Vierge de Nassabielle V 729 Marie Simone V 730 Michel François 8 Vorpostenflotille V 801 Bayern V 801 Max Gundelach V 801 Stoomloodsvartuig 17 V 802 Sagitta V 803 Stuttgart V 803 Wiesbaden V 804 Skolpenbank V 804 Spica V 805 Island V 805 MFL 8 V 806 Stuttgart V 807 Auguste Kämpf V 807 MFL 1 V 808 Reichspräsident von Hindenburg V 808 Ehrensburger V 809 Konsul Dubbers V 810 Falkland V 811 Hugo Homann V 811 Claus Ebeling V 812 Amtsgerichsrat Pitschke V 813 Otto Krogmann V 814 Gotland Schiff 7 Wega 9 Vorpostenflotille V 901 Senator Sprecher V 902 Senator Sachse V 903 Mainz V 904 Else Wilhelms V 905 Karl Bergh V 906 Schwalbe V 907 Spessart V 907 N. Elbing V 908 Claus Ebeling V 909 Flensburg V 910 V 911 V 912 V 913 V 914 V 915 V 916 V 917 10 Vorpostenflotille V 1001 Thüringen V 1001 Stettin V 1002 Tilly V 1002 A. Kappelhof V 1003 Welle V 1003 Hanna V 1004 Johanna V 1004 Anna V 1005 Cremona V 1005 Amalie V 1006 Hayo V 1006 Elfriede V 1007 Käthe V 1007 Gesine V 1008 Walküre V 1008 Marie V 1009 Gertrud V 1009 Cornelia V 1010 Allegro V 1010 Martha V 1011 Altair V 1011 Adeline V 1012 Anna Marie V 1012 Erika V 1013 Herinrich Brons V 1014 Richard Ohlrogge V 1014 Kiel 11 Vorpostenflotille V 1101 Preußen V 1102 Gleiwitz V 1102 Lützow V 1102 Nordkap V 1103 Reemt V 1102 Ernst von Briesen V 1102 Weißenfels V 1102 Ernst Gröschel V 1105 Jochen Homann V 1106 Heinrich Bueren V 1106 Neufundland V 1107 Portland V 1108 Arctur V 1109 Antares V 1109 Mahren V 1110 Hermann Hinrichs V 1111 Christian Wendig V 1112 V 1113 V 1114 V 1115 12 Vorpostenflotille V 1201 Düneck V 1201 Juno V 1201 De Mok I V 1202 Angelina V 1202 Friedrich Suthmeier V 1203 Annemarie V 1203 G. F. Zimmermenn V 1204 Armin V 1204 C. H. Metger V 1204 Christiane Cécile V 1205 Germania V 1205 Ravensburg V 1206 Maria Lina V 1206 Ministerialdirektor Streil V 1207 Emil V 1207 P. von Rensen V 1208 Elternsegen V 1208 Heinrich Kappelhoff V 1209 Jacobus V 1209 H. Bramfeldt V 1210 Anita III V 1210 D. Dreesmann Penning V 1211 Meta Osterwisch V 1211 Leo Fürbinger V 1212 Anna V 1212 L. Ruyl V 1213 Fro V 1214 Joannes Georgius V 1214 St. Joachim V 1215 Hennie V 1216 Marie V 1217 Frida V 1218 V 1219 V 1220 V 1221 V 1222 V 1223 V 1224 V 1225 V 1226 V 1227 V 1228 V 1229 V 1230 V 1231 Toni V 1232 Elise V 1233 Vooruit V 1234 Koningin Emma V 1235 Columbus V 1236 'Flevo III V 1236 Augusta V 1237 Notre Dame de Dunes V 1238 Voorloper V 1239 Vooran V 1240 Therese V 1241 Stangenwalde V 1242 Marie Henriette V 1243 Hohenstein V 1244 V 1245 V 1246 V 1247 V 1248 V 1249 Mewa VIII V 1250 V 1251 V 1252 V 1253 Essen V 1254 Hermann Garrels V 1255 Ernst Hecht V 1256 Heinrich Onnen V 1256 V 1257 V 1258 V 1259 V 1260 Gebroeders V 1261 Vooruit V 1262 Verwachting V 1263 V 1264 V 1265 Dr. Eichelbaum V 1265 V 1266 V 1267 V 1268 V 1269 V 1270 V 1271 V 1272 V 1273 V 1274 13 Vorpostenflotille V 1300 Stoomloodsvartuig 17 V 1301 Uranus V 1302 John Mahn V 1303 Freiburg V 1304 Eisenach V 1305 Wuppertal V 1306 Otto Krogmann V 1307 Stettin V 1308 Bredebeck V 1309 Kapitän Stemmer V 1310 Deister V 1310 Gotland V 1311 Döse V 1312 Hermann Siebert V 1313 Uran V 1314 Gustav Hugo Deiters V 1315 Karlsburg V 1316 Emil Colsmann V 1317 Wilhelm Michaelsen V 1318 Hans Pickenpack V 1330 Cyclop V 1331 Limburgia V 1332 Norma Maria V 1333 Zeemeeuw V 1334 Witte Zee V 1335 Adelante V 1336 J. S. Groen V 1337 Irene V 1337 Victoire V 1338 Azimuth V 1339 Stoomloodsvartuig 12 V 1340 Delft 14 Vorpostenflotille V 1401 Deister V 1402 Hermann Siebert V 1403 B 1687 V 1403 Simone Marie V 1404 B 1557 V 1404 Christiane Cécile V 1405 Ritzebüttel V 1406 Frankfurt V 1407 Kurland V 1408 Aue ZRD 16 V 1408 Cyclop V 1409 IJM 54 V 1409 Limburgia V 1410 IJM 6 V 1410 Norma Maria V 1411 ZRD 19 V 1411 Zeemeeuw V 1412 Witte Zee V 1413 IJM 19 V 1413 Adelante V 1414 IJM 130 V 1414 J. S. Groen V 1415 IJM 195 V 1415 Azimuth V 1416 IJM 89 V 1416 Irene V 1417 Stoomloodsvartuig 11 V 1418 Frans Naerebout V 1419 Victoire V 1420 B 339 V 1420 Saint Joachim V 1421 Deltra II V 1422 B 1402 V 1422 Michel François V 1423 B 3059 V 1423 Emmanuella V 1424 Le Cid V 1425 LR 3306 V 1425 Banderole V 1426 Antoinette 15 Vorpostenflotille PA 1 PA 2 PA 3 PA 4 V 1507 Wiking 7 V 1506 Wiking 6 V 1503 Wiking 10 V 1504 Wiking 8 V 1505 Wal 8 V 1506 Wal 9 V 1507 Rau VI V 1507 Rau I V 1508 Rau III V 1509 Rau II V 1510 Unitas 6 V 1511 Rau IV V 1511 Unitas 7 V 1512 Unitas 8 V 1513 Linz V 1514 Beuthen V 1514 Rothienbaum V 1516 Rouen V 1517 Kerdonis II V 1520 Loodsboot 6 V 1521 Vimy V 1522 Dauphin V 1523 Deltra I V 1524 Patrice V 1525 Eglantine V 1530 V 1531 V 1532 V 1533 V 1534 V 1535 V 1536 V 1537 V 1538 V 1539 V 1540 V 1541 V 1548 Gebrüder Kähler V 1549 Berlebeck V 1549 Hoheweg 16 Vorpostengruppe Altenland Koblenz Schleswig 16 Vorpostenflotille V 1601 Skorpion V 1601 Lindormen V 1602 La Provence V 1603 Termidor V 1604 Natter V 1605 Alma V 1605 Mosel V 1605 Girolou V 1606 Julius Fock V 1607 Nord Caper V 1608 Sülldorf V 1609 Othmarschen V 1610 Innsbruck V 1611 Forst V 1612 Gotha V 1613 Jane V 1614 Tormilind V 1614 Neerlandia V 1615 Tietie V 1616 Pirola V 1617 Jaweg V 1620 KOL 15 V 1621 SAG 29 V 162 PIL 29 V 162 PIL 76 17 Vorpostenflotille V 1701 Unitas 2 V 1701 Bahrenfeld V 1702 Unitas 3 V 1703 Unitas 4 V 1704 Unitas 5 V 1705 Rau XI V 1706 Rau XII V 1707 Wiking 4 V 1708 Süd III V 1709 Wal 1 V 1710 Natter V 1715 KOL 15 V 1716 SAG 29 V 1717 PIL 29 V 1718 PIL 76 18 Vorpostengruppe Julius Pickenpack Schiff 7 Wega Wilhelm Huth 18 Vorpostenflotille V 1801 Lutteur V 1801 Wandrahm V 1802 Orient V 1803 Le Havre de Grace V 1804 Excellent V 1805 Senateur Louis Brindeau V 1806 Surmulet V 1807 Wagram V 1808 Dortmund V 1809 Henry P. Newman V 1810 Condor V 1811 Sylt V 1812 Halle V 1813 Thothn V 1814 Linz V 1815 Loodsboot 6 V 1816 Dauphine V 1817 Eglantine 19 Vorpostenflotille V 1901 Präsident Mutzenbecher V 1901 Richard Ohlrogge V 1902 Amsel V 1903 Fink V 1904 Stieglitz V 1905 Iltis V 1906 Gunther V 1907 Emden V 1908 Kranich V 1909 Brunhild V 1910 Wellgunde V 1911 Johann Georg V 1912 Fortuna V 1913 Leer V 1914 Alma II V 1915 Girolou V 1916 Weser I V 1921 Habicht V 1922 Nürnberg V 1923 Ostpreußen V 1925 Unitas 9 V 1926 Ernst Schweckendieck V 1927 Johann Wessels 20 Vorpostenflotille V 2001 Pastor Pype V 2001 Uranus V 2002 Madeleine Louise V 2002 Uran V 2003 Loodsboot 7 V 2004 Loodsboot 12 V 2005 Simone Marie V 2006 Christine Cécile V 2007 Hannover V 2008 Ritzebüttel V 2009 Niedersachsen V 2010 Frankfurt V 2011 Borkum V 2012 Kurland V 2013 Ekwator V 2014 Karel V 2015 V 2016 V 2017 V 2018 Vogtland V 2019 Seefahrt V 2020 Alexander Becker V 2021 Nürnberg V 2022 Emil Colsmann V 2023 Karlsburg 51 Vorpostenflotille V 5101 Donner V 5101 Tornado V 5101 Blitz V 5102 Orkan V 5103 Taifun V 5103 Riese V 5104 Wirbel V 5106 Sturm V 5106 Sindbad V 5107 Sturm V 5107 Kormoran V 5107 Karmöy V 5108 Föhn V 5108 Kiebitz V 5109 Kranich V 5109 Eber V 5110 Marabu V 5110 Elch V 5111 Odin V 5112 Tiu V 5113 Donar V 5114 Baldur V 5115 Frija V 5116 Unitas 1 53 Vorpostenflotille V 5301 Flamingo V 5301 Reiher V 5301 Seeteufel V 5302 Kranich V 5302 Seelöwe V 5303 Marabu V 5303 Sturmvogel V 5303 Seebär V 5304 Kormoran V 5304 Kiebetz V 5304 Seehund V 5305 Schnepfe V 5305 Jäger V 5306 Brachvogel V 5306 Schütze V 5307 Felix Scheder V 5308 O. B. Rogge V 5309 Seerobbe V 5310 Seewolf V 5311 Seeotter V 5312 Brachvogel V 5313 Star XXIII 55 Vorpostenflotille V 5501 Bussard V 5501 Zick V 5501 Ratte V 5501 Seeteufel V 5502 Sperber V 5502 M253 V 5502 Zack V 5502 Biber V 5502 KFK1 V 5502 Snøgg V 5503 Habicht V 5503 Otter V 5504 Sperber V 5504 S12 V 5504 Marder V 5505 Adler V 5505 Wiesel V 5506 Rabe V 5506 Felix Scheder V 5506 KFK332 V 5507 Krähe V 5507 O. B. Rogge V 5507 S10 V 5507 Bisam V 5508 Elster V 5508 Seelöwe V 5508 Frettchen V 5509 S14 V 5509 Murmel V 5510 S15 V 5510 S13 V 5510 Marabu V 5511 S16 V 5511 Moskito V 5512 Grenadier V 5513 Libelle V 5514 Hornisse V 5515 Ulan V 5516 Flamingo V 5517 Natter V 5518 Reiher V 5519 Tarantel V 5520 Adler V 5525 V 5531 57 Vorpostenflotille V 5701 Thüringen V 5702 Eupen V 5702 Grane V 5703 Elsass V 5703 Lothringen V 5704 Warthegau V 5705 Elsaß V 5706 Ostmark V 5707 Südwind V 5711 Steiermark V 5712 Kärnten V 5713 Sudetenland V 5714 Tirol V 5715 Skaggerak V 5716 Flandern V 5717 Fritz Homann V 5718 Coburg V 5719 Markomanne V 5720 Normanne V 5721 Turinge V 5722 Hornack V 5723 Möwe 59 Vorpostenflotille V 5901 Bussard V 5901 Falkland V 5902 Rabe V 5902 Polarsonne V 5903 Elster V 5903 Polarfront V 5904 Sperber V 5904 Polarnacht V 5905 Habicht V 5905 Nordriff V 5905 Varanger V 5906 Krähe V 5906 Nordpol V 5907 Geier V 5907 Südwind V 5908 Penang V 5908 Togo V 5909 Coronel V 5909 Jan Mayen V 5910 Westwind V 5911 Gauleiter Bohle V 5911 Nordkap V 5912 Köln V 5912 Polarstern V 5913 Wilhelm Söhle V 5913 Polarkreis V 5914 Vardö V 5914 Polarmeer V 5915 Heinrich Baumgarten V 5916 Yock V 5917 Othmarschen V 5918 Jane 61 Vorpostenflotille V 6101 Polarfuchs V 6101 Nordkap V 6101 Gauleiter Bohle V 6101 Wal 10 V 6102 Köln V 6102 Polarstern V 6102 Wal 11 V 6103 Nordlicht V 6104 Windhuk V 6104 Wien V 6105 Samoa V 6105 Holstein V 6106 Kiautschou V 6106 Tirol V 6107 Polarkreis V 6107 Wilhelm Söhle V 6107 Franke V 6108 Polarmeer V 6108 Vardö V 6109 Nordwind V 6110 Nordkyn V 6112 Friese V 6111 Masuren V 6112 Gote V 6113 Alane V 6114 Duiveland V 6114 Eismeer V 6115 Salier V 6115 Ostwind V 6115 Helgoland V 6116 Ubier V 6116 Doggerbank V 6117 Cherusker V 6118 Gallipoli V 6119 Auk 63 Vorpostenflotille V 6301 Krebs V 6302 Widder V 6303 Stier V 6304 Waage V 6305 Frauke V 6306 Orion V 6307 Mob-FD 2 Jupiter V 6308 Mob-FD 1 Saturn V 6309 Mob-FD 3 Mars V 6310 Nordkap V 6311 Polarstern V 6312 Polarmeer V 6313 Westwind V 6314 Löwe V 6315 Wal 10 V 6316 Wal 11 V 6321 V 6322 V 6323 V 6324 V 6325 V 6326 V 6327 V 6328 Kormoran V 6329 Kranich V 6330 V 6331 V 6332 64 Vorpostenflotille V 6401 Hagen V 6402 Hersing V 6403 Hildebrand V 6404 Midlum V 6405 Hermann V 6406 Hundius V 6407 Falke V 6408 Skagerak V 6409 Cimber V 6411 Thor V 6412 Frigga V 6413 Fro V 6414 Seeschwalbe V 6415 Kondor V 6416 Albatros V 6417 Loki V 6421 V 6422 V 6423 V 6424 V 6425 V 6426 V 6427 V 6428 V 6429 V 6430 V 6431 V 6432 V 6433 V 6434 V 6435 V 6436 V 6437 V 6438 V 6439 V 6440 V 6441 V 6442 V 6443 V 6444 V 6445 V 6446 V 6447 V 6448 V 6449 V 6450 65 Vorpostenflotille V 6501 Samoa V 6502 Kiautschou V 6503 Star 14 V 6504 Claus Ebeling V 6505 Rau IX V 6506 Torlyn V 6507 Othmarschen V 6508 Jane V 6509 Habicht V 6510 Celle V 6511 Salier V 6512 Togo V 6513 Elster V 6514 Krähe V 6515 Hast I V 6516 KFK123 V 6517 V 6521 V 6522 V 6523 V 6524 V 6525 V 6526 V 6527 V 6528 V 6529 V 6530 V 6531 V 6532 V 6533 V 6534 V 6535 V 6541 Drott 66 Vorpostenflotille V 6601 Friedrich Wilhelm zu Pferde V 6602 Rother Adler V 6603 Güldener Löwe V 6604 Churprinz V 6605 Markgraf von Hindenburg V 6606 Wappen von Hamburg V 6607 Charlotte Sophie V 6608 Steiermark V 6609 Kärnten V 6610 Sudetenland V 6611 V 6612 V 6613 V 6614 V 6615 V 6616 V 6617 V 6621 Dorothea V 6622 Rummelpott 67 Vorpostenflotille V 6701 Rotges V 6702 Windhuk V 6703 V 6704 V 6705 V 6706 V 6707 V 6708 V 6709 V 6710 V 6711 V 6712 V 6713 V 6714 V 6715 V 6716 V 6717 V 6718 V 6719 V 6720 V 6721 V 6722 V 6723 V 6724 V 6725 V 6726 V 6728 Kormoran V 6729 Kranich V 6730 Polarfuchs V 6731 V 6732 V 6733 Widder V 6734 Stier V 6735 Löwe 68 Vorpostenflotille V 6801 Viking V 6802 Flame V 6803 Burgunder V 6804 Sachse V 6805 Geuse V 6806 Alemanne V 6807 Teutone V 6808 Rugier V 6811 V 6812 V 6813 V 6814 V 6815 V 6816 7 & 13 Sicherungsflotille V 7001 Francis Simone V 7002 Ste Jeanne d'Arc V 7003 Petit Jesus V 7004 St Joseph V 7005 St Casimir V 7006 St Louis V 7007 A la Volonté de Dieux V 7008 St Raphael V 7009 St Antonie V 7010 Volonté de la Vierge Marie V 7011 Phoque V 7012 Jeanne et Marie V 7013 Louise Elise V 7014 Jesus Nazareth V 7015 Ste Madeleine V 7016 Joseph François V 7017 St Come et Damien V 7018 St Christophe V 7019 SG 2 V 7020 V 7021 V 7022 Vessels are listed under their first designation within each Vorpostenflotille. Subsequent changes in pennant numbers not shown. vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in February 1945Shipwrecks 1 Feb: Ro-115 3 Feb: U-1279 4 Feb: USS Barbel, U-1014 5 Feb: MV Gay Viking, Karatsu 6 Feb: Peter Silvester 7 Feb: CD-53, Ro-55 9 Feb: U-864, U-923 10 Feb: Steuben 11 Feb: Persier, Ro-112, U-869 13 Feb: HMS Denbigh Castle, Ha-76, Ro-113 14 Feb: U-989 15 Feb: U-1053 16 Feb: U-309 17 Feb: HMS Bluebell, Impero, U-425, U-1273, U-1278, HMS Lark 18 Feb: Sperrbrecher 139, U-2344 20 Feb: Nokaze, TA 48, HMS Vervain, U-1276, USS S-37, USS S-38 21 Feb: USS Bismarck Sea, Dettifoss 22 Feb: HMCS Trentonian, U-300 23 Feb: Conte di Cavour, Henry Bacon, La Combattante, Point Pleasant Park 24 Feb: I-371, U-713, U-927, U-1208, U-3007 26 Feb: Arsterturm, I-368, I-370, Ro-43 27 Feb: Corvus, U-327, U-1018, U-1279 28 Feb: Lautaro Unknown date: U-676, U-683 Other incidents 9 Feb: Kommandøren 10 Feb: USS Batfish 11 Feb: HMS Pathfinder 15 Feb: SS Charles F. Amidon, USS Crevalle 17 Feb: Conte di Cavour 18 Feb: Empire Duchess, USS Gamble, U-2336 1944 1945 1946 January 1945 March 1945
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SS Reiher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Reiher"},{"link_name":"HMS Flamingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Flamingo"},{"link_name":"USS Flamingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Flamingo"},{"link_name":"GRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"Bremer Vulkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremer_Vulkan"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"vorpostenboot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorpostenboot"},{"link_name":"sperrbrecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperrbrecher"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"}],"text":"975 GRT cargo shipFor other ships with the same name, see SS Reiher, HMS Flamingo, and USS Flamingo.Reiher was a 975 GRT cargo ship that was built in 1909 by Bremer Vulkan, Bremen, Germany for Argo Line. She was renamed Flamingo in 1938 and was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine in 1939, serving as the vorpostenboot V-109 Flamingo and the sperrbrecher Sperrbrecher 39 and Sperrbrecher 139. She struck a mine and sank off the coast on Norway in February 1945.","title":"SS Reiher (1909)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"NRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiher30-1"},{"link_name":"DWT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiher-2"},{"link_name":"triple expansion steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_expansion_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"Bremer Vulkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremer_Vulkan"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"nhp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_horsepower"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiher30-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiher-2"}],"text":"The ship was 67.21 metres (220 ft 6 in) long, with a beam of 9.86 metres (32 ft 4 in) and a depth of 4.11 metres (13 ft 6 in). She was assessed at 975 GRT, 402 NRT,[1] 1,035 DWT.[2] She was powered by a triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of 54 centimetres (21+1⁄4 in), 87.5 centimetres (34+7⁄16 in) and 138 centimetres (54+1⁄2 in) diameter by 90.0 centimetres (35+7⁄16 in) stroke. The engine was built by Bremer Vulkan, Bremen. It was rated at 179nhp and drove a single screw propeller.[1] It could propel her at 11 knots (20 km/h).[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiher-2"},{"link_name":"Code Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Letters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argo-3"},{"link_name":"£10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_Sterling"},{"link_name":"10gns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_(coin)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Merchant Shipping Act 1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Act_1906"},{"link_name":"mahogany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times291224-4"},{"link_name":"Norddeutscher Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argo-3"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"ocean liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_liner"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Falmouth, Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"Manche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times160428-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times170428-6"},{"link_name":"Bremerhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerhaven"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times180428-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiher34-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Argo-3"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"vorpostenboot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorpostenboot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VF1-20-9"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"Lindesnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindesnes"},{"link_name":"Lindesnes Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindesnes_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"57°58′N 7°02′E / 57.967°N 7.033°E / 57.967; 7.033","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Reiher_(1909)&params=57_58_N_7_02_E_"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reiher-2"}],"text":"Reiher was built in 1909 as Yard Number 531 by Bremer Vulkan, Bremen for Argo Line, Bremen.[2] Her port of registry was Bremen and the Code Letters QJSC were allocated. In 1923, Argo Line merged with the Roland Line to form Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo mbH.[3] In December 1924, her captain was fined £10 with 10gns costs at the Thames Police Court, London for an offence under the Merchant Shipping Act 1906, having had an excessive deck cargo of mahogany logs which were improperly stored.[4] Around 1925/26, Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo mbH was absorbed by Norddeutscher Lloyd. Reiher was transferred to Argo Reederei AG in 1933.[3]On 14 April 1928, Soviet gold valued at £1,043,000 was transferred from the Norddeutscher Lloyd ocean liner Dresden to Reiher at a position 12 nautical miles (22 km) off Falmouth, Cornwall, United Kingdom. The transfer was to prevent the gold being seized by the French when Dresden docked at Cherbourg, Manche.[5][6] Reiher sailed to Bremerhaven with the gold, arriving the next day.[7] In 1934, her Code Letters were changed to DOAU.[8] She was transferred to Argo Reederei Richard Adler in 1937 and was renamed Flamingo in 1938.[3]On 1 November 1940, Flamingo was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a vorpostenboot, serving with 1 Vorpostenbootflottille as V 109 Flamingo. On 26 June 1940, she was transferred to 3 Sperrbrecherflottille serving as Sperrbrecher 39,[9] and from 1941 as Sperrbrecher 139. On 17 February 1945, she struck a mine off Lindesnes, Norway. She sank the next day 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) south west of the Lindesnes Lighthouse (57°58′N 7°02′E / 57.967°N 7.033°E / 57.967; 7.033.[2]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Reiher (82363)\" (PDF). Lloyd's Register: Navires à Vapeur et à Moteurs. REI-REK (in English and French). London: Lloyd's Register. 1930–1931. Retrieved 29 April 2022 – via Southampton City Council.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b0988.pdf","url_text":"\"Reiher (82363)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register","url_text":"Lloyd's Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Reiher\". Shipspotting. Retrieved 29 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shipspotting.com/photos/3091787","url_text":"\"Reiher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Argo Line, Bremen / Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo AG 1896–1923 / Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo mbH 1923–1925 / Argo Reederei AG 1933–1936 / Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Co. 1936–1952 / Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Söhne 1952–present\". The Ships List. Retrieved 29 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/argo.shtml","url_text":"\"Argo Line, Bremen / Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo AG 1896–1923 / Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo mbH 1923–1925 / Argo Reederei AG 1933–1936 / Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Co. 1936–1952 / Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Söhne 1952–present\""}]},{"reference":"\"Excessive Deck Cargo\". The Times. No. 43845. London. 29 December 1924. col D, p. 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ships' Secret Meeting off Falmouth\". The Times. No. 44868. London. 16 April 1928. col C, p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Trans-shipped Gold for Russia\". The Times. No. 44869. London. 17 April 1928. col C, p. 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Soviet Gold\". The Times. No. 44870. London. 18 April 1928. col C, p. 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Reiher (83727)\" (PDF). Lloyd's Register: Navires à Vapeur et à Moteurs. REG-REM (in English and French). London: Lloyd's Register. 1934–1935. Retrieved 29 April 2022 – via Southampton City Council.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34b0703.pdf","url_text":"\"Reiher (83727)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register","url_text":"Lloyd's Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Vorpostenflottillen 1939 - 1945\" (in German). Württembergische Landesbibliothek. Retrieved 29 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/km/vboote/vfl1-20.htm","url_text":"\"Vorpostenflottillen 1939 - 1945\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Reiher_(1909)&params=57_58_N_7_02_E_","external_links_name":"57°58′N 7°02′E / 57.967°N 7.033°E / 57.967; 7.033"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Reiher_(1909)&params=57_58_N_7_02_E_","external_links_name":"57°58′N 7°02′E / 57.967°N 7.033°E / 57.967; 7.033"},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b0988.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Reiher (82363)\""},{"Link":"https://www.shipspotting.com/photos/3091787","external_links_name":"\"Reiher\""},{"Link":"http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/argo.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Argo Line, Bremen / Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo AG 1896–1923 / Dampfschifffahrtsgesellschaft Argo mbH 1923–1925 / Argo Reederei AG 1933–1936 / Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Co. 1936–1952 / Argo Reederei Richard Adler & Söhne 1952–present\""},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34b0703.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Reiher (83727)\""},{"Link":"http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/km/vboote/vfl1-20.htm","external_links_name":"\"Vorpostenflottillen 1939 - 1945\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguiar_da_Beira
Aguiar da Beira
["1 History","2 Geography","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°49′03″N 7°32′36″W / 40.81750°N 7.54333°W / 40.81750; -7.54333For the civil parish, see Aguiar da Beira (freguesia). Municipality in Centro, PortugalAguiar da BeiraMunicipalityThe terrain around Caldas-da-Cavaca, showing the rugged rock-outcroppings near the train terminal FlagCoat of armsCoordinates: 40°49′03″N 7°32′36″W / 40.81750°N 7.54333°W / 40.81750; -7.54333Country PortugalRegionCentroIntermunic. comm.Viseu Dão LafõesDistrictGuardaParishes10Government • PresidentVirgílio da Cunha (Movimento Independente)Area • Total206.77 km2 (79.83 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total5,473 • Density26/km2 (69/sq mi)Time zoneUTC±00:00 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC+01:00 (WEST)Area code292Websitehttp://www.cm-aguiardabeira.pt Aguiar da Beira (Portuguese pronunciation: ⓘ) is a municipality in Guarda District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 5,473, in an area of 206.77 km2 (79.83 sq mi). The present Mayor is Virgílio da Cunha, elected by an independent group of citizens. The municipal holiday is February 10. History Analysis of archaeological patrimony in the region suggest that human occupation in the region extends to the 4 millennium B.C., from investigations at the megalithic site of Carapito and the Dolmen of Carapito. Within the proto-historic period, three sites (Castro de Carapito, Castro da Gralheira and Castro das Albelhas) were primary settlements in the region that collected small populations. On these sites were evidence of Roman tiles (specifically Castro da Gralheira and Castro das Albelhas), suggesting a longer period of settlement, beyond the Roman occupation. Roman presence in the region also included vestiges, as in the case of granite edicules, in the locality of Penaverde (later conserved in the National Arcaheological Museum in Lisbon), and various ashlars reused in the construction the medieval castle of Aguiar da Beira, as well as the typical of other localities in the municipality in the construction of residences in the region. After the fifth century, although during a period of instability caused by barbarian invasions, later Muslim armies and wars of Reconquest, settlement of continued in the region, during the later Medieval Age. This is evident from the tombstones and burial grounds, as well as sarcophagus in necropoles in Aguiar da Beira and Moreira. This included various isolate sites, such as in Penaverde or Mosteiro, or alternately in Colherinhas, Pinheiro and Sequeiros, that point to human presence between the 7th and 12th century. The early Middle Ages in the area resulted from a period of pacification, the reinforcement of local administration and development of structures (judicial and socio-economic) that included the concession of a forals (charters) to reinforce settlement. This is how Aguiar da Beira, and Penaverde, received their first forals in the 13th century, in order to develop and fix populations in the region. At the beginning of the 16th century, Carapito was elevated to the status of municipality, in a foral issued by King D. Manuel I. A letter to establish a fair in the town of Aguiar da Beira was issued during the reign of King D. Dinis in 1308, which reveals the importance of the settlement, in terms of its dynamic economic role in the region. After the 16th century, and during the modern era, the territory has been governed by the administration of the town of Aguiar da Beira as regional seat, and divided between the three principal localities of Aguiar, Carapito and Penaverde. This was maintained until the 19th century, when the Liberal administrative reform resulted in the extinction of Carapito and Penaverde in 1836 (when the first was incorporated into Aguiar da Beira and the second into the neighbouring Transcoso). But, in the 1840 reformulation, Penaverde was transferred to the municipality of Aguiar, and temporarily re-obtaining the status of municipality in 1898, aggregating the former municipalities of Carapito and Penaverde, before definitively part of Aguiar after this period. Geography Population ofAguiar da Beira(1864 - 2011)YearPop.±% 1864 6,909—     1878 7,566+9.5% 1890 8,053+6.4% 1900 8,466+5.1% 1911 8,919+5.4% 1920 8,635−3.2% 1930 8,545−1.0% 1940 9,625+12.6% 1950 10,177+5.7% 1960 10,215+0.4% 1970 8,464−17.1% 1981 7,285−13.9% 1991 6,725−7.7% 2001 6,247−7.1% 2011 5,473−12.4% The municipality of Aguiar da Beira is situated 70 kilometres (43 mi) from the district capital, part of the Beira Alta, comarca of Transcoso, Diocese of Viseu and Centro Tourism Region, in addition to integrating part of the Intermunicipal Community of Dão-Lafões. It is limited in the north by the municipality of Sernancelhe, east by Trancoso, southeast by Fornos de Algodres, southwest by Penalva do Castelo and west by Sátão. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 10 civil parishes (freguesias): Aguiar da Beira e Coruche Carapito Cortiçada Dornelas Eirado Forninhos Pena Verde Pinheiro Sequeiros e Gradiz Souto de Aguiar da Beira e Valverde References ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatística ^ "Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país". Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-05. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Câmara Municipal, ed. (2016), Historia (in Portuguese), Câmara Municipal de Aguiar da Beira ^ Diário da República. "Law nr. 11-A/2013, page 552 5" (pdf) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 July 2014. External links Municipality official website vteMunicipalities of Guarda District Aguiar da Beira Almeida Celorico da Beira Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo Fornos de Algodres Gouveia Guarda Manteigas Mêda Pinhel Sabugal Seia Trancoso Vila Nova de Foz Côa Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aguiar da Beira (freguesia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguiar_da_Beira_(freguesia)"},{"link_name":"[ɐɣiˈaɾ ðɐ ˈβɐjɾɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Pt-pt_Aguiar_da_Beira_FF.ogg/Pt-pt_Aguiar_da_Beira_FF.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pt-pt_Aguiar_da_Beira_FF.ogg"},{"link_name":"Guarda District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgt-2"}],"text":"For the civil parish, see Aguiar da Beira (freguesia).Municipality in Centro, PortugalAguiar da Beira (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐɣiˈaɾ ðɐ ˈβɐjɾɐ] ⓘ) is a municipality in Guarda District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 5,473,[1] in an area of 206.77 km2 (79.83 sq mi).[2]The present Mayor is Virgílio da Cunha, elected by an independent group of citizens. The municipal holiday is February 10.","title":"Aguiar da Beira"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"},{"link_name":"forals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"},{"link_name":"Manuel I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"},{"link_name":"Dinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMHistoria-3"}],"text":"Analysis of archaeological patrimony in the region suggest that human occupation in the region extends to the 4 millennium B.C., from investigations at the megalithic site of Carapito and the Dolmen of Carapito.[3] Within the proto-historic period, three sites (Castro de Carapito, Castro da Gralheira and Castro das Albelhas) were primary settlements in the region that collected small populations.[3] On these sites were evidence of Roman tiles (specifically Castro da Gralheira and Castro das Albelhas), suggesting a longer period of settlement, beyond the Roman occupation.[3]Roman presence in the region also included vestiges, as in the case of granite edicules, in the locality of Penaverde (later conserved in the National Arcaheological Museum in Lisbon), and various ashlars reused in the construction the medieval castle of Aguiar da Beira, as well as the typical of other localities in the municipality in the construction of residences in the region.[3]After the fifth century, although during a period of instability caused by barbarian invasions, later Muslim armies and wars of Reconquest, settlement of continued in the region, during the later Medieval Age.[3] This is evident from the tombstones and burial grounds, as well as sarcophagus in necropoles in Aguiar da Beira and Moreira.[3] This included various isolate sites, such as in Penaverde or Mosteiro, or alternately in Colherinhas, Pinheiro and Sequeiros, that point to human presence between the 7th and 12th century.[3] The early Middle Ages in the area resulted from a period of pacification, the reinforcement of local administration and development of structures (judicial and socio-economic) that included the concession of a forals (charters) to reinforce settlement.[3] This is how Aguiar da Beira, and Penaverde, received their first forals in the 13th century, in order to develop and fix populations in the region. At the beginning of the 16th century, Carapito was elevated to the status of municipality, in a foral issued by King D. Manuel I.[3]\nA letter to establish a fair in the town of Aguiar da Beira was issued during the reign of King D. Dinis in 1308, which reveals the importance of the settlement, in terms of its dynamic economic role in the region.[3]After the 16th century, and during the modern era, the territory has been governed by the administration of the town of Aguiar da Beira as regional seat, and divided between the three principal localities of Aguiar, Carapito and Penaverde.[3] This was maintained until the 19th century, when the Liberal administrative reform resulted in the extinction of Carapito and Penaverde in 1836 (when the first was incorporated into Aguiar da Beira and the second into the neighbouring Transcoso).[3] But, in the 1840 reformulation, Penaverde was transferred to the municipality of Aguiar, and temporarily re-obtaining the status of municipality in 1898, aggregating the former municipalities of Carapito and Penaverde, before definitively part of Aguiar after this period.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sernancelhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sernancelhe"},{"link_name":"Trancoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trancoso,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Fornos de Algodres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornos_de_Algodres"},{"link_name":"Penalva do Castelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalva_do_Castelo"},{"link_name":"Sátão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1t%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"freguesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freguesia_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Aguiar da Beira e Coruche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguiar_da_Beira_e_Coruche"},{"link_name":"Carapito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapito"},{"link_name":"Cortiçada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corti%C3%A7ada"},{"link_name":"Dornelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornelas_(Aguiar_da_Beira)"},{"link_name":"Eirado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirado"},{"link_name":"Forninhos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forninhos"},{"link_name":"Pena Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pena_Verde"},{"link_name":"Pinheiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinheiro_(Aguiar_da_Beira)"},{"link_name":"Sequeiros e Gradiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequeiros_e_Gradiz"},{"link_name":"Souto de Aguiar da Beira e Valverde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souto_de_Aguiar_da_Beira_e_Valverde"}],"text":"The municipality of Aguiar da Beira is situated 70 kilometres (43 mi) from the district capital, part of the Beira Alta, comarca of Transcoso, Diocese of Viseu and Centro Tourism Region, in addition to integrating part of the Intermunicipal Community of Dão-Lafões.It is limited in the north by the municipality of Sernancelhe, east by Trancoso, southeast by Fornos de Algodres, southwest by Penalva do Castelo and west by Sátão.Administratively, the municipality is divided into 10 civil parishes (freguesias):[4]Aguiar da Beira e Coruche\nCarapito\nCortiçada\nDornelas\nEirado\nForninhos\nPena Verde\nPinheiro\nSequeiros e Gradiz\nSouto de Aguiar da Beira e Valverde","title":"Geography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país\". Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/","url_text":"\"Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país\""},{"url":"http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Câmara Municipal, ed. (2016), Historia (in Portuguese), Câmara Municipal de Aguiar da Beira","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cm-aguiardabeira.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96&Itemid=270","url_text":"Historia"}]},{"reference":"Diário da República. \"Law nr. 11-A/2013, page 552 5\" (pdf) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_da_Rep%C3%BAblica","url_text":"Diário da República"},{"url":"http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2013/01/01901/0000200147.pdf","url_text":"\"Law nr. 11-A/2013, page 552 5\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_McKay_(rugby_union)
Josh McKay (rugby union)
["1 Rugby Union career","1.1 Professional career","2 External links","3 References"]
New Zealand rugby union player Rugby playerJosh McKayFull nameJoshua Alexander McKayDate of birth (1997-10-10) 10 October 1997 (age 26)Place of birthChristchurch, New ZealandHeight184 cm (6 ft 0 in)Weight95 kg (209 lb; 14 st 13 lb)SchoolChristchurch Boys' High SchoolUniversityLincoln UniversityRugby union careerPosition(s) Wing, FullbackSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2017–21 Canterbury 50 (110)2018–20 Highlanders 15 (20)2021 Crusaders 2 (0)2021- Glasgow Warriors 40 (35) Correct as of 24 October 2022International careerYears Team Apps (Points)2016–2017 New Zealand U20 4 (10) Joshua Alexander McKay (born 10 October 1997) is a New Zealand rugby union player. He plays for Glasgow Warriors in the United Rugby Championship. His playing position is wing or fullback. He has also represented the New Zealand U20. Rugby Union career Professional career McKay represented the Highlanders for three seasons, before joining the Crusaders ahead of the 2021 Super Rugby Aotearoa season. McKay played for the Crusaders in the Super Rugby competition and Canterbury in the Mitre 10 Cup in 2021. In February 2021, McKay was announced as joining the Glasgow Warriors in Scotland ahead of the 2021–22 season. McKay said of the move: I like attacking with the ball in hand, I’m a balanced rugby player and I think I can make an impact on both attack and defence. I really think the style of Glasgow’s play will suit me. I’ve watched Glasgow Warriors games on TV and I’m very excited for my first taste of northern hemisphere footy. I can’t wait to run out at Scotstoun in a Warriors jersey for the first time. McKay made his competitive debut for the Warriors on 4 December 2021 in a match against the Dragons at Scotstoun Stadium. He became Glasgow Warrior No. 338. The Glasgow side won the match in a bonus point victory. He won Glasgow Warriors try of the season for 2021-22. He won the Glasgow Warriors Player of the Season award for 2023-24. External links itsrugby.co.uk Profile References ^ "Highlanders name squad for 2021" (Press release). Highlanders. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020. ^ "Late additions boost Crusaders for 2021 season". Super Rugby NZ. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021. ^ "Josh McKay signs for Glasgow Warriors". Glasgow Warriors. 18 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021. ^ "Josh McKay signs for Glasgow Warriors". Glasgow Warriors. ^ "Josh McKay". Glasgow Warriors. ^ "Bonus-point win pleases Murchie". Glasgow Warriors. ^ https://x.com/GlasgowWarriors/status/1529216473499156480 ^ https://x.com/GlasgowWarriors/status/1797027700890009846 vteGlasgow Warriors – current squadForwards Jamie Bhatti Fraser Brown Gregor Brown Scott Cummings Rory Darge Allan Dell Jack Dempsey JP du Preez Matt Fagerson Zander Fagerson Angus Fraser Thomas Gordon Richie Gray Gregor Hiddleston Oli Kebble Sintu Manjezi Johnny Matthews Nathan McBeth Ally Miller Alex Samuel Lucio Sordoni Grant Stewart George Turner Sione Vailanu Henco Venter Murphy Walker Max Williamson Backs Ben Afshar Sebastián Cancelliere Facundo Cordero Jamie Dobie George Horne Huw Jones Tom Jordan Sean Kennedy Stafford McDowall Josh McKay Duncan Munn Kyle Rowe Richie Simpson Ollie Smith Kyle Steyn Ross Thompson Logan Trotter Sione Tuipulotu Duncan Weir Coach Franco Smith This biographical article relating to New Zealand rugby union, about a person born in the 1990s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Highlanders name squad for 2021\" (Press release). Highlanders. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://thehighlanders.co.nz/media-centre/news/1052-highlanders-name-squad-for-2021","url_text":"\"Highlanders name squad for 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Late additions boost Crusaders for 2021 season\". Super Rugby NZ. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.superrugby.co.nz/news/late-additions-boost-crusaders-for-2021-season-2/","url_text":"\"Late additions boost Crusaders for 2021 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Josh McKay signs for Glasgow Warriors\". Glasgow Warriors. 18 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glasgowwarriors.org/news/josh-mckay-signs-for-glasgow-warriors","url_text":"\"Josh McKay signs for Glasgow Warriors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Josh McKay signs for Glasgow Warriors\". Glasgow Warriors.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glasgowwarriors.org/news/josh-mckay-signs-for-glasgow-warriors","url_text":"\"Josh McKay signs for Glasgow Warriors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Josh McKay\". Glasgow Warriors.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glasgowwarriors.org/glasgow-warriors-team/josh-mckay","url_text":"\"Josh McKay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bonus-point win pleases Murchie\". Glasgow Warriors.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.glasgowwarriors.org/fanzone/bonus-point-win-pleases-murchie","url_text":"\"Bonus-point win pleases Murchie\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depswa
Depswa
["1 History","1.1 Formation and EP releases","1.2 Two Angels and a Dream (2003–2004)","1.3 Inactivity, second studio album, re-releases, and indefinite hiatus (2005–2011)","2 Band members","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
American metal band DepswaAlso known asCarcinogen (1997–1999)OriginModesto, California, U.S.GenresAlternative metalnu metalYears active1997–2011 (hiatus)LabelsGeffenMembers Jeremy Penick Dan Noonan Ryan Burchfeild Steve White Depswa is an American alternative metal band from Modesto, California. The band released two studio albums, two EPs, and a compilation before entering an indefinite hiatus in 2011. History Formation and EP releases The beginnings of Depswa came together in 1997 with vocalist Jeremy Penick and bassist Ryan Burchfield, under their original band name "Carcinogen". With this name, the band released their first EP, named Depswa, that eventually will become the band's name. In 1999, Penick and Burchfield had moved to Los Angeles and added guitarist Dan Noonan. The band would then rename themselves as "Depswa". The band released their debut EP in 2000 titled Faithless, and by October 2001, had added drummer Gordon Heckaman into the fold. Depswa had generated some significant interest around a number of major record labels. Ultimately they decided to sign with Geffen Records. The band went to work recording their debut album with renowned producer Howard Benson. A second guitarist in James Mills also joined the band at this point. Two Angels and a Dream (2003–2004) Depswa released their debut album titled Two Angels and a Dream on June 3, 2003. The band was part of Ozzfest 2003, as a second stage act. Also, Their song, "This Time", was featured in EA Sports' NASCAR Thunder 2004 in two forms, the original with lyrics, and an instrumental version. "This Time" was also sampled by Krayzie Bone on the track "Don't Know Why" from the album Gemini: Good vs. Evil. As of August 13, 2003, Depswa had sold 9,060 copies of their debut album in the United States (according to Nielsen SoundScan). At this point, it was rumored that the band had been dropped off the remaining part of the Ozzfest tour, due to Geffen withdrawing their tour support of the band. Geffen was not in communications with the band's management and had not sent the remainder of the tour support that was needed. The band told Geffen that if they did not receive the backend support they would pull themselves off the tour. Geffen responded saying that they were going to send the funds two days after the band started for home. Upon returning to L.A. Depswa's attorney requested that the label let the band go to pursue other labels that might be more supportive. On December 6, 2003, guitarist James Mills departed Depswa. The band was seeking a replacement guitarist, but nobody was ever hired, and have since continued as a four-piece with Penick playing second guitar and singing. Inactivity, second studio album, re-releases, and indefinite hiatus (2005–2011) In January 2005, Depswa revealed via their MySpace blog that they were under way recording material for their second album. After working with a couple different producers, Depswa eventually decided to re-record much of the material along with several new songs. In May 2007, they entered the final stages of the recording and mixing process. May 13, 2007, was Gordon's last show with Depswa as their drummer, being replaced by Steve White. As of April 2008, they've been working hard on mixing the tracks for their next album and hope to be wrapped up by the end of summer 2008. On March 16, 2010, Depswa released their second studio album Distorted American Dream. In 2011, Depswa announced they will be going on an indefinite hiatus. On February 17, 2015, the band released a compilation album of unreleased recordings entitled "Lucid Dreams – Demos, B-Sides, Covers and Rarities", along with a re-release of the Faithless EP and the Depswa EP (originally released, as Carcinogen). The band stated that this will be their last release as of now due to them being on an indefinite hiatus since 2011. Band members Current Jeremy Penick – vocals, guitar Dan Noonan – guitar Ryan Burchfeild – bass Steve White – drums, vocals Former Gordon Heckaman – drums James Mills – guitar Jesse Nunn – lead guitar Discography Studio albums Two Angels and a Dream (2003) Distorted American Dream (2010) EPs Depswa (1998) as "Carcinogen" Faithless (2000) Compilations Lucid Dreams – Demos, B-Sides, Covers and Rarities (2015) References ^ a b Loftus, Johnny. "Depswa – Artist Biography". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved December 11, 2015. ^ "Depswa – Two Angels and a Dream (Album review ) | Sputnikmusic". ^ "Elektra Entertainment". www.roadrunnerrecords.com. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2022. ^ "BLABBERMOUTH.NET – DEPSWA Part Ways with Guitarist, Seek Replacement". www.roadrunnerrecords.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2022. ^ "OZZFEST 2003: Where Are They Now?". September 2017. External links Launch: Depswa MTV.com: Depswa VH1.com: Depswa Depswa at AllMusic Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alternative metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_metal"},{"link_name":"Modesto, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto,_California"}],"text":"American metal bandDepswa is an American alternative metal band from Modesto, California. The band released two studio albums, two EPs, and a compilation before entering an indefinite hiatus in 2011.","title":"Depswa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"major record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_record_label"},{"link_name":"Geffen Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records"},{"link_name":"Howard Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Benson"}],"sub_title":"Formation and EP releases","text":"The beginnings of Depswa came together in 1997 with vocalist Jeremy Penick and bassist Ryan Burchfield, under their original band name \"Carcinogen\". With this name, the band released their first EP, named Depswa, that eventually will become the band's name. In 1999, Penick and Burchfield had moved to Los Angeles and added guitarist Dan Noonan. The band would then rename themselves as \"Depswa\".The band released their debut EP in 2000 titled Faithless, and by October 2001, had added drummer Gordon Heckaman into the fold.Depswa had generated some significant interest around a number of major record labels. Ultimately they decided to sign with Geffen Records.The band went to work recording their debut album with renowned producer Howard Benson. A second guitarist in James Mills also joined the band at this point.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Two Angels and a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Angels_and_a_Dream"},{"link_name":"Ozzfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzfest"},{"link_name":"EA Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Sports"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Thunder 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Thunder_2004"},{"link_name":"Krayzie Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krayzie_Bone"},{"link_name":"Gemini: Good vs. Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini:_Good_vs._Evil"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Two Angels and a Dream (2003–2004)","text":"Depswa released their debut album titled Two Angels and a Dream on June 3, 2003. The band was part of Ozzfest 2003, as a second stage act. Also, Their song, \"This Time\", was featured in EA Sports' NASCAR Thunder 2004 in two forms, the original with lyrics, and an instrumental version. \"This Time\" was also sampled by Krayzie Bone on the track \"Don't Know Why\" from the album Gemini: Good vs. Evil.As of August 13, 2003, Depswa had sold 9,060 copies of their debut album in the United States (according to Nielsen SoundScan). At this point, it was rumored that the band had been dropped off the remaining part of the Ozzfest tour, due to Geffen withdrawing their tour support of the band.[3] Geffen was not in communications with the band's management and had not sent the remainder of the tour support that was needed. The band told Geffen that if they did not receive the backend support they would pull themselves off the tour. Geffen responded saying that they were going to send the funds two days after the band started for home. Upon returning to L.A. Depswa's attorney requested that the label let the band go to pursue other labels that might be more supportive.On December 6, 2003, guitarist James Mills departed Depswa.[4] The band was seeking a replacement guitarist, but nobody was ever hired, and have since continued as a four-piece with Penick playing second guitar and singing.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace"},{"link_name":"blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"Distorted American Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distorted_American_Dream"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Inactivity, second studio album, re-releases, and indefinite hiatus (2005–2011)","text":"In January 2005, Depswa revealed via their MySpace blog that they were under way recording material for their second album. After working with a couple different producers, Depswa eventually decided to re-record much of the material along with several new songs. In May 2007, they entered the final stages of the recording and mixing process.May 13, 2007, was Gordon's last show with Depswa as their drummer, being replaced by Steve White. As of April 2008, they've been working hard on mixing the tracks for their next album and hope to be wrapped up by the end of summer 2008.On March 16, 2010, Depswa released their second studio album Distorted American Dream.[5]In 2011, Depswa announced they will be going on an indefinite hiatus.On February 17, 2015, the band released a compilation album of unreleased recordings entitled \"Lucid Dreams – Demos, B-Sides, Covers and Rarities\", along with a re-release of the Faithless EP and the Depswa EP (originally released, as Carcinogen). The band stated that this will be their last release as of now due to them being on an indefinite hiatus since 2011.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"CurrentJeremy Penick – vocals, guitar\nDan Noonan – guitar\nRyan Burchfeild – bass\nSteve White – drums, vocalsFormerGordon Heckaman – drums\nJames Mills – guitar\nJesse Nunn – lead guitar","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Two Angels and a Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Angels_and_a_Dream"}],"text":"Studio albumsTwo Angels and a Dream (2003)\nDistorted American Dream (2010)EPsDepswa (1998) as \"Carcinogen\"\nFaithless (2000)CompilationsLucid Dreams – Demos, B-Sides, Covers and Rarities (2015)","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Ballabh_Joshi
Girish Ballabh Joshi
["1 Early life","2 Literary career","3 Bibliography","4 Personal life and death","5 References"]
Nepali writer (1867–1923) Girish Ballabh Joshiगिरीशवल्लभ जाेशीBornYadunath Sharma(1867-10-05)5 October 1867Benaras, British India (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)DiedDecember 1923(1923-12-00) (aged 56)NationalityNepaliNotable workBir CharitraChildren13Parent(s)Ganga Nath (father) Bagishowri (mother) Yadunath Sharma, popularly known as Girish Ballabh Joshi (1867–1923) was a Nepali Ayurvedic doctor (kabiraj) and novelist. He is considered to be the first Nepali novelist. His novel Bir Charitra was first published in 1903. Early life He was born on 5 October 1867 (19 Ashoj 1924 BS) to father Ganga Nath and mother Bagishowri. The place of his birth is disputed, some sources claim it was in Kathmandu, while other claims, it was in Varanasi or Mathura city of India. It is believed his parents were on a pilgrimage in India, around his birth. He grew up in Mathura and Varanasi. His family served as the royal Baidhya (Ayurvedic practitioner). He studied Ayurveda in Varanasi. After the death of his father, he returned to Kathmandu. Literary career Although, he had not received any education in literar field, he was interested in literature. He was proficient in Hindi and Urdu alongside Nepali. He was an ardent fan of Devaki Nandan Khatri, an Indian writer. His novels influenced him to write Bir Charitra, a fantasy detective novel. Bibliography Novels Bir Charitra (1903) Bahadur Charitra Prarabdha Darpan Chandrakala Adityasen Girishbani (Hindi novel) Plays Sitaram Milap (Hindi) Pashupati Sabha Satyanag Chitra Golokarchitra Other Ishwar Tatva Bibek Patanjal Yogsutrako Bhasya (Sanskrit) Bibhinna Dev Deviko Stuti Padhya (Sanskrit) Personal life and death He had 13 children (7 daughters and 6 sons). He died in December 1923 (Poush 1980). References ^ Dhakal, Ashish (26 December 2021). "The story of books in Nepal". Retrieved 2022-03-24. ^ a b Chapter 1 elibrary.tucl.edu.np ^ "नेपालको पहिलो उपन्यासः वीरचरित्र". Online Khabar. Retrieved 2022-03-24. vte Nepalese writersNepali Abhi Subedi Amar Neupane Ambalika Devi Ambika Prasad Upadhyaya Arbind Rimal Ashesh Malla Bairagi Kainla Bal Krishna Pokharel Balkrishna Sama Banira Giri Basanta Basnet Bhairav Aryal Bhanubhakta Acharya Bharat Jangam Bharat Koirala Bhawani Bhikshu Bhim Nidhi Tiwari Bijaya Malla Binod Prasad Dhital Bhim Bahadur Pande Bhola Rijal Bhupal Rai Bhupi Sherchan Bhuwan Dhungana Bimala Tumkhewa Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Buddha Sayami Buddhi Narayan Shrestha Buddhisagar Byakul Maila Chakrapani Chalise Chandra Prakash Baniya Chittaranjan Nepali Chhinnalata Chuda Mani Regmi Daulat Bikram Bista Daya Bir Singh Kansakar Deepak Shimkhada Desh Subba Dha. Cha. Gotame Dharanidhar Koirala Dharma Ratna Yami Dharmaraj Thapa Dharmendra Bikram Nembang Dhooswan Sayami Dhruba Chandra Gautam Diamond Shumsher Rana Dor Bahadur Bista Durga Lal Shrestha G. Shah Geeta Tripathee Girish Ballabh Joshi Gopal Parajuli Gopal Prasad Rimal Govinda Bahadur Malla Guru Prasad Mainali Gyandil Das Hangyug Agyat Hari Bansha Acharya Hari Prasad Rimal Harka Gurung Hemang Dixit Iman Xin Chemjong Ishwar Ballav Jagadish Ghimire Jagat Lal Master Janak Prasad Humagain Jaya Prakash Malla Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh Jhamak Ghimire Kamal Mani Dixit Kanak Mani Dixit Karna Shakya Karunakar Vaidya Kedar Man Vyathit Kedar Nath Neupane Kesar Lall Khagendra Sangraula Khaptad Swami Krishna Bhooshan Bal Krishna Chandra Singh Pradhan Krishna Dharabasi Krishnahari Baral Kshetra Pratap Adhikary Kul Bahadur KC Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir Kumar Nagarkoti Lain Singh Bangdel Laxmi Prasad Devkota Leeladhwaj Thapa Lekhnath Paudyal Madan Mani Dixit Madan Mohan Mishra Madhav Prasad Devkota Madhav Prasad Ghimire Mahananda Sapkota MBB Shah Mahesh Bikram Shah Mahesh Chandra Regmi Manu Brajaki Master Mitrasen Maya Thakuri Modanath Prasrit Mohan Koirala Motiram Bhatta Mukunda Sharan Upadhyaya Naba Raj Lamsal Nar Bahadur Saud Nara Dev Pandey Nara Nath Acharya Narayan Rayamajhi Narayan Wagle Nawaraj Silwal Nayan Raj Pandey Neelam Karki Niharika Neer Shah Nityaraj Pandey Pahalman Singh Swar Parashu Pradhan Parijat Prema Shah Prithvi Narayan Shah Chandani Shah Lalit Tripurasundari Radha Paudel Rajan Mukarung Rajesh Gautam Rajeshwor Devkota Ram Man Trishit Ram Raj Pant Ramesh Bikal Ramesh Kshitij Ramlal Joshi Rashmila Shakya Ratna Shumsher Thapa Rewati Raman Khanal Riddhi Bahadur Malla Rookmangud Katawal Rudra Raj Pande Sanjeev Uprety Santosh Lamichhane Sanu Sharma Saraswati Pratikshya Sarita Tiwari Saru Bhakta Satya Mohan Joshi Shakti Ballav Aryal Shankar Lamichhane Shanta Chaudhary Shanti Mishra Shikhar Ghimirey Shiva Kumar Rai Shrawan Mukarung Siddhicharan Shrestha Somnath Sigdel Subin Bhattarai Suman Pokhrel Surya Bikram Gyawali Sulochana Manandhar Sushma Joshi Swapnil Smriti Taranath Sharma Tarini Prasad Koirala Toya Gurung Tulsi Diwasa Upendra Subba Usha Sherchan Uttam Kunwar Vishnu Raj Atreya Yogbir Singh Kansakar Yogesh Raj Yogi Naraharinath Yogmaya Neupane Yubraj Nayaghare Yuyutsu Sharma Sanskrit Bhanubhakta Acharya Lekhnath Paudyal Motiram Bhatta Mukunda Sharan Upadhyaya Nara Nath Acharya Vishnu Raj Atreya Limbu Bairagi Kainla Iman Xin Chemjong Nepalbhasha Bauddha Rishi Mahapragya Buddha Sayami Buddhaghosa Mahasthavir Chittadhar Hridaya Daya Bir Singh Kansakar Dhammalok Mahasthavir Dharma Ratna Yami Dharmachari Guruma Dharmaditya Dharmacharya Dhooswan Sayami Durga Lal Shrestha Ganesh Lal Shrestha Girija Prasad Joshi Jagat Lal Master Jagat Sundar Malla Jayaprakash Malla Kedar Man Vyathit Kedar Nath Neupane Kesar Lall Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir Madan Mohan Mishra Moti Laxmi Upasika Nisthananda Bajracharya Phatte Bahadur Singh Pragyananda Mahasthavir Pratek Man Tuladhar Prem Bahadur Kansakar Purna Kaji Tamrakar Pushpa Ratna Sagar Rebati Ramanananda Shrestha Satya Mohan Joshi Shashikala Manandhar Shukraraj Shastri Siddhicharan Shrestha Siddhidas Mahaju Sudarshan Mahasthavir Sukraraj Shastri Sulochana Manandhar Tara Devi Tuladhar Yogbir Singh Kansakar English Abhi Subedi C. K. Lal D. B. Gurung Deepak Shimkhada Dor Bahadur Bista Manjushree Thapa Pranaya SJB Rana Pratyoush Onta Rabi Thapa Samrat Upadhyay Shanti Mishra Suman Pokhrel Yogesh Raj Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche Yuyutsu Sharma Hindi Chittadhar Hridaya Dhooswan Sayami Kedar Man Vyathit Sitaram Agrahari Tamang Bina Theeng Tamang Ganesh Lal Shrestha Avadhi Bhawani Bhikshu Vishnu Raj Atreya Magar Bal Krishna Pokharel Maithili Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura Dhirendra Premarshi Jyotirishwar Thakur Chinese Sulochana Manandhar vteNepali literatureOrganizations Nepal Academy Nepali Sahitya Sammelan, Darjeeling Nepali Sahitya Parishad Sikkim Sajha Prakashan Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya Aarohan Gurukul Divisions Nepalese Nepali literature Bhutanese Nepali literature Indian Nepali literature Festivals Nepal Literature Festival Literary awards Madan Puraskar Jagadamba Shree Puraskar Padmashree Sahitya Puraskar Sajha Puraskar India Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar Nepali Literary movements Aswikrit Sahitya Andolan Ralpha Srijanshil Arajakta Tesro Aayam WritersFiction writers Amar Neupane Ambalika Devi Asit Rai Banira Giri Bhawani Bhikshu Bhim Nidhi Tiwari Bhuwan Dhungana Bikram Bir Thapa Binod Prasad Dhital Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Buddhisagar Chandra Prakash Baniya Chhinnalata Chuden Kabimo Daulat Bikram Bista Dhanush Chandra Gautam Dhooswan Sayami Dhruba Chandra Gautam Diamond Shumsher Rana Girish Ballabh Joshi Gopal Prasad Rimal Govinda Bahadur Malla Guman Singh Chamling Guru Prasad Mainali Hemang Dixit Indra Bahadur Rai Krishna Dharabasi Kumar Nagarkoti Leeladhwaj Thapa Madan Mani Dixit Mahesh Bikram Shah Manu Brajaki Maya Thakuri Nanda Hangkhim Narayan Wagle Nayan Raj Pandey Lil Bahadur Chettri Neelam Karki Niharika Parashu Pradhan Parijat Peter J. Karthak Prema Shah Rajan Mukarung Ramesh Bikal Ramlal Joshi Rudra Raj Pande Sanjeev Uprety Sanu Sharma Shakti Ballav Aryal Shanti Mishra Sharada Sharma Shikhar Ghimirey Shiva Kumar Rai Subin Bhattarai Sushila Karki Sushma Joshi Tarini Prasad Koirala Yubraj Nayaghare Poets Abhi Subedi Agam Singh Giri Ali Miya Bairagi Kainla Bhanubhakta Acharya Bhim Nidhi Tiwari Bhola Rijal Bhupi Sherchan Bimala Tumkhewa Bina Theeng Tamang Byakul Maila Chadani Shah Chakrapani Chalise Chittadhar Hridaya Dharanidhar Koirala Dharmendra Bikram Nembang Durga Lal Shrestha Gadul Singh Lama Geeta Tripathee Gopal Parajuli Gopal Prasad Rimal Gyandil Das Hangyug Agyat Hari Bhakta Katuwal Ishwor Ballav Kamala Sankrityayan Kedar Man Vyathit Komalnath Adhikari Krishnahari Baral Krishna Bhusan Bal Kshetra Pratap Adhikary Kul Bahadur KC Laxmi Prasad Devkota Lekhnath Paudyal Madhav Prasad Ghimire MBB Shah Manjul Mohan Koirala Motiram Bhatta Naba Raj Lamsal Nanda Hangkhim Nara Dev Pandey Neer Shah Ramesh Kshitij Ratna Shumsher Thapa Santosh Lamichhane Saraswati Pratikshya Sarita Tiwari Shrawan Mukarung Siddhicharan Shrestha Somnath Sigdel Suman Pokhrel Sulochana Manandhar Swapnil Smriti Toya Gurung Tulsiram Sharma Kashyap Upendra Subba Usha Sherchan Vishnu Raj Atreya Yogbir Singh Kansakar Yogmaya Neupane Yuyutsu Sharma Playwrights and dramatists Abhi Subedi Ashesh Malla Balkrishna Sama Bhim Nidhi Tiwari Bijaya Malla Master Mitrasen Pahalman Singh Swar Saru Bhakta Shambhu Prasad Dhungel Suman Pokhrel Historians and sociologists Ambika Prasad Upadhyaya Baburam Acharya Bhagi Raj Ingnam Chandra Prakash Baniya Chittaranjan Nepali Deepak Shimkhada Dor Bahadur Bista Iman Xin Chemjong Kumar Pradhan Satya Mohan Joshi Surya Bikram Gyawali Yogesh Raj Yogi Naraharinath Essayists/critics/journalists Bhairav Aryal Bharat Jangam Bharat Koirala Bhupal Rai Buddhi Narayan Shrestha C. K. Lal Dharma Ratna Yami Geeta Tripathee Gopal Parajuli Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh Kamal Mani Dixit Karna Shakya Khagendra Sangraula Khaptad Baba Krishna Chandra Singh Pradhan Krishna Lal Adhikari Madan Mohan Mishra Mahananda Poudyal Prithvi Narayan Shah Rewati Raman Khanal Riddhi Bahadur Malla Shankar Lamichhane Uttam Kunwar Vijay Kumar Pandey Travel writers Lain Singh Bangdel Taranath Sharma Children's literature writers Janak Prasad Humagain Prema Shah Shanta Das Manandhar Shukraraj Shastri Linguists and grammarians Bal Krishna Pokharel Chuda Mani Regmi Mahananda Sapkota Mukunda Sharan Upadhyaya Parasmani Pradhan Ram Raj Pant Biographers Jagadish Ghimire Jhamak Ghimire Nara Nath Acharya Nityaraj Pandey Radha Paudel Rookmangud Katawal Shanta Chaudhary Folklorists Kesar Lall Karunakar Vaidya Tulasi Diwasa Novels Aagat Alikhit Basain Bir Charitra Champa Cheerharan Damini Bhir Draupadi Avashesh Dumero Faatsung Ghamka Pailaharu Juino Jyoti Jyoti Mahajyoti Kara Karnali Blues Loo Madhabi Maharani Mann Mayur Times Modiaain Mokshabhumi Narendra Dai Nathiya Pagal Basti Pathshala Palpasa Café Parityakta Phirphire Pratyek Thau : Pratyek Manchhe Pretkalpa Radha Ramite Ranahar Rupamati Saaya Sakas Sallipir Seto Dharti Shabdatit Shantanu Shirishko Phool Summer Love Sumnima Teen Ghumti Ular Yogmaya Yojana Gandha Poems/poetry collections Bairagi Kailaka Kabitaharu Dhritarashtra Gauri Ghumne Mechmathi Andho Manche Mohan Koiralaka Kavita Muna Madan Naya Ishwar Ko Ghoshana Pinjada Ko Suga Prithviraj Chauhan Sagarmatha Ko Gahirai Nepali Shakuntal Tarun Tapasi Non-fiction books Abstract Chintan Pyaj Antarmanko Yatra Belaet Tira Baralida China Harayeko Manchhe Chhuteka Anuhar Ek Haatko Taali Hamro Lok Sanskriti Janaral Bhimsen Thapa Ra Tatkalin Nepal Jiwan Kada Ki Phool Karnali Lok Sanskriti Khusi Khalangama Hamala Limbuwanko Etihasik Dastavej Sangraha Mahakavi Devkota Makaiko Kheti Nepalko Balinali ra Tinko Digo Kheti Nyaya Phoolko Aankhama Prayogshala Singha Durbarko Ghumne Mech Srasta ra Sahitya Yaar Plays/musical dramas Agniko Katha Baikuntha Express Bhimsen Ko Antya Malati Mangale Yajnaseni Short story collections Aina Chhapamar ko Chhoro Jiyara Kumari Prashnaharu Naya Sadak Ko Geet Nepali Lok Katha Yambunera Literary magazines Sharada Ruprekha Templates Category WikiProject Nepal portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nepali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalis"},{"link_name":"kabiraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabiraj"},{"link_name":"Bir Charitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Charitra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Yadunath Sharma, popularly known as Girish Ballabh Joshi (1867–1923) was a Nepali Ayurvedic doctor (kabiraj) and novelist. He is considered to be the first Nepali novelist. His novel Bir Charitra was first published in 1903.[1]","title":"Girish Ballabh Joshi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Samvat"},{"link_name":"Mathura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura"},{"link_name":"Varanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"He was born on 5 October 1867 (19 Ashoj 1924 BS) to father Ganga Nath and mother Bagishowri. The place of his birth is disputed, some sources claim it was in Kathmandu, while other claims, it was in Varanasi or Mathura city of India. It is believed his parents were on a pilgrimage in India, around his birth. He grew up in Mathura and Varanasi. His family served as the royal Baidhya (Ayurvedic practitioner). He studied Ayurveda in Varanasi. After the death of his father, he returned to Kathmandu.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Devaki Nandan Khatri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devaki_Nandan_Khatri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Although, he had not received any education in literar field, he was interested in literature. He was proficient in Hindi and Urdu alongside Nepali. He was an ardent fan of Devaki Nandan Khatri, an Indian writer. His novels influenced him to write Bir Charitra, a fantasy detective novel.[3]","title":"Literary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bir Charitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Charitra"}],"text":"NovelsBir Charitra (1903)\nBahadur Charitra\nPrarabdha Darpan\nChandrakala Adityasen\nGirishbani (Hindi novel)PlaysSitaram Milap (Hindi)\nPashupati Sabha\nSatyanag Chitra\nGolokarchitraOtherIshwar Tatva Bibek\nPatanjal Yogsutrako Bhasya (Sanskrit)\nBibhinna Dev Deviko Stuti Padhya (Sanskrit)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"He had 13 children (7 daughters and 6 sons). He died in December 1923 (Poush 1980).[2]","title":"Personal life and death"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tervuren_Castle
Tervuren Castle
["1 History","1.1 Dukes of Brabant","1.2 Archdukes Albert and Isabella","1.3 Charles of Lorraine","1.4 Demolition","1.5 The prince of Orange: Pavillion of Tervuren","1.6 World Exhibition of 1897","1.7 Royal Museum for Central Africa","2 See also","3 References","4 Literature"]
Former royal residence in Tervuren, Belgium This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tervuren Castle by Jan Brueghel the Elder Tervuren Castle (Dutch: Kasteel van Tervuren, French: Château de Tervueren) was a moated castle constructed by the dukes of Brabant, which later became a royal residence and hunting lodge of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands. It was located in Tervuren, Belgium. It was demolished in 1782. The park later contained the Pavillion of Tervuren, the summer palace of the prince of Orange, the future king William II of the Netherlands, which burned down in 1879. The park was used in 1897 as location for the world exhibition. Later, in 1910, the Royal Museum for Central Africa was constructed in the park, which still can be visited. From the castle nothing remains, except some fundaments. The Saint Hubertus Chapel is still standing just as the stables. The park today covers an area of 207 hectares: the northern part is laid out in the French style and is characterized by a succession of ponds; the central part consists of a wooded ridge with a more natural part to the south. History Dukes of Brabant The Park of Tervuren, also known as the ‘Warande’, was once the private hunting ground of the Dukes of Brabant. Shortly before 1213, Duke Henry I (1165-1235) settled in Tervuren, and constructed a castle within the park. It was completely surrounded by water – the so-called ‘Borgvijver’, currently the ‘Sint Hubertusvijver’. The castle was primarily used as a hunting lodge and developed over time into a beautiful and favourite ducal residence, especially in summer. Henry I also constructed his own church near the castle, dedicated to John the Evangelist, which is now the current parish church of Tervuren. Until 1430, the residence was regularly inhabited, fortified, expanded and transformed into a prestigious ducal retreat. 16th and 17th century engravings show a fully enclosed complex with walls and towers, connected to the village by a drawbridge. The complex was dominated by a large gothic hall (48 times 18 metres), constructed by duke John II (1275-1312), similar to the Ridderzaal in The Hague and Westminster Hall in London . The hall was used as a meeting room for the States of Brabant and as centre of large festivities and hunting parties. In the last part of his life, duke John III spent most of his time at Tervuren Castle. He transferred part of his administration to the castle. In the start of the 15th century, the dukes of Brabant from the house of Burgundy regularly staid at the castle. Two dukes are also buried in the parish church of Tervuren, duke John IV and duke Philip I. After 1430, the absence of the dukes of Burgundy heralded the decline of the castle and the village. The Park around the castle was first only 10 hectares, but was considerably expanded over times. Tervuren Castle around 1604–1605 before the reconstructions by Archdukes Albert and Isabella Tapestry depicting the Hunt of Maximillian with Tervuren Castle in the back Tervuren Castle around 1608 by Denijs van Alsloot Archdukes Albert and Isabella With the arrival of the archdukes Albert of Austria and Isabellain the period 1599-1633, the dilapidated castle site experienced a new impetus. From 1610, the feudal castle was transformed by court architect Wenceslas Cobergher (1557-1634) into the attractive country residence as known from the many prints, drawings and paintings by Rubens, Jan Brueghel the Elder and Denis van Alsloot, among others. The old corner towers and the Gothic hall were preserved, while the disparate medieval volumes were replaced by elongated Renaissance wings with high cross windows, dormer windows and covered galleries. On the forecourt, the still existing Sint-Hubertus Chapel (1616-1617) was erected to replace the wooden "Sint-Huybrechtscapelle". The immediate surroundings of the castle were embellished with a "motte" in the Borg pond - a square parterre structure with corner arbors connected to the solid ground by bridges - and with geometrically laid out ornamental gardens. The Warande was opened up by straight lanes. In the same period, the area was significantly expanded, including part of the hamlet of Goordal and the old banmolen of the dukes of Brabant, also known as the "Spanish house". In 1625-1632, the wooden palisade was replaced by a seven kilometres long brick wall with ten gates, of which important remains are still preserved. A painting by Jan van der Heyden dating from around 1700, with a view of the castle from the south, shows the wall on the west side of the Warande with the Leuvensepoort on the right. After Albert and Isabella, decline set in again. From 1689 to 1708, Olympia Mancini, Countess of Soissons, niece from Cardinal Mazarin and exiled from France staid at Tervuren Castle. Archduke Albert with Tervuren Castle in the back Tervuren Castle in 1659 by Sanderus Hunters resting in front of Tervuren Castle Charles of Lorraine Tervuren Castle, its park and Château Charles on the Ferraris map (1778) After the death of the archdukes, the residence was only sporadically inhabited and there is even extensive neglect. This came to an end with the new governess of the Netherlands, Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1680-1741), who, after her visit to Tervuren in 1725, ordered the court architect Jean-André Anneessens (1687-1754) to completely restore the castle, an assignment that he retained under her successor Charles of Lorraine (1744-1780). After his death in 1754, the works were continued by the Bruges architect Jean Faulte (1726-1766), mentioned in 1757 as "Directeur des ouvrages de Tervueren". Charles of Lorraine developed an enormous construction activity in Tervuren. In line with the spirit of the times, the castle was opened up into an airy 18th-century summer residence and extended on the east side with a new wing, as can be seen on a map (1773) by Laurent-Benoît Dewez. A monumental entrance was created on the west side of the Warande in the form of a spacious, horseshoe-shaped stables and maid complex, followed by a new lane – currently the ‘Kasteelstraat’ - as a direct connection between the castle and the village centre. The arched wings of the horseshoe housed the horses and carriages, and the main servants lived in the two symmetrical corner pavilions. From 1897 to 2014, the 'Horseshoe' was used by the Belgian army as the ‘Panquin’ barracks. To the right of "het Hoefijzer", on the south side, a spacious orangery and a botanical garden were planted, with a large dog kennel a little further on; on the left, on the north side, a vegetable garden surrounded by a falconry, a silkworm farm and a pheasant farm. To the south of the castle, a terraced pleasure garden was created, embellished with fountains, vases, statues, a labyrinth, toys, a bathing pond with artfully painted Chinese pavilions, a cascade, an aviary for exotic birds, all connected by steps and leafy tree galleries. The Warande itself also received a thorough facelift and the original checkerboard pattern was changed into a star-shaped layout, with the various avenues converging in the 'Zeven window'. Between 1755 and 1760, an 80-metre-wide, arc-shaped industrial complex arose on the dam of the Goordalvijver, which, as a counterpart to the Hoefijzer, formed the eastern terminus of an elongated visual axis. Borchtvijver and Goordalvijver were connected by a canal so that Karel van Lorreinen could sail from the castle to the workshops by gondola. This factory - an elongated classicist building with central and corner pavilions - in which various new techniques were tested, included workshops for machine building, porcelain, wallpaper, a printing house, weaving mill. All this splendour has been extensively documented, including an anonymous plan from 1760-1770, the Ferraris map (1770-1778), the pen drawings N. De Sparr (1753) - presumably design drawings - and the descriptions in the "Guide Fidèle" (1761). At the end of his life, in 1778, Charles of Lorraine decided to construct a new palace in Tervuren, the Château Charles, which only had short live, as it was already demolished in 1782. Tervuren Castle in the time of Charles of Lorraine by Heylbrouck Tervuren Castle in the time of Charles of Lorraine by Heylbrouck Demolition Charles of Lorraine passed away in 1780. To pay for the debts left, his nephew emperor Joseph II decided 1781 to demolish Tervuren Castle and Château Charles, which ultimately happened in 1782. Only, the Sint-Hubertus chapel and the Hoefijzer were spared from demolition. From the castle, only some fundaments remain which were subject to an archaeological investigation between 1982 and 1986. Today, they are an archaeological site within the Park of Tervuren. The prince of Orange: Pavillion of Tervuren King William II of the Netherlands and his family, with the Pavillion of Tervuren in the back As a thank you for achievements during the Battle of Waterloo, the park of Tervuren was donated to William, the prince of Orange and son of the King of the United Netherlands. He constructed a neo-classicist pavilion for himself and his family on the northwestern edge of the Warande; this pavilion was destroyed by fire in 1879 and was not rebuilt. The accompanying ice cellar was preserved. After the Belgian Revolution, the Pavilion, together with the entire park of Tervuren, became the property of the Belgian state. Under Leopold I, the eldest son and heir to the throne, Leopold II was allowed to use the pavilion and park. Under Leopold II, who had a special fondness for Tervuren and at one point even considered living there permanently, the Warande was further expanded through targeted purchases. World Exhibition of 1897 Decisive for the further evolution and survival of the Warande, however, was the fact that, at the instigation of Leopold II, the World Exhibition of 1897 took place simultaneously in Brussels and in Tervuren. Here, a full-fledged department would bring the wealth and future prospects of the Congo Free State to the public's attention. To make the colonial exhibition attractive and accessible, Tervuren was connected to the capital by a broad, 12-kilometre tree-lined avenue, flanked by a tram line that was also constructed for the occasion. At the terminus of this avenue - the current Tervurenlaan - on the site of the burnt-down hunting pavilion of the prince of Orange, the Colonial Palace arose, a stylish neoclassical Louis XVI pavilion that was realized by Ernest Acker (1852-1912). The pavilion was intended as an exhibition space and was framed by the so-called French gardens with impressive sight lines, ponds, staircases and statues designed by Keilig's successor, the French landscape architect Elie Lainé. Lainé had made a name for himself in the 1870s as the designer of the "French" garden at Waddesdon Manor (Buckingshamshire, England) commissioned by Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild. He was an exponent of the growing interest in the classical French garden à la Le Nôtre, which would grow into a real revival, mainly under the impulse of his compatriots Henri and Achille Duchêne. Royal Museum for Central Africa Due to its great success, the exhibition in the Colonial Palace has been given a permanent character as a museum since 1898. However, the available space soon proved insufficient, so that Leopold II decided by decree of 3 December 1902 to build a new museum in which the overseas territories of Japan and China would also be discussed. The entire project would be borne by the Independent Congo State. The French architect Charles Girault (1851-1932), whose "Petit Palais" was particularly popular with Leopold II at the Paris World Exhibition of 1900, was commissioned to develop a prestigious concept that encompasses the entire Lokkaartsveld along the Leuvensesteenweg, including of the Colonial Palace site. In addition to a museum, the ambitious project also provided an international conference center and a world school. Following the death of Leopold II and the subsequent austerity policy, only the Congo Museum (1904-1909), the current Royal Museum for Central Africa, would be realized. The entrance to Tervuren Castle The horseshoe stables today Royal Museum for Central Africa Saint Hubertus Chapel in Tervuren Remains of Tervuren Castle See also Belgium portal Other residences used by Charles of Lorraine: Palace of Charles of Lorraine in Brussels Château of Mariemont Château Charles References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Wijnants, Maurits (1997). Van hertogen en Kongolezen. Tervuren en de Koloniale tentoonstelling 1897 (in Dutch). Tervuren: Koninklijk museum voor Midden-Afrika. p. 184. ISBN 90-75894090. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf "The Warande in Tervuren". www.onroerenderfgoed.be (in Dutch). 5 June 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2023. ^ Liesenborghs, Philippe. "Het edele vermaak. De jacht in de Spaanse Nederlanden onder de Aartshertogen". www.ethesis.net (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 May 2023. ^ Derveaux, Elisabeth; Breugelmans, Annemie (2012). Karel van Lorreinen (Lotharingen) & Tervuren : Lunéville 1712 - Tervuren 1780 (in Dutch). Tervuren: Koninklijke Heemkundige Kring St-Hubertus (Tervuren). p. 95. Literature Davidts, Juul Egied (1981). Het Hertogenkasteel en de Warande van Tervuren (in Dutch). Tervuren: Gemeentebestuur Tervuren. Everaert, L (1992). "De architecten van Karel van Lotharingen en Tervuren". De Woonstede (in Dutch): 4–17. Hermant, Cécile (1997). "Les aménagements du domaine de Tervueren et le« château Charles » sous Charles de Lorraine, gouverneur général des Pays-Bas autrichiens (1749-1780)". In Mortier, Roland; Hasquin, Hervé (eds.). Études sur le XVIIIe Siècle XXV Parcs, Jardins et Forêts au XVIIIe Siècle. Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles. pp. 111–144. Wijnants, Maurits (1997). Van hertogen en Kongolezen. Tervuren en de Koloniale tentoonstelling 1897 (in Dutch). Tervuren: Koninklijk museum voor Midden-Afrika. p. 184. ISBN 90-75894090. Dumortier, Claire; Habets, Patrick, eds. (2007). Bruxelles-Tervueren Les ateliers et manufactures de Charles de Lorraine (in French). Bruxelles: CFC Editions. ISBN 978-2-930018-64-5. Derveaux, Elisabeth; Breugelmans, Annemie (2012). Karel van Lorreinen (Lotharingen) & Tervuren : Lunéville 1712 - Tervuren 1780 (in Dutch). Tervuren: Koninklijke Heemkundige Kring St-Hubertus (Tervuren). p. 95. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tervuren Castle.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Archiduques_Isabel_Clara_Eugenia_y_Alberto_en_el_Palacio_de_Tervuren_en_Bruselas_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Tervuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tervuren"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Pavillion of Tervuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavillion_of_the_Prince_of_Orange_(Tervuren)"},{"link_name":"William II of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Royal Museum for Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa"}],"text":"Tervuren Castle by Jan Brueghel the ElderTervuren Castle (Dutch: Kasteel van Tervuren, French: Château de Tervueren) was a moated castle constructed by the dukes of Brabant, which later became a royal residence and hunting lodge of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands. It was located in Tervuren, Belgium. It was demolished in 1782. The park later contained the Pavillion of Tervuren, the summer palace of the prince of Orange, the future king William II of the Netherlands, which burned down in 1879. The park was used in 1897 as location for the world exhibition. Later, in 1910, the Royal Museum for Central Africa was constructed in the park, which still can be visited.From the castle nothing remains, except some fundaments. The Saint Hubertus Chapel is still standing just as the stables. The park today covers an area of 207 hectares: the northern part is laid out in the French style and is characterized by a succession of ponds; the central part consists of a wooded ridge with a more natural part to the south.","title":"Tervuren Castle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"John the Evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Evangelist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Ridderzaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridderzaal"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Westminster Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hall"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"John III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"John IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_IV,_Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Philip I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_I,_Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tervueren_Castle_MET_SF-1975-1-826.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jachten_van_Maximiliaan_39.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denijs_van_alsloot,_paesaggio_con_il_castello_di_tervuren_e_scena_di_caccia,_1608,_02.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Dukes of Brabant","text":"The Park of Tervuren, also known as the ‘Warande’, was once the private hunting ground of the Dukes of Brabant. [1][2] Shortly before 1213, Duke Henry I (1165-1235) settled in Tervuren, and constructed a castle within the park. It was completely surrounded by water – the so-called ‘Borgvijver’, currently the ‘Sint Hubertusvijver’.[1][2] The castle was primarily used as a hunting lodge and developed over time into a beautiful and favourite ducal residence, especially in summer.[1][2] Henry I also constructed his own church near the castle, dedicated to John the Evangelist, which is now the current parish church of Tervuren.[1][2]Until 1430, the residence was regularly inhabited, fortified, expanded and transformed into a prestigious ducal retreat.[1][2] 16th and 17th century engravings show a fully enclosed complex with walls and towers, connected to the village by a drawbridge.[1][2] The complex was dominated by a large gothic hall (48 times 18 metres), constructed by duke John II (1275-1312), similar to the Ridderzaal in The Hague and Westminster Hall in London .[1][2] The hall was used as a meeting room for the States of Brabant and as centre of large festivities and hunting parties.[1][2]In the last part of his life, duke John III spent most of his time at Tervuren Castle.[1][2] He transferred part of his administration to the castle.[1]In the start of the 15th century, the dukes of Brabant from the house of Burgundy regularly staid at the castle.[1] Two dukes are also buried in the parish church of Tervuren, duke John IV and duke Philip I.[1] After 1430, the absence of the dukes of Burgundy heralded the decline of the castle and the village.[1]The Park around the castle was first only 10 hectares, but was considerably expanded over times.[2]Tervuren Castle around 1604–1605 before the reconstructions by Archdukes Albert and Isabella\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTapestry depicting the Hunt of Maximillian with Tervuren Castle in the back\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTervuren Castle around 1608 by Denijs van Alsloot","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Isabellain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"Wenceslas Cobergher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslas_Cobergher"},{"link_name":"Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Jan Brueghel the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Denis van Alsloot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_van_Alsloot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Jan van der Heyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_der_Heyden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"Olympia Mancini, Countess of Soissons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_Mancini,_Countess_of_Soissons"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Mazarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_and_Jan_Brueghel_(I)_-_Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria_-_Prado_001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanderus_Kasteel_Tervuren_1659.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sanderus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoon_Sanders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anhonie_Crussens_-_Hunters_resting_on_the_board_of_a_river_in_front_of_Tervuren_Castle_near_Brussels.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Archdukes Albert and Isabella","text":"With the arrival of the archdukes Albert of Austria and Isabellain the period 1599-1633, the dilapidated castle site experienced a new impetus.[1][2][3] From 1610, the feudal castle was transformed by court architect Wenceslas Cobergher (1557-1634) into the attractive country residence as known from the many prints, drawings and paintings by Rubens, Jan Brueghel the Elder and Denis van Alsloot, among others.[1][2] The old corner towers and the Gothic hall were preserved, while the disparate medieval volumes were replaced by elongated Renaissance wings with high cross windows, dormer windows and covered galleries.[1][2] On the forecourt, the still existing Sint-Hubertus Chapel (1616-1617) was erected to replace the wooden \"Sint-Huybrechtscapelle\".[1][2] The immediate surroundings of the castle were embellished with a \"motte\" in the Borg pond - a square parterre structure with corner arbors connected to the solid ground by bridges - and with geometrically laid out ornamental gardens.[1][2] The Warande was opened up by straight lanes.[1][2]In the same period, the area was significantly expanded, including part of the hamlet of Goordal and the old banmolen of the dukes of Brabant, also known as the \"Spanish house\".[2] In 1625-1632, the wooden palisade was replaced by a seven kilometres long brick wall with ten gates, of which important remains are still preserved.[2] A painting by Jan van der Heyden dating from around 1700, with a view of the castle from the south, shows the wall on the west side of the Warande with the Leuvensepoort on the right.[2]After Albert and Isabella, decline set in again.[1] From 1689 to 1708, Olympia Mancini, Countess of Soissons, niece from Cardinal Mazarin and exiled from France staid at Tervuren Castle.[1]Archduke Albert with Tervuren Castle in the back\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTervuren Castle in 1659 by Sanderus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHunters resting in front of Tervuren Castle","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_Charles_en_Tervuren_-_Ferraris_kaart_1778.jpg"},{"link_name":"Château Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Charles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Maria Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Elisabeth_of_Austria_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Charles of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles_Alexander_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Laurent-Benoît Dewez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent-Beno%C3%AEt_Dewez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Château Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Charles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tervuren_castle_in_the_time_of_Charles_of_Lorraine_by_Heylbrouck_v001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tervuren_castle_in_the_time_of_Charles_of_Lorraine_by_Heylbrouck_v002.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Charles of Lorraine","text":"Tervuren Castle, its park and Château Charles on the Ferraris map (1778)After the death of the archdukes, the residence was only sporadically inhabited and there is even extensive neglect.[1][2] This came to an end with the new governess of the Netherlands, Archduchess Maria Elisabeth (1680-1741), who, after her visit to Tervuren in 1725, ordered the court architect Jean-André Anneessens (1687-1754) to completely restore the castle, an assignment that he retained under her successor Charles of Lorraine (1744-1780).[1][2] After his death in 1754, the works were continued by the Bruges architect Jean Faulte (1726-1766), mentioned in 1757 as \"Directeur des ouvrages de Tervueren\".[1][2]\nCharles of Lorraine developed an enormous construction activity in Tervuren.[1][2] In line with the spirit of the times, the castle was opened up into an airy 18th-century summer residence and extended on the east side with a new wing, as can be seen on a map (1773) by Laurent-Benoît Dewez.[1][2] A monumental entrance was created on the west side of the Warande in the form of a spacious, horseshoe-shaped stables and maid complex, followed by a new lane – currently the ‘Kasteelstraat’ - as a direct connection between the castle and the village centre.[1][2] The arched wings of the horseshoe housed the horses and carriages, and the main servants lived in the two symmetrical corner pavilions.[1][2] From 1897 to 2014, the 'Horseshoe' was used by the Belgian army as the ‘Panquin’ barracks.[1][2]To the right of \"het Hoefijzer\", on the south side, a spacious orangery and a botanical garden were planted, with a large dog kennel a little further on; on the left, on the north side, a vegetable garden surrounded by a falconry, a silkworm farm and a pheasant farm.[1][2] To the south of the castle, a terraced pleasure garden was created, embellished with fountains, vases, statues, a labyrinth, toys, a bathing pond with artfully painted Chinese pavilions, a cascade, an aviary for exotic birds, all connected by steps and leafy tree galleries.[1][2]\nThe Warande itself also received a thorough facelift and the original checkerboard pattern was changed into a star-shaped layout, with the various avenues converging in the 'Zeven window'.[1][2] Between 1755 and 1760, an 80-metre-wide, arc-shaped industrial complex arose on the dam of the Goordalvijver, which, as a counterpart to the Hoefijzer, formed the eastern terminus of an elongated visual axis.[1][2] Borchtvijver and Goordalvijver were connected by a canal so that Karel van Lorreinen could sail from the castle to the workshops by gondola.[1][2] This factory - an elongated classicist building with central and corner pavilions - in which various new techniques were tested, included workshops for machine building, porcelain, wallpaper, a printing house, weaving mill.[1][2]\nAll this splendour has been extensively documented, including an anonymous plan from 1760-1770, the Ferraris map (1770-1778), the pen drawings N. De Sparr (1753) - presumably design drawings - and the descriptions in the \"Guide Fidèle\" (1761). [2]At the end of his life, in 1778, Charles of Lorraine decided to construct a new palace in Tervuren, the Château Charles, which only had short live, as it was already demolished in 1782. [4]Tervuren Castle in the time of Charles of Lorraine by Heylbrouck\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTervuren Castle in the time of Charles of Lorraine by Heylbrouck","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"}],"sub_title":"Demolition","text":"Charles of Lorraine passed away in 1780.[1][2] To pay for the debts left, his nephew emperor Joseph II decided 1781 to demolish Tervuren Castle and Château Charles, which ultimately happened in 1782.[1][2] Only, the Sint-Hubertus chapel and the Hoefijzer were spared from demolition.[1][2] From the castle, only some fundaments remain which were subject to an archaeological investigation between 1982 and 1986.[2] Today, they are an archaeological site within the Park of Tervuren.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Baptist_van_der_Hulst_-_Koning_Willem_II_en_familie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"neo-classicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Belgian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Leopold I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Leopold II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"}],"sub_title":"The prince of Orange: Pavillion of Tervuren","text":"King William II of the Netherlands and his family, with the Pavillion of Tervuren in the backAs a thank you for achievements during the Battle of Waterloo, the park of Tervuren was donated to William, the prince of Orange and son of the King of the United Netherlands.[1][2] He constructed a neo-classicist pavilion for himself and his family on the northwestern edge of the Warande; this pavilion was destroyed by fire in 1879 and was not rebuilt.[1][2] The accompanying ice cellar was preserved.[1][2]After the Belgian Revolution, the Pavilion, together with the entire park of Tervuren, became the property of the Belgian state.[1][2] Under Leopold I, the eldest son and heir to the throne, Leopold II was allowed to use the pavilion and park.[1][2] Under Leopold II, who had a special fondness for Tervuren and at one point even considered living there permanently, the Warande was further expanded through targeted purchases.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1897)"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Congo Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Elie Lainé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Lain%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Waddesdon Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand de Rothschild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Rothschild"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Le Nôtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"}],"sub_title":"World Exhibition of 1897","text":"Decisive for the further evolution and survival of the Warande, however, was the fact that, at the instigation of Leopold II, the World Exhibition of 1897 took place simultaneously in Brussels and in Tervuren.[1][2] Here, a full-fledged department would bring the wealth and future prospects of the Congo Free State to the public's attention.[1][2] To make the colonial exhibition attractive and accessible, Tervuren was connected to the capital by a broad, 12-kilometre tree-lined avenue, flanked by a tram line that was also constructed for the occasion.[1][2] At the terminus of this avenue - the current Tervurenlaan - on the site of the burnt-down hunting pavilion of the prince of Orange, the Colonial Palace arose, a stylish neoclassical Louis XVI pavilion that was realized by Ernest Acker (1852-1912).[1][2] The pavilion was intended as an exhibition space and was framed by the so-called French gardens with impressive sight lines, ponds, staircases and statues designed by Keilig's successor, the French landscape architect Elie Lainé.[1][2] Lainé had made a name for himself in the 1870s as the designer of the \"French\" garden at Waddesdon Manor (Buckingshamshire, England) commissioned by Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild.[1][2] He was an exponent of the growing interest in the classical French garden à la Le Nôtre, which would grow into a real revival, mainly under the impulse of his compatriots Henri and Achille Duchêne.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Girault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Girault"},{"link_name":"Petit Palais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Palais"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Museum for Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:1%E2%80%9D-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9C:2%E2%80%9D-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tervuren_kazerne_zijde_Kasteelstraat_-_218431_-_onroerenderfgoed.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tervuren_Kazerne_-_218450_-_onroerenderfgoed.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa_in_Tervuren.01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Museum for Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tervuren_Warande_zonder_nummer_kapel_-_280303_-_onroerenderfgoed.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruine_chateau_de_Tervueren.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Royal Museum for Central Africa","text":"Due to its great success, the exhibition in the Colonial Palace has been given a permanent character as a museum since 1898.[1][2] However, the available space soon proved insufficient, so that Leopold II decided by decree of 3 December 1902 to build a new museum in which the overseas territories of Japan and China would also be discussed.[1][2] The entire project would be borne by the Independent Congo State.[1][2] The French architect Charles Girault (1851-1932), whose \"Petit Palais\" was particularly popular with Leopold II at the Paris World Exhibition of 1900, was commissioned to develop a prestigious concept that encompasses the entire Lokkaartsveld along the Leuvensesteenweg, including of the Colonial Palace site.[1][2] In addition to a museum, the ambitious project also provided an international conference center and a world school.[1][2] Following the death of Leopold II and the subsequent austerity policy, only the Congo Museum (1904-1909), the current Royal Museum for Central Africa, would be realized.[1][2]The entrance to Tervuren Castle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe horseshoe stables today\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoyal Museum for Central Africa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Hubertus Chapel in Tervuren\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRemains of Tervuren Castle","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-75894090","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-75894090"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-930018-64-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-930018-64-5"},{"link_name":"Tervuren Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tervuren_Castle"}],"text":"Davidts, Juul Egied (1981). Het Hertogenkasteel en de Warande van Tervuren (in Dutch). Tervuren: Gemeentebestuur Tervuren.\nEveraert, L (1992). \"De architecten van Karel van Lotharingen en Tervuren\". De Woonstede (in Dutch): 4–17.\nHermant, Cécile (1997). \"Les aménagements du domaine de Tervueren et le« château Charles » sous Charles de Lorraine, gouverneur général des Pays-Bas autrichiens (1749-1780)\". In Mortier, Roland; Hasquin, Hervé (eds.). Études sur le XVIIIe Siècle XXV Parcs, Jardins et Forêts au XVIIIe Siècle. Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles. pp. 111–144.\nWijnants, Maurits (1997). Van hertogen en Kongolezen. Tervuren en de Koloniale tentoonstelling 1897 (in Dutch). Tervuren: Koninklijk museum voor Midden-Afrika. p. 184. ISBN 90-75894090.\nDumortier, Claire; Habets, Patrick, eds. (2007). Bruxelles-Tervueren Les ateliers et manufactures de Charles de Lorraine (in French). Bruxelles: CFC Editions. ISBN 978-2-930018-64-5.\nDerveaux, Elisabeth; Breugelmans, Annemie (2012). Karel van Lorreinen (Lotharingen) & Tervuren : Lunéville 1712 - Tervuren 1780 (in Dutch). Tervuren: Koninklijke Heemkundige Kring St-Hubertus (Tervuren). p. 95.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tervuren Castle.","title":"Literature"}]
[{"image_text":"Tervuren Castle by Jan Brueghel the Elder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Los_Archiduques_Isabel_Clara_Eugenia_y_Alberto_en_el_Palacio_de_Tervuren_en_Bruselas_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/300px-Los_Archiduques_Isabel_Clara_Eugenia_y_Alberto_en_el_Palacio_de_Tervuren_en_Bruselas_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tervuren Castle, its park and Château Charles on the Ferraris map (1778)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ch%C3%A2teau_Charles_en_Tervuren_-_Ferraris_kaart_1778.jpg/250px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Charles_en_Tervuren_-_Ferraris_kaart_1778.jpg"},{"image_text":"King William II of the Netherlands and his family, with the Pavillion of Tervuren in the back","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Jan_Baptist_van_der_Hulst_-_Koning_Willem_II_en_familie.jpg/250px-Jan_Baptist_van_der_Hulst_-_Koning_Willem_II_en_familie.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Belgium portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Belgium"},{"title":"Palace of Charles of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Charles_of_Lorraine"},{"title":"Château of Mariemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Mariemont"},{"title":"Château Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Charles"}]
[{"reference":"Wijnants, Maurits (1997). Van hertogen en Kongolezen. Tervuren en de Koloniale tentoonstelling 1897 (in Dutch). Tervuren: Koninklijk museum voor Midden-Afrika. p. 184. ISBN 90-75894090.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-75894090","url_text":"90-75894090"}]},{"reference":"\"The Warande in Tervuren\". www.onroerenderfgoed.be (in Dutch). 5 June 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://inventaris.onroerenderfgoed.be/erfgoedobjecten/300554","url_text":"\"The Warande in Tervuren\""}]},{"reference":"Liesenborghs, Philippe. \"Het edele vermaak. De jacht in de Spaanse Nederlanden onder de Aartshertogen\". www.ethesis.net (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ethesis.net/jacht/jacht_hfst_1.htm","url_text":"\"Het edele vermaak. De jacht in de Spaanse Nederlanden onder de Aartshertogen\""}]},{"reference":"Derveaux, Elisabeth; Breugelmans, Annemie (2012). Karel van Lorreinen (Lotharingen) & Tervuren : Lunéville 1712 - Tervuren 1780 (in Dutch). Tervuren: Koninklijke Heemkundige Kring St-Hubertus (Tervuren). p. 95.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Davidts, Juul Egied (1981). Het Hertogenkasteel en de Warande van Tervuren (in Dutch). Tervuren: Gemeentebestuur Tervuren.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Everaert, L (1992). \"De architecten van Karel van Lotharingen en Tervuren\". De Woonstede (in Dutch): 4–17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hermant, Cécile (1997). \"Les aménagements du domaine de Tervueren et le« château Charles » sous Charles de Lorraine, gouverneur général des Pays-Bas autrichiens (1749-1780)\". In Mortier, Roland; Hasquin, Hervé (eds.). Études sur le XVIIIe Siècle XXV Parcs, Jardins et Forêts au XVIIIe Siècle. Éditions de l'Université de Bruxelles. pp. 111–144.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wijnants, Maurits (1997). Van hertogen en Kongolezen. Tervuren en de Koloniale tentoonstelling 1897 (in Dutch). Tervuren: Koninklijk museum voor Midden-Afrika. p. 184. ISBN 90-75894090.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-75894090","url_text":"90-75894090"}]},{"reference":"Dumortier, Claire; Habets, Patrick, eds. (2007). Bruxelles-Tervueren Les ateliers et manufactures de Charles de Lorraine (in French). Bruxelles: CFC Editions. ISBN 978-2-930018-64-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-930018-64-5","url_text":"978-2-930018-64-5"}]},{"reference":"Derveaux, Elisabeth; Breugelmans, Annemie (2012). Karel van Lorreinen (Lotharingen) & Tervuren : Lunéville 1712 - Tervuren 1780 (in Dutch). Tervuren: Koninklijke Heemkundige Kring St-Hubertus (Tervuren). p. 95.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoarchitecturally
Cytoarchitecture
["1 History of the cerebral cytoarchitecture","2 The Nissl staining technique","3 See also","4 References"]
Microscopic study of the anatomy of human nervous tissue The human cerebral cortex divided into Brodmann areas on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Cytoarchitecture (from Greek κύτος 'cell' and ἀρχιτεκτονική 'architecture'), also known as cytoarchitectonics, is the study of the cellular composition of the central nervous system's tissues under the microscope. Cytoarchitectonics is one of the ways to parse the brain, by obtaining sections of the brain using a microtome and staining them with chemical agents which reveal where different neurons are located. The study of the parcellation of nerve fibers (primarily axons) into layers forms the subject of myeloarchitectonics (from Greek μυελός 'marrow' and ἀρχιτεκτονική 'architecture'), an approach complementary to cytoarchitectonics. History of the cerebral cytoarchitecture Defining cerebral cytoarchitecture began with the advent of histology—the science of slicing and staining brain slices for examination. It is credited to the Viennese psychiatrist Theodor Meynert (1833–1892), who in 1867 noticed regional variations in the histological structure of different parts of the gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres. Paul Flechsig was the first to present the cytoarchitecture of the human brain into 40 areas. Alfred Walter Campbell then divided it into 14 areas. Sir Grafton Elliot Smith (1871–1937), a New South Wales native working in Cairo, identified 50 areas. Korbinian Brodmann worked on the brains of diverse mammalian species and developed a division of the cerebral cortex into 52 discrete areas (of which 44 in the human, and the remaining 8 in non-human primate brain). Brodmann used numbers to categorize the different architectural areas, now referred to as a Brodmann Area, and he believed that each of these regions served a unique functional purpose. Constantin von Economo and Georg N. Koskinas, two neurologists in Vienna, produced a landmark work in brain research by defining 107 cortical areas on the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria. They used letters to categorize the architecture, e.g., "F" for areas of the frontal lobe. The Nissl staining technique The Nissl staining technique (named for Franz Nissl the neuroscientist and histologist who originated the technique) is commonly used for determining the cytoarchitectonics of neuroanatomical structures, using common agents such as thionine, cresyl violet, or neutral red. These dyes intensely stain "Nissl bodies" (rough endoplasmic reticulum), which are abundant in neurons and reveal specific patterns of cytoarchitecture in the brain. Other common staining techniques used by histologists in other tissues (such as the hematoxylin and eosin or "H&E stain") leave brain tissue appearing largely homogeneous and do not reveal the level of organization apparent in a Nissl stain. Nissl staining reveals details ranging from the macroscopic, such as the laminar pattern of the cerebral cortex or the interlocking nuclear patterns of the diencephalon and brainstem, to the microscopic, such as the distinctions between individual neurons and glia in any subregion of the central nervous system. Many other neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic techniques are available to supplement Nissl cytoarchitectonics, including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, which allow one to label any gene or protein expressed in any group of cells in the brain. However, Nissl cytoarchitecture remains a reliable, inexpensive, and familiar starting or reference point for neuroscientists wishing to examine or communicate their findings in a widely recognized anatomical framework and/or in reference to neuroanatomical atlases which use the same technique. See also Otfrid Foerster References ^ James P. Byrnes; Barbara A. Wasik (23 March 2012). Language and Literacy Development: What Educators Need to Know. Guilford Press. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-4625-0666-8. ^ a b Michael Petrides (3 December 2013). Neuroanatomy of Language Regions of the Human Brain. Academic Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-12-405931-3. ^ Meynert, T. (1872) Der Bau der Gross-Hirnrinde und seine örtlichen Verschiedenheiten, nebst einem pathologisch–anatomischen Corollarium. J.H. Heuser’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Neuwied & Leipzig. ^ "Neue Untersuchungen über die Markbildung in den menschlichen Grosshirnlappen". Neurologisches Centralblatt 17:977-996 (1898). ^ Campbell, A.W. (1903). "Histological studies on cerebral localisation". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 72:488-492. ^ Elliot Smith, G. (1907) A new topographical survey of the human cerebral cortex, being an account of the distribution of the anatomically distinct cortical areas and their relationship to the cerebral sulci. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology (London) 41: 237-254. ^ Brodmann, K. (1909) Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig. ^ Garey, L.J. (2006) Brodmann’s Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex. Springer Science, New York. ^ Yosef Grodzinsky Professor and Canadian Research Chair in Neurolinguistics McGill University; Katrin Amunts Professor of Structural-Functional Brain Mapping Aachen University (24 March 2006). Broca's Region. Oxford University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-19-803952-5. ^ Economo, C. von, Koskinas, G.N. (1925) Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen. Julius Springer, Vienna. ^ Economo, C. von, Koskinas, G.N. (2008) Atlas of Cytoarchitectonics of the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex (translated, revised and edited by L.C. Triarhou). Karger, Basel.
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Cytoarchitectonics is one of the ways to parse the brain, by obtaining sections of the brain using a microtome and staining them with chemical agents which reveal where different neurons are located.The study of the parcellation of nerve fibers (primarily axons) into layers forms the subject of myeloarchitectonics (from Greek μυελός 'marrow' and ἀρχιτεκτονική 'architecture'), an approach complementary to cytoarchitectonics.[1]","title":"Cytoarchitecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"histology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petrides2013-2"},{"link_name":"Theodor Meynert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Meynert"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paul Flechsig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Flechsig"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alfred Walter Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Walter_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Grafton Elliot Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Korbinian Brodmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brodmann Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_Area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petrides2013-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UniversityUniversity2006-9"},{"link_name":"Constantin von Economo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_von_Economo"},{"link_name":"Georg N. Koskinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_N._Koskinas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"frontal lobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_lobe"}],"text":"Defining cerebral cytoarchitecture began with the advent of histology—the science of slicing and staining brain slices for examination.[2] It is credited to the Viennese psychiatrist Theodor Meynert (1833–1892), who in 1867 noticed regional variations in the histological structure of different parts of the gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres.[3]Paul Flechsig was the first to present the cytoarchitecture of the human brain into 40 areas.[4] Alfred Walter Campbell then divided it into 14 areas.[5]Sir Grafton Elliot Smith (1871–1937), a New South Wales native working in Cairo, identified 50 areas.[6] Korbinian Brodmann worked on the brains of diverse mammalian species and developed a division of the cerebral cortex into 52 discrete areas (of which 44 in the human, and the remaining 8 in non-human primate brain).[7][8] Brodmann used numbers to categorize the different architectural areas, now referred to as a Brodmann Area,[2] and he believed that each of these regions served a unique functional purpose.[9]Constantin von Economo and Georg N. Koskinas, two neurologists in Vienna, produced a landmark work in brain research by defining 107 cortical areas on the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria.[10][11] They used letters to categorize the architecture, e.g., \"F\" for areas of the frontal lobe.","title":"History of the cerebral cytoarchitecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franz Nissl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Nissl"},{"link_name":"thionine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thionine"},{"link_name":"cresyl violet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresyl_violet"},{"link_name":"neutral red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_red"},{"link_name":"Nissl bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissl_bodies"},{"link_name":"rough endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"H&E stain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26E_stain"},{"link_name":"glia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glia"},{"link_name":"immunohistochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemistry"},{"link_name":"in situ hybridization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ_hybridization"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"}],"text":"The Nissl staining technique (named for Franz Nissl the neuroscientist and histologist who originated the technique) is commonly used for determining the cytoarchitectonics of neuroanatomical structures, using common agents such as thionine, cresyl violet, or neutral red. These dyes intensely stain \"Nissl bodies\" (rough endoplasmic reticulum), which are abundant in neurons and reveal specific patterns of cytoarchitecture in the brain. Other common staining techniques used by histologists in other tissues (such as the hematoxylin and eosin or \"H&E stain\") leave brain tissue appearing largely homogeneous and do not reveal the level of organization apparent in a Nissl stain. Nissl staining reveals details ranging from the macroscopic, such as the laminar pattern of the cerebral cortex or the interlocking nuclear patterns of the diencephalon and brainstem, to the microscopic, such as the distinctions between individual neurons and glia in any subregion of the central nervous system. Many other neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic techniques are available to supplement Nissl cytoarchitectonics, including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, which allow one to label any gene or protein expressed in any group of cells in the brain. However, Nissl cytoarchitecture remains a reliable, inexpensive, and familiar starting or reference point for neuroscientists wishing to examine or communicate their findings in a widely recognized anatomical framework and/or in reference to neuroanatomical atlases which use the same technique.","title":"The Nissl staining technique"}]
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[{"title":"Otfrid Foerster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otfrid_Foerster"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Aubier
Éric Aubier
["1 Life","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]
French classical trumpeter Éric Aubier (born 1960) is a French classical concert trumpeter. Life Having entered Maurice André's class at the age of 14 at the Conservatoire de Paris, of which he is still the youngest graduate, Aubier is also a winner of international competitions in Prague, Toulon and Paris. At the age of 19, he was appointed soloist at the Paris Opera orchestra by Rolf Liebermann. Since 1995, he has devoted himself exclusively to a career as an international concert performer and teacher. With Thierry Escaich, he forms a very original trumpet and organ duo. Today, Aubier embodies the modern French trumpet and the French wind school, which he helps to promote internationally. He has created more than 25 works of which he is the dedicatee, by composers Bacri, Escaich, Jolas, Grätzer, Matalon... In 2012, with the French Republican Guard Band, Harmony and string orchestra, he began a collaboration of several records. An album dedicated to Henri Tomasi was released at the end of 2012, and a third dedicated to Beffa, Copland, and Planel, in spring 2014. His discography is rich with more than a hundred works for the firms Sony Classical, Universal, Calliope, Bis record companies… Since 2006, Éric Aubier has recorded exclusively for Indésens records. He performs in prestigious venues: Teatro Colon, Suntory Hall, Salle Pleyel, Théâtre des Champs-Élysées... in a repertoire ranging from Haydn and Hummel to Tomasi, Jolivet, Escaich, Bacri or Beffa. Discography Rhapsody in Blue with the French Republican Guard Band, dir. François Boulanger (2013) - Gershwin - Arutiunian - Rimsky-Korsakov (Indésens INDE058) Henri Tomasi with Fabrice Millischer and the French Republican Guard Band, dir. François Boulanger (2012): concertos for trumpet, and for trombone - les Noces de Cendres - (nouveauté 2012 - world premiere with harmony orchestra - INDE050) Unlimited with Thierry Escaich, organ: 2 CDs: Bacri - Escaich - Tomasi - Jevtic - Improvisations - Bach - Mozart - Gounod - Franck - Christmas Medley - Spirituals - Bizet (INDE025) 5 grands Concertos français - Tomasi - Jolivet - Chaynes - Desenclos (world premiere) Orchestre du Théâtre National de l'Opéra de Paris - Marius Constant conductor. (INDE001) Balade impressionniste with Pascal Gallet, piano: Enesco - Ibert - Ravel - Debussy - Fauré - Gaubert - Tailleferre - Scriabine (INDE014) Classic trumpet concertos: Haydn - Hummel - Bach - Mozart - Telemann (INDE018) Rossini: Famous Opera arias - The Barber of Sevilla, La scala di seta, L'italiana in Algeri, Tancredi… Orchestre Radio Télévision Roumaine - Conductor: Amaury du Closel  (indésens INDE007) La trompette française - Bacri - Escaich - Enesco - Tomasi - Schmitt - Honegger - Delerue - Charlier (eight world premieres) Orchestre National de Bretagne - F.X Bilger conductor André Jolivet: the trumpet work - Complete trumpet work (world premiere); Thierry Escaich: organ - Didier Vérité: percussion Orchestre de Région Avignon Provence, conductor: François-Xavier Bilger - Paris Opera orchestra, conductor: M. Constant (indésens INDE019 - available iTunes only) Musique française pour trompette et percussion - Betsy Jolas (EA) - Level (Les Gémeaux) - Jolivet (Heptade) - Naulais (Obsessions)- Didier Vérité: percussion, marimba, vibraphone La trompette romantique - Mahler - Rachmaninov - Tchaikovski - Brandt - Boehme - Gounod - Bellini - organ: Thierry Escaich - Concerti italiani - Vivaldi La Notte - Marcello - Albinoni - Cimarosa - Bellini (Orchestre National de Chambre de Toulouse) - conductor Alain Moglia Six concertos baroques pour trompette - Live CD - Albinoni - Hertel - Telemann - Torelli - Purcell - Tartini - Paul Kuentz's chamber orchestra Eric Aubier and friends - Baroc concerti for 1 to 6 trumpets Fasch - Vivaldi - Molter - Telemann - Perti -Vejvanovský - Stoelzel, Paul Kuentz's chamber orchestra - Éric Aubier - Nicolas André - Marc Geujon - David Rouault... trumpets Toot Suite by Claude Bolling - Suite for trumpet and jazz trio premiered by Maurice André. Éric Aubier: trumpet, flugelhorn, trumpet piccolo - Piano: Hervé Sellin - Drums: André Ceccarelli - Bass: Ricardo Del Fra (indésens) Les maîtres de la trompette/trumpet masters (Maurice André & Éric Aubier) - G. Ph. Telemann's Trumpet Concerto in D major - Johann Nepomuk Hummel's Trumpet Concerto. References ^ Éric Aubier on Yamaha ^ (in English) Éric Aubier ^ "Eric Aubier French Trumpet Institute - Bienvenue". aubier-institute.com. Retrieved 2018-09-27. External links Official website Site du label Indésens Éric Aubier (France Musique) Éric Aubier & Doremi Takahashi play Henri Tomasi's Concerto 1st mvt - Japan Nov 2013 (YouTube) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef Portals: Classical music France
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Since 1995, he has devoted himself exclusively to a career as an international concert performer and teacher. With Thierry Escaich, he forms a very original trumpet and organ duo.Today, Aubier embodies the modern French trumpet and the French wind school, which he helps to promote internationally. He has created more than 25 works of which he is the dedicatee, by composers Bacri, Escaich, Jolas, Grätzer, Matalon...[2]In 2012, with the French Republican Guard Band, Harmony and string orchestra, he began a collaboration of several records. An album dedicated to Henri Tomasi was released at the end of 2012, and a third dedicated to Beffa, Copland, and Planel, in spring 2014.His discography is rich with more than a hundred works for the firms Sony Classical, Universal, Calliope, Bis record companies… Since 2006, Éric Aubier has recorded exclusively for Indésens records.[3]He performs in prestigious venues: Teatro Colon, Suntory Hall, Salle Pleyel, Théâtre des Champs-Élysées... in a repertoire ranging from Haydn and Hummel to Tomasi, Jolivet, Escaich, Bacri or Beffa.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhapsody in Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue"},{"link_name":"French Republican Guard Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Republican_Guard_Band"},{"link_name":"François Boulanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boulanger"},{"link_name":"Arutiunian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Arutiunian"},{"link_name":"Rimsky-Korsakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimsky-Korsakov"},{"link_name":"Fabrice Millischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrice_Millischer"},{"link_name":"Marius Constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Constant"},{"link_name":"The Barber of Sevilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barber_of_Sevilla"},{"link_name":"La scala di seta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_scala_di_seta"},{"link_name":"L'italiana in Algeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27italiana_in_Algeri"},{"link_name":"Tancredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tancredi"},{"link_name":"Amaury du Closel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amaury_du_Closel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaury_du_Closel"},{"link_name":"Orchestre National de Bretagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre_National_de_Bretagne"},{"link_name":"André Jolivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet"},{"link_name":"Paris Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Opera"},{"link_name":"Betsy Jolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Jolas"},{"link_name":"Paul Kuentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kuentz"},{"link_name":"Vejvanovský","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Josef_Vejvanovsk%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"Marc Geujon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Geujon"},{"link_name":"Claude Bolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bolling"},{"link_name":"Maurice André","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Andr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"flugelhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn"},{"link_name":"Trumpet Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet_Concerto_(Hummel)"}],"text":"Rhapsody in Blue with the French Republican Guard Band, dir. François Boulanger (2013) - Gershwin - Arutiunian - Rimsky-Korsakov (Indésens INDE058)\nHenri Tomasi with Fabrice Millischer and the French Republican Guard Band, dir. François Boulanger (2012): concertos for trumpet, and for trombone - les Noces de Cendres - (nouveauté 2012 - world premiere with harmony orchestra - INDE050)\nUnlimited with Thierry Escaich, organ: 2 CDs: Bacri - Escaich - Tomasi - Jevtic - Improvisations - Bach - Mozart - Gounod - Franck - Christmas Medley - Spirituals - Bizet (INDE025)\n5 grands Concertos français - Tomasi - Jolivet - Chaynes - Desenclos (world premiere) Orchestre du Théâtre National de l'Opéra de Paris - Marius Constant conductor. (INDE001)\nBalade impressionniste with Pascal Gallet, piano: Enesco - Ibert - Ravel - Debussy - Fauré - Gaubert - Tailleferre - Scriabine (INDE014)\nClassic trumpet concertos: Haydn - Hummel - Bach - Mozart - Telemann (INDE018)\nRossini: Famous Opera arias - The Barber of Sevilla, La scala di seta, L'italiana in Algeri, Tancredi… Orchestre Radio Télévision Roumaine - Conductor: Amaury du Closel [fr] (indésens INDE007)\nLa trompette française - Bacri - Escaich - Enesco - Tomasi - Schmitt - Honegger - Delerue - Charlier (eight world premieres) Orchestre National de Bretagne - F.X Bilger conductor\nAndré Jolivet: the trumpet work - Complete trumpet work (world premiere); Thierry Escaich: organ - Didier Vérité: percussion Orchestre de Région Avignon Provence, conductor: François-Xavier Bilger - Paris Opera orchestra, conductor: M. Constant (indésens INDE019 - available iTunes only)\nMusique française pour trompette et percussion - Betsy Jolas (EA) - Level (Les Gémeaux) - Jolivet (Heptade) - Naulais (Obsessions)- Didier Vérité: percussion, marimba, vibraphone\nLa trompette romantique - Mahler - Rachmaninov - Tchaikovski - Brandt - Boehme - Gounod - Bellini - organ: Thierry Escaich -\nConcerti italiani - Vivaldi La Notte - Marcello - Albinoni - Cimarosa - Bellini (Orchestre National de Chambre de Toulouse) - conductor Alain Moglia\nSix concertos baroques pour trompette - Live CD - Albinoni - Hertel - Telemann - Torelli - Purcell - Tartini - Paul Kuentz's chamber orchestra\nEric Aubier and friends - Baroc concerti for 1 to 6 trumpets Fasch - Vivaldi - Molter - Telemann - Perti -Vejvanovský - Stoelzel, Paul Kuentz's chamber orchestra - Éric Aubier - Nicolas André - Marc Geujon - David Rouault... trumpets\nToot Suite by Claude Bolling - Suite for trumpet and jazz trio premiered by Maurice André. Éric Aubier: trumpet, flugelhorn, trumpet piccolo - Piano: Hervé Sellin - Drums: André Ceccarelli - Bass: Ricardo Del Fra (indésens)\nLes maîtres de la trompette/trumpet masters (Maurice André & Éric Aubier) - G. Ph. Telemann's Trumpet Concerto in D major - Johann Nepomuk Hummel's Trumpet Concerto.","title":"Discography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledge_and_review
Pledge and review
["1 Mechanism","1.1 Pledges","1.2 Reviews","2 History","2.1 Relationship with other climate change mitigation methods","3 Criticism","4 Notes","5 Citations"]
Method for international action against climate change Lake Geneva with the city in the background. The pledge-and-review approach was first introduced at 1991 talks that occurred in Geneva, to prepare the way for the UNFCCC. Pledge and review is a method for facilitating international action against climate change. It involves nations each making a self-determined pledge relating to actions they expect to take in response to global warming, which they submit to the United Nations. Some time after the pledges have been submitted, there is a review process where nations assess each other's progress towards meeting the pledges. Then a further round of enhanced pledges can be made, and the process can further iterate. Pledge and review is sometimes referred to as a bargaining approach; when nations first announce their pledges they may not be set in stone. A nation might strengthen its pledge in response to pledges by its competitors, which can encourage it to increase its climate ambition if it feels it can do so without losing ground to trading rivals. Additionally, sometimes a nation that feels especially threatened by climate change can make non-climate related concessions to a trading partner, in return for them making a stronger pledge. The main way to increase pledges, however, is when the process iterates after the review phase. Each subsequent round of pledges is supposed to involve an increased level of commitment to combat climate change. Hence the ratcheting up metaphor is often used, as the strengthening of pledges is supposed to be a one-way process. Pledge-and-review was introduced as a possible way to facilitate global action on climate change in 1991, yet it was little used in the early 1990s. In 1995, it was rejected by the international community, who instead favoured aiming for legally binding emission reduction targets. Due to challenges in securing international agreement to strengthen the only partially successful Kyoto Protocol, pledge-and-review was re-introduced as part of the 2009 Copenhagen Accord. Initially seen as an interim measure, by 2015 it had become the central approach of international efforts to encourage climate mitigation. Though in negotiations leading to the 2015 Paris Agreement, the name pledge-and-review was dropped; pledges are now formally called Nationally Determined Contributions. Mechanism Pledges The expected content for pledges depends on the specific implementation of pledge-and-review. Commitments to GHG emissions reduction targets are generally a core feature, though states have full freedom to set where that target lies. States can choose to express their reductions target in different ways. For example, in terms of absolute reductions in the volume of GHG emitted; for the Paris implementation, most developed nations included such a pledge. Yet states can instead commit to reducing GHG emissions in other ways, such as a percentage of GDP growth. As well as emissions reductions targets, the pledges can include intentions to implement climate adaptation measures, as well as specific industry level climate friendly policy, like support for various types of sustainable energy production. States are never legally required to meet the commitments in their pledges, but their progress is subject to review. Reviews The exact mechanism for reviews also varies depending on the specific implementation, and the review concept applies at several levels. Nations periodically review their own pledges, with a view to a one way increase in ambition. Pledges, both the level of commitment they contain, and actual progress in achieving the same, are also reviewed internationally, under the auspices of the UNFCCC. While the formal review processes run by the United Nations aim to be non adversarial, states can also be subject to informal reviews from NGOs, which can take a name and shame approach, though may also choose to "praise and encourage" nations that are doing more than comparable peers to limit climate change. In the implementation of pledge-and-review agreed at Paris in 2015, another level of review is the Global stocktake, where the pledges made by the world's nations are evaluated collectively. History The pledge-and-review system was first proposed by Japan in 1991. In December 1990, in response to the threat of climate change, the United Nations established the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change. It had become apparent that getting nations to commit to legally binding emissions targets would be more challenging for greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) than it had been for emissions relating to sulphur pollution and depletion of the ozone layer. With the support of Britain and France, Japan made a proposal for a pledge-and-review system as an alternative. Various nations objected to the idea, however, so only a weakened form of pledge-and-review was included in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by the time it was signed at the 1992 Earth Summit. The pledge-and-review system was formally rejected at the first Conference of the Parties (COP) which took place in Berlin, 1995. The focus switched to negotiations aimed at legally binding emission reduction targets, as embodied by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto protocol has only aimed to impose emissions reduction targets on Annex parties (largely corresponding to advanced industrialised nations as of the late 20th century, plus some of the economies in transition). The non-Annex countries, including large emitters such as China, did not have targets at all. Even the Annex countries did not all accept the reduction targets, most notably the United States. At the 2009 Copenhagen Summit, the main focus was on strengthening the emission reduction targets. This failed. As a backstop measure, a revival of the voluntary pledge-and-review system was proposed by Australia. While the system was formally rejected for general adoption, 89 countries submitted such a pledge, including the 27 EU member states who issued a combined pledge. 47 of these nations were non-Annex countries. The nations which had made a Copenhagen pledge were collectively responsible for about 80% of global GHG emissions, much more than the 25% covered by Kyoto targets in the first commitment period or the 15% covered by the commitment period later agreed at the 2012 Doha summit. The pledge-and-review system established at Copenhagen was formalised at the 2010 Cancún Summit. The system was further strengthened in the years leading up to the 2015 Paris Conference, though it was no longer called "pledge-and-review", with pledges instead formally labelled Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Relationship with other climate change mitigation methods There are three broad approaches to coordinating mitigation efforts that nations can attempt to negotiate at international conferences. Setting a carbon price. The acceptance of legally binding emissions reductions targets imposed in a "top down" way by a central body such a United Nations agency. And the "bottom up" pledge-and-review system where each party autonomously decides its own contribution. These approaches can be complementary, though at various periods there have been disagreements as to whether the world's primary method ought to be pledge-and-review or emissions targets. Until about 2010, international negotiations focused largely on emissions targets. Previous environmental successes like the reduction of emissions causing acid rain, and especially the Montreal treaty which led to reduced emissions damaging the ozone layer, suggested that targets could be effective. In practice however, it has been much more challenging to get nations to agree to binding targets relating to GHG. And even when they had signed up to a legally binding target, there is no reliable way to enforce such international law on a powerful nation. So after the relative failure of the Kyoto protocol and attempts to establish a more effective set of targets at Copenhagen, the pledge-and-review system became the dominant approach. As of 2020, international efforts to improve carbon price related mechanisms are still underway. Except at regional level in the EU, actual implementations have so far mostly occurred only at national and sub-national levels (e.g. in China, or in some U.S. states). Climate negotiating groups, including most of the sub groups within G77+China. An important sub group not shown is the High Ambition Coalition , which pushed strongly for the 1.5 °C clause in the Paris agreement. Progress towards settling on pledge-and-review can be seen in the light of a decades long attempt to harmonise views between the US led Umbrella Group and the rest of the world, concerning which mitigation method should be central to global agreements on climate change. The other two big climate negotiating groups were the EU and G77+China. During the 1990s, the Umbrella Group was in favour of both pledge-and-review and carbon price. But much of the EU and G77+China preferred to focus solely on legally binding emissions reduction targets, and they largely got their way during the nineties. The Kyoto protocol agreed in 1997 was focussed largely on emissions targets, with only a limited role for carbon price and no place for pledge-and-review. US engagement on global climate negotiations have tended to vary depending on who has been president. There was cautious engagement with Bush Sr, leadership with Clinton, dis-engagement with Bush Jr and enthusiastic leadership with Obama. The two years (2009 & 2015) where there was most progress towards pledge-and-review coincided with the two years where there was the highest apparent recognition for US leadership among climate delegates from the rest of the world. In 2009, there was much enthusiasm for President Obama, which may have been a partial reason why it was possible to get pledge-and-review back on the table at the 2009 Copenhagen summit. Overall though, Copenhagen was seen as a failure, denting faith in Obama's climate leadership. After being relatively quiet on climate for two years, major domestic climate initiatives first announced in 2012 and talked up at the 2013 Warsaw and 2014 Lima CoPs, saw faith in Obama's climate leadership reach a new peak just before the 2015 Paris conference, where pledge-and-review became the central method for coordinating climate mitigation efforts. Criticism In the early 1990s, the pledge-and-review system was heavily criticised by environmental groups; for example, Climate Action Network labelled it "hedge and retreat". It has also been criticised by academics, especially after the system was revived at Copenhagen with some calling it "scientifically inadequate" or "second best". However, other academics described pledge-and-review as an "essential pillar for climate change mitigation". A survey of participants at the 2011 Durban summit found that the biggest concern over pledge-and-review was the gap between what has been pledged and the level of action needed to meet the 2 degree target (limiting global warming to only 2 °C above pre industrial temperatures.). Participants were least concerned about the voluntary nature of the pledges, suggesting that a system that lacked legally binding commitments could still have international legitimacy. Comparing NGOs with actual negotiators, the study found that in the case of Annex 1 NGOs, they were much more critical of pledge-and-review than negotiators from Annex 1 nations. Whereas with non Annex nations (mostly those in the global south), the opposite partern emerged. Non annex NGOs were less critical about pledge-and-review compared to non Annex negotiators. Notes ^ Or more formally, parties. In the context of international climate negotiations, parties are normally nations, but they can also be a supranational group negotiating collectively on behalf of its member states, as happens with the European union. ^ The Umbrella group have also generally been willing to accept legally binding emissions targets, but this has been to a degree conditional on economic rivals also accepting similar targets. At Copenhagen, the US included several of the larger members of G77+China among those it classed as an economic rival, and they were not willing to accept substantial reduction targets. Citations ^ a b c d e Daniel Bodansky (1993). "The United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change: A Commentary". Yale University. 18 (2). Retrieved 11 July 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i Buhr, Katarina, Susanna Roth, and Peter Stigson (2014). "Climate Change Politics through a Global Pledge-and-Review Regime: Positions among Negotiators and Stakeholders". Sustainability. 6 (2): 794–811. doi:10.3390/su6020794.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b c d e f g h Andrew Dessler; Edward A Parson (2020). The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28, 137–148, 175–179, 198–200. ISBN 978-1-316-63132-4. ^ a b c d Milkoreit M, Haapala K (2019). "The global stocktake: design lessons for a new review and ambition mechanism in the international climate regime". Int Environ Agreements. 19: 89–106. doi:10.1007/s10784-018-9425-x. ^ a b Andy Jordan; Dave Huitema; Harro van Asselt; Johanna Forster (2018). "12". Governing Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108284646. ^ a b c Robert Falkner (2016). "The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics" (PDF). International Affairs. 92 (5): 1107–1125. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12708. ^ Radoslav S. Dimitrov (2016). "The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Behind Closed Doors". Global Environmental Politics. 16: 1–11. doi:10.1162/GLEP_a_00361. ^ Manjana Milkoreit (2019). "The Paris Agreement on Climate Change—Made in USA?". Perspectives on Politics. 17: 1019–1037. doi:10.1017/S1537592719000951. ^ Parker C, Karlsson C (2018). "The UN climate change negotiations and the role of the United States: assessing American leadership from Copenhagen to Paris". Environmental Politics. 27: 519–540. doi:10.1080/09644016.2018.1442388. vteClimate changeOverview Causes of climate change Climate change adaptation Climate change mitigation Effects of climate change By country and region CausesOverview Climate system Greenhouse effect (Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere) Scientific consensus on climate change Sources Deforestation Fossil fuel Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gas emissions Carbon accounting Carbon footprint Carbon leakage from agriculture from wetlands World energy supply and consumption History History of climate change policy and politics History of climate change science Svante Arrhenius James Hansen Charles David Keeling United Nations Climate Change conferences Years in climate change 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Effects and issuesPhysical Abrupt climate change Anoxic event Arctic methane emissions Arctic sea ice decline Atlantic meridional overturning circulation Drought Extreme weather Flood Coastal flooding Heat wave Marine 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Geneva,_Geneva_(Ank_Kumar)_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Geneva"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"UNFCCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNFCCC"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bodansky1993-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Positions2014-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dessler-3"},{"link_name":"ratcheting up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_mechanism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bodansky1993-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Positions2014-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dessler-3"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen Accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Accord"},{"link_name":"climate mitigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_mitigation"},{"link_name":"2015 Paris Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Nationally Determined Contributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationally_Determined_Contributions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bodansky1993-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Positions2014-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dessler-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stock-4"}],"text":"Lake Geneva with the city in the background. The pledge-and-review approach was first introduced at 1991 talks that occurred in Geneva, to prepare the way for the UNFCCC.Pledge and review is a method for facilitating international action against climate change. It involves nations each making a self-determined pledge relating to actions they expect to take in response to global warming, which they submit to the United Nations. Some time after the pledges have been submitted, there is a review process where nations assess each other's progress towards meeting the pledges. Then a further round of enhanced pledges can be made, and the process can further iterate.[1][2][3]Pledge and review is sometimes referred to as a bargaining approach; when nations first announce their pledges they may not be set in stone. A nation might strengthen its pledge in response to pledges by its competitors, which can encourage it to increase its climate ambition if it feels it can do so without losing ground to trading rivals. Additionally, sometimes a nation that feels especially threatened by climate change can make non-climate related concessions to a trading partner, in return for them making a stronger pledge. The main way to increase pledges, however, is when the process iterates after the review phase. Each subsequent round of pledges is supposed to involve an increased level of commitment to combat climate change. Hence the ratcheting up metaphor is often used, as the strengthening of pledges is supposed to be a one-way process.[1][2][3]Pledge-and-review was introduced as a possible way to facilitate global action on climate change in 1991, yet it was little used in the early 1990s. In 1995, it was rejected by the international community, who instead favoured aiming for legally binding emission reduction targets. Due to challenges in securing international agreement to strengthen the only partially successful Kyoto Protocol, pledge-and-review was re-introduced as part of the 2009 Copenhagen Accord. Initially seen as an interim measure, by 2015 it had become the central approach of international efforts to encourage climate mitigation. Though in negotiations leading to the 2015 Paris Agreement, the name pledge-and-review was dropped; pledges are now formally called Nationally Determined Contributions.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Pledge and review"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"climate adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_adaptation"},{"link_name":"sustainable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Positions2014-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stock-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Governing-5"}],"sub_title":"Pledges","text":"The expected content for pledges depends on the specific implementation of pledge-and-review. Commitments to GHG emissions reduction targets are generally a core feature, though states have full freedom to set where that target lies. States can choose to express their reductions target in different ways. For example, in terms of absolute reductions in the volume of GHG emitted; for the Paris implementation, most developed nations included such a pledge. Yet states can instead commit to reducing GHG emissions in other ways, such as a percentage of GDP growth. As well as emissions reductions targets, the pledges can include intentions to implement climate adaptation measures, as well as specific industry level climate friendly policy, like support for various types of sustainable energy production. States are never legally required to meet the commitments in their pledges, but their progress is subject to review.[2][4][5]","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UNFCCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change"},{"link_name":"NGOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO"},{"link_name":"name and shame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_and_shame"},{"link_name":"Global stocktake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_stocktake"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Governing-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Positions2014-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stock-4"}],"sub_title":"Reviews","text":"The exact mechanism for reviews also varies depending on the specific implementation, and the review concept applies at several levels. Nations periodically review their own pledges, with a view to a one way increase in ambition. Pledges, both the level of commitment they contain, and actual progress in achieving the same, are also reviewed internationally, under the auspices of the UNFCCC. While the formal review processes run by the United Nations aim to be non adversarial, states can also be subject to informal reviews from NGOs, which can take a name and shame approach, though may also choose to \"praise and encourage\" nations that are doing more than comparable peers to limit climate change. In the implementation of pledge-and-review agreed at Paris in 2015, another level of review is the Global stocktake, where the pledges made by the world's nations are evaluated collectively.[5][2][4]","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change"},{"link_name":"Earth Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit"},{"link_name":"first Conference of the Parties (COP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference#1995:_COP_1,_Berlin,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bodansky1993-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dessler-3"},{"link_name":"2009 Copenhagen Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_summit"},{"link_name":"first commitment period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol#First_commitment_period:_2008%E2%80%932012"},{"link_name":"2012 Doha summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Positions2014-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dessler-3"},{"link_name":"2010 Cancún Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference"},{"link_name":"2015 Paris Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference"},{"link_name":"Nationally Determined Contributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationally_Determined_Contributions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Positions2014-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dessler-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falkner-7"}],"text":"The pledge-and-review system was first proposed by Japan in 1991. In December 1990, in response to the threat of climate change, the United Nations established the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change. It had become apparent that getting nations[note 1] to commit to legally binding emissions targets would be more challenging for greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) than it had been for emissions relating to sulphur pollution and depletion of the ozone layer. With the support of Britain and France, Japan made a proposal for a pledge-and-review system as an alternative. Various nations objected to the idea, however, so only a weakened form of pledge-and-review was included in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by the time it was signed at the 1992 Earth Summit. The pledge-and-review system was formally rejected at the first Conference of the Parties (COP) which took place in Berlin, 1995. The focus switched to negotiations aimed at legally binding emission reduction targets, as embodied by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.[1][3]The Kyoto protocol has only aimed to impose emissions reduction targets on Annex parties (largely corresponding to advanced industrialised nations as of the late 20th century, plus some of the economies in transition). The non-Annex countries, including large emitters such as China, did not have targets at all. Even the Annex countries did not all accept the reduction targets, most notably the United States. At the 2009 Copenhagen Summit, the main focus was on strengthening the emission reduction targets. This failed. As a backstop measure, a revival of the voluntary pledge-and-review system was proposed by Australia. While the system was formally rejected for general adoption, 89 countries submitted such a pledge, including the 27 EU member states who issued a combined pledge. 47 of these nations were non-Annex countries. The nations which had made a Copenhagen pledge were collectively responsible for about 80% of global GHG emissions, much more than the 25% covered by Kyoto targets in the first commitment period or the 15% covered by the commitment period later agreed at the 2012 Doha summit.[2][3]The pledge-and-review system established at Copenhagen was formalised at the 2010 Cancún Summit. The system was further strengthened in the years leading up to the 2015 Paris Conference, though it was no longer called \"pledge-and-review\", with pledges instead formally labelled Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).[2][3][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mitigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_mitigation"},{"link_name":"carbon price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_price"},{"link_name":"acid rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain"},{"link_name":"Montreal treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol"},{"link_name":"ozone layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Positions2014-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dessler-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falkner-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UNFCCC_Party_Groupings.svg"},{"link_name":"High Ambition Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Ambition_Coalition"},{"link_name":"Paris agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_agreement"},{"link_name":"Umbrella Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella_Group"},{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU"},{"link_name":"G77+China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G77%2BChina"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bush Sr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Sr"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Bush Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Jr"},{"link_name":"Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"major domestic climate initiatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Climate_Action_Plan"},{"link_name":"2013 Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference"},{"link_name":"2014 Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stock-4"}],"sub_title":"Relationship with other climate change mitigation methods","text":"There are three broad approaches to coordinating mitigation efforts that nations can attempt to negotiate at international conferences. Setting a carbon price. The acceptance of legally binding emissions reductions targets imposed in a \"top down\" way by a central body such a United Nations agency. And the \"bottom up\" pledge-and-review system where each party autonomously decides its own contribution. These approaches can be complementary, though at various periods there have been disagreements as to whether the world's primary method ought to be pledge-and-review or emissions targets. Until about 2010, international negotiations focused largely on emissions targets. Previous environmental successes like the reduction of emissions causing acid rain, and especially the Montreal treaty which led to reduced emissions damaging the ozone layer, suggested that targets could be effective. In practice however, it has been much more challenging to get nations to agree to binding targets relating to GHG. And even when they had signed up to a legally binding target, there is no reliable way to enforce such international law on a powerful nation. So after the relative failure of the Kyoto protocol and attempts to establish a more effective set of targets at Copenhagen, the pledge-and-review system became the dominant approach. As of 2020, international efforts to improve carbon price related mechanisms are still underway. Except at regional level in the EU, actual implementations have so far mostly occurred only at national and sub-national levels (e.g. in China, or in some U.S. states).[2][3][6]Climate negotiating groups, including most of the sub groups within G77+China. An important sub group not shown is the High Ambition Coalition , which pushed strongly for the 1.5 °C clause in the Paris agreement.Progress towards settling on pledge-and-review can be seen in the light of a decades long attempt to harmonise views between the US led Umbrella Group and the rest of the world, concerning which mitigation method should be central to global agreements on climate change. The other two big climate negotiating groups were the EU and G77+China. During the 1990s, the Umbrella Group was in favour of both pledge-and-review and carbon price. [note 2] But much of the EU and G77+China preferred to focus solely on legally binding emissions reduction targets, and they largely got their way during the nineties. The Kyoto protocol agreed in 1997 was focussed largely on emissions targets, with only a limited role for carbon price and no place for pledge-and-review. US engagement on global climate negotiations have tended to vary depending on who has been president. There was cautious engagement with Bush Sr, leadership with Clinton, dis-engagement with Bush Jr and enthusiastic leadership with Obama. The two years (2009 & 2015) where there was most progress towards pledge-and-review coincided with the two years where there was the highest apparent recognition for US leadership among climate delegates from the rest of the world. In 2009, there was much enthusiasm for President Obama, which may have been a partial reason why it was possible to get pledge-and-review back on the table at the 2009 Copenhagen summit. Overall though, Copenhagen was seen as a failure, denting faith in Obama's climate leadership. After being relatively quiet on climate for two years, major domestic climate initiatives first announced in 2012 and talked up at the 2013 Warsaw and 2014 Lima CoPs, saw faith in Obama's climate leadership reach a new peak just before the 2015 Paris conference, where pledge-and-review became the central method for coordinating climate mitigation efforts.[7][8][9][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Climate Action Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Action_Network"},{"link_name":"climate change mitigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation"},{"link_name":"2011 Durban summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bodansky1993-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Positions2014-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dessler-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falkner-7"}],"text":"In the early 1990s, the pledge-and-review system was heavily criticised by environmental groups; for example, Climate Action Network labelled it \"hedge and retreat\". It has also been criticised by academics, especially after the system was revived at Copenhagen with some calling it \"scientifically inadequate\" or \"second best\". However, other academics described pledge-and-review as an \"essential pillar for climate change mitigation\". A survey of participants at the 2011 Durban summit found that the biggest concern over pledge-and-review was the gap between what has been pledged and the level of action needed to meet the 2 degree target (limiting global warming to only 2 °C above pre industrial temperatures.). Participants were least concerned about the voluntary nature of the pledges, suggesting that a system that lacked legally binding commitments could still have international legitimacy. Comparing NGOs with actual negotiators, the study found that in the case of Annex 1 NGOs, they were much more critical of pledge-and-review than negotiators from Annex 1 nations. Whereas with non Annex nations (mostly those in the global south), the opposite partern emerged. Non annex NGOs were less critical about pledge-and-review compared to non Annex negotiators.[1][2][3][6]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"European union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_union"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ Or more formally, parties. In the context of international climate negotiations, parties are normally nations, but they can also be a supranational group negotiating collectively on behalf of its member states, as happens with the European union.\n\n^ The Umbrella group have also generally been willing to accept legally binding emissions targets, but this has been to a degree conditional on economic rivals also accepting similar targets. At Copenhagen, the US included several of the larger members of G77+China among those it classed as an economic rival, and they were not willing to accept substantial reduction targets.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bodansky1993_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bodansky1993_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bodansky1993_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bodansky1993_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bodansky1993_1-4"},{"link_name":"\"The United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change: A Commentary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjil/vol18/iss2/2/"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Positions2014_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Positions2014_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Positions2014_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Positions2014_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Positions2014_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Positions2014_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Positions2014_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Positions2014_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Positions2014_2-8"},{"link_name":"\"Climate Change Politics through a Global Pledge-and-Review Regime: Positions among Negotiators and Stakeholders\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu6020794"},{"link_name":"Sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3390/su6020794","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu6020794"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dessler_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dessler_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dessler_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dessler_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dessler_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dessler_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dessler_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dessler_3-7"},{"link_name":"Andrew Dessler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Dessler"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University 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criminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_criminology"},{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health"},{"link_name":"epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology"},{"link_name":"occupational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_resources_management"},{"link_name":"fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_management"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management"},{"link_name":"natural resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_management"},{"link_name":"waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management"},{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_planning"},{"link_name":"land use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-use_planning"},{"link_name":"regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_planning"},{"link_name":"spatial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_planning"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy"},{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Environment portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_science"},{"link_name":"Concepts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_science_concepts"},{"link_name":"Degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees"},{"link_name":"Journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_social_science_journals"},{"link_name":"Research institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environment_research_institutes"},{"link_name":"Scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_scientists"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Daniel Bodansky (1993). \"The United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change: A Commentary\". Yale University. 18 (2). Retrieved 11 July 2021.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Buhr, Katarina, Susanna Roth, and Peter Stigson (2014). \"Climate Change Politics through a Global Pledge-and-Review Regime: Positions among Negotiators and Stakeholders\". Sustainability. 6 (2): 794–811. doi:10.3390/su6020794.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Andrew Dessler; Edward A Parson (2020). The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28, 137–148, 175–179, 198–200. ISBN 978-1-316-63132-4.\n\n^ a b c d Milkoreit M, Haapala K (2019). \"The global stocktake: design lessons for a new review and ambition mechanism in the international climate regime\". Int Environ Agreements. 19: 89–106. doi:10.1007/s10784-018-9425-x.\n\n^ a b Andy Jordan; Dave Huitema; Harro van Asselt; Johanna Forster (2018). \"12\". Governing Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108284646.\n\n^ a b c Robert Falkner (2016). \"The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics\" (PDF). International Affairs. 92 (5): 1107–1125. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12708.\n\n^ Radoslav S. Dimitrov (2016). \"The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Behind Closed Doors\". Global Environmental Politics. 16: 1–11. doi:10.1162/GLEP_a_00361.\n\n^ Manjana Milkoreit (2019). \"The Paris Agreement on Climate Change—Made in USA?\". Perspectives on Politics. 17: 1019–1037. doi:10.1017/S1537592719000951.\n\n^ Parker C, Karlsson C (2018). \"The UN climate change negotiations and the role of the United States: assessing American leadership from Copenhagen to Paris\". Environmental Politics. 27: 519–540. doi:10.1080/09644016.2018.1442388.vteClimate changeOverview\nCauses of climate change\nClimate change adaptation\nClimate change mitigation\nEffects of climate change\nBy country and region\nCausesOverview\nClimate system\nGreenhouse effect (Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere)\nScientific consensus on climate change\nSources\nDeforestation\nFossil fuel\nGreenhouse gases\nGreenhouse gas emissions\nCarbon accounting\nCarbon footprint\nCarbon leakage\nfrom agriculture\nfrom wetlands\nWorld energy supply and consumption\nHistory\nHistory of climate change policy and politics\nHistory of climate change science\nSvante Arrhenius\nJames Hansen\nCharles David Keeling\nUnited Nations Climate Change conferences\nYears in climate change\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nEffects and issuesPhysical\nAbrupt climate change\nAnoxic event\nArctic methane emissions\nArctic sea ice decline\nAtlantic meridional overturning circulation\nDrought\nExtreme weather\nFlood\nCoastal flooding\nHeat wave\nMarine\nUrban heat island\nOceans\nacidification\ndeoxygenation\nheat content\nsea surface temperature\nstratification\ntemperature\nOzone depletion\nPermafrost thaw\nRetreat of glaciers since 1850\nSea level rise\nSeason creep\nTipping points in the climate system\nTropical cyclones\nWater cycle\nWildfires\nFlora and fauna\nBiomes\nMass mortality event\nBirds\nExtinction risk\nForest dieback\nInvasive species\nMarine life\nPlant biodiversity\nSocial and economic\nAgriculture\nLivestock\nUnited States\nChildren\nCities\nCivilizational collapse\nDisability\nEconomic impacts\nU.S. insurance industry\nFisheries\nGender\nHealth\nMental health\nHuman rights\nIndigenous peoples\nInfectious diseases\nMigration\nPoverty\nPsychological impacts\nSecurity and conflict\nUrban flooding\nWater scarcity\nWater security\nBy country and region\nAfrica\nAmericas\nAntarctica\nArctic\nAsia\nAustralia\nCaribbean\nEurope\nMiddle East and North Africa\nSmall island countries\nby individual country\nMitigationEconomics and finance\nCarbon budget\nCarbon emission trading\nCarbon offsets and credits\nGold Standard (carbon offset standard)\nCarbon price\nCarbon tax\nClimate debt\nClimate finance\nClimate risk insurance\nCo-benefits of climate change mitigation\nEconomics of climate change mitigation\nFossil fuel divestment\nGreen Climate Fund\nLow-carbon economy\nNet zero emissions\nEnergy\nCarbon capture and storage\nEnergy transition\nFossil fuel phase-out\nNuclear power\nRenewable energy\nSustainable energy\nPreserving and enhancing carbon sinks\nBlue carbon\nCarbon dioxide removal\nCarbon sequestration\nDirect air capture\nCarbon farming\nClimate-smart agriculture\nForest management\nafforestation\nforestry for carbon sequestration\nREDD and REDD+\nreforestation\nLand use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF and AFOLU)\nNature-based solutions\nPersonal\nIndividual action on climate change\nPlant-based diet\nSociety and adaptationSociety\nBusiness action\nClimate action\nClimate emergency declaration\nClimate movement\nSchool Strike for Climate\nDenial\nEcological grief\nGovernance\nJustice\nLitigation\nPolitics\nPublic opinion\nWomen\nAdaptation\nAdaptation strategies on the German coast\nAdaptive capacity\nDisaster risk reduction\nEcosystem-based adaptation\nFlood control\nLoss and damage\nManaged retreat\nNature-based solutions\nResilience\nRisk\nVulnerability\nThe Adaptation Fund\nNational Adaptation Programme of Action\nCommunication\nClimate Change Performance Index\nClimate crisis (term)\nClimate spiral\nEducation\nMedia coverage\nPopular culture depictions\nart\nfiction\nvideo games\nWarming stripes\nInternational agreements\nGlasgow Climate Pact\nKyoto Protocol\nParis Agreement\nCooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement\nNationally determined contributions\nSustainable Development Goal 13\nUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\nBackground and theoryMeasurements\nGlobal surface temperature\nInstrumental temperature record\nProxy\nSatellite temperature measurement\nTheory\nAlbedo\nCarbon cycle\natmospheric\nbiologic\noceanic\npermafrost\nCarbon sink\nClimate sensitivity\nClimate variability and change\nCloud feedback\nCloud forcing\nFixed anvil temperature hypothesis\nCryosphere\nEarth's energy budget\nExtreme event attribution\nFeedbacks\nGlobal warming potential\nIllustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change\nOrbital forcing\nRadiative forcing\nResearch and modelling\nClimate change scenario\nClimate model\nCoupled Model Intercomparison Project\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)\nIPCC Sixth Assessment Report\nPaleoclimatology\nPaleotempestology\nRepresentative Concentration Pathway\nShared Socioeconomic Pathways\nSolar radiation modification\n\n Climate change portal\n Category\n Glossary\n IndexvtePublic policyFields\nAgricultural\nClimate change\nCultural\nDomestic\nDrug\nreform\nEconomic\nFiscal\nIncomes\nIndustrial\nInvestment\nMonetary\nTax\nTrade\nEducation\nEnergy\nNuclear energy\nRenewable energy\nEnvironmental\nFood\nForeign\nHealth\nPharmaceutical\nVaccination\nHousing\nImmigration\nKnowledge\nLanguage\nMilitary\nScience\nStem cell\nSpace\nTechnology\nSocial\nOther topics\nEvidence-based policy\nPublic administration\nPublic budgeting\nPublic policy doctrine\nPublic policy school\nPolicy analysis\nPolicy studies\nRegulation\nPublic policy by countryvteEnvironmental social scienceFields\nEcological anthropology\nEcological economics\nEnvironmental anthropology\nEnvironmental crime\nEnvironmental economics\nEnvironmental communication\nEnvironmental history\nEnvironmental politics\nEnvironmental psychology\nEnvironmental sociology\nHuman ecology\nHuman geography\nPolitical ecology\nRegional science\nRelated\nAgroecology\nAnthrozoology\nBehavioral geography\nCommunity studies\nDemography\nDesign\necological\nenvironmental\nEcological humanities\nEconomics\nenergy\nthermo\nEnvironmental\neducation\nethics\nlaw\nscience\nstudies\njustice\nracism\nEthnobiology\nbotany\necology\nzoology\nForestry\nIndustrial ecology\nIntegrated geography\nPermaculture\nRural sociology\nSexecology\nScience, technology and society\nscience studies\nSustainability\nscience\nstudies\nSystems ecology\nUrban\necology\ngeography\nmetabolism\nstudies\nApplied\nArchitecture\nlandscape\nsustainable\nEcopsychology\nEngineering\necological\nenvironmental\nGreen criminology\nHealth\nenvironmental\nepidemiology\noccupational\npublic\nManagement\nenvironmental\nfisheries\nforest\nnatural resource\nwaste\nPlanning\nenvironmental\nland use\nregional\nspatial\nurban\nPolicy\nenergy\nenvironmental\n\n Environment portal\n Category\nConcepts\nDegrees\nJournals\nResearch institutes\nScholars","title":"Citations"}]
[{"image_text":"Lake Geneva with the city in the background. The pledge-and-review approach was first introduced at 1991 talks that occurred in Geneva, to prepare the way for the UNFCCC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lake_Geneva%2C_Geneva_%28Ank_Kumar%29_03.jpg/220px-Lake_Geneva%2C_Geneva_%28Ank_Kumar%29_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Climate negotiating groups, including most of the sub groups within G77+China. An important sub group not shown is the High Ambition Coalition , which pushed strongly for the 1.5 °C clause in the Paris agreement.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UNFCCC_Party_Groupings.svg/350px-UNFCCC_Party_Groupings.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Daniel Bodansky (1993). \"The United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change: A Commentary\". Yale University. 18 (2). Retrieved 11 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjil/vol18/iss2/2/","url_text":"\"The United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change: A Commentary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University","url_text":"Yale University"}]},{"reference":"Buhr, Katarina, Susanna Roth, and Peter Stigson (2014). \"Climate Change Politics through a Global Pledge-and-Review Regime: Positions among Negotiators and Stakeholders\". Sustainability. 6 (2): 794–811. doi:10.3390/su6020794.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu6020794","url_text":"\"Climate Change Politics through a Global Pledge-and-Review Regime: Positions among Negotiators and Stakeholders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_(journal)","url_text":"Sustainability"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu6020794","url_text":"10.3390/su6020794"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Dessler; Edward A Parson (2020). The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28, 137–148, 175–179, 198–200. ISBN 978-1-316-63132-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Dessler","url_text":"Andrew Dessler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-63132-4","url_text":"978-1-316-63132-4"}]},{"reference":"Milkoreit M, Haapala K (2019). \"The global stocktake: design lessons for a new review and ambition mechanism in the international climate regime\". Int Environ Agreements. 19: 89–106. doi:10.1007/s10784-018-9425-x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10784-018-9425-x","url_text":"10.1007/s10784-018-9425-x"}]},{"reference":"Andy Jordan; Dave Huitema; Harro van Asselt; Johanna Forster (2018). \"12\". Governing Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108284646.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108284646","url_text":"9781108284646"}]},{"reference":"Robert Falkner (2016). \"The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics\" (PDF). International Affairs. 92 (5): 1107–1125. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12708.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/67741/2/Falkner_Paris%20agreement_2016.pdf","url_text":"\"The Paris Agreement and the new logic of international climate politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)","url_text":"International Affairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2346.12708","url_text":"10.1111/1468-2346.12708"}]},{"reference":"Radoslav S. Dimitrov (2016). \"The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Behind Closed Doors\". Global Environmental Politics. 16: 1–11. doi:10.1162/GLEP_a_00361.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Environmental_Politics","url_text":"Global Environmental Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2FGLEP_a_00361","url_text":"10.1162/GLEP_a_00361"}]},{"reference":"Manjana Milkoreit (2019). \"The Paris Agreement on Climate Change—Made in USA?\". Perspectives on Politics. 17: 1019–1037. doi:10.1017/S1537592719000951.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592719000951","url_text":"\"The Paris Agreement on Climate Change—Made in USA?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_on_Politics","url_text":"Perspectives on Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592719000951","url_text":"10.1017/S1537592719000951"}]},{"reference":"Parker C, Karlsson C (2018). \"The UN climate change negotiations and the role of the United States: assessing American leadership from Copenhagen to Paris\". Environmental Politics. 27: 519–540. doi:10.1080/09644016.2018.1442388.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09644016.2018.1442388","url_text":"\"The UN climate change negotiations and the role of the United States: assessing American leadership from Copenhagen to Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Politics_(journal)","url_text":"Environmental Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09644016.2018.1442388","url_text":"10.1080/09644016.2018.1442388"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_McDermott_(disambiguation)
Thomas McDermott
[]
Thomas McDermott may refer to: Thomas MacDermot (1870–1933), Jamaican writer Tommy McDermott (1878–1961), Scottish footballer Tom McDermott (musician) (born 1957), American jazz pianist Thomas McDermott Jr. (born 1969), mayor of Hammond, Indiana Tom McDermott (Big Brother), contestant on the first series of Big Brother in the UK Tom McDermott (engineer), American academic Tommy McDermott (footballer, born 2005) (born 2005), English footballer Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam_Ghani
Mariam Ghani
["1 Biography","2 Work","3 References","4 External links"]
American artist (born 1978) Mariam Ghaniمریم غنیBorn1978 (age 45–46)New York City, U.S.Occupation(s)Visual artist, photographer, filmmaker, social activistYears active2000–presentParent(s)Ashraf GhaniRula Saade Mariam Ghani (Pashto/Dari: مریم غنی; born 1978) is an Afghan-American visual artist, photographer, filmmaker and social activist. Biography Mariam Ghani was born in 1978 in Brooklyn, New York, of Afghan and Lebanese descent. Her father, Mohammad Ashraf Ghani, was president of Afghanistan. Her mother, Rula Saade, is a Lebanese citizen. Ghani grew up in exile and was unable to travel to Afghanistan until 2002, at age 24. Her family lived in the suburbs of Maryland. Ghani earned her degrees from New York University and the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan in comparative literature and video photography and installation art. Ghani was an Eyebeam resident. She is a member of the Visual Arts Faculty at Bennington College. Work Since 2004, Ghani has been working on a multi-media project entitled “Index of the Disappeared”, with her long-time collaborator and partner Chitra Ganesh. The project is a record of the United States' detention of immigrants post-9/11 and public reaction to the treatment of immigrants. The project has grown and evolved over time, leading to a short film, How Do You See the Disappeared?,and a web project. Some of the other materials are transcripts, some are scraps of video or radio clips. She has presented her exhibits at the Transmediale Berlin (2003), Liverpool (2004), EMAP Seoul (2005), Tate Modern London (2007), the National Gallery Washington (2008), Beijing (2009) and Sharjah (2009, 2011). In addition to the Index, she has made multiple film projects, like Like Water From a Stone a 2013 project Ghani filmed in Stavanger, Norway about the transformation the country underwent with the discovery of oil; or a 2014 short film made in Ferguson, Missouri looking at the social upheaval institutionalised inequity has created in the US. Other films, like The Trespassers, shown in Los Angeles in 2014, examines the problems inherent in translating languages. Ghani sees her use of digital media and technology as a toolkit for creating her art. In addition to her creative art works, Ghani works as a journalist, and writes and lectures on issues affecting the diaspora and as a member of the Gulf Labor Working Group, which is an advocacy group for workers building museums in Abu Dhabi. She is also working as an archivist to digitize and reimage works produced between 1978 and 1991 by Afghan state filmmakers during the Communist period. She has also commented that Radio Television Afghanistan has an "amazingly rich archive of audiovisual material deserving of wider attention." Much of her work has a political component and speaks to systemic inequality in social systems and economics. She is both a women's rights and human rights activist. Ghani's feature-length film What We Left Unfinished is a documentary of incomplete Afghan films created from 1978 to 1991. In a 2021 interview with Art Forum, Ghani described her film What We Left Unfinished as a reflection on Afghanistan's unsettled communist period, from unfinished artworks to unfinished political movements. References ^ a b c d e Liz, Robbins (20 February 2015). "Mariam Ghani, a Brooklyn Artist Whose Father Leads Afghanistan". The New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved 1 August 2015. ^ a b Pilgrim, Sophie (15 March 2015). "What links Kabul with Alaska, Norway's oil capital and St. Louis, Missouri?". Paris, France: France 24. Retrieved 1 August 2015. ^ a b Goudsouzian, Tanya (1 October 2014). "Afghan first lady in shadow of 1920s queen?". Doha, Qatar: Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 August 2015. ^ a b c "Mariam Ghani". Documenta HR Online (in German). Frankfurt, Germany: Hessian Broadcasting. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2015. ^ "Mariam Ghani | eyebeam.org". eyebeam.org. Retrieved 2016-01-28. ^ "Mariam Ghani | P.S.1 Studio Visit". momaps1.org. Retrieved 2016-02-01. ^ "Mariam Ghani". ^ Ganesh, Chitra; Ghani, Mariam (2011-09-01). "Introduction to an Index". Radical History Review. 2011 (111): 110–129. doi:10.1215/01636545-1268740. ISSN 0163-6545. ^ Saed, Zohra; Muradi, Sahar, eds. (2010). One Story, Thirty Stories: An Anthology of Contemporary Afghan American Literature. University of Arkansas Press. pp. 10–12. ISBN 9781610752909. ^ Miranda, Carolina A. (16 August 2014). "How L.A.'s Islamic art shows might expand our 'Middle East' vision". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2015-08-01. ^ Heuer, Megan (September 2013). "Digital Effects". Art in America. 101 (8): 96–105. Retrieved 31 July 2015. ^ Uncommon Grounds: New Media and Critical Practices in North Africa and the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. 2014. pp. 346–347. ISBN 9781784530358. ^ Mohammad, Niala (31 October 2014). "The First Daughter of Afghanistan-Mariam Ghani". Across the Durand. Voice of America. Retrieved 31 July 2015. ^ "Mariam Ghani on Afghanistan's unfinished histories". www.artforum.com. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-28. External links Mariam Ghani at IMDb vteFeminismHistoryGeneral Timeline First-wave Second-wave timeline Third-wave Fourth-wave Social Bicycling and feminism Feminist history Women's history Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting) Women's suffrage Timeline Australia Canada Japan Kuwait Majority-Muslim countries New Zealand Switzerland United Kingdom Wales United States Timeline African-American States of Utah Virginia Wyoming MovementsandideologiesGeneral Analytical Anarchist Anti-abortion Anti-fascist Atheist Carceral Choice Conservative Cultural Cyber HCI Difference Eco Vegetarian Equality Eugenic Fat Gender-critical Global Hip hop Activism Individualist Labor Lesbian Liberal Equity Lipstick Materialist Maternal Neo- New Post- Postcolonial Postmodern Post-structural French Radical Reactionary Separatism Sex-positive Social Socialist Marxist Standpoint State Trans Transnational Victim Womanism Africana Women's liberation Religious Atheist Buddhist Christian Mormon New Womanist Asian Neopagan Dianic Wicca Reclaiming Ecofeminist Hindu Islamic Jewish Orthodox SikhEthnic and racial Black Chicana Indigenous Kurdish (Jineology) Native American Sámi Jewish Mizrahi Romani White Concepts Complementarianism Literature Children's literature Discrimination against transgender women Diversity (politics) Diversity, equity, and inclusion Effects on society Equality Female education Female genital mutilation Femicide Feminationalism Feminism in culture Feminist movement African-American women's suffrage movement Art movement In hip hop Feminist stripper Formal equality Gender equality Gender quota Girl power Honor killing Ideal womanhood Internalized sexism International Girl's Day and Women's Day Language reform Feminist capitalism Gender-blind Likeability trap Male privilege Matriarchal religion Media Men in feminism Misogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Reproductive justice Sex workers' rights Sexual harassment Sexual objectification Substantive equality Toxic masculinity Transmisogyny Triple oppression Violence against women War on women Women's empowerment Women-only space Women's health Women's rights Women in the workforceTheory Complementarianism Gender studies Gender mainstreaming Gynocentrism Matriarchy Women's studies Men's studies Kyriarchy Patriarchy Écriture féminine Economics Post-structuralist discourse analysis Method Oedipus complex Political theory Theology Thealogy Womanist Sexology Sociology Rhetoric Legal theory Art Art criticism Literary criticism Film theory Biology Political ecology Architecture Anthropology Archaeology Criminology Pathways perspective Geography Pedagogy Philosophy Aesthetics Empiricism Epistemology Ethics Justice ethics Existentialism Metaphysics Science Pornography Psychology Therapy Seriality International relations Existentialism Revisionist mythology Technoscience Science fiction Composition studies By country Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Mali Nigeria Senegal South Africa Albania Australia Bangladesh Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Republic of Ireland Israel Italy Japan Latin America Argentina Brazil Chile Haiti Honduras Mexico Paraguay Trinidad and Tobago Lebanon Malaysia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Northern Cyprus Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Russia Saudi Arabia South Korea Sweden Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Ukraine United Kingdom United States History of womenListsPeople Art critics Ecofeminist authors Economists Jewish Muslim Philosophers Poets Rhetoricians Suffragists and suffragettes Women's rights activists Other Conservative feminisms Literature American Comic books Parties Women's studies journals Women in peacekeeping Feminism portal Category Index Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Poland Artists Australian Artists People Trove Other IdRef
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Her father, Mohammad Ashraf Ghani, was president of Afghanistan.[2] Her mother, Rula Saade, is a Lebanese citizen.[3] Ghani grew up in exile and was unable to travel to Afghanistan until 2002, at age 24.[3] Her family lived in the suburbs of Maryland. Ghani earned her degrees from New York University and the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan[1] in comparative literature and video photography and installation art.[4] Ghani was an Eyebeam resident.[5][6] She is a member of the Visual Arts Faculty at Bennington College.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chitra Ganesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitra_Ganesh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-childhood-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exhibits-4"},{"link_name":"Stavanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavanger"},{"link_name":"Ferguson, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_unrest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography-2"},{"link_name":"translating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exhibits-4"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-childhood-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-childhood-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Since 2004, Ghani has been working on a multi-media project entitled “Index of the Disappeared”, with her long-time collaborator and partner Chitra Ganesh.[8] The project is a record of the United States' detention of immigrants post-9/11 and public reaction to the treatment of immigrants. The project has grown and evolved over time, leading to a short film, How Do You See the Disappeared?,and a web project.[9] Some of the other materials are transcripts, some are scraps of video or radio clips.[1] She has presented her exhibits at the Transmediale Berlin (2003), Liverpool (2004), EMAP Seoul (2005), Tate Modern London (2007), the National Gallery Washington (2008), Beijing (2009) and Sharjah (2009, 2011).[4]In addition to the Index, she has made multiple film projects, like Like Water From a Stone a 2013 project Ghani filmed in Stavanger, Norway about the transformation the country underwent with the discovery of oil; or a 2014 short film made in Ferguson, Missouri looking at the social upheaval institutionalised inequity has created in the US.[2] Other films, like The Trespassers, shown in Los Angeles in 2014, examines the problems inherent in translating languages.[10] Ghani sees her use of digital media and technology as a toolkit for creating her art.[11]In addition to her creative art works, Ghani works as a journalist,[4] and writes and lectures on issues affecting the diaspora and as a member of the Gulf Labor Working Group, which is an advocacy group for workers building museums in Abu Dhabi.[12] She is also working as an archivist to digitize and reimage works produced between 1978 and 1991 by Afghan state filmmakers during the Communist period.[1] She has also commented that Radio Television Afghanistan has an \"amazingly rich archive of audiovisual material deserving of wider attention.\"[13] Much of her work has a political component and speaks to systemic inequality in social systems and economics. She is both a women's rights and human rights activist.[1]Ghani's feature-length film What We Left Unfinished is a documentary of incomplete Afghan films created from 1978 to 1991. In a 2021 interview with Art Forum, Ghani described her film What We Left Unfinished as a reflection on Afghanistan's unsettled communist period, from unfinished artworks to unfinished political movements.[14]","title":"Work"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Liz, Robbins (20 February 2015). \"Mariam Ghani, a Brooklyn Artist Whose Father Leads Afghanistan\". The New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved 1 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/22/nyregion/mariam-ghani-a-brooklyn-artist-whose-father-leads-afghanistan.html?_r=1","url_text":"\"Mariam Ghani, a Brooklyn Artist Whose Father Leads Afghanistan\""}]},{"reference":"Pilgrim, Sophie (15 March 2015). \"What links Kabul with Alaska, Norway's oil capital and St. Louis, Missouri?\". Paris, France: France 24. Retrieved 1 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.france24.com/en/20150312-norway-oil-kabul-ferguson-afghanistan-first-daughter-mariam-ghani-artist","url_text":"\"What links Kabul with Alaska, Norway's oil capital and St. Louis, Missouri?\""}]},{"reference":"Goudsouzian, Tanya (1 October 2014). \"Afghan first lady in shadow of 1920s queen?\". Doha, Qatar: Al Jazeera. Retrieved 1 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/09/afghan-first-lady-shadow-1920s-queen-2014930142515254965.html?utm=from_old_mobile","url_text":"\"Afghan first lady in shadow of 1920s queen?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mariam Ghani\". Documenta HR Online (in German). Frankfurt, Germany: Hessian Broadcasting. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20141009190235/http://www.hr-online.de/website/specials/documenta13/index.jsp?rubrik=74684&key=standard_document_44942618","url_text":"\"Mariam Ghani\""},{"url":"http://www.hr-online.de/website/specials/documenta13/index.jsp?rubrik=74684&key=standard_document_44942618","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mariam Ghani | eyebeam.org\". eyebeam.org. Retrieved 2016-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://eyebeam.org/people/mariam-ghani","url_text":"\"Mariam Ghani | eyebeam.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mariam Ghani | P.S.1 Studio Visit\". momaps1.org. Retrieved 2016-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://momaps1.org/studio-visit/artist/mariam-ghani","url_text":"\"Mariam Ghani | P.S.1 Studio Visit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mariam Ghani\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bennington.edu/academics/faculty/mariam-ghani","url_text":"\"Mariam Ghani\""}]},{"reference":"Ganesh, Chitra; Ghani, Mariam (2011-09-01). \"Introduction to an Index\". Radical History Review. 2011 (111): 110–129. doi:10.1215/01636545-1268740. ISSN 0163-6545.","urls":[{"url":"http://rhr.dukejournals.org/content/2011/111/110","url_text":"\"Introduction to an Index\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F01636545-1268740","url_text":"10.1215/01636545-1268740"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0163-6545","url_text":"0163-6545"}]},{"reference":"Saed, Zohra; Muradi, Sahar, eds. (2010). One Story, Thirty Stories: An Anthology of Contemporary Afghan American Literature. University of Arkansas Press. pp. 10–12. ISBN 9781610752909.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610752909","url_text":"9781610752909"}]},{"reference":"Miranda, Carolina A. (16 August 2014). \"How L.A.'s Islamic art shows might expand our 'Middle East' vision\". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2015-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-islamic-arts-initiative-diversity-20140813-column.html#page=1","url_text":"\"How L.A.'s Islamic art shows might expand our 'Middle East' vision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","url_text":"0458-3035"}]},{"reference":"Heuer, Megan (September 2013). \"Digital Effects\". Art in America. 101 (8): 96–105. Retrieved 31 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=90252964&site=ehost-live","url_text":"\"Digital Effects\""}]},{"reference":"Uncommon Grounds: New Media and Critical Practices in North Africa and the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. 2014. pp. 346–347. ISBN 9781784530358.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784530358","url_text":"9781784530358"}]},{"reference":"Mohammad, Niala (31 October 2014). \"The First Daughter of Afghanistan-Mariam Ghani\". Across the Durand. Voice of America. Retrieved 31 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.voanews.com/durand/2014/10/31/the-first-daughter-of-afghanistan-mariam-ghani/","url_text":"\"The First Daughter of Afghanistan-Mariam Ghani\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mariam Ghani on Afghanistan's unfinished histories\". www.artforum.com. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artforum.com/interviews/mariam-ghani-on-afghanistan-s-unfinished-histories-86692","url_text":"\"Mariam Ghani on Afghanistan's unfinished histories\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kya_Aap_Paanchvi_Pass_Se_Tez_Hain%3F
Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?
["1 Cheats","2 Teammates","2.1 The five possible teammates","3 Homework questions","4 Payout structure","5 References","6 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Indian TV series or programme Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?Promotional posterAlso known asPaanchvi Pass, Paanchvi Ki ClassCreated byShreyash SrivastavDirected byGagandeep BijraniyaPresented byShah Rukh KhanStarringShrishti SrivastavaOpening theme"Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?" by Shankar–Ehsaan–LoyCountry of originIndiaOriginal languagesHindi, EnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes37ProductionProducersSiddhartha Basu, Akash Sharma, Ramit Bharti MittalRunning timeApprox. 60 min (with commercials)Production companyBulldog Media & EntertainmentOriginal releaseNetworkSTAR PlusRelease25 April (2008-04-25) –27 July 2008 (2008-07-27) Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain? (transl. Are you smarter than someone who passed the fifth grade?) is a game show hosted by leading Bollywood actor, Shahrukh Khan. It was the Indian version of the popular American game show, Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? and was telecast on Indian Television channel STAR Plus. The show premiered on 25 April 2008 and the last episode was telecast on 27 July 2008 with Lalu Prasad Yadav as the special guest. The top prize was ₹5 crore (equivalent to ₹14 crore or US$1.7 million in 2023). The Indian series was licensed by Bulldog Media & Entertainment and produced by Shreyash Srivastav Cheats The show used "cheats" based on the American show. Each cheat may be used once per game. Taak Jhank (peek): the contestant had the opportunity to review his or her current teammate's answer before submitting his or her own Copy: the contestant could choose to use his or her teammate's answer. Bachao (save): This cheat was triggered automatically if the contestant gave a wrong answer. If the contestant's current partner had the correct answer, the contestant was then saved. Cheats are not available for use in the bonus (final) question. Teammates The teammates were five school aged children chosen by the producers of the show. Each child could be used for assistance on two questions, excluding the bonus question. The five possible teammates Shriya Sharma Dheirya Sorecha from Mumbai, Maharashtra Anubhav Motilal from Delhi Shreeparna Ghoshal from Delhi Milanjeet Singh Bhatti from Chandigarh Taruni Sachdev (replaced Shriya for one episode) Homework questions This show also posed homework questions, offering ₹100,000 (equivalent to ₹280,000 or US$3,300 in 2023) to a viewer selected by draw who correctly answered a question asked at the end of the show. Payout structure Prize amounts 1 2 3 4 5 (safe level) 6 7 8 9 10 Final Win (Bonus) ₹10,000 ₹20,000 ₹50,000 ₹1,00,000 ₹2,00,000 ₹5,00,000 ₹10,00,000 ₹20,00,000 ₹50,00,000 ₹1 crore ₹5 crore Giving the correct answer to their fifth question guarantees the contestant leaves with at least ₹2 lakh. The contestant may walk away ("drop out") at any question after the first to end the game and keep their winnings. Only the subject of the final question is shown. This is the contestant's final opportunity to walk away with ₹1 crore. If they choose to see the final question, they will have to risk ₹98 lakh and cannot walk away or seek help from teammates. References ^ "Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain (TV Series)". Radio Times. Retrieved 6 January 2023. External links Big Synergy Bulldog Media, action $ Entertainment Archived 22 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine vteBIG SynergyCurrent TV programs Kaun Banega Crorepati (2000) India's Got Talent (2009) Kannadada Kotyadhipati (2012) Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran (2012) Jabab Kinte Chai (2012) Sell Me the Answer (2015) Evaru Meelo Koteeswarulu (2021) Former TV programs Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (2006) Jiya Jale (2007) Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain (2008) Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain? (2008) 10 Ka Dum (2008) Aap Ki Kachehri (2008) Sacch Ka Saamna (2009) Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi (2012) Lakhon Mein Ek (2012) Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu (2014) Web series Bose: Dead/Alive (2017) Key individuals Siddhartha Basu vteCurrent broadcasts on StarPlusCurrently broadcastingDrama Meetha Khatta Pyaar Hamara Teri Meri Doriyaann Pandya Store Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin Imlie Udne Ki Aasha Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Anupamaa Jhanak Yeh Hai Chahatein
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-range_theory_(archaeology)
Middle-range theory (archaeology)
["1 Background and application","2 Middle-range theory","3 References","3.1 Footnotes","3.2 Bibliography","4 Further reading"]
Archaeological framework This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Middle-range theory" archaeology – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Middle-range theory has been applied in the archaeology of nomadic peoples, amongst others In archaeology, middle-range theory refers to theories linking human behaviour and natural processes to physical remains in the archaeological record. It allows archaeologists to make inferences in the other direction: from archaeological finds in the present to behaviours in the past. Middle range theories are derived from ethnoarchaeology and experimental research in combination with the study of taphonomic processes. Background and application The term was adapted from middle-range theory in anthropological archaeology by Lewis Binford. He conducted ethnographic fieldwork amongst modern hunter-gatherer peoples such as the Nunamiut Eskimo, the Navajo, and Aboriginal Australians in order to understand the pattern of waste their activities generated. He then used this data to infer the behaviour of Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers from the waste they left in the archaeological record. Binford and many of his contemporaries viewed the construction of middle-range theories as a fundamental first step in understanding how people in the past behaved. However, middle-range research has since been criticized as logically flawed. Its critics argued that it rested on the unjustified assumption that there is a uniform link between behaviour and physical remains that holds true throughout human history. Its conclusions were argued to be untestable because their application was founded on a tautology: evidence from contemporary peoples (e.g. modern hunter-gatherers) was asserted to be applicable to people in the past (e.g. Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers) because they behaved in a similar way, but that same evidence was used to reconstruct the behaviour of the past people. Middle-range theory The middle-range theory in archaeology is narrowly conceived in current conception and negated in use. Theory building began to gain tract in the late 1970s in the time of New Archaeology and took several years to be a topic of critical interest. The concept is often misunderstood because of the multiplicity of the middle-range theory in another scholarly discipline – sociology. It is suggested in this approach that scientific knowledge becomes tied with emerging research studies and in turn into a middle-range abstraction. Binford's structure for middle-range theory consists of four components: 1) documentation of causal relations between relevant dynamics and observable statics; 2) recognition of signature patterns in static remains; 3) inference of past dynamics from observation of signature patterns in archaeological record; and, 4) evaluation of these inferences. In archaeology, Binford's method states that a strong relation to natural science will withstand close evaluation in that the theories and evidence should tie together. The connection between the history of the past and the material remains recovered in the present can be regimented to present the best inference. It's the explanatory element of archaeology though many critique it was being too arbitrary. The validity of the theories are often in question and because archaeology is not an exact science, the theories can not be tested rigorously to prove otherwise. The falls middle-range theory are on par with archaeology and anthropology as a whole because only small segments of people and material can be studied to produce an accurate depiction of past life. A general, global scope isn't possible. References Footnotes ^ Cribb 1991, pp. 2–3. ^ Pierce 1989, p. 1; Raab & Goodyear 1984, p. 255. Bibliography Cribb, Roger (1991). Nomads in Archaeology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press (published 2004). ISBN 978-0-521-32881-4. Pierce, Christopher (1989). "A Critique of Middle-Range Theory in Archaeology". Retrieved 13 February 2019. Raab, L. Mark; Goodyear, Albert C. (1984). "Middle-Range Theory in Archaeology: A Critical Review of Origins and Applications". American Antiquity. 49 (2): 255–268. doi:10.2307/280018. ISSN 2325-5064. JSTOR 280018. S2CID 163871156. Further reading Thomas, David Hurst; Kelly, Robert L. (2006). Archaeology (4th ed.). Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-15-505899-6. Portal: History
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It allows archaeologists to make inferences in the other direction: from archaeological finds in the present to behaviours in the past. 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He then used this data to infer the behaviour of Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers from the waste they left in the archaeological record.Binford and many of his contemporaries viewed the construction of middle-range theories as a fundamental first step in understanding how people in the past behaved. However, middle-range research has since been criticized as logically flawed. Its critics argued that it rested on the unjustified assumption that there is a uniform link between behaviour and physical remains that holds true throughout human history. Its conclusions were argued to be untestable because their application was founded on a tautology: evidence from contemporary peoples (e.g. modern hunter-gatherers) was asserted to be applicable to people in the past (e.g. Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers) because they behaved in a similar way, but that same evidence was used to reconstruct the behaviour of the past people.","title":"Background and application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"}],"text":"The middle-range theory in archaeology is narrowly conceived in current conception and negated in use. Theory building began to gain tract in the late 1970s in the time of New Archaeology and took several years to be a topic of critical interest. The concept is often misunderstood because of the multiplicity of the middle-range theory in another scholarly discipline – sociology. It is suggested in this approach that scientific knowledge becomes tied with emerging research studies and in turn into a middle-range abstraction.Binford's structure for middle-range theory consists of four components: 1) documentation of causal relations between relevant dynamics and observable statics; 2) recognition of signature patterns in static remains; 3) inference of past dynamics from observation of signature patterns in archaeological record; and, 4) evaluation of these inferences.In archaeology, Binford's method states that a strong relation to natural science will withstand close evaluation in that the theories and evidence should tie together. The connection between the history of the past and the material remains recovered in the present can be regimented to present the best inference. It's the explanatory element of archaeology though many critique it was being too arbitrary. The validity of the theories are often in question and because archaeology is not an exact science, the theories can not be tested rigorously to prove otherwise. The falls middle-range theory are on par with archaeology and anthropology as a whole because only small segments of people and material can be studied to produce an accurate depiction of past life. A general, global scope isn't possible.","title":"Middle-range theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas, David Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hurst_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Kelly, Robert L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Kelly"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-15-505899-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505899-6"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History"}],"text":"Thomas, David Hurst; Kelly, Robert L. (2006). Archaeology (4th ed.). Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-15-505899-6.Portal: History","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Middle-range theory has been applied in the archaeology of nomadic peoples, amongst others[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bedouins_-_Tunisia_-_1899.jpg/220px-Bedouins_-_Tunisia_-_1899.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samira_Bawumia
Samira Bawumia
["1 Education","1.1 Early childhood","1.2 Tertiary Education","2 Recognition","3 Humanitarian Initiatives","4 Politics","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]
Politician, Second lady of Ghana This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Samira BawumiaSecond Lady of GhanaIncumbentAssumed office 7 January 2017PresidentNana Akufo-AddoPreceded byMatilda Amissah-Arthur Personal detailsBornSamira Ramadan (1980-08-20) August 20, 1980 (age 43)Sabon Zango, Accra, GhanaCitizenshipGhanaSpouseMahamudu BawumiaParentAhmed Ramadan (father) Ayesha Ramadan (mother)EducationAnswarudeen Islamic SchoolAkosombo International SchoolMfantsiman Girls' Secondary SchoolKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyGhana Institute of Management and Public AdministrationUniversity of LondonOccupationPolitician Philanthropist AdvocateKnown forSamira Empowerment & Humanitarian Projects (SEHP)ReligionIslamEthnicityFulaniWebsitehttps://sbawumia.org Samira Bawumia (née Ramadan) (born on Wednesday, 20 August 1980) is a Ghanaian politician and the Second Lady of the Republic of Ghana. She is married to the Vice President of Ghana, Mahamudu Bawumia.She received the Ghanaian Women Association of Georgia Global Humanitarian Award, an honor from the Atlanta City Council and is also recognized by the Macon Bibb country. She graduated from the University of London with a bachelor’s degree in law. Education Early childhood Bawumia began her early education at the Answarudeen Islamic School at Fadama and Alsyd Academy in Accra, before continuing to the Akosombo International School (AIS) and then to Mfantsiman Girls' Secondary School at Saltpond in the Central Region of Ghana. She is the only daughter of Alhaji Ahmed Ramadan, the former National Chairman of the People’s National Convention (PNC) and Hajia Ayesha Ramadan. Tertiary Education Following her admission to Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), she studied BA. Social Science in Law and Sociology and Technology. At the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA), where she had her postgraduate studies, she was awarded the Best Student in Master of Business Administration (MBA). In March 2023, Bawumia announced on her Instagram handle with graduation photos that, she has graduated from the University of London, UK with a Bachelor's degree in Law. She indicated that despite COVID-19, she took advantage of the online programme offered by the UK institution by enrolling in a law degree. She is multi-lingual, fluent in Ewe, Ga, Twi, Fanti and Mamprusi. Recognition In 2018, Bawumia was made an Ambassador for the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves and joins the late former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, Academy Award-winning actor Julia Roberts, and Grammy-nominated Ghanaian musician Rocky Dawuni to work with the Alliance and its partners to raise awareness of household air pollution and encourage broader adoption of clean cooking solutions in developing countries in a bid to create cleaner environments and eradicate deaths caused by pollution from the burning of solid fuels for cooking. The African Women of Excellence Awards, a scheme organized by the African Union in partnership with the Diasporan African Forum (DAF) recognized Bawumia on 29 September 2018 in Sandton City-Johannesburg, South Africa for her contribution to peace within social, political and economic spheres. In 2019, she was acknowledged as the first of seven individuals honored by Sustainable Energy for All in conjunction with Ashden. This was in recognition of her efforts towards the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 7, which is to ensure access to modern reliable, renewable, and affordable energy for all by 2030. At the 7th Annual Maternity Fundraising Gala of the Ghanaian Women Association of Georgia, Bawumia was honoured with three awards for her humanitarian activities and interventions. The awards include the following the Macon-Bibb County Award, the GWAG Humanitarian Award, and the Atlantic City Council Award presented by the Mayor of the County, Lester Miller. The World Biogas Summit 2023 held in Birmingham welcomed Bawumia as one of the keynote speakers. Humanitarian Initiatives Bawumia is the founder and CEO of the Samira Empowerment & Humanitarian Projects (SEHP), described as a not-for-profit organization established with the purpose of empowering the underprivileged in Ghana through diverse social intervention projects to improve lives. In November 2019, she donated library books to Police Basic Schools in the country to inculcate the habit of reading in children. This was an initiative of her 'Library in the box' project which has the objective of making books available to schools. She also started the Samira Bawumia literature prize.The annual literacy prize for young Ghanaians between the ages of 15 and 25 is aimed at providing young creative and writers with an opportunity to share their art with the world. The first winners of the Samira Bawumia Literature Prize were crowned at the Fitzgerald in Accra on Monday, 27 July 2020. The Samira Empowerment & Humanitarian Projects also has the passion of empowering women. The organization has championed visions invested in educating and empowering women. One notable project she did was "Needles4Girls", where she enrolled about 2,500 girls into fashion school to empower them and help in reducing the unemployment rate in the country. She also donated 3,000 Ghana cedis each to 70 women in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana to support their trading activities. Samira Bawumia believes in giving women opportunities to empower them in making a difference in the economy of Ghana. Politics Samira Bawumia became prominent on the political scene when her husband, Dr. Mahamadu Bawumia was the running mate of the candidate Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo in 2016 under the ticket of the New Patriotic Party(NPP). She has been a constant feature on the political scene after her husband and party won the election in 2016 and got re-elected for a second term. Months leading to the 2020 elections as Second Lady of the Republic, she was seen on the campaign trail across the country urging voters to vote for the New Patriotic Party and her husband as Vice-President for a second term as well as calling the NPP party to unity in the upcoming elections to retain victory. In 2021, Bawumia and the First Lady of the Republic of Ghana rejected new emoluments for Article 71 office holders which included the spouses of Vice-President and President of the Republic of Ghana respectively, and promised to refund all monies received from 2017 when they took office to date. In May 2023, Bawumia and the NPP stormed Kumawu to campaign for the Member of Parliament aspirant on the party ticket to win the seat. Personal life Bawumia is married to the Vice President of Ghana, Mahamadu Bawumia and they have 4 children. She gained widespread attention during the 2016 Ghanaian Parliamentary and Presidential election season. She advocates against corruption and the ineffective administration of state resources. https://sbawumia.org/samira-bawumia-profile/ References ^ a b Gracia, Zindzy (2018-08-17). "Profile: Samira Bawumia biography and pictures". Yen - Ghana news. Retrieved 2021-08-28. ^ "Samira Bawumia, Biography". GhanaWeb. Retrieved 2021-08-28. ^ a b "Samira Bawumia Unveiled". ^ Nyabor, Jonas (2016-12-11). "Samira Bawumia laud Ghanaians for voting NPP". Ghana News. Retrieved 2017-03-23. ^ "Samira recounts how she met her husband Dr. Bawumia". Pulse Ghana. 2020-03-10. Retrieved 2021-08-28. ^ "All you need to know about Samira Bawumia". pulse ghana. 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2019-04-13. ^ "PNC's Chairman to retire from politics". Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always. 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ Asare, Wilberforce (2020-10-18). ""Get everyone out to vote for NPP," Alhaji Ramadan, ambassador to UAE, charges NPP Frontiers". Asaase Radio. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "GIMPA – Center of Excellence". Retrieved 2019-04-13. ^ "Samira Bawumia graduates with law degree from University of London". myjoyonline. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ Dzakpata, Fred (2023-03-14). "VIDEO: Samira Bawumia graduates from University of London with degree in law". Asaase Radio. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ Arthur, Portia (2023-03-14). "Samira Bawumia stuns in ruffled African print dress for her graduation in the UK". Yen.com.gh - Ghana news. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ Adu, Alice. "Profile: All you need to know about Samira Bawumia". Retrieved 2017-03-23. ^ "Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves Names Ghanaian Second Lady Samira Bawumia as Ambassador". cleancookstoves. Retrieved 19 January 2018. ^ "Samira Gets International Award". DailyGuide Network. 2018-10-01. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Samira Bawumia receives top UN award". Graphic Online. 2019-10-07. Retrieved 2019-10-09. ^ Starrfm.com.gh (2019-10-07). "Samira Bawumia receives Top UN award". Starr Fm. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Second Lady Samira Bawumia receives top UN award". 2019-10-07. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ GNA (2022-05-18). "Hajia Samira Bawumia honoured in Atlanta, USA". Ghana News Agency. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Samira Bawumia receives humanitarian awards in US". GhanaWeb. 2022-05-17. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ summit-admin (2022-03-24). "The World Biogas Summit 2023 | Rick Duke, White House Liaison for John Kerry, and H.E. Hadjia Samira Bawumia, Second Lady of Ghana, to headline World Biogas Summit 2022". The World Biogas Summit 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "The World Biogas Summit 2022 | Samira Bawumia". The World Biogas Summit 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "About SEHP". SEHP. Retrieved 2019-02-03. ^ Gracia, Zindzy (2018-08-17). "Profile: Samira Bawumia biography and pictures". Yen- Ghana news. Retrieved 2019-03-23. ^ "Second Lady donates library books to Police Basic Schools". Graphic Online. 2019-11-12. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ "Winners of 1st edition of Samira Bawumia's literature prize awarded". Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana. 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2022-08-05. ^ "sehp-homeb - Samira Empowerment & Humanitarian Projects". Retrieved 2023-12-19. ^ "Samira Bawumia Rolls Out Needles for Girls Project In Tamale". DailyGuide Network. 2021-05-27. Retrieved 2023-12-19. ^ "70 women get GH¢3,000 support from Samira Bawumia's entrepreneurial initiative". Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana. 2020-08-30. Retrieved 2023-12-19. ^ "1,200 women benefit from Samira Empowerment and Humanitarian Projects". GhanaWeb. 2019-07-17. Retrieved 2023-12-19. ^ Awal, Mohammed (2023-07-17). "Samira Bawumia: the quintessential political spouse". The Business & Financial Times. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ Allotey, Godwin Akweiteh (2016-11-28). "Samira Bawumia campaigns in Northern Region". Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ Boateng, Kojo Akoto (2016-12-04). "We won't forget NDC's lies on election day – Samira Bawumia". Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ Online, Peace FM. "Samira Bawumia Campaigns In WR". Peacefmonline - Ghana news. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Etse Sikanku: Samira Bawumia – The quintessential political spouse". myjoyonline. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "NDC is bereft of ideas - Samira Bawumia". The Independent Ghana. 2020-03-09. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Vote for NPP - Samira Bawumia tells Upper East Region". 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Second Lady, Hajia Samira Bawumia tours Afram Plains". 2020-10-16. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Government committed to developing Zongo communities - Samira Bawumia". 2020-10-14. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Unite for victory in 2020— Mrs Bawumia". 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Retain NPP in power come 2020 - Mrs. Bawumia". 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Samira rejects new emoluments; pledges to refund allowances paid her since 2017". 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Samira Bawumia to refund allowances paid her since 2017". 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ AriseNews (2021-07-14). "Ghana's Second Lady Samira Bawumia Bows to Public Outrage, Set to Refund Allowances". Arise News. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Presidential spouses emoluments: Supreme Court sets May 4 to give ruling". myjoyonline. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Bawumia, Samira storm Kumawu to rally support for NPP candidate ahead of by-election". GhanaWeb. 2023-05-20. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Bawumia and Samira rally support for NPP candidate in Kumawu ahead of Tuesday's by-election". myjoyonline. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "Samira Bawumia, Biography". ghanaweb. Retrieved 2021-08-28. ^ "Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine". Retrieved 2022-05-28. ^ "Samira Bawumia Profile". Sbawumia.org. Retrieved 2023-12-19. External links Quotations related to Samira Bawumia at Wikiquote "Learn From Those Who Are Doing Well" – Samira Bawumia vteSecond ladies of Ghana Lily Anna de Graft-Johnson Marian Arkaah Ernestina Naadu Mills Ramatu Aliu Mahama Lordina Mahama Matilda Amissah-Arthur Samira Bawumia
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gracia-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ghanaian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian"},{"link_name":"Second Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lady"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Mahamudu Bawumia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamudu_Bawumia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"}],"text":"Samira Bawumia (née Ramadan) (born on Wednesday, 20 August 1980)[1][2] is a Ghanaian politician and the Second Lady of the Republic of Ghana.[3] She is married to the Vice President of Ghana, Mahamudu Bawumia.[4][5]She received the Ghanaian Women Association of Georgia Global Humanitarian Award, an honor from the Atlanta City Council and is also recognized by the Macon Bibb country. She graduated from the University of London with a bachelor’s degree in law.","title":"Samira Bawumia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"Akosombo International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_International_School"},{"link_name":"Mfantsiman Girls' Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfantsiman_Girls%27_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Central Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"Alhaji Ahmed Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Ramadan_(politician)"},{"link_name":"People’s National Convention (PNC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_National_Convention_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Early childhood","text":"Bawumia began her early education at the Answarudeen Islamic School[6] at Fadama and Alsyd Academy in Accra, before continuing to the Akosombo International School (AIS) and then to Mfantsiman Girls' Secondary School at Saltpond in the Central Region of Ghana. She is the only daughter of Alhaji Ahmed Ramadan, the former National Chairman of the People’s National Convention (PNC) and Hajia Ayesha Ramadan.[7][3][8]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Institute_of_Management_and_Public_Administration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"multi-lingual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilingualism"},{"link_name":"Ewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_language"},{"link_name":"Twi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twi"},{"link_name":"Fanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fante_people"},{"link_name":"Mamprusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamprusi_language"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Tertiary Education","text":"Following her admission to Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), she studied BA. Social Science in Law and Sociology and Technology. At the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA),[9] where she had her postgraduate studies, she was awarded the Best Student in Master of Business Administration (MBA).In March 2023, Bawumia announced on her Instagram handle with graduation photos that, she has graduated from the University of London, UK with a Bachelor's degree in Law. She indicated that despite COVID-19, she took advantage of the online programme offered by the UK institution by enrolling in a law degree.[10][11][12]She is multi-lingual, fluent in Ewe, Ga, Twi, Fanti and Mamprusi.[13]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Alliance_for_Clean_Cookstoves"},{"link_name":"UN Secretary General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Julia Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Rocky Dawuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Dawuni"},{"link_name":"clean cooking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_cooking"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ashden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashden"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development Goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"World Biogas Summit 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Biogas_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In 2018, Bawumia was made an Ambassador for the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves and joins the late former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, Academy Award-winning actor Julia Roberts, and Grammy-nominated Ghanaian musician Rocky Dawuni to work with the Alliance and its partners to raise awareness of household air pollution and encourage broader adoption of clean cooking solutions in developing countries in a bid to create cleaner environments and eradicate deaths caused by pollution from the burning of solid fuels for cooking.[14]The African Women of Excellence Awards, a scheme organized by the African Union in partnership with the Diasporan African Forum (DAF) recognized Bawumia on 29 September 2018 in Sandton City-Johannesburg, South Africa for her contribution to peace within social, political and economic spheres.[15]In 2019, she was acknowledged as the first of seven individuals honored by Sustainable Energy for All in conjunction with Ashden. This was in recognition of her efforts towards the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 7, which is to ensure access to modern reliable, renewable, and affordable energy for all by 2030.[16][17][18]At the 7th Annual Maternity Fundraising Gala of the Ghanaian Women Association of Georgia, Bawumia was honoured with three awards for her humanitarian activities and interventions. The awards include the following the Macon-Bibb County Award, the GWAG Humanitarian Award, and the Atlantic City Council Award presented by the Mayor of the County, Lester Miller.[19][20]\nThe World Biogas Summit 2023 held in Birmingham welcomed Bawumia as one of the keynote speakers.[21][22]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"not-for-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not-for-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Bawumia is the founder and CEO of the Samira Empowerment & Humanitarian Projects (SEHP), described as a not-for-profit organization established with the purpose of empowering the underprivileged in Ghana through diverse social intervention projects to improve lives.[23][24] In November 2019, she donated library books to Police Basic Schools in the country to inculcate the habit of reading in children. This was an initiative of her 'Library in the box' project which has the objective of making books available to schools.[25] She also started the Samira Bawumia literature prize.The annual literacy prize for young Ghanaians between the ages of 15 and 25 is aimed at providing young creative and writers with an opportunity to share their art with the world. The first winners of the Samira Bawumia Literature Prize were crowned at the Fitzgerald in Accra on Monday, 27 July 2020.[26]The Samira Empowerment & Humanitarian Projects also has the passion of empowering women. The organization has championed visions invested in educating and empowering women.[27] One notable project she did was \"Needles4Girls\", where she enrolled about 2,500 girls into fashion school to empower them and help in reducing the unemployment rate in the country.[28] She also donated 3,000 Ghana cedis each to 70 women in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana to support their trading activities.[29] Samira Bawumia believes in giving women opportunities to empower them in making a difference in the economy of Ghana.[30]","title":"Humanitarian Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Kumawu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumawu"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Samira Bawumia became prominent on the political scene when her husband, Dr. Mahamadu Bawumia was the running mate of the candidate Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo in 2016 under the ticket of the New Patriotic Party(NPP).[31][32][33][34][35] She has been a constant feature on the political scene after her husband and party won the election in 2016 and got re-elected for a second term.[36]Months leading to the 2020 elections as Second Lady of the Republic, she was seen on the campaign trail across the country urging voters to vote for the New Patriotic Party and her husband as Vice-President for a second term [37][38][39] as well as calling the NPP party to unity in the upcoming elections to retain victory.[40][41]In 2021, Bawumia and the First Lady of the Republic of Ghana rejected new emoluments for Article 71 office holders which included the spouses of Vice-President and President of the Republic of Ghana respectively, and promised to refund all monies received from 2017 when they took office to date.[42][43][44][45]In May 2023, Bawumia and the NPP stormed Kumawu to campaign for the Member of Parliament aspirant on the party ticket to win the seat.[46][47]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahamadu Bawumia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamudu_Bawumia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gracia-1"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"https://sbawumia.org/samira-bawumia-profile/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sbawumia.org/samira-bawumia-profile/"}],"text":"Bawumia is married to the Vice President of Ghana, Mahamadu Bawumia and they have 4 children. [1][48][49] She gained widespread attention during the 2016 Ghanaian Parliamentary and Presidential election season. She advocates against corruption and the ineffective administration of state resources.[50] https://sbawumia.org/samira-bawumia-profile/","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Gracia, Zindzy (2018-08-17). \"Profile: Samira Bawumia biography and pictures\". Yen - Ghana news. Retrieved 2021-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://yen.com.gh/114514-profile-samira-bawumia-biography-pictures.html","url_text":"\"Profile: Samira Bawumia biography and pictures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samira Bawumia, Biography\". GhanaWeb. Retrieved 2021-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Samira-Bawumia-2926","url_text":"\"Samira Bawumia, Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samira Bawumia Unveiled\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.modernghana.com/news/181403/samira-bawumia-unveiled.html","url_text":"\"Samira Bawumia Unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"Nyabor, Jonas (2016-12-11). \"Samira Bawumia laud Ghanaians for voting NPP\". Ghana News. Retrieved 2017-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://citifmonline.com/2016/12/11/samira-bawumia-laud-ghanaians-for-voting-npp/","url_text":"\"Samira Bawumia laud Ghanaians for voting NPP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samira recounts how she met her husband Dr. Bawumia\". Pulse Ghana. 2020-03-10. Retrieved 2021-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/samira-recounts-how-she-met-her-husband-dr-bawumia/eb5y96g","url_text":"\"Samira recounts how she met her husband Dr. Bawumia\""}]},{"reference":"\"All you need to know about Samira Bawumia\". pulse ghana. 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2019-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.com.gh/profile-all-you-need-to-know-about-samira-bawumia/t21rrjl","url_text":"\"All you need to know about Samira Bawumia\""}]},{"reference":"\"PNC's Chairman to retire from politics\". Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always. 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2023-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://citifmonline.com/2015/05/pncs-chairman-to-retire-from-politics/","url_text":"\"PNC's Chairman to retire from politics\""}]},{"reference":"Asare, Wilberforce (2020-10-18). \"\"Get everyone out to vote for NPP,\" Alhaji Ramadan, ambassador to UAE, charges NPP Frontiers\". Asaase Radio. Retrieved 2023-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://asaaseradio.com/get-everyone-out-to-vote-for-npp-alhaji-ramadan-ambassador-to-uae-charges-npp-frontiers/","url_text":"\"\"Get everyone out to vote for NPP,\" Alhaji Ramadan, ambassador to UAE, charges NPP Frontiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"GIMPA – Center of Excellence\". Retrieved 2019-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://nweb.gimpa.edu.gh/","url_text":"\"GIMPA – Center of Excellence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samira Bawumia graduates with law degree from University of London\". myjoyonline. 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Retrieved 2019-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/second-lady-donates-library-books-to-police-basic-schools.html","url_text":"\"Second Lady donates library books to Police Basic Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners of 1st edition of Samira Bawumia's literature prize awarded\". Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana. 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2022-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/winners-of-1st-edition-of-samira-bawumias-literature-prize-awarded/","url_text":"\"Winners of 1st edition of Samira Bawumia's literature prize awarded\""}]},{"reference":"\"sehp-homeb - Samira Empowerment & Humanitarian Projects\". Retrieved 2023-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://sehp.sbawumia.org/","url_text":"\"sehp-homeb - Samira Empowerment & Humanitarian Projects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samira Bawumia Rolls Out Needles for Girls Project In Tamale\". DailyGuide Network. 2021-05-27. Retrieved 2023-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailyguidenetwork.com/samira-bawumia-rolls-out-needles-for-girls-project-in-tamale/","url_text":"\"Samira Bawumia Rolls Out Needles for Girls Project In Tamale\""}]},{"reference":"\"70 women get GH¢3,000 support from Samira Bawumia's entrepreneurial initiative\". Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana. 2020-08-30. Retrieved 2023-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/70-women-get-gh%c2%a23000-support-from-samira-bawumias-entrepreneurial-initiative/","url_text":"\"70 women get GH¢3,000 support from Samira Bawumia's entrepreneurial initiative\""}]},{"reference":"\"1,200 women benefit from Samira Empowerment and Humanitarian Projects\". GhanaWeb. 2019-07-17. 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Retrieved 2023-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general/samira-bawumia-to-refund-allowances-paid-her-since-2017/2021/","url_text":"\"Samira Bawumia to refund allowances paid her since 2017\""}]},{"reference":"AriseNews (2021-07-14). \"Ghana's Second Lady Samira Bawumia Bows to Public Outrage, Set to Refund Allowances\". Arise News. Retrieved 2023-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arise.tv/ghanas-second-lady-samira-bawumia-bows-to-public-outrage-set-to-refund-allowances/","url_text":"\"Ghana's Second Lady Samira Bawumia Bows to Public Outrage, Set to Refund Allowances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presidential spouses emoluments: Supreme Court sets May 4 to give ruling\". myjoyonline. Retrieved 2023-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myjoyonline.com/presidential-spouses-emoluments-supreme-court-sets-may-4-to-give-ruling","url_text":"\"Presidential spouses emoluments: Supreme Court sets May 4 to give ruling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bawumia, Samira storm Kumawu to rally support for NPP candidate ahead of by-election\". GhanaWeb. 2023-05-20. Retrieved 2023-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Bawumia-Samira-storm-Kumawu-to-rally-support-for-NPP-candidate-ahead-of-by-election-1770602","url_text":"\"Bawumia, Samira storm Kumawu to rally support for NPP candidate ahead of by-election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bawumia and Samira rally support for NPP candidate in Kumawu ahead of Tuesday's by-election\". myjoyonline. Retrieved 2023-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myjoyonline.com/bawumia-and-samira-rally-support-for-npp-candidate-in-kumawu-ahead-of-tuesdays-by-election","url_text":"\"Bawumia and Samira rally support for NPP candidate in Kumawu ahead of Tuesday's by-election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samira Bawumia, Biography\". ghanaweb. Retrieved 2021-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Samira-Bawumia-2926","url_text":"\"Samira Bawumia, Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine\". Retrieved 2022-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/","url_text":"\"Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samira Bawumia Profile\". Sbawumia.org. Retrieved 2023-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://sbawumia.org/samira-bawumia-profile/","url_text":"\"Samira Bawumia Profile\""}]}]
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Hadjia Samira Bawumia, Second Lady of Ghana, to headline World Biogas Summit 2022\""},{"Link":"https://world-biogas-summit.com/samira-bawumia/","external_links_name":"\"The World Biogas Summit 2022 | Samira Bawumia\""},{"Link":"https://sbawumia.org/sehp/mission/","external_links_name":"\"About SEHP\""},{"Link":"https://yen.com.gh/114514-profile-samira-bawumia-biography-pictures.html","external_links_name":"\"Profile: Samira Bawumia biography and pictures\""},{"Link":"https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/second-lady-donates-library-books-to-police-basic-schools.html","external_links_name":"\"Second Lady donates library books to Police Basic Schools\""},{"Link":"https://citinewsroom.com/2020/07/winners-of-1st-edition-of-samira-bawumias-literature-prize-awarded/","external_links_name":"\"Winners of 1st edition of Samira Bawumia's literature prize awarded\""},{"Link":"https://sehp.sbawumia.org/","external_links_name":"\"sehp-homeb - Samira Empowerment & Humanitarian Projects\""},{"Link":"https://dailyguidenetwork.com/samira-bawumia-rolls-out-needles-for-girls-project-in-tamale/","external_links_name":"\"Samira Bawumia Rolls Out Needles for Girls Project In Tamale\""},{"Link":"https://citinewsroom.com/2020/08/70-women-get-gh%c2%a23000-support-from-samira-bawumias-entrepreneurial-initiative/","external_links_name":"\"70 women get GH¢3,000 support from Samira Bawumia's entrepreneurial initiative\""},{"Link":"https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/1-200-women-benefit-from-Samira-Empowerment-and-Humanitarian-Projects-764337","external_links_name":"\"1,200 women benefit from Samira Empowerment and Humanitarian Projects\""},{"Link":"https://thebftonline.com/2023/07/17/samira-bawumia-the-quintessential-political-spouse/","external_links_name":"\"Samira Bawumia: the quintessential political spouse\""},{"Link":"https://citifmonline.com/2016/11/samira-bawumia-campaigns-in-northern-region/","external_links_name":"\"Samira Bawumia campaigns in Northern Region\""},{"Link":"https://citifmonline.com/2016/12/we-wont-forget-ndcs-lies-on-election-day-samira-bawumia/","external_links_name":"\"We won't forget NDC's lies on election day – Samira Bawumia\""},{"Link":"https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201609/293120.php","external_links_name":"\"Samira Bawumia Campaigns In WR\""},{"Link":"https://www.myjoyonline.com/etse-sikanku-samira-bawumia-the-quintessential-political-spouse","external_links_name":"\"Etse Sikanku: Samira Bawumia – The quintessential political spouse\""},{"Link":"https://theindependentghana.com/ndc-is-bereft-of-ideas-samira-bawumia/","external_links_name":"\"NDC is bereft of ideas - Samira Bawumia\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/politics/vote-for-npp-samira-bawumia-tells-upper-east-region/2020/","external_links_name":"\"Vote for NPP - Samira Bawumia tells Upper East Region\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/politics/second-lady-hajia-samira-bawumia-tours-afram-plains/2020/","external_links_name":"\"Second Lady, Hajia Samira Bawumia tours Afram Plains\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general/government-committed-to-developing-zongo-communities-samira-bawumia/2020/","external_links_name":"\"Government committed to developing Zongo communities - Samira Bawumia\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/politics/unite-for-victory-in-2020-mrs-bawumia/2019/","external_links_name":"\"Unite for victory in 2020— Mrs Bawumia\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/politics/retain-npp-in-power-come-2020-mrs-bawumia/2019/","external_links_name":"\"Retain NPP in power come 2020 - Mrs. Bawumia\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/samira-rejects-new-emoluments-pledges-to-refund-allowances-paid-her-since-2017/2021/","external_links_name":"\"Samira rejects new emoluments; pledges to refund allowances paid her since 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general/samira-bawumia-to-refund-allowances-paid-her-since-2017/2021/","external_links_name":"\"Samira Bawumia to refund allowances paid her since 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.arise.tv/ghanas-second-lady-samira-bawumia-bows-to-public-outrage-set-to-refund-allowances/","external_links_name":"\"Ghana's Second Lady Samira Bawumia Bows to Public Outrage, Set to Refund Allowances\""},{"Link":"https://www.myjoyonline.com/presidential-spouses-emoluments-supreme-court-sets-may-4-to-give-ruling","external_links_name":"\"Presidential spouses emoluments: Supreme Court sets May 4 to give ruling\""},{"Link":"https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Bawumia-Samira-storm-Kumawu-to-rally-support-for-NPP-candidate-ahead-of-by-election-1770602","external_links_name":"\"Bawumia, Samira storm Kumawu to rally support for NPP candidate ahead of by-election\""},{"Link":"https://www.myjoyonline.com/bawumia-and-samira-rally-support-for-npp-candidate-in-kumawu-ahead-of-tuesdays-by-election","external_links_name":"\"Bawumia and Samira rally support for NPP candidate in Kumawu ahead of Tuesday's by-election\""},{"Link":"https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Samira-Bawumia-2926","external_links_name":"\"Samira Bawumia, Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/","external_links_name":"\"Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://sbawumia.org/samira-bawumia-profile/","external_links_name":"\"Samira Bawumia Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.clickusgh.com/2017/08/learn-from-those-who-are-doing-well.html","external_links_name":"\"Learn From Those Who Are Doing Well\" – Samira Bawumia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_language
Piya language
["1 References"]
West Chadic language Piya-KwonciAmbandiNative toNigeriaRegionBauchi StateNative speakers(5,000 cited 1992)Language familyAfro-Asiatic ChadicWest ChadicBole–AngasBole–Tangale (A.2)Tangale (South)Piya-KwonciDialects Piya Kwonci Language codesISO 639-3piyGlottologpiya1245 Piya-Kwonci (Piya, Pia, Wurkum) is a minor West Chadic language cluster of Nigeria consisting of Piya and Kwonci. The autonym for the people is Ambandi. References ^ Piya-Kwonci at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) vteLanguages of NigeriaOfficial languages English National languages Hausa Igbo Yoruba Recognised languages Berom Ebira Edo Efik-Ibibio Fulfulde Gbagyi Idoma Igala Ijaw Isoko Izere Jju Jukun Kanuri Nupe Karai-karai Tiv Tyap Ukwuani Urhobo Indigenous languagesIndigenous languages (grouped by Nigerian state)Adamawa Baa Bacama Bali Bata Boga Bura Chamba Leko Daba Daka Dong Fali of Mubi Ga'anda Gaa Gude Gudu Holma Huba Hwana Hya Kamwe Kanakuru Kirya-Konzəl Kofa Koma Kpasam Kugama Kumba Lamang Longuda Margi Margi South Mumuye Ngwaba Nyong Nzanyi Psikyɛ Sukur Taram Teme Tso Vere Waja Wom Yendang Zizilivakan Akwa Ibom Anaang Ekit Ibibio Obolo Oron Bauchi Ɓeele Bole Bure Ciwogai Dass Dazawa Deno Dikaka Dulbu Galambu Gera Geruma Giiwo Guruntum Jalaa Jarawa Jimi Karekare Kariya Kir-Balar Kubi Kushi Kusur–Myet Kutto Kwaami Labir Longuda Mangas Mburku Miya Pa'a Piya Polci Shiki Siri Tso Warji Zangwal Zumbun Bayelsa Izon Epie Urhobo-Isoko Southeast Ijo Benue Eggon Igede Borno Afade Bura Cibak Cineni Dghwede Glavda Gude Guduf-Gava Gvoko Jara Jilbe Kamwe Kanakuru Lamang Maaka Mafa Margi Margi South Nggwahyi Putai Tera Wandala Yedina Cross River Abanyom Efik Mbe Mbembe Delta Urhobo-Isoko Ika Izon Isoko Ukwuani Uhrobo Edo Afenmai Ishan Bini Gombe Awak Bangwinji Bole Dadiya Jara Kamo Ngamo Pero Tangale Tera Tula Waja Jigawa Bade Teshenawa Kaduna Adara Ahwai Anib Atsam Ayu Berom Bu-Ninkada Bina Bishi Cori Doka Dungu Duya Ekhwa Gbagyi-Gbari Gwandara Gyong Hasha Hausa Hyam Ikulu Jju Kaivi Kinuku Koonu Kuzamani Mada Mala Nghan Nikyob-Nindem Ninzo Numana Nungu Nyankpa Ruma Sambe Sha Shamang T'kurmi Timap TiSeni Tivori Toro Tugbiri-Niragu Tumi Tyap (Fantswam, Gworog, Sholyio, Takad, Tyap Mabatado, Tyecharak, Tyuku) Vono Wachi Zhire Kano Ɗuwai Hausa Tikurmi Kebbi Cipu Damakawa Hun-Saare Kogi Basa-Benue Bassa Nge Igala Nupe Oworo Kwara Kakanda Kupa Nupe Nasarawa Ake Alumu Basa-Benue Duhwa Eggon Hasha Jili Toro Niger Asu Bariba Cipu Gbagyi Gwandara Jijili Kakanda Nupe Pongu Ondo Itsekiri Izon Ukaan Plateau Barkul Berom Bogghom Bole Cakfem-Mushere Dass Fyam Fyer Goemai Horom Izere Jorto Koenoem Kofyar Kulere Miship Montol Mundat Mwaghavul Ngas Pe Pyapun Rigwe Ron Sha Sur Tal Tambas Tarok Tyap (Takad) Yankam Yiwom Rivers Abua Baan Biseni Defaka Degema Ekpeye Eleme Engenni Gokana Ijaw Ikwerre Kalabari Khana Kugbo Nkoroo O’chi’chi Obolo Obulom Odual Ogba Ogbogolo Ogbronuagum Ogoni Okodia Oruma Tee Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni Taraba Baissa Fali Bete Buru Dadiya Donga Kholok Kpati Laka Lufu Mumuye Nyam Nyingwom Pangseng Rang Tarok Waja Waka Yendang Yoti Yobe Bade Bole Ɗuwai Karekare Ngamo Ngizim Sign languages Nigerian Sign Language Bura Sign Language Hausa Sign Language Immigrant languages English French Spanish Portuguese Italian German Danish Dutch Russian Arabic Hebrew Punjabi Hindi Romani Japanese Chinese Scripts Pan-Nigerian alphabet Nigerian braille Medefaidrin vteWest Chadic languagesHausa–Gwandara (A.1) Gwandara Hausa Bole–Tangale (A.2)Bole Ɓeele Bole Bure Daza Deno Galambu Gera Geruma Giiwo Karai-karai Kubi Ngamo Maaka Pali Tangale Goji Kanakuru Kholok Kulung Kutto Kwaami Nyam Pero Piya-Kwonci Tangale Angas (A.3) Belnəng Cakfem-Mushere Chakato (Jorto) Goemai Jibyal Koenoem Miler Miship Montol Mwaghavul Ngas Nteng Pan Pyapun Tal Yiwom Ron (A.4) Duhwa Fyer Kulere Mundat Ron Bokkos Daffo-Butura Shagawu Sha Tambas Bade (B.1) Auyokawa Bade Shirawa Ɗuwai Ngizim Teshenawa North Bauchi(Warji) (B.2) Ajawa Ciwogai Diri Kariya Mburku Miya Paʼa Siri Warji Zumbun South Bauchi(Barawa) (B.3)Zaar Dass Geji Polci Saya Zari Zeem Guruntum Guruntum-Mbaaru Ju Tala Zangwal Boghom Boghom Jimi Jum Kir-Balar Mangas Others Poki Italics indicate extinct languages. See also: Chadic languages This Nigeria-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a West Chadic language is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Chadic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Chadic_language"}],"text":"Piya-Kwonci (Piya, Pia, Wurkum) is a minor West Chadic language cluster of Nigeria consisting of Piya and Kwonci. The autonym for the people is Ambandi.","title":"Piya language"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/piya1245","external_links_name":"piya1245"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/piy/","external_links_name":"Piya-Kwonci"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piya_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piya_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didi_Tera_Devar_Deewana
Didi Tera Devar Deewana
["1 Music video","2 Production","3 Reception","4 Legal issues","5 Legacy","6 References","7 External links"]
1994 single by Lata Mangeshkar and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam"Didi Tera Devar Deewana"Single by Lata Mangeshkar and S. P. Balasubrahmanyamfrom the album Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! soundtrack Released1994Recorded1994GenreFilmi, Hindustani classical musicLength8:05LabelSaregamaRajshri MusicComposer(s)RaamlaxmanLyricist(s)Dev KohliProducer(s)Rajshri Productions "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" (transl. Sister, your brother-in-law is crazy) is a 1994 Hindi-language filmi song performed by Lata Mangeshkar and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam for the soundtrack of the 1994 Indian musical romantic drama film Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!. The track was composed by Raamlaxman, while lyrics were written by Dev Kohli. Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! was written and directed by Sooraj R. Barjatya and produced under the banner of Rajshri Productions. The music video of "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" shows the film's ensemble cast and leads Madhuri Dixit and Salman Khan dancing at a baby shower ceremony. The song became very famous after its release, with it reaching various music charts and bagging the Filmfare Special Award for Mangeshkar. The purple jaded satin saree designed by Anna Singh and sported by Dixit in the video trended in the markets, being also merchandised. Dixit's dance and looks throughout the clip were met with highly positive reviews. After watching the song's video, artist M. F. Husain found his muse in Dixit and went on to paint a series of paintings on her. The song is also featured on the dance rhythm video game Just Dance 3 with the song credited as Kurio ko uddah le jana by Bollywood Rainbow. Music video The video of the song features the majority of the film's cast at a celebration event where this song is being performed. To entertain the attendees that have arrived at Pooja's (Renuka Shahane) baby shower, her sister Nisha (Madhuri Dixit) and her husband's cousin Rita (Sahila Chadha) arrange a comic skit. While Nisha is presented as a pregnant lady with a pillow stuffed belly, Rita is seen in a young man's get-up which resembles that of Prem (Salman Khan), Pooja's devar (younger brother-in-law). Throughout the song's lyrics, Nisha tells everyone of how Prem is deewana (crazy) and always tries to woo girls. The fake Prem, i.e. Rita, enacts the same alongside by flirting and teasing all the ladies, especially Nisha. He also hits Nisha's bum with a marigold flower using a slingshot. Afterwards, the fake Prem is shown being beaten by all the ladies present. Just then, the real Prem, who was secretly watching the comic skit, comes in and hits Nisha's bum again with a marigold flower. Following this, Prem jumps off the balcony and hangs onto the chandelier. Afraid of being caught red handed in imitating him, Nisha and Rita try to run away. Surprisingly, Prem begs pardon for his behaviour towards Nisha. The video ends with Prem faking a pregnant lady in lingerie. The clip has a large group of female dancers dancing in-sync in the background. Amongst the prominent star cast of the film, Bindu, Himani Shivpuri, Priya Arun and Laxmikant Berde are also seen throughout the video. Production Written by Dev Kohli, the song is composed by Raamlaxman and performed by Lata Mangeshkar and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam. Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! was Sooraj R. Barjatya's second film, following Maine Pyar Kiya, which also featured Kohli, Raamlaxman, Mangeshkar and Balasubrahmanyam. Raamlaxman had earlier been known for his association with the Marathi films of Dada Kondke. He had about 50 sessions with Barjatya, while the finishing of the script, and finalizing the music and recording of all songs took 3 months. According to The Times Of India, "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" is inspired by Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's song "Saare Nabian". When Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! was released in Pakistan, the words "Hai Raam" were omitted from the lyrics. The film marked the beginning of Bollywood's family films in the 1990s and narrated a story of an Indian elite family. The sets of Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! mixed the contemporary designs, also saturating it with Hindu iconography and the palatial architecture was shown to be filled with people. The music video for "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" is cited as the best example to showcase the grandeur of the sets. The sequence which portrays Prem hanging on a chandelier gives the whole top view of a room full of women sporting traditional clothes. To picture various perspectives, tracking shots and a variety of camera angles have been used. Reception Lata Mangeshkar won a special Filmfare award for "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" The song gained instant fame upon its release, bringing sales of over ₹11.7 crore (US$1.4 million), and topping the Philips Top 10, BPL Oye! and Superhit Muqabla before the film was released. Furthermore, the music production house HMV sold over 30 lakh tapes. Lata Mangeshkar, who debuted in the 1940s as a singer, had reduced her playback activity in the 1990s, performing only selected songs. She recorded more than 10 songs for Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! Since the inception of the Best Playback Singer category at the Filmfare Awards in 1959, Mangeshkar dominated the Female Playback Singer category until 1969, when she chose to part the award with fellow singers, for encouraging them. Following this, "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" was praised on public demand with a Special award during the Filmware Awards ceremony. At the 42nd National Film Awards, Jay Borade won the Best Choreography award for all the songs featured in the film. The official citation of the award was: "For a graceful and aesthetically pleasing choreography, contemporary and yet traditional in its adherence to Indian cultural practices." Legal issues In 1995, the Gramophone Co. of India, which owned the audio copyrights of the song, filed suit against Super Cassette Industries for bringing audio cassettes in market titled "Hum Aapke Hain Kaun", which were packaged with the same cover sleeve of Gramophone Co. India's publishings. The Delhi High Court ruled in favour of Gramophone Co. India, directing that Super Cassette Industries must not use similar packing for their product. Furthermore, they highlighted that "the record is not from the original soundtrack, being only an alternative version." Legacy On the sets of celebrity dancing show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa, Khan and Dixit reenacted the scene where Khan hits Dixit with a marigold flower using a slingshot. "Madhuri Dixit oozed a devilishly cunning conservative sexiness in her purple sari and backless blouse in Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" – Verve on Dixit's look Dixit draped a bright purple jaded satin saree with a backless khidki-blouse; the saree was reported to have cost ₹1.5 million (US$18,000). A scene in the film which portrays her walking down the stairs with Khan remaining stunned gaping at her was pointed out as an "iconic scene". Designed by Anna Singh, the saree was described as one of the "most talked-about saris" by both The Tribune and The Times of India. It became popular and was made available for purchase in various shops around the world, with it selling in large numbers. Dolls sporting this outfit were also marketed. It also set a trend for purple colour in wedding seasons. With increasing appeal, the subsequent film's poster showed only Dixit in the purple saree whereas initially she was placed besides Khan. In 2012, the romantic comedy film Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi also used the same saree in their film's poster. Painter Maqbool Fida Hussain found his muse in Madhuri Dixit after watching the part of Hum Aapke Hai Koun...! where "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" is performed. He went on to watch the film 67 times. About Dixit's dance in the song Hussain confessed, "That movement of the hips is out of this world. I have never seen such a dancer, and I have seen the best. Her words are transformed into body language." He painted a series of paintings inspired from Dixit. Madhuri as Menaka with Vishwamitra, Madhuri as Radha with Nand Lala, Madhuri playing tennis at Wimbledon were some of those paintings. The Menaka painting was inspired from the famous painting of apsara Menaka as painted by Raja Ravi Verma. Another painting also showed Dixit with Meryl Streep leaning over a bridge in Madison County and Clint Eastwood on horseback below. The painting Nautanki showed Dixit with a backless blouse turning behind like the step in "Didi Tera Devar Deewana", however this time sporting a nine yards Maharashtrian saree. Hussain formed a collaborative company, Madhuri-McBull Creations, which went on to produce the film Gaja Gamini in 2000 that had Dixit playing various roles like Shakuntala and Mona Lisa. He was also humorously being referred to as "Madhuri Fida Hussain" (meaning: Madhuri-obsessed Hussain). The song was included in the 4-CD Collector's Exclusive pack 60 years of Rajshri: A Retrospect released by Sa Re Ga Ma in 2006. In 2014, twenty years after the film's release, the song was called "a song for every season" by The Times of India. References ^ Rajinder Kumar Dudrah (2006). Bollywood: Sociology Goes To the Movies. SAGE. p. 57. ISBN 0761934618. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. ^ K. Naresh Kumar (1995). Indian cinema: ebbs and tides. Har-Anand Publications. p. 163. ISBN 9788124103449. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. ^ Kumar, Kiran (2014). Movie Magic. Partridge Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-1482822342. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. ^ a b Bhattacharya, Roshmila (25 February 2015). "Didi Tera Devar Deewana- A song for every season". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015. ^ TKR (10 August 2014). "Twenty years on…". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ^ Kamra, Diksha (16 September 2010). "Folk inspiration for Munni Badnaam". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2014. ^ Menezes, Saira (11 May 1998). "'He's A Great Artiste, Pity He's From Pakistan'". Outlook. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2014. ^ a b c d e f Ranjani Mazumdar (2007). Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 122–126. ISBN 978-1452913025. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. ^ a b Anupama Chandra (31 October 1994). "Music mania – Bollywood hinges on Hindi film music industry, fans soak up wacky new sounds". India Today. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2014. ^ Majumdar, Neepa (2009). Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s-1950s. University of Illinois Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780252034329. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. ^ Mass Media in India. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 2002. p. 313. ISBN 9788123010090. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. ^ Dawar, Ramesh (2006). Bollywood: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. Star Publications. p. 72. ISBN 9781905863013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. ^ Mankad, Himesh (23 April 2016). "#CatchFlashBack: Hum Aapke Hain Koun was so huge that these facts will blow your mind". Catch News. Retrieved 1 October 2018. ^ "42nd National Film Awards" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2015. ^ a b Copyright Enforcement in India: Issues and Challenges. Saraswati House Pvt Ltd. 2008. p. 226. ISBN 978-8190644594. ^ Verve: The Spirit of Today's Woman, Volume 11. Indian and Eastern Engineer Limited. 2003. p. 59. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2021. ^ "Trendsetting: Fashion a la Bollywood!". Dawn. 3 December 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015. ^ Roy, Priyanka (7 August 2014). "HANK@20". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2014. ^ Sumona Roy (23 March 2002). "Making designer statements". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ "10 Most talked about sarees in Bollywood". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ a b Nivas, Namita (2 November 2012). "Colour me purple!". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2015. ^ "Bollywood's most iconic outfits that became fashion trends". India Today. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015. ^ Bose, Derek (2006). Everybody Wants a Hit: 10 Mantras of Success in Bollywood Cinema. Jaico Publishing House. p. 177. ISBN 8179925587. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ Patil, Vimla (28 October 2000). "Trendy trousseau". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015. ^ Thapar, Romesh (2003). Seminar: Issues 521–532. ^ a b Ranjani Govind (7 April 2003). "Tabu in Hussain film". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 July 2003. Retrieved 17 November 2015. ^ a b Jain, Madhu (30 November 1995). "Painter and the showgirl". India Today. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015. ^ Grover, Anil (29 December 2006). "Music Reviews: '60 years of Rajshri: A Retrospect'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015. External links Didi Tera Devar Deewana on YouTube vteLata MangeshkarSongsFilm "Aa Jaane Jaan" (1969) "Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo" (1963) "Buddha Mil Gaya" (1964) "Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani" (1971) "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" (1994) "Dil To Hai Dil" (1978) "Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein" (1976) "Kuchh Na Kaho" (1994) "Lag Jaa Gale" (1964) "Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya" (1960) Others "Kesariya Balam" "Main Naahin Maakhan Khaayo" "Mile Sur Mera Tumhara" "Saagara Pran Talamalala" People Deenanath Mangeshkar (father) Hridaynath Mangeshkar (brother) Meena Khadikar (sister) Asha Bhosle (sister) Usha Mangeshkar (sister) Other List of songs by Lata Mangeshkar List of awards received by Lata Mangeshkar Lata Mangeshkar Award
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"filmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmi"},{"link_name":"Lata Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar"},{"link_name":"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam"},{"link_name":"Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Aapke_Hain_Koun..!"},{"link_name":"Raamlaxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamlaxman"},{"link_name":"Sooraj R. Barjatya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooraj_R._Barjatya"},{"link_name":"Rajshri Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshri_Productions"},{"link_name":"Madhuri Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit"},{"link_name":"Salman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Khan"},{"link_name":"baby shower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_shower"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Special Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Special_Award"},{"link_name":"Anna Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Singh"},{"link_name":"M. F. Husain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._F._Husain"},{"link_name":"Just Dance 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Dance_3"}],"text":"1994 single by Lata Mangeshkar and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam\"Didi Tera Devar Deewana\" (transl. Sister, your brother-in-law is crazy) is a 1994 Hindi-language filmi song performed by Lata Mangeshkar and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam for the soundtrack of the 1994 Indian musical romantic drama film Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!. The track was composed by Raamlaxman, while lyrics were written by Dev Kohli. Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! was written and directed by Sooraj R. Barjatya and produced under the banner of Rajshri Productions. The music video of \"Didi Tera Devar Deewana\" shows the film's ensemble cast and leads Madhuri Dixit and Salman Khan dancing at a baby shower ceremony.The song became very famous after its release, with it reaching various music charts and bagging the Filmfare Special Award for Mangeshkar. The purple jaded satin saree designed by Anna Singh and sported by Dixit in the video trended in the markets, being also merchandised. Dixit's dance and looks throughout the clip were met with highly positive reviews. After watching the song's video, artist M. F. Husain found his muse in Dixit and went on to paint a series of paintings on her. The song is also featured on the dance rhythm video game Just Dance 3 with the song credited as Kurio ko uddah le jana by Bollywood Rainbow.","title":"Didi Tera Devar Deewana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renuka Shahane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renuka_Shahane"},{"link_name":"Madhuri Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit"},{"link_name":"Sahila Chadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahila_Chadha"},{"link_name":"Salman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Khan"},{"link_name":"Bindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindu_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Himani Shivpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himani_Shivpuri"},{"link_name":"Priya Arun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priya_Arun"},{"link_name":"Laxmikant Berde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxmikant_Berde"}],"text":"The video of the song features the majority of the film's cast at a celebration event where this song is being performed. To entertain the attendees that have arrived at Pooja's (Renuka Shahane) baby shower, her sister Nisha (Madhuri Dixit) and her husband's cousin Rita (Sahila Chadha) arrange a comic skit. While Nisha is presented as a pregnant lady with a pillow stuffed belly, Rita is seen in a young man's get-up which resembles that of Prem (Salman Khan), Pooja's devar (younger brother-in-law). Throughout the song's lyrics, Nisha tells everyone of how Prem is deewana (crazy) and always tries to woo girls. The fake Prem, i.e. Rita, enacts the same alongside by flirting and teasing all the ladies, especially Nisha. He also hits Nisha's bum with a marigold flower using a slingshot. Afterwards, the fake Prem is shown being beaten by all the ladies present. Just then, the real Prem, who was secretly watching the comic skit, comes in and hits Nisha's bum again with a marigold flower. Following this, Prem jumps off the balcony and hangs onto the chandelier. Afraid of being caught red handed in imitating him, Nisha and Rita try to run away. Surprisingly, Prem begs pardon for his behaviour towards Nisha. The video ends with Prem faking a pregnant lady in lingerie. The clip has a large group of female dancers dancing in-sync in the background. Amongst the prominent star cast of the film, Bindu, Himani Shivpuri, Priya Arun and Laxmikant Berde are also seen throughout the video.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raamlaxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamlaxman"},{"link_name":"Lata Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar"},{"link_name":"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Maine Pyar Kiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Pyar_Kiya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dada Kondke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada_Kondke"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twenty-5"},{"link_name":"Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustad_Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazumdar-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazumdar-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazumdar-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazumdar-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazumdar-8"},{"link_name":"tracking shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking_shot"},{"link_name":"camera angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_angle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazumdar-8"}],"text":"Written by Dev Kohli, the song is composed by Raamlaxman and performed by Lata Mangeshkar and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam.[1] Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! was Sooraj R. Barjatya's second film, following Maine Pyar Kiya, which also featured Kohli, Raamlaxman, Mangeshkar and Balasubrahmanyam.[2] Raamlaxman had earlier been known for his association with the Marathi films of Dada Kondke.[3] He had about 50 sessions with Barjatya, while the finishing of the script, and finalizing the music and recording of all songs took 3 months.[4][5] According to The Times Of India, \"Didi Tera Devar Deewana\" is inspired by Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's song \"Saare Nabian\".[6] When Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! was released in Pakistan, the words \"Hai Raam\" were omitted from the lyrics.[7][8]The film marked the beginning of Bollywood's family films in the 1990s and narrated a story of an Indian elite family.[8] The sets of Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! mixed the contemporary designs, also saturating it with Hindu iconography and the palatial architecture was shown to be filled with people.[8] The music video for \"Didi Tera Devar Deewana\" is cited as the best example to showcase the grandeur of the sets.[8] The sequence which portrays Prem hanging on a chandelier gives the whole top view of a room full of women sporting traditional clothes.[8] To picture various perspectives, tracking shots and a variety of camera angles have been used.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lata_Mangeshkar_at_an_event.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philips Top 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips_Top_10"},{"link_name":"Superhit Muqabla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhit_Muqabla"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicMania-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicMania-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retire-11"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Awards"},{"link_name":"Female Playback Singer category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Female_Playback_Singer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Special award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Special_Award"},{"link_name":"Filmware Awards ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th_Filmfare_Awards"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"42nd National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Choreography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Choreography"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42ndawardPDF-14"}],"text":"Lata Mangeshkar won a special Filmfare award for \"Didi Tera Devar Deewana\"The song gained instant fame upon its release, bringing sales of over ₹11.7 crore (US$1.4 million), and topping the Philips Top 10, BPL Oye! and Superhit Muqabla before the film was released.[9] Furthermore, the music production house HMV sold over 30 lakh tapes.[9]Lata Mangeshkar, who debuted in the 1940s as a singer, had reduced her playback activity in the 1990s, performing only selected songs.[10] She recorded more than 10 songs for Hum Aapke Hain Koun..![11] Since the inception of the Best Playback Singer category at the Filmfare Awards in 1959, Mangeshkar dominated the Female Playback Singer category until 1969, when she chose to part the award with fellow singers, for encouraging them.[12] Following this, \"Didi Tera Devar Deewana\" was praised on public demand with a Special award during the Filmware Awards ceremony.[13] At the 42nd National Film Awards, Jay Borade won the Best Choreography award for all the songs featured in the film. The official citation of the award was: \"For a graceful and aesthetically pleasing choreography, contemporary and yet traditional in its adherence to Indian cultural practices.\"[14]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Cassette Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Series_(company)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Copyright-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Copyright-15"}],"text":"In 1995, the Gramophone Co. of India, which owned the audio copyrights of the song, filed suit against Super Cassette Industries for bringing audio cassettes in market titled \"Hum Aapke Hain Kaun\", which were packaged with the same cover sleeve of Gramophone Co. India's publishings.[15] The Delhi High Court ruled in favour of Gramophone Co. India, directing that Super Cassette Industries must not use similar packing for their product. Furthermore, they highlighted that \"the record is not from the original soundtrack, being only an alternative version.\"[15]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khan_%26_Dixit_%22Didi_Tera_Dewar_Deewana%22.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhalak_Dikhhla_Jaa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Verve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verve_(Indian_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Anna Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Singh"},{"link_name":"The Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purple-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirin_Farhad_Ki_Toh_Nikal_Padi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purple-21"},{"link_name":"Maqbool Fida Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._F._Husain"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fida-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFH-27"},{"link_name":"apsara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsara"},{"link_name":"Menaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menaka"},{"link_name":"Raja Ravi Verma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Verma"},{"link_name":"Meryl Streep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"nine yards Maharashtrian saree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugade"},{"link_name":"Gaja Gamini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaja_Gamini"},{"link_name":"Shakuntala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakuntala"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFH-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fida-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-season-4"}],"text":"On the sets of celebrity dancing show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa, Khan and Dixit reenacted the scene where Khan hits Dixit with a marigold flower using a slingshot.\"Madhuri Dixit oozed a devilishly cunning conservative sexiness in her purple sari and backless blouse in Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!\"[16] – Verve on Dixit's lookDixit draped a bright purple jaded satin saree with a backless khidki-blouse; the saree was reported to have cost ₹1.5 million (US$18,000).[17] A scene in the film which portrays her walking down the stairs with Khan remaining stunned gaping at her was pointed out as an \"iconic scene\".[18] Designed by Anna Singh, the saree was described as one of the \"most talked-about saris\" by both The Tribune and The Times of India.[19][20] It became popular and was made available for purchase in various shops around the world, with it selling in large numbers. Dolls sporting this outfit were also marketed.[21][22][23] It also set a trend for purple colour in wedding seasons.[24] With increasing appeal, the subsequent film's poster showed only Dixit in the purple saree whereas initially she was placed besides Khan.[25] In 2012, the romantic comedy film Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi also used the same saree in their film's poster.[21]Painter Maqbool Fida Hussain found his muse in Madhuri Dixit after watching the part of Hum Aapke Hai Koun...! where \"Didi Tera Devar Deewana\" is performed. He went on to watch the film 67 times.[26] About Dixit's dance in the song Hussain confessed, \"That movement of the hips is out of this world. I have never seen such a dancer, and I have seen the best. Her words are transformed into body language.\"[27] He painted a series of paintings inspired from Dixit. Madhuri as Menaka with Vishwamitra, Madhuri as Radha with Nand Lala, Madhuri playing tennis at Wimbledon were some of those paintings. The Menaka painting was inspired from the famous painting of apsara Menaka as painted by Raja Ravi Verma. Another painting also showed Dixit with Meryl Streep leaning over a bridge in Madison County and Clint Eastwood on horseback below. The painting Nautanki showed Dixit with a backless blouse turning behind like the step in \"Didi Tera Devar Deewana\", however this time sporting a nine yards Maharashtrian saree. \nHussain formed a collaborative company, Madhuri-McBull Creations, which went on to produce the film Gaja Gamini in 2000 that had Dixit playing various roles like Shakuntala and Mona Lisa.[27] He was also humorously being referred to as \"Madhuri Fida Hussain\" (meaning: Madhuri-obsessed Hussain).[26]The song was included in the 4-CD Collector's Exclusive pack 60 years of Rajshri: A Retrospect released by Sa Re Ga Ma in 2006.[28] In 2014, twenty years after the film's release, the song was called \"a song for every season\" by The Times of India.[4]","title":"Legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"Lata Mangeshkar won a special Filmfare award for \"Didi Tera Devar Deewana\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lata_Mangeshkar_at_an_event.jpg/220px-Lata_Mangeshkar_at_an_event.jpg"},{"image_text":"On the sets of celebrity dancing show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa, Khan and Dixit reenacted the scene where Khan hits Dixit with a marigold flower using a slingshot.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Khan_%26_Dixit_%22Didi_Tera_Dewar_Deewana%22.jpg/220px-Khan_%26_Dixit_%22Didi_Tera_Dewar_Deewana%22.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Rajinder Kumar Dudrah (2006). Bollywood: Sociology Goes To the Movies. SAGE. p. 57. ISBN 0761934618. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zd9g09JZxLwC&pg=PA57","url_text":"Bollywood: Sociology Goes To the Movies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761934618","url_text":"0761934618"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084944/https://books.google.com/books?id=zd9g09JZxLwC&pg=PA57","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"K. Naresh Kumar (1995). Indian cinema: ebbs and tides. Har-Anand Publications. p. 163. ISBN 9788124103449. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gt1kAAAAMAAJ&q=Raam+Laxman+hum+aapke","url_text":"Indian cinema: ebbs and tides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124103449","url_text":"9788124103449"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084944/https://books.google.com/books?id=gt1kAAAAMAAJ&q=Raam+Laxman+hum+aapke&dq=Raam+Laxman+hum+aapke","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kumar, Kiran (2014). Movie Magic. Partridge Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-1482822342. 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statements\""},{"Link":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020323/windows/fashion.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/top-10/10-Most-talked-about-sarees-in-Bollywood/photostory/30941980.cms","external_links_name":"\"10 Most talked about sarees in Bollywood\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141018195839/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/top-10/10-Most-talked-about-sarees-in-Bollywood/photostory/30941980.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/colour-me-purple-/1025169/","external_links_name":"\"Colour me purple!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204050/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/colour-me-purple-/1025169/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930004940/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/bollywoods-most-iconic-costumes/8/7335.html","external_links_name":"\"Bollywood's most 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Retrospect'\""},{"Link":"http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061229/asp/etc/story_7145548.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2V56f0xZNqw","external_links_name":"Didi Tera Devar Deewana"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Andreu_Arenal_railway_station
Fabra i Puig railway station
["1 Metro","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°25′51″N 2°10′59″E / 41.4309°N 2.1831°E / 41.4309; 2.1831Fabra i PuigRodalies de Catalunya commuter and regional rail stationView of the entrance of the stationGeneral informationLocationAvinguda Meridiana & Avinguda de Rio de Janeiro 08907 BarcelonaCataloniaSpainOwned byAdifOperated byRenfe OperadoraLine(s) Lleida–Manresa–Barcelona (PK 178.1) Platforms2 island platformsTracks4Connections Barcelona Metro line 1 at Fabra i Puig station Urban buses ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundParkingA parking lot is located at each side of the station.Other informationFare zone1 (ATM Àrea de Barcelona and Rodalies de Catalunya's Barcelona commuter rail service)Services Preceding station Rodalies de Catalunya Following station Barcelona La Sagrera-Meridianatowards L'Hospitalet de Llobregat R3 Barcelona Torre del Barótowards Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg Barcelona La Sagrera-Meridianatowards Sant Vicenç de Calders R4 Barcelona Torre del Barótowards Manresa Terminus R7 Barcelona Torre del Barótowards Cerdanyola Universitat Barcelona La Sagrera-Meridianatowards L'Hospitalet de Llobregat R12 Barcelona Torre del Barótowards Lleida Pirineus Sant Andreu Arenal station platforms Sant Andreu Arenal Fabra i Puig is a Rodalies de Catalunya station in the Barcelona district of Sant Andreu. It is served by Barcelona commuter rail lines R3, R4 and R7 as well as regional line R12. Passengers can also change here to Barcelona Metro line 1 station Fabra i Puig and the Sant Andreu bus terminal. It is located where Avinguda Meridiana and Avinguda de Rio de Janeiro meet, by Rambla de Fabra i Puig. The station was previously known as Sant Andreu Arenal (and before that San Andrés Norte), changing to the current name in order to simplify the network and avoid cases where two stations with interchange had different names. The change was announced on 9 May 2022 and took effect from 17 July 2023. Metro Fabra i Puig (L1) See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barcelona Sant Andreu Arenal train station. List of Rodalies Barcelona railway stations Sant Andreu railway station References ^ "Listado de líneas y estaciones" (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Government of Spain. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2014. ^ Google (28 July 2015). "Bellvitge railway station and surroundings" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 28 July 2015. ^ Integrated Railway Network (PDF) (Map). Autoritat del Transport Metropolità. August 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014. ^ "Servei de rodalia de Barcelona" (PDF) (Map). Rodalies de Catalunya (in Catalan). Generalitat of Catalonia. 20 July 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015. ^ "Canvi de nom de 21 estacions ferroviàries" (in Catalan). 9 May 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2024. ^ "L'estació de Rodalies de Sant Andreu Arenal ja es diu Fabra i Puig" (in Catalan). 17 July 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2024. External links Information and photos of the station at Trenscat.com (in Catalan) vteTransport in BarcelonaRoadMotorways A-2 A-7 AP-2 AP-7 B-21 B-22 B-23 B-24 C-16 C-17 C-31 C-32 C-33 C-58 Ring roads B-10 (Ronda Litoral) B-20 (Ronda Dalt) B-30 B-40 PublictransportCompanies ATM FGC Renfe TMB TramMet Networks Buses Metro Rodalies Tramways Trambaix Trambesòs StationsBus Nord Sagrera (under construction) Sants Train (Adif) França Sagrera (under construction) Sants Airport Barcelona–El Prat Airport Sabadell Airport (domestic flights) Seaport Port of Barcelona Leisure Bicing Bus (Tourist) Montjuïc Cable Car Montjuïc Funicular Port Vell Aerial Tramway Tibidabo Funicular Vallvidrera Funicular Category 41°25′51″N 2°10′59″E / 41.4309°N 2.1831°E / 41.4309; 2.1831 This article about a railway station in Catalonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akdo%C4%9Fan_Mountains
Akdoğan Mountains
["1 Geology and geomorphology","2 Biota","2.1 Flora","2.2 Fauna","3 References"]
Coordinates: 39°11′05″N 41°51′42″E / 39.1848°N 41.8617°E / 39.1848; 41.8617Mountain range in Turkey Akdoğan MountainsView of forestsHighest pointElevation2.879 m (9.45 ft)Prominence2.594 m (8.51 ft)Coordinates39°11′05″N 41°51′42″E / 39.1848°N 41.8617°E / 39.1848; 41.8617DimensionsLength30 km (19 mi)Width10 km (6.2 mi)GeographyAkdoğan MountainsTurkey LocationMuş Province, Erzurum Province, TurkeyGeologyMountain typeVolcanic Akdoğan Mountains (Turkish: Akdoğan Dağları or Hamurpert Dağları); (Armenian: Համուր, Khamur or Xamurpert); is a mountain range located at the zero point of the Muş and Erzurum border. It extends from the east of Akdoğan lake to Karaçoban district by crossing the border where Varto, Bulanık and Hınıs districts intersect. Geology and geomorphology Geomap of region Akdoğan mountains appear as a mountain mass between the Hınıs Plain and the Murat river. It includes Akdoğan Lake, one of Turkey's highest and well-preserved lakes. It has rich water resources and some parts of the mountain consist of calcareous layers. Akdoğan Mountains are one of the important wetlands for birds and there are more than 100 small and shallow lakes on it. Most of the lakes are located around the Hınıs villages, located north of the 2879 meter peak. Akdoğan Mountains are one of the highest mountains in Muş province and have the most organized forests. The width of the Akdoğan mountains is 10 km and the length is 30 km. As a result of the volcanic eruptions in the Akdoğan Mountains, Akdoğan crater lakes was formed. Göztepe and Hızırbaba are one of the highest mountains on the Akdoğan mountains. Mount Süphan is visible even in the lowest parts of the region. Biota Flora Flora of the south of the Akdoğan mountains. Qûçan region is completely brown soil. Other places are semi-brown and consist of different types of soil. The main plant species in the Akdoğan mountains are toxic Ferula and non-toxic Ferula, Rheum ribes, Gundelia, Sorrel, Arum maculatum, Eremurus spectabilis, Diplotaenia cachrydifolia Boiss, Chaerophyllum macrospermum, Thymus (plant), Eryngium billardieri, Chondrilla juncea, Paeonia turcica, Astragalus kurdicus, Chicory and Euphorbia sp. In addition, there are Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae mushrooms in every part of the mountain. Frangula alnus and Prunus cerasifera are located on the humid shores of the lakes. Oak trees, Crataegus monogyna, Malus sylvestris, Pyrus elaeagrifolia, Prunus mahaleb, Rosa canina, Aria edulis and Cotoneaster nummularius are other trees on the mountains. Fauna The main animals in the region are Bear, Wolf, Fox, Pig, Partridge, Lynx, Duck, Turtle, Williams's jerboa, Caspian turtle and European green lizard. References ^ "Erzurum Mülkî İdare İl Haritası" (PDF). harita.gov.tr. Harita Genel Müdürlüğü. p. 1. ^ "Akdoğan (Hamurpet) Dağı" (in Turkish). Muş İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. September 25, 2023. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. ^ "Muş il fiziki haritası" (PDF) (in Turkish). Harita genel müdürlüğü. September 28, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 18, 2023. ^ "Muş ili'nde yaylaların dağılışı" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Studies. International Balkan University. March 2019. p. 22. ^ "Kaza of Bulanık - Geography". houshamadyan.org (in Turkish). Retrieved 2017-10-25. ^ "Muş ili'nde yaylaların dağılışı" (in Turkish). Turkish Studies-International Balkan University. March 2019. p. 22. ^ "Akdoğan Dağları" (PDF). dogadernegi.org. Doğa Derneği. 31 October 2018. p. 1. ^ "Muş'un coğrafi yapısı". mus.ktb.gov.tr. Muş İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. ^ "Muş ili'nde yaylaların dağılışı" (in Turkish). Turkish Studies-International Balkan University. March 2019. p. 22. ^ "Muş'ta Yabani Bitkilerin Halk Hekimliğinde Kullanılması" (PDF) (in Turkish). Muş Alparslan University. January 2019. p. 7. ^ "Hamurpet Gölleri doğasıyla mest ediyor". iha.com.tr. İhlas News Agency. p. 1. vteMountains of Turkey Mountain ranges Anti-Taurus Binboğa Canik Ilgaz Küre Pontic Taurus Tmolus Yunt Mountains Acıgöl Ahır Akdağ Aktaş Ağrı (Ararat) Babadağ Beşparmak (Latmus) Cilo Davraz Demirkazık Dilek (Mycale) Erciyes Erek Göllü Hasan Honaz Judi Kaçkar Karacadağ Karadağ Karagöl Kaz (Ida) Kula Küçük Ağrı Madur Mahya Medetsiz Nemrut Nemrut (volcano) Nif Palandöken Sarıçalı Spil Sultan Süphan Şaphane Tahtalı Tendürek Topçambaba Uludağ Yamanlar Zurbahan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Muş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province"},{"link_name":"Erzurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum_Province"},{"link_name":"Akdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Akdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"Karaçoban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C3%A7oban"},{"link_name":"Varto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varto_District"},{"link_name":"Bulanık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan%C4%B1k_District"},{"link_name":"Hınıs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1n%C4%B1s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mu%C5%9F_%C4%B0l_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_ve_Turizm_M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harita_genel_m%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC-3"}],"text":"Mountain range in TurkeyAkdoğan Mountains (Turkish: Akdoğan Dağları or Hamurpert Dağları); (Armenian: Համուր, Khamur or Xamurpert); is a mountain range located at the zero point of the Muş and Erzurum border. It extends from the east of Akdoğan lake to Karaçoban district by crossing the border where Varto, Bulanık and Hınıs districts intersect.[1]\n[2][3]","title":"Akdoğan Mountains"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kocasucreek6.svg"},{"link_name":"Hınıs Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1n%C4%B1s_Plain"},{"link_name":"Murat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ay%C5%9Fe_%C3%87a%C4%9Fl%C4%B1yan-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:Tigran_Martirosyan-5"},{"link_name":"Akdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Akdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"calcareous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esen_Durmu%C5%9F,_Ay%C5%9Fe_%C3%87a%C4%9Fl%C4%B1yan-6"},{"link_name":"Hınıs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1n%C4%B1s"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Muş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Akdoğan crater lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Akdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"Göztepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_G%C3%B6ztepe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Esen_Durmu%C5%9F,_Ay%C5%9Fe_%C3%87a%C4%9Fl%C4%B1yan2-9"},{"link_name":"Süphan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_S%C3%BCphan"}],"text":"Geomap of regionAkdoğan mountains appear as a mountain mass between the Hınıs Plain and the Murat river.[4][5] It includes Akdoğan Lake, one of Turkey's highest and well-preserved lakes. It has rich water resources and some parts of the mountain consist of calcareous layers.[6] Akdoğan Mountains are one of the important wetlands for birds and there are more than 100 small and shallow lakes on it. Most of the lakes are located around the Hınıs villages, located north of the 2879 meter peak.[7] Akdoğan Mountains are one of the highest mountains in Muş province and have the most organized forests. The width of the Akdoğan mountains is 10 km and the length is 30 km.[8] As a result of the volcanic eruptions in the Akdoğan Mountains, Akdoğan crater lakes was formed. Göztepe and Hızırbaba are one of the highest mountains on the Akdoğan mountains.[9] Mount Süphan is visible even in the lowest parts of the region.","title":"Geology and geomorphology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biota"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Floraofsouthakdoganlake.svg"},{"link_name":"brown soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_earth"},{"link_name":"Ferula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferula"},{"link_name":"Rheum ribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheum_ribes"},{"link_name":"Gundelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundelia"},{"link_name":"Sorrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrel"},{"link_name":"Arum maculatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arum_maculatum"},{"link_name":"Eremurus spectabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremurus_spectabilis"},{"link_name":"Diplotaenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplotaenia"},{"link_name":"Chaerophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaerophyllum"},{"link_name":"Thymus (plant)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canser_Karda%C5%9F-10"},{"link_name":"Eryngium billardieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryngium_billardieri"},{"link_name":"Chondrilla juncea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrilla_juncea"},{"link_name":"Paeonia turcica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeonia_turcica"},{"link_name":"Chicory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicory"},{"link_name":"Euphorbia sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotus_eryngii_var._ferulae"},{"link_name":"Frangula alnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangula_alnus"},{"link_name":"Prunus cerasifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_cerasifera"},{"link_name":"Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"Crataegus monogyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna"},{"link_name":"Malus sylvestris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sylvestris"},{"link_name":"Pyrus elaeagrifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrus_elaeagrifolia"},{"link_name":"Prunus mahaleb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_mahaleb"},{"link_name":"Rosa canina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_canina"},{"link_name":"Aria edulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria_edulis"},{"link_name":"Cotoneaster nummularius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotoneaster_nummularius"}],"sub_title":"Flora","text":"Flora of the south of the Akdoğan mountains. Qûçan region is completely brown soil. Other places are semi-brown and consist of different types of soil.The main plant species in the Akdoğan mountains are toxic Ferula and non-toxic Ferula, Rheum ribes, Gundelia, Sorrel, Arum maculatum, Eremurus spectabilis, Diplotaenia cachrydifolia Boiss, Chaerophyllum macrospermum, Thymus (plant),[10] Eryngium billardieri, Chondrilla juncea, Paeonia turcica, Astragalus kurdicus, Chicory and Euphorbia sp.[11] In addition, there are Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae mushrooms in every part of the mountain. Frangula alnus and Prunus cerasifera are located on the humid shores of the lakes. Oak trees, Crataegus monogyna, Malus sylvestris, Pyrus elaeagrifolia, Prunus mahaleb, Rosa canina, Aria edulis and Cotoneaster nummularius are other trees on the mountains.","title":"Biota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bear"},{"link_name":"Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox"},{"link_name":"Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar"},{"link_name":"Partridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukar_partridge"},{"link_name":"Lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx"},{"link_name":"Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck"},{"link_name":"Turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise"},{"link_name":"Williams's jerboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams%27s_jerboa"},{"link_name":"Caspian turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_turtle"},{"link_name":"European green lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_green_lizard"}],"sub_title":"Fauna","text":"The main animals in the region are Bear, Wolf, Fox, Pig, Partridge, Lynx, Duck, Turtle, Williams's jerboa, Caspian turtle and European green lizard.","title":"Biota"}]
[{"image_text":"Geomap of region","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kocasucreek6.svg/220px-Kocasucreek6.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Flora of the south of the Akdoğan mountains. Qûçan region is completely brown soil. Other places are semi-brown and consist of different types of soil.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Floraofsouthakdoganlake.svg/220px-Floraofsouthakdoganlake.svg.png"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billboard_Guide_to_Tejano_and_Regional_Mexican_Music
The Billboard Guide to Tejano and Regional Mexican Music
["1 Content","2 Reception","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Billboard Guide to Tejano and Regional Mexican Music" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Billboard Guide to Tejano and Regional Mexican Music AuthorRamiro BurrLanguageEnglishSeriesThe Billboard Guide to...SubjectTejano music, regional Mexican musicGenreNon-fictionEncyclopedicReferencePublisherBillboard BooksPublication date1999Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typepaperbackPages260ISBN0-8230-7691-1 The Billboard Guide To Tejano and Regional Mexican Music is a music reference and encyclopedia on Tejano and Regional Mexican music. Written by San Antonio Express-News music editor Ramiro Burr, the music guide was published in 1999 by Billboard Books. It was published during the 1990s "Latin music explosion", a period when Latin music entered the popular market and during the end of the golden age of Tejano music. Content The book's back cover touts that it contains the "never-before-told history of this innovative and influential musical genre". The book includes the musical biographies and discographies of 300 musicians in the Tejano, norteño, grupero, mariachi, banda, and technobanda fields, as well as some artists from other genres outside regional Mexican such as cumbia, vallenato, romantic trio and Latin pop. The artists are listed alphabetically. The music guide also includes a glossary and Burr's "top 10" albums and singles of various regional Mexican music genres. The guide also includes an essay on the evolution of Tejano and regional Mexican music. Reception The music guide was published in 1999, a period when Latin music entered the popular market and during the end of the 1990s Tejano music renaissance era. In the 1990s, Tejano music became one of the fastest-growing musical genres in the United States and began to decline in popularity after the shooting death of American tejano singer Selena in March 1995. Music critics and musicians in the genre have since praised the book's release, calling it "overdue" and one of the best music guides for Latin music fans. Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning News, called the book "complete and comprehensive" and recommended it to music journalist. Joe Nick Patoski, editor of Texas Monthly, called it "an extensive examination". Director of Texas Music Office, Casey Monahan called the music guide "an important and timely contribution". Michael Greene, president of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences believed the book "comes not a minute too soon" during a time "when the whole world seems to be discovering and rediscovering the exciting Latin music forms" and called the book "valuable and culturally important". See also Billboard magazine Billboard Top Latin Albums Billboard Latin Pop Albums Billboard Regional Mexican Albums Encyclopedia of Popular Music References ^ a b c d e f Burr 1999, p. 260. ^ Burr 1999, p. 10. ^ Saldana, Hector (August 16, 2015). "Tejano music enjoyed a decade-long golden age". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 24 March 2016. ^ Burr 1999, p. 15. ^ Burr 1999, p. 3. Sources Burr, Ramiro (1999). The Billboard Guide to Tejano and Regional Mexican Music. Billboard books. ISBN 0-8230-7691-1.
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Written by San Antonio Express-News music editor Ramiro Burr, the music guide was published in 1999 by Billboard Books. It was published during the 1990s \"Latin music explosion\", a period when Latin music entered the popular market and during the end of the golden age of Tejano music.","title":"The Billboard Guide to Tejano and Regional Mexican Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurr1999260-1"},{"link_name":"Tejano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejano_music"},{"link_name":"norteño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)"},{"link_name":"grupero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupera"},{"link_name":"mariachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariachi"},{"link_name":"banda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_music"},{"link_name":"technobanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_music#Technobanda"},{"link_name":"cumbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbia"},{"link_name":"vallenato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallenato"},{"link_name":"romantic trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trio_romantico"},{"link_name":"Latin pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_pop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurr1999260-1"},{"link_name":"glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurr1999260-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurr199910-2"}],"text":"The book's back cover touts that it contains the \"never-before-told history of this innovative and influential musical genre\".[1] The book includes the musical biographies and discographies of 300 musicians in the Tejano, norteño, grupero, mariachi, banda, and technobanda fields, as well as some artists from other genres outside regional Mexican such as cumbia, vallenato, romantic trio and Latin pop. The artists are listed alphabetically. [1] The music guide also includes a glossary and Burr's \"top 10\" albums and singles of various regional Mexican music genres.[1]The guide also includes an essay on the evolution of Tejano and regional Mexican music.[2]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"shooting death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Selena"},{"link_name":"Selena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurr199915-4"},{"link_name":"The Dallas Morning News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurr1999260-1"},{"link_name":"Texas Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurr1999260-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurr1999260-1"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurr19993-5"}],"text":"The music guide was published in 1999, a period when Latin music entered the popular market and during the end of the 1990s Tejano music renaissance era.[3] In the 1990s, Tejano music became one of the fastest-growing musical genres in the United States and began to decline in popularity after the shooting death of American tejano singer Selena in March 1995.[4]Music critics and musicians in the genre have since praised the book's release, calling it \"overdue\" and one of the best music guides for Latin music fans. Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning News, called the book \"complete and comprehensive\" and recommended it to music journalist.[1] Joe Nick Patoski, editor of Texas Monthly, called it \"an extensive examination\".[1] Director of Texas Music Office, Casey Monahan called the music guide \"an important and timely contribution\".[1] Michael Greene, president of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences believed the book \"comes not a minute too soon\" during a time \"when the whole world seems to be discovering and rediscovering the exciting Latin music forms\" and called the book \"valuable and culturally important\".[5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Billboard Guide to Tejano and Regional Mexican Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/billboardguideto00burr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8230-7691-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-7691-1"}],"text":"Burr, Ramiro (1999). The Billboard Guide to Tejano and Regional Mexican Music. Billboard books. ISBN 0-8230-7691-1.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtek
Soundtek
["1 History","2 Types","3 Notable artists","3.1 Musicians","3.2 Bands","4 Sister channel","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Bangladeshi record label SoundtekParent companySoundtek Electronics LimitedFounded1992FounderSultan MahmudStatusActiveDistributor(s)SoundtekGenreVarious (Music, Film, Drama)Country of originBangladeshLocation62, Shop No: 21,2nd Floor, Moon Complex, Rabia-Elaas Market, Patuatuli, Dhaka 1100Official websitesoundtek.com.bd Soundtek is one of the famous old record label companies in Bangladesh, which produces Cassettes, CDs, VCDs and DVDs. Soundtek is one of the premier record labels in Bangladesh. The owner of the company is Sultan Mahmud. History In 1992, Soundtek was established by Sultan Mahmud. Soundtek YouTube channel crossed one million subscribers within just one year. The company has published over 1,500 albums since 1992. Types Audio album Video album Music video Drama Notable artists Musicians Asif Akbar Ayub Bachchu Andrew Kishore Partha Barua Minar Rahman Ferdous Wahid Shafin Ahmed Rakib Mosabbir Zhilik Bands Mukhosh Souls Warfaze Ark Feedback Sister channel Sundtek General Soundtek Dramma Soundtek Music See also List of Bangladeshi record labels References ^ সাউন্ডটেক. online dhaka guide (in Bengali). ^ ২০১৮ সালে সাউন্ডটেকের আলোচিত প্রকাশনাগুলো. Kaler Kantho (in Bengali). ^ নতুন নতুন গানে সমৃদ্ধ সাউন্ডটেকের ঈদ আয়োজন. Jugantor (in Bengali). ^ শোনা যায় না গান, বন্ধ হয়েছে দোকান. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). ^ নতুন বছরেও সাউন্ডটেক আরো নতুন কিছু উপহার দেবে-সুলতান মাহমুদ বাবুল. The Daily Inqilab (in Bengali). ^ ডেস্ক, অযান্ত্রিক. সাউন্ডটেকের নববর্ষে ইমরান-সুমন (in Bengali). ^ সাউন্ডটেক ক্যারাম ক্লাব ইউকে'র পুরস্কার বিতরণী অনুষ্ঠান. 52BanglaTV.com (in Bengali). 12 May 2019. ^ ইউটিউবের অভিজাত ঘরে সাউন্ডটেক. Bangla Tribune (in Bengali). ^ ঈদ আয়োজনে সাউন্ডটেক.... 27 June 2017. ^ দশ বছর পর সাউন্ডটেক থেকে আসিফের গান (ভিডিও). Purboposchim (in Bengali). ^ সাউন্ডটেকের বৈশাখে ইমরান-সুমন. Bangladesh Journal Online (in Bengali). ^ সাউন্ডটেক এর বৈশাখী আয়োজন. Newspapers71.com (in Bengali). External links Official Website vteRecord labels in Bangladesh Bongo BD CD Choice CD Vision Ektaar Music G-Series Soundtek Authority control databases MusicBrainz label
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[]
[{"title":"List of Bangladeshi record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_record_labels"}]
[{"reference":"সাউন্ডটেক. online dhaka guide (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.online-dhaka.com/29_732_3418_0-soundtek-dhaka.html","url_text":"সাউন্ডটেক"}]},{"reference":"২০১৮ সালে সাউন্ডটেকের আলোচিত প্রকাশনাগুলো. Kaler Kantho (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/entertainment/2019/01/01/721247","url_text":"২০১৮ সালে সাউন্ডটেকের আলোচিত প্রকাশনাগুলো"}]},{"reference":"নতুন নতুন গানে সমৃদ্ধ সাউন্ডটেকের ঈদ আয়োজন. Jugantor (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/anando-nagar/55320/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8","url_text":"নতুন নতুন গানে সমৃদ্ধ সাউন্ডটেকের ঈদ আয়োজন"}]},{"reference":"শোনা যায় না গান, বন্ধ হয়েছে দোকান. Prothom Alo (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/article/1597421/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8","url_text":"শোনা যায় না গান, বন্ধ হয়েছে দোকান"}]},{"reference":"নতুন বছরেও সাউন্ডটেক আরো নতুন কিছু উপহার দেবে-সুলতান মাহমুদ বাবুল. The Daily Inqilab (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/57811/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2","url_text":"নতুন বছরেও সাউন্ডটেক আরো নতুন কিছু উপহার দেবে-সুলতান মাহমুদ বাবুল"}]},{"reference":"ডেস্ক, অযান্ত্রিক. সাউন্ডটেকের নববর্ষে ইমরান-সুমন (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajkerpatrika.com/%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%89%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a1%e0%a6%9f%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b7%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be/","url_text":"সাউন্ডটেকের নববর্ষে ইমরান-সুমন"}]},{"reference":"সাউন্ডটেক ক্যারাম ক্লাব ইউকে'র পুরস্কার বিতরণী অনুষ্ঠান. 52BanglaTV.com (in Bengali). 12 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://52banglatv.com/2019/05/7744/","url_text":"সাউন্ডটেক ক্যারাম ক্লাব ইউকে'র পুরস্কার বিতরণী অনুষ্ঠান"}]},{"reference":"ইউটিউবের অভিজাত ঘরে সাউন্ডটেক. Bangla Tribune (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.banglatribune.com/entertainment/news/201079/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95","url_text":"ইউটিউবের অভিজাত ঘরে সাউন্ডটেক"}]},{"reference":"ঈদ আয়োজনে সাউন্ডটেক.... 27 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://shangetangon.com/?p=3864","url_text":"ঈদ আয়োজনে সাউন্ডটেক..."}]},{"reference":"দশ বছর পর সাউন্ডটেক থেকে আসিফের গান (ভিডিও). Purboposchim (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ppbd.news/entertainment/37463/","url_text":"দশ বছর পর সাউন্ডটেক থেকে আসিফের গান (ভিডিও)"}]},{"reference":"সাউন্ডটেকের বৈশাখে ইমরান-সুমন. Bangladesh Journal Online (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bd-journal.com/entertainment/68934/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8","url_text":"সাউন্ডটেকের বৈশাখে ইমরান-সুমন"}]},{"reference":"সাউন্ডটেক এর বৈশাখী আয়োজন. Newspapers71.com (in Bengali).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers71.com/923416/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%20%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%80%20%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8","url_text":"সাউন্ডটেক এর বৈশাখী আয়োজন"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scolopendra_polymorpha
Scolopendra polymorpha
["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Venom","3.1 Effects","3.2 Regeneration","4 References","5 External links"]
Species of centipede Scolopendra polymorpha Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Myriapoda Class: Chilopoda Order: Scolopendromorpha Family: Scolopendridae Genus: Scolopendra Species: S. polymorpha Binomial name Scolopendra polymorphaWood, 1861 Scolopendra polymorpha, the common desert centipede, tiger centipede, banded desert centipede, or Sonoran Desert centipede, is a centipede species found in western North America and the Hawaiian Islands. Description Their bodies generally reach 4–7 in (10–18 cm) in length. Coloration is variable, hence the species name polymorpha which means "many forms", and alternative common names like "multicolored centipede". The body segments have one dark lateral stripe, so they are also known as the tiger centipede or tiger-striped centipede. Generally, this species has a darker brown-, red-, or orange-colored head and lighter brown, tan, or orange body segments with yellow legs. However, some populations, such as those in Southern California, may be entirely light blue with indigo stripes, with turquoise legs. Its antennae have seven or more smooth segments. Distribution and habitat S. polymorpha is indigenous to the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, north to the Pacific coast. It inhabits dry grasslands, forest, and desert; in these habitats, the centipedes generally take up residence under rocks, though they have been observed creating burrows in suitable environments and inside rotting logs. Scolopendra polymorpha as found in the Tonto Forest near Payson, Arizona Scolopendra polymorpha is indigenous to the deserts of western North America; in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona in the United States, and in Sonora and Chihuahua in northern Mexico. They primarily seek shelter during the day in moist, cool areas such as under desert rocks. Due to their desert habitat, they are one of the most xeric members of Chilopoda. However, due to incomplete adaptation to this extreme environment, Scolopendra polymorpha are most active at night during the cool winter months, or occasionally during the summer New Mexico Monsoon, when temperatures are lower and moisture is higher, and remain burrowed underground throughout the rest of the year. Venom The venom of Scolopendra polymorpha has been found to be medically relevant, as studies have shown an antimicrobial activity of the SPC13 peptide isolated from its venom. After purification by electroelution, this peptide exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two bacteria that are the leading causes of nosocomial infections. Additionally, SPC13 presented with bacteriostatic activity against Escherichia coli, which can cause food poisoning, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. Scolopendra polymorpha looking for prey Effects Observed in the muscle of mice, the venom of S. polymorpha is able to cause muscle damage, including necrosis (cell/tissue death), loss of fascicular structure, and ragged red fibers, a type of diseased mitochondrial accumulation. In addition to myotoxic effects, NADH and COX tests provide an indication that respiratory complexes within the target prey may also be affected. Scolopendra polymorpha looking for prey Regeneration Scolopendra polymorpha is not able to completely regenerate its venom within the first 48 hours, limiting its defense activity. After a complete milking procedure, 65-86% of venom volume and 29-47% of protein mass was regenerated during this time. However, there was shown to be no additional regeneration past the initial two days, and both volume and protein levels did not match initial levels after 7 months of observation. The body length of this centipede is also negatively correlated with the rate of venom regeneration, making size a limiting factor in its regenerative abilities. References ^ "CalPhotos: Scolopendra polymorpha; Banded Desert Centipede". Calphotos.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2011-09-14. ^ "Tiger Centipede, Scolopendra polymorpha". Nathistoc.bio.uci.edu. 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2011-09-14. ^ "Scolopendra Polymorpha". Cacoseraph.exofire.net. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2011-09-14. ^ "Tiger Centipede – Scolopendra polymorpha". BugGuide.Net. Retrieved 2011-09-14. ^ a b Hadley, Neil F.; Stuart, Jerry L.; Quinlan, Michael (1982-10-01). "An Air-Flow System for Measuring Total Transpiration and Cuticular Permeability in Arthropods: Studies on the Centipede Scolopendra Polymorpha". Physiological Zoology. 55 (4): 393–404. doi:10.1086/physzool.55.4.30155866. ISSN 0031-935X. S2CID 88435616. ^ a b C.I., Rodríguez-Alejandro; Gutiérrez, M.C. (2020-09-11). "Antimicrobial Activity of SPC13, New Antimicrobial Peptide Purified from Scolopendra polymorpha Venom". Anti-Infective Agents. 18 (3): 233–238. doi:10.2174/2211352517666190531110829. S2CID 191139942. ^ "What Is E. Coli?". WebMD. Retrieved 2021-04-30. ^ Robles, Judith Tabullo De; Valverde, Francisca Fernández; Cisneros, Lucero Valladares; Villeda, Juana Hernández; Sánchez-Reyes, Ayixon; Gutiérrez, María del Carmen (2020). "Mitochondrial activity disruption and local muscle damage induced in mice by Scolopendra polymorpha venom". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 26: e20190079. doi:10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0079. ISSN 1678-9199. PMC 7269145. PMID 32536942. ^ a b Cooper, Allen M.; Kelln, Wayne J.; Hayes, William K. (December 2014). "Venom regeneration in the centipede Scolopendra polymorpha: evidence for asynchronous venom component synthesis". Zoology. 117 (6): 398–414. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2014.06.007. PMID 25456977. External links Media related to Scolopendra polymorpha at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Scolopendra polymorpha at Wikispecies Taxon identifiersScolopendra polymorpha Wikidata: Q2716774 Wikispecies: Scolopendra polymorpha BOLD: 648621 BugGuide: 83048 CoL: 4VSB5 EoL: 307864 EPPO: SCOEPO GBIF: 5179365 iNaturalist: 53762 ITIS: 1091088 NatureServe: 2.1067891 NCBI: 109757 Open Tree of Life: 235487 ZooBank: B8EBFA72-1F0F-4CF5-9AD3-A1731AB9993F
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"}],"text":"Scolopendra polymorpha, the common desert centipede, tiger centipede, banded desert centipede,[1][2] or Sonoran Desert centipede, is a centipede species found in western North America and the Hawaiian Islands.","title":"Scolopendra polymorpha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"common names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"}],"text":"Their bodies generally reach 4–7 in (10–18 cm) in length. Coloration is variable, hence the species name polymorpha which means \"many forms\", and alternative common names like \"multicolored centipede\". The body segments have one dark lateral stripe, so they are also known as the tiger centipede or tiger-striped centipede. Generally, this species has a darker brown-, red-, or orange-colored head and lighter brown, tan, or orange body segments with yellow legs. However, some populations, such as those in Southern California, may be entirely light blue with indigo stripes, with turquoise legs. Its antennae have seven or more smooth segments.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scolopendra_polymorpha_as_found_in_the_Tonto_Forest_near_Payson,_Arizona.jpg"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora"},{"link_name":"Chihuahua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hadley_393%E2%80%93404-5"},{"link_name":"Chilopoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilopoda"},{"link_name":"New Mexico Monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Monsoon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hadley_393%E2%80%93404-5"}],"text":"S. polymorpha is indigenous to the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, north to the Pacific coast.[3][4] It inhabits dry grasslands, forest, and desert; in these habitats, the centipedes generally take up residence under rocks, though they have been observed creating burrows in suitable environments and inside rotting logs.Scolopendra polymorpha as found in the Tonto Forest near Payson, ArizonaScolopendra polymorpha is indigenous to the deserts of western North America; in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona in the United States, and in Sonora and Chihuahua in northern Mexico. They primarily seek shelter during the day in moist, cool areas such as under desert rocks.[5]Due to their desert habitat, they are one of the most xeric members of Chilopoda. However, due to incomplete adaptation to this extreme environment, Scolopendra polymorpha are most active at night during the cool winter months, or occasionally during the summer New Mexico Monsoon, when temperatures are lower and moisture is higher, and remain burrowed underground throughout the rest of the year.[5]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa"},{"link_name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The venom of Scolopendra polymorpha has been found to be medically relevant, as studies have shown an antimicrobial activity of the SPC13 peptide isolated from its venom.[6] After purification by electroelution, this peptide exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two bacteria that are the leading causes of nosocomial infections. Additionally, SPC13 presented with bacteriostatic activity against Escherichia coli, which can cause food poisoning, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections.[6][7]Scolopendra polymorpha looking for prey","title":"Venom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"necrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Effects","text":"Observed in the muscle of mice, the venom of S. polymorpha is able to cause muscle damage, including necrosis (cell/tissue death), loss of fascicular structure, and ragged red fibers, a type of diseased mitochondrial accumulation.[8] In addition to myotoxic effects, NADH and COX tests provide an indication that respiratory complexes within the target prey may also be affected.Scolopendra polymorpha looking for prey","title":"Venom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"}],"sub_title":"Regeneration","text":"Scolopendra polymorpha is not able to completely regenerate its venom within the first 48 hours, limiting its defense activity. After a complete milking procedure, 65-86% of venom volume and 29-47% of protein mass was regenerated during this time.[9] However, there was shown to be no additional regeneration past the initial two days, and both volume and protein levels did not match initial levels after 7 months of observation. The body length of this centipede is also negatively correlated with the rate of venom regeneration, making size a limiting factor in its regenerative abilities.[9]","title":"Venom"}]
[{"image_text":"Scolopendra polymorpha as found in the Tonto Forest near Payson, Arizona","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Scolopendra_polymorpha_as_found_in_the_Tonto_Forest_near_Payson%2C_Arizona.jpg/220px-Scolopendra_polymorpha_as_found_in_the_Tonto_Forest_near_Payson%2C_Arizona.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scolopendra polymorpha looking for prey"},{"image_text":"Scolopendra polymorpha looking for prey"}]
null
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Retrieved 2011-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://bugguide.net/node/view/10944","url_text":"\"Tiger Centipede – Scolopendra polymorpha\""}]},{"reference":"Hadley, Neil F.; Stuart, Jerry L.; Quinlan, Michael (1982-10-01). \"An Air-Flow System for Measuring Total Transpiration and Cuticular Permeability in Arthropods: Studies on the Centipede Scolopendra Polymorpha\". Physiological Zoology. 55 (4): 393–404. doi:10.1086/physzool.55.4.30155866. ISSN 0031-935X. S2CID 88435616.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/physzool.55.4.30155866","url_text":"\"An Air-Flow System for Measuring Total Transpiration and Cuticular Permeability in Arthropods: Studies on the Centipede Scolopendra Polymorpha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fphyszool.55.4.30155866","url_text":"10.1086/physzool.55.4.30155866"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-935X","url_text":"0031-935X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88435616","url_text":"88435616"}]},{"reference":"C.I., Rodríguez-Alejandro; Gutiérrez, M.C. (2020-09-11). \"Antimicrobial Activity of SPC13, New Antimicrobial Peptide Purified from Scolopendra polymorpha Venom\". Anti-Infective Agents. 18 (3): 233–238. doi:10.2174/2211352517666190531110829. S2CID 191139942.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurekaselect.com/172365/article","url_text":"\"Antimicrobial Activity of SPC13, New Antimicrobial Peptide Purified from Scolopendra polymorpha Venom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174%2F2211352517666190531110829","url_text":"10.2174/2211352517666190531110829"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191139942","url_text":"191139942"}]},{"reference":"\"What Is E. Coli?\". WebMD. Retrieved 2021-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-e-coli","url_text":"\"What Is E. Coli?\""}]},{"reference":"Robles, Judith Tabullo De; Valverde, Francisca Fernández; Cisneros, Lucero Valladares; Villeda, Juana Hernández; Sánchez-Reyes, Ayixon; Gutiérrez, María del Carmen (2020). \"Mitochondrial activity disruption and local muscle damage induced in mice by Scolopendra polymorpha venom\". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 26: e20190079. doi:10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0079. ISSN 1678-9199. PMC 7269145. PMID 32536942.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7269145","url_text":"\"Mitochondrial activity disruption and local muscle damage induced in mice by Scolopendra polymorpha venom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0079","url_text":"10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0079"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1678-9199","url_text":"1678-9199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7269145","url_text":"7269145"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32536942","url_text":"32536942"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Allen M.; Kelln, Wayne J.; Hayes, William K. (December 2014). \"Venom regeneration in the centipede Scolopendra polymorpha: evidence for asynchronous venom component synthesis\". Zoology. 117 (6): 398–414. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2014.06.007. PMID 25456977.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0944200614000932","url_text":"\"Venom regeneration in the centipede Scolopendra polymorpha: evidence for asynchronous venom component synthesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.zool.2014.06.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.zool.2014.06.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25456977","url_text":"25456977"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviculin
Aviculin
["1 References"]
Aviculin Names IUPAC name methyl α-L-rhamnopyranoside Systematic IUPAC name (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-{methoxy}-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol Other names isolariciresinol-9'-rhamnopyranoside Identifiers CAS Number 156765-33-2 N 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEMBL ChEMBL2332673 ChemSpider 8566919 PubChem CID 10391477 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID901045608 InChI InChI=1S/C26H34O10/c1-12-23(30)24(31)25(32)26(36-12)35-11-17-15(10-27)6-14-8-21(34-3)19(29)9-16(14)22(17)13-4-5-18(28)20(7-13)33-2/h4-5,7-9,12,15,17,22-32H,6,10-11H2,1-3H3/t12-,15-,17-,22-,23-,24+,25+,26+/m0/s1Key: FPJFPMQEUVMUKU-CDDCGRQRSA-N SMILES C1((((O1)OC2(CC3=CC(=C(C=C32C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)OC)O)OC)CO)O)O)O Properties Chemical formula C26H34O10 Molar mass 506.54 g/mol Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references Chemical compound Aviculin is a lignan. It is bio-active isolate of Pseudocydonia sinensis or Polygonum aviculare. References ^ "KNApSAcK Metabolite Information - C00031615". www.knapsackfamily.com. ^ Gao H, Wu L, Kuroyanagi M, Harada K, Kawahara N, Nakane T, Umehara K, Hirasawa A, Nakamura Y (November 2003). "Antitumor-promoting constituents from Chaenomeles sinensis KOEHNE and their activities in JB6 mouse epidermal cells". Chem. Pharm. Bull. 51 (11): 1318–21. doi:10.1248/cpb.51.1318. PMID 14600382. ^ Ja Kim, Hyoung (1994). "A Novel Lignan and Flavonoids from Polygonum aviculare". Journal of Natural Products. 57 (5): 581–586. doi:10.1021/np50107a003. vteTypes of lignansLignans Arboreol Arctigenin Chamaecypanone A and B Eudesmin Globoidnan A Gmelanone Gmelinol Gummadiol Isootobanone Lyoniresinol Macelignan Matairesinol Obtulignolide Pinoresinol Pluviatilol Podophyllotoxin Secoisolariciresinol Sesamin Sesamolin Steganacin Lignan glycosides Arctiin Aviculin (isolariciresinol-9'-rhamnopyranoside) Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) Mammalian lignans (enterolignans) Enterodiol Enterolactone Lariciresinol Hydroxymatairesinol Syringaresinol Neolignans Balanophonin Eusiderin Honokiol Interiotherin Linderin A Magnolol Megaphone 4-O-Methylhonokiol Rhaphidecursinol A Rhaphidecursinol B Flavonolignans Cinchonain-Ib Dehydrosilybin Deoxysilycistin Deoxysilydianin Hydnocarpin Hydnowightin Neosilyhermin Palstatin Rhodiolin Salcolin A Salcolin B Scutellaprostin A, B, C, D, E and F Silandrin Silyamandin Silibinin Silybinome Silicristin Silydianin Silyhermin Tricin 4'-O-(erythro-beta-guaiacylglyceryl) ether Tricin 4'-O-(threo-beta-guaiacylglyceryl) ether This article about an aromatic compound is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignan"},{"link_name":"Pseudocydonia sinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocydonia_sinensis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14600382-2"},{"link_name":"Polygonum aviculare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonum_aviculare"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Chemical compoundAviculin is a lignan. It is bio-active isolate of Pseudocydonia sinensis [2] or Polygonum aviculare.[3]","title":"Aviculin"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"KNApSAcK Metabolite Information - C00031615\". www.knapsackfamily.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.knapsackfamily.com/knapsack_core/information.php?word=C00031615","url_text":"\"KNApSAcK Metabolite Information - C00031615\""}]},{"reference":"Gao H, Wu L, Kuroyanagi M, Harada K, Kawahara N, Nakane T, Umehara K, Hirasawa A, Nakamura Y (November 2003). \"Antitumor-promoting constituents from Chaenomeles sinensis KOEHNE and their activities in JB6 mouse epidermal cells\". Chem. Pharm. Bull. 51 (11): 1318–21. doi:10.1248/cpb.51.1318. PMID 14600382.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fcpb.51.1318","url_text":"\"Antitumor-promoting constituents from Chaenomeles sinensis KOEHNE and their activities in JB6 mouse epidermal cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fcpb.51.1318","url_text":"10.1248/cpb.51.1318"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14600382","url_text":"14600382"}]},{"reference":"Ja Kim, Hyoung (1994). \"A Novel Lignan and Flavonoids from Polygonum aviculare\". Journal of Natural Products. 57 (5): 581–586. doi:10.1021/np50107a003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp50107a003","url_text":"10.1021/np50107a003"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=156765-33-2","external_links_name":"156765-33-2"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%5BC%40H%5D1%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O1%29OC%5BC%40H%5D2%5BC%40%40H%5D%28CC3%3DCC%28%3DC%28C%3DC3%5BC%40%40H%5D2C4%3DCC%28%3DC%28C%3DC4%29O%29OC%29O%29OC%29CO%29O%29O%29O","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL2332673","external_links_name":"ChEMBL2332673"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.8566919.html","external_links_name":"8566919"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10391477","external_links_name":"10391477"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID901045608","external_links_name":"DTXSID901045608"},{"Link":"http://www.knapsackfamily.com/knapsack_core/information.php?word=C00031615","external_links_name":"\"KNApSAcK Metabolite Information - C00031615\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fcpb.51.1318","external_links_name":"\"Antitumor-promoting constituents from Chaenomeles sinensis KOEHNE and their activities in JB6 mouse epidermal cells\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1248%2Fcpb.51.1318","external_links_name":"10.1248/cpb.51.1318"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14600382","external_links_name":"14600382"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp50107a003","external_links_name":"10.1021/np50107a003"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviculin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiben
Leiben
["1 Population","2 References"]
Coordinates: 48°15′N 15°16′E / 48.250°N 15.267°E / 48.250; 15.267Place in Lower Austria, AustriaLeibenWeitenegg ruins in Leiben Coat of armsLeibenLocation within AustriaCoordinates: 48°15′N 15°16′E / 48.250°N 15.267°E / 48.250; 15.267CountryAustriaStateLower AustriaDistrictMelkGovernment • MayorKarl-Heinz SpringArea • Total12.53 km2 (4.84 sq mi)Elevation285 m (935 ft)Population (2018-01-01) • Total1,362 • Density110/km2 (280/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code3652Area code02752Websitewww.leiben.at Leiben is a town in the district of Melk in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. Population Historical populationYearPop.±%19711,264—    19811,304+3.2%19911,344+3.1%20011,289−4.1% References ^ "Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019. ^ "Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019. vteMunicipalities in the district of Melk Artstetten-Pöbring Bergland Bischofstetten Blindenmarkt Dorfstetten Dunkelsteinerwald Emmersdorf an der Donau Erlauf Golling an der Erlauf Hofamt Priel Hürm Kilb Kirnberg an der Mank Klein-Pöchlarn Krummnußbaum Leiben Loosdorf Mank Marbach an der Donau Maria Taferl Melk Münichreith-Laimbach Neumarkt an der Ybbs Nöchling Persenbeug-Gottsdorf Petzenkirchen Pöchlarn Pöggstall Raxendorf Ruprechtshofen Sankt Leonhard am Forst Sankt Martin-Karlsbach Sankt Oswald Schollach Schönbühel-Aggsbach Texingtal Weiten Ybbs an der Donau Yspertal Zelking-Matzleinsdorf Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This Lower Austria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/dauersiedlungsraum/index.html","url_text":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/gemeinden/index.html","url_text":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyosmia
Presbyosmia
["1 References"]
Olfactory disorder This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Presbyosmia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Presbyosmia is the gradual degeneration of sense of smell due to ageing process, which occurs especially in those who are 70 years old or more. It is possibly due to loss of nerve endings in the nose, as well as reduced mucus production. Prebyosmia is less prevalent among elderly who are healthy, and who lack the risk factors for smell disorders. Other factors among elderly that can effect the sense of smell are medication use and some neurological disorders, in these cases the loss of smell can be much more noticeable. There is currently no established treatment for this condition. References ^ Huntsberry-Lett, Ashley. "Loss of Smell in the Elderly". AgingCare.com. Retrieved 2 November 2021. This otorhinolaryngology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sense of smell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_smell"},{"link_name":"ageing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing"},{"link_name":"nerve endings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve"},{"link_name":"mucus production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus"},{"link_name":"smell disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_smell#Disorders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AgingCare.com-1"}],"text":"Presbyosmia is the gradual degeneration of sense of smell due to ageing process, which occurs especially in those who are 70 years old or more. It is possibly due to loss of nerve endings in the nose, as well as reduced mucus production. Prebyosmia is less prevalent among elderly who are healthy, and who lack the risk factors for smell disorders. Other factors among elderly that can effect the sense of smell are medication use and some neurological disorders, in these cases the loss of smell can be much more noticeable. There is currently no established treatment for this condition.[1]","title":"Presbyosmia"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Huntsberry-Lett, Ashley. \"Loss of Smell in the Elderly\". AgingCare.com. Retrieved 2 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agingcare.com/articles/when-elderly-lose-sense-of-smell-133880.htm","url_text":"\"Loss of Smell in the Elderly\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathros
Pathros
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
A map of the Generations of Noah, placing the "Pathrusim" in Upper Egypt. Pathros (Hebrew: פַּתְרוֹס; Paṯrōs; Greek: Φαθωρῆς, Phathōrēs; Koine Greek: Παθούρης, Pathourēs) refers to Upper Egypt, primarily the Thebaid where it extended from Elephantine fort to modern Asyut north of Thebes. Gardiner argues it extended to the north no farther than Abydos. It is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in Jeremiah 44:1 and 15; Isaiah 11:11; and Ezekiel 29:14, 30:14. It is the homeland of the "Pathrusim". The name is a loan from Egyptian pꜣ tꜣ-rsy "the southern land" (e.g., pBritish Museum EA 10375, line 16; cf. Sahidic Coptic ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲣⲏⲥ and Bohairic Coptic ⲡⲁⲑⲟⲩⲣⲏⲥ.) tp-rsyin hieroglyphs As in Hebrew and Greek, the term was used in Akkadian by the Assyrians as patúrisi, for example in the Annals of Esarhaddon. See also Generations of Noah References ^ Van Den Boorn, G.P.F (2014). The Duties of the Vizier. Routledge. ISBN 9781136881787., p. 213 ^ Gardiner, Alan H. (1957). "The Reading of the Geographical Term ". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 43. Sage Publications, Ltd.: 4. doi:10.1177/030751335704300104. S2CID 192379697. ^ Crum, Walter Ewing (1939). A Coptic dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 300. ^ Westendorf, Wolfhart (1965–1977). Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter - Universitätsverlag. p. 166. ^ "Esarhaddon 060". The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Retrieved 15 November 2014. See line o 8'. External links Joachim Friedrich Quack: Patros (2021). In: Michaela Bauks, Klaus Koenen, Michael Pietsch, Stefan Alkier (Hrsg.): Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet (WiBiLex), Stuttgart 2006 ff., Zugriffsdatum: 18. März 2022.
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[{"title":"Generations of Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generations_of_Noah"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_wave_propagation
Ground conductivity
["1 Radio propagation","2 Other uses","3 References","4 External links"]
Ground conductivity map of the US Ground conductivity refers to the electrical conductivity of the subsurface of the earth. In the International System of Units (SI) it is measured in millisiemens per meter (mS/m). Radio propagation Main article: Radio propagation Ground conductivity is an extremely important factor in determining the field strength and propagation of surface wave (ground wave) radio transmissions. Low frequency (30–300 kHz) and medium frequency (300–3000 kHz) radio transmissions are particularly reliant on good ground conductivity as their primary propagation is by surface wave. It also affects the real world radiation pattern of high frequency (3-30 MHz) antennas, as the so-called "takeoff angle" is not an inherent property of the antenna but a result of a ground reflection. For this reason ITU publishes an extensive world atlas of ground conductivities. Other uses Ground conductivity is sometimes used in determining the efficiency of a septic tank, using electromagnetic induction, so that contaminants do not reach the surface or nearby water supplies. References ^ "Recommendation ITU-R P.368-7 Ground-wave propagation curves for frequencies between 10 kHz and 30 MHz" (DOC). International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 1992. Retrieved 2015-10-28. ^ Kazimierz Siwiak KE4PT (April 2016). "Ground influence on antenna patterns". QST. American Radio Relay League: 41–42.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Recommendation ITU-R P.832-2, World Atlas of Ground Conductivities" (PDF) (PDF). International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 1999. Retrieved 2015-10-28. ^ Taylor, Rick; Lee, Doolittle (June 2003). "Ground conductivity survey of a septic system during and after failure". Retrieved 2008-02-10. External links Ground conductivity maps in the United States (provided by the Federal Communications Commission and includes large scale map) Measurement of the ground conductivity and relative permittivity with high frequency using an open wire line (OWL) (Practical example with network analyzer and mathematics for the conversion) This engineering-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electrical conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductivity"},{"link_name":"earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"}],"text":"Ground conductivity refers to the electrical conductivity of the subsurface of the earth. In the International System of Units (SI) it is measured in millisiemens per meter (mS/m).","title":"Ground conductivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surface wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_wave"},{"link_name":"Low frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_frequency"},{"link_name":"medium frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_frequency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"high frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_frequency"},{"link_name":"ground reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_reflection"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ground conductivity is an extremely important factor in determining the field strength and propagation of surface wave (ground wave) radio transmissions. Low frequency (30–300 kHz) and medium frequency (300–3000 kHz) radio transmissions are particularly reliant on good ground conductivity as their primary propagation is by surface wave.[1] It also affects the real world radiation pattern of high frequency (3-30 MHz) antennas, as the so-called \"takeoff angle\" is not an inherent property of the antenna but a result of a ground reflection.[2] For this reason ITU publishes an extensive world atlas of ground conductivities.[3]","title":"Radio propagation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"septic tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_tank"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ground conductivity is sometimes used in determining the efficiency of a septic tank, using electromagnetic induction, so that contaminants do not reach the surface or nearby water supplies.[4]","title":"Other uses"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Recommendation ITU-R P.368-7 Ground-wave propagation curves for frequencies between 10 kHz and 30 MHz\" (DOC). International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 1992. Retrieved 2015-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/p/R-REC-P.368-7-199203-S!!MSW-E.doc","url_text":"\"Recommendation ITU-R P.368-7 Ground-wave propagation curves for frequencies between 10 kHz and 30 MHz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union","url_text":"International Telecommunication Union"}]},{"reference":"Kazimierz Siwiak KE4PT (April 2016). \"Ground influence on antenna patterns\". QST. American Radio Relay League: 41–42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QST","url_text":"QST"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League","url_text":"American Radio Relay League"}]},{"reference":"\"Recommendation ITU-R P.832-2, World Atlas of Ground Conductivities\" (PDF) (PDF). International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 1999. Retrieved 2015-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/p/R-REC-P.832-2-199907-S!!PDF-E.pdf","url_text":"\"Recommendation ITU-R P.832-2, World Atlas of Ground Conductivities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union","url_text":"International Telecommunication Union"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Rick; Lee, Doolittle (June 2003). \"Ground conductivity survey of a septic system during and after failure\". Retrieved 2008-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.aip.org/link/?LEEDFF/22/555/1","url_text":"\"Ground conductivity survey of a septic system during and after failure\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys
Backstreet Boys
["1 History","1.1 1993–1995: Formation and early years","1.2 1996–1997: Debut, worldwide success, and Backstreet's Back","1.3 1998–1999: Millennium and superstardom","1.4 2000–2001: Black and Blue and The Hits – Chapter One","1.5 2002–2004: Hiatus","1.6 2004–2006: Never Gone and Richardson's departure","1.7 2006–2011: Unbreakable and This Is Us","1.8 2011–2012: NKOTBSB and Richardson's return","1.9 2013–2015: 20th anniversary, In a World Like This, and documentary film","1.10 2015–2020: Dead 7 film, Las Vegas residency, and DNA","1.11 2021–present: DNA World Tour, A Very Backstreet Christmas and 30th anniversary","2 Artistry and legacy","3 Partnerships and other ventures","4 Band members","5 Discography","6 Filmography","7 Awards","8 Charity","9 Tours","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
American boy band This article is about the vocal group. For other uses, see Backstreet Boys (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Blackstreet, Backstreet Girls, or Back Street Girls. Backstreet BoysBackstreet Boys at the 2019 iHeartRadio Music Awards in Los Angeles, California. From left: AJ McLean, Kevin Richardson, Nick Carter, Howie Dorough, Brian Littrell.Background informationOriginOrlando, Florida, U.S.GenresPopdance-popR&Bteen popadult contemporaryYears active1993–presentLabelsK-BAHNRCAJiveBMGLegacySpinoffsNKOTBSBMembers AJ McLean Howie Dorough Nick Carter Kevin Richardson Brian Littrell Websitebackstreetboys.com The Backstreet Boys (often abbreviated as BSB) are an American vocal group consisting of Nick Carter, Howie Dorough, AJ McLean, and cousins Brian Littrell and Kevin Richardson. They were formed in 1993 in Orlando, Florida. The group rose to fame with their international debut album, Backstreet Boys (1996). In the following year, they released their second international album Backstreet's Back (1997), along with their self-titled U.S. debut album, Backstreet Boys (1997), which continued the group's success worldwide. They rose to superstardom with their third studio album Millennium (1999), anchored by the worldwide hit "I Want It That Way", and its follow-up album, Black & Blue (2000). They also released a greatest hits album, The Hits – Chapter One (2001). After a two-year hiatus, they regrouped and released a comeback album, Never Gone (2005). After the conclusion of the Never Gone Tour in 2006, Richardson left the group to pursue other interests. The group then released two albums as a quartet: Unbreakable (2007) and This Is Us (2009). Richardson permanently rejoined the group in 2012. In the following year, they celebrated their 20th anniversary and released their first independent album, In a World Like This. Their follow-up album DNA (2019) debuted at number one, more than two decades after the group formed and 19 years after they last topped in 2000. They also became the first boy band to top the U.S. album charts in three different decades. In 2022, they released their first Christmas album, A Very Backstreet Christmas. They celebrated their 30th anniversary on April 20, 2023. The Backstreet Boys have sold over 100 million records worldwide, making them the best-selling boy band of all time, and one of the world's best-selling music artists. They are the first group since Led Zeppelin to have their first ten albums reach the top 10 on the Billboard 200, and the only boy band to do so. The albums Backstreet Boys and Millennium were both certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), making them one of the few bands to have multiple diamond albums. The group received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 22, 2013 (2 days after their 20th anniversary). They released a documentary film, titled Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of in January 2015. In March 2017, the group began a concert residency in Las Vegas that lasted two years, titled Backstreet Boys: Larger Than Life. History 1993–1995: Formation and early years Howie Dorough and AJ McLean were natives of Orlando, Florida, who met each other through a mutual vocal coach and later discovered Nick Carter through auditions. The three, realizing that they could harmonize together, decided to form a trio. Cousins Kevin Richardson and Brian Littrell, both from Lexington, Kentucky, sang in local church choirs and festivals when they were children. Richardson moved to Orlando in 1990, where he worked at Walt Disney World and concentrated on music at night. In 1992, Lou Pearlman placed an ad in the Orlando Sentinel to compose a vocal group with a "New Kids on the Block" look with a "Boyz II Men Sound". McLean, who was the first to audition for Pearlman in his living room, became the group's first member. Between late 1992 and March 1993, Pearlman held open casting calls and hundreds of young performers auditioned at his blimp hangar in Kissimmee, Florida. Ultimately, Carter, Dorough, and Richardson were selected after meeting Pearlman's expectations. Littrell flew from Kentucky to Orlando to formally join the group on April 20, 1993, a day after receiving a phone call from Richardson about it. Thus, April 20 became their anniversary date. Pearlman decided to call them Backstreet Boys, after Orlando's Backstreet Market, an outdoor flea market near International Drive which was also a teen hangout. The Backstreet Boys performed their first show at SeaWorld Orlando on May 8, 1993. The group then continued to perform in various venues during summer 1993, from shopping malls, restaurants, to a high-profile charity gala in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. With a change in management in the fall, they began to tour schools across the U.S. (including Littrell's former school, Tates Creek High School), building a fan base while trying to get a record deal. Mercury Records nearly signed them in 1993, but the deal fell through at the last minute because longtime Mercury recording artist John Mellencamp threatened to leave the label if they got into the boy band business. However, in February 1994, Jeff Fenster (then senior VP A&R Zomba/JIVE Records) and David Renzer (then senior VP/GM of Zomba Music Publishing) saw the group performing at a high school in Cleveland and signed them to their first record deal. At the end of December 1994, the group flew to Sweden to record some songs with Max Martin and Denniz PoP, including "We've Got It Goin' On," which ended up being their first single and completed their work in January 1995. "We've Got It Goin' On" was sent to radio in August 1995 and released as a physical single on September 5, 1995. In North America, Mix 96 in Montreal broke the group after the programmers heard it on the radio in Europe. The song was a minor success in the U.S., peaking at only No. 69 by December 1995, but it entered the top 5 in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France, and the Netherlands. European success sent them there on a summer tour and shifted their promotion to being mostly done in Europe. 1996–1997: Debut, worldwide success, and Backstreet's Back The group finished recording their first album Backstreet Boys in the spring of 1996. It was released internationally on May 6, 1996, excluding U.S. and Canada; however, it was later released in Canada in October 1996. Their popularity grew in Europe. "I'll Never Break Your Heart" reached a Gold status in Germany for selling 250,000 copies and they were voted the No. 1 international group there in 1996. They also earned their first platinum record in Germany in 1996 for selling 500,000 copies of their debut album. Shortly after that, they began touring Asia and Canada. They also became one of the most successful debut artists in the world, collecting awards such as Durchstarter (Best Newcomers) in Germany's Viva Comet Awards in 1996. "Anywhere for You" was released as the last single from their international debut album on February 17, 1997. "Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)", originally released in Europe as their fourth single in October 1996, was released in the U.S. in May 1997 for their self-titled U.S. debut album, Backstreet Boys (1997). It peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100, eventually earning them a platinum award for selling over one million copies. The group began working on their second album, Backstreet's Back, in October 1996. They also recorded the song "If You Stay" for the Booty Call soundtrack in the same year, which was released in February 1997. Backstreet's Back was released internationally (except in the U.S.) on August 11, 1997. Their self-titled U.S. debut album, Backstreet Boys (1997), which consisted of songs from their 1996 international debut album and Backstreet's Back, was released in the U.S. a day later on August 12, 1997. The U.S. self-titled debut peaked at No. 4 on the U.S. album chart and eventually sold 14 million copies. Meanwhile, the second international release, Backstreet's Back, peaked at No. 1 in Germany, Norway, Switzerland, Finland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Austria, selling well over five million copies in Europe alone. The most successful singles from Backstreet's Back and the U.S. debut album were "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" and "As Long As You Love Me". The two self-titled albums, the international debut and the U.S. debut, sold more than 28 million copies worldwide. In November 1997, doctors discovered that a congenital hole in Littrell's heart had enlarged to dangerous proportions. Littrell postponed open-heart surgery to meet touring obligations. He underwent heart surgery on May 8, 1998, in the middle of the Backstreet's Back Tour. The group postponed the tour until July 1998 to give Littrell time to recover. 1998–1999: Millennium and superstardom Littrell brought in a lawsuit against Lou Pearlman and Trans Continental in 1998, claiming that Pearlman had not been truthful about the earnings made by the group. From 1993 to 1997, Pearlman and his company took about $10 million in revenue while the band only got $300,000. In the following year, McLean, Richardson, and Dorough joined the lawsuit which eventually resulted in a number of settlements. On Valentine's Day 1998, the group debuted in Latin America at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile. Later that year, on October 7, 1998, the group received the keys to the city from the mayor of Orlando in honor of the tornado relief concert the group headlined in March that raised over $250,000. The day was also declared Backstreet Boys Day in Orlando. They also began recording their third studio album, Millennium, at the beginning of that month while in the middle of a lawsuit. The worldwide hit single "I Want It That Way" which topped the single-charts in over 25 countries made anticipation for Millennium high. Millennium was released on May 18, 1999, on which day the Backstreet Boys made a heavily publicized appearance on MTV's Total Request Live. The album entered the Billboard 200 at No. 1 and sold 1,134,000 copies in its first week of release. Four singles were released from Millennium: "I Want It That Way", which is widely regarded as one of the greatest pop songs of all time, "Larger than Life", "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely", and "The One". Millennium became the best-selling album of 1999 in the U.S., selling 9,445,732 copies. It also holds the record for most shipments in one year, with 11 million shipments. Millennium remained on the Billboard chart for 93 weeks, eventually selling over 12 million copies in the United States and being certified 13 times platinum. As of January 2013, the album stands as the fourth best selling album in the U.S. of the SoundScan era. On June 2, 1999, the Backstreet Boys embarked on the Into the Millennium Tour, which comprised 115 sold-out shows in 84 cities, with some additional dates put due to high demand. The second leg, which was sponsored by Sears, was sold out on August 14 on its sale date and broke sales records. The concert at Georgia Dome, Atlanta, was the 5th most attended concert in American history and the most attended concert by a pop artist. By October 1999, the Backstreet Boys faced new problems declaring their current JIVE contract null and void, soon striking one of the largest record deals ever valued at $60 million with JIVE. 2000–2001: Black and Blue and The Hits – Chapter One The group members made a trip to the Bahamas in May 2000 to write songs for their fourth album. They began recording the album on July 1, 2000, in Stockholm, Sweden, and wrapped up the recording sessions in September. A song completed during the July recording sessions, "It's True", was released on August 28, 2000, in a compilation album sold exclusively at Burger King restaurants, titled For the Fans. The album, Black & Blue, was released on November 21, 2000. To promote its release, they traveled around the world in 100 hours, visiting Stockholm, Tokyo, Sydney, Cape Town, Rio de Janeiro, and New York City. Fifty-five hours were spent traveling, and 45 were spent making public appearances. A DVD of the short tour, as well as a board game, was released in 2001, titled Around the World. The album recorded the best international sales in a week for an album in history by selling over 5 million copies in its first week. In the United States, it sold 1.6 million discs in the first week making them the first artist since The Beatles to achieve back-to-back million plus first week sales. Three singles were released from Black & Blue: "Shape of My Heart", "The Call", and "More than That". On January 28, 2001, the Backstreet Boys performed the American national anthem at the Super Bowl XXXV in Tampa, Florida. A week earlier, the group began the "Black & Blue Tour", which featured shows in five continents. The tour was put on hold in July when it was reported that McLean had entered rehab to battle alcoholism and depression after Richardson held an intervention for him at a Boston hotel. The tour resumed in August and concluded in November. Shortly after returning to the Black and Blue Tour, the group faced a severe loss with the occurrence of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. On the night of September 10, the band had completed a sold-out show in Boston, Massachusetts. The following morning, Littrell's wife Leighanne had planned on catching a flight back to Los Angeles aboard American Airlines Flight 11, along with set carpenter Daniel Lee, who was returning home to Los Angeles to see his wife, who was due to give birth to their second child. That night, however, Leighanne canceled her flight after deciding to spend more time with her husband. Tragically, Lee was among 92 people killed when the hijacked plane crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The next day, during a concert on the next leg of their tour in Toronto, Littrell gave a brief speech on Lee and led the audience in a moment of silence for Lee and all the victims of the attacks. The Hits – Chapter One, their first compilation album, was released on October 23, 2001. It also included a previously unreleased song, "Drowning". The album entered the top 5 in the U.S., UK, Germany, and Canada, and the top 10 in Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. In the U.S., The Hits: Chapter One was certified platinum for selling over one million copies. It was also certified platinum by IFPI for selling over one million copies in Europe. "Drowning" reached top 10 in many countries and as of 2002, the album had sold almost six million worldwide. 2002–2004: Hiatus In 2002, the group expressed a strong desire to leave their management company, The Firm. However, Carter chose to remain with The Firm to manage his solo career. Shortly afterward, the rest of the group began recording their next album without him. The relationship with JIVE Records worsened when the Backstreet Boys filed a $75–100 million lawsuit against Zomba Music Group (JIVE's parent company), claiming breach of contract. They claimed that the label promoted Carter's solo album Now or Never at the expense of the group. In November 2003, McLean appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show to talk about his addiction to alcohol and drugs and his struggles in rising to fame for the first time in public. The rest of the group surprised him by appearing in person to give him support, marking the first time the Backstreet Boys had appeared together in public in almost two years. The group began to reform and reconcile their differences, planning to start recording a comeback album at the beginning of the following year. 2004–2006: Never Gone and Richardson's departure Backstreet Boys at KISS FM Jingle Bell Bash 8 The Backstreet Boys entered the studios in January 2004 to start recording the new album. They also started performing together to promote their return to the music scene. They started a small Asian tour in September, visiting Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo, and Manila, performing some new material. Based on the success of this tour, they announced a Mexican tour, visiting Mexico City and Monterrey. The album's first single, "Incomplete," was released to radio stations on March 28, 2005. Following the release of the single, they embarked on their Up Close & Personal Tour in March, which served as a pre-album release tour. "Incomplete" peaked at number 13 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and charted within the top 10 in 13 countries. In addition, it debuted at number one in Australia, becoming their first number-one hit in the country. After recording for over a year, the Backstreet Boys finally released their comeback album Never Gone on June 14, 2005. The album debuted at No. 3 on the U.S. chart with first-week sales of 291,000 copies. However, the drastic style change drew negative criticism from Rolling Stone. Never Gone was certified platinum in the U.S. and four singles were released from the album. The second single, "Just Want You to Know," hit the top 10 in the UK. The third singles were "Crawling Back to You" for the U.S. and "I Still..." for the rest of the world. Never Gone has sold approximately 3 million copies worldwide. The Backstreet Boys began the first leg of their Never Gone Tour on July 22, 2005, in West Palm Beach, Florida. After that, the first leg ran until November 2005 in Europe, and in January 2006, the second leg started in Tokyo, Japan. Finally, the tour concluded on February 2, 2006, in Melbourne, Australia. On June 23, 2006, it was announced that Richardson had left the Backstreet Boys to pursue other interests. Both Richardson and the rest of the group issued a statement on their official site, stating that he departed amicably and the door was always open for him to return. Following Richardson's departure, the group was suggested to change their name to Backstreet, but they decided against it. They also turned down an offer to star in a reality show to find a new member and musicians who had expressed interest in replacing Richardson, such as Sam Licata and former NSYNC members Lance Bass and Joey Fatone, stating that they were not planning to replace him. 2006–2011: Unbreakable and This Is Us Backstreet Boys performing without Richardson on Unbreakable Tour Two days after Richardson's departure announcement, the Backstreet Boys entered the studio to record their sixth album. The album titled Unbreakable was released on October 30, 2007. It received positive reviews and opened at number seven on the Billboard 200, selling 81,000 copies in its first week of release. It performed well in Japan, debuting at No. 1 on the Japanese Oricon weekly album charts and staying there for another week. They released two singles from the album, "Inconsolable" and "Helpless When She Smiles." The group went on a world tour to promote Unbreakable, starting in Tokyo, Japan, on February 16, 2008. The tour included shows in Australia, Japan, Mexico, the UK, Europe, Asia, Canada, and the United States. The show in London's The O2 Arena was filmed and is available to watch online on MSN's website. Richardson rejoined the rest of the group on stage at the Palladium in Hollywood, Los Angeles on November 23, 2008, for the last North American stop of the tour. On October 6, 2009, the group released their next album, This Is Us. On this album, their sound went back to their original dance-pop beats and contains a more R&B sound. The album debuted at No. 9 on the Billboard 200, selling 42,000 copies in its first week of release. It peaked at No. 2 in Japan and was certified Platinum for shipments of 250,000 copies. Two singles were released from this album: "Straight Through My Heart" and "Bigger". A few days after promoting the new album and filming the music video for "Bigger" in Japan, Littrell contracted swine flu, causing the group to cancel a signing at Hard Rock Café in New York for the NYC Pinktober event on October 5, 2009. The rest of the group were prescribed Tamiflu by a doctor, even though they weren't showing any symptom of the flu. The group subsequently canceled a scheduled CBS Early Show performance the next day on October 6, 2009, which was also the release day of their new album, This Is Us. In late October 2009, the group embarked on the This Is Us Tour, which lasted over a year and consisted of 123 shows. The Backstreet Boys, including Richardson, filmed a segment for The Oprah Winfrey Show on October 22, 2010. Richardson also performed with the group in the show's studio later that day, making it the second time he had performed with the group since his departure. 2011–2012: NKOTBSB and Richardson's return In May 2011, the group announced that they had left their longtime label JIVE Records. In the same month, they embarked on a joint tour with New Kids on the Block as NKOTBSB. Prior to the tour, they released a compilation album of their biggest hits, also titled NKOTBSB, which also includes a mash-up and two new songs. At the conclusion of 2011, the tour placed 17th on Billboard's annual "Top 25 Tours", earning over $40 million with 51 shows. The tour lasted until June 2012, comprising 80 shows in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. During the show in Staples Center, LA, in July 2011, Richardson once again joined the group on stage. As he had announced before on On Air with Ryan Seacrest in October 2011, Richardson hosted a beach party, part of the group's second annual cruise, in the Bahamas on December 3, 2011, where he performed with them. On Seacrest's radio show, he also stated that he would love to "perform with the group again on a more regular basis." The statement, along with his appearance at the cruise event, prompted speculations that he might rejoin the group for good, but both he and the group remained quiet on the matter. I think it was the right decision. I think for us to maximize the ability that we have as five to move forward, it wouldn't be with another group, it would just be on our own. --Brian Littrell The Backstreet Boys finally announced that Richardson had rejoined them permanently during a show in London on April 29, 2012. A few days later, McLean and Littrell revealed on separate occasions that Richardson had returned since 2010, before NKOTBSB Tour started. He had been in talks to join the tour but ultimately decided not to. They supported his decision and kept his return a secret until the tour was over. The group spoke positively about Richardson's return, stating that they couldn't be happier to have him back. Richardson himself was thrilled to be back with his old bandmates, saying that they have a chemistry and a bond. The Backstreet Boys moved into a house together all by themselves in July 2012 as they started working on their new album with producer Martin Terefe in London. On August 31, 2012, they closed out Good Morning America's Summer Concert Series in Central Park, in New York. It was their first performance as a fivesome since Richardson rejoined the group. During the show, they announced they would have their third cruise in October 2013. It was the first cruise to feature all five members. The first single featuring Richardson's vocals in six years, a Christmas song titled "It's Christmas Time Again", was premiered on AOL Music on November 5, 2012, and officially released a day later. The song reached No. 1 on Billboard's Holiday Digital Songs chart. 2013–2015: 20th anniversary, In a World Like This, and documentary film The Backstreet Boys celebrated their 20th anniversary, which was on April 20, 2013, with a fan celebration event in Hollywood that day. They received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame two days later, and had the day, April 22, 2013, declared as Backstreet Boys Day in Hollywood. In May 2013, the group embarked on their 20th-anniversary tour, officially titled as In a World Like This Tour. The tour lasted over two years, comprising over 170 shows in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Middle East. The tour was the 44th highest-grossing worldwide tour in 2014 with a total gross of $32.8 million and ticket sales of 607,407, not including its 2013 and 2015 dates. "In a World Like This," the lead single from their eighth studio album, also titled In a World Like This, was released digitally on June 25, 2013, and to the radio on July 22, 2013. The album was released in the US on July 30, 2013, and in other countries sometime later. It is the group's first independent album, released under their own label, K-BAHN. It reached the top 5 in the US, Canada, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Taiwan, and Japan, and had sold 800,000 copies as of January 2015. They released a second single from the album, "Show 'Em (What You're Made Of)" in November 2013. The group made a cameo in the 2013 movie This Is the End as a fictional version of themselves, performing their song "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)," which earned them an award for "Best Musical Moment" at 2014 MTV Movie Awards. In December 2013, the Backstreet Boys performed their two original Christmas songs as marquee performers in the annual "Christmas in Washington" TV special which was also attended by the President of the United States Barack Obama and his family. The Backstreet Boys members were due in court on March 24, 2014, over a claim they filed against their former manager Lou Pearlman. The group alleged that Pearlman still owed them $3,451,456.04, and they asked for $87,728.58 in legal fees for having to fight him in court for years. But earlier that month the group stated that they have a scheduling conflict and discussed postponing the hearing by 90 days. On October 21, 2014, the group received a settlement of $99,000 in cash, 34 audio tape reels, 26 CDs, seven studio mastering audio tapes, six sealed posters, three audio cassettes, and one VHS tape. The recordings include some unreleased mixes, demos, and original materials. The seven master recordings they received included "I'll Never Break Your Heart" and a few lesser-known songs. Their documentary movie, titled Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of, was released in theaters and online on January 30, 2015, in the U.S., on February 26, 2015, in the UK and Europe, and on March 28 worldwide. The movie chronicles their entire career journey up to the making of their 2013 album In A World Like This. On April 10, 2015, band members Richardson and Littrell were inducted into the Kentucky Music Hall of Fame. 2015–2020: Dead 7 film, Las Vegas residency, and DNA In August 2015, band members Carter, Dorough, and McLean filmed a movie that Carter wrote entitled Dead 7. The film centers around a ragtag band of gunslingers operating during a post-apocalyptic zombie plague. The movie premiered on April 1, 2016, on Syfy channel. A free copy of the theme song "In the End" was released on March 28, performed by band members Nick Carter, AJ McLean and Howie Dorough; Joey Fatone and Chris Kirkpatrick from NSYNC; Jeff Timmons from 98 Degrees; and Erik-Michael Estrada from O-Town. The official physical DVD was released on June 7, 2016. In October 2015, McLean revealed that the group was working on their ninth studio album. McLean said the band is working with producer Jacob Kasher, who has worked with Maroon 5 and Britney Spears. The band hoped to finish the album before the next Backstreet Boys cruise in May 2016. On January 29, 2016, the Backstreet Boys were the musical guests in the series finale of NBC comedy series Undateable. On April 1, 2016, Carter told Entertainment Tonight the group signed a deal with Live Nation for a nine-show "test residency" in Las Vegas. McLean confirmed the deal, telling Us Magazine that the residency would begin in January 2017. In July 2016, the group appeared and performed on ABC's Greatest Hits. On August 19, 2016, the group released "God, Your Mama, and Me", with country duo Florida Georgia Line, which was taken from their third studio album Dig Your Roots. The song entered the Hot 100 at No. 92 for the chart dated March 18, 2017, which was the group's first return to the chart since 2007. On September 15, 2016, McLean and Carter confirmed that the band would be done with the album the following year, along with a new headlining tour. On September 23, the Backstreet Boys confirmed their Vegas residency show happening in 2017, titled Backstreet Boys: Larger Than Life. The residency played 80 shows between March 1, 2017, and April 27, 2019. Backstreet Boys released their new song titled "Don't Go Breaking My Heart" on May 17, 2018, as their lead single for their new album. The album is co-produced under RCA Records and the group's own label, K-BAHN, and distributed by RCA's parent company, Sony Music. On November 9, they released the single "Chances" and announced the title of their ninth studio album, DNA, which was released on January 25, 2019. On January 4, 2019, DNA's third single, "No Place," was released. Backstreet Boys embarked on the DNA World Tour in support of the album on May 11, 2019. They had to postpone the tour on March 15, 2020, due to the coronavirus pandemic. They initially rescheduled the remaining dates for 2021, but eventually had to reschedule again for 2022. On April 8, 2019, the band released their exhibit at the Grammy Museum before it was opened to the public two days later, showcasing tour outfits and memorabilia from their childhoods. That same month, the group announced that they would be releasing their first Christmas album. At their Las Vegas residency, they received keys to the Vegas strip as the mayor declared the 10th Backstreet Boys Day, and during the 20th anniversary of "I Want It That Way", the group participated in a handprint ceremony to commemorate the ending of their two-year residency at Planet Hollywood and were also presented with a check donation to the Boys & Girls Club of Southern Nevada. On February 9, 2020, the band announced the second North America leg of the DNA World Tour on social media and Good Morning America. In December 2020, Britney Spears released a single featuring the group called "Matches". 2021–present: DNA World Tour, A Very Backstreet Christmas and 30th anniversary The Backstreet Boys performing in Sydney, Australia in March 2023 With their tour postponed due to the pandemic, the Backstreet Boys started working on their first Christmas album in March 2021. On July 12, they officially announced their return to Las Vegas for a holiday residency scheduled for November and December 2021. On August 14, Carter revealed that they had finished recording the album and had done a photo shoot for the album cover. Unfortunately, due to the pandemic the album failed to meet the deadline to finish production, forcing them to reschedule the album release to late 2022 and cancel their 2021 holiday residency. Backstreet Boys resumed their DNA tour in April 2022 in North America and will finish in May 2023 in South Africa. On February 23, 2022, the group announced their return to Las Vegas with four shows to kick off the DNA world tour. On June 24, 2022, American luxury carmaker Lincoln teamed up with Backstreet Boys to hold a virtual concert from Philadelphia to WeChat (Weixin) users mostly in China, which was broadcast by Tencent's WeChat channel. A total of 44.2 million viewers watched the live broadcast, and 25.5 million cheers were received during the performance, according to Tencent. This marked the third-highest attendance for live-stream concerts on the WeChat channel and the highest audience record for such by international artists. The day after the show aired, the online hashtag of the group's 1997 hit "As Long As You Love Me" trended No. 1 on China's Twitter-like platform Weibo. On July 27, the group took part in Dave & Jimmy's Celebrity Softball Classic in Columbus, Ohio, for charity benefitting On Our Sleeves, the movement for children's mental health, powered by behavioral health experts at Nationwide Children's Hospital. In October 2022, the group released their first holiday album, A Very Backstreet Christmas. It reached number 17 on the US Billboard 200 charts and number 1 on the Billboard Holiday charts. The first single from the album, "Last Christmas," hit number 1 on the Billboard AC charts, and the second single, "Christmas in New York," reached number 19. A related television special, "A Very Backstreet Holiday," was pulled from ABC airing and streaming debuts Hulu and Disney+, as well as having their holiday promotion for MeUndies and endorsment deals such as Roblox drop, after sexual assault allegations against Nick Carter, who has since filed a defamation lawsuit. Artistry and legacy The Backstreet Boys have prided themselves as a vocal harmony group. In order to fight the boy band stereotype and the backlash from New Kids on the Block's lip-sync scandal in the beginning, they would sing a cappella every chance they could get. The ad they answered in 1993 was for a singing group with "New Kids on the Block look with a Boyz II Men sound", and they aimed to have a white version of Boyz II Men. "We were fans of New Kids, but were we really modeled after them? No. We looked at ourselves as Shai, Jodeci, and Boyz II Men, the true vocal groups. That's who we listened to and who we really wanted to be like," Littrell stated in 2011. The Backstreet Boys often employ polyphonic harmony, which sets them apart from many other singing groups. Littrell, Carter, and McLean usually sing the melody in choruses, with Dorough harmonizing above the melody and Richardson covering the bass parts. During Richardson's absence, McLean and Carter together covered his part in choruses while Dorough took his solo parts, although McLean sang Richardson's verse in "Drowning". The Backstreet Boys' musical style has evolved over the years. On their debut and second album, they sang a hybrid of R&B and dance club pop mixed with new jack balladry and hip-hop. With Millennium and Black & Blue, they started to abandon R&B and shift more toward pop and pop rock, as demonstrated on songs like "I Want It That Way", "Shape of My Heart", "Larger than Life", and "Not For Me". The group drastically changed their style in 2005 with their comeback album Never Gone, an adult contemporary record featuring only live instruments, a departure from their previous pop sound that features a lot of synthesizers. Compared to their previous albums, Never Gone is "more organic, more stripped-down, less harmonies, more instrumentation". Their first album without Richardson, Unbreakable, is similar to Never Gone. It leans toward adult contemporary and contemporary pop music and features interwoven choral harmonies, piano, strings, guitar, and drums, with a little bit of hip-hop and reggae elements on some tracks, such as "One in a Million". With their seventh studio album, This Is Us, they went back to their original dance-pop beats combined with electropop. It also contains a more R&B sound compared to Unbreakable. The group's first independent album, In a World Like This, which is also their first album back with Richardson, is a mixture of modern pop, adult contemporary, and dance music, with a hint of singer-songwriter genre as demonstrated on "Try", "Madeleine", and "Trust Me". On DNA, they combined their harmony-driven contemporary pop sound with R&B, country, funk, and EDM. Partnerships and other ventures The second leg of Into the Millennium Tour, which was also the first North American leg, was sponsored by Sears and was officially titled "Sears Presents Backstreet Boys Into The Millennium." The sponsorship was a part of Sears' new integrated worldwide marketing campaign exclusively featuring the Backstreet Boys. The campaign included a 30-second advertisement featuring the group, aired from August 1 to 15, 1999. The advertising promoted back-to-school sweepstakes, which gave each of the five fans the chance to win a $2,000 Sears shopping spree with their favorite Backstreet Boys member and a trip for four to the group's concert on December 1, 1999, in Tampa, Florida. Carter, who was a comic fan, met comic book writer Stan Lee through his manager from The Firm in February 2000. Carter subsequently told Lee about his original concept of a six-issue series of comic books featuring members of the Backstreet Boys as superheroes called "Cyber Crusaders." Lee was interested in the concept; however, they ultimately decided to make it into only one issue. The comic book, titled Backstreet Project, was released in 2000 and was available for purchase at their concerts and online stores in 2000–2001. In addition to the book, a series of flash-based webisodes was also published in 2000. In January 2000, the Backstreet Boys signed a deal with Burger King. The deal included an exclusive compilation set available only at Burger King restaurants. The compilation consisted of three CDs featuring a new song called "It's True," live songs from the group's previous tours, and a VHS tape featuring backstage footage and interviews. In August 2000, it was announced that the deal would also include three TV commercials featuring the Backstreet Boys, and a promotion, which was the inclusion of an exclusive Backstreet Project Cyber Crusader toy in each Burger King Big Kids Meal and Kids Meal. In August 2012, it was revealed that the Backstreet Boys would be starring in an Old Navy commercial. The commercial featuring the group started airing on September 19, 2012. "It was a great way to show people that we're back," Richardson said regarding the commercial. The group also performed at an Old Navy event "Fit For Fall Fashion Show for All" in Bryant Park, New York on September 14, 2012. On March 12, 2014, the group filmed a series of commercials for Swedish warehouse company NetOnNet in Sweden while the group was on tour in Europe. The commercials started airing in May 2014. For these commercials, the group recorded a song called "Lager Than Life", which is a remake of their song "Larger Than Life" with different instrumentation. The song was also released as a single on iTunes by the company in several countries. During Super Bowl LIII in 2019, the band participated in a commercial collaboration with Chance the Rapper for Doritos corn snacks. The advertisement was poorly received; Rolling Stone called it "unwatchable". In 2022, The Backstreet Boys began appearing in commercials for Downy Rinse and Refresh Detergent. Band members AJ McLean (1993–present) Howie Dorough (1993–present) Nick Carter (1993–present) Kevin Richardson (1993–2006, 2012–present) Brian Littrell (1993–present) Discography Main article: Backstreet Boys discography Backstreet Boys (1996) Backstreet's Back (1997) Millennium (1999) Black & Blue (2000) Never Gone (2005) Unbreakable (2007) This Is Us (2009) In a World Like This (2013) DNA (2019) A Very Backstreet Christmas (2022) Filmography Year Title Role Notes 1997 The View Themselves Performance 1998 2005 1998 The Oprah Winfrey Show Themselves Interview & performance 2010 1998 Sabrina The Teenage Witch Cameo appearance Episode: "The Band Episode" 1997 Live With Regis and Kathie Lee Themselves Performance 1998 1999 Saturday Night Live Themselves Season 24, Episode 19 1998 The Rosie O'Donnell Show Themselves Performance 1999 2000 2001 1998-1999 All That Themselves 2001 Otro Rollo Themselves Performance, Special Guests 2005 2002 Arthur Themselves Episode: "Arthur: It's Only Rock 'N' Roll" 2002 Sesame Street Themselves Performance, Special Guests 2003 The Oprah Winfrey Show Themselves The boys surprised A.J. McLean as he was talking about his drug addiction 2005 Live With Regis and Kelly Themselves Performance, Guests at Disneyland 2007 2009 El Hormiguero Themselves, Guests Musical Guest With The Backstreet Boys This Is Us 2012 The View Themselves 2013 This Is the End Cameo appearance Appear at the end of the film performing "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" with the cast. 2013 El Hormiguero Themselves, Guests Talk Show New Disco 2015 Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of Themselves Documentary 2016 Undateable Themselves Episode: Backstreet Boys Walk Into a Bar 2017 Drop the Mic Themselves Episode: "Nicole Scherzinger vs. Lil Rel Howery / Charlie Puth vs. Backstreet Boys" 2018 The Voice Themselves Season 15 Performance 2019 Live with Kelly and Ryan Themselves Performance 2012 Good Morning America Themselves Performance in Central Park 2013 Interview & performance 2018 Summer Concert Series 2019 Interview & performance 2020 Interview & performance 2020 Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen Themselves Episode 16, season 17 1999 Disney Channel in Concert Themselves Special 2022 The Kelly Clarkson Show Themselves 2005 The Ellen DeGeneres Show Themselves interview and performance 2017 Performance with Florida Georgia Line 2018 Interview and performance 2009 Jimmy Kimmel Live! Themselves Performances 2013 2019 2019 The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon Themselves Performance / Interview 2020 Awards Main article: List of awards received by Backstreet Boys The group has received nine Grammy Award nominations as of 2019, including five nominations in 2000. The group has also received two American Music Awards, five Billboard Music Awards, two MTV Video Music Awards, a Juno Award, and many others. Charity The group has supported multiple charities over the years including Children's Miracle Network, City of Hope, Kids Wish, Live Together, and Lupus LA. On April 6, 2022, they donated $25,000 to young band First Day of School for them to donate to their three favorite charities. Individually they have given to charities, for example, Nick Carter hosted a sing-a-long holiday dinner for Home for the Holidays. Tours Headlining We Wanna Be with You Tour (1995–1996) Backstreet Boys: Live in Concert Tour (1996–1997) Backstreet's Back Tour (1997–1998) Into the Millennium Tour (1999–2000) Black & Blue World Tour (2001) Never Gone Tour (2005–2006) Unbreakable Tour (2008–2009) This Is Us Tour (2009–2011) In a World Like This Tour (2013–2015) DNA World Tour (2019–2023) Co-headlining NKOTBSB Tour with New Kids on the Block (2011–2012) Residency Backstreet Boys: Larger Than Life (2017–2019) Promotional Round the World in 100 Hours (2000) Up Close & Personal Tour (2005) Collaboration Smooth Tour with Florida Georgia Line, Nelly and Chris Lane (2017, select dates) See also List of best-selling music artists List of best-selling boybands List of best-selling music artists in the United States List of best-selling albums in the United States List of best-selling albums Top ten best-selling albums of the Nielsen SoundScan era List of most expensive music videos Forbes list of highest-earning musicians References ^ "Teen pop acts ready for summer tours". 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External links Media related to Backstreet Boys at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Backstreet Boys at Wikiquote Official website vteBackstreet Boys AJ McLean Howie Dorough Nick Carter Kevin Richardson Brian Littrell Studio albums Backstreet Boys (Int'l) Backstreet's Back Backstreet Boys (U.S.) Millennium Black & Blue Never Gone Unbreakable This Is Us In a World Like This DNA A Very Backstreet Christmas Compilation albums The Hits - Chapter One Playlist: The Very Best of Backstreet Boys NKOTBSB The Essential Backstreet Boys Live albums A Night Out with the Backstreet Boys Tours Backstreet's Back Tour Into the Millennium Tour Black & Blue Tour Never Gone Tour Unbreakable Tour This Is Us Tour NKOTBSB Tour In a World Like This Tour Backstreet Boys: Larger Than Life DNA World Tour Filmography Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of Dead 7 Related articles Discography Awards and nominations NKOTBSB Backstreet Project Category vteBackstreet Boys singles Discography 1990s "We've Got It Goin' On" "I'll Never Break Your Heart" "Get Down (You're the One for Me)" "Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)" "Anywhere for You" "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" "As Long as You Love Me" "All I Have to Give" "I Want It That Way" "Larger than Life" "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" 2000s "The One" "Shape of My Heart" "The Call" "More than That" "Drowning" "Incomplete" "Just Want You to Know" "Crawling Back to You" "I Still..." "Inconsolable" "Helpless When She Smiles" "Straight Through My Heart" "Bigger" 2010s "Don't Turn Out the Lights" "It's Christmas Time Again" "In a World like This" "Show 'Em (What You're Made Of)" "Don't Go Breaking My Heart" "Chances" "No Place" 2020s "Last Christmas" Other "Christmas Time" "God, Your Mama, and Me" "Matches" Category Awards to Backstreet Boys vteAmerican Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group The Carpenters (1974) Gladys Knight & the Pips (1975) Tony Orlando and Dawn (1976) Chicago (1977) Fleetwood Mac (1978) Bee Gees (1979) Bee Gees (1980) Eagles (1981) Air Supply (1982) Hall & Oates (1983) Hall & Oates (1984) Hall & Oates (1985) Chicago (1986) Huey Lewis and the News (1987) Bon Jovi (1988) Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine (1989) New Kids on the Block (1990) Aerosmith (1991) C+C Music Factory (1992) Genesis (1993) Aerosmith (1994) Ace of Base (1995) Eagles (1996) Hootie & the Blowfish (1997) Spice Girls (1998) Aerosmith (1999) Backstreet Boys (2000) Backstreet Boys (2001) NSYNC (2002) Creed (2003) Fleetwood Mac (2003) Outkast (2004) Black Eyed Peas (2005) Red Hot Chili Peppers (2006) Nickelback (2007) Daughtry (2008) Black Eyed Peas (2009) Black Eyed Peas (2010) Maroon 5 (2011) Maroon 5 (2012) One Direction (2013) One Direction (2014) One Direction (2015) Twenty One Pilots (2016) Imagine Dragons (2017) Migos (2018) BTS (2019) BTS (2020) BTS (2021) BTS (2022) vteKids' Choice Award for Favorite Music Group Aerosmith (1994) Boyz II Men (1995) TLC (1996) Fugees (1997) Hanson (1998) NSYNC (1999) Backstreet Boys (2000) Destiny's Child (2001–2002) B2K (2003) OutKast (2004) Green Day (2005–2006) The Black Eyed Peas (2007, 2010–2011) Jonas Brothers (2008–2009) Big Time Rush (2012) One Direction (2013–2015) Fifth Harmony (2016–2018) Maroon 5 (2019) BTS (2020–2022) vteKids' Choice Award for Favorite Song1980s "La Bamba" – Los Lobos (1988) "Kokomo" – The Beach Boys (1989) 1990s "Hangin' Tough" – New Kids on the Block (1990) "Ice Ice Baby" – Vanilla Ice (1991) "Jump" – Kris Kross (1992) No Award (1993) "Whoomp! (There It Is)" – Tag Team (1994) "Creep" – TLC (1995) "Gangsta's Paradise" – Coolio (1996) "Killing Me Softly" – Fugees (1997) "MMMBop" – Hanson (1998) "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" – Backstreet Boys (1999) 2000s "Wild Wild West" – Will Smith (2000) "Who Let the Dogs Out" – Baha Men (2001) "Get the Party Started" – P!nk (2002) "Sk8er Boi" – Avril Lavigne (2003) "Hey Ya!" – Outkast (2004) "Burn" – Usher (2005) "Wake Me Up When September Ends" – Green Day (2006) "Irreplaceable" – Beyoncé (2007) "Girlfriend" – Avril Lavigne (2008) "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Beyoncé (2009) 2010s "You Belong with Me" – Taylor Swift (2010) "Baby" – Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris (2011) "Party Rock Anthem" – LMFAO (2012) "What Makes You Beautiful" – One Direction (2013) "Story of My Life" – One Direction (2014) "Bang Bang" – Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj (2015) "Hello" – Adele (2016) "Work from Home" – Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ign (2017) "Shape of You" – Ed Sheeran (2018) "Thank U, Next" – Ariana Grande (2019) 2020s "Bad Guy" – Billie Eilish (2020) "Dynamite" – BTS (2021) "Happier Than Ever" – Billie Eilish (2022) "As It Was" – Harry Styles (2023) vteMTV Europe Music Award for Best Group Take That (1994) U2 (1995) Oasis (1996) Spice Girls (1997–1998) Backstreet Boys (1999–2000) Limp Bizkit (2001) Linkin Park (2002, 2007) Coldplay (2003) Outkast (2004) Gorillaz (2005) Depeche Mode (2006) Tokio Hotel (2009) BTS (2018–2021) vteMTV Movie & TV Award for Best Musical MomentBest Song from a Movie(1992–1999, 2009, 2012) Bryan Adams (1992) Whitney Houston (1993) Michael Jackson (1994) Stone Temple Pilots (1995) Brandy (1996) Bush (1997) Will Smith (1998) Aerosmith (1999) Miley Cyrus (2009) LMFAO (2012) Best Musical Sequence(2000–2002, 2005, 2014) Terrence and Philip (2000) Piper Perabo (2001) Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor (2002) Jon Heder (2005) Backstreet Boys, Jay Baruchel, Seth Rogen and Craig Robinson (2014) Best Musical Moment(2013, 2017–present) Anna Kendrick, Rebel Wilson, Anna Camp, Brittany Snow, Alexis Knapp, Ester Dean, and Hana Mae Lee (2013) Ensemble of Grease Live! (2017) Finn Wolfhard and Millie Bobby Brown (2018) Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper (2019) No Award (2020) Madison Reyes, Charlie Gillespie, Owen Joyner and Jeremy Shada (2021) Beabadoobee (2022) Sofia Carson (2023) vteBillboard Year-End number one albums1956–1975 1956: Calypso – Harry Belafonte 1957: Music from My Fair Lady – Original Cast 1958: Music from My Fair Lady – Original Cast 1959: The Music from Peter Gunn – Henry Mancini 1960: Music from The Sound of Music – Original Cast 1961: Camelot – Original Cast 1962: West Side Story – Soundtrack 1963: West Side Story – Soundtrack 1964: Music from Hello, Dolly! – Original Cast 1965: Mary Poppins: Original Cast Soundtrack – Soundtrack 1966: Whipped Cream & Other Delights – Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass 1967: More of the Monkees – The Monkees 1968: Are You Experienced – The Jimi Hendrix Experience 1969: In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida – Iron Butterfly 1970: Bridge over Troubled Water – Simon & Garfunkel 1971: Jesus Christ Superstar – Soundtrack 1972: Harvest – Neil Young 1973: The World Is a Ghetto – War 1974: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road – Elton John 1975: Greatest Hits – Elton John 1976–2000 1976: Frampton Comes Alive! – Peter Frampton 1977: Rumours – Fleetwood Mac 1978: Saturday Night Fever – Soundtrack 1979: 52nd Street – Billy Joel 1980: The Wall – Pink Floyd 1981: Hi Infidelity – REO Speedwagon 1982: Asia – Asia 1983: Thriller – Michael Jackson 1984: Thriller – Michael Jackson 1985: Born in the U.S.A. – Bruce Springsteen 1986: Whitney Houston – Whitney Houston 1987: Slippery When Wet – Bon Jovi 1988: Faith – George Michael 1989: Don't Be Cruel – Bobby Brown 1990: Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 – Janet Jackson 1991: Mariah Carey – Mariah Carey 1992: Ropin' the Wind – Garth Brooks 1993: The Bodyguard – Soundtrack 1994: The Sign – Ace of Base 1995: Cracked Rear View – Hootie & the Blowfish 1996: Jagged Little Pill – Alanis Morissette 1997: Spice – Spice Girls 1998: Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture – James Horner 1999: Millennium – Backstreet Boys 2000: No Strings Attached – NSYNC 2001–present 2001: 1 – The Beatles 2002: The Eminem Show – Eminem 2003: Get Rich or Die Tryin' – 50 Cent 2004: Confessions – Usher 2005: The Massacre – 50 Cent 2006: Some Hearts – Carrie Underwood 2007: Daughtry – Daughtry 2008: As I Am – Alicia Keys 2009: Fearless – Taylor Swift 2010: I Dreamed a Dream – Susan Boyle 2011: 21 – Adele 2012: 21 – Adele 2013: The 20/20 Experience – Justin Timberlake 2014: Frozen – Soundtrack 2015: 1989 – Taylor Swift 2016: 25 – Adele 2017: Damn – Kendrick Lamar 2018: Reputation – Taylor Swift 2019: When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? – Billie Eilish 2020: Hollywood's Bleeding – Post Malone 2021: Dangerous: The Double Album – Morgan Wallen 2022: Un Verano Sin Ti – Bad Bunny 2023: One Thing at a Time – Morgan Wallen vteBillboard Year-End Top Artist1981–1999 1981: REO Speedwagon 1982: The Go-Go's 1983: Michael Jackson 1984: Lionel Richie 1985: Madonna 1986: Whitney Houston 1987: Bon Jovi 1988: George Michael 1989: New Kids on the Block 1990: New Kids on the Block 1991: Mariah Carey 1992: Garth Brooks 1993: Garth Brooks 1994: Ace of Base 1995: TLC 1996: Alanis Morissette 1997: LeAnn Rimes 1998: Usher 1999: Backstreet Boys 2000–2019 2000: Destiny's Child 2001: Destiny's Child 2002: Nelly 2003: 50 Cent 2004: Usher 2005: 50 Cent 2006: Chris Brown 2007: Akon 2008: Chris Brown 2009: Taylor Swift 2010: Lady Gaga 2011: Adele 2012: Adele 2013: Bruno Mars 2014: One Direction 2015: Taylor Swift 2016: Adele 2017: Ed Sheeran 2018: Drake 2019: Post Malone 2020-present 2020: Post Malone 2021: Drake 2022: Bad Bunny 2023: Taylor Swift vteZomba Group of CompaniesCurrent labels Battery (hip hop) Verity Volcano Silvertone Former labels Jive Jive Electro LaFace Mojo Battery (dance) EBUL Music for Nations Pepper Violator So So Def GospoCentric Personnel Clive Calder Ralph Simon Barry Weiss Related articles BMG List of Zomba Group companies Sony BMG Sony Music Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel Finland United States Czech Republic Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Blackstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstreet"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Girls"},{"link_name":"Back Street Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Street_Girls"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vocal_group-4"},{"link_name":"Nick Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Carter"},{"link_name":"Howie Dorough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Dorough"},{"link_name":"AJ McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_McLean"},{"link_name":"Brian Littrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Littrell"},{"link_name":"Kevin Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Richardson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys_(1996_album)"},{"link_name":"Backstreet's Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet%27s_Back"},{"link_name":"self-titled U.S. debut album, Backstreet Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys_(1997_album)"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"I Want It That Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_It_That_Way"},{"link_name":"Black & Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%26_Blue_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"The Hits – Chapter One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hits_%E2%80%93_Chapter_One_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"Never Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Gone"},{"link_name":"Never Gone Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Gone_Tour"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Unbreakable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbreakable_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"This Is Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Us_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"In a World Like This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_a_World_Like_This"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"boy band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillboardGap-8"},{"link_name":"A Very Backstreet Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Backstreet_Christmas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100mil-9"},{"link_name":"best-selling boy band of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band#Best-selling_boy_bands"},{"link_name":"best-selling music artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists#100_million_to_119_million_records"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillboardGap-8"},{"link_name":"boy band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band"},{"link_name":"certified diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wofpeople-11"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys:_Show_%27Em_What_You%27re_Made_Of"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTVdoc-12"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys: Larger Than Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys:_Larger_Than_Life"}],"text":"This article is about the vocal group. For other uses, see Backstreet Boys (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Blackstreet, Backstreet Girls, or Back Street Girls.The Backstreet Boys (often abbreviated as BSB)[3] are an American vocal group[4] consisting of Nick Carter, Howie Dorough, AJ McLean, and cousins Brian Littrell and Kevin Richardson. They were formed in 1993 in Orlando, Florida.The group rose to fame with their international debut album, Backstreet Boys (1996). In the following year, they released their second international album Backstreet's Back (1997), along with their self-titled U.S. debut album, Backstreet Boys (1997), which continued the group's success worldwide. They rose to superstardom with their third studio album Millennium (1999), anchored by the worldwide hit \"I Want It That Way\", and its follow-up album, Black & Blue (2000). They also released a greatest hits album, The Hits – Chapter One (2001). After a two-year hiatus, they regrouped and released a comeback album, Never Gone (2005). After the conclusion of the Never Gone Tour in 2006, Richardson left the group to pursue other interests.[5] The group then released two albums as a quartet: Unbreakable (2007) and This Is Us (2009).Richardson permanently rejoined the group in 2012.[6] In the following year, they celebrated their 20th[7] anniversary and released their first independent album, In a World Like This. Their follow-up album DNA (2019) debuted at number one, more than two decades after the group formed and 19 years after they last topped in 2000. They also became the first boy band to top the U.S. album charts in three different decades.[8] In 2022, they released their first Christmas album, A Very Backstreet Christmas. They celebrated their 30th anniversary on April 20, 2023.The Backstreet Boys have sold over 100 million records worldwide,[9] making them the best-selling boy band of all time, and one of the world's best-selling music artists. They are the first group since Led Zeppelin to have their first ten albums reach the top 10 on the Billboard 200,[8] and the only boy band to do so. The albums Backstreet Boys and Millennium were both certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), making them one of the few bands to have multiple diamond albums.[10]The group received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 22, 2013 (2 days after their 20th anniversary).[11] They released a documentary film, titled Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of in January 2015.[12] In March 2017, the group began a concert residency in Las Vegas that lasted two years, titled Backstreet Boys: Larger Than Life.","title":"Backstreet Boys"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howie Dorough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Dorough"},{"link_name":"AJ McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_McLean"},{"link_name":"Nick Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Carter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_Biography-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_Biography-13"},{"link_name":"Kevin Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Richardson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Brian Littrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Littrell"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_Biography-13"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_Biography-13"},{"link_name":"Lou Pearlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Pearlman"},{"link_name":"Orlando Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"New Kids on the Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kids_on_the_Block"},{"link_name":"Boyz II Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_II_Men"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mad_About_the_Boys-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mad_About_the_Boys-14"},{"link_name":"Kissimmee, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mad_About_the_Boys-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"International Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Drive"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mad_About_the_Boys-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"SeaWorld Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaWorld_Orlando"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tates Creek High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tates_Creek_High_School"},{"link_name":"Mercury Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records"},{"link_name":"John Mellencamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mellencamp"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"VP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VP"},{"link_name":"A&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26R"},{"link_name":"Zomba/JIVE Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_Records"},{"link_name":"GM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager"},{"link_name":"Zomba Music Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomba_Label_Group"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Max Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Martin"},{"link_name":"Denniz PoP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denniz_Pop"},{"link_name":"We've Got It Goin' On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27ve_Got_It_Goin%27_On"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Mix 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Montreal"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_US_singles_chart-positions-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_German_singles_chart-positions-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_European_chart-positions_on_We've_Got_It_Going_On-27"}],"sub_title":"1993–1995: Formation and early years","text":"Howie Dorough and AJ McLean were natives of Orlando, Florida, who met each other through a mutual vocal coach and later discovered Nick Carter through auditions.[13] The three, realizing that they could harmonize together, decided to form a trio.[13] Cousins Kevin Richardson and Brian Littrell, both from Lexington, Kentucky, sang in local church choirs and festivals when they were children.[13] Richardson moved to Orlando in 1990, where he worked at Walt Disney World and concentrated on music at night.[13]In 1992, Lou Pearlman placed an ad in the Orlando Sentinel to compose a vocal group with a \"New Kids on the Block\" look with a \"Boyz II Men Sound\".[14] McLean, who was the first to audition for Pearlman in his living room, became the group's first member.[14] Between late 1992 and March 1993, Pearlman held open casting calls and hundreds of young performers auditioned at his blimp hangar in Kissimmee, Florida.[15][14] Ultimately, Carter, Dorough, and Richardson were selected after meeting Pearlman's expectations.[16] Littrell flew from Kentucky to Orlando to formally join the group on April 20, 1993, a day after receiving a phone call from Richardson about it. Thus, April 20 became their anniversary date.[17] Pearlman decided to call them Backstreet Boys, after Orlando's Backstreet Market, an outdoor flea market near International Drive which was also a teen hangout.[14][18]The Backstreet Boys performed their first show at SeaWorld Orlando on May 8, 1993.[19] The group then continued to perform in various venues during summer 1993, from shopping malls, restaurants, to a high-profile charity gala in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.[20] With a change in management in the fall, they began to tour schools across the U.S. (including Littrell's former school, Tates Creek High School), building a fan base while trying to get a record deal. Mercury Records nearly signed them in 1993, but the deal fell through at the last minute because longtime Mercury recording artist John Mellencamp threatened to leave the label if they got into the boy band business.[21] However, in February 1994, Jeff Fenster (then senior VP A&R Zomba/JIVE Records) and David Renzer (then senior VP/GM of Zomba Music Publishing) saw the group performing at a high school in Cleveland and signed them to their first record deal.[22]At the end of December 1994, the group flew to Sweden to record some songs with Max Martin and Denniz PoP, including \"We've Got It Goin' On,\" which ended up being their first single and completed their work in January 1995.[23] \"We've Got It Goin' On\" was sent to radio in August 1995 and released as a physical single on September 5, 1995. In North America, Mix 96 in Montreal broke the group after the programmers heard it on the radio in Europe.[24] The song was a minor success in the U.S., peaking at only No. 69 by December 1995,[25] but it entered the top 5 in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France, and the Netherlands.[26][27] European success sent them there on a summer tour and shifted their promotion to being mostly done in Europe.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys_(1996_album)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys:_Backstreet_Boys_(international_version)-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hits_of_the_World:_Canada's_albums_(November_4,_1996)-29"},{"link_name":"I'll Never Break Your Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Never_Break_Your_Heart"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gold/Platin-Datenbank-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gold/Platin-Datenbank-30"},{"link_name":"Viva Comet Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIVA_(German_TV_channel)#Comet_Awards"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_at_Viva_Comet_Awards-31"},{"link_name":"Anywhere for You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anywhere_for_You_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_-_Anywhere_For_You-32"},{"link_name":"Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_Playing_Games_(with_My_Heart)"},{"link_name":"self-titled U.S. debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys_(1997_album)"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys_(1997_album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_View_Their_Teen_Act_Origins_As_the_Start_of_their_Career-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_US_certifications_on_Quit_Playing_Games-34"},{"link_name":"Backstreet's Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet%27s_Back"},{"link_name":"Booty Call soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booty_Call_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys_(1997_album)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_Move_Onto_Main_US_albums_chart-positions-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_Biography_on_Billboard-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_German_albums_chart-positions-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_European_chart-positions_on_Backstreet's_Back-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPI_(Europe)_Certification-awards_1998-39"},{"link_name":"Backstreet's Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet%27s_Back"},{"link_name":"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_(Backstreet%27s_Back)"},{"link_name":"As Long As You Love Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_To_Tape_Concert_Special_As_New_Single,_Album_Prepare_For_Release-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheretheboysare-41"},{"link_name":"Backstreet's Back Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet%27s_Back_Tour"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheretheboysare-41"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"1996–1997: Debut, worldwide success, and Backstreet's Back","text":"The group finished recording their first album Backstreet Boys in the spring of 1996. It was released internationally on May 6, 1996,[28] excluding U.S. and Canada; however, it was later released in Canada in October 1996.[29]Their popularity grew in Europe. \"I'll Never Break Your Heart\" reached a Gold status in Germany for selling 250,000 copies[30] and they were voted the No. 1 international group there in 1996. They also earned their first platinum record in Germany in 1996 for selling 500,000 copies of their debut album. Shortly after that, they began touring Asia and Canada.[30] They also became one of the most successful debut artists in the world, collecting awards such as Durchstarter (Best Newcomers) in Germany's Viva Comet Awards in 1996.[31]\"Anywhere for You\" was released as the last single from their international debut album on February 17, 1997.[32] \"Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)\", originally released in Europe as their fourth single in October 1996, was released in the U.S. in May 1997 for their self-titled U.S. debut album, Backstreet Boys (1997). It peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100, eventually earning them a platinum award for selling over one million copies.[33][34]The group began working on their second album, Backstreet's Back, in October 1996. They also recorded the song \"If You Stay\" for the Booty Call soundtrack in the same year, which was released in February 1997. Backstreet's Back was released internationally (except in the U.S.) on August 11, 1997. Their self-titled U.S. debut album, Backstreet Boys (1997), which consisted of songs from their 1996 international debut album and Backstreet's Back, was released in the U.S. a day later on August 12, 1997.[35] The U.S. self-titled debut peaked at No. 4 on the U.S. album chart and eventually sold 14 million copies.[36] Meanwhile, the second international release, Backstreet's Back, peaked at No. 1 in Germany, Norway, Switzerland, Finland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Austria,[37][38] selling well over five million copies in Europe alone.[39] The most successful singles from Backstreet's Back and the U.S. debut album were \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" and \"As Long As You Love Me\". The two self-titled albums, the international debut and the U.S. debut, sold more than 28 million copies worldwide.[40]In November 1997, doctors discovered that a congenital hole in Littrell's heart had enlarged to dangerous proportions. Littrell postponed open-heart surgery to meet touring obligations.[41] He underwent heart surgery on May 8, 1998, in the middle of the Backstreet's Back Tour. The group postponed the tour until July 1998 to give Littrell time to recover.[41][failed verification]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lou Pearlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Pearlman"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_Sue_Pearlman,_Trans_Continental-44"},{"link_name":"Viña del Mar International Song Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B1a_del_Mar_International_Song_Festival"},{"link_name":"keys to the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_Settle_With_Pearlman,_Record_New_Album-46"},{"link_name":"I Want It That Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_It_That_Way"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_US_singles_chart-positions-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_German_singles_chart-positions-26"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_European_chart-positions_on_I_Want_It_That_Way-48"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"Total Request Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Request_Live"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_album_Millennium-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_US_albums_chart-positions-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britney_Scores_Second_Best_Soundscan_Week-51"},{"link_name":"I Want It That Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_It_That_Way"},{"link_name":"Larger than Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larger_than_Life_(song)"},{"link_name":"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Me_the_Meaning_of_Being_Lonely"},{"link_name":"The One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Top_Selling_Albums_From_1991-2008-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009_U.S._Music_Purchases_up_2.1%_over_2008;_Music_Sales_Exceed_1.5_Billion_for_Second_Consecutive_Year-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Search_Result:_Backstreet_Boys-56"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backstreet_Boys&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Into the Millennium Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Millennium_Tour"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldbeat-58"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaltLake-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unorthodox-60"},{"link_name":"Georgia Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Dome"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"1998–1999: Millennium and superstardom","text":"Littrell brought in a lawsuit against Lou Pearlman and Trans Continental in 1998, claiming that Pearlman had not been truthful about the earnings made by the group.[42] From 1993 to 1997, Pearlman and his company took about $10 million in revenue while the band only got $300,000.[43] In the following year, McLean, Richardson, and Dorough joined the lawsuit which eventually resulted in a number of settlements.[44]On Valentine's Day 1998, the group debuted in Latin America at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile. Later that year, on October 7, 1998, the group received the keys to the city from the mayor of Orlando in honor of the tornado relief concert the group headlined in March that raised over $250,000. The day was also declared Backstreet Boys Day in Orlando.[45] They also began recording their third studio album, Millennium, at the beginning of that month while in the middle of a lawsuit.[46] The worldwide hit single \"I Want It That Way\" which topped the single-charts in over 25 countries made anticipation for Millennium high.[25][26][47][48] Millennium was released on May 18, 1999, on which day the Backstreet Boys made a heavily publicized appearance on MTV's Total Request Live.[49]The album entered the Billboard 200 at No. 1 and sold 1,134,000 copies in its first week of release.[50][51] Four singles were released from Millennium: \"I Want It That Way\", which is widely regarded as one of the greatest pop songs of all time, \"Larger than Life\", \"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely\", and \"The One\". Millennium became the best-selling album of 1999 in the U.S., selling 9,445,732 copies.[52][53] It also holds the record for most shipments in one year, with 11 million shipments.[54] Millennium remained on the Billboard chart for 93 weeks, eventually selling over 12 million copies in the United States and being certified 13 times platinum.[55][56] As of January 2013[update], the album stands as the fourth best selling album in the U.S. of the SoundScan era.[57]On June 2, 1999, the Backstreet Boys embarked on the Into the Millennium Tour, which comprised 115 sold-out shows in 84 cities, with some additional dates put due to high demand.[58] The second leg, which was sponsored by Sears, was sold out on August 14 on its sale date and broke sales records.[59][60] The concert at Georgia Dome, Atlanta, was the 5th most attended concert in American history and the most attended concert by a pop artist.[61]By October 1999, the Backstreet Boys faced new problems declaring their current JIVE contract null and void, soon striking one of the largest record deals ever valued at $60 million with JIVE.[62]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Bahama_Boys-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet's_Kevin_Gets_Hitched-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_Set_Up_Studio_Time-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BackstreetLPMTV-66"},{"link_name":"It's True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_True_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"Burger King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_King"},{"link_name":"For the Fans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Fans_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_BK-67"},{"link_name":"Black & Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%26_Blue_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_album_Black_&_Blue-68"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_Launch_Black_&_Blue_Tour-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys:_Biography_on_Rolling_stone-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charts:_Backstreet_Boys_score_another_No._1_with_Black_&_Blue-71"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet's_Back_in_Action-72"},{"link_name":"Shape of My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_My_Heart_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"The Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"More than That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_than_That"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XXXV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXV"},{"link_name":"Tampa, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Black & Blue Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%26_Blue_Tour"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001,_terrorist_attacks"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"American Airlines Flight 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"The Hits – Chapter One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hits_%E2%80%93_Chapter_One_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Drowning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_US_albums_chart-positions-50"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_UK_chart-positions-79"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_German_albums_chart-positions-37"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_Canadian_albums_chart-positions-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_European_and_Australasian_chart-positions_on_The_Hits:_Chapter_One-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys'_US_certifications-82"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPI_Platinum_Europe_Awards_-_2002-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2002-84"}],"sub_title":"2000–2001: Black and Blue and The Hits – Chapter One","text":"The group members made a trip to the Bahamas in May 2000 to write songs for their fourth album.[63] They began recording the album on July 1, 2000, in Stockholm, Sweden, and wrapped up the recording sessions in September.[64][65][66] A song completed during the July recording sessions, \"It's True\", was released on August 28, 2000, in a compilation album sold exclusively at Burger King restaurants, titled For the Fans.[67]The album, Black & Blue, was released on November 21, 2000.[68] To promote its release, they traveled around the world in 100 hours, visiting Stockholm, Tokyo, Sydney, Cape Town, Rio de Janeiro, and New York City. Fifty-five hours were spent traveling, and 45 were spent making public appearances.[69] A DVD of the short tour, as well as a board game, was released in 2001, titled Around the World. The album recorded the best international sales in a week for an album in history by selling over 5 million copies in its first week.[70][71] In the United States, it sold 1.6 million discs in the first week making them the first artist since The Beatles to achieve back-to-back million plus first week sales.[72] Three singles were released from Black & Blue: \"Shape of My Heart\", \"The Call\", and \"More than That\".On January 28, 2001, the Backstreet Boys performed the American national anthem at the Super Bowl XXXV in Tampa, Florida.[73] A week earlier, the group began the \"Black & Blue Tour\", which featured shows in five continents. The tour was put on hold in July when it was reported that McLean had entered rehab to battle alcoholism and depression after Richardson held an intervention for him at a Boston hotel.[74] The tour resumed in August and concluded in November.Shortly after returning to the Black and Blue Tour, the group faced a severe loss with the occurrence of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. On the night of September 10, the band had completed a sold-out show in Boston, Massachusetts. The following morning, Littrell's wife Leighanne had planned on catching a flight back to Los Angeles aboard American Airlines Flight 11, along with set carpenter Daniel Lee, who was returning home to Los Angeles to see his wife, who was due to give birth to their second child. That night, however, Leighanne canceled her flight after deciding to spend more time with her husband. Tragically, Lee was among 92 people killed when the hijacked plane crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center.[75] The next day, during a concert on the next leg of their tour in Toronto, Littrell gave a brief speech on Lee and led the audience in a moment of silence for Lee and all the victims of the attacks.[76]The Hits – Chapter One, their first compilation album, was released on October 23, 2001.[77] It also included a previously unreleased song, \"Drowning\".[78] The album entered the top 5 in the U.S.,[50] UK,[79] Germany,[37] and Canada,[80] and the top 10 in Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, and New Zealand.[81] In the U.S., The Hits: Chapter One was certified platinum for selling over one million copies.[82] It was also certified platinum by IFPI for selling over one million copies in Europe.[83] \"Drowning\" reached top 10 in many countries and as of 2002, the album had sold almost six million worldwide.[84]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2002-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes2002-84"},{"link_name":"Zomba Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomba_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Now or Never","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_or_Never_(Nick_Carter_album)"},{"link_name":"The Oprah Winfrey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_Inspired_By_Oprah_To_Hit_Studio_Again-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_Boys_Inspired_By_Oprah_To_Hit_Studio_Again-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everybody,_Backstreet's_back-87"}],"sub_title":"2002–2004: Hiatus","text":"In 2002, the group expressed a strong desire to leave their management company, The Firm.[84] However, Carter chose to remain with The Firm to manage his solo career. Shortly afterward, the rest of the group began recording their next album without him.[84] The relationship with JIVE Records worsened when the Backstreet Boys filed a $75–100 million lawsuit against Zomba Music Group (JIVE's parent company), claiming breach of contract.[85] They claimed that the label promoted Carter's solo album Now or Never at the expense of the group.In November 2003, McLean appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show to talk about his addiction to alcohol and drugs and his struggles in rising to fame for the first time in public.[86] The rest of the group surprised him by appearing in person to give him support, marking the first time the Backstreet Boys had appeared together in public in almost two years.[86] The group began to reform and reconcile their differences, planning to start recording a comeback album at the beginning of the following year.[87]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSB_live2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justin_Timberlake_Gets_Debut_Movie_Role-88"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Incomplete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"Up Close & Personal Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Close_%26_Personal_Tour_(Backstreet_Boys)"},{"link_name":"Never Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Gone"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_album"},{"link_name":"Just Want You to Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Want_You_to_Know"},{"link_name":"Crawling Back to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawling_Back_to_You_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"I Still...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Still..."},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jj-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eonline-92"},{"link_name":"Never Gone Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Gone_Tour"},{"link_name":"West Palm Beach, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Tokyo, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan"},{"link_name":"Melbourne, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne,_Australia"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statement-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuter2007-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuter2007-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"NSYNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSYNC"},{"link_name":"Lance Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Bass"},{"link_name":"Joey Fatone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Fatone"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"2004–2006: Never Gone and Richardson's departure","text":"Backstreet Boys at KISS FM Jingle Bell Bash 8The Backstreet Boys entered the studios in January 2004 to start recording the new album.[88] They also started performing together to promote their return to the music scene. They started a small Asian tour in September, visiting Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo, and Manila, performing some new material. Based on the success of this tour, they announced a Mexican tour, visiting Mexico City and Monterrey.The album's first single, \"Incomplete,\" was released to radio stations on March 28, 2005. Following the release of the single, they embarked on their Up Close & Personal Tour in March, which served as a pre-album release tour. \"Incomplete\" peaked at number 13 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and charted within the top 10 in 13 countries. In addition, it debuted at number one in Australia, becoming their first number-one hit in the country.After recording for over a year, the Backstreet Boys finally released their comeback album Never Gone on June 14, 2005. The album debuted at No. 3 on the U.S. chart with first-week sales of 291,000 copies. However, the drastic style change drew negative criticism from Rolling Stone.[89][90] Never Gone was certified platinum in the U.S. and four singles were released from the album. The second single, \"Just Want You to Know,\" hit the top 10 in the UK. The third singles were \"Crawling Back to You\" for the U.S. and \"I Still...\" for the rest of the world. Never Gone has sold approximately 3 million copies worldwide.[91][92]The Backstreet Boys began the first leg of their Never Gone Tour on July 22, 2005, in West Palm Beach, Florida. After that, the first leg ran until November 2005 in Europe, and in January 2006, the second leg started in Tokyo, Japan. Finally, the tour concluded on February 2, 2006, in Melbourne, Australia.On June 23, 2006, it was announced that Richardson had left the Backstreet Boys to pursue other interests.[93] Both Richardson and the rest of the group issued a statement on their official site, stating that he departed amicably and the door was always open for him to return.[94] Following Richardson's departure, the group was suggested to change their name to Backstreet, but they decided against it.[95] They also turned down an offer to star in a reality show to find a new member[95] and musicians who had expressed interest in replacing Richardson, such as Sam Licata[96][97] and former NSYNC members Lance Bass and Joey Fatone,[98] stating that they were not planning to replace him.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSB_Stockholm08.jpg"},{"link_name":"Unbreakable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbreakable_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"Inconsolable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconsolable"},{"link_name":"Helpless When She Smiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helpless_When_She_Smiles"},{"link_name":"world tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbreakable_Tour_(Backstreet_Boys_Tour)"},{"link_name":"The O2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2_Arena"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"This Is Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Us_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPchartposition_thisisus-105"},{"link_name":"Straight Through My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Through_My_Heart"},{"link_name":"Bigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigger_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"swine flu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1"},{"link_name":"Hard Rock Café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Rock_Caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pinktober","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinktober"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Tamiflu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiflu"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"CBS Early Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Early_Show"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"This Is Us Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Us_Tour"},{"link_name":"The Oprah Winfrey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"2006–2011: Unbreakable and This Is Us","text":"Backstreet Boys performing without Richardson on Unbreakable TourTwo days after Richardson's departure announcement, the Backstreet Boys entered the studio to record their sixth album. The album titled Unbreakable was released on October 30, 2007. It received positive reviews and opened at number seven on the Billboard 200, selling 81,000 copies in its first week of release.[99] It performed well in Japan, debuting at No. 1 on the Japanese Oricon weekly album charts and staying there for another week. They released two singles from the album, \"Inconsolable\" and \"Helpless When She Smiles.\"The group went on a world tour to promote Unbreakable, starting in Tokyo, Japan, on February 16, 2008. The tour included shows in Australia, Japan, Mexico, the UK, Europe, Asia, Canada, and the United States. The show in London's The O2 Arena was filmed and is available to watch online on MSN's website.[100] Richardson rejoined the rest of the group on stage at the Palladium in Hollywood, Los Angeles on November 23, 2008, for the last North American stop of the tour.[101]On October 6, 2009, the group released their next album, This Is Us.[102] On this album, their sound went back to their original dance-pop beats and contains a more R&B sound.[103] The album debuted at No. 9 on the Billboard 200, selling 42,000 copies in its first week of release.[104] It peaked at No. 2 in Japan and was certified Platinum for shipments of 250,000 copies.[105] Two singles were released from this album: \"Straight Through My Heart\" and \"Bigger\".A few days after promoting the new album and filming the music video for \"Bigger\" in Japan, Littrell contracted swine flu, causing the group to cancel a signing at Hard Rock Café in New York for the NYC Pinktober event on October 5, 2009.[106] The rest of the group were prescribed Tamiflu by a doctor, even though they weren't showing any symptom of the flu.[107] The group subsequently canceled a scheduled CBS Early Show performance the next day on October 6, 2009, which was also the release day of their new album, This Is Us.[108] In late October 2009, the group embarked on the This Is Us Tour, which lasted over a year and consisted of 123 shows.The Backstreet Boys, including Richardson, filmed a segment for The Oprah Winfrey Show on October 22, 2010. Richardson also performed with the group in the show's studio later that day, making it the second time he had performed with the group since his departure.[109]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"New Kids on the Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kids_on_the_Block"},{"link_name":"NKOTBSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKOTBSB"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press-111"},{"link_name":"NKOTBSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKOTBSB_(album)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"On Air with Ryan Seacrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Air_with_Ryan_Seacrest"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-littrellqa-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-littrellqa-117"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USMagGMA-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Martin Terefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Terefe"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMAHuffington-123"},{"link_name":"It's Christmas Time Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Christmas_Time_Again"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_magazine"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardholiday-126"}],"sub_title":"2011–2012: NKOTBSB and Richardson's return","text":"In May 2011, the group announced that they had left their longtime label JIVE Records.[110] In the same month, they embarked on a joint tour with New Kids on the Block as NKOTBSB.[111] Prior to the tour, they released a compilation album of their biggest hits, also titled NKOTBSB, which also includes a mash-up and two new songs.[112] At the conclusion of 2011, the tour placed 17th on Billboard's annual \"Top 25 Tours\", earning over $40 million with 51 shows.[113] The tour lasted until June 2012, comprising 80 shows in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. During the show in Staples Center, LA, in July 2011, Richardson once again joined the group on stage.[114]As he had announced before on On Air with Ryan Seacrest in October 2011, Richardson hosted a beach party, part of the group's second annual cruise, in the Bahamas on December 3, 2011, where he performed with them. On Seacrest's radio show, he also stated that he would love to \"perform with the group again on a more regular basis.\"[115] The statement, along with his appearance at the cruise event, prompted speculations that he might rejoin the group for good,[116] but both he and the group remained quiet on the matter.I think it was the right decision. I think for us to maximize the ability that we have as five to move forward, it wouldn't be with another group, it would just be on our own.\n\n\n--Brian Littrell[117]The Backstreet Boys finally announced that Richardson had rejoined them permanently during a show in London on April 29, 2012.[118] A few days later, McLean and Littrell revealed on separate occasions that Richardson had returned since 2010, before NKOTBSB Tour started. He had been in talks to join the tour but ultimately decided not to. They supported his decision and kept his return a secret until the tour was over.[117][119] The group spoke positively about Richardson's return, stating that they couldn't be happier to have him back. Richardson himself was thrilled to be back with his old bandmates, saying that they have a chemistry and a bond.[120][121]The Backstreet Boys moved into a house together all by themselves in July 2012 as they started working on their new album with producer Martin Terefe in London.[122] On August 31, 2012, they closed out Good Morning America's Summer Concert Series in Central Park, in New York. It was their first performance as a fivesome since Richardson rejoined the group. During the show, they announced they would have their third cruise in October 2013. It was the first cruise to feature all five members.[123]The first single featuring Richardson's vocals in six years, a Christmas song titled \"It's Christmas Time Again\", was premiered on AOL Music on November 5, 2012,[124] and officially released a day later.[125] The song reached No. 1 on Billboard's Holiday Digital Songs chart.[126]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20anniversary-128"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wofpeople-11"},{"link_name":"In a World Like This Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_a_World_Like_This_Tour"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"In a World Like This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_a_World_Like_This_(song)"},{"link_name":"In a World Like This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_a_World_Like_This"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BillboardGap-8"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backstreet_Boys&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Backstreet_Boys_Announce_Four_Australian_Shows_in_May-135"},{"link_name":"Show 'Em (What You're Made Of)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_%27Em_(What_You%27re_Made_Of)"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"This Is the End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_the_End"},{"link_name":"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_(Backstreet%27s_Back)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"2014 MTV Movie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_MTV_Movie_Awards"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Christmas in Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Washington"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Lou Pearlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Pearlman"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-143"},{"link_name":"I'll Never Break Your Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Never_Break_Your_Heart"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-143"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys:_Show_%27Em_What_You%27re_Made_Of"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTVdoc-12"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialsite-145"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTVdoc-12"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"}],"sub_title":"2013–2015: 20th anniversary, In a World Like This, and documentary film","text":"The Backstreet Boys celebrated their 20th anniversary, which was on April 20, 2013, with a fan celebration event in Hollywood that day.[127][128] They received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame two days later, and had the day, April 22, 2013, declared as Backstreet Boys Day in Hollywood.[11] In May 2013, the group embarked on their 20th-anniversary tour, officially titled as In a World Like This Tour.[129] The tour lasted over two years, comprising over 170 shows in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Middle East. The tour was the 44th highest-grossing worldwide tour in 2014 with a total gross of $32.8 million and ticket sales of 607,407,[130] not including its 2013 and 2015 dates.\"In a World Like This,\" the lead single from their eighth studio album, also titled In a World Like This, was released digitally on June 25, 2013, and to the radio on July 22, 2013. The album was released in the US on July 30, 2013, and in other countries sometime later. It is the group's first independent album, released under their own label, K-BAHN. It reached the top 5 in the US, Canada, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Taiwan, and Japan,[8][131][132] and had sold 800,000 copies as of January 2015[update].[133][134][135] They released a second single from the album, \"Show 'Em (What You're Made Of)\" in November 2013.[136]The group made a cameo in the 2013 movie This Is the End as a fictional version of themselves, performing their song \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back),\" [137]\nwhich earned them an award for \"Best Musical Moment\" at 2014 MTV Movie Awards.[138] In December 2013, the Backstreet Boys performed their two original Christmas songs as marquee performers in the annual \"Christmas in Washington\" TV special which was also attended by the President of the United States Barack Obama and his family.[139]The Backstreet Boys members were due in court on March 24, 2014, over a claim they filed against their former manager Lou Pearlman. The group alleged that Pearlman still owed them $3,451,456.04, and they asked for $87,728.58 in legal fees for having to fight him in court for years.[140] But earlier that month the group stated that they have a scheduling conflict and discussed postponing the hearing by 90 days.[141] On October 21, 2014, the group received a settlement of $99,000 in cash, 34 audio tape reels, 26 CDs, seven studio mastering audio tapes, six sealed posters, three audio cassettes, and one VHS tape. The recordings include some unreleased mixes, demos, and original materials.[142][143] The seven master recordings they received included \"I'll Never Break Your Heart\" and a few lesser-known songs.[144][143]Their documentary movie, titled Backstreet Boys: Show 'Em What You're Made Of, was released in theaters and online on January 30, 2015, in the U.S., on February 26, 2015, in the UK and Europe, and on March 28 worldwide.[12][145] The movie chronicles their entire career journey up to the making of their 2013 album In A World Like This.[12]On April 10, 2015, band members Richardson and Littrell were inducted into the Kentucky Music Hall of Fame.[146]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dead 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_7"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Syfy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"Nick Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Carter"},{"link_name":"AJ McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_McLean"},{"link_name":"Howie Dorough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Dorough"},{"link_name":"Joey Fatone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Fatone"},{"link_name":"Chris Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"NSYNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSYNC"},{"link_name":"Jeff Timmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Timmons"},{"link_name":"98 Degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98_Degrees"},{"link_name":"Erik-Michael Estrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik-Michael_Estrada"},{"link_name":"O-Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Town"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Maroon 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_5"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Undateable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undateable"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"God, Your Mama, and Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God,_Your_Mama,_and_Me"},{"link_name":"Florida Georgia Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Georgia_Line"},{"link_name":"Dig Your Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dig_Your_Roots"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys: Larger Than Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys:_Larger_Than_Life"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Don't Go Breaking My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Go_Breaking_My_Heart_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"RCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"Chances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chances_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"DNA World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNA-161"},{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Grammy Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Museum_at_L.A._Live"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Christmas album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_music"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"I Want It That Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_It_That_Way"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Planet Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upi.com-170"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matches_(Britney_Spears_and_Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"}],"sub_title":"2015–2020: Dead 7 film, Las Vegas residency, and DNA","text":"In August 2015, band members Carter, Dorough, and McLean filmed a movie that Carter wrote entitled Dead 7. The film centers around a ragtag band of gunslingers operating during a post-apocalyptic zombie plague.[147] The movie premiered on April 1, 2016, on Syfy channel. A free copy of the theme song \"In the End\" was released on March 28, performed by band members Nick Carter, AJ McLean and Howie Dorough; Joey Fatone and Chris Kirkpatrick from NSYNC; Jeff Timmons from 98 Degrees; and Erik-Michael Estrada from O-Town.[148] The official physical DVD was released on June 7, 2016.[149]In October 2015, McLean revealed that the group was working on their ninth studio album. McLean said the band is working with producer Jacob Kasher, who has worked with Maroon 5 and Britney Spears. The band hoped to finish the album before the next Backstreet Boys cruise in May 2016.[150] On January 29, 2016, the Backstreet Boys were the musical guests in the series finale of NBC comedy series Undateable.[151]On April 1, 2016, Carter told Entertainment Tonight the group signed a deal with Live Nation for a nine-show \"test residency\" in Las Vegas.[152] McLean confirmed the deal, telling Us Magazine that the residency would begin in January 2017.[153]\nIn July 2016, the group appeared and performed on ABC's Greatest Hits.[154] On August 19, 2016, the group released \"God, Your Mama, and Me\", with country duo Florida Georgia Line, which was taken from their third studio album Dig Your Roots.[155] The song entered the Hot 100 at No. 92 for the chart dated March 18, 2017, which was the group's first return to the chart since 2007.[156]On September 15, 2016, McLean and Carter confirmed that the band would be done with the album the following year, along with a new headlining tour.[157] On September 23, the Backstreet Boys confirmed their Vegas residency show happening in 2017, titled Backstreet Boys: Larger Than Life.[158][159] The residency played 80 shows between March 1, 2017, and April 27, 2019.Backstreet Boys released their new song titled \"Don't Go Breaking My Heart\" on May 17, 2018, as their lead single for their new album.[160] The album is co-produced under RCA Records and the group's own label, K-BAHN, and distributed by RCA's parent company, Sony Music. On November 9, they released the single \"Chances\" and announced the title of their ninth studio album, DNA, which was released on January 25, 2019. On January 4, 2019, DNA's third single, \"No Place,\" was released. Backstreet Boys embarked on the DNA World Tour in support of the album on May 11, 2019.[161] They had to postpone the tour on March 15, 2020, due to the coronavirus pandemic.[162] They initially rescheduled the remaining dates for 2021,[163] but eventually had to reschedule again for 2022.[164]On April 8, 2019, the band released their exhibit at the Grammy Museum before it was opened to the public two days later, showcasing tour outfits and memorabilia from their childhoods.[165][166] That same month, the group announced that they would be releasing their first Christmas album.[167] At their Las Vegas residency, they received keys to the Vegas strip as the mayor declared the 10th Backstreet Boys Day, and during the 20th anniversary of \"I Want It That Way\",[168] the group participated in a handprint ceremony to commemorate the ending of their two-year residency at Planet Hollywood and were also presented with a check donation to the Boys & Girls Club of Southern Nevada.[169]On February 9, 2020, the band announced the second North America leg of the DNA World Tour on social media and Good Morning America.[170] In December 2020, Britney Spears released a single featuring the group called \"Matches\".[171]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Backstreet_Boys_in_Sydney.jpg"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"WeChat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Tencent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent"},{"link_name":"As Long As You Love Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_(Backstreet_Boys_song)"},{"link_name":"Weibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina_Weibo"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"A Very Backstreet Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Backstreet_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Last Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Christmas in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"}],"sub_title":"2021–present: DNA World Tour, A Very Backstreet Christmas and 30th anniversary","text":"The Backstreet Boys performing in Sydney, Australia in March 2023With their tour postponed due to the pandemic, the Backstreet Boys started working on their first Christmas album in March 2021.[172] On July 12, they officially announced their return to Las Vegas for a holiday residency scheduled for November and December 2021.[173][174] On August 14, Carter revealed that they had finished recording the album and had done a photo shoot for the album cover.[175] Unfortunately, due to the pandemic the album failed to meet the deadline to finish production,[176] forcing them to reschedule the album release to late 2022 and cancel their 2021 holiday residency.[177]Backstreet Boys resumed their DNA tour in April 2022 in North America and will finish in May 2023 in South Africa.[178] On February 23, 2022, the group announced their return to Las Vegas with four shows to kick off the DNA world tour.[179]On June 24, 2022, American luxury carmaker Lincoln teamed up with Backstreet Boys to hold a virtual concert from Philadelphia to WeChat (Weixin) users mostly in China, which was broadcast by Tencent's WeChat channel. A total of 44.2 million viewers watched the live broadcast, and 25.5 million cheers were received during the performance, according to Tencent. This marked the third-highest attendance for live-stream concerts on the WeChat channel and the highest audience record for such by international artists. The day after the show aired, the online hashtag of the group's 1997 hit \"As Long As You Love Me\" trended No. 1 on China's Twitter-like platform Weibo.[180]On July 27, the group took part in Dave & Jimmy's Celebrity Softball Classic in Columbus, Ohio, for charity benefitting On Our Sleeves, the movement for children's mental health, powered by behavioral health experts at Nationwide Children's Hospital.[181]In October 2022, the group released their first holiday album, A Very Backstreet Christmas. It reached number 17 on the US Billboard 200 charts and number 1 on the Billboard Holiday charts. The first single from the album, \"Last Christmas,\" hit number 1 on the Billboard AC charts, and the second single, \"Christmas in New York,\" reached number 19. A related television special, \"A Very Backstreet Holiday,\" was pulled from ABC airing and streaming debuts Hulu and Disney+, as well as having their holiday promotion for MeUndies[182][183] and endorsment deals such as Roblox drop,[184] after sexual assault allegations against Nick Carter,[185][186] who has since filed a defamation lawsuit.[187]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vocal_group-4"},{"link_name":"New Kids on the Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kids_on_the_Block"},{"link_name":"a cappella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_cappella"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Boyz II Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_II_Men"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Shai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jodeci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodeci"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"polyphonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"new jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_jack_swing"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-199"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yahoo-200"},{"link_name":"electropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropop"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-103"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"}],"text":"The Backstreet Boys have prided themselves as a vocal harmony group.[4] In order to fight the boy band stereotype and the backlash from New Kids on the Block's lip-sync scandal in the beginning, they would sing a cappella every chance they could get.[188] The ad they answered in 1993 was for a singing group with \"New Kids on the Block look with a Boyz II Men sound\", and they aimed to have a white version of Boyz II Men.[189] \"We were fans of New Kids, but were we really modeled after them? No. We looked at ourselves as Shai, Jodeci, and Boyz II Men, the true vocal groups. That's who we listened to and who we really wanted to be like,\" Littrell stated in 2011.[190] The Backstreet Boys often employ polyphonic harmony, which sets them apart from many other singing groups. Littrell, Carter, and McLean usually sing the melody in choruses, with Dorough harmonizing above the melody and Richardson covering the bass parts.[191][192] During Richardson's absence, McLean and Carter together covered his part in choruses[193] while Dorough took his solo parts, although McLean sang Richardson's verse in \"Drowning\".[194]The Backstreet Boys' musical style has evolved over the years. On their debut and second album, they sang a hybrid of R&B and dance club pop mixed with new jack balladry and hip-hop.[195] With Millennium and Black & Blue, they started to abandon R&B and shift more toward pop and pop rock, as demonstrated on songs like \"I Want It That Way\", \"Shape of My Heart\", \"Larger than Life\", and \"Not For Me\". The group drastically changed their style in 2005 with their comeback album Never Gone, an adult contemporary record featuring only live instruments, a departure from their previous pop sound that features a lot of synthesizers.[196][197] Compared to their previous albums, Never Gone is \"more organic, more stripped-down, less harmonies, more instrumentation\".[198] Their first album without Richardson, Unbreakable, is similar to Never Gone. It leans toward adult contemporary and contemporary pop music and features interwoven choral harmonies, piano, strings, guitar, and drums,[199] with a little bit of hip-hop and reggae elements on some tracks, such as \"One in a Million\".[200] With their seventh studio album, This Is Us, they went back to their original dance-pop beats combined with electropop. It also contains a more R&B sound compared to Unbreakable.[103] The group's first independent album, In a World Like This, which is also their first album back with Richardson, is a mixture of modern pop, adult contemporary, and dance music, with a hint of singer-songwriter genre as demonstrated on \"Try\", \"Madeleine\", and \"Trust Me\".[201] On DNA, they combined their harmony-driven contemporary pop sound with R&B, country, funk, and EDM.[202][203][204]","title":"Artistry and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Into the Millennium Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Millennium_Tour"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"The Firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Firm,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Project"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"Burger King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_King"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backstreet_BK-67"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"Old Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Navy"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LIII"},{"link_name":"Chance the Rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_the_Rapper"},{"link_name":"Doritos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doritos"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"Downy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downy"}],"text":"The second leg of Into the Millennium Tour, which was also the first North American leg, was sponsored by Sears and was officially titled \"Sears Presents Backstreet Boys Into The Millennium.\" The sponsorship was a part of Sears' new integrated worldwide marketing campaign exclusively featuring the Backstreet Boys. The campaign included a 30-second advertisement featuring the group, aired from August 1 to 15, 1999. The advertising promoted back-to-school sweepstakes, which gave each of the five fans the chance to win a $2,000 Sears shopping spree with their favorite Backstreet Boys member and a trip for four to the group's concert on December 1, 1999, in Tampa, Florida.[205]Carter, who was a comic fan, met comic book writer Stan Lee through his manager from The Firm in February 2000. Carter subsequently told Lee about his original concept of a six-issue series of comic books featuring members of the Backstreet Boys as superheroes called \"Cyber Crusaders.\" Lee was interested in the concept; however, they ultimately decided to make it into only one issue.[206] The comic book, titled Backstreet Project, was released in 2000 and was available for purchase at their concerts and online stores in 2000–2001. In addition to the book, a series of flash-based webisodes was also published in 2000.[207]In January 2000, the Backstreet Boys signed a deal with Burger King. The deal included an exclusive compilation set available only at Burger King restaurants.[67] The compilation consisted of three CDs featuring a new song called \"It's True,\" live songs from the group's previous tours, and a VHS tape featuring backstage footage and interviews.[208] In August 2000, it was announced that the deal would also include three TV commercials featuring the Backstreet Boys, and a promotion, which was the inclusion of an exclusive Backstreet Project Cyber Crusader toy in each Burger King Big Kids Meal and Kids Meal.[209]In August 2012, it was revealed that the Backstreet Boys would be starring in an Old Navy commercial.[210] The commercial featuring the group started airing on September 19, 2012. \"It was a great way to show people that we're back,\" Richardson said regarding the commercial. The group also performed at an Old Navy event \"Fit For Fall Fashion Show for All\" in Bryant Park, New York on September 14, 2012.[211]On March 12, 2014, the group filmed a series of commercials for Swedish warehouse company NetOnNet in Sweden while the group was on tour in Europe. The commercials started airing in May 2014.[212] For these commercials, the group recorded a song called \"Lager Than Life\", which is a remake of their song \"Larger Than Life\" with different instrumentation.[213] The song was also released as a single on iTunes by the company in several countries.[214]During Super Bowl LIII in 2019, the band participated in a commercial collaboration with Chance the Rapper for Doritos corn snacks. The advertisement was poorly received; Rolling Stone called it \"unwatchable\".[215][216][217]In 2022, The Backstreet Boys began appearing in commercials for Downy Rinse and Refresh Detergent.","title":"Partnerships and other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AJ McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_McLean"},{"link_name":"Howie Dorough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Dorough"},{"link_name":"Nick Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Carter"},{"link_name":"Kevin Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Richardson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Brian Littrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Littrell"}],"text":"AJ McLean (1993–present)\nHowie Dorough (1993–present)\nNick Carter (1993–present)\nKevin Richardson (1993–2006, 2012–present)\nBrian Littrell (1993–present)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys_(1996_album)"},{"link_name":"Backstreet's Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet%27s_Back"},{"link_name":"Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"Black & Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%26_Blue_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"Never Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Gone"},{"link_name":"Unbreakable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbreakable_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"This Is Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Us_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"In a World Like This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_a_World_Like_This"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(Backstreet_Boys_album)"},{"link_name":"A Very Backstreet Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Backstreet_Christmas"}],"text":"Backstreet Boys (1996)\nBackstreet's Back (1997)\nMillennium (1999)\nBlack & Blue (2000)\nNever Gone (2005)\nUnbreakable (2007)\nThis Is Us (2009)\nIn a World Like This (2013)\nDNA (2019)\nA Very Backstreet Christmas (2022)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backstreet_Boys&action=edit"},{"link_name":"American Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Billboard Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Juno Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metrolyrics-243"}],"text":"The group has received nine Grammy Award nominations as of 2019[update], including five nominations in 2000. The group has also received two American Music Awards, five Billboard Music Awards, two MTV Video Music Awards, a Juno Award, and many others.[243]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"}],"text":"The group has supported multiple charities over the years including Children's Miracle Network, City of Hope, Kids Wish, Live Together, and Lupus LA.[244] On April 6, 2022, they donated $25,000 to young band First Day of School for them to donate to their three favorite charities.[245] Individually they have given to charities, for example, Nick Carter hosted a sing-a-long holiday dinner for Home for the Holidays.[246]","title":"Charity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Backstreet's Back Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet%27s_Back_Tour"},{"link_name":"Into the Millennium Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Millennium_Tour"},{"link_name":"Black & Blue World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%26_Blue_Tour"},{"link_name":"Never Gone Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Gone_Tour"},{"link_name":"Unbreakable Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbreakable_Tour_(Backstreet_Boys_tour)"},{"link_name":"This Is Us Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Us_Tour"},{"link_name":"In a World Like This Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_a_World_Like_This_Tour"},{"link_name":"DNA World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"NKOTBSB Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKOTBSB_Tour"},{"link_name":"New Kids on the Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kids_on_the_Block"},{"link_name":"Backstreet Boys: Larger Than Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstreet_Boys:_Larger_Than_Life"},{"link_name":"Up Close & Personal Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_Close_%26_Personal_Tour_(Backstreet_Boys)"},{"link_name":"Smooth Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_Tour"},{"link_name":"Florida Georgia Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Georgia_Line"},{"link_name":"Nelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly"},{"link_name":"Chris Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Lane"}],"text":"HeadliningWe Wanna Be with You Tour (1995–1996)\nBackstreet Boys: Live in Concert Tour (1996–1997)\nBackstreet's Back Tour (1997–1998)\nInto the Millennium Tour (1999–2000)\nBlack & Blue World Tour (2001)\nNever Gone Tour (2005–2006)\nUnbreakable Tour (2008–2009)\nThis Is Us Tour (2009–2011)\nIn a World Like This Tour (2013–2015)\nDNA World Tour (2019–2023)Co-headliningNKOTBSB Tour with New Kids on the Block (2011–2012)ResidencyBackstreet Boys: Larger Than Life (2017–2019)PromotionalRound the World in 100 Hours (2000)\nUp Close & Personal Tour (2005)CollaborationSmooth Tour with Florida Georgia Line, Nelly and Chris Lane (2017, select dates)","title":"Tours"}]
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[{"title":"List of best-selling music artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists"},{"title":"List of best-selling boybands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_band#Best-selling_boy_bands"},{"title":"List of best-selling music artists in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of best-selling albums in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of best-selling albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums"},{"title":"Top ten best-selling albums of the Nielsen SoundScan era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best-selling_albums_in_the_United_States_since_Nielsen_SoundScan_tracking_began"},{"title":"List of most expensive music videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_music_videos"},{"title":"Forbes list of highest-earning musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_list_of_highest-earning_musicians"}]
[{"reference":"\"Teen pop acts ready for summer tours\". Billboard. February 16, 2001. Archived from the original on August 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/80506/teen-pop-acts-ready-for-summer-tours","url_text":"\"Teen pop acts ready for summer tours\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200819233317/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/80506/teen-pop-acts-ready-for-summer-tours","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Backstreet Boys - Biography, Albums, Streaming Links\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/backstreet-boys-mn0000765595","url_text":"\"Backstreet Boys - Biography, Albums, Streaming Links\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200726120422/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/backstreet-boys-mn0000765595","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Backstreet Boys\". Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110222205322/http://backstreetboys.com/","url_text":"\"Backstreet Boys\""},{"url":"http://backstreetboys.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michelson, Noah (June 13, 2010). \"Catching Up with the Backstreet Boys\". Out Magazine. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2012. But we've always prided ourselves on just being a vocal harmony group.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.out.com/entertainment/music/2010/06/13/catching-backstreet-boys?page=0,1","url_text":"\"Catching Up with the Backstreet Boys\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130423224142/http://www.out.com/entertainment/music/2010/06/13/catching-backstreet-boys?page=0,1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin Richardson Quits Backstreet Boys\". MTV. Archived from the original on November 23, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535035/kevin-richardson-quits-backstreet-boys.jhtml","url_text":"\"Kevin Richardson Quits Backstreet Boys\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111123162708/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1535035/kevin-richardson-quits-backstreet-boys.jhtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Backstreet Boys Welcome Back Kevin Richardson\". MTV. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1684089/backstreet-boys-kevin-richardson-back.jhtml","url_text":"\"Backstreet Boys Welcome Back Kevin Richardson\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120622233547/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1684089/backstreet-boys-kevin-richardson-back.jhtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tailor, Leena (May 16, 2019). \"'Millennium' at 20: Collaborators Explain How the Backstreet Boys Album Pushed Technology Limits and Saved Relationships\". Billboard. Retrieved June 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/backstreet-boys-millennium-anniversary-interview-collaborators-8511739/","url_text":"\"'Millennium' at 20: Collaborators Explain How the Backstreet Boys Album Pushed Technology Limits and Saved Relationships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Backstreet Boys Score First No. 1 Album in Nearly 20 Years on Billboard 200 Chart With 'DNA'\". Billboard. February 3, 2019. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8496211/backstreet-boys-first-no-1-album-20-years-billboard-200","url_text":"\"Backstreet Boys Score First No. 1 Album in Nearly 20 Years on Billboard 200 Chart With 'DNA'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191204115850/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8496211/backstreet-boys-first-no-1-album-20-years-billboard-200","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Feeney, Katherine (January 6, 2010). \"Backstreet Boys are back\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/backstreet-boys-are-back-20100106-ltvn.html","url_text":"\"Backstreet Boys are back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214117/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/backstreet-boys-are-back-20100106-ltvn.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McIntyre, Hugh. \"There Are Now 22 Artists With More Than One Diamond Album\". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/03/01/there-are-now-22-artists-with-more-than-one-diamond-album/","url_text":"\"There Are Now 22 Artists With More Than One Diamond Album\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191104013623/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/03/01/there-are-now-22-artists-with-more-than-one-diamond-album/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Backstreet Boys Get Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame\". People. April 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162940/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20693566,00.html","url_text":"\"Backstreet Boys Get Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame\""},{"url":"http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20693566,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Garibaldi, Christina (December 2, 2014). \"Backstreet Boys Are Back With A New Movie: Find Out When It Hits Theaters\". MTV. Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/2013866/backstreet-boys-documentary-show-em-what-youre-made-of/","url_text":"\"Backstreet Boys Are Back With A New Movie: Find Out When It Hits Theaters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141215082646/http://www.mtv.com/news/2013866/backstreet-boys-documentary-show-em-what-youre-made-of/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Backstreet Boys Biography\". StarPulse.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%27s_Trust
Dogs Trust
["1 History","2 Rehoming","3 Campaigns","3.1 Puppy Farming","3.2 Compulsory Microchipping","3.3 Puppy smuggling","3.4 Celebrity support","4 Outreach","4.1 Freedom Project","4.2 Hope Project","5 Worldwide","6 Events","6.1 Waggy Walks","6.2 Dogs Trust Honours","6.3 Hampton Court Flower Show 2016","6.4 A Dog’s Trail","7 Rehoming figures","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Largest dog welfare charity in the United Kingdom (started in 1891) Dogs Trustdogs trustNicknamedogs trustPronunciationdogs tr- u- st Formation1891; 133 years ago (1891)TypeCharityRegistration no.227523Legal statusCharityHeadquarters17 Wakley Street, London, England, UKLocationUnited Kingdom and IrelandPatronElizabeth II (1990–2022)Charles III (2024–)CEOClarissa Baldwin (1986–2014)Adrian Burder (2014–2018)Owen Sharp (2019–)Volunteers 6000Websitewww.dogstrust.org.ukFormerly calledNational Canine Defence League Dogs Trust, known until 2003 as the National Canine Defence League, is a British animal welfare charity and humane society which specialises in the well-being of dogs. It is the largest dog welfare charity in the United Kingdom, caring for over 15,000 animals each year. Dogs Trust's primary objective is to protect all dogs in the UK and elsewhere from maltreatment, cruelty and suffering. It focuses on the rehabilitation and rehoming of dogs which have been either abandoned or given up by their owners through rehoming services. Dogs Trust has 22 rehoming centres across the UK and Ireland. Its first international rehoming centre opened in November 2009 in Dublin, Ireland. Its charity guidelines ensure that no mentally or physically healthy dog taken into the protection of its rehoming centres are euthanised. Dogs Trust also manages microchipping and neutering schemes in the United Kingdom and abroad, in order to reduce the number of unwanted litters of puppies and stray dogs. History The National Canine Defence League (NCDL) was founded in 1891 at a meeting during the first Crufts show chaired by Lady Gertrude Stock. The NCDL campaigned against vivisection, unnecessary muzzling and prolonged chaining, as well as providing care for stray dogs. It also campaigned against the cruel treatment of dogs by railway companies, who often refused to provide water for dogs. More unusually, in the 1920s, it provided AA wardens with pistols. This was because dogs and other animals were often involved in car accidents, and the pistols were provided to allow the wardens to euthanise the animal as a last resort in the worst cases. In November 1939, the NCDL spoke out against the mass euthanisation of approximately 750,000 pet dogs and cats upon the outbreak of World War II. In 1957, the NCDL campaigned against the use of the Russian space dogs in space flight, organising a minute's silence in honour of Laika, who died in orbit from overheating and stress. In 2003, the NCDL was rebranded as Dogs Trust. In 2016 the Trust declared an income of £98.4 million and expenditure of £86 million. In 2017 the Trust declared an income of £106.4 million, an increase of £8 million from 2016. In November 2017, Dogs Trust assisted in the effort to reduce dog homelessness in Bosnia and Herzegovina, by contributing to the funding of a major rehoming centre. On 14 March 2019, Dogs Trust officially unveiled plans to open a new rehoming centre in Cardiff in 2021. The charity is best known for its slogan "A Dog is for life, not just for Christmas", which is used either in full or shortened to "A Dog is for Life" in advertising. The phrase was created by Clarissa Baldwin, the former Chief Executive of the charity, to reduce the number of dogs which are abandoned as unwanted. The slogan is a registered trademark. More recently it has adopted another slogan: "Dogs Trust Never Put a Healthy Dog Down". During the COVID-19 pandemic, they adapted this slogan to "A Dog is for Life, not just for Lockdown". Rehoming Rehoming aims to re-home most dogs under its protection at the Dog Trust's 22 re-homing centres across the UK and Ireland. It also obtains two large mobile rehoming units known as 'Dogmobiles'. These are large vehicles fitted with air conditioned kennels and are specially designed to tour the local area, carrying a small number of dogs from nearby rehoming centres that are desperately seeking new homes. Dogs Trust never euthanises healthy dogs, however some dogs suffering from potential trauma are unable to be rehabilitated in order to live in a normal home environment. The charity takes care of these dogs under its popular Sponsor a Dog scheme. They have also created an animal sanctuary where selected dogs unable to be re-homed can live together free from excessive human contact. List of Dogs Trust rehoming centres: Ballymena Basildon Bridgend Canterbury Darlington Manchester (Denton) Dublin, Ireland Evesham Glasgow Harefield (West London) Ilfracombe Kenilworth Leeds Loughborough Merseyside Newbury Shrewsbury (Roden) Salisbury (and sanctuary) Shoreham Snetterton West Calder Cardiff At the beginning of June 2012, the charity opened its eighteenth UK re-homing centre in Leicestershire. Dogs Trust Loughborough aims to be the greenest animal rescue centre in the world. The center runs on renewable energy from its biomass boiler, green roofs, under-floor heating, solar thermal panels, photovoltaic panels and a rainwater recycling system. The project will be constructed with the aim to achieve BREEAM (BRE Environment Assessment Method) outstanding classification and the highest levels of sustainability. The charity says the facilities will significantly reduce running costs. Campaigns Fundraising in Leicester Square tube station Dogs Trust has campaigned against docking of tails and unnecessary euthanasia, such as that carried out on foxhounds after fox hunting was banned by the Hunting Act 2004. It also offers free neutering services in certain poorer countries and runs international training programs for other animal welfare charities to reduce feral populations. Puppy Farming In 2010 the charity introduced the term 'battery farming of dogs' to associate the practice of Puppy farming in the minds of the public with that of battery farming of chickens, and aims to educate the public as to where they can safely go to buy a 'cruelty-free dog'. Compulsory Microchipping In 2009 Dogs Trust started the process towards making microchipping compulsory for all dogs. They successfully lobbied for changes to the laws in the United Kingdom to make that happen starting in 2015. In 2017 they declared the program a success and lead the public to believe that their microchip program reduced the stray population of dogs in the UK and prevented euthanasia. However, they failed to mention that they had nearly doubled the amount of spay/neuter services for five years leading into the implementation of compulsory implant of microchips in all dogs in the UK, and have promoted a misconception that microchips (returns to owner) instead of spay/neuter reduces the population and prevents euthanasia. The following is a table of the UK dog population and the Dogs Trust spay/neuter and microchip services published by Dogs Trust. YE 31 March UK Strays UK Euthanised YE Dec. 31st Spay/Neuter Microchip 2009 107,228 9,310 NA NA NA 2010 122,000 6,404 2009 45,814 NA 2011 126,000 7,121 2010 48,520 10,677 2012 118,000 NA 2011 64,691 62,367 2013 111,000 8,985 2012 67,244 144,600 2014 110,675 7,058 2013 68,619 90,968 2015 102,363 5,142 2014 73,549 264,240 2016 81,050 3,463 2015 77,047 196,214 2017 66,277 2,231 2016 33,453 107,826 2018 56,043 1,462 2017 22,789 NA Puppy smuggling Since 2014, Dogs Trust has been working to reveal the cruel puppy smuggling trade. They have released yearly reports detailing this trade and encouraged MPs to back their campaign. This has included intercepting puppies far too young to be imported into the country and pregnant dogs being smuggled in so their puppies can be born and then sold in the UK. Dogs Trust set up the "Puppy Pilot", a scheme to intercept, care and rehabilitate puppies seized at ports before they are re-homed through the charity. In 2020 they continued this campaign, highlighting "Dogfishing". These are scams where apparently healthy pets are bought but suddenly fall ill or die soon after. Celebrity support Patrons Ruth Langsford (Patron; 2012—) Eamonn Holmes (Patron; 2012—) John Barrowman TV game show winnings Jodie Prenger – £15,750 on The Chase: Celebrity Special (16 September 2012) Eamonn Holmes – £3,100 on Tipping Point: Lucky Stars (4 August 2013) Natasha Hamilton – £15,000 on Big Star's Little Star (23 April 2014) Johnny Vegas and Maia Dunphy – £15,000 on All Star Mr & Mrs (18 June 2014) Camilla Dallerup – £250 on Pointless Celebrities (29 November 2014) Gary Delaney – £11,000 on Celebrity Fifteen to One (21 August 2015) Outreach Freedom Project Dogs Trust Freedom Project provides foster care for dogs so those suffering domestic abuse can escape from these situations. The service operates in Greater London and the Home Counties (Hertfordshire, Essex, Kent, Surrey, East Sussex, West Sussex, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Berkshire), East Anglia (Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire), Yorkshire, the North East and North West of England and Scotland. This essential service allows people to find safety in refuges which often don't accept pets. Hope Project Dogs Trust has been working with homelessness charities, such as St Mungos, throughout the United Kingdom for over 20 years to help support dogs owned by people in housing crisis. This includes giving out Christmas gift packages including items such as dog treats, leads and dog coats. The Project also helps those struggling with vets bills for their dogs. Worldwide Dogs Trust Worldwide provides global work to support dog welfare with partner charities including Thailand, Sri Lanka and India. Dogs Trust Bosnia supports the establishment of a humane and sustainable dog population management system in the country. Dogs Trust USA was established in 2018 to support rescue organisations across the USA and has recently also established Dog School classes in New York and California. Events A Dog's Life, the Trust's award-winning garden at the 2016 Hampton Court Flower Show Waggy Walks From 2009 to 2011, Dogs Trust held an annual charity event held at locations across the UK, where members of the public could complete either a 5 km or 10 km walk around a course in an area which is usually close to the rehoming centre for that location. Dogs Trust Honours In 2008, the charity created Dogs Trust Honours, an annual 'Doggy Pride of Britain Awards' ceremony celebrating the relationship between Human and dog and honouring dogs who have greatly helped their owner, local community or society. Hampton Court Flower Show 2016 To mark the charity's 125th anniversary, a garden entitled "A Dog's Life" was designed by Paul Hervey-Brooks and built by G K Wilson Landscapes was shown at Hampton Court Flower Show 2016. It won a gold medal. The garden offered a semi-formal and contemporary area for both dogs and people. This included dog-friendly features and planting including tunnels and "sniffer tracks". A Dog’s Trail An art trail called "A Dog's Trail" took place in Spring 2022 across Cardiff, Caerphilly and Porthcawl in Wales. The trail featured Snoopy from Peanuts. The figures were then auctioned to raise money for Dogs Trust. The auction raised over £150,000. Rehoming figures Year Dogs cared for Dogs rehomed Dogs reunitedwith owners Dogs died Reference 2005 13,506 11,563 168 273 2006 15,162 12,993 192 215 2007 16,177 14,022 185 334 2008 16,238 14,169 190 260 2009 15,886 13,909 178 226 2010 16,813 14,590 237 276 2011 15,986 13,830 178 309 2012 16,879 14,825 202 199 2013 16,879 14,865 220 238 2014 14,630 14,419 203 214 2015 15,196 12,987 204 188 2016 15,343 13,067 226 270 2017 15,446 13,141 242 312 2018 15,015 12,624 310 331 2019 14,301 11,790 244 292 2020 10,416 8,473 n/a 252 2021 10,864 8,550 n/a 335 2022 12,546 9,707 n/a 423 See also Swansea Jack (1930–1937), twice decorated by the National Canine Defence League for bravery and devotion to duty Cruelty to Animals American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Battersea Dogs and Cats Home The Blue Cross Cinnamon Trust National Animal Welfare Trust PDSA Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals DogsBlog.com Cats Protection References ^ "Dogs Trust welcomes His Majesty the King as Patron". Dogs Trust. 3 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024. ^ "The History of Dogs Trust | Dogs Trust". www.dogstrust.org.uk. ^ "Dogs Trust Constitution | Dogs Trust". www.dogstrust.org.uk. ^ "About us". Dogs Trust Ireland. Retrieved 4 August 2023. ^ Robb, Marie Carter (13 November 2017). "Remembering the British 'pet holocaust' of World War Two". The Independent. Retrieved 20 January 2022. ^ "National Canine Defence League rebrands as Dogs Trust". New Media Age. 16 October 2003. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2010. ^ "Charity overview". apps.charitycommission.gov.uk. ^ a b "Annual report" (PDF). www.dogstrust.org.uk. 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Dogs Trust gradi centar za udomljavanje pasa na Ilidži vrijedan 20 miliona KM" (in Bosnian). Retrieved 14 November 2017. ^ "Dogs Trust Cardiff set to help 1,000 dogs a year". ^ Copping, Jasper (6 January 2008). "Pedigree dogs are dumped in record numbers". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 19 January 2010. ^ Quinn, Ben (4 May 2020). "Dogs are for life, not just coronavirus lockdown, says charity". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 May 2020. ^ "Our centres". Dogs Trust. Retrieved 23 April 2016., "Our centre, Dublin". Dogs Trust Ireland. Retrieved 4 August 2023. ^ "Dogmobile at autumn show (From Evesham Journal)". Eveshamjournal.co.uk. 24 September 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2016. ^ "Dogs Trust Loughborough Website page". Dogs Trust. Loughborough. ^ Siegle, Lucy (12 December 2010). "Clarissa Baldwin's innovation: low carbon-footprint dog rescue". The Guardian. London. ^ http://www.icawc.org ^ Langford, Mark (8 January 2010). "Dogs Trust Warns People Could Unwittingly Buy Dogs Born On Puppy Farms". British Sky Broadcasting. Archived from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2011. ^ "Annual report" (PDF). www.dogstrust.org.uk. 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ a b "Stray dog report" (PDF). www.dogstrust.org.uk. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Accounts and Annual Reviews | Dogs Trust". www.dogstrust.org.uk. ^ "News & stories | Dogs Trust" (PDF). ^ "Stray dog report" (PDF). www.dogstrust.org.uk. 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Dogs Trust Puppy Smuggling Reports". Dogs Trust. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ Winter, Stuart (11 March 2019). "'APPALLING!' Fury at dog-smuggling gangs as UK campaigners issue plea". Daily Express. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ "Coronavirus: Fears over dog smuggling as lockdown puppy prices rise by up to 89%". Sky News. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ Shukman, Harry (20 January 2020). "Puppy Smugglers sell thousands of unhealthy dogs". The Times. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ Barber, Richard (12 February 2020). "Coronation Street star Daniel Brocklebank takes on cruel dog fishing criminals". Daily Express. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ "Dogs Trust announces new celebrity patrons | Vet Times". Vetsonline.com. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2016. ^ Eamonn Holmes. "Charity – Eamonn Holmes". Officialeamonnholmes.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016. ^ "Supported Charities - John Barrowman Official Site". www.johnbarrowman.com. ^ "All Star Mr & Mrs". Facebook.com. Retrieved 23 April 2016. ^ "Johnny Vegas on Twitter: "@DogsTrust_IE @rickoshea @MaiaDunphy @DogsTrust I just said "Awwwwwwwww" out loud. Impossibly cute!"". Twitter.com. Retrieved 23 April 2016. ^ Hulme, Jenny (31 December 2016). "Meet the Pet Rescuers". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 February 2021. ^ Jeffray, John (15 April 2019). "Charity offers haven to pets at risk from domestic abuse". The Times. Retrieved 2 February 2021. ^ Winter, Stuart (13 July 2014). "Animal abuse is 'first sign' of domestic abuse risk". Daily Express. Retrieved 2 February 2021. ^ Catchpole, Lewis (24 December 2020). "Dogs Trust and St Mungo's partner for Christmas charity initiative". Pet Gazette. Retrieved 2 February 2021. ^ Burns, Andrew (27 November 2017). "Free veterinary care for homeless people's dogs can change lives". iNews. Retrieved 2 February 2021. ^ Dogs Trust Worldwide ^ Dogs Trust Bosnia ^ Dogs Trust USA ^ "Dogs Trust opens nominations for 2009 Honours". 26 February 2009. ^ "Dogs Trust: A Dog's Life Garden". RHS Show Garden. RHS. ^ Henderson, Emma (7 July 2016). "Hampton Court Palace Flower Show 2016: which gardens to see and who to watch out for". The Independent. Retrieved 21 January 2021. ^ Wales Online "Snoopy Trail Ended" ^ ITV.com "Snoopy sculptures sell for more than £150,000 at auction after two-month trail ends" ^ Dogs Trust never destroy a healthy dog, but obviously have to put some dogs to sleep if it is in the dog's best interests ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Once Upon a Time : Annual Review 2014" (PDF). Dogstrust.org.uk\accessdate=2016-04-28. ^ "Annual Review 2014" (PDF). Dogstrust.org.uk\accessdate=2016-04-28. ^ "Annual review" (PDF). www.dogstrust.org.uk. 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Annual review" (PDF). www.dogstrust.org.uk. 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Annual review" (PDF). www.dogstrust.org.uk. 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Annual review" (PDF). www.dogstrust.org.uk. 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Annual review" (PDF). www.dogstrust.org.uk. 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Annual review" (PDF). www.dogstrust.org.uk. 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Annual review" (PDF). www.dogstrust.org.uk. 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "Annual review". www.dogstrust.org.uk. 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dogs Trust. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animal welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare"},{"link_name":"charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"humane society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humane_society"},{"link_name":"dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"rehoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_adoption"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"euthanised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-kill_shelter"},{"link_name":"microchipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_implant_(animal)"},{"link_name":"neutering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutering"},{"link_name":"puppies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppies"},{"link_name":"stray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral"}],"text":"Dogs Trust, known until 2003 as the National Canine Defence League, is a British animal welfare charity and humane society which specialises in the well-being of dogs. It is the largest dog welfare charity in the United Kingdom, caring for over 15,000 animals each year.[2] Dogs Trust's primary objective is to protect all dogs in the UK and elsewhere from maltreatment, cruelty and suffering.[3] It focuses on the rehabilitation and rehoming of dogs which have been either abandoned or given up by their owners through rehoming services.Dogs Trust has 22 rehoming centres across the UK and Ireland. Its first international rehoming centre opened in November 2009 in Dublin, Ireland.[4] Its charity guidelines ensure that no mentally or physically healthy dog taken into the protection of its rehoming centres are euthanised. Dogs Trust also manages microchipping and neutering schemes in the United Kingdom and abroad, in order to reduce the number of unwanted litters of puppies and stray dogs.","title":"Dogs Trust"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crufts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crufts"},{"link_name":"Lady Gertrude Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gertrude_Stock"},{"link_name":"vivisection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivisection"},{"link_name":"muzzling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_muzzle"},{"link_name":"railway companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_companies"},{"link_name":"AA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Automobile_Association"},{"link_name":"pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handgun"},{"link_name":"euthanise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_euthanasia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"mass euthanisation of approximately 750,000 pet dogs and cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_pet_massacre"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Russian space dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_space_dogs"},{"link_name":"space flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_flight"},{"link_name":"Laika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-8"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chief Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The National Canine Defence League (NCDL) was founded in 1891 at a meeting during the first Crufts show chaired by Lady Gertrude Stock. The NCDL campaigned against vivisection, unnecessary muzzling and prolonged chaining, as well as providing care for stray dogs. It also campaigned against the cruel treatment of dogs by railway companies, who often refused to provide water for dogs. More unusually, in the 1920s, it provided AA wardens with pistols. This was because dogs and other animals were often involved in car accidents, and the pistols were provided to allow the wardens to euthanise the animal as a last resort in the worst cases.[citation needed] In November 1939, the NCDL spoke out against the mass euthanisation of approximately 750,000 pet dogs and cats upon the outbreak of World War II.[5]In 1957, the NCDL campaigned against the use of the Russian space dogs in space flight, organising a minute's silence in honour of Laika, who died in orbit from overheating and stress. In 2003, the NCDL was rebranded as Dogs Trust.[6] In 2016 the Trust declared an income of £98.4 million and expenditure of £86 million.[7] In 2017 the Trust declared an income of £106.4 million, an increase of £8 million from 2016.[8] In November 2017, Dogs Trust assisted in the effort to reduce dog homelessness in Bosnia and Herzegovina, by contributing to the funding of a major rehoming centre.[9] On 14 March 2019, Dogs Trust officially unveiled plans to open a new rehoming centre in Cardiff in 2021.[10]The charity is best known for its slogan \"A Dog is for life, not just for Christmas\", which is used either in full or shortened to \"A Dog is for Life\" in advertising. The phrase was created by Clarissa Baldwin, the former Chief Executive of the charity, to reduce the number of dogs which are abandoned as unwanted.[11] The slogan is a registered trademark. More recently it has adopted another slogan: \"Dogs Trust Never Put a Healthy Dog Down\". During the COVID-19 pandemic, they adapted this slogan to \"A Dog is for Life, not just for Lockdown\".[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rehoming_centres-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sponsor a Dog scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sponsoradog.org.uk"},{"link_name":"animal sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sanctuary"},{"link_name":"Ballymena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymena"},{"link_name":"Basildon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basildon"},{"link_name":"Bridgend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington"},{"link_name":"Manchester (Denton)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Evesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evesham"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Harefield (West London)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harefield"},{"link_name":"Ilfracombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilfracombe"},{"link_name":"Kenilworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenilworth"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Loughborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough"},{"link_name":"Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Newbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury (Roden)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roden,_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Shoreham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreham-by-Sea"},{"link_name":"Snetterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snetterton"},{"link_name":"West Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Calder"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"BREEAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BREEAM"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Rehoming aims to re-home most dogs under its protection at the Dog Trust's 22 re-homing centres across the UK and Ireland.[13] It also obtains two large mobile rehoming units known as 'Dogmobiles'. These are large vehicles fitted with air conditioned kennels and are specially designed to tour the local area, carrying a small number of dogs from nearby rehoming centres that are desperately seeking new homes.[14]Dogs Trust never euthanises healthy dogs, however some dogs suffering from potential trauma are unable to be rehabilitated in order to live in a normal home environment. The charity takes care of these dogs under its popular Sponsor a Dog scheme.They have also created an animal sanctuary where selected dogs unable to be re-homed can live together free from excessive human contact.List of Dogs Trust rehoming centres:Ballymena\nBasildon\nBridgend\nCanterbury\nDarlington\nManchester (Denton)\nDublin, Ireland\nEvesham\nGlasgow\nHarefield (West London)\nIlfracombe\nKenilworth\n\n\nLeeds\nLoughborough\nMerseyside\nNewbury\nShrewsbury (Roden)\nSalisbury (and sanctuary)\nShoreham\nSnetterton\nWest Calder\nCardiffAt the beginning of June 2012, the charity opened its eighteenth UK re-homing centre in Leicestershire. Dogs Trust Loughborough aims to be the greenest animal rescue centre in the world. The center runs on renewable energy from its biomass boiler, green roofs, under-floor heating, solar thermal panels, photovoltaic panels and a rainwater recycling system.[15] The project will be constructed with the aim to achieve BREEAM (BRE Environment Assessment Method) outstanding classification and the highest levels of sustainability. The charity says the facilities will significantly reduce running costs.[16]","title":"Rehoming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dogs_Trust_fund_raising_Leicester_Square_tube_station.JPG"},{"link_name":"Leicester Square tube station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Square_tube_station"},{"link_name":"docking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking_(dog)"},{"link_name":"foxhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhound"},{"link_name":"fox hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_hunting"},{"link_name":"Hunting Act 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"feral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral"}],"text":"Fundraising in Leicester Square tube stationDogs Trust has campaigned against docking of tails and unnecessary euthanasia, such as that carried out on foxhounds after fox hunting was banned by the Hunting Act 2004. It also offers free neutering services in certain poorer countries and runs international training programs [17] for other animal welfare charities to reduce feral populations.","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puppy farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_farming"},{"link_name":"battery farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_farming"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Puppy Farming","text":"In 2010 the charity introduced the term 'battery farming of dogs' to associate the practice of Puppy farming in the minds of the public with that of battery farming of chickens, and aims to educate the public as to where they can safely go to buy a 'cruelty-free dog'.[18]","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-8"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Compulsory Microchipping","text":"In 2009 Dogs Trust started the process towards making microchipping compulsory for all dogs.[19] They successfully lobbied for changes to the laws in the United Kingdom to make that happen starting in 2015. In 2017 they declared the program a success and lead the public to believe that their microchip program reduced the stray population of dogs in the UK and prevented euthanasia.[20][8] However, they failed to mention that they had nearly doubled the amount of spay/neuter services for five years leading into the implementation of compulsory implant of microchips in all dogs in the UK, and have promoted a misconception that microchips (returns to owner) instead of spay/neuter reduces the population and prevents euthanasia. The following is a table of the UK dog population and the Dogs Trust spay/neuter and microchip services published by Dogs Trust.[21][20][22][23]","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Puppy smuggling","text":"Since 2014, Dogs Trust has been working to reveal the cruel puppy smuggling trade.[24] They have released yearly reports detailing this trade and encouraged MPs to back their campaign.[25] This has included intercepting puppies far too young to be imported into the country and pregnant dogs being smuggled in so their puppies can be born and then sold in the UK. Dogs Trust set up the \"Puppy Pilot\", a scheme to intercept, care and rehabilitate puppies seized at ports before they are re-homed through the charity.[26] In 2020 they continued this campaign, highlighting \"Dogfishing\". These are scams where apparently healthy pets are bought but suddenly fall ill or die soon after.[27][28]","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruth Langsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Langsford"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Eamonn Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"John Barrowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barrowman"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Jodie Prenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Prenger"},{"link_name":"The Chase: Celebrity Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chase_(UK_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Eamonn Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Tipping Point: Lucky Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipping_Point:_Lucky_Stars"},{"link_name":"Natasha Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natasha_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Big Star's Little Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Star%27s_Little_Star"},{"link_name":"Johnny Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Maia Dunphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_Dunphy"},{"link_name":"All Star Mr & Mrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Star_Mr_%26_Mrs"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Camilla Dallerup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_Dallerup"},{"link_name":"Pointless Celebrities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointless_Celebrities"},{"link_name":"Gary Delaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Delaney"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Fifteen to One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteen_to_One"}],"sub_title":"Celebrity support","text":"PatronsRuth Langsford[29] (Patron; 2012—)\nEamonn Holmes[30] (Patron; 2012—)\nJohn Barrowman[31]TV game show winningsJodie Prenger – £15,750 on The Chase: Celebrity Special (16 September 2012)\nEamonn Holmes – £3,100 on Tipping Point: Lucky Stars (4 August 2013)\nNatasha Hamilton – £15,000 on Big Star's Little Star (23 April 2014)\nJohnny Vegas and Maia Dunphy – £15,000 on All Star Mr & Mrs (18 June 2014)[32][33]\nCamilla Dallerup – £250 on Pointless Celebrities (29 November 2014)\nGary Delaney – £11,000 on Celebrity Fifteen to One (21 August 2015)","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Outreach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"domestic abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_abuse"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"West Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Freedom Project","text":"Dogs Trust Freedom Project provides foster care for dogs so those suffering domestic abuse can escape from these situations.[34] The service operates in Greater London and the Home Counties (Hertfordshire, Essex, Kent, Surrey, East Sussex, West Sussex, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Berkshire), East Anglia (Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire), Yorkshire, the North East and North West of England and Scotland. This essential service allows people to find safety in refuges which often don't accept pets.[35][36]","title":"Outreach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homelessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness"},{"link_name":"St Mungos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mungo%27s_(charity)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Hope Project","text":"Dogs Trust has been working with homelessness charities, such as St Mungos,[37] throughout the United Kingdom for over 20 years to help support dogs owned by people in housing crisis. This includes giving out Christmas gift packages including items such as dog treats, leads and dog coats. The Project also helps those struggling with vets bills for their dogs.[38]","title":"Outreach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Dogs Trust Worldwide provides global work to support dog welfare with partner charities including Thailand, Sri Lanka and India.[39]Dogs Trust Bosnia supports the establishment of a humane and sustainable dog population management system in the country.[40]Dogs Trust USA was established in 2018 to support rescue organisations across the USA and has recently also established Dog School classes in New York and California.[41]","title":"Worldwide"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Dog%27s_Life_(garden)_01.jpg"}],"text":"A Dog's Life, the Trust's award-winning garden at the 2016 Hampton Court Flower Show","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Waggy Walks","text":"From 2009 to 2011, Dogs Trust held an annual charity event held at locations across the UK, where members of the public could complete either a 5 km or 10 km walk around a course in an area which is usually close to the rehoming centre for that location.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Dogs Trust Honours","text":"In 2008, the charity created Dogs Trust Honours, an annual 'Doggy Pride of Britain Awards' ceremony celebrating the relationship between Human and dog and honouring dogs who have greatly helped their owner, local community or society.[42]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Hervey-Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hervey-Brooks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G K Wilson Landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G_K_Wilson_Landscapes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hampton Court Flower Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Court_Flower_Show"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Hampton Court Flower Show 2016","text":"To mark the charity's 125th anniversary, a garden entitled \"A Dog's Life\" was designed by Paul Hervey-Brooks and built by G K Wilson Landscapes was shown at Hampton Court Flower Show 2016. It won a gold medal. The garden offered a semi-formal and contemporary area for both dogs and people. This included dog-friendly features and planting including tunnels and \"sniffer tracks\".[43][44]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly"},{"link_name":"Porthcawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthcawl"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Snoopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy"},{"link_name":"Peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"A Dog’s Trail","text":"An art trail called \"A Dog's Trail\" took place in Spring 2022 across Cardiff, Caerphilly and Porthcawl in Wales. The trail featured Snoopy from Peanuts.[45] The figures were then auctioned to raise money for Dogs Trust. The auction raised over £150,000.[46]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rehoming figures"}]
[{"image_text":"Fundraising in Leicester Square tube station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dogs_Trust_fund_raising_Leicester_Square_tube_station.JPG/220px-Dogs_Trust_fund_raising_Leicester_Square_tube_station.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Dog's Life, the Trust's award-winning garden at the 2016 Hampton Court Flower Show","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/A_Dog%27s_Life_%28garden%29_01.jpg/220px-A_Dog%27s_Life_%28garden%29_01.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Swansea Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_Jack"},{"title":"Cruelty to Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_Animals"},{"title":"American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals"},{"title":"Battersea Dogs and Cats Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_Dogs_and_Cats_Home"},{"title":"The Blue Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Cross"},{"title":"Cinnamon Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_Trust"},{"title":"National Animal Welfare Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Animal_Welfare_Trust"},{"title":"PDSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Dispensary_for_Sick_Animals"},{"title":"Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals"},{"title":"Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals"},{"title":"DogsBlog.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DogsBlog.com"},{"title":"Cats Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_Protection"}]
[{"reference":"\"Dogs Trust welcomes His Majesty the King as Patron\". Dogs Trust. 3 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dogstrust.org.uk/how-we-help/stories/hm-king","url_text":"\"Dogs Trust welcomes His Majesty the King as Patron\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Dogs Trust | Dogs Trust\". www.dogstrust.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dogstrust.org.uk/about-us/our-history/","url_text":"\"The History of Dogs Trust | Dogs Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dogs Trust Constitution | Dogs Trust\". www.dogstrust.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dogstrust.org.uk/about-us/our-constitution/","url_text":"\"Dogs Trust Constitution | Dogs Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"About us\". Dogs Trust Ireland. Retrieved 4 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dogstrust.ie/about-us/","url_text":"\"About us\""}]},{"reference":"Robb, Marie Carter (13 November 2017). \"Remembering the British 'pet holocaust' of World War Two\". The Independent. 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Retrieved 7 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721011823/http://www.nma.co.uk/features/-national-canine-defence-league-rebrands-as-dogs-trust/4277.article","url_text":"\"National Canine Defence League rebrands as Dogs Trust\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Media_Age","url_text":"New Media Age"},{"url":"http://www.nma.co.uk/features/-national-canine-defence-league-rebrands-as-dogs-trust/4277.article","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Charity overview\". apps.charitycommission.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=227523&SubsidiaryNumber=0","url_text":"\"Charity overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual report\" (PDF). www.dogstrust.org.uk. 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole-tone
Major second
["1 Major and minor tones","2 Epogdoon","2.1 Further reading","3 See also","4 References"]
Musical interval "Whole tones" redirects here. For the scale, see Whole tone scale. Step: major second (major tone) Playⓘ. Musical intervalmajor secondInverseminor seventhNameOther nameswhole tone, whole stepAbbreviationM2SizeSemitones2Interval class2Just interval9:8 or 10:9Cents12-Tone equal temperament200Just intonation204 or 182 Minor tone (10:9) Playⓘ. In Western music theory, a major second (sometimes also called whole tone or a whole step) is a second spanning two semitones (Playⓘ). A second is a musical interval encompassing two adjacent staff positions (see Interval number for more details). For example, the interval from C to D is a major second, as the note D lies two semitones above C, and the two notes are notated on adjacent staff positions. Diminished, minor and augmented seconds are notated on adjacent staff positions as well, but consist of a different number of semitones (zero, one, and three). The intervals from the tonic (keynote) in an upward direction to the second, to the third, to the sixth, and to the seventh scale degrees (of a major scale are called major. The major second is the interval that occurs between the first and second degrees of a major scale, the tonic and the supertonic. On a musical keyboard, a major second is the interval between two keys separated by one key, counting white and black keys alike. On a guitar string, it is the interval separated by two frets. In moveable-do solfège, it is the interval between do and re. It is considered a melodic step, as opposed to larger intervals called skips. Intervals composed of two semitones, such as the major second and the diminished third, are also called tones, whole tones, or whole steps. In just intonation, major seconds can occur in at least two different frequency ratios: 9:8 (about 203.9 cents) and 10:9 (about 182.4 cents). The largest (9:8) ones are called major tones or greater tones, the smallest (10:9) are called minor tones or lesser tones. Their size differs by exactly one syntonic comma (81:80, or about 21.5 cents). Some equal temperaments, such as 15-ET and 22-ET, also distinguish between a greater and a lesser tone. The major second was historically considered one of the most dissonant intervals of the diatonic scale, although much 20th-century music saw it reimagined as a consonance. It is common in many different musical systems, including Arabic music, Turkish music and music of the Balkans, among others. It occurs in both diatonic and pentatonic scales. Listen to a major second in equal temperamentⓘ. Here, middle C is followed by D, which is a tone 200 cents sharper than C, and then by both tones together. Major and minor tones Origin of large and small seconds and thirds in harmonic series. Lesser tone on D. Playⓘ In tuning systems using just intonation, such as 5-limit tuning, in which major seconds occur in two different sizes, the wider of them is called a major tone or greater tone, and the narrower a minor tone or, lesser tone. The difference in size between a major tone and a minor tone is equal to one syntonic comma (about 21.51 cents). The major tone is the 9:8 interval playⓘ, and it is an approximation thereof in other tuning systems, while the minor tone is the 10:9 ratio playⓘ. The major tone may be derived from the harmonic series as the interval between the eighth and ninth harmonics. The minor tone may be derived from the harmonic series as the interval between the ninth and tenth harmonics. The 10:9 minor tone arises in the C major scale between D & E and G & A, and is "a sharper dissonance" than 9:8. The 9:8 major tone arises in the C major scale between C & D, F & G, and A & B. This 9:8 interval was named epogdoon (meaning 'one eighth in addition') by the Pythagoreans. Notice that in these tuning systems, a third kind of whole tone, even wider than the major tone, exists. This interval of two semitones, with ratio 256:225, is simply called the diminished third (for further details, see Five-limit tuning § Size of intervals). Comparison, in cents, of intervals at or near a major second Some equal temperaments also produce major seconds of two different sizes, called greater and lesser tones (or major and minor tones). For instance, this is true for 15-ET, 22-ET, 34-ET, 41-ET, 53-ET, and 72-ET. Conversely, in twelve-tone equal temperament, Pythagorean tuning, and meantone temperament (including 19-ET and 31-ET) all major seconds have the same size, so there cannot be a distinction between a greater and a lesser tone. In any system where there is only one size of major second, the terms greater and lesser tone (or major and minor tone) are rarely used with a different meaning. Namely, they are used to indicate the two distinct kinds of whole tone, more commonly and more appropriately called major second (M2) and diminished third (d3). Similarly, major semitones and minor semitones are more often and more appropriately referred to as minor seconds (m2) and augmented unisons (A1), or diatonic and chromatic semitones. Unlike almost all uses of the terms major and minor, these intervals span the same number of semitones. They both span 2 semitones, while, for example, a major third (4 semitones) and minor third (3 semitones) differ by one semitone. Thus, to avoid ambiguity, it is preferable to call them greater tone and lesser tone (see also greater and lesser diesis). Two major tones equal a ditone. Epogdoon Diagram showing relations between epogdoon, diatessaron, diapente, and diapasonTranslation Detail of Raphael's School of Athens showing Pythagoras with epogdoon diagram In Pythagorean music theory, the epogdoon (Ancient Greek: ἐπόγδοον) is the interval with the ratio 9 to 8. The word is composed of the prefix epi- meaning "on top of" and ogdoon meaning "one eighth"; so it means "one eighth in addition". For example, the natural numbers are 8 and 9 in this relation (8+( 1 8 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{8}}} ×8)=9). According to Plutarch, the Pythagoreans hated the number 17 because it separates the 16 from its Epogdoon 18. " is the 9:8 ratio that corresponds to the tone, is the 3:2 ratio that is associated with the musical fifth, and is the 4:3 ratio associated with the musical fourth. It is common to translate epogdoos as 'tone' ." Further reading Barker, Andrew (2007). The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521879514. Plutarch (2005). Moralia. Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781417905003. See also Diminished third List of meantone intervals Minor second Pythagorean interval Whole tone scale References ^ a b c d e Duffin, Ross W. (2008). How equal temperament ruined harmony : (and why you should care) (First published as a Norton paperback. ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-393-33420-3. Retrieved 28 June 2017. ^ Benward, Bruce & Saker, Marilyn (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, p.52. Seventh Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0. ^ "Whole step – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2015-02-25. ^ "Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar". Askoxford.com. 2015-02-11. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved 2015-02-25. ^ "Whole step | Define Whole step at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2015-02-25. ^ "Whole tone | Define Whole tone at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2015-02-25. ^ Miller, Michael (2005). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory – Michael Miller – Google Books. ISBN 9781592574377. Retrieved 2015-02-25. ^ Pilhofer, Michael; Day, Holly (2011-02-25). Music Theory For Dummies – Michael Pilhofer, Holly Day – Google Books. ISBN 9781118054444. Retrieved 2015-02-25. ^ Leta E. Miller, Fredric Lieberman (2006). Lou Harrison, p.72. ISBN 0-252-03120-2. ^ Leta E. Miller, ed. (1988). Lou Harrison: Selected keyboard and chamber music, 1937–1994, p.xliii. ISBN 978-0-89579-414-7. ^ a b Royal Society (Great Britain) (1880, digitized Feb 26, 2008). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 30, p.531. Harvard University. ^ a b Paul, Oscar (1885) ^ Paul, Oscar (2010-05-25). "A Manual of Harmony for Use in Music-schools and Seminaries and for Self ... – Oscar Paul – Google Books". Retrieved 2015-02-25. ^ "Plutarch • Isis and Osiris (Part 3 of 5)". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2015-02-25. ^ "Proclus : Commentary on Plato's Timaeus". Philpapers.org. Retrieved 25 February 2015. vteIntervalsTwelve-semitone(post-BachWestern)(Numbers in bracketsare the number ofsemitones in theinterval.)Perfect unison (0) fourth (5) fifth (7) octave (12) Major second (2) third (4) sixth (9) seventh (11) Minor second (1) third (3) sixth (8) seventh (10) Augmented unison (1) second (3) third (5) fourth (6) fifth (8) sixth (10) seventh (12) Diminished second (0) third (2) fourth (4) fifth (6) sixth (7) seventh (9) octave (11) Compound ninth (13 or 14) tenth (15 or 16) eleventh (17 or 18) twelfth (18 or 19) thirteenth (20 or 21) fourteenth (22 or 23) fifteenth (24) Othertuningsystems24-tone equal temperament(Numbers in brackets referto fractional semitones.)Neutral quarter tone (1⁄2) second (1+1⁄2) third (3+1⁄2) major fourth (5+1⁄2) minor fifth (6+1⁄2) sixth (8+1⁄2) seventh (10+1⁄2) Just intonations(Numbers in bracketsrefer to pitch ratios.)7-limit septimal quarter tone (36:35) septimal third tone (28:27) septimal chromatic semitone (21:20) septimal diatonic semitone (15:14) supermajor second (8:7) subminor third (7:6) supermajor third (9:7) subminor fifth (7:5) supermajor fourth (10:7) subminor seventh (7:4) Higher-limit minor diatonic semitone (17-limit) OtherintervalsGroups Microtone 5-limit Comma Pseudo-octave Pythagorean interval Subminor and supermajor Semitones Pythagorean limma Pythagorean apotome Major limma Quarter tones Quarter tone Septimal quarter tone Undecimal quarter tone Commas Pythagorean comma (23.5 cents) Syntonic comma (21.5 cents) Holdrian comma (22.6 cents) Septimal comma (27.3 cents) Lesser diesis (41.1 cents) Greater diesis (62.6 cents) Septimal diesis (35.7 cents) Diaschisma (19.5 cents) Semicomma (10.1 cents) Septimal semicomma (13.8 cents) Kleisma (8.1 cents) Septimal kleisma (7.7 cents) Schisma (1.95 cents) Breedsma (0.72 cents) Ragisma (0.4 cents) Measurement Cent Centitone Millioctave Savart Others Wolf Ditone Semiditone Secor Incomposite interval List of pitch intervals
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For the scale, see Whole tone scale.Step: major second (major tone) Playⓘ.Musical intervalMinor tone (10:9) Playⓘ.In Western music theory, a major second (sometimes also called whole tone or a whole step) is a second spanning two semitones (Playⓘ). A second is a musical interval encompassing two adjacent staff positions (see Interval number for more details). For example, the interval from C to D is a major second, as the note D lies two semitones above C, and the two notes are notated on adjacent staff positions. Diminished, minor and augmented seconds are notated on adjacent staff positions as well, but consist of a different number of semitones (zero, one, and three).The intervals from the tonic (keynote) in an upward direction to the second, to the third, to the sixth, and to the seventh scale degrees (of a major scale are called major.[2]The major second is the interval that occurs between the first and second degrees of a major scale, the tonic and the supertonic. On a musical keyboard, a major second is the interval between two keys separated by one key, counting white and black keys alike. On a guitar string, it is the interval separated by two frets. In moveable-do solfège, it is the interval between do and re. It is considered a melodic step, as opposed to larger intervals called skips.Intervals composed of two semitones, such as the major second and the diminished third, are also called tones, whole tones, or whole steps.[3][4][5][6][7][8]\nIn just intonation, major seconds can occur in at least two different frequency ratios:[9]\n9:8 (about 203.9 cents) and 10:9 (about 182.4 cents). The largest (9:8) ones are called major tones or greater tones, the smallest (10:9) are called minor tones or lesser tones. Their size differs by exactly one syntonic comma (81:80, or about 21.5 cents).\nSome equal temperaments, such as 15-ET and 22-ET, also distinguish between a greater and a lesser tone.The major second was historically considered one of the most dissonant intervals of the diatonic scale, although much 20th-century music saw it reimagined as a consonance.[citation needed] It is common in many different musical systems, including Arabic music, Turkish music and music of the Balkans, among others. It occurs in both diatonic and pentatonic scales.Listen to a major second in equal temperamentⓘ. Here, middle C is followed by D, which is a tone 200 cents sharper than C, and then by both tones together.","title":"Major second"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origin_of_seconds_and_thirds_in_harmonic_series.png"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_second_on_D.png"},{"link_name":"Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Lesser_tone_on_D.mid/Lesser_tone_on_D.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lesser_tone_on_D.mid"},{"link_name":"tuning systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_tuning"},{"link_name":"just intonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"5-limit tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-limit_tuning"},{"link_name":"syntonic comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntonic_comma"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proceedings-11"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Major_tone_on_C.mid/Major_tone_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_tone_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proceedings-11"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Minor_tone_on_C.mid/Minor_tone_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minor_tone_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"harmonic series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)"},{"link_name":"major scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_scale"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"major scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_scale"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul-12"},{"link_name":"epogdoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epogdoon"},{"link_name":"diminished third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_third"},{"link_name":"Five-limit tuning § Size of intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-limit_tuning#Size_of_intervals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_of_major_seconds.png"},{"link_name":"15-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"22-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"34-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"41-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"53-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"72-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"twelve-tone equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_tone_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"meantone temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meantone_temperament"},{"link_name":"19-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"31-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"major semitones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_semitone"},{"link_name":"minor semitones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_semitone"},{"link_name":"augmented unisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_unison"},{"link_name":"semitones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitone"},{"link_name":"major third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_third"},{"link_name":"minor third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_third"},{"link_name":"diesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesis"},{"link_name":"ditone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditone"}],"text":"Origin of large and small seconds and thirds in harmonic series.[10]Lesser tone on D. PlayⓘIn tuning systems using just intonation, such as 5-limit tuning, in which major seconds occur in two different sizes, the wider of them is called a major tone or greater tone, and the narrower a minor tone or, lesser tone. The difference in size between a major tone and a minor tone is equal to one syntonic comma (about 21.51 cents).The major tone is the 9:8 interval[11] playⓘ, and it is an approximation thereof in other tuning systems, while the minor tone is the 10:9 ratio[11] playⓘ. The major tone may be derived from the harmonic series as the interval between the eighth and ninth harmonics. The minor tone may be derived from the harmonic series as the interval between the ninth and tenth harmonics. The 10:9 minor tone arises in the C major scale between D & E and G & A, and is \"a sharper dissonance\" than 9:8.[12][13] The 9:8 major tone arises in the C major scale between C & D, F & G, and A & B.[12] This 9:8 interval was named epogdoon (meaning 'one eighth in addition') by the Pythagoreans.Notice that in these tuning systems, a third kind of whole tone, even wider than the major tone, exists. This interval of two semitones, with ratio 256:225, is simply called the diminished third (for further details, see Five-limit tuning § Size of intervals).Comparison, in cents, of intervals at or near a major secondSome equal temperaments also produce major seconds of two different sizes, called greater and lesser tones (or major and minor tones). For instance, this is true for 15-ET, 22-ET, 34-ET, 41-ET, 53-ET, and 72-ET.\nConversely, in twelve-tone equal temperament, Pythagorean tuning, and meantone temperament (including 19-ET and 31-ET) all major seconds have the same size, so there cannot be a distinction between a greater and a lesser tone.In any system where there is only one size of major second, the terms greater and lesser tone (or major and minor tone) are rarely used with a different meaning. Namely, they are used to indicate the two distinct kinds of whole tone, more commonly and more appropriately called major second (M2) and diminished third (d3). Similarly, major semitones and minor semitones are more often and more appropriately referred to as minor seconds (m2) and augmented unisons (A1), or diatonic and chromatic semitones.Unlike almost all uses of the terms major and minor, these intervals span the same number of semitones. They both span 2 semitones, while, for example, a major third (4 semitones) and minor third (3 semitones) differ by one semitone. Thus, to avoid ambiguity, it is preferable to call them greater tone and lesser tone (see also greater and lesser diesis).Two major tones equal a ditone.","title":"Major and minor tones"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epogdoon.jpg"},{"link_name":"diatessaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fourth"},{"link_name":"diapente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth"},{"link_name":"diapason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epogdoon_translation.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epogdoon-Raphael.JPG"},{"link_name":"School of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Diagram showing relations between epogdoon, diatessaron, diapente, and diapasonTranslationDetail of Raphael's School of Athens showing Pythagoras with epogdoon diagramIn Pythagorean music theory, the epogdoon (Ancient Greek: ἐπόγδοον) is the interval with the ratio 9 to 8. The word is composed of the prefix epi- meaning \"on top of\" and ogdoon meaning \"one eighth\"; so it means \"one eighth in addition\". For example, the natural numbers are 8 and 9 in this relation (8+(\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{8}}}\n \n×8)=9).According to Plutarch, the Pythagoreans hated the number 17 because it separates the 16 from its Epogdoon 18.[14]\"[Epogdoos] is the 9:8 ratio that corresponds to the tone, [hêmiolios] is the 3:2 ratio that is associated with the musical fifth, and [epitritos] is the 4:3 ratio associated with the musical fourth. It is common to translate epogdoos as 'tone' [major second].\"[15]","title":"Epogdoon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barker, Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Barker_(classicist)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521879514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521879514"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781417905003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781417905003"}],"sub_title":"Further reading","text":"Barker, Andrew (2007). The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521879514.\nPlutarch (2005). Moralia. Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781417905003.","title":"Epogdoon"}]
[{"image_text":"Step: major second (major tone) Playⓘ.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Major_second_on_C.svg/220px-Major_second_on_C.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Minor tone (10:9) Playⓘ.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Minor_tone_on_C.png/220px-Minor_tone_on_C.png"},{"image_text":"Origin of large and small seconds and thirds in harmonic series.[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Origin_of_seconds_and_thirds_in_harmonic_series.png/220px-Origin_of_seconds_and_thirds_in_harmonic_series.png"},{"image_text":"Lesser tone on D. Playⓘ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Major_second_on_D.png/220px-Major_second_on_D.png"},{"image_text":"Comparison, in cents, of intervals at or near a major second","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Comparison_of_major_seconds.png/200px-Comparison_of_major_seconds.png"},{"image_text":"Detail of Raphael's School of Athens showing Pythagoras with epogdoon diagram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Epogdoon-Raphael.JPG/200px-Epogdoon-Raphael.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Diminished third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_third"},{"title":"List of meantone intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meantone_intervals"},{"title":"Minor second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_second"},{"title":"Pythagorean interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_interval"},{"title":"Whole tone scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_tone_scale"}]
[{"reference":"Duffin, Ross W. (2008). How equal temperament ruined harmony : (and why you should care) (First published as a Norton paperback. ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-393-33420-3. Retrieved 28 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i5LC7Csnw7UC&q=how+equal+temperament+ruined+harmony","url_text":"How equal temperament ruined harmony : (and why you should care)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33420-3","url_text":"978-0-393-33420-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Whole step – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary\". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/whole%20step","url_text":"\"Whole step – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar\". Askoxford.com. 2015-02-11. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031074656/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/tone","url_text":"\"Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar\""},{"url":"http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/tone","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Whole step | Define Whole step at Dictionary.com\". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/whole%20step","url_text":"\"Whole step | Define Whole step at Dictionary.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whole tone | Define Whole tone at Dictionary.com\". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/whole%20tone","url_text":"\"Whole tone | Define Whole tone at Dictionary.com\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Michael (2005). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory – Michael Miller – Google Books. ISBN 9781592574377. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sTMbuSQdqPMC&q=a+half+step+is+called+a+semitone&pg=PA19","url_text":"The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory – Michael Miller – Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592574377","url_text":"9781592574377"}]},{"reference":"Pilhofer, Michael; Day, Holly (2011-02-25). Music Theory For Dummies – Michael Pilhofer, Holly Day – Google Books. ISBN 9781118054444. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iYgSJSxWW2sC","url_text":"Music Theory For Dummies – Michael Pilhofer, Holly Day – Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118054444","url_text":"9781118054444"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Oscar (2010-05-25). \"A Manual of Harmony for Use in Music-schools and Seminaries and for Self ... – Oscar Paul – Google Books\". Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4WEJAQAAMAAJ&q=musical+interval+%22pythagorean+major+third%22","url_text":"\"A Manual of Harmony for Use in Music-schools and Seminaries and for Self ... – Oscar Paul – Google Books\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plutarch • Isis and Osiris (Part 3 of 5)\". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/C.html","url_text":"\"Plutarch • Isis and Osiris (Part 3 of 5)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proclus : Commentary on Plato's Timaeus\". Philpapers.org. Retrieved 25 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://philpapers.org/archive/BALPCO","url_text":"\"Proclus : Commentary on Plato's Timaeus\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_Generals
Washington and Lee Generals
["1 Varsity teams","1.1 List of teams","2 Individual teams","2.1 National Championships","2.2 Men's lacrosse","3 Rivalries","4 Conference Tournament Championships","5 NCAA Tournament Appearances","5.1 Baseball","5.2 Men's Basketball","5.3 Women's Basketball","5.4 Men's Cross Country","5.5 Field Hockey","5.6 Men's Golf","5.7 Women's Golf","5.8 Men's Lacrosse","5.9 Women's Lacrosse","5.10 Men's Soccer","5.11 Women's Soccer","5.12 Men's Swimming","5.13 Women's Swimming","5.14 Men's Tennis","5.15 Women's Tennis","5.16 Men's Indoor Track & Field","5.17 Women's Indoor Track & Field","5.18 Men's Outdoor Track & Field","5.19 Women's Outdoor Track & Field","5.20 Volleyball","5.21 Wrestling","6 References","7 External links"]
Athletic teams representing Washington and Lee University Washington and Lee GeneralsUniversityWashington and Lee UniversityConferenceOld Dominion Athletic ConferenceNCAADivision IIIAthletic directorJan HathornLocationLexington, VirginiaVarsity teams25Football stadiumWilson FieldBasketball arenaWarner CenterBaseball stadiumCap'n Dick Smith FieldSoccer stadiumAlston Parker Watt FieldNicknameGeneralsColorsBlue and white   Websitewww.generalssports.com The Washington and Lee Generals are the athletic teams that represent Washington and Lee University, located in Lexington, Virginia, in NCAA Division III intercollegiate sports. The Generals compete as members of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference for all sports except wrestling, which competes in the Centennial Conference. All together, Washington and Lee sponsors 25 sports: 13 for men and 12 for women. Washington and Lee was one of the founding members of the Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1900, as well as the Division I Southern Conference in 1921. The Generals remained members of the SoCon until 1958. During this time, they played alongside other Virginia universities like Virginia, Virginia Tech, VMI (also located in Lexington), and William & Mary. Generals basketball won the Southern Conference twice: 1934 and 1937. The football team even made an appearance in the 1951 Gator Bowl against Wyoming. After leaving the Southern Conference, the Generals moved into Division III and joined the College Athletic Conference in 1962. This was followed by a move to the Old Dominion Athletic Conference in 1976, also as a founding member. Washington & Lee's men's lacrosse remained the school's only Division I program until 1987. Varsity teams List of teams Men's sports Baseball Basketball Cross Country Football Golf Indoor Track & Field Lacrosse Outdoor Track & Field Riding Soccer Swimming Tennis Wrestling Women's sports Basketball Cross Country Field Hockey Golf Indoor Track & Field Lacrosse Outdoor Track & Field Riding Soccer Swimming Tennis Volleyball Individual teams National Championships Washington and Lee holds two NCAA National Championship titles. In 1988, the men's tennis team won the NCAA Division III National Championship title. In 2007, the women's tennis team claimed the NCAA Division III National Championship title. In 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017, and 2021 the Generals football team won the Old Dominion Athletic Conference championship. In 2009, the Generals baseball team won the ODAC championship. Men's lacrosse Washington and Lee's first lacrosse team was fielded in 1938 and started the Dixie Lacrosse League along with Virginia, Duke, and North Carolina. The Generals soon were successful winning the Dixie League Championship in 1939 and 1940. No team was fielded from 1943 through 1946. The team resumed play in 1947. After the school downgraded to Division III in 1958, the men's lacrosse team remained at the Division I level until 1987. Washington and Lee participated in seven NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship tournaments: 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980. The Generals reached the tournament's semifinals three times: 1973, 1974, and 1975. Since 1987, Washington and Lee have won twelve Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC) Lacrosse Championships: 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2009, 2016, 2019, and 2023. Washington and Lee have participated in fifteen NCAA Division III Men's Lacrosse Championship tournaments: 1987, 1991, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2009, 2013, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, and 2023. The Generals reached the quarterfinals four times: 1998, 1999, 2004, and 2023. The Generals reached the semifinals three times: 1987, 2000, and 2002. Washington and Lee Hall of Fame Coach Jack Emmer is known for creating The Armadillo play where five players would surround a player with the ball, facing him and locking arms showing the defense only their backs. Any attempt by the defense to retrieve the ball would result in a penalty. Washington and Lee would then be able to run a man-up offense as a result of the penalty. Washington and Lee successfully used this play during the 1982 game against UNC. Following the game, The Armadillo was outlawed by the NCAA rules committee. Washington and Lee lacrosse is also known for being on the losing side of one of the greatest upsets in lacrosse history when unranked Morgan State defeated the number 1 ranked Generals in the first game of the season in 1975. W&L had a 28 game regular season winning streak and had not lost at home in three years at the time. Washington and Lee plays VMI in the Lee-Jackson Lacrosse Classic every year. VMI is W&L's next door neighbor in Lexington, VA. The Classic is named after Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. Lee served as W&L's president from 1865-1870 and Jackson was a professor at VMI from 1851-1861. The Classic was held every spring as part of the main lacrosse season until 2007 when it moved to the fall as an exhibition game. In 2022 & 2023, the game was held as a scrimmage without the official "Lee-Jackson Lacrosse Classic" name. W&L holds a 31-4-1 lead in the all time series against VMI. The trophy is a plaque featuring crossed swords. Washington and Lee competes against Christopher Newport every year for the Virginia LtN Cup and generates support for LtN. LtN or "Lacrosse the Nations" is an organization that uses lacrosse and other physical activities to teach important life skills and help improve education and health while creating opportunity and hope for children in need. W&L holds a 6-5 lead in the all time series against Christopher Newport. Rivalries Washington and Lee and Roanoke College have been rivals since the 1870's. The rivalry is fueled by a long history of competition; conference affiliation, and geography also plays a role in this rivalry as both schools are charter members of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference and are located about 50 miles from each other along Interstate 81. Both schools historically have had nationally ranked men's lacrosse teams and have been ranked in the top twenty when meeting each other toward the end of the regular season. In addition to men's lacrosse, women's lacrosse games with Roanoke has drawn much interest as both schools have had highly successful programs and have competed against each other in the ODAC Championship game multiple times. Conference Tournament Championships ODAC Championships unless otherwise noted Baseball (2): 1972 (CAC), 2009 Men's Basketball (10): 1934 (Southern), 1938 (Southern), 1967 (CAC), 1968 (CAC), 1970 (CAC), 1971 (CAC), 1976 (CAC), 1977, 1978, 1980 Women's Basketball (3): 2010, 2023, 2024 Men's Cross Country (15): 1972 (CAC), 1982, 1984, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Women's Cross Country (19): 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Field Hockey (4): 2005, 2017, 2021, 2022 Men's Golf (18): 1934 (Southern), 1955 (Southern), 1972, 1973, 1977, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2019 Women's Golf (6): 2015, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023 Men's Lacrosse (12): 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2009, 2016, 2019, 2023 Women's Lacrosse (24): 1992, 1993, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Riding (3): 2006, 2014, 2022 Men's Soccer (7): 1986, 1989, 2000, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2022 Women's Soccer (4): 2002, 2003, 2009, 2016 Men's Swimming (17): 1935 (Southern), 1936 (Southern), 1937 (Southern), 1938 (Southern), 2004 (Bluegrass), 2005 (Bluegrass), 2006 (Bluegrass), 2007 (Bluegrass), 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024 Women's Swimming (33): 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024 Men's Tennis (48): 1967 (CAC), 1968 (CAC), 1969 (CAC), 1972 (CAC), 1973 (VCAA), 1976 (VCAA), 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Women's Tennis (33): 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Men's Indoor Track & Field (11): 1930 (Southern), 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 Women's Indoor Track & Field : 2009 Men's Outdoor Track & Field (6): 1925 (State Champion), 1981, 1984, 1987, 1988, 2017 Women's Outdoor Track & Field : 1995 Volleyball (19): 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2023 Wrestling (14): 1932 (Southern), 1933 (Southern), 1934 (Southern), 1936 (Southern), 1941 (Southern), 1948 (Southern), 1949 (Southern), 1950 (Southern), 1977, 1978, 1979, 2020, 2022, 2023 NCAA Tournament Appearances Baseball 2009Southeast RegionalSalisbury, Maryland Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Salisbury L 2-3 Elimination Round Washington & Jefferson L 3-8 Men's Basketball 1975 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Glassboro State L 48-66 Regional 3rd Place Game Methodist L 58-71 1977 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round William Paterson L 68-92 Regional 3rd Place Game Glassboro State L 87-103 1978 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Jersey City State W 66-65 Regional Championship Kean L 64-80 1980 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Upsala L 70-78 Regional 3rd Place Game Allegheny L 80-103 Women's Basketball 2010 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Christopher Newport L 51-68 2022 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round NYU L 61-71 2023 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round UW-Oshkosh L 55-58 2024 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Vassar W 68-61 Second Round Catholic W 80-70 Third Round Rhode Island College W 61-55 Quarterfinals Wartburg L 58-68 Men's Cross Country Appearances: 1975, 1995, 2016, 2023 Field Hockey 2005 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Montclair State L 0-2 2017 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Denison W 1-0 (2OT) Second Round Messiah L 2-3 2021 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Scranton W 2-0 Quarterfinals Rowan L 0-3 2022 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Ohio Wesleyan W 3-0 Second Round Williams L 0-3 Men's Golf Appearances: 1972, 1977, 1979, 1988, 1990, 1991, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024 Women's Golf Appearances: 2015, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023 Men's Lacrosse 1972 Division Round Opponent Result Division I First Round Johns Hopkins L 5-11 1973 Division Round Opponent Result Division I First Round Navy W 13-12 (OT) Semifinals Maryland L 7-18 1974 Division Round Opponent Result Division I First Round Navy W 11-9 Semifinals Johns Hopkins L 10-11 1975 Division Round Opponent Result Division I First Round Johns Hopkins W 11-7 Semifinals Maryland L 5-15 1976 Division Round Opponent Result Division I First Round Cornell L 0-14 1977 Division Round Opponent Result Division I First Round Maryland L 2-14 1978 Division Round Opponent Result Division I First Round Cornell L 2-12 1980 Division Round Opponent Result Division I First Round Syracuse L 4-12 1987 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Roanoke W 19-11 Semifinals Ohio Wesleyan L 4-17 1991 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Ohio Wesleyan L 10-19 1993 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Ohio Wesleyan L 8-9 1998 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Denison W 16-13 Quarterfinals Ohio Wesleyan L 8-17 1999 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Quarterfinals Denison L 7-17 2000 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Kenyon W 22-4 Quarterfinals Gettysburg W 12-10 Semifinals Salisbury L 9-10 2002 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Widener W 13-8 Quarterfinals Washington (MD) W 11-8 Semifinals Gettysburg L 8-12 2004 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Messiah W 12-8 Quarterfinals Salisbury L 6-15 2009 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round FDU-Florham W 6-5 Second Round Gettysburg L 10-15 2013 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Sewanee W 19-6 Second Round Salisbury L 4-7 2016 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Sewanee W 9-5 Second Round York (PA) L 5-12 2018 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Transylvania W 23-5 Third Round Dickinson L 9-10 2019 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Piedmont W 23-2 Third Round York (PA) L 12-14 2022 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Cabrini L 8-14 2023 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Centre W 21-10 Third Round Grove City W 13-10 Quarterfinals Salisbury L 9-12 2024 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Lake Forest W 17-4 Third Round Lynchburg W 16-13 Quarterfinals Salisbury W 16-15 (OT) Semifinals Tufts L 13-19 Women's Lacrosse 1993 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Trenton State L 4-18 1998 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round St. Mary's (MD) L 8-11 2001 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Mary Washington L 6-10 2003 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Regional Semifinals Mary Washington L 7-12 2004 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Regional Semifinals Gettysburg L 8-13 2005 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Regional Semifinals Amherst W 11-9 Regional Championship Salisbury L 4-15 2006 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Christopher Newport W 19-9 Regional Semifinals TCNJ L 6-16 2007 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Regional Semifinals Wooster W 14-4 Regional Semifinals Salisbury L 7-10 2008 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Regional Semifinals Amherst L 8-10 2010 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Elizabethtown L 12-13 2011 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Christopher Newport W 15-6 Regional Semifinals Salisbury L 12-13 2012 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Mary Washington L 8-16 2013 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round York (PA) L 6-13 2014 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Denison W 13-5 Regional Semifinals TCNJ L 7-13 2015 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Sewanee W 18-4 Regional Semifinals SUNY Fredonia L 5-9 2016 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Mount Union L 10-11 2017 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Sewanee W 18-4 Regional Semifinals Catholic W 9-6 Regional Championship William Smith W 7-6 (OT) Division III Semifinals TCNJ L 4-5 (2OT) 2018 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Cabrini W 27-7 Second Round York (PA) L 3-10 2019 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Ithaca W 18-9 Regional Semifinals Wesleyan (CT) L 7-13 2021 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round FDU-FLorham W 19-5 Regional Semifinals Ithaca L 11-16 2022 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Transylvania W 21-0 Regional Semifinals Wesleyan (CT) W 13-11 Regional Championship Gettysburg L 4-8 2023 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Capital W 22-5 Regional Semifinals Wesleyan (CT) L 8-11 2024 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Rhodes W 17-7 Regional Semifinals Christopher Newport W 12-10 Regional Championship Salisbury L 8-12 Men's Soccer 2000 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Frostburg State W 4-1 Round of 16 Christopher Newport L 0-1 2015 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Methodist W 3-0 Second Round Haverford L 1-2 2016 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round St. Lawrence T 1-1 (2OT) (Advances 5-3 on PK) Second Round Franklin & Marshall L 0-2 2017 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Mary Washington W 2-0 Second Round Oglethorpe T 3-3 (2OT) (Advances 5-4 on PK) Round of 16 North Park L 0-3 2018 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Johns Hopkins T 0-0 (2OT) (Falls 2-4 on PK) 2019 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round NC Wesleyan W 1-0 Second Round Gettysburg W 3-2 Round of 16 Tufts L 1-2 (OT) 2021 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Baruch W 6-1 Second Round Covenant W 2-1 Round of 16 Christopher Newport W 3-2 Quarterfinals Messiah W 3-1 Semifinals Connecticut College L 1-2 (OT) 2022 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Brevard W 5-1 Second Round Muhlenberg W 5-2 Round of 16 Kenyon L 1-3 2023 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Western Connecticut State W 2-0 Second Round SUNY Oneonta W 2-1 Round of 16 Tufts W 1-0 Quarterfinals Colorado College T 0-0 (2OT) (Advances 5-4 on PK) Semifinals Amherst T 2-2 (2OT) (Falls 0-2 on PK) Women's Soccer 2002 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Greensboro W 2-0 Round of 16 UT Dallas L 0-1 2003 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Round of 16 Greensboro T 0-0 (2OT) (Advances 4-1 on PK) Quarterfinals Virginia Wesleyan L 0-1 (2OT) 2002 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Moravian L 1-2 (2OT) 2006 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Meredith W 6-0 Second Round Maryville (TN) W 1-0 Round of 16 Washington St. Louis W 2-1 Quarterfinals Virginia Wesleyan T 0-0 (2OT) (Falls 3-4 on PK) 2009 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Christopher Newport W 4-0 Second Round Lynchburg L 0-2 2016 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Hardin-Simmons L 0-3 2022 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Centre L 1-2 2023 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Carnegie Mellon L 0-1 Men's Swimming Appearances: 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013 2016, 2018, 2019, 2023, 2024 Women's Swimming Appearances: 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2009, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022 Men's Tennis 1985 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Quarterfinals Swarthmore L 3-6 Consolation Claremont-Mudd-Scripps L 4-5 Consolation Gustavus Adolphus L 3-6 1986 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Quarterfinals Washington St. Louis W 8-0 Semifinals Whitman W 6-3 Championship Kalamazoo L 3-6 1987 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Quarterfinals Rochester (NY) W 7-2 Semifinals UC Santa Cruz W 5-4 Championship Kalamazoo L 3-6 1988 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Quarterfinals Emory W 5-2 Semifinals Swarthmore W 5-0 Championship UC Santa Cruz W 5-4 1989 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Quarterfinals Swarthmore L 4-5 Consolation Pomona-Pitzer L 2-7 Consolation UC San Diego L 3-6 1991 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Emory W 5-4 Quarterfinals Swarthmore L 1-8 Consolation UC San Diego L 3-6 Consolation Gustavus Adolphus L 1-8 1996 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Averett L 2-5 1997 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Salisbury L 1-6 2001 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Swarthmore W 4-1 Second Round Washington (MD) L 0-4 2002 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Mary Washington W 5-1 Second Round Washington (MD) L 1-4 2003 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Washington (MD) L 2-4 2004 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Piedmont W 6-1 Second Round Emory L 2-5 2005 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Carnegie Mellon W 4-1 Second Round Emory L 0-4 2006 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Sewanee W 4-0 Second Round Emory L 0-4 2007 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Johns Hopkins L 1-5 2008 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Messiah W 5-0 Second Round Mary Washington L 4-5 2010 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round TCNJ W 5-3 Second Round Emory L 0-5 2011 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round NC Wesleyan L 1-5 2012 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round UT Tyler W 5-3 Second Round Emory L 0-5 2013 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round NC Wesleyan L 3-5 2014 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Catholic W 5-0 Second Round Kenyon L 1-5 2015 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round NC Wesleyan L 3-5 2016 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round NC Wesleyan W 5-4 Second Round Emory L 0-5 2017 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Sewanee L 3-5 2018 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Thomas More W 5-0 Second Round Emory L 1-5 2019 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Emory L 0-5 2021 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Rose-Hulman W 5-1 Third Round Williams L 0-5 2022 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round UMass-Boston W 5-0 Second Round Bowdoin L 2-5 2023 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round NC Wesleyan L 1-5 2024 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Sewanee L 2-5 Women's Tennis 1991 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round St. Thomas (MN) L 3-6 Consolation Vassar L 4-5 11th Place Match St. Olaf L 2-7 1994 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Williams L 3-5 Consolation UC Santa Cruz W 6-3 5th Place Match Emory L 4-5 1995 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Skidmore W 8-1 Quarterfinals Amherst W 6-3 Semifinals Kenyon W 4-5 Consolation Trinity (TX) W 5-4 1996 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Sewanee W 5-0 Quarterfinals Pomona-Pitzer W 5-2 Semifinals Trinity (TX) W 5-2 Championship Emory L 1-5 1997 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Pomona-Pitzer W 8-1 Quarterfinals Gustavus Adolphus W 6-3 Semifinals Kenyon L 3-6 Championship Emory L 4-5 1998 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Williams W 5-3 Quarterfinals Gustavus Adolphus L 3-6 1999 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Kenyon W 5-4 Quarterfinals Trinity (TX) L 2-7 2000 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Rhodes W 8-1 Quarterfinals Kenyon W 6-3 Semifinals Trinity (TX) L 3-6 Consolation Amherst W 5-4 2001 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Salisbury W 8-1 Second Round Mary Washington W 8-1 Quarterfinals Trinity (TX) L 2-7 2002 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Mary Washington W 9-0 Second Round Salisbury W 9-0 Quarterfinals Pomona-Pitzer W 5-4 Semifinals Emory L 4-5 Consolation Trinity (TX) W 5-4 2003 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Salisbury W 9-0 Second Round Swarthmore W 8-1 Quarterfinals Pomona-Pitzer W 8-1 Semifinals Amherst W 7-2 Championship Emory L 1-5 2004 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Mary Washington W 7-0 Second Round Swarthmore W 7-2 Quarterfinals Gustavus Adolphus W 5-3 Semifinals Emory L 0-5 Consolation Williams L 4-5 2005 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Swarthmore W 5-0 Second Round Carnegie Mellon W 5-0 Quarterfinals Denison W 5-1 Semifinals Middlebury W 5-3 Championship Emory L 3-5 2006 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Mary Washington W 5-0 Second Round Carnegie Mellon W 5-0 Quarterfinals Williams W 5-0 Semifinals Claremont-Mudd-Scripps W 5-1 Championship Emory L 1-5 2007 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Sawrthmore W 5-0 Second Round Mary Washington W 5-0 Quarterfinals Middlebury W 5-0 Semifinals Williams W 5-0 Championship Amherst W 5-2 2008 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Hunter W 5-0 Second Round Carnegie Mellon W 5-2 Quarterfinals Gustavus Adolphus W 5-3 Semifinals Denison W 5-1 Championship Williams L 4-5 2009 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Meredith W 5-0 Third Round Emory L 2-5 2010 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Meredith W 5-0 Third Round Emory L 0-5 2011 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Wilkes W 5-0 Third Round Carnegie Mellon W 5-4 Quarterfinals Emory L 0-5 2012 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Ohio Northern W 5-0 Third Round Emory L 2-5 2013 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Methodist W 5-0 Third Round Sewanee L 4-5 2014 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Sewanee W 5-0 Third Round Emory L 1-5 2015 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round NC Wesleyan W 5-0 Third Round MIT L 3-5 2016 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Westminster (PA) W 5-0 Third Round Emory L 0-5 2017 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Sewanee W 5-3 Third Round Emory L 1-5 2018 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Franciscan W 5-0 Third Round Mary Washington L 4-5 2019 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round Sewanee W 5-4 Third Round Emory L 0-5 2021 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round TCNJ W 5-1 Third Round Denison W 5-2 Quarterfinals Wesleyan (CT) L 0-5 2022 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round St. Mary's (MD) W 5-0 Second Round Mary Washington L 1-5 2023 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round NC Wesleyan W 5-2 Second Round Emory L 1-5 2024 Division Round Opponent Result Division III Second Round UT Dallas W 5-0 Third Round Johns Hopkins L 0-5 Men's Indoor Track & Field Appearances: 2014, 2015 Women's Indoor Track & Field Appearances: 2009, 2015, 2016, 2022 Men's Outdoor Track & Field Appearances: 2014 Women's Outdoor Track & Field Appearances: 2008, 2009, 2014 Volleyball 1999 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round SCAD L 2-3 2001 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Christopher Newport W 3-0 Second Round Emory L 0-3 2002 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Christopher Newport W 3-1 Second Round Trinity (TX) L 0-3 2003 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Averett W 3-1 Second Round Emory L 0-3 2004 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Maryville (TN) W 3-0 Second Round Emory L 1-3 2005 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Southwestern (TX) L 0-3 2006 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Vassar W 3-1 Second Round NYU W 3-2 Regional Finals Stevens L 1-3 2007 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Southwestern (TX) L 0-3 2008 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Mount St. Joseph L 0-3 2010 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Mount St. Joseph W 3-1 Second Round Emory L 1-3 2012 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Christopher Newport L 0-3 2013 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Berry L 0-3 2014 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Mount Union L 0-3 2018 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Colorado College L 2-3 2021 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Southwestern (TX) L 1-3 2023 Division Round Opponent Result Division III First Round Berry L 1-3 Wrestling Appearances: 1936, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1986, 1987, 1989, 2017, 2022, 2023 References ^ "Completmentary Typeface and Color : Washington and Lee University". Retrieved August 31, 2016. ^ "A History of Washington and Lee Athletics". Washington and Lee University Athletics website. Retrieved January 1, 2015. ^ "Athletics at W&L :: Washington and Lee University". Wlu.edu. Retrieved 2011-02-28. External links Official website vteWashington and Lee UniversityAcademics The College Williams School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics School of Law Student life Lexington Triad Omicron Delta Kappa Cadaver Society Sigma Society Washington and Lee Mock Convention Washington and Lee Generals Old Dominion Athletic Conference "Washington and Lee Swing" Media Shenandoah WLUR Lee Family Digital Archive Washington and Lee Law Review German Law Journal People George Washington Robert E. Lee University presidents Alumni and faculty Campus Colonnade University Chapel Liberty Hall Site Sydney Lewis Hall Commons Category vteOld Dominion Athletic ConferenceFull members Averett Cougars Bridgewater Eagles Eastern Mennonite Royals‡ Ferrum Panthers (leaving in 2025) Guilford Quakers Hampden–Sydney Tigers Hollins University‡ Lynchburg Hornets‡ Randolph WildCats‡ Randolph–Macon Yellow Jackets Roanoke Maroons‡ Shenandoah Hornets Sweet Briar Vixens‡ Virginia Wesleyan Marlins‡ Washington and Lee Generals Associate members Greensboro Pride (women's swimming) ‡ non-football member
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington and Lee University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III"},{"link_name":"Old Dominion Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Centennial Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_Conference"},{"link_name":"Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Virginia_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Southern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Hokies"},{"link_name":"VMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMI_Keydets"},{"link_name":"William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%26_Mary_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Southern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Southern_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_Southern_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1951 Gator Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Gator_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Cowboys_football"},{"link_name":"College Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Old Dominion Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Washington and Lee Generals are the athletic teams that represent Washington and Lee University, located in Lexington, Virginia, in NCAA Division III intercollegiate sports. The Generals compete as members of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference for all sports except wrestling, which competes in the Centennial Conference. All together, Washington and Lee sponsors 25 sports: 13 for men and 12 for women.Washington and Lee was one of the founding members of the Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1900, as well as the Division I Southern Conference in 1921. The Generals remained members of the SoCon until 1958. During this time, they played alongside other Virginia universities like Virginia, Virginia Tech, VMI (also located in Lexington), and William & Mary. Generals basketball won the Southern Conference twice: 1934 and 1937. The football team even made an appearance in the 1951 Gator Bowl against Wyoming.After leaving the Southern Conference, the Generals moved into Division III and joined the College Athletic Conference in 1962. This was followed by a move to the Old Dominion Athletic Conference in 1976, also as a founding member. Washington & Lee's men's lacrosse remained the school's only Division I program until 1987.[2]","title":"Washington and Lee Generals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Varsity teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_Generals_football"}],"sub_title":"List of teams","text":"Men's sports\n\nBaseball\nBasketball\nCross Country\nFootball\nGolf\nIndoor Track & Field\nLacrosse\nOutdoor Track & Field\nRiding\nSoccer\nSwimming\nTennis\nWrestling\n\n\n\n\nWomen's sports\n\nBasketball\nCross Country\nField Hockey\nGolf\nIndoor Track & Field\nLacrosse\nOutdoor Track & Field\nRiding\nSoccer\nSwimming\nTennis\nVolleyball","title":"Varsity teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Individual teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA Division III National Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_III_Tennis_Championship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"National Championships","text":"Washington and Lee holds two NCAA National Championship titles. In 1988, the men's tennis team won the NCAA Division III National Championship title. In 2007, the women's tennis team claimed the NCAA Division III National Championship title. In 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017, and 2021 the Generals football team won the Old Dominion Athletic Conference championship. In 2009, the Generals baseball team won the ODAC championship.[3]","title":"Individual teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_III_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Lacrosse_Championship"},{"link_name":"Jack Emmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Emmer"},{"link_name":"UNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men%27s_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Morgan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_State_Bears_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"VMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMI_Keydets"},{"link_name":"Christopher Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Newport_Captains"}],"sub_title":"Men's lacrosse","text":"Washington and Lee's first lacrosse team was fielded in 1938 and started the Dixie Lacrosse League along with Virginia, Duke, and North Carolina. The Generals soon were successful winning the Dixie League Championship in 1939 and 1940. No team was fielded from 1943 through 1946. The team resumed play in 1947.After the school downgraded to Division III in 1958, the men's lacrosse team remained at the Division I level until 1987. Washington and Lee participated in seven NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship tournaments: 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980. The Generals reached the tournament's semifinals three times: 1973, 1974, and 1975.Since 1987, Washington and Lee have won twelve Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC) Lacrosse Championships: 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2009, 2016, 2019, and 2023. Washington and Lee have participated in fifteen NCAA Division III Men's Lacrosse Championship tournaments: 1987, 1991, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2009, 2013, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022, and 2023. The Generals reached the quarterfinals four times: 1998, 1999, 2004, and 2023. The Generals reached the semifinals three times: 1987, 2000, and 2002.Washington and Lee Hall of Fame Coach Jack Emmer is known for creating The Armadillo play where five players would surround a player with the ball, facing him and locking arms showing the defense only their backs. Any attempt by the defense to retrieve the ball would result in a penalty. Washington and Lee would then be able to run a man-up offense as a result of the penalty. Washington and Lee successfully used this play during the 1982 game against UNC. Following the game, The Armadillo was outlawed by the NCAA rules committee.Washington and Lee lacrosse is also known for being on the losing side of one of the greatest upsets in lacrosse history when unranked Morgan State defeated the number 1 ranked Generals in the first game of the season in 1975. W&L had a 28 game regular season winning streak and had not lost at home in three years at the time.Washington and Lee plays VMI in the Lee-Jackson Lacrosse Classic every year. VMI is W&L's next door neighbor in Lexington, VA. The Classic is named after Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. Lee served as W&L's president from 1865-1870 and Jackson was a professor at VMI from 1851-1861. The Classic was held every spring as part of the main lacrosse season until 2007 when it moved to the fall as an exhibition game. In 2022 & 2023, the game was held as a scrimmage without the official \"Lee-Jackson Lacrosse Classic\" name. W&L holds a 31-4-1 lead in the all time series against VMI. The trophy is a plaque featuring crossed swords.Washington and Lee competes against Christopher Newport every year for the Virginia LtN Cup and generates support for LtN. LtN or \"Lacrosse the Nations\" is an organization that uses lacrosse and other physical activities to teach important life skills and help improve education and health while creating opportunity and hope for children in need. W&L holds a 6-5 lead in the all time series against Christopher Newport.","title":"Individual teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roanoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_Maroons"},{"link_name":"Old Dominion Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Interstate 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81"}],"text":"Washington and Lee and Roanoke College have been rivals since the 1870's. The rivalry is fueled by a long history of competition; conference affiliation, and geography also plays a role in this rivalry as both schools are charter members of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference and are located about 50 miles from each other along Interstate 81. Both schools historically have had nationally ranked men's lacrosse teams and have been ranked in the top twenty when meeting each other toward the end of the regular season. In addition to men's lacrosse, women's lacrosse games with Roanoke has drawn much interest as both schools have had highly successful programs and have competed against each other in the ODAC Championship game multiple times.","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"CAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"CAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"CAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"CAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"CAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"CAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_Mountain_Conference"},{"link_name":"Bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_Mountain_Conference"},{"link_name":"Bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_Mountain_Conference"},{"link_name":"Bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_Mountain_Conference"},{"link_name":"CAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"CAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"CAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"CAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"VCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_College_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"VCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_College_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conference"}],"text":"ODAC Championships unless otherwise notedBaseball (2): 1972 (CAC), 2009Men's Basketball (10): 1934 (Southern), 1938 (Southern), 1967 (CAC), 1968 (CAC), 1970 (CAC), 1971 (CAC), 1976 (CAC), 1977, 1978, 1980Women's Basketball (3): 2010, 2023, 2024Men's Cross Country (15): 1972 (CAC), 1982, 1984, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019Women's Cross Country (19): 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019Field Hockey (4): 2005, 2017, 2021, 2022Men's Golf (18): 1934 (Southern), 1955 (Southern), 1972, 1973, 1977, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2019Women's Golf (6): 2015, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023Men's Lacrosse (12): 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2009, 2016, 2019, 2023Women's Lacrosse (24): 1992, 1993, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024Riding (3): 2006, 2014, 2022Men's Soccer (7): 1986, 1989, 2000, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2022Women's Soccer (4): 2002, 2003, 2009, 2016Men's Swimming (17): 1935 (Southern), 1936 (Southern), 1937 (Southern), 1938 (Southern), 2004 (Bluegrass), 2005 (Bluegrass), 2006 (Bluegrass), 2007 (Bluegrass), 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024Women's Swimming (33): 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024Men's Tennis (48): 1967 (CAC), 1968 (CAC), 1969 (CAC), 1972 (CAC), 1973 (VCAA), 1976 (VCAA), 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024Women's Tennis (33): 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024Men's Indoor Track & Field (11): 1930 (Southern), 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020Women's Indoor Track & Field : 2009Men's Outdoor Track & Field (6): 1925 (State Champion), 1981, 1984, 1987, 1988, 2017Women's Outdoor Track & Field : 1995Volleyball (19): 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2023Wrestling (14): 1932 (Southern), 1933 (Southern), 1934 (Southern), 1936 (Southern), 1941 (Southern), 1948 (Southern), 1949 (Southern), 1950 (Southern), 1977, 1978, 1979, 2020, 2022, 2023","title":"Conference Tournament Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salisbury, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland"}],"sub_title":"Baseball","text":"2009Southeast RegionalSalisbury, Maryland","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's Basketball","text":"1975197719781980","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women's Basketball","text":"2010202220232024","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's Cross Country","text":"Appearances: 1975, 1995, 2016, 2023","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Field Hockey","text":"2005201720212022","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's Golf","text":"Appearances: 1972, 1977, 1979, 1988, 1990, 1991, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women's Golf","text":"Appearances: 2015, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's Lacrosse","text":"197219731974197519761977197819801987199119931998199920002002200420092013201620182019202220232024","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women's Lacrosse","text":"19931998200120032004200520062007200820102011201220132014201520162017201820192021202220232024","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's Soccer","text":"200020152016201720182019202120222023","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women's Soccer","text":"20022003200220062009201620222023","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's Swimming","text":"Appearances: 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013 2016, 2018, 2019, 2023, 2024","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women's Swimming","text":"Appearances: 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2009, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's Tennis","text":"198519861987198819891991199619972001200220032004200520062007200820102011201220132014201520162017201820192021202220232024","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women's Tennis","text":"1991199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192021202220232024","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's Indoor Track & Field","text":"Appearances: 2014, 2015","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women's Indoor Track & Field","text":"Appearances: 2009, 2015, 2016, 2022","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's Outdoor Track & Field","text":"Appearances: 2014","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women's Outdoor Track & Field","text":"Appearances: 2008, 2009, 2014","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volleyball","text":"1999200120022003200420052006200720082010201220132014201820212023","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wrestling","text":"Appearances: 1936, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1986, 1987, 1989, 2017, 2022, 2023","title":"NCAA Tournament Appearances"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Completmentary Typeface and Color : Washington and Lee University\". Retrieved August 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wlu.edu/communications-and-public-affairs/publications-and-graphic-design/graphic-standards/complementary-typeface-and-color","url_text":"\"Completmentary Typeface and Color : Washington and Lee University\""}]},{"reference":"\"A History of Washington and Lee Athletics\". Washington and Lee University Athletics website. Retrieved January 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.generalssports.com/information/athletics_history/index","url_text":"\"A History of Washington and Lee Athletics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athletics at W&L :: Washington and Lee University\". Wlu.edu. Retrieved 2011-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wlu.edu/x2055.xml","url_text":"\"Athletics at W&L :: Washington and Lee University\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.generalssports.com/","external_links_name":"www.generalssports.com"},{"Link":"https://www.wlu.edu/communications-and-public-affairs/publications-and-graphic-design/graphic-standards/complementary-typeface-and-color","external_links_name":"\"Completmentary Typeface and Color : Washington and Lee University\""},{"Link":"http://www.generalssports.com/information/athletics_history/index","external_links_name":"\"A History of Washington and Lee Athletics\""},{"Link":"http://www.wlu.edu/x2055.xml","external_links_name":"\"Athletics at W&L :: Washington and Lee University\""},{"Link":"http://www.generalssports.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Miller_(producer)
Brent Miller (producer)
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]
American television and film producer This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Brent MillerBornToledo, OhioAlma materBowling Green State UniversityOccupation(s)Film producer, television producerYears active1998 - presentOrganizationAct III Productions Sony Pictures Television Brent Miller is an American television and film producer best known for the Netflix series One Day at a Time and the documentary feature (Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You). He served as President of Production for Act III Productions. Early life and education Miller was born and raised in Toledo, OH. He attended Bowling Green State University. After he graduated, Miller moved to Los Angeles. Career Miller began his career in the event planning industry. He was hired to plan a series of events for Norman Lear’s 85th birthday and was subsequently offered a position at Lear's multimedia holding company, Act III Productions. With Lear, Miller co-produced the Declare Yourself Unofficial Presidential Inaugural Ball in 2009. In 2012, he co-produced a short film called The Photographs of Your Junk (Will Be Publicized!). The Huffington Post described the project as "a biting social commentary." In 2013, he created and executive produced the AXS TV documentary series Tait Stages, which followed the employees of Tait Towers and their clients, such as Kelly Clarkson and Linkin Park, and the behind-the-scenes of designing and building large scale touring stage sets. In 2016, he co-produced his debut documentary feature film Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You. The film was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series Variety said the film was a "sprightly, brightly assembled celebration of the veteran showrunner," Matt Zoller Seitz called it "a striking piece of work," and the San Francisco Chronicle described it as "an entertaining look at an influential figure." That same year, Miller co-executive produced the first season of the Epix documentary series America Divided. He served as executive producer for the second season. Miller was co-executive producer for the reboot of the 1975 CBS sitcom One Day at a Time. The reboot, focused on a Cuban American family led by a female Army veteran, began production for Netflix in 2016. The show aired for three seasons on Netflix, while season four was picked up by Pop TV in 2020. In 2018, he executive produced the NBC pilot Guess Who Died, written by Norman Lear and Peter Tolan. In 2019, Miller executive produced the TV special, Live in Front of a Studio Audience: Norman Lear's All in the Family and The Jeffersons, earning him his second Primetime Emmy nomination and first win. He also executive produced the second installment, Live in Front of a Studio Audience: All in the Family and Good Times, which aired in December 2019. In 2024, Miller signed a first-look deal with Sony Pictures Television to develop series and motion pictures through his company, A House on Brame Productions. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2011 The Photographs of Your Junk (Will Be Publicized!) Executive Producer Short Film 2016 Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You Producer Documentary 2021 Rita Moreno: Just a Girl Who Decided to Go for It Producer Documentary Television Year Title Role Notes 2000 Passions Bellhop Episode: #1.165 Resurrection Blvd. Waiter Episode: "El Regreso de Paco" 2001 Arrest & Trial Officer Episode: "White Collar Criminal" 2004 Super Bowl XXXVIII Talent Coordinator TV special 2004 MTV Movie Awards Talent Coordinator TV special 2004 MTV Video Music Awards Talent Coordinator TV special 2004 NFL Opening Kickoff Talent Coordinator TV special 2005 Super Bowl XXXIX Casting Associate TV special NFL Opening Kickoff 2005 Talent Coordinator TV special 2006 American Music Awards of 2006 Talent Coordinator TV special 2013 Tait Stages Executive Producer, Story Producer, Producer 13 episodes 2016 American Masters Producer Episode: "Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You"Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series 2017–2018 One Day at a Time Co-Executive Producer, Executive Producer 2016–2018 America Divided Co-Executive Producer, Executive Producer 2018 Guess Who Died Executive Producer Pilot 2019 Live in Front of a Studio Audience Executive Producer TV specials Awards and nominations Year Nominee / work Award Result 2017 American Masters Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series Nominated 2018 One Day at a Time Peabody Award Nominated Television Academy Honors Won Television Critics Association Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Nominated 2019 Live in Front of a Studio Audience Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special (Live) Won 2020 One Day at a Time Imagen Awards Won Critics' Choice Television Awards Won Live in Front of a Studio Audience Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special (Live) Won 2022 Pending References ^ "Brent Miller". Variety. August 11, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ "From Toledo to Hollywood - the Road to Success is Often a Long One". Life and Whim. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Lear, All of the Above with Norman. "Justina Machado – All of the Above with Norman Lear – Podcast". Podtail. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ "From celebrities to D.C. kids, everyone will party for inauguration | Scripps Howard Foundation Wire". Scripps Howard Foundation Wire | News, Politics, Washington D.C. January 16, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ "The Photographs Of Your Junk (Will Be Publicized): A Biting Social Commentary (VIDEO)". Huffington Post. January 9, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ America, PLASA Media Inc - Lighting & Sound. "TAIT Docu-Series Launched on US AXS TV - Lighting&Sound America Online News". Lighting&Sound America Online News. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ "AXS TV's 'On Tour: Tait Stages' Creator Spars With Network Owner Mark Cuban". TheWrap. June 4, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ Lincoln, Ross A. (January 30, 2016). "Sundance Docu 'Norman Lear: Just Another Version Of You' Nabbed By Netflix & Music Box". Deadline. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ McNary, Dave (January 30, 2016). "Sundance: Norman Lear's 'Just Another Version of You' Sells to Music Box". Variety. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ "Nominees - 2017 Emmy Awards". CBS. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ Lodge, Guy (January 22, 2016). "Sundance Film Review: 'Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You'". Variety. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You Movie Review (2016) | Roger Ebert". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ "Lear's comedies were about more than laughs". SFGate. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Patten, Dominic (January 19, 2016). "Norman Lear & Shonda Rhimes To EP Epix Docu-Series 'America Divided'". Deadline. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ Petski, Denise (July 25, 2017). "'America Divided' Renewed For Season 2 By Epix – TCA". Deadline. Retrieved July 30, 2020. ^ Villarreal, Yvonne. "Norman Lear reboots 'One Day at a Time' for a new generation". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Holloway, Daniel (January 4, 2017). "Norman Lear on Ending His Long TV Absence With 'One Day at a Time'". Variety. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 22, 2016). "'One Day At A Time': Justina Machado To Play The Lead In Netflix Series Remake". Deadline. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 26, 2018). "'One Day At a Time' Renewed For Season 3 By Netflix". Deadline. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Haithman, Diane (August 3, 2019). "'One Day At A Time': Shorter But Still Sweet on Pop TV – TCA". Deadline. Retrieved August 2, 2019. ^ "Norman Lear's Golden-Years Comedy 'Guess Who Died' Heads to NBC". TheWrap. August 22, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 6, 2018). "'Guess Who Died': Christopher Lloyd Cast In NBC Comedy Pilot". Deadline. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Patten, Dominic (May 22, 2019). "Norman Lear & Producer Brent Miller On 'All In The Family' & 'The Jeffersons' Live Redux Tonight & A Potential Franchise". Deadline Hollywood. ^ Otterson, Joe (November 5, 2019). "ABC's 'Live in Front of a Studio Audience' to Tackle 'Good Times,' 'All in the Family'". Variety. ^ "Brent Miller". Television Academy. ^ Dessem, Matthew (September 15, 2019). "At 97, Norman Lear Just Became the Oldest Person to Win an Emmy". Slate Magazine. ^ "'All in the Family,' 'Good Times' Set as ABC's Next Live Comedy Special". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ Schneider, Michael (April 19, 2024). "Norman Lear's Producing Partner Brent Miller Launches New Company at Sony Pictures TV (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved May 31, 2024. ^ "Brent Miller | Television Academy". Television Academy. Retrieved June 12, 2018. ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (April 10, 2018). "Peabody Awards: 'Insecure,' 'Handmaid's Tale', 'One Day At A Time' Among Nominees". Deadline. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Turchiano, Danielle (May 4, 2018). "Television Academy Announces 11th Annual Honorees". Variety. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Crucchiola, Jordan. "Killing Eve, The Americans, And Atlanta Lead the TCA Awards Nominations". Vulture. Retrieved June 20, 2018. ^ Zoe, Haylock (July 16, 2019). "Game of Thrones, The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Lead 2019 Emmy Nominations". Vulture. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (August 11, 2019). "Imagen Awards Winners: 'Pose', 'One Day At A Time', 'Monsters and Men' Among Honorees". Deadline. ^ "Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series - Critics' Choice Awards: 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' Named Best Picture; Full Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ "2020 Primetime Emmy® Awards – Nomination Press Release" (PDF). Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 28, 2020. ^ Moreau, Jordan (July 12, 2022). "Emmys 2022: Complete Nominations List". Variety. Retrieved July 12, 2022. External links Act III Productions Official Site Brent Miller on IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Day at a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Masters#L"},{"link_name":"Act III Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_III_Communications"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Brent Miller is an American television and film producer best known for the Netflix series One Day at a Time and the documentary feature (Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You). He served as President of Production for Act III Productions.[1]","title":"Brent Miller (producer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toledo, OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Miller was born and raised in Toledo, OH. He attended Bowling Green State University. After he graduated, Miller moved to Los Angeles.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Declare Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declare_Yourself"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"AXS TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXS_TV"},{"link_name":"Kelly Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Linkin Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkin_Park"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Matt Zoller Seitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Zoller_Seitz"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Epix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epix"},{"link_name":"America Divided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Divided"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"One Day at a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(2017_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cuban American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_American"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pop TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Norman Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lear"},{"link_name":"Peter Tolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tolan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Live in Front of a Studio Audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_in_Front_of_a_Studio_Audience"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Television"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Miller began his career in the event planning industry. He was hired to plan a series of events for Norman Lear’s 85th birthday and was subsequently offered a position at Lear's multimedia holding company, Act III Productions.[3] With Lear, Miller co-produced the Declare Yourself Unofficial Presidential Inaugural Ball in 2009.[4]In 2012, he co-produced a short film called The Photographs of Your Junk (Will Be Publicized!). The Huffington Post described the project as \"a biting social commentary.\"[5] In 2013, he created and executive produced the AXS TV documentary series Tait Stages, which followed the employees of Tait Towers and their clients, such as Kelly Clarkson and Linkin Park, and the behind-the-scenes of designing and building large scale touring stage sets.[6][7]In 2016, he co-produced his debut documentary feature film Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You.[8][9] The film was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series[10] Variety said the film was a \"sprightly, brightly assembled celebration of the veteran showrunner,\"[11] Matt Zoller Seitz called it \"a striking piece of work,\"[12] and the San Francisco Chronicle described it as \"an entertaining look at an influential figure.\"[13] That same year, Miller co-executive produced the first season of the Epix documentary series America Divided. He served as executive producer for the second season.[14][15]Miller was co-executive producer for the reboot of the 1975 CBS sitcom One Day at a Time. The reboot, focused on a Cuban American family led by a female Army veteran, began production for Netflix in 2016.[16][17][18] The show aired for three seasons on Netflix,[19] while season four was picked up by Pop TV in 2020.[20]In 2018, he executive produced the NBC pilot Guess Who Died, written by Norman Lear and Peter Tolan.[21][22] In 2019, Miller executive produced the TV special, Live in Front of a Studio Audience: Norman Lear's All in the Family and The Jeffersons,[23][24] earning him his second Primetime Emmy nomination and first win.[25][26] He also executive produced the second installment, Live in Front of a Studio Audience: All in the Family and Good Times, which aired in December 2019.[27]In 2024, Miller signed a first-look deal with Sony Pictures Television to develop series and motion pictures through his company, A House on Brame Productions.[28]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Brent Miller\". Variety. August 11, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/exec/brent-miller/","url_text":"\"Brent Miller\""}]},{"reference":"\"From Toledo to Hollywood - the Road to Success is Often a Long One\". Life and Whim. Retrieved June 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lifeandwhim.com/first-moments-blog/the-road-success-is-often-a-long-one","url_text":"\"From Toledo to Hollywood - the Road to Success is Often a Long One\""}]},{"reference":"Lear, All of the Above with Norman. \"Justina Machado – All of the Above with Norman Lear – Podcast\". Podtail. Retrieved June 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://podtail.com/en/podcast/all-of-the-above-with-norman-lear/justina-machado/","url_text":"\"Justina Machado – All of the Above with Norman Lear – Podcast\""}]},{"reference":"\"From celebrities to D.C. kids, everyone will party for inauguration | Scripps Howard Foundation Wire\". Scripps Howard Foundation Wire | News, Politics, Washington D.C. January 16, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shfwire.com/celebrities-dc-kids-everyone-will-party-inauguration/","url_text":"\"From celebrities to D.C. kids, everyone will party for inauguration | Scripps Howard Foundation Wire\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Photographs Of Your Junk (Will Be Publicized): A Biting Social Commentary (VIDEO)\". Huffington Post. January 9, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/09/the-photographs-of-your-junk-will-be-publicized_n_1192931.html","url_text":"\"The Photographs Of Your Junk (Will Be Publicized): A Biting Social Commentary (VIDEO)\""}]},{"reference":"America, PLASA Media Inc - Lighting & Sound. \"TAIT Docu-Series Launched on US AXS TV - Lighting&Sound America Online News\". Lighting&Sound America Online News. Retrieved June 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lightingandsoundamerica.com/news/story.asp?ID=DRINE7","url_text":"\"TAIT Docu-Series Launched on US AXS TV - Lighting&Sound America Online News\""}]},{"reference":"\"AXS TV's 'On Tour: Tait Stages' Creator Spars With Network Owner Mark Cuban\". TheWrap. June 4, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/axs-tvs-tour-tait-stages-buried-because-its-no-kardashians-creator-says-95131/","url_text":"\"AXS TV's 'On Tour: Tait Stages' Creator Spars With Network Owner Mark Cuban\""}]},{"reference":"Lincoln, Ross A. (January 30, 2016). \"Sundance Docu 'Norman Lear: Just Another Version Of You' Nabbed By Netflix & Music Box\". Deadline. Retrieved June 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/01/norman-lear-docu-just-another-version-of-you-go-to-netflix-and-music-box-films-1201693228/","url_text":"\"Sundance Docu 'Norman Lear: Just Another Version Of You' Nabbed By Netflix & Music Box\""}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (January 30, 2016). \"Sundance: Norman Lear's 'Just Another Version of You' Sells to Music Box\". Variety. Retrieved June 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/film/news/sundance-norman-lear-just-another-version-of-you-1201692466/","url_text":"\"Sundance: Norman Lear's 'Just Another Version of You' Sells to Music Box\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nominees - 2017 Emmy Awards\". CBS. Retrieved June 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs.com/shows/emmy-awards/2017/nominees/documentary-nonfiction-series-2017/","url_text":"\"Nominees - 2017 Emmy Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Lodge, Guy (January 22, 2016). \"Sundance Film Review: 'Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You'\". Variety. Retrieved June 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/norman-lear-just-another-version-of-you-review-1201685778/","url_text":"\"Sundance Film Review: 'Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You'\""}]},{"reference":"Seitz, Matt Zoller. \"Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You Movie Review (2016) | Roger Ebert\". www.rogerebert.com. Retrieved June 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/norman-lear-just-another-version-of-you-2016","url_text":"\"Norman Lear: Just Another Version of You Movie Review (2016) | Roger Ebert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lear's comedies were about more than laughs\". SFGate. Retrieved June 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Lear-s-comedies-were-about-more-than-laughs-9068785.php","url_text":"\"Lear's comedies were about more than laughs\""}]},{"reference":"Patten, Dominic (January 19, 2016). \"Norman Lear & Shonda Rhimes To EP Epix Docu-Series 'America Divided'\". Deadline. Retrieved June 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/01/shonda-rhimes-norman-lear-america-divided-epix-1201685748/","url_text":"\"Norman Lear & Shonda Rhimes To EP Epix Docu-Series 'America Divided'\""}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (July 25, 2017). \"'America Divided' Renewed For Season 2 By Epix – TCA\". Deadline. Retrieved July 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/07/america-divided-renewed-season-epix-1202135350/","url_text":"\"'America Divided' Renewed For Season 2 By Epix – TCA\""}]},{"reference":"Villarreal, Yvonne. \"Norman Lear reboots 'One Day at a Time' for a new generation\". Los Angeles Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_de_Avilez_Zuzarte_de_Sousa_Tavares
Jorge de Avilez Zuzarte de Sousa Tavares
["1 Early life","2 Early career","3 Peninsular War","4 In Brazil","5 Liberal Wars","6 Promotions and Units","7 See also","8 Sources"]
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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jorge de Avilez Zuzarte de Sousa Tavares" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jorge de AvilezPortrait of Jorge de AvilezBorn(1785-03-28)28 March 1785Portalegre, PortugalDied15 February 1845(1845-02-15) (aged 59)Lisbon, PortugalAllegiance Kingdom of PortugalYears of service1804–1845RankGeneralCommands held Militia Regiment of Crato (1804) Volunteer Regiment of Portalegre (1808) 1st Battalion of Caçadores (1809) 2nd Regiment of Infantry (1812) 5th Regiment of Infantry (1814) 1st Brigade of Royal Volunteers of the Prince (1816) Battles/warsPeninsular War Battle of Buçaco Battle of Pombal Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo Siege of Badajoz Battle of Salamanca Battle of Vitoria Siege of San Sebastián Siege of Pamplona Battle of Sorauren Battle of Orthez Battle of Toulouse Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental Liberal Wars Jorge de Avilez Zuzarte de Sousa Tavares (28 March 1785 – 15 February 1845) was a Portuguese military officer and statesman. He fought in the Peninsular War and in the Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental. Early life Jorge de Avilez was born on 28 March 1785 in Portalegre, the legitimate son of Jorge Vellez de Souza Tavares. He was baptised on 14 May of the same year. Early career Jorge de Alviez entered the Royal College of Nobles in 1797 with his two older brothers. He studied arts until 1801, when he returned to Portalegre. He went to Lisbon with his family in 1801, due to the War of the Oranges. Having finished in the Army as Cadet, he was appointed Colonel of the Militia Regiment of Crato on 24 June 1804. In 1807 he was chosen to be Superintendent of stud farms of Portalegre, the same function his father had. The Militia Regiment of Crato was discharged, because of the Militia Reform of October 1807, in 1808 he was put in charge the Volunteer Regiment of Portalegre, created by the Junta of Portalegre, so they could help fight the French. With the transfer of the Volunteer Regiment to the Army in 1809, he was appointed commander of the 1st Battalion of Caçadores with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Peninsular War He led the battalion through all their battles in the 2nd Brigade of the Light Division until the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro. In February 1812 he was promoted to Colonel and given command of the 2nd Regiment of Infantry which was part of the renowned Algarve Brigade of the Portuguese Division, which was a division organised in the Anglo-Portuguese Army. He fought at the Siege of Badajoz to the Battle of Toulouse the last big battle of the War of the Sixth Coalition. His wife followed him from Badajoz to Toulouse. In 1816 he was promoted to Brigadier. In Brazil In 1817, with the establishment of the Division of Volunteers of the Prince and his being transferred to Brazil to help with the Conquest of Montevideo, he was given the rank of Field Marshal. In 1818, he was made Governor of Montevideo. He commanded the Campaign of Banda Oriental, distinguishing himself in the Battle of Paço de Arenas in September 1819. In 1821, in Brazil, he was given the rank of Lieutenant-General, due to his appointment as Governor of Arms of the Court and Province of Rio de Janeiro, and suppressing the riots which had been occurring because of the departure of King John VI and the court. Prince Pedro (to the right) orders the Portuguese officer Jorge d'Avilez (to the left) to return to Portugal after his failed rebellion. On 5 June 1821, as commander of the soldiers in Rio de Janeiro, he directed the ultimatum to Prince Pedro that he had to swear to uphold the foundations of the Constitution, dismiss the Count of Arcos and nominate a governing junta. In October he demanded again that Prince Pedro publicly announce his adherence to the decisions of the Cortes gathered in Lisbon. Prince Pedro obeyed and decided, on a first impulse, to return to Europe. But in January 1822 he publicly declared that he had decided to stay in Brazil, a fact known as Dia do Fico (Day of Stay). Jorge de Avilez resigned from the Government of Arms and, fearing an attack by Brazilian troops, he retreated to Praia Grande, in Niterói, which he fortified but was later expelled by the Prince Regent. The Portuguese Division embarked in February, arriving at Lisbon in May 1822. Liberal Wars Jorge de Avilez was elected deputy in 1822. In 1823, he was nominated by the Cortes as Commander-in-Chief of the Portuguese Army, to counter the movements of Prince Miguel. He could not prevent the coup d'état known as the Vilafrancada, which ended the first liberal period, reestablishing the absolutist regime. A prisoner in the Castle of São Jorge, he was transferred to the Tower of Belém. Judged, he was dismissed from his rank of Lieutenant-General and condemned to a year of imprisonment in Castelo de Vide. In June 1827, during the regency of the Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal, he was exonerated and returned to his post. With the return of Prince Miguel, he asked permission to go to Portalegre, but was arrested again in June 1828 and sent to São Julião da Barra Fortress. In 1832 he was transferred to Almeida and later to Bragança, from where he managed to escape to Spain. His wife was arrested and held in the Tower of Belém, in the Limoeiro and in the Cadeia do Aljube. The diplomatic corps in Lisbon demanded his release and succeeded. King Pedro IV reconciled with Jorge de Avilez at the end of the civil war, and appointed him to Military Governor of the Court and Province of Extremadura, with the rank of Lieutenant-General. With the reorganisation of the Army he was given the command of the 1st Military Division, being later transferred to the 7th, for political reasons. Named Peer of the realm in 1835, he was given the title of Viscount of Reguengo. He joined the Setembrismo movement in 1836. He was appointed senator, according to the Constitution of 1838. In April 1838 he was awarded the title of Count of Avilez. Promotions and Units Rank Unit Date Vogal Supreme Council of Military Justice 8 August 1834 Lieutenant-General 16 June 1834 Military Governor Court and Province of Estremadura 27 May 1834 Commander-in-chief Army 21 May 1828 Commander-in-chief Army 28 May 1823 Governor of Arms Court and Province of Rio de Janeiro 22 April 1821 Lieutenant General 21 April 1821 Governor Montevideo 27 January 1818 Field Marshall 25 April 1817 Commandant 1st Brigade of Royal Volunteers of the Prince Brigadier 4 March 1816 Colonel 5th Regiment of Infantry 1814 Colonel 2nd Infantry Regiment 5 February 1812 Lieutenant-Colonel 1st Battalion of Caçadores 21 January 1809 Colonel Volunteer Regiment of Portalegre 22 July 1808 Colonel Militia Regiment of Crato 24 June 1804 Officer cadet See also Rossio massacre Sources Jorge de Avilez, oficial português Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Portugal Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Banda_Oriental"}],"text":"Jorge de Avilez Zuzarte de Sousa Tavares (28 March 1785 – 15 February 1845) was a Portuguese military officer and statesman. He fought in the Peninsular War and in the Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental.","title":"Jorge de Avilez Zuzarte de Sousa Tavares"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jorge de Avilez was born on 28 March 1785 in Portalegre, the legitimate son of Jorge Vellez de Souza Tavares. He was baptised on 14 May of the same year.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portalegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portalegre,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"War of the Oranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Oranges"},{"link_name":"Crato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crato_(Portugal)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Jorge de Alviez entered the Royal College of Nobles in 1797 with his two older brothers. He studied arts until 1801, when he returned to Portalegre. He went to Lisbon with his family in 1801, due to the War of the Oranges. Having finished in the Army as Cadet, he was appointed Colonel of the Militia Regiment of Crato on 24 June 1804. In 1807 he was chosen to be Superintendent of stud farms of Portalegre, the same function his father had. The Militia Regiment of Crato was discharged, because of the Militia Reform of October 1807, in 1808 he was put in charge the Volunteer Regiment of Portalegre, created by the Junta of Portalegre, so they could help fight the French. With the transfer of the Volunteer Regiment to the Army in 1809, he was appointed commander of the 1st Battalion of Caçadores with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Light Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Division"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro"},{"link_name":"Algarve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Portuguese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"Siege of Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)"},{"link_name":"War of the Sixth Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition"}],"text":"He led the battalion through all their battles in the 2nd Brigade of the Light Division until the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro. In February 1812 he was promoted to Colonel and given command of the 2nd Regiment of Infantry which was part of the renowned Algarve Brigade of the Portuguese Division, which was a division organised in the Anglo-Portuguese Army. He fought at the Siege of Badajoz to the Battle of Toulouse the last big battle of the War of the Sixth Coalition. His wife followed him from Badajoz to Toulouse. In 1816 he was promoted to Brigadier.","title":"Peninsular War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves"},{"link_name":"Conquest of Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Banda_Oriental"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Campaign of Banda Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Banda_Oriental"},{"link_name":"Province of Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)"},{"link_name":"King John VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_I_of_Brazil_and_Avilez.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Prince Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Dia do Fico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_do_Fico"}],"text":"In 1817, with the establishment of the Division of Volunteers of the Prince and his being transferred to Brazil to help with the Conquest of Montevideo, he was given the rank of Field Marshal. In 1818, he was made Governor of Montevideo.He commanded the Campaign of Banda Oriental, distinguishing himself in the Battle of Paço de Arenas in September 1819. In 1821, in Brazil, he was given the rank of Lieutenant-General, due to his appointment as Governor of Arms of the Court and Province of Rio de Janeiro, and suppressing the riots which had been occurring because of the departure of King John VI and the court.Prince Pedro (to the right) orders the Portuguese officer Jorge d'Avilez (to the left) to return to Portugal after his failed rebellion.On 5 June 1821, as commander of the soldiers in Rio de Janeiro, he directed the ultimatum to Prince Pedro that he had to swear to uphold the foundations of the Constitution, dismiss the Count of Arcos and nominate a governing junta. In October he demanded again that Prince Pedro publicly announce his adherence to the decisions of the Cortes gathered in Lisbon. Prince Pedro obeyed and decided, on a first impulse, to return to Europe. But in January 1822 he publicly declared that he had decided to stay in Brazil, a fact known as Dia do Fico (Day of Stay). Jorge de Avilez resigned from the Government of Arms and, fearing an attack by Brazilian troops, he retreated to Praia Grande, in Niterói, which he fortified but was later expelled by the Prince Regent. The Portuguese Division embarked in February, arriving at Lisbon in May 1822.","title":"In Brazil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Vilafrancada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilafrancada"},{"link_name":"Castle of São Jorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_S%C3%A3o_Jorge"},{"link_name":"Tower of Belém","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Bel%C3%A9m"},{"link_name":"Castelo de Vide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelo_de_Vide"},{"link_name":"Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Isabel_Maria_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Prince Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Cadeia do Aljube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadeia_do_Aljube"},{"link_name":"King Pedro IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Peer of the realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm"}],"text":"Jorge de Avilez was elected deputy in 1822. In 1823, he was nominated by the Cortes as Commander-in-Chief of the Portuguese Army, to counter the movements of Prince Miguel. He could not prevent the coup d'état known as the Vilafrancada, which ended the first liberal period, reestablishing the absolutist regime.A prisoner in the Castle of São Jorge, he was transferred to the Tower of Belém. Judged, he was dismissed from his rank of Lieutenant-General and condemned to a year of imprisonment in Castelo de Vide. In June 1827, during the regency of the Infanta Isabel Maria of Portugal, he was exonerated and returned to his post. With the return of Prince Miguel, he asked permission to go to Portalegre, but was arrested again in June 1828 and sent to São Julião da Barra Fortress. In 1832 he was transferred to Almeida and later to Bragança, from where he managed to escape to Spain. His wife was arrested and held in the Tower of Belém, in the Limoeiro and in the Cadeia do Aljube. The diplomatic corps in Lisbon demanded his release and succeeded.King Pedro IV reconciled with Jorge de Avilez at the end of the civil war, and appointed him to Military Governor of the Court and Province of Extremadura, with the rank of Lieutenant-General. With the reorganisation of the Army he was given the command of the 1st Military Division, being later transferred to the 7th, for political reasons. Named Peer of the realm in 1835, he was given the title of Viscount of Reguengo. He joined the Setembrismo movement in 1836. He was appointed senator, according to the Constitution of 1838. In April 1838 he was awarded the title of Count of Avilez.","title":"Liberal Wars"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Promotions and Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jorge de Avilez, oficial português","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arqnet.pt/exercito/avilez.html"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938716#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/64593/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000067241918"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/48073368"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCyX3xFqyRGqbXgymGHC"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1053085400"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n80153986"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/130495"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/13784445X"}],"text":"Jorge de Avilez, oficial portuguêsAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nPortugal\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Prince Pedro (to the right) orders the Portuguese officer Jorge d'Avilez (to the left) to return to Portugal after his failed rebellion.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pedro_I_of_Brazil_and_Avilez.jpg/300px-Pedro_I_of_Brazil_and_Avilez.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Rossio massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossio_massacre"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Mannheim/Ludwigshafen
Trams in Mannheim/Ludwigshafen
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Overview of the tramway network in Mannheim and LudwigshafenYou can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Straßenbahn Mannheim/Ludwigshafen}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.Mannheim/Ludwigshafen tramway networkOperationLocaleMannheim / Ludwigshafen,Rhine Neckar Area,GermanyOpen1878 (1878)StatusOperationalLines10 (total line length 97 km (60 mi))Operator(s)Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr (RNV)InfrastructureTrack gauge1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gaugePropulsion system(s)ElectricityElectrification750 V DC overhead linesStatisticsRoute length61 km (38 mi) Overview The network in 2016. Websitehttps://www.rnv-online.de/english/ Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr (RNV) (in English) The Mannheim/Ludwigshafen tramway network (German: Straßenbahnnetz Mannheim/Ludwigshafen) is a metre-gauge transport network of tramways focused on the cities of Mannheim and Ludwigshafen am Rhein, and connected to Heidelberg and Weinheim via the Upper Rhine Railway Company (OEG), in the Rhine Neckar Area of Germany. History Opened in 1878, the network has been operated since 2005 by Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr GmbH (RNV), and is integrated in the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (VRN). See also List of town tramway systems in Germany Trams in Germany References Höltge, Dieter (1999). Straßen- und Stadtbahnen in Deutschland (in German). Vol. Band 6: Baden . Freiburg i. B., Germany: EK-Verlag. ISBN 3882553375. Kochems, Michael; Höltge, Dieter (2011). Straßen- und Stadtbahnen in Deutschland (in German). Vol. Band 12: Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland . Freiburg i. B., Germany: EK-Verlag. ISBN 9783882553932. Schwandl, Robert (2012). Schwandl's Tram Atlas Deutschland (in German and English) (3rd ed.). Berlin: Robert Schwandl Verlag. p. 118. ISBN 9783936573336. External links Media related to Trams in Mannheim at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Trams in Ludwigshafen at Wikimedia Commons Rhein/Neckar database / photo gallery and Rhein/Neckar tram list at Urban Electric Transit – in various languages, including English. Portals: Transport Germany vte Stadtbahn and town tramway systems in Germany by Land and cityBaden-Württemberg Freiburg im Breisgau Heidelberg Heilbronn Karlsruhe Stadtbahn Trams Kehl1 Mannheim Stuttgart Ulm Weil am Rhein2 Bavaria Augsburg Munich Nuremberg Würzburg Berlin Berlin Brandenburg Brandenburg an der Havel Cottbus Frankfurt (Oder) Potsdam Schöneiche and Rüdersdorf3 Strausberg Woltersdorf3 Bremen Bremen Hesse Darmstadt Frankfurt am Main Stadtbahn Trams Kassel Stadtbahn Trams Lower Saxony Braunschweig Hanover Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Rostock Schwerin North Rhine-Westphalia Bielefeld Bochum Stadtbahn Trams Bonn Cologne Dortmund Duisburg Stadtbahn Trams Düsseldorf Stadtbahn Trams Essen Stadtbahn Trams Gelsenkirchen Krefeld Mülheim/Oberhausen Rhine-Ruhr Rhineland-Palatinate Ludwigshafen am Rhein Mainz SaarlandSaarbrückenSaxony Bad Schandau-Kirnitzschtal Chemnitz Dresden Görlitz Leipzig Plauen Zwickau Saxony-Anhalt Dessau Halberstadt Halle Magdeburg Naumburg Thuringia Erfurt Gera Gotha Jena Nordhausen 1 Tramway lines departing from Strasbourg — 2 Tramway lines departing from Basel — 3 Tramway lines departing from Berlin vteUrban public transport networks and systems in GermanyS-Bahn Berlin Bremen Cologne Dresden Erfurt1 Freiburg Hamburg Hanover Karlsruhe Magdeburg Mitteldeutschland Munich Neu-Ulm Nuremberg Offenburg Rhine-Main Rhine-Neckar Rhine-Ruhr Rostock Stuttgart Ulm U-Bahn Berlin Hamburg Munich Nuremberg Stadtbahn Bielefeld Bochum Bonn Chemnitz Cologne Dortmund Duisburg Düsseldorf Erfurt Essen Frankfurt Gelsenkirchen Hanover Heilbronn Karlsruhe Kassel Saarbrücken Mülheim Stuttgart Trams Aachen2 Augsburg Bad Schandau-Kirnitzschtal Berlin (Suburban: Schöneiche-Rüdersdorf · Woltersdorf) Bochum Bonn Brandenburg an der Havel Braunschweig Bremen Chemnitz Cologne Cottbus Darmstadt Dessau Döbeln Dresden Duisburg Düsseldorf Erfurt Essen Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt (Oder) Freiburg Gelsenkirchen Gera Görlitz Gotha Halberstadt Halle Hamburg2 Hanover Heidelberg Heilbronn Jena Karlsruhe Kassel Kehl Kiel2 Krefeld Leipzig (History) Lößnitz Ludwigshafen Magdeburg Mannheim Merseburg Mülheim Munich Mainz Münster2 Naumburg Nuremberg Nordhausen Oberhausen Plauen Potsdam Regensburg2 Rostock Saarbrücken Schwerin Strausberg Stuttgart Ulm Weil am Rhein Wuppertal2 Würzburg Zwickau Trolleybuses Eberswalde Esslingen am Neckar Solingen Suspension monorails Dortmund H-Bahn Dresden Suspension Railway Düsseldorf SkyTrain Wuppertal Schwebebahn Other Bad Schandau Elevator 1 Former S-Bahn network 2 Former tramway network This German railway station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This tram-, streetcar-, or light rail-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamer_Maxwell
Steamer Maxwell
["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","5 References","6 External links"]
Canadian ice hockey player (1890–1975) Ice hockey player Steamer Maxwell Hockey Hall of Fame, 1962 Born (1890-05-19)May 19, 1890Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaDied September 11, 1975(1975-09-11) (aged 85)Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaHeight 5 ft 7 in (170 cm)Weight 135 lb (61 kg; 9 st 9 lb)Position RoverPlayed for Winnipeg Hockey ClubWinnipeg MonarchsPlaying career 1909–1915 Frederick George "Steamer" Maxwell (May 19, 1890 – September 11, 1975) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey player. He played rover in the days of seven-man hockey at the turn of the 20th century, spending six seasons with the Winnipeg Monarchs of the Manitoba Hockey League (MHL) between 1909 and 1915. Considered one of the top players of his era, he won two Manitoba provincial championships with the Monarchs and was a member of the team that won the 1915 Allan Cup as Canadian senior amateur champions. Maxwell spurned multiple offers to turn professional and ultimately quit playing hockey when he learned some of his peers at the senior amateur level were getting paid. A long-time coach at the senior level, Maxwell led the Winnipeg Falcons to an Allan Cup championship in 1920; the team went on to win an Olympic Gold medal as Canada's representative in the 1920 Olympic ice hockey tournament. He coached into the 1930s, leading several teams to senior and junior championships. Maxwell is an honoured member of the Manitoba Sports and Hockey Halls of Fame and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962. Playing career Quick on his feet, Maxwell's skating ability at rover earned him the nickname "Steamer". He began his senior career in 1909–10, appearing in one game with the Winnipeg Monarchs of the Manitoba Hockey League (MHL). In 1910–11, he scored six goals for the Monarchs in five games and was named to the league's second All-Star team. He scored seven goals in seven games for the Monarchs in 1911–12, and by the following season had been named the team's captain. Maxwell scored three goals and two assists for the Monarchs in the 1913–14 season as the team won the city and provincial championships. By virtue of the title, the team was granted possession of the Allan Cup, emblematic of Canada's national senior-amateur championship. The team initially refused to defend the trophy against a challenge by the Kenora Thistles after the Cup's trustees ruled Dick Irvin ineligible. Facing the possibility of having to play with only six players against Kenora's seven, the Monarchs threatened to default. The game, held March 11, 1914, was ultimately played and Maxwell's speed and skating helped lead the Monarchs to a 6–2 victory. The team was unable to defend the trophy against a second challenge, played two nights later against the Regina Victorias. Maxwell scored a goal in a 5–4 defeat. Winnipeg Monarchs in 1915. Steamer Maxwell is sitting second from right with the Allan Cup between his legs. The Monarchs repeated as Manitoba provincial champions in 1914–15 as Maxwell again scored three goals and two assists during regular league play. The team reached the 1915 Allan Cup finals, where they challenged the Saskatchewan champion Melville Millionaires who held the Cup. Unlike the previous year's single-game contests, the 1915 final was played as a two-game, total-goals series. Melville defeated Winnipeg by a 4–3 score in the first game, but the Monarchs overcame a two-goal deficit in the second match to win 4–2 and win the series on an aggregate total of seven to six. There were no further challenges, and Maxwell and the Monarchs ended the season as Allan Cup champions. Throughout his playing career, Maxwell received several offers to turn professional. Toronto Blueshirts of the National Hockey Association offered him $1,500 to join their team, while representatives of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association made an offer of $1,800 the following season. He turned both offers down, preferring to remain an amateur. His feelings on what constituted an amateur player were so strong that he quit playing hockey following the 1915 Allan Cup as the nature of the senior game at the time failed to meet his expectations: "When I played, I bought my own skates and boots. When I found out some of the others were getting paid, I quit." Coaching career Olympic medal record Men's Ice hockey 1920 Antwerp Team Competition Maxwell remained in the game, turning to coaching. He served two seasons as coach of the Winnipeg Monarchs before moving to the cross-town rival Winnipeg Falcons. He led the Falcons to the 1920 Allan Cup, defeating the University of Toronto Varsity Blues by scores of 8–3 and 3–2. The victory also earned his team the right to represent Canada at the first Olympic ice hockey tournament at the Summer Games in Antwerp. His business interests outside of hockey prevented Maxwell from travelling to Belgium with his team; however the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) lists him as the coach for the gold medal winning Canadians, who outscored their opponents 29–1 in three games played. Maxwell coached several Winnipeg teams throughout the 1920s and 1930s. He led the Winnipeg Rangers, Winnipeg Winnipegs and Elmwood Millionaires to Manitoba provincial senior championships in 1926, 1927 and 1930, respectively. He led the Millionaires' junior team to a provincial title that same season. Maxwell briefly coached in the professional ranks, with the Winnipeg Maroons of the American Hockey Association in 1927–28. The Toronto Maple Leafs attempted to sign him to coach their National Hockey League club in 1931, however team owner Conn Smythe chose to hire Dick Irvin instead after Maxwell insisted on a three-year contract. Instead, Maxwell returned to the Winnipeg Monarchs, where he led their junior team to the western Canadian championship in 1931–32. In the Memorial Cup final, Maxwell's squad lost to the eastern champion Sudbury Cub Wolves. Coaching the senior Monarchs, Maxwell led the team to the Manitoba Championship in 1933–34. Canadian Amateur Hockey Association invited the team to represent Canada at the 1935 World Championship. However, as with 1920, Maxwell was unable to travel to Europe with his team. The Monarchs went on to win the World Championship. In addition to coaching, Maxwell was a long time referee. He frequently officiated matches in both Allan and Memorial Cup playoffs, as well as professional teams that traveled through Western Canada. He was recognized numerous times for his playing and coaching career. Maxwell is an honoured member of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame, and was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 1988. That honour followed his 1962 induction into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Personal life Outside of hockey, Maxwell owned a lumber business, F. G. Maxwell Co. Ltd, which he operated until his retirement in 1967. He was a partner with fellow Hall of Famer Charlie Gardiner until the latter's death in 1934. The company, which focused on plywood supply, was successful and ultimately made Maxwell a millionaire. Following his retirement, Maxwell turned to photography and world travel. He and his wife Ann resided in his hometown of Winnipeg. He had two sisters, Genevieve and Beatrice. Genevieve was herself a champion tennis player in Western Canada. An avid baseball fan, Maxwell was among the founders of the Winnipeg Arena baseball club in 1908, and became the team's manager in 1912. At its peak, the team drew as many as 5,000 fans per game. As a player, manager or general manager, Maxwell was a member of eight Arena teams that won the Winnipeg city championship between 1908 and 1923. He was known for his quick, and often barbed, wit; His friends often told a story of an Arenas baseball game where, after failing to convince the umpire that it was too dark to play, Maxwell sent his players onto the field with lighted candles. In his later years, he served on the advisory board of the Winnipeg Goldeyes professional club. Career statistics     Regular season   Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1909–10 Winnipeg Hockey Club MHL 1 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 1910–11 Winnipeg Monarchs MHL 5 6 0 6 — — — — — — 1911–12 Winnipeg Monarchs MHL 8 7 0 7 — — — — — — 1912–13 Winnipeg Monarchs MHL 8 2 0 2 — — — — — — 1913–14 Winnipeg Monarchs MHL 8 3 2 5 6 2 1 0 1 6 1914–15 Winnipeg Monarchs MHL 7 3 2 5 22 1 1 0 1 6 Senior totals 37 21 4 25 28 3 2 0 2 12 References Career statistics: Duplacey, James; Zweig, Eric (2010). Official Guide to the Players of the Hockey Hall of Fame. Richmond Hill, ON: Firefly Books. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-55407-662-8. ^ a b c Podnieks, Andrew (2003). Players: The ultimate A–Z guide of everyone who has ever played in the NHL. Toronto: Doubleday Canada. p. 940. ISBN 0-385-25999-9. ^ a b c d e f g Duplacey, James; Zweig, Eric (2010). Official Guide to the Players of the Hockey Hall of Fame. Richmond Hill, ON: Firefly Books. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-55407-662-8. ^ a b c d e f g "Steamer Maxwell biography". Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ^ "Interesting facts and records of Winnipeg's all-star players". Saskatoon Phoenix. 1913-03-15. p. 7. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ^ "Monarchs centre not allowed to play". Calgary Daily Herald. 1914-03-07. p. 9. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ^ "Monarchs retain Allan Cup by defeating fast Kenora seven by 6–2". Calgary Daily Herald. 1914-03-12. p. 8. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ^ "Regina Victorias win Allan Cup in a very hard fought contest". Calgary Daily Herald. 1914-03-14. p. 8. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ^ "Melville defeats Monarchs in opening match for Cup". Vancouver Sun. 1915-03-11. p. 6. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ^ "Monarchs regain Allan Cup after sensational contest". Vancouver Sun. 1915-03-13. p. 6. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ^ a b c d e f g "Steamer Maxwell the true amateur". Regina Leader-Post. 1963-01-03. p. 24. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ^ "Allan Cup and Belgium trip for the Winnipeg Falcons". Toronto World. 1920-03-30. p. 8. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ^ Podnieks, Andrew, ed. (2011). IIHF Guide & Record Book 2012. International Ice Hockey Federation. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-7710-9598-6. ^ a b "Fred (Steamer) Maxwell". Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ^ Lapp, Richard; Macaulay, Alec (1997). The Memorial Cup. Harbour Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 1-55017-170-4. ^ a b "The 1935 Winnipeg Monarchs hockey team". Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ^ a b "Fred "Steamer" Maxwell". Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 2013-01-09. ^ a b c Smith, Maurice (1975-09-13). "No one quite like Steamer". Winnipeg Free Press. p. 69. ^ "Deaths – Frederick George (Steamer) Maxwell". Winnipeg Free Press. 1975-09-12. p. 46. ^ Hopkins, Johnny (1955-05-04). "Jack Cuthbert top dog of 1920 golfing circles". Calgary Herald. p. 32. Retrieved 2013-01-10. External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Legends of Hockey, or The Internet Hockey Database
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Monarchs_(senior)"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Allan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Cup"},{"link_name":"senior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_hockey"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Falcons"},{"link_name":"1920 Olympic ice hockey tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_hockey"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Sports_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Hockey Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Canadian ice hockey player (1890–1975)Ice hockey playerFrederick George \"Steamer\" Maxwell (May 19, 1890 – September 11, 1975) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey player. He played rover in the days of seven-man hockey at the turn of the 20th century, spending six seasons with the Winnipeg Monarchs of the Manitoba Hockey League (MHL) between 1909 and 1915. Considered one of the top players of his era, he won two Manitoba provincial championships with the Monarchs and was a member of the team that won the 1915 Allan Cup as Canadian senior amateur champions. Maxwell spurned multiple offers to turn professional and ultimately quit playing hockey when he learned some of his peers at the senior amateur level were getting paid.A long-time coach at the senior level, Maxwell led the Winnipeg Falcons to an Allan Cup championship in 1920; the team went on to win an Olympic Gold medal as Canada's representative in the 1920 Olympic ice hockey tournament. He coached into the 1930s, leading several teams to senior and junior championships. Maxwell is an honoured member of the Manitoba Sports and Hockey Halls of Fame and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962.","title":"Steamer Maxwell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PodnieksPlayers-1"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Monarchs_(senior)"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGHHOF-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOH-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGHHOF-2"},{"link_name":"Allan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Cup"},{"link_name":"Kenora Thistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenora_Thistles"},{"link_name":"Dick Irvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Irvin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Regina Victorias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Victorias"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnipeg_Monarchs_1915.jpg"},{"link_name":"Allan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGHHOF-2"},{"link_name":"1915 Allan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Allan_Cup"},{"link_name":"Melville Millionaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Millionaires"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGHHOF-2"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blueshirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blueshirts"},{"link_name":"National Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOH-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TrueAmateur-10"}],"text":"Quick on his feet, Maxwell's skating ability at rover earned him the nickname \"Steamer\".[1] He began his senior career in 1909–10, appearing in one game with the Winnipeg Monarchs of the Manitoba Hockey League (MHL). In 1910–11, he scored six goals for the Monarchs in five games and was named to the league's second All-Star team.[2] He scored seven goals in seven games for the Monarchs in 1911–12,[3] and by the following season had been named the team's captain.[4]Maxwell scored three goals and two assists for the Monarchs in the 1913–14 season as the team won the city and provincial championships.[2] By virtue of the title, the team was granted possession of the Allan Cup, emblematic of Canada's national senior-amateur championship. The team initially refused to defend the trophy against a challenge by the Kenora Thistles after the Cup's trustees ruled Dick Irvin ineligible. Facing the possibility of having to play with only six players against Kenora's seven, the Monarchs threatened to default.[5] The game, held March 11, 1914, was ultimately played and Maxwell's speed and skating helped lead the Monarchs to a 6–2 victory.[6] The team was unable to defend the trophy against a second challenge, played two nights later against the Regina Victorias. Maxwell scored a goal in a 5–4 defeat.[7]Winnipeg Monarchs in 1915. Steamer Maxwell is sitting second from right with the Allan Cup between his legs.The Monarchs repeated as Manitoba provincial champions in 1914–15 as Maxwell again scored three goals and two assists during regular league play.[2] The team reached the 1915 Allan Cup finals, where they challenged the Saskatchewan champion Melville Millionaires who held the Cup. Unlike the previous year's single-game contests, the 1915 final was played as a two-game, total-goals series. Melville defeated Winnipeg by a 4–3 score in the first game,[8] but the Monarchs overcame a two-goal deficit in the second match to win 4–2 and win the series on an aggregate total of seven to six.[9] There were no further challenges, and Maxwell and the Monarchs ended the season as Allan Cup champions.[2]Throughout his playing career, Maxwell received several offers to turn professional. Toronto Blueshirts of the National Hockey Association offered him $1,500 to join their team, while representatives of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association made an offer of $1,800 the following season. He turned both offers down, preferring to remain an amateur.[3] His feelings on what constituted an amateur player were so strong that he quit playing hockey following the 1915 Allan Cup as the nature of the senior game at the time failed to meet his expectations: \"When I played, I bought my own skates and boots. When I found out some of the others were getting paid, I quit.\"[10]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winnipeg Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Falcons"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TrueAmateur-10"},{"link_name":"1920 Allan Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Allan_Cup"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto Varsity Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Varsity_Blues_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Olympic ice hockey tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Summer Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TrueAmateur-10"},{"link_name":"International Ice Hockey Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ice_Hockey_Federation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOH-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBHHOF-13"},{"link_name":"junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_hockey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOH-3"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Maroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Maroons_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"American Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hockey_Association_(1926%E2%80%931942)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOH-3"},{"link_name":"Toronto Maple Leafs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Maple_Leafs"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Conn Smythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conn_Smythe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PodnieksPlayers-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOH-3"},{"link_name":"Memorial Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sudbury Cub Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudbury_Wolves"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MemCup207-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOH-3"},{"link_name":"Canadian Amateur Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Canada"},{"link_name":"1935 World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1935Monarchs-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TrueAmateur-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1935Monarchs-15"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGHHOF-2"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBHHOF-13"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Sports_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHOF-16"},{"link_name":"Hockey Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGHHOF-2"}],"text":"Maxwell remained in the game, turning to coaching. He served two seasons as coach of the Winnipeg Monarchs before moving to the cross-town rival Winnipeg Falcons.[10] He led the Falcons to the 1920 Allan Cup, defeating the University of Toronto Varsity Blues by scores of 8–3 and 3–2. The victory also earned his team the right to represent Canada at the first Olympic ice hockey tournament at the Summer Games in Antwerp.[11] His business interests outside of hockey prevented Maxwell from travelling to Belgium with his team;[10] however the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) lists him as the coach for the gold medal winning Canadians, who outscored their opponents 29–1 in three games played.[12]Maxwell coached several Winnipeg teams throughout the 1920s and 1930s. He led the Winnipeg Rangers, Winnipeg Winnipegs and Elmwood Millionaires to Manitoba provincial senior championships in 1926, 1927 and 1930, respectively.[3][13] He led the Millionaires' junior team to a provincial title that same season.[3]Maxwell briefly coached in the professional ranks, with the Winnipeg Maroons of the American Hockey Association in 1927–28.[3] The Toronto Maple Leafs attempted to sign him to coach their National Hockey League club in 1931, however team owner Conn Smythe chose to hire Dick Irvin instead after Maxwell insisted on a three-year contract.[1] Instead, Maxwell returned to the Winnipeg Monarchs, where he led their junior team to the western Canadian championship in 1931–32.[3] In the Memorial Cup final, Maxwell's squad lost to the eastern champion Sudbury Cub Wolves.[14]Coaching the senior Monarchs, Maxwell led the team to the Manitoba Championship in 1933–34.[3] Canadian Amateur Hockey Association invited the team to represent Canada at the 1935 World Championship.[15] However, as with 1920, Maxwell was unable to travel to Europe with his team.[10] The Monarchs went on to win the World Championship.[15]In addition to coaching, Maxwell was a long time referee. He frequently officiated matches in both Allan and Memorial Cup playoffs, as well as professional teams that traveled through Western Canada.[2] He was recognized numerous times for his playing and coaching career. Maxwell is an honoured member of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame,[13] and was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 1988.[16] That honour followed his 1962 induction into the Hockey Hall of Fame.[2]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PodnieksPlayers-1"},{"link_name":"Charlie Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Gardiner_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuiteLikeSteamer-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TrueAmateur-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuiteLikeSteamer-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSHOF-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TrueAmateur-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OGHHOF-2"},{"link_name":"umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpire_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuiteLikeSteamer-17"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Goldeyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Goldeyes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TrueAmateur-10"}],"text":"Outside of hockey, Maxwell owned a lumber business, F. G. Maxwell Co. Ltd, which he operated until his retirement in 1967.[1] He was a partner with fellow Hall of Famer Charlie Gardiner until the latter's death in 1934.[17] The company, which focused on plywood supply, was successful and ultimately made Maxwell a millionaire.[10] Following his retirement, Maxwell turned to photography and world travel.[17] He and his wife Ann resided in his hometown of Winnipeg. He had two sisters, Genevieve and Beatrice.[18] Genevieve was herself a champion tennis player in Western Canada.[19]An avid baseball fan, Maxwell was among the founders of the Winnipeg Arena baseball club in 1908, and became the team's manager in 1912.[16] At its peak, the team drew as many as 5,000 fans per game.[10] As a player, manager or general manager, Maxwell was a member of eight Arena teams that won the Winnipeg city championship between 1908 and 1923.[2] He was known for his quick, and often barbed, wit; His friends often told a story of an Arenas baseball game where, after failing to convince the umpire that it was too dark to play, Maxwell sent his players onto the field with lighted candles.[17] In his later years, he served on the advisory board of the Winnipeg Goldeyes professional club.[10]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"}]
[{"image_text":"Winnipeg Monarchs in 1915. Steamer Maxwell is sitting second from right with the Allan Cup between his legs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Winnipeg_Monarchs_1915.jpg/250px-Winnipeg_Monarchs_1915.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Duplacey, James; Zweig, Eric (2010). Official Guide to the Players of the Hockey Hall of Fame. Richmond Hill, ON: Firefly Books. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-55407-662-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/officialguidetop00/page/335","url_text":"Official Guide to the Players of the Hockey Hall of Fame"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/officialguidetop00/page/335","url_text":"335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-662-8","url_text":"978-1-55407-662-8"}]},{"reference":"Podnieks, Andrew (2003). Players: The ultimate A–Z guide of everyone who has ever played in the NHL. Toronto: Doubleday Canada. p. 940. ISBN 0-385-25999-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Podnieks","url_text":"Podnieks, Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-25999-9","url_text":"0-385-25999-9"}]},{"reference":"Duplacey, James; Zweig, Eric (2010). Official Guide to the Players of the Hockey Hall of Fame. Richmond Hill, ON: Firefly Books. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-55407-662-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/officialguidetop00/page/335","url_text":"Official Guide to the Players of the Hockey Hall of Fame"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/officialguidetop00/page/335","url_text":"335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-662-8","url_text":"978-1-55407-662-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Steamer Maxwell biography\". Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=p196213&type=Player&page=bio&list=ByName","url_text":"\"Steamer Maxwell biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interesting facts and records of Winnipeg's all-star players\". Saskatoon Phoenix. 1913-03-15. p. 7. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ybZfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z2wNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3016,7071821","url_text":"\"Interesting facts and records of Winnipeg's all-star players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monarchs centre not allowed to play\". Calgary Daily Herald. 1914-03-07. p. 9. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wwxkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wnoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1042,510806","url_text":"\"Monarchs centre not allowed to play\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monarchs retain Allan Cup by defeating fast Kenora seven by 6–2\". Calgary Daily Herald. 1914-03-12. p. 8. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xwxkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wnoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3763%2C914945","url_text":"\"Monarchs retain Allan Cup by defeating fast Kenora seven by 6–2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regina Victorias win Allan Cup in a very hard fought contest\". Calgary Daily Herald. 1914-03-14. p. 8. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQxkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wnoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2314%2C1143153","url_text":"\"Regina Victorias win Allan Cup in a very hard fought contest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melville defeats Monarchs in opening match for Cup\". Vancouver Sun. 1915-03-11. p. 6. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bTNmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eYgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1525,2869295","url_text":"\"Melville defeats Monarchs in opening match for Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monarchs regain Allan Cup after sensational contest\". Vancouver Sun. 1915-03-13. p. 6. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bzNmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eYgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2930%2C2969025","url_text":"\"Monarchs regain Allan Cup after sensational contest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steamer Maxwell the true amateur\". Regina Leader-Post. 1963-01-03. p. 24. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=idNUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KDwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5256,356460","url_text":"\"Steamer Maxwell the true amateur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allan Cup and Belgium trip for the Winnipeg Falcons\". Toronto World. 1920-03-30. p. 8. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fl0xAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tSkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5975%2C6570371","url_text":"\"Allan Cup and Belgium trip for the Winnipeg Falcons\""}]},{"reference":"Podnieks, Andrew, ed. (2011). IIHF Guide & Record Book 2012. International Ice Hockey Federation. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-7710-9598-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Podnieks","url_text":"Podnieks, Andrew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-9598-6","url_text":"978-0-7710-9598-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Fred (Steamer) Maxwell\". Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mbhockeyhalloffame.ca/honoured/players.html?category=9&id=17","url_text":"\"Fred (Steamer) Maxwell\""}]},{"reference":"Lapp, Richard; Macaulay, Alec (1997). The Memorial Cup. Harbour Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 1-55017-170-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55017-170-4","url_text":"1-55017-170-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The 1935 Winnipeg Monarchs hockey team\". Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.halloffame.mb.ca/honoured/2004/1935Monarchs.htm","url_text":"\"The 1935 Winnipeg Monarchs hockey team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fred \"Steamer\" Maxwell\". Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 2013-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.halloffame.mb.ca/honouredmembers/inductee.php?id=92&criteria_name=Maxwell&criteria_sport=&criteria_keywords=&criteria_induction=&criteria_sort=name","url_text":"\"Fred \"Steamer\" Maxwell\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Maurice (1975-09-13). \"No one quite like Steamer\". Winnipeg Free Press. p. 69.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Smith_(journalist)","url_text":"Smith, Maurice"}]},{"reference":"\"Deaths – Frederick George (Steamer) Maxwell\". Winnipeg Free Press. 1975-09-12. p. 46.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hopkins, Johnny (1955-05-04). \"Jack Cuthbert top dog of 1920 golfing circles\". Calgary Herald. p. 32. Retrieved 2013-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ki5kAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3nsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6512,586655","url_text":"\"Jack Cuthbert top dog of 1920 golfing circles\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Vuelta_a_Murcia
2006 Vuelta a Murcia
["1 General classification","2 References"]
Cycling race 2006 Vuelta a MurciaRace detailsDates1–5 March 2006Stages5Distance641.2 km (398.4 mi)Winning time15h 33' 02"Results  Winner  Santos González (ESP)  Second  Iván Gutiérrez (ESP)  Third  David Bernabeu (ESP)← 2005 2007 → The 2006 Vuelta a Murcia was the 22nd edition of the Vuelta a Murcia cycle race and was held on 1 March to 5 March 2006. The race started and finished in Murcia. The race was won by Santos González. General classification Final general classification Rank Rider Time 1  Santos González (ESP) 15h 33' 02" 2  Iván Gutiérrez (ESP) + 3" 3  David Bernabeu (ESP) + 27" 4  Jan Hruška (CZE) + 32" 5  Carlos García Quesada (ESP) + 39" 6  Ángel Vicioso (ESP) + 41" 7  Alejandro Valverde (ESP) + 1' 09" 8  Damiano Cunego (ITA) + 1' 41" 9  Giuliano Figueras (ITA) + 1' 53" 10  Emanuele Sella (ITA) + 2' 01" References ^ "Vuelta Ciclista a la Region de Murcia (2.1)". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 24 March 2018. ^ "26th Vuelta a Murcia - 2.1". Cycling News. Retrieved 24 March 2018. ^ "2006 Vuelta Ciclista a Murcia". First Cycling. Retrieved 24 March 2018. ^ "26th Vuelta a Murcia - 2.1 - Final General classification". Cycling News. Retrieved 24 March 2018. ^ "2006 Vuelta Ciclista a la Region de Murcia (2.1)". BikeRaceInfo. Retrieved 24 March 2018. vteVuelta a Murcia Amateur 1981–84 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 This cycling race article related to Spanish cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Heeley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
Sheffield Heeley (UK Parliament constituency)
["1 History","2 Boundaries","2.1 Proposed","3 Constituency profile","4 Members of Parliament","5 Elections","5.1 Elections in the 2020s","5.2 Elections in the 2010s","5.3 Elections in the 2000s","5.4 Elections in the 1990s","5.5 Elections in the 1980s","5.6 Elections in the 1970s","5.7 Elections in the 1960s","5.8 Elections in the 1950s","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°22′08″N 1°28′01″W / 53.369°N 1.467°W / 53.369; -1.467UK Parliament constituency in England Not to be confused with Henley (UK Parliament constituency) or Hanley (UK Parliament constituency). Sheffield HeeleyBorough constituencyfor the House of CommonsBoundary of Sheffield Heeley in Yorkshire and the HumberCountySouth YorkshireElectorate65,373 (December 2018)Current constituencyCreated1950Member of ParliamentLouise Haigh (Labour)SeatsOneCreated fromSheffield Ecclesall and Sheffield Park Sheffield Heeley is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2015 by Louise Haigh, a member of the Labour Party. It is located in the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire. History This seat was created in 1950, largely replacing the former Sheffield Ecclesall constituency, its boundaries being significantly altered in 1955 with the abolition of Sheffield Neepsend. At its first five elections, up to but excluding 1966, the seat was won by a Conservative, Peter Roberts; it changed hands three times between 1966 and 1974. Against the national swing, the 1979 election saw Sheffield Heeley move from being a marginal Labour seat to having a solid Labour majority. Of the subsequent elections, only the 1983 and 2010 results have been fairly marginal; the others have suggested a safe Labour seat. At the 2010 election the Liberal Democrat had more than a quarter of the vote, whereas the Conservatives, on 17.3%, garnered 3% more votes than in 2005. Boundaries Map of current boundaries 1950–1955: The County Borough of Sheffield wards of Heeley, Nether Edge, Norton, and Woodseats. 1955–1974: The County Borough of Sheffield wards of Heeley, Nether Edge, Norton, Sharrow, and Woodseats. 1974–1983: The County Borough of Sheffield wards of Beauchief, Gleadless, Heeley, and Intake. 1983–2010: The City of Sheffield wards of Beauchief, Heeley, Intake, Norton, and Park. 2010–present: The City of Sheffield wards of Arbourthorne, Beauchief and Greenhill, Gleadless Valley, Graves Park, and Richmond. Proposed Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, from the 2024 United Kingdom general election, the constituency will be composed of the following (as they existed on 1 December 2020): In the City of Sheffield wards of: Beauchief & Greenhill; Gleadless Valley; Graves Park; Manor Castle; Park & Arbourthorne; Richmond (polling districts UB, UC and UE). After adjusting for revised ward boundaries, the Manor Castle ward will be added from Sheffield Central, partly offset by the transfer of part of the Richmond ward to Sheffield South East. Constituency profile This constituency has a moderate Labour majority and contains a mixture of urban areas. In 2010 the BNP, unusually in Britain, achieved more than the 5% share of the vote necessary to recover the election deposit; its 5.5% share was a record in Sheffield. The constituency consists of Census Output Areas a local government districts with: a working population whose income is marginally below the national average, and that has close to average reliance upon social housing. At the end of 2012, 5.7% of the population was claiming Jobseekers Allowance, compared to the regional average of 4.7%. The district contributing to the seat has a medium 33% of its population without a car. A medium 24.3% of the city's population are without qualifications, a high 15.8% of the population with level 3 qualifications and a medium 25.7% with level 4 qualifications or above. In terms of tenure, as of the 2011 census, a relatively low 58.3% of homes were owned outright or on a mortgage by occupants across the district. Members of Parliament Election Member Party 1950 Peter Roberts Conservative 1966 Frank Hooley Labour 1970 John Spence Conservative Feb 1974 Frank Hooley Labour 1983 Bill Michie 2001 Meg Munn 2015 Louise Haigh Elections Heeley general election results Elections in the 2020s General election 2024: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal Democrats Rebecca Atkinson Green Alexi Dimond Labour Louise Haigh SDP Helen Jackman Conservative Lorna Maginnis Party of Women Louise McDonald Workers Party Steven Roy TUSC Mick Suter Elections in the 2010s General election 2019: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Louise Haigh 21,475 50.3 -9.7 Conservative Gordon Gregory 12,955 30.3 +1.6 Brexit Party Tracy Knowles 3,538 8.3 New Liberal Democrats Simon Clement-Jones 2,916 6.8 +2.2 Green Paul Turpin 1,811 4.2 +2.1 Majority 8,520 20.0 -11.3 Turnout 42,695 63.8 -1.3 Labour hold Swing -5.6 General election 2017: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Louise Haigh 26,524 60.0 +11.8 Conservative Gordon Gregory 12,696 28.7 +12.5 Liberal Democrats Joe Otten 2,022 4.6 -6.7 UKIP Howard Denby 1,977 4.5 -12.9 Green Declan Walsh 943 2.1 -4.0 SDP Jaspreet Oberoi 64 0.1 New Majority 13,828 31.3 +0.5 Turnout 44,226 65.1 +0.4 Labour hold Swing -0.4 General election 2015: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Louise Haigh 20,269 48.2 +5.6 UKIP Howard Denby 7,315 17.4 +13.7 Conservative Stephen Castens 6,792 16.2 -1.1 Liberal Democrats Simon Clement-Jones 4,746 11.3 -17.1 Green Rita Wilcock 2,566 6.1 +3.7 TUSC Alan Munro 238 0.6 New English Democrat David Haslett 122 0.3 New Majority 12,954 30.8 +16.6 Turnout 42,048 60.7 -1.3 Labour hold Swing General election 2010: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Co-op Meg Munn 17,409 42.6 -11.5 Liberal Democrats Simon Clement-Jones 11,602 28.4 +7.0 Conservative Anne Crampton 7,081 17.3 +3.0 BNP John Beatson 2,260 5.5 +2.1 UKIP Charlotte Arnott 1,530 3.7 +1.4 Green Gareth Roberts 989 2.4 -1.2 Majority 5,807 14.2 -19.5 Turnout 40,871 62.0 +4.3 Labour Co-op hold Swing -9.25 Elections in the 2000s General election 2005: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Co-op Meg Munn 18,405 54.0 -3.0 Liberal Democrats Colin Ross 7,035 20.6 -2.0 Conservative Aster Crawshaw 4,987 14.6 +0.4 BNP John Beatson 1,314 3.9 New Green Rob Unwin 1,312 3.9 +1.6 UKIP Mark Suter 775 2.3 +0.4 Socialist Alternative Mark Dunnell 265 0.8 New Majority 11,370 33.4 -0.9 Turnout 34,093 57.1 +2.0 Labour Co-op hold Swing -0.5 General election 2001: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Co-op Meg Munn 19,452 57.0 -3.7 Liberal Democrats Dave Willis 7,748 22.7 +1.4 Conservative Carolyn Abbott 4,864 14.2 -1.4 Green Rob Unwin 774 2.3 New Socialist Labour Brian Fischer 667 2.0 New UKIP David Dunn 634 1.9 New Majority 11,704 34.3 -5.1 Turnout 34,139 55.1 -9.9 Labour Co-op hold Swing Elections in the 1990s General election 1997: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Bill Michie 26,274 60.7 +5.0 Liberal Democrats Roger Davison 9,196 21.3 +2.9 Conservative John Harthman 6,767 15.6 -10.3 Referendum David Mawson 1,029 2.4 New Majority 17,078 39.4 +9.6 Turnout 43,266 65.0 -5.9 Labour hold Swing General election 1992: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Bill Michie 28,005 55.7 +2.3 Conservative David Beck 13,051 25.9 -0.4 Liberal Democrats Peter Moore 9,247 18.4 -1.9 Majority 14,954 29.8 +2.7 Turnout 50,303 70.9 -1.1 Labour hold Swing Elections in the 1980s General election 1987: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Bill Michie 28,425 53.4 +7.6 Conservative Nicholas Mearing-Smith 13,985 26.3 -3.6 Alliance Peter Moore 10,811 20.3 -4.0 Majority 14,440 27.1 +11.2 Turnout 53,221 72.0 +1.5 Labour hold Swing General election 1983: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Bill Michie 24,111 45.8 -4.0 Conservative Sidney Cordle 15,743 29.9 -10.2 Alliance John Day 12,813 24.3 +14.8 Majority 8,368 15.9 +5.2 Turnout 52,667 70.5 -6.8 Labour hold Swing Elections in the 1970s General election 1979: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Frank Hooley 24,618 49.8 -1.8 Conservative Danny George 19,845 40.1 +8.1 Liberal Rodney Webb 4,708 9.5 -5.4 National Front P. K. Thorpe 274 0.6 -0.9 Majority 4,773 9.7 -9.9 Turnout 49,445 77.3 +3.8 Labour hold Swing General election October 1974: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Frank Hooley 24,728 51.6 +3.9 Conservative Alan Page 15,322 32.0 -3.3 Liberal Royden Fairfax 7,151 14.9 -2.1 National Front Peter Revell 723 1.5 New Majority 9,406 19.6 +7.2 Turnout 47,924 73.5 -8.5 Labour hold Swing General election February 1974: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Frank Hooley 25,317 47.7 +1.8 Conservative Robert Ingle 18,732 35.3 -11.7 Liberal Anthony Singleton 9,061 17.0 +9.9 Majority 6,585 12.4 N/A Turnout 53,110 82.0 +8.6 Labour gain from Conservative Swing General election 1970: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative John Spence 27,950 47.0 +1.0 Labour Frank Hooley 27,237 45.9 -8.1 Liberal Anthony Singleton 4,220 7.1 New Majority 713 1.1 N/A Turnout 59,407 73.4 -5.3 Conservative gain from Labour Swing Elections in the 1960s General election 1966: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour Frank Hooley 31,996 54.0 +5.5 Conservative John Spence 27,267 46.0 -5.5 Majority 4,729 8.0 N/A Turnout 59,263 78.7 +2.7 Labour gain from Conservative Swing General election 1964: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative Peter Roberts 29,587 51.5 -7.5 Labour Frank Hooley 27,883 48.5 +7.5 Majority 1,704 3.0 -15.0 Turnout 57,470 76.0 -1.6 Conservative hold Swing Elections in the 1950s General election 1959: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% National Liberal Peter Roberts 33,236 59.0 -1.9 Labour Joan Mellors 23,109 41.0 +1.9 Majority 10,127 18.0 -3.8 Turnout 56,345 77.6 +0.6 National Liberal hold Swing General election 1955: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% National Liberal Peter Roberts 30,798 60.9 -0.1 Labour John Sewell 19,747 39.1 +0.1 Majority 11,051 21.8 -0.2 Turnout 50,545 77.0 -7.6 National Liberal hold Swing General election 1951: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% National Liberal Peter Roberts 27,776 61.0 +4.7 Labour Arnold Jennings 17,729 39.0 +1.2 Majority 10,047 22.0 +3.5 Turnout 45,505 84.6 -3.5 National Liberal hold Swing General election 1950: Sheffield Heeley Party Candidate Votes % ±% National Liberal Peter Roberts 26,560 56.3 Labour Arnold Jennings 17,856 37.8 Liberal Phillip Beckerlegge 2,779 5.9 Majority 8,704 18.5 Turnout 47,195 88.1 National Liberal win (new seat) See also List of parliamentary constituencies in South Yorkshire Districts of Sheffield Notes ^ A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer) ^ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years. ^ The 8th different candidate, one for each election, since 1979. ^ This falls within the centrally coloured banding for metropolitan areas References ^ "Constituency data: electorates – House of Commons Library". Parliament UK. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 9 Yorkshire and the Humber region. ^ "Local statistics - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. ^ Unemployment claimants by constituency The Guardian ^ "2011 census interactive maps". Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. ^ https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2024-06/statement_of_persons_nominated_and_notice_of_poll_general_election.pdf ^ "x.com". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 7 June 2024. ^ https://x.com/AlexiDimond/status/1794371782578974910?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Etweet ^ https://vote.labour.org.uk/sheffield-heeley ^ "GENERAL ELECTION CANDIDATES". SDP. Retrieved 25 March 2024. ^ Lorna Maginnis (4 June 2024). "I've been selected. Sheffield Heeley, my new stomping ground…" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ https://twitter.com/TUSCSheffield/status/1769476407837487293 ^ "Sheffield Heeley Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 4 December 2019. ^ "Sheffield Heeley". Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 12 May 2017. ^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ^ "Sheffield Heeley". BBC News. Retrieved 14 May 2015. ^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. External links BBC Election 2005 BBC Vote 2001 Guardian Unlimited Politics (Election results from 1992 to the present) The Guardian Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "H" (part 2) Politicsresources.net - Official Web Site ✔ (Election results from 1951 to the present) F. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918 - 1949 F. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1950 - 1970 Sheffield General Election Results 1945 - 2001, Sheffield City Council vteSheffield constituenciesCurrent Penistone and Stocksbridge Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough Sheffield Central Sheffield Hallam Sheffield Heeley Sheffield South East Historic Sheffield (1832–1885) Hallamshire (1885–1918) Sheffield Attercliffe (1885–2010) Sheffield Brightside (1885–2010) Sheffield Ecclesall (1885–1950) Sheffield Park (1918–1983) Sheffield Hillsborough (1918–2010) Sheffield Neepsend (1950–1955) See also Yorkshire West Riding of Yorkshire vteConstituencies in Yorkshire and the Humber (54)Labour (30) Barnsley Central Barnsley East Batley and Spen Bradford East Bradford South Bradford West Doncaster Central Doncaster North Halifax Hemsworth Huddersfield Kingston upon Hull East Kingston upon Hull North Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle Leeds Central Leeds East Leeds North East Leeds North West Leeds West Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford Rotherham Selby and Ainsty Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough Sheffield Central Sheffield Hallam Sheffield Heeley Sheffield South East Wakefield Wentworth and Dearne York Central Conservative (24) Beverley and Holderness Brigg and Goole Calder Valley Cleethorpes Colne Valley Dewsbury Don Valley East Yorkshire Elmet and Rothwell Great Grimsby Haltemprice and Howden Harrogate and Knaresborough Keighley Morley and Outwood Penistone and Stocksbridge Pudsey Richmond (Yorks) Rother Valley Scarborough and Whitby Scunthorpe Shipley Skipton and Ripon Thirsk and Malton York Outer Not yet contested (24) Barnsley North Barnsley North Bridlington and The Wolds Brigg and Immingham Dewsbury and Batley Doncaster East and the Isle of Axholme Goole and Pocklington Great Grimsby and Cleethorpes Keighley and Ilkley Kingston upon Hull North and Cottingham Kingston upon Hull West and Haltemprice Leeds Central and Headingley Leeds South Leeds South West and Morley Leeds West and Pudsey Normanton and Hemsworth Ossett and Denby Dale Pontefract, Castleford and Knottingley Rawmarsh and Conisbrough Richmond and Northallerton Selby Spen Valley Wakefield and Rothwell Wetherby and Easingwold East Midlands East of England London North East England North West England Northern Ireland Scotland South East England South West England Wales West Midlands Yorkshire and the Humber Party affiliations are based on the situation as of the dissolution of parliament on 30 May 2024. Technically all seats are now vacant until the general election on 4 July 2024. Authority control databases: People UK Parliament 53°22′08″N 1°28′01″W / 53.369°N 1.467°W / 53.369; -1.467
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henley (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Hanley (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UK Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Louise Haigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Haigh"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshire"}],"text":"UK Parliament constituency in EnglandNot to be confused with Henley (UK Parliament constituency) or Hanley (UK Parliament constituency).Sheffield Heeley is a constituency[n 1] represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2015 by Louise Haigh, a member of the Labour Party.[n 2] It is located in the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire.","title":"Sheffield Heeley (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheffield Ecclesall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Ecclesall"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Neepsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Neepsend"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Peter Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Peter_Roberts,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(politics)"},{"link_name":"marginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_seat"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"safe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_seat"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This seat was created in 1950, largely replacing the former Sheffield Ecclesall constituency, its boundaries being significantly altered in 1955 with the abolition of Sheffield Neepsend. At its first five elections, up to but excluding 1966, the seat was won by a Conservative, Peter Roberts; it changed hands three times between 1966 and 1974.Against the national swing, the 1979 election saw Sheffield Heeley move from being a marginal Labour seat to having a solid Labour majority. Of the subsequent elections, only the 1983 and 2010 results have been fairly marginal; the others have suggested a safe Labour seat. At the 2010 election the Liberal Democrat had more than a quarter of the vote, whereas the Conservatives, on 17.3%, garnered 3% more votes than in 2005.[n 3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"text":"Map of current boundaries1950–1955: The County Borough of Sheffield wards of Heeley, Nether Edge, Norton, and Woodseats.1955–1974: The County Borough of Sheffield wards of Heeley, Nether Edge, Norton, Sharrow, and Woodseats.1974–1983: The County Borough of Sheffield wards of Beauchief, Gleadless, Heeley, and Intake.1983–2010: The City of Sheffield wards of Beauchief, Heeley, Intake, Norton, and Park.2010–present: The City of Sheffield wards of Arbourthorne, Beauchief and Greenhill, Gleadless Valley, Graves Park, and Richmond.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"2024 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Sheffield South East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_South_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"sub_title":"Proposed","text":"Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, enacted by the Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023, from the 2024 United Kingdom general election, the constituency will be composed of the following (as they existed on 1 December 2020):In the City of Sheffield wards of: Beauchief & Greenhill; Gleadless Valley; Graves Park; Manor Castle; Park & Arbourthorne; Richmond (polling districts UB, UC and UE).[2]After adjusting for revised ward boundaries, the Manor Castle ward will be added from Sheffield Central, partly offset by the transfer of part of the Richmond ward to Sheffield South East.","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BNP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Party"},{"link_name":"election deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_deposit"},{"link_name":"social housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_housing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"This constituency has a moderate Labour majority and contains a mixture of urban areas. In 2010 the BNP, unusually in Britain, achieved more than the 5% share of the vote necessary to recover the election deposit; its 5.5% share was a record in Sheffield.The constituency consists of Census Output Areas a local government districts with: a working population whose income is marginally below the national average, and that has close to average reliance upon social housing.[3] At the end of 2012, 5.7% of the population was claiming Jobseekers Allowance, compared to the regional average of 4.7%.[4] The district contributing to the seat has a medium 33% of its population without a car.[n 4] A medium 24.3% of the city's population are without qualifications, a high 15.8% of the population with level 3 qualifications and a medium 25.7% with level 4 qualifications or above. In terms of tenure, as of the 2011 census, a relatively low 58.3% of homes were owned outright or on a mortgage by occupants across the district.[5]","title":"Constituency profile"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HeeleyGraph.svg"}],"text":"Heeley general election results","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2020s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2010s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2000s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1990s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1980s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1970s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1960s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1950s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"borough constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_constituency"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_past_the_post"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)\n\n^ As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.\n\n^ The 8th different candidate, one for each election, since 1979.\n\n^ This falls within the centrally coloured banding for metropolitan areas","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Heeley general election results","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/HeeleyGraph.svg/216px-HeeleyGraph.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"List of parliamentary constituencies in South Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_South_Yorkshire"},{"title":"Districts of Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Sheffield"}]
[{"reference":"\"Constituency data: electorates – House of Commons Library\". Parliament UK. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/parliament-and-elections/elections-elections/uk-elections/constituency-data-electorates/","url_text":"\"Constituency data: electorates – House of Commons Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023\". Schedule 1 Part 9 Yorkshire and the Humber region.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/1230/schedules/made","url_text":"\"The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local statistics - Office for National Statistics\". www.ons.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ons.gov.uk/help/localstatistics","url_text":"\"Local statistics - Office for National Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 census interactive maps\". Archived from the original on 29 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160129132219/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/census-data/2011-census-interactive-content/index.html","url_text":"\"2011 census interactive maps\""},{"url":"http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/census-data/2011-census-interactive-content/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"x.com\". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 7 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/rolandsebest/status/1795777397196730531","url_text":"\"x.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"GENERAL ELECTION CANDIDATES\". SDP. Retrieved 25 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sdp.org.uk/general-election-candidates/","url_text":"\"GENERAL ELECTION CANDIDATES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK,_1990%E2%80%93present)","url_text":"SDP"}]},{"reference":"Lorna Maginnis [@LMaginnis91] (4 June 2024). \"I've been selected. Sheffield Heeley, my new stomping ground…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/LMaginnis91/status/1797992245637112059","url_text":"\"I've been selected. Sheffield Heeley, my new stomping ground…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheffield Heeley Parliamentary constituency\". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 4 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000923","url_text":"\"Sheffield Heeley Parliamentary constituency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheffield Heeley\". Sheffield City Council. Retrieved 12 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sheffieldnewsroom.co.uk/statement-of-persons-nominated-sheffield-heeley/","url_text":"\"Sheffield Heeley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2015\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017112223/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheffield Heeley\". BBC News. Retrieved 14 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000923","url_text":"\"Sheffield Heeley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2010\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130726162034/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2010.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2010.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2005\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054249/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2001\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arca%C3%B1o_y_sus_Maravillas
Arcaño y sus Maravillas
["1 History","2 Discography","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Cuban charanga Arcaño y sus MaravillasThe original members of Arcaño y sus Maravillas. Antonio Arcaño, sitting; Cachao, second from the left.Background informationOriginHavana, CubaGenres Danzón danzón-mambo Years active1937–1958LabelsRCA Victor, Panart, Corona, Verne, Kubaney, Maype, Modiner, EGREMPast members Antonio Arcaño Orestes López Israel López "Cachao" Ulpiano Díaz Jesús López Raúl Valdés Elizardo Aroche Félix Reina Antonio Sánchez "Musiquita" Elio Valdés Miguel Tachit José Antonio Díaz Eulogio Ortiz Enrique Jorrín Frank Emilio Flynn Rafael Ortiz Miguelito Cuní René Álvarez Arcaño y sus Maravillas was a Cuban charanga founded in 1937 by flautist Antonio Arcaño. Until its dissolution in 1958, it was one of the most popular and prolific danzón orchestras in Cuba, particularly due to the development of the danzón-mambo by its two main composers and musicians: Orestes López (piano, cello, bass) and his brother Israel López "Cachao" (bass). Such upbeat version of the danzón served as a precursor of the mambo popularized by Pérez Prado, as well as the chachachá created by Enrique Jorrín, a violinist who started his career in the Maravillas. Other important musicians in the Maravillas were pianist Jesús López (unrelated to Orestes and Israel), timbalero Ulpiano Díaz, violinist Félix Reina and flautist Eulogio Ortiz. Antonio Arcaño, former member of singer Fernando Collazo's La Maravilla del Siglo, founded his orchestra in November 1937 under the name La Maravilla de Arcaño, featuring many of the members of Collazo's group. Collazo himself complained about the similarity in the name, so by 1939 it was changed to Arcaño y sus Maravillas. By then the band had become popular across the island due to hits such as "Mambo". Around 1944, they began to play at radio shows in Havana and the group doubled its roster. It became known as La Radiofónica and Arcaño as El Monarca del Danzón (The Monarch of Danzón). However, Arcaño had to stop playing in 1945 due to lip problems preventing him from maintaining his embouchure. He continued as director and hired his cousin José Antonio Díaz as flautist, who was later replaced by Eulogio Ortiz. Cachao left the group by the end of the decade (being replaced by his nephew Orlando "Cachaíto" López, Orestes' son), but returned to record "Chanchullo" in 1957, one year before the Maravillas played their last show in Alquízar. Several reunions of the group occurred in the 1970s and 1980s featuring some of the original members. These were released on two LPs by Areito. History Arcaño y sus Maravillas at Radio CMQ, c. 1945: Arcaño on flute, Orestes López on cello, Cachao on bass. Born in 1911 in Havana, Antonio Arcaño studied music with Armando Romeu Sr., playing cornet and clarinet and later learned the flute from his cousin José Antonio Díaz. He later joined Armando Valdespí's group and Orquesta Gris. In 1936, he joined La Maravilla del Siglo, directed by singer Fernando Collazo. The members of this band became the core of Arcaño's new band in November 1937: La Maravilla de Arcaño. This charanga was composed of Afro-Cubans, all except for Arcaño himself. He decided not to have a singer (vocalists were popular in danzón since 1929) and decided to play mostly black venues, which paid significantly less than whites-only clubs. Nonetheless, this allowed the group to learn their trade and became particularly prolific: one year they performed a record 404 shows in total. Every night, las Maravillas would play in a different venue, including casinos, hotels, youth associations, blacks associations, etc. Their long sets required them to have a vast repertoire, but thankfully most of its musicians were also composers. The brothers Cachao and Orestes would compose new danzones regularly, totalling thousands over the years. Many of these were dedicated to the venues they performed in, such as "Social Club Buenavista" (in Buenavista, Havana) "Club Social de Marianao" (in Marianao, Havana), "Redención Sport Club" (in Pogolotti, Havana), "Juventud de Pueblo Nuevo" (in Pueblo Nuevo, Havana), "Avance Juvenil" (in Ciego de Ávila), "Centro San Agustín" (in Alquízar) and "Bella Unión" (in Güines). The band's first big hit came with "Mambo", a danzón de nuevo ritmo, or as it would be called later, danzón-mambo. This style, created by the López brothers, added an improvised section to the end of the danzón structure. This section, the "mambo", proved to be very popular with dancers, as it allowed them a certain freedom not present in the rigid structure of the danzón. New genres would later emerge from this section, such as the fast-paced mambo and the slower chachachá, both of which became dance crazes in the 1950s. They made their first recordings in April 1940, and in 1944 the group expanded its lineup for the radio, where they had their own program on Radio Mil Diez, sponsored by Gravi toothpaste and Dermos soap. This group was known as La Radiofónica. At this point, the group was competing with the most popular ensembles of the island, and together with Orquesta Melodías del 40 and Arsenio Rodríguez's conjunto it formed Los Tres Grandes (The Big Three). In 1945, circulatory problems related to his lip prevented Arcaño from maintaining his embouchure, which was the end for his playing career. He continued as director and hired his cousin and former teacher José Antonio Díaz as flautist, who was later replaced by Eulogio Ortiz. It was Ortiz who recorded the 1951 version of "Mambo". Cachao left the group by the end of the decade (being replaced by his nephew Orlando "Cachaíto" López, Orestes' son), but returned to record "Chanchullo" in 1957, one year before the Maravillas played their last show in Alquízar. Both Cachao and Orestes were playing in Havana's Philharmonic Orchestra at the same time as they were members of the Maravillas. In fact, many of their compositions were arrangements of classical pieces, and even film scores, such as Cachao's "África viva", which quotes "Somewhere over the Rainbow". In the mid-1950s, Arcaño signed with Panart, Cuba's first independent record label, and recorded twelve songs, some of which featured the Cuarteto Musicabana (with young vocalist Omara Portuondo) and blind pianist Frank Emilio Flynn (these were his first recordings). Nonetheless, in the 1950s mambo and chachachá contributed to the decline of the danzón, and by 1958, Arcaño decided to put an end to his charanga after two decades of concerts and recordings. The final recording of the original band, and the only one for Gema Records, was "Chanchullo" by Cachao. The tumbao in the song was imitated by Tito Puente for his hit "Oye cómo va". Discography Most of the group's RCA Victor singles (1940–1951) have never been released on LP or CD. 1957: Latin Fiesta (Kubaney) 1958: Danzones de ayer, de hoy y siempre (Maype) 1959: Pita Arcaño, dale Dermos (Modiner) 1976: Arcaño y sus Maravillas (Areito) 1980: Arcaño y sus Maravillas (Areito) 1996: Orquesta Arcaño y sus Maravillas (Discmedi) – archival radio recordings See also Coralia López Orquesta América References ^ a b c Orovio, Helio (2004). Cuban Music from A to Z. Bath, UK: Tumi Music. p. 17. ISBN 9780822385219. ^ a b c d e f g h i Díaz Ayala, Cristóbal (Fall 2013). "Orquesta Maravilla de Arcaño" (PDF). Encyclopedic Discography of Cuban Music 1925-1960. Florida International University Libraries. Retrieved 28 September 2018. ^ a b c Miller, Sue (2013). Cuban Flute Style: Interpretation and Improvisation. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780810884427. ^ Entrevista con Israel López "Cachao". 2003. In Spanish. ^ Calle 54: una película de Fernando Trueba (in Spanish). Sociedad General de Autores y Editores. 2000. p. 154. ISBN 9788480483650. ^ "Cachao". Latin Style Magazine (37–42): 30. 2000. ^ Sublette, Ned (2004). Cuba and Its Music: From the First Drums to the Mambo. Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press. p. 495. ISBN 9781569764206. ^ González, Eric E. (14 June 2001). "Un cubano con "filin": Frank Emilio Flynn". Herencia Latina (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 October 2018. ^ Sublette (2004). p. 451. External links Orquesta Arcaño y sus Maravillas. EcuRed.cu. Arcaño y sus Maravillas. Discogs.com. Arcaño y sus Maravillas. RateYourMusic.com
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charanga_(Cuba)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Arcaño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Arca%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"danzón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"danzón-mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n-mambo"},{"link_name":"Orestes López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orestes_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Israel López \"Cachao\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cachao"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orovio-1"},{"link_name":"mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambo_(music)"},{"link_name":"Pérez Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rez_Prado"},{"link_name":"chachachá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha-cha-ch%C3%A1_(music)"},{"link_name":"Enrique Jorrín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Jorr%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Ulpiano Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulpiano_D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"Félix Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Reina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"Mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambo_(1938_song)"},{"link_name":"embouchure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embouchure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flute-3"},{"link_name":"Orlando \"Cachaíto\" López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_%22Cacha%C3%ADto%22_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Chanchullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanchullo"},{"link_name":"Alquízar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alqu%C3%ADzar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"Areito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areito_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"}],"text":"Arcaño y sus Maravillas was a Cuban charanga founded in 1937 by flautist Antonio Arcaño. Until its dissolution in 1958, it was one of the most popular and prolific danzón orchestras in Cuba, particularly due to the development of the danzón-mambo by its two main composers and musicians: Orestes López (piano, cello, bass) and his brother Israel López \"Cachao\" (bass).[1] Such upbeat version of the danzón served as a precursor of the mambo popularized by Pérez Prado, as well as the chachachá created by Enrique Jorrín, a violinist who started his career in the Maravillas. Other important musicians in the Maravillas were pianist Jesús López (unrelated to Orestes and Israel), timbalero Ulpiano Díaz, violinist Félix Reina and flautist Eulogio Ortiz.Antonio Arcaño, former member of singer Fernando Collazo's La Maravilla del Siglo, founded his orchestra in November 1937 under the name La Maravilla de Arcaño, featuring many of the members of Collazo's group. Collazo himself complained about the similarity in the name, so by 1939 it was changed to Arcaño y sus Maravillas.[2] By then the band had become popular across the island due to hits such as \"Mambo\". Around 1944, they began to play at radio shows in Havana and the group doubled its roster. It became known as La Radiofónica and Arcaño as El Monarca del Danzón (The Monarch of Danzón). However, Arcaño had to stop playing in 1945 due to lip problems preventing him from maintaining his embouchure. He continued as director and hired his cousin José Antonio Díaz as flautist, who was later replaced by Eulogio Ortiz.[3] Cachao left the group by the end of the decade (being replaced by his nephew Orlando \"Cachaíto\" López, Orestes' son), but returned to record \"Chanchullo\" in 1957, one year before the Maravillas played their last show in Alquízar.[2]Several reunions of the group occurred in the 1970s and 1980s featuring some of the original members. These were released on two LPs by Areito.[2]","title":"Arcaño y sus Maravillas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arca%C3%B1o_CMQ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Radio CMQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMQ_(Cuba)"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orovio-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orovio-1"},{"link_name":"Afro-Cubans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Cubans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entrevista-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Social Club Buenavista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Club_Buenavista_(composition)"},{"link_name":"Buenavista, Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenavista,_Havana"},{"link_name":"Marianao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianao"},{"link_name":"Redención Sport Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redenci%C3%B3n_(danz%C3%B3n)"},{"link_name":"Juventud de Pueblo Nuevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Nuevo_(danz%C3%B3n)"},{"link_name":"Ciego de Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciego_de_%C3%81vila"},{"link_name":"Alquízar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alqu%C3%ADzar"},{"link_name":"Güines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCines"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sublette-7"},{"link_name":"Mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambo_(1938_song)"},{"link_name":"danzón-mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danz%C3%B3n-mambo"},{"link_name":"dance crazes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_craze"},{"link_name":"Radio Mil Diez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Mil_Diez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"Arsenio Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"embouchure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embouchure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flute-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flute-3"},{"link_name":"Orlando \"Cachaíto\" López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_%22Cacha%C3%ADto%22_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Chanchullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanchullo"},{"link_name":"Alquízar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alqu%C3%ADzar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"},{"link_name":"Somewhere over the Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somewhere_over_the_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"Panart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panart"},{"link_name":"Omara Portuondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omara_Portuondo"},{"link_name":"Frank Emilio Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Emilio_Flynn"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chanchullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanchullo"},{"link_name":"Tito Puente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puente"},{"link_name":"Oye cómo va","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oye_como_va"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Arcaño y sus Maravillas at Radio CMQ, c. 1945: Arcaño on flute, Orestes López on cello, Cachao on bass.Born in 1911 in Havana, Antonio Arcaño studied music with Armando Romeu Sr., playing cornet and clarinet and later learned the flute from his cousin José Antonio Díaz.[1] He later joined Armando Valdespí's group and Orquesta Gris.[1] In 1936, he joined La Maravilla del Siglo, directed by singer Fernando Collazo. The members of this band became the core of Arcaño's new band in November 1937: La Maravilla de Arcaño. This charanga was composed of Afro-Cubans, all except for Arcaño himself. He decided not to have a singer (vocalists were popular in danzón since 1929) and decided to play mostly black venues, which paid significantly less than whites-only clubs.[2] Nonetheless, this allowed the group to learn their trade and became particularly prolific: one year they performed a record 404 shows in total.[2] Every night, las Maravillas would play in a different venue, including casinos, hotels, youth associations, blacks associations, etc.[4] Their long sets required them to have a vast repertoire, but thankfully most of its musicians were also composers. The brothers Cachao and Orestes would compose new danzones regularly, totalling thousands over the years.[5][6] Many of these were dedicated to the venues they performed in, such as \"Social Club Buenavista\" (in Buenavista, Havana) \"Club Social de Marianao\" (in Marianao, Havana), \"Redención Sport Club\" (in Pogolotti, Havana), \"Juventud de Pueblo Nuevo\" (in Pueblo Nuevo, Havana), \"Avance Juvenil\" (in Ciego de Ávila), \"Centro San Agustín\" (in Alquízar) and \"Bella Unión\" (in Güines).[7]The band's first big hit came with \"Mambo\", a danzón de nuevo ritmo, or as it would be called later, danzón-mambo. This style, created by the López brothers, added an improvised section to the end of the danzón structure. This section, the \"mambo\", proved to be very popular with dancers, as it allowed them a certain freedom not present in the rigid structure of the danzón. New genres would later emerge from this section, such as the fast-paced mambo and the slower chachachá, both of which became dance crazes in the 1950s. They made their first recordings in April 1940, and in 1944 the group expanded its lineup for the radio, where they had their own program on Radio Mil Diez, sponsored by Gravi toothpaste and Dermos soap.[2] This group was known as La Radiofónica. At this point, the group was competing with the most popular ensembles of the island, and together with Orquesta Melodías del 40 and Arsenio Rodríguez's conjunto it formed Los Tres Grandes (The Big Three).[2]In 1945, circulatory problems related to his lip prevented Arcaño from maintaining his embouchure, which was the end for his playing career. He continued as director and hired his cousin and former teacher José Antonio Díaz as flautist, who was later replaced by Eulogio Ortiz.[3] It was Ortiz who recorded the 1951 version of \"Mambo\".[3] Cachao left the group by the end of the decade (being replaced by his nephew Orlando \"Cachaíto\" López, Orestes' son), but returned to record \"Chanchullo\" in 1957, one year before the Maravillas played their last show in Alquízar.[2] Both Cachao and Orestes were playing in Havana's Philharmonic Orchestra at the same time as they were members of the Maravillas. In fact, many of their compositions were arrangements of classical pieces, and even film scores, such as Cachao's \"África viva\", which quotes \"Somewhere over the Rainbow\".In the mid-1950s, Arcaño signed with Panart, Cuba's first independent record label, and recorded twelve songs, some of which featured the Cuarteto Musicabana (with young vocalist Omara Portuondo) and blind pianist Frank Emilio Flynn (these were his first recordings).[8] Nonetheless, in the 1950s mambo and chachachá contributed to the decline of the danzón, and by 1958, Arcaño decided to put an end to his charanga after two decades of concerts and recordings. The final recording of the original band, and the only one for Gema Records, was \"Chanchullo\" by Cachao. The tumbao in the song was imitated by Tito Puente for his hit \"Oye cómo va\".[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diaz-2"}],"text":"Most of the group's RCA Victor singles (1940–1951) have never been released on LP or CD.[2]1957: Latin Fiesta (Kubaney)\n1958: Danzones de ayer, de hoy y siempre (Maype)\n1959: Pita Arcaño, dale Dermos (Modiner)\n1976: Arcaño y sus Maravillas (Areito)\n1980: Arcaño y sus Maravillas (Areito)\n1996: Orquesta Arcaño y sus Maravillas (Discmedi) – archival radio recordings","title":"Discography"}]
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[{"title":"Coralia López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coralia_L%C3%B3pez"},{"title":"Orquesta América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orquesta_Am%C3%A9rica"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_C._Wolf
Marilyn Wolf
["1 Education and career","2 Recognition","3 References"]
American computer engineer Marilyn Claire Wolf is an American computer engineer who works as Elmer E. Koch Professor of Engineering and Founding Director of the School of Computing at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. She is an expert in embedded computing. Education and career Wolf attended Stanford University, earning a bachelor's degree there in 1980, a master's degree in 1981, and a doctorate in 1984. After working at Bell Labs from 1984 to 1989, she joined the Princeton University faculty, and was on the Georgia Tech faculty from 2007 to 2019. At Georgia Tech, she was the Rhesa "Ray" S. Farmer, Jr., Distinguished Chair in Embedded Computing Systems and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar. From 1999 to 2000, Wolf was editor-in-chief of IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration Systems, and from 2001 to 2007, Wolf was editor-in-chief of ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing. She is the author of the textbooks Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded Computing System Design (3rd ed., Elsevier, 2012) and High Performance Embedded Computing (2nd ed., Morgan Kaufmann, 2014). Recognition In 1998, she was elected as a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and in 2001 she was elected as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for contributions to embedded computing." She received the IEEE Computer Society Harry H. Goode Memorial Award in 2019 for contributions to embedded, hardware-software co-design, and real-time computer vision systems. She received the IEEE Leon K. Kirchmayer Graduate Teaching Award in 2022 for her inspirational teaching of graduate students. References ^ a b Faculty profile retrieved 2019-10-20. ^ "Q&A: Marilyn Wolf, Embedded Computing Expert", Circuit Cellar, November 25, 2013 ^ a b SIGDA executive committee candidate bio, retrieved 2015-06-13. ^ ACM Fellows award citation, retrieved 2015-06-13. ^ "Georgia Tech's Marilyn Wolf Named Recipient of IEEE Computer Society 2019 Harry H. Goode Memorial Award", IEEE Computer Society, March 18, 2019 ^ "Spotlight on Marilyn Wolf – 2022 Kirchmayer Grad Teaching Recipient", IEEE Awards, 2022 Authority control databases International VIAF Academics Association for Computing Machinery 2 DBLP Google Scholar Other IdRef
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-24_Banshee
Douglas SBD Dauntless
["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","2.1 U.S. Navy and Marine Corps","2.2 United States Army Air Forces","2.3 French Air Force and Naval Aviation (Aeronavale)","2.4 Royal New Zealand Air Force","3 Variants","4 Operators","5 Notable accidents","6 Surviving aircraft","6.1 New Zealand","6.2 Solomon Islands","6.3 United States","7 Specifications (SBD-5)","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Notes","9.2 Citations","9.3 Bibliography","10 External links"]
Scout and dive bomber aircraft SBD Dauntless A-24 Banshee A restored SBD-5 Dauntless from the Planes of Fame Air Museum Role Dive bomberScout planeType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer Douglas Aircraft Designer Ed Heinemann First flight 1 May 1940 Introduction 1940 Retired 1959 (Mexico) Primary users United States NavyUnited States Marine Corps United States Army Air ForcesFree French Air ForceRoyal New Zealand Air Force Produced 1940–1944 Number built 5,936 Developed from Northrop BT The Douglas SBD Dauntless is a World War II American naval scout plane and dive bomber that was manufactured by Douglas Aircraft from 1940 through 1944. The SBD ("Scout Bomber Douglas") was the United States Navy's main carrier-based scout/dive bomber from mid-1940 through mid-1944. The SBD was also flown by the United States Marine Corps, both from land air bases and aircraft carriers. The SBD is best remembered as the bomber that delivered the fatal blows to the Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway in June 1942. The type earned its nickname "Slow But Deadly" (from its SBD initials) during this period, along with a rarely-used accompanying nickname of "Furious D." During its combat service, the SBD proved to be an effective naval scout plane and dive bomber. It possessed long range, good handling characteristics, maneuverability, potent bomb load, great diving characteristics from the perforated dive brakes. By the middle months of 1943 the bomber was considered by pilots to be too vulnerable for service owing to its armament and slow speed, and was relegated to non-combat roles. One land-based variant of the SBD – omitting the arrestor hook — was purpose-built for the U.S. Army Air Forces, as the A-24 Banshee. Design and development Design work on the Northrop BT-1 began in 1935. In 1937, the Northrop Corporation was taken over by Douglas, and the active Northrop projects continued under Douglas Aircraft Corporation. The Northrop BT-2 was developed from the BT-1 by modifications ordered in November 1937, and provided the basis of the SBD, which first entered service in mid-1939. Ed Heinemann led a team of designers who considered a development with a 1,000 hp (750 kW) Wright Cyclone engine. The plane was developed at the Douglas El Segundo, California, plant, and that facility, along with the company's Oklahoma City plant, built almost all the SBDs produced. One year earlier, both the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps had placed orders for the new dive bomber, designated the SBD-1 and SBD-2 (the latter had increased fuel capacity and different armament). The SBD-1 went to the Marine Corps in late 1940, and the SBD-2 to the Navy in early 1941, replacing the SBU Corsair and Curtiss SBC Helldiver squadrons on US carriers. Distinctive perforated split flaps or "dive-brakes" had been incorporated into the BT-1 to eliminate tail buffeting during diving maneuvers. Unusual for carrier aircraft, folding wings were not chosen for the design, opting instead for structural strength. The next version was the SBD-3, which began manufacture in early 1941. It had increased armor, self-sealing fuel tanks, and four machine guns. The SBD-4 provided a 12-volt (up from 6-volt) electrical system, and a few were converted into SBD-4P reconnaissance aircraft. Comparison of the XBT-1 and XBT-2 (SBD) The next (and most produced) version, the SBD-5, was produced mostly in the Douglas plant in Tulsa, Oklahoma. This version was equipped with a 1,200 hp (890 kW) engine and an increased ammunition supply. Over 2,400 of these were built. A few of them were shipped to the Royal Navy for evaluation. In addition to American service, the SBD saw combat against the Japanese Army and Navy with No. 25 Squadron of the Royal New Zealand Air Force—but the RNZAF soon replaced them with the larger, faster, heavier and land-based Vought F4U Corsairs. Some SBDs were also flown by the Free French Air Force against the German Heer and Luftwaffe. SBDs were also sold to Mexico. The final version, the SBD-6, had more improvements, but its production ended during the summer of 1944. The U.S. Army Air Force had its own version of the SBD, called the A-24 Banshee. It lacked the tail hook used for carrier landings, and a pneumatic tire replaced the solid tail wheel. First assigned to the 27th Bombardment Group (Light) at Hunter Field, Georgia, A-24s flew in the Louisiana maneuvers of September 1941. There were three versions of the Banshee (A-24, A-24A and A-24B) flown by the army to a very minor degree in the early stages of the war. The USAAF used 948 of the 5,937 Dauntlesses built. Operational history U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Damaged VB-6 SBD-3 on Yorktown after the attack on Kaga at Midway U.S. Navy and Marine Corps SBDs saw their first action at Pearl Harbor, when most of the Marine Corps SBDs of Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 232 (VMSB-232) were destroyed on the ground at Ewa Mooring Mast Field. Most U.S. Navy SBDs flew from their aircraft carriers, which did not operate in close cooperation with the rest of the fleet. Most Navy SBDs at Pearl Harbor, like their Marine Corps counterparts, were destroyed on the ground. On 10 December 1941, SBDs from USS Enterprise sank the Japanese submarine I-70. In February–March 1942, SBDs from the carriers USS Lexington, USS Yorktown, and USS Enterprise, took part in various raids on Japanese installations in the Gilbert Islands, the Marshall Islands, New Guinea, Rabaul, Wake Island, and Marcus Island. The first major use of the SBD in combat was at the Battle of the Coral Sea where SBDs and TBD Devastators sank the Japanese light aircraft carrier (CVL) Shōhō and damaged the Japanese fleet carrier Shōkaku. SBDs were also used for anti-torpedo combat air patrols (CAP) and these scored several victories against Japanese aircraft trying to attack Lexington and Yorktown. Their relatively heavy gun armament with two forward-firing .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns and either one or two rear flexible-mount .30 in (7.62 mm) AN/M2 machine guns was effective against the lightly built Japanese fighters, and many pilots and gunners took aggressive attitudes to the fighters that attacked them. SBD pilot Stanley "Swede" Vejtasa was attacked by three A6M2 Zero fighters; he shot down two of them and cut off the wing of the third in a head-on pass with his wingtip. A U.S. Navy SBD releasing a bomb with extended dive brakes on the trailing edges The SBD's most important contribution to the American war effort came during the Battle of Midway in early June 1942. Four squadrons of Navy SBD dive bombers attacked and sank or fatally damaged all four Japanese fleet carriers present, disabling three of them in the span of just six minutes (Akagi, Kaga, Sōryū) and, later in the day, Hiryū. They also caught two straggling heavy cruisers of the Midway bombardment group of four, heavily damaging them, with Mikuma eventually sinking. At the Battle of Midway, Marine Corps SBDs were not as effective. One squadron, VMSB-241, flying from Midway Atoll, was not trained in the techniques of dive-bombing with their new Dauntlesses (having just partially converted from the SB2U Vindicator). Its pilots resorted to the slower but easier glide bombing technique. This led to many of the SBDs being shot down during their glide, although one survivor from these attacks is now on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum and is the last surviving aircraft to have flown in the battle. The carrier-borne squadrons were effective, especially when they were escorted by Grumman F4F Wildcats. The success of dive bombing resulted from one important circumstance: Unlike American squadrons that attacked shortly before one at a time, allowing defending Japanese Zero fighters to concentrate on each squadron to shoot them down or drive them away from the carriers, three squadrons totaling 47 SBDs (VS-6, VB-6, and VB-3), one squadron of 12 TBD torpedo aircraft (VT-3), and six F4F fighters (from VF-3) all arrived simultaneously, with two of the SBD squadrons (VS-6 and VB-6) arriving from a different direction from the other squadrons. Without central fighter direction, the approximately 40 Zeros concentrated on the TBDs, with some fighting the F4Fs covering the TBDs, leaving the SBDs unhindered by fighter opposition in their approach and attack (although most of the TBDs were shot down). A VB-5 SBD from Yorktown over Wake, early October 1943 SBDs played a major role in the Guadalcanal campaign, operating off both American carriers and from Henderson Field on Guadalcanal. SBDs proved lethal to Japanese shipping that failed to clear New Georgia Sound (The Slot) by daylight. Losses inflicted included the carrier Ryūjō, sunk near the Solomon Islands on 24 August. Three other Japanese carriers were damaged during the six-month campaign. SBDs sank a cruiser and nine transports during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. In the Atlantic Ocean the SBD saw action during Operation Torch, the Allied landings in North Africa in November 1942. The SBDs flew from USS Ranger and two escort carriers. Eleven months later, during Operation Leader, the SBDs saw their European debut when aircraft from Ranger attacked Nazi German shipping around Bodø, Norway. A VB-4 SBD near Bodø, Norway, 4 October 1943 By 1944 the U.S. Navy began replacing the SBD with the more powerful SB2C Helldiver. During the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, a long range twilight strike was made against the retreating Japanese fleet, at (or beyond) the limit of the combat radius of the aircraft. The force had about twenty minutes of daylight over their targets before attempting the long return in the dark. Of the 215 aircraft, only 115 made it back. Twenty were lost to enemy action in the attack, and 80 were lost as one by one they expended their fuel and had to ditch into the sea. In the attack were 26 SBDs, all of which made it back to the carriers. The Battle of the Philippine Sea was the last major engagement of the carrier-borne SBDs. Marine squadrons continued to fly SBDs until the end of the war. Although the Curtiss Helldiver had a more powerful engine, a higher maximum speed and could carry nearly a thousand pounds more in bomb load, many of the dive bomber pilots preferred the SBD, which was lighter and had better low-speed handling characteristics, critical for carrier landings. The Dauntless was one of the most important aircraft in the Pacific War, sinking more enemy shipping in the Pacific than any other Allied bomber. Barrett Tillman, in his book on the Dauntless, claims that it has a "plus" score against enemy aircraft, meaning it was credited with more victories over enemy planes than losses from enemy action. This is considered to be a rare event for a nominal "bomber". A total of 5,936 SBDs were produced during the war. The last SBD rolled off the assembly lines at the Douglas Aircraft plant in El Segundo, California, on 21 July 1944. The Navy placed emphasis on the heavier, faster and longer-ranged SB2C. From Pearl Harbor through April 1944, SBDs had flown 1,189,473 operational hours, with 25% of all operational hours flown off aircraft carriers being in SBDs. Its battle record shows that in addition to six Japanese carriers, 14 enemy cruisers had been sunk, along with six destroyers, 15 transports or cargo ships and scores of various lesser craft. United States Army Air Forces A-24B taxiing at Makin Island, 1943 Rear gunner position on A-24 displayed at the National Museum of the United States Air Force The USAAF sent 52 A-24 Banshees in crates to the Philippines in the fall of 1941 to equip the 27th Bombardment Group, whose personnel were sent separately. However, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, these bombers were diverted to Australia and the 27th BG fought on the Bataan Peninsula as infantry. While in Australia the aircraft were reassembled for flight to the Philippines, but their missing parts, including solenoids, trigger motors and gun mounts delayed their shipment. Plagued with mechanical problems, the A-24s were diverted to the 91st Bombardment Squadron and designated for assignment to Java instead. Referring to themselves as "Blue Rock Clay Pigeons" (after a brand of trap shooting targets), the 91st BS based at Malang attacked the enemy-held harbor and airbase at Bali and damaged or sank numerous ships around Java during the Dutch East Indies campaign. After the Japanese downed two A-24s and damaged three so badly that they could no longer fly, the 91st received orders to evacuate Java in early March 1942. The A-24s remaining in Australia were assigned to the 8th Bombardment Squadron of 3d Bombardment Group, to defend New Guinea. On 29 July 1942, seven A-24s attacked a convoy off Buna, but only one survived: the Japanese shot down five of them and damaged the sixth so badly that it did not make it back to base. Regarded by many pilots as too slow, short ranged and poorly armed, the remaining A-24s were relegated to non-combat missions. In the U.S., the A-24s became training aircraft or towed targets for aerial gunnery training. The more powerful A-24B was used later against the Japanese forces in the Gilbert Islands. From December 1943 until March 1944, the 531st Fighter Squadron of the 7th Air Force flew A-24Bs from Makin Island in the Gilbert Islands against Japanese controlled islands in the Marshall Islands. The A-24Bs were then withdrawn from combat. The A-24B (equivalent to the U.S. Navy SBD-5, with the omission of the arrestor hook) arrived in 1943 with the more powerful 1,200-hp Wright R-1820-60 Cyclone engine, a more powerful engine than either the A-24 or A-24A. As a result, the A-24B could fly slightly faster and higher than the earlier models. The A-24B lacked the small air intake on the top of the engine cowling present on the earlier models and that is an easy way to distinguish the B model. The 407th Bomb Group, assigned to the 11th Air Force, flew A-24Bs against the Japanese held island of Kiska, Alaska, during July and August 1943. A handful of A-24s survived in the inventory of the USAAF long enough to be taken over by the Air Force (USAF) when that service became independent of the Army in September 1947. The USAF established a new designation system for its aircraft, eliminating the "A-" (for attack) category (through 1962); all of the single-engined "A-" aircraft were given "F-" (for fighter) nomenclature (or were determined to be obsolete and scrapped); thus the few remaining A-24 Banshees became known as F-24 Banshees, soldiering on in a reserve role until 1950 when they were scrapped. French Air Force and Naval Aviation (Aeronavale) The first production Dauntless sent into action was the "SBD-3", which was produced for the French Naval Aviation. A total of 174 Dauntlesses were ordered by the French Navy, but with the fall of France in the spring of 1940 that production batch was diverted to the U.S. Navy, which ordered 410 more. The Free French received about 80 SBD-5s and A-24Bs from the United States in 1944. They were used as trainers and close-support aircraft. Free French squadrons received 40 to 50 A-24Bs in Morocco and Algeria during 1943. French Naval Aviation (Aeronautique Navale) received 32 in late 1944 for Flotilles 3FB and 4FB (16 SBD-5s for each). Squadron I/17 Picardie used a few A-24Bs for coastal patrol. The most combat-experienced of the Banshee units was GC 1/18 Vendee, which flew A-24Bs in support of Allied forces in southern France and also experienced how deadly German flak was, losing several aircraft in 1944. This squadron flew from North Africa to recently liberated Toulouse to support Allied and French resistance troops. Later, the unit was assigned to support attacks on cities occupied by the Germans on the French Atlantic coast. In April 1945 each SBD-5 averaged three missions a day in the European theater. In 1946 the French Air Force based its A-24Bs in Morocco as trainers. French Navy Dauntlesses were based in Cognac at the end of 1944. The French Navy Dauntlesses were the last ones to see combat, during the Indochina War, flying from the carrier Arromanches (the former Royal Navy carrier Colossus). In late 1947 during one operation in the Indochina War, Flotille 4F flew 200 missions and dropped 65 tons of bombs. By 1949, the French Navy removed the Dauntless from combat status although the type was still flown as a trainer through 1953. Royal New Zealand Air Force The Royal New Zealand Air Force received 18 SBD-3s and 23 SBD-4s and No. 25 Squadron RNZAF used them in combat over the South Pacific. Under the original plan, four Squadrons (25, 26, 27 and 28) of the RNZAF were going to be equipped with the Dauntless but only 25 Squadron used them. The RNZAF soon replaced them with F4U Corsairs. Variants SBD-5 production at El Segundo, 1943 FFARs mounted on a SBD for testing, 1944 XBT-2 prototype, airframe was a production Northrop BT-1 heavily modified and redesignated as the XBT-2. Further modified by Douglas as the XSBD-1. SBD-1 Marine Corps version without self-sealing fuel tanks; 57 built. SBD-1P reconnaissance aircraft, converted from SBD-1s. SBD-2 Navy version with increased fuel capacity and different armament but without self-sealing fuel tanks, starting in early 1941; 87 built. SBD-2P reconnaissance aircraft, converted from SBD-2s. SBD-3 began to be manufactured in early 1941. This provided increased protection, self-sealing fuel tanks, and four machine guns; 584 were built. SBD-4 provided a 24-volt (up from 12 volt) electrical system; In addition, a new propeller and fuel pumps rounded out the improvements over the SBD-3. 780 built. SBD-4P reconnaissance aircraft, converted from SBD-4s. SBD-5 The most produced version, primarily produced at the Douglas Aircraft plant in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Equipped with a 1,200-hp engine and an increased ammunition supply. A total of 2,965 were built, and a few were shipped to the Royal Navy for evaluation. In addition to American service, these saw combat against the Japanese with No. 25 Squadron of the Royal New Zealand Air Force which soon replaced them with F4Us, and against the Luftwaffe with the Free French Air Force. A few were also sent to Mexico. SBD-5A as A-24B, for USAAF but delivered to USMC; 60 built. SBD-6 The final version, providing more improvements, including a 1,350 hp (1,010 kW) engine, but production ended in the summer of 1944; 450 built. A-24 Banshee (SBD-3A) USAAF equivalent of the SBD-3 without arrestor hook; 168 built. A-24A Banshee (SBD-4A) USAAF equivalent of the SBD-4; 170 built. A-24B Banshee (SBD-5A) USAAF equivalent of the SBD-5; 615 built. Operators A No. 25 Squadron RNZAF SBD-4 on Espiritu Santo, 1944 One of nine SBD-5s supplied to the Royal Navy  Chile Chilean Air Force operated A-24B Banshees.  France French Air Force French Navy  Mexico Mexican Air Force  Morocco Moroccan Desert Police  New Zealand Royal New Zealand Air Force No. 25 Squadron RNZAF  United Kingdom Royal Air Force received aircraft for evaluation from the nine originally tested by the Fleet Air Arm. Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm received nine former United States Navy SBD-5s for evaluation.  United States United States Army Air Forces 339th Bombardment Group (Dive), as operational training unit in 1942-1943 United States Marine Corps United States Navy Notable accidents On 7 December 1943, during a joint U.S. Navy–U.S. Marine simulated close air support exercise near Pauwela, Maui, Territory of Hawaii, the pilot of a U.S. Navy SBD-5, BuNo 36045 of squadron VB-10, initiated a slight right-hand turn and deployed dive brakes in preparation for a bomb run, but his aircraft was struck by a second VB-10 SBD-5, 36099, that did not have dive brakes deployed. Both aircraft crashed, and a bomb knocked loose from 36045 fell in the midst of a group of marines and detonated, killing 20 and seriously injuring 24. Both SBD pilots parachuted to safety, but both SBD gunners died, one after an unsuccessful bailout attempt. The collision was attributed to poor judgment and flying technique by both pilots. Aviation Archaeology Investigation & Research gives the date of this accident as 6 December. Surviving aircraft The hyphenated numbers are original U.S. Army Air Forces Serial Numbers (AAF Ser. No.); four or five digit numbers are original U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) Bureau Numbers (BuNo). A-24 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force SBD-2, BuNo 2106, a Battle of Midway veteran, later returned to United States as a carrier qualification training aircraft. Ditched in Lake Michigan while attempting to land aboard USS Sable (IX-81), 1943; recovered from Lake Michigan, 1994. Totally restored and placed on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in 2001. New Zealand On display SBD-4 06853 – Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum in Christchurch. Solomon Islands SBD at the Vilu War Museum in Guadalcanal On display SBD-? Unknown – Vilu Military Museum in Guadalcanal. United States Airworthy A-24A 42-60817 – based at the Erickson Aircraft Collection in Madras, Oregon as an SBD-3. A-24B 42-54682 – based at the Lone Star Flight Museum in Houston, Texas as an SBD-5. SBD-4 10518 – based at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California. 10694 – based at the National Museum of World War II Aviation in Colorado Springs, Colorado. SBD-5 28536 – based at the Planes of Fame in Chino, California. 54532 – based at the Commemorative Air Force – Airbase Georgia in Peachtree City, Georgia On display A-24B 42-54582 – National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. 42-54654 – Pima Air & Space Museum, adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson, Arizona. SBD-2 02106 – National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. Veteran of the Pearl Harbor attack and the Battle of Midway. 02173 – Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum at Ford Island, Hawaii. SBD-3 SBD-3 on display at the Air Zoo 06508 – National World War II Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana. 06583 – National Museum of the Marine Corps at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia. 06624 – Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It is on loan from National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola. 06694 – USS Lexington (CV-16) museum in Corpus Christi, Texas. It is on loan from National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola. SBD-4 06833 – National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida in its recovered condition in a simulated underwater exhibit. 06900 – San Diego Aerospace Museum in San Diego, California. It is on loan from the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola. 10575 – Battle of Midway Memorial at Midway Airport in Chicago, Illinois. SBD-5 36173 – USS Yorktown (CV-10) at the Patriot's Point Naval and Maritime Museum in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. 36176 – Palm Springs Air Museum in Palm Springs, California. 36291 - Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum in Titusville, Florida. It is on loan from the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola. 36711 - American Heritage Museum in Hudson, Massachusetts. Long term loan from the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola. Formerly on display at Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum at Ford Island, Hawaii. SBD-6 54605 – National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. 54654 – USS Midway Museum in San Diego, California. Under restoration or in storage SBD-1 1612 – for display at the Air Zoo in Portage, Michigan. SBD-4 10508 – for display at the Castle Air Museum at the former Castle Air Force Base in Atwater, California. SBD-5 36175 – to flightworthiness at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Specifications (SBD-5) 3-view of an SBD Data from McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume IGeneral characteristics Crew: 2 Length: 33 ft 1.25 in (10.0902 m) Wingspan: 41 ft 6.375 in (12.65873 m) Height: 13 ft 7 in (4.14 m) Wing area: 325 sq ft (30.2 m2) Airfoil: root: NACA 2415; tip: NACA 2407 Empty weight: 6,404 lb (2,905 kg) Gross weight: 9,359 lb (4,245 kg) Max takeoff weight: 10,700 lb (4,853 kg) Fuel capacity: 260 US gal (220 imp gal; 980 L) in non-metallic self-sealing fuel tanks Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-1820-60 Cyclone 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,200 hp (890 kW) Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton-Standard constant-speed propeller Performance Maximum speed: 255 mph (410 km/h, 222 kn) at 14,000 ft (4,300 m) Cruise speed: 185 mph (298 km/h, 161 kn) Range: 1,115 mi (1,794 km, 969 nmi) Ferry range: 1,565 mi (2,519 km, 1,360 nmi) Service ceiling: 25,530 ft (7,780 m) Rate of climb: 1,700 ft/min (8.6 m/s) Wing loading: 28.8 lb/sq ft (141 kg/m2) Power/mass: 0.128 hp/lb (0.210 kW/kg) Armament Guns: ** 2 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) forward-firing synchronized Browning M2 machine guns in engine cowling 2 × 0.30 in (7.62 mm) flexible-mounted Browning M1919 machine guns in rear Bombs: 2,250 lb (1,020 kg) of bombs See also Aviation portal Related development Northrop YA-13 Northrop A-17 Northrop BT Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Aichi D3A "Val" Blackburn Skua Breda Ba.65 Brewster SB2A Buccaneer Curtiss SB2C Helldiver Fairey Barracuda Junkers Ju 87 Stuka Saab 17 Vought SB2U Vindicator Vultee A-31 Vengeance Related lists List of aircraft of World War II List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962) List of military aircraft of the United States List of attack aircraft References Notes ^ Vejtasa's skill thus having been clearly demonstrated, he was transferred to fighters; in October 1942, he shot down seven enemy aircraft in one day. Citations ^ a b Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 25–34, Cypress, CA, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4. ^ "HyperWar: The Army Air Forces in WWII: Vol. IV--The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan ". www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved 21 May 2024. ^ Francillon, 1979 ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, p. 28, Cypress, CA, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4. ^ "The Douglas SBD Dauntless & Curtiss SB2C Helldiver". ^ a b "Douglas A-24". National Museum of the United States Air Force. ^ Salamander Books, Ltd. 1974. ISBN 0 690 00606 3. ^ "USS Enterprise (CV 6), America's Navy, Navy News Service". Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless Scout / Dive Bomber, Plane Talk". Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016. ^ a b "USAF UA Vejtasa bio." au.af.mil. Retrieved: 23 August 2010. ^ "Action Reports. CO Marine Scout-Bombing Squadron 241. June 12, 1942". Midway 1942 : Documents. ^ ^ Parshall and Tully, Shattered Sword, pp. 215–228 ^ Smith 2007, p. 186. ^ Potter 2005, p. 170. ^ Tillman, Barrett The Dauntless Dive Bomber of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1976. ISBN 1-59114-867-7. ^ "Navy's Final SBD Is Built: Type to be Supplanted by SB2C's." Naval Aviation News, 15 September 1944, p. 11. ^ Oktorino 2019, pp. 157 & 160 ^ Yenne 1985, p. 46. ^ Mondey 1996, p. 127. ^ a b Smith 1997, p. 150. ^ Pęczkowski 2007, pp. 41–43. ^ a b Smith 1997, pp. 151–155. ^ Pęczkowski 2007, pp. 35–40. ^ Tillman 1998, p. 85. ^ Smith 1997, pp. 115–121. ^ a b c Gero, David B. "Military Aviation Disasters: Significant Losses Since 1908". Sparkford, Yoevil, Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84425-645-7, pp. 26–27. ^ a b c "USN Overseas Aircraft Loss List December 1943". Aviation Archaeology Investigation & Research. Retrieved 24 October 2014. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06853." pacificwrecks.com Retrieved: 6 March 2015. ^ "FAA Registry : N5254L" FAA.gov Retrieved: 15 July 2021. ^ "Douglas A-24 Banshee/42-60817." Erickson Aircraft Collection Retrieved: 2023 May 23. ^ "FAA Registry : N93RW" FAA.gov Retrieved: 15 July 2021. ^ "Douglas A-24 Banshee/42-54682." Lone Star Flight Museum Retrieved: 12 January 2018. ^ "FAA Registry: N4864J" FAA.gov Retrieved: 15 July 2021. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 10518." Yanks Air Museum. Retrieved: 1 March 2018. ^ "FAA Registry: N34N." FAA.gov Retrieved: 15 July 2021. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 10694." SBD Dauntless. Retrieved 14 July 2021. ^ "FAA Registry : N670AM" FAA.gov Retrieved: 15 July 2021. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 28536." Planes of Fame Retrieved: 13 January 2020. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 54532." CAF Airbase Georgia. Retrieved: 12 January 2018. ^ Wood, Keith. "CAF Douglas SBD-5 Dauntless BuAer 54532" (PDF). Commemorative Air Force Dixie Wing. CAF Dixie Wing. Retrieved 1 June 2018. ^ "FAA Registry: N82GA" FAA.gov Retrieved: 15 July 2021. ^ "Douglas A-24 Banshee/42-54582." National Museum of the USAF. Retrieved: 12 January 2018. ^ "Douglas A-24 Banshee/42-54654" Pima Air & Space Museum. Retrieved: 15 July 2014. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 02106." Archived 7 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine National Naval Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 12 April 2012. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 02173." Pacific Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 7 March 2018. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06508." National World War II Museum. Retrieved: 18 February 2013. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06583" National Museum of the Marine Corps. Retrieved 12 January 2018. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06624." Air Zoo. Retrieved: 13 January 2020. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06694." USS Lexington Museum. Retrieved: 12 April 2012. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06833." National Naval Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 12 April 2012. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 06900." San Diego Air & Space Museum. Retrieved: 12 January 2018. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 10575." Chicago Marine Heritage Society Retrieved: 15 September 2022. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 36173." Patriots Point Naval & Maritime Museum. Retrieved: 12 April 2012. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 36176." Archived 17 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Palm Springs Air Museum. Retrieved: 12 April 2012. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 36291" Valiant Air Command. Retrieved: 7 June 2021. ^ "Douglas SBD-5 Dauntless" American Heritage Museum. Retrieved: 16 March 2023. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 54605." Archived 10 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved: 12 January 2018. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/54654." USS Midway Museum. Retrieved: 15 July 2014. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 1612." Air Zoo Retrieved: 17 February 2022. ^ "Douglas SBD Dauntless/Bu. 10508." Castle Air Museum. Retrieved: 1 March 2018. ^ "Military Aviation Museum Acquires an SBD-5 Dauntless". Warbirds News. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021. ^ Francillon, René J. (1988). McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume I. London: Naval Institute Press. pp. 184–193. ISBN 0870214284. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019. Bibliography Bowers, Peter M. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1990. ISBN 0-87021-792-5. Brazelton, David. The Douglas SBD Dauntless, Aircraft in Profile 196. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967. No ISBN. Brown, Eric, CBE, DCS, AFC, RN, William Green and Gordon Swanborough. "Douglas Dauntless". Wings of the Navy, Flying Allied Carrier Aircraft of World War Two. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1980, pp. 52–60. ISBN 0-7106-0002-X. Buell, Harold L. Dauntless Helldivers: A Dive Bomber Pilot's Epic Story of the Carrier Battles. New York: Crown, 1991. ISBN 0-517-57794-1. Dann, Richard, S. SBD Dauntless Walk Around, Walk Around Number 33. Carrollton, Texas, USA: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 2004. ISBN 0-89747-468-6. Drendel, Lou. U.S. Navy Carrier Bombers of World War II. Carrollton, Texas, USA: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1987. ISBN 0-89747-195-4. Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-370-00050-1. Gunston, Bill. The Illustrated History of McDonnell Douglas Aircraft: From Cloudster to Boeing. London: Osprey Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-85532-924-7. Hernandez, Daniel V. with Lt. CDR Richard H. Best, USN Ret. SBD-3 Dauntless and the Battle of Midway. Valencia, Spain: Aeronaval Publishing, 2004. ISBN 84-932963-0-9. Howard, John Jr. A Marine Dive-Bomber Pilot at Guadalcanal. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA: University of Alabama Press, 1987. ISBN 0-8173-0330-8. Janowicz, Krzysztof and Andre R. Zbiegniewski. Douglas SBD Dauntless (Bilingual Polish/English). Lublin, Poland: Kagero, 2007. Jenks, Cliff F.L. with Malcolm Laird and Phil Listemann. Allied Wings No.5: The Dauntless in RNZAF Service. France: www.raf-in-combat.com, 2008. ISBN 2-9526381-9-5. Kinzey, Bert. SBD Dauntless in Detail & Scale, D&S Vol.48. Carrollton, Texas, USA: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1996. ISBN 1-888974-01-X. Mondey, David, The Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor, 1996. ISBN 1-85152-706-0. Oktorino, Nino (2019). Duel Para Elang - Pertempuran Udara di Atas Hindia Belanda (in Indonesian). Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo. ISBN 9786230000997. Pęczkowski, Robert. Douglas SBD Dauntless. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2007. ISBN 978-8-38945-039-5. Potter, E. B. Admiral Arliegh Burke. Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-59114-692-6. Smith, Peter C. Douglas SBD Dauntless. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press Ltd., 1997. ISBN 1-86126-096-2. Smith, Peter C. The History of Dive-Bombing. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84415-592-7. Stern, Robert. SBD Dauntless in Action, Aircraft Number 64. Carrollton, Texas, USA: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1984. ISBN 0-89747-153-9. Tillman, Barrett. The Dauntless Dive Bomber of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1976 (softcover 2006). ISBN 0-87021-569-8. Tillman, Barrett. SBD Dauntless Units of World War 2. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-732-5. Tillman, Barrett and Robert L. Lawson. U.S. Navy Dive and Torpedo Bombers of World War II. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: Motor Books Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-7603-0959-0. White, Alexander S. Dauntless Marine: Joseph Sailer Jr., Dive-Bombing Ace of Guadalcanal. Santa Rosa, California, USA: Pacifica Press, 1997. ISBN 0-935553-21-5. Wildenberg, Thomas. Destined for Glory: Dive Bombing, Midway, and the Evolution of Carrier Airpower. Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1998. ISBN 1-55750-947-6. Wheeler, Barry C. The Hamlyn Guide to Military Aircraft Markings. London: Chancellor Press, 1992. ISBN 1-85152-582-3. Yenne, Bill. McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants. New York: Crescent Books, 1985. ISBN 978-0-517-44287-6. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Douglas SBD Dauntless. Warbird Alley: SBD The SBD Shipborne Dive Bomber Aero-Web.org: SBD-5 Dauntless Boeing history of SBD Dauntless Divebomber Douglas SBD Dauntless onboard the USS Yorktown (CV-10) at Patriot's Point Naval & Maritime Museum near Charleston, SC "Diving Artillery" , April 1942, Popular Science article on the first U.S. Army A-24 unit, with rare photos of the A-24 SBD-2 Dauntless BuNo 2106 Cockpit Panorama, National Naval Aviation Museum, NAS Pensacola, FL Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Bombing Squadron Nineteen 1943-1944: The Voices of Bombing Nineteen Pilot's handbook : SBD-5 and A-24B – The Museum of Flight Digital Collections vteDouglas military aircraftFighters XFD XP-48 P-70 F3D Skyknight F4D Skyray F5D Skylancer XF6D Missileer Ground attack XA-2 A-20 A-24 A-26 Invader A-33 A-1 Skyraider A-3 Skywarrior A-4 Skyhawk/A-4AR Fightinghawk/A-4SU Super Skyhawk AC-47 "Spooky" DT T2D XT3D TBD Devastator SBD Dauntless BD XBTD Destroyer XTB2D Skypirate AD Skyraider XA2D Skyshark A3D Skywarrior A4D Skyhawk Bombers YB-7 YB-11 B-18 Bolo XB-19 XB-22 B-23 Dragon B-26 Invader XB-31 XB-42 Mixmaster XB-43 Jetmaster B-66 Destroyer Model 423 Model 1211-J DB-1 DB-2 DB-7 DB-8 DB-19 DB-73 Boston I/II/III/IV/V Digby I Havoc I/II DXD1 Observation O-2 OD O2D O-31 O-35 O-38 O-43 YO-44 O-46 O-53 YOA-5 Patrol PD P2D P3D Reconnaissance F-3 Transports C-1 C-21 C-32 C-33 YC-34 C-38 C-39 C-41 C-41A C-42 C-47 Skytrain (Dakota I/III/IV) C-48 C-49 C-50 C-51 C-52 C-53 Skytrooper C-54 Skymaster C-58 UC-67 C-68 C-74 Globemaster C-84 C-110 XC-112/YC-112 XC-114 YC-116 C-117 C-117D C-118 C-124 Globemaster II YC-129 C-132 C-133 Cargomaster C-9 (Nightingale/Skytrain II) C-24 RD R2D R3D R4D-1/-3/-5/-6/-7 R4D-8 R5D JD R6D CC-129 LXD1 PD.808 Skymaster I Gliders XCG-17 Training aircraft BT-1 BT-2 XT-30 Experimental World Cruiser D-558-1 Skystreak D-558-2 Skyrocket X-3 Stiletto vteUSN scout aircraft designationsScoutAeromarine AS Curtiss CS S2C S3C S4C SC3 Dayton-Wright SDW Bellanca SE Edo Aircraft SE2 S2E Grumman SF Great Lakes SG Handley Page HPS Loening SL S2L Martin MS Sikorsky SS Vought SU Cox-Klemin XS Scout BomberBrewster SBA SB2A Curtiss-Wright SBC SB2C SB3C Douglas SBD SB2D Grumman SBF Fairchild SBF Naval Aircraft Factory SBN Vought SBU SB2U SB3U Canadian Car and Foundry SBW Scout ObservationCurtiss SOC SO2C SO3C Bellanca SOE Edo Aircraft SOE2 SO2E Fairchild SOK Naval Aircraft Factory SON Ryan SOR Vought SOU1 SO2U Scout TrainerBeechcraft SNB Curtiss-Wright SNC North American SNJ SN2J Vultee SNV 1 Not assigned 2 Assigned to a different manufacturer's type 3 Sequence restarted vteUnited States attack aircraft designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systemsArmy/Air Force sequence(1925–1962) A-11 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-11 A-12 A-13 A-14 A-15 A-16 A-17 A-18 A-19 A-20 A-21 A-22 A-23 A-24 A-25 A-26 A-27 A-28 A-29 A-30 A-31 A-32 A-33 A-34 A-35 A-36 A-372 A-38 A-39 A-40 A-41 A-42 A-43 A-44 A-45 Tri-service sequence(1962–present)Main sequence A-13 A-1 OA-1K A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 EA-6B A-7 A-7F A-7P A-82 A-9 A-10 A-111 A-12 A-131 A-14 Non-sequential A-16 F/A-16 F/A-18 F/A-18E/F EA-18G F/A-22 A-26 A-29 A-373 A-37 EA-37 Related designations AC-47 AC-119 AC-130 AT-6 AU-23 AU-24 AV-8 AV-8B AV-162 1 Not assigned  • 2 Unofficial designation  • 3 Assigned to multiple typesNot to be confused with the Aerial target or Amphibious aircraft sequences. vteUSAAS/USAAC/USAAF/USAF fighter designations 1924–1962, and Tri-Service post-1962 systems1924 sequences(1924–1962)Pursuit (1924–1948) P-1 P-2 P-3 P-43 Curtiss P-4 Boeing P-4 P-5 P-6 P-7 P-8 P-9 P-10 P-11 P-12 P-13 P-14 P-15 P-16 P-17 P-18 P-19 P-20 P-21 P-22 P-23 P-24 P-25 P-26 P-27 P-28 P-29 P-30 P-31 P-32 P-33 P-34 P-35 P-36 P-37 P-38 P-39 P-39E P-40 P-41 P-42 P-43 P-44 P-45 P-46 P-47 P-48 P-49 P-50 P-51 P-52 P-53 P-54 P-55 P-56 P-57 P-58 P-593 XP-59 P-59 P-60 P-61 P-62 P-63 P-64 P-65 P-66 P-67 P-68 P-69 P-70 P-71 P-72 P-732 P-741 P-75 P-76 P-77 P-78 P-79 P-80 P-81 P-82 P-83 P-84 P-85 P-86 P-87 P-88 P-89 P-90 P-91 P-92 Fighter (1948–1962) F-38 F-39 F-40 F-47 F-51 F-59 F-61 RF-61C F-63 F-80 F-81 F-82 F-83 F-84 F-84F/J F-84H F-85 F-86 F-86C F-86D/G/K/L F-87 F-88 F-89 F-90 F-91 F-92 F-93 F-94 F-95 F-96 F-97 F-98 F-99 F-100 F-100B F-101 F-102 F-102B F-103 F-104 XF-104 F-104S NF-104A F-105 F-1063 XF-106 F-106 F-107 F-108 F-1092 F-110 F-111 F-111B F-111C F-111K AFTI/F-111A EF-111A Pursuit, Biplace PB-1 PB-2 PB-3 Fighter, Multiplace FM-1 FM-2 Non-sequential F-24 P-322 P-400 Tri-service sequence(1962–present)Main sequence F-1 F-1C/D F-1E/F F-2 F-3 F-4 F-4K/M F-5 G F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-9F–J F-10 F-11 F-12 F-12C2 F-131 F-14 F-15 F-15E F-15EX F-15J F-15 STOL/MTD F-16 F-16XL NF-16D F-17 F/A-18 F/A-18E/F EA-18G F-191 F-20 F-21 F-22 YF-22 FB-22 F-23 Non-sequential F-35 F-35I X-35 F-117 Covert designations YF-110 YF-110B/D YF-110C YF-113 (I) YF-113A YF-113 (II) YF-113B/D YF-113 (III) YF-113C YF-114 YF-114C/D YF-117 YF-117A YF-117D YF-118 Related designations FV-12 1 Not assigned  • 2 Unofficial  • 3 Assigned to multiple typesSee also: "F-19"  • 1919–1924 sequence Authority control databases National Israel United States Czech Republic Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"scout plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_plane"},{"link_name":"dive bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_bomber"},{"link_name":"Douglas Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"carrier-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"air bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_base"},{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parker,_Dana_T._pp._25-34-1"},{"link_name":"dive brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_brake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"arrestor hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrestor_hook"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces"}],"text":"The Douglas SBD Dauntless is a World War II American naval scout plane and dive bomber that was manufactured by Douglas Aircraft from 1940 through 1944. The SBD (\"Scout Bomber Douglas\") was the United States Navy's main carrier-based scout/dive bomber from mid-1940 through mid-1944. The SBD was also flown by the United States Marine Corps, both from land air bases and aircraft carriers. The SBD is best remembered as the bomber that delivered the fatal blows to the Japanese carriers at the Battle of Midway in June 1942.[1] The type earned its nickname \"Slow But Deadly\" (from its SBD initials) during this period, along with a rarely-used accompanying nickname of \"Furious D.\"During its combat service, the SBD proved to be an effective naval scout plane and dive bomber. It possessed long range, good handling characteristics, maneuverability, potent bomb load, great diving characteristics from the perforated dive brakes. By the middle months of 1943 the bomber was considered by pilots to be too vulnerable for service owing to its armament and slow speed, and was relegated to non-combat roles.[2] One land-based variant of the SBD – omitting the arrestor hook — was purpose-built for the U.S. Army Air Forces, as the A-24 Banshee.","title":"Douglas SBD Dauntless"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northrop BT-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_BT"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ed Heinemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Heinemann"},{"link_name":"hp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"Wright Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Cyclone_series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parker,_Dana_T._pp._25-34-1"},{"link_name":"SBU Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_SBU_Corsair"},{"link_name":"Curtiss SBC Helldiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_SBC_Helldiver"},{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_armour#Aircraft"},{"link_name":"self-sealing fuel tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northrop_XBT-1_and_XBT-2_comparison.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tulsa, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"No. 25 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RNZAF"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Vought F4U Corsairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Heer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"tail hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arresting_hook"},{"link_name":"Hunter Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_AAF"},{"link_name":"Louisiana maneuvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_maneuvers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fact_Sheet-6"}],"text":"Design work on the Northrop BT-1 began in 1935. In 1937, the Northrop Corporation was taken over by Douglas, and the active Northrop projects continued under Douglas Aircraft Corporation.[3] The Northrop BT-2 was developed from the BT-1 by modifications ordered in November 1937, and provided the basis of the SBD, which first entered service in mid-1939. Ed Heinemann led a team of designers who considered a development with a 1,000 hp (750 kW) Wright Cyclone engine. The plane was developed at the Douglas El Segundo, California, plant, and that facility, along with the company's Oklahoma City plant, built almost all the SBDs produced.[1] One year earlier, both the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps had placed orders for the new dive bomber, designated the SBD-1 and SBD-2 (the latter had increased fuel capacity and different armament). The SBD-1 went to the Marine Corps in late 1940, and the SBD-2 to the Navy in early 1941, replacing the SBU Corsair and Curtiss SBC Helldiver squadrons on US carriers. Distinctive perforated split flaps or \"dive-brakes\" had been incorporated into the BT-1 to eliminate tail buffeting during diving maneuvers.[4] Unusual for carrier aircraft, folding wings were not chosen for the design, opting instead for structural strength.[5]The next version was the SBD-3, which began manufacture in early 1941. It had increased armor, self-sealing fuel tanks, and four machine guns. The SBD-4 provided a 12-volt (up from 6-volt) electrical system, and a few were converted into SBD-4P reconnaissance aircraft.Comparison of the XBT-1 and XBT-2 (SBD)The next (and most produced) version, the SBD-5, was produced mostly in the Douglas plant in Tulsa, Oklahoma. This version was equipped with a 1,200 hp (890 kW) engine and an increased ammunition supply. Over 2,400 of these were built. A few of them were shipped to the Royal Navy for evaluation. In addition to American service, the SBD saw combat against the Japanese Army and Navy with No. 25 Squadron of the Royal New Zealand Air Force—but the RNZAF soon replaced them with the larger, faster, heavier and land-based Vought F4U Corsairs.[citation needed]Some SBDs were also flown by the Free French Air Force against the German Heer and Luftwaffe. SBDs were also sold to Mexico.[citation needed]The final version, the SBD-6, had more improvements,[clarification needed] but its production ended during the summer of 1944.The U.S. Army Air Force had its own version of the SBD, called the A-24 Banshee. It lacked the tail hook used for carrier landings, and a pneumatic tire replaced the solid tail wheel. First assigned to the 27th Bombardment Group (Light) at Hunter Field, Georgia, A-24s flew in the Louisiana maneuvers of September 1941. There were three versions of the Banshee (A-24, A-24A and A-24B) flown by the army to a very minor degree in the early stages of the war.[6] The USAAF used 948 of the 5,937 Dauntlesses built.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_SBD-3_Dauntless_of_VB-6_after_landing_aboard_USS_Yorktown_(CV-5),_4_June_1942_(NH_100740).jpg"},{"link_name":"Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)"},{"link_name":"Kaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga"},{"link_name":"Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 232 (VMSB-232)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMFA-232"},{"link_name":"Ewa Mooring Mast Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Ewa"},{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Air_Warfare-7"},{"link_name":"USS Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)"},{"link_name":"Japanese submarine I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-70"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"USS Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)"},{"link_name":"USS Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)"},{"link_name":"USS Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Islands"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Rabaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabaul"},{"link_name":"Wake Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island"},{"link_name":"Marcus Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Island"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Coral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea"},{"link_name":"TBD Devastators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_TBD_Devastator"},{"link_name":"Shōhō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Shōkaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku"},{"link_name":"combat air patrols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_air_patrol"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":".50 in (12.7 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.50_BMG"},{"link_name":"M2 Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun"},{"link_name":".30 in (7.62 mm)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.30-06_Springfield"},{"link_name":"AN/M2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun#.30_AN/M2"},{"link_name":"Stanley \"Swede\" Vejtasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swede_Vejtasa"},{"link_name":"A6M2 Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero"},{"link_name":"cut off the wing of the third in a head-on pass with his wingtip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_ramming"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vejtasa-10"},{"link_name":"[N 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_SBD_Dauntless_dropping_a_bomb,_circa_in_1942.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"dive brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_brake"},{"link_name":"trailing edges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_edge"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Akagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi"},{"link_name":"Kaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga"},{"link_name":"Sōryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Hiryū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"heavy cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Mikuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Mikuma"},{"link_name":"Midway Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Atoll"},{"link_name":"SB2U Vindicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_SB2U_Vindicator"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"glide bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_bomber#Definition"},{"link_name":"National Naval Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Grumman F4F Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parshall_and_Tully-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Douglas_SBD_Dive_Bomber_over_Wake_Island,_1943.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-10)"},{"link_name":"Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign"},{"link_name":"Henderson Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Field_(Guadalcanal)"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"New Georgia Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Georgia_Sound"},{"link_name":"Ryūjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ry%C5%ABj%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Naval Battle of Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Operation Torch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch"},{"link_name":"USS Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ranger_(CV-4)"},{"link_name":"escort carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_carrier"},{"link_name":"Operation Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Leader"},{"link_name":"Bodø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBD-3_CV-4_Norway_1943_NAN10-1-45.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bodø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"SB2C Helldiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_SB2C_Helldiver"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Dauntless_Dive_Bomber_of_World_War_Two-17"},{"link_name":"cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"U.S. Navy and Marine Corps","text":"Damaged VB-6 SBD-3 on Yorktown after the attack on Kaga at MidwayU.S. Navy and Marine Corps SBDs saw their first action at Pearl Harbor, when most of the Marine Corps SBDs of Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 232 (VMSB-232) were destroyed on the ground at Ewa Mooring Mast Field. Most U.S. Navy SBDs flew from their aircraft carriers, which did not operate in close cooperation with the rest of the fleet. Most Navy SBDs at Pearl Harbor, like their Marine Corps counterparts, were destroyed on the ground.[7] On 10 December 1941, SBDs from USS Enterprise sank the Japanese submarine I-70.[8] In February–March 1942, SBDs from the carriers USS Lexington, USS Yorktown, and USS Enterprise, took part in various raids on Japanese installations in the Gilbert Islands, the Marshall Islands, New Guinea, Rabaul, Wake Island, and Marcus Island.The first major use of the SBD in combat was at the Battle of the Coral Sea where SBDs and TBD Devastators sank the Japanese light aircraft carrier (CVL) Shōhō and damaged the Japanese fleet carrier Shōkaku. SBDs were also used for anti-torpedo combat air patrols (CAP) and these scored several victories against Japanese aircraft trying to attack Lexington and Yorktown.[9] Their relatively heavy gun armament with two forward-firing .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns and either one or two rear flexible-mount .30 in (7.62 mm) AN/M2 machine guns was effective against the lightly built Japanese fighters, and many pilots and gunners took aggressive attitudes to the fighters that attacked them. SBD pilot Stanley \"Swede\" Vejtasa was attacked by three A6M2 Zero fighters; he shot down two of them and cut off the wing of the third in a head-on pass with his wingtip.[10] [N 1]A U.S. Navy SBD releasing a bomb with extended dive brakes on the trailing edgesThe SBD's most important contribution to the American war effort came during the Battle of Midway in early June 1942. Four squadrons of Navy SBD dive bombers attacked and sank or fatally damaged all four Japanese fleet carriers present, disabling three of them in the span of just six minutes (Akagi, Kaga, Sōryū) and, later in the day, Hiryū. They also caught two straggling heavy cruisers of the Midway bombardment group of four, heavily damaging them, with Mikuma eventually sinking.At the Battle of Midway, Marine Corps SBDs were not as effective. One squadron, VMSB-241, flying from Midway Atoll, was not trained in the techniques of dive-bombing with their new Dauntlesses (having just partially converted from the SB2U Vindicator).[11] Its pilots resorted to the slower but easier glide bombing technique. This led to many of the SBDs being shot down during their glide, although one survivor from these attacks is now on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum and is the last surviving aircraft to have flown in the battle. The carrier-borne squadrons were effective, especially when they were escorted by Grumman F4F Wildcats.[12] The success of dive bombing resulted from one important circumstance:Unlike American squadrons that attacked shortly before one at a time, allowing defending Japanese Zero fighters to concentrate on each squadron to shoot them down or drive them away from the carriers, three squadrons totaling 47 SBDs (VS-6, VB-6, and VB-3), one squadron of 12 TBD torpedo aircraft (VT-3), and six F4F fighters (from VF-3) all arrived simultaneously, with two of the SBD squadrons (VS-6 and VB-6) arriving from a different direction from the other squadrons. Without central fighter direction, the approximately 40 Zeros concentrated on the TBDs, with some fighting the F4Fs covering the TBDs, leaving the SBDs unhindered by fighter opposition in their approach and attack (although most of the TBDs were shot down).[13]A VB-5 SBD from Yorktown over Wake, early October 1943SBDs played a major role in the Guadalcanal campaign, operating off both American carriers and from Henderson Field on Guadalcanal. SBDs proved lethal to Japanese shipping that failed to clear New Georgia Sound (The Slot) by daylight. Losses inflicted included the carrier Ryūjō, sunk near the Solomon Islands on 24 August. Three other Japanese carriers were damaged during the six-month campaign. SBDs sank a cruiser and nine transports during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal.In the Atlantic Ocean the SBD saw action during Operation Torch, the Allied landings in North Africa in November 1942. The SBDs flew from USS Ranger and two escort carriers. Eleven months later, during Operation Leader, the SBDs saw their European debut when aircraft from Ranger attacked Nazi German shipping around Bodø, Norway.[14]A VB-4 SBD near Bodø, Norway, 4 October 1943By 1944 the U.S. Navy began replacing the SBD with the more powerful SB2C Helldiver. During the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, a long range twilight strike was made against the retreating Japanese fleet, at (or beyond) the limit of the combat radius of the aircraft. The force had about twenty minutes of daylight over their targets before attempting the long return in the dark. Of the 215 aircraft, only 115 made it back. Twenty were lost to enemy action in the attack, and 80 were lost as one by one they expended their fuel and had to ditch into the sea.[15] In the attack were 26 SBDs, all of which made it back to the carriers.The Battle of the Philippine Sea was the last major engagement of the carrier-borne SBDs. Marine squadrons continued to fly SBDs until the end of the war. Although the Curtiss Helldiver had a more powerful engine, a higher maximum speed and could carry nearly a thousand pounds more in bomb load, many of the dive bomber pilots preferred the SBD, which was lighter and had better low-speed handling characteristics, critical for carrier landings.The Dauntless was one of the most important aircraft in the Pacific War, sinking more enemy shipping in the Pacific than any other Allied bomber. Barrett Tillman, in his book on the Dauntless, claims that it has a \"plus\" score against enemy aircraft, meaning it was credited with more victories over enemy planes than losses from enemy action. This is considered to be a rare event for a nominal \"bomber\".[16]A total of 5,936 SBDs were produced during the war. The last SBD rolled off the assembly lines at the Douglas Aircraft plant in El Segundo, California, on 21 July 1944. The Navy placed emphasis on the heavier, faster and longer-ranged SB2C. From Pearl Harbor through April 1944, SBDs had flown 1,189,473 operational hours, with 25% of all operational hours flown off aircraft carriers being in SBDs. Its battle record shows that in addition to six Japanese carriers, 14 enemy cruisers had been sunk, along with six destroyers, 15 transports or cargo ships and scores of various lesser craft.[17]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-24B_531FS_Makin13Dec43.jpg"},{"link_name":"Makin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butaritari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-24_rear_gunner_position.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"27th Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"fought on the Bataan Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan"},{"link_name":"91st Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"trap shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_shooting"},{"link_name":"Malang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malang"},{"link_name":"Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"8th Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"3d Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3d_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Buna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buna_Bay"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Islands"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fact_Sheet-6"},{"link_name":"Makin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makin_(atoll)"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kiska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiska"},{"link_name":"Air Force (USAF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"(through 1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"United States Army Air Forces","text":"A-24B taxiing at Makin Island, 1943Rear gunner position on A-24 displayed at the National Museum of the United States Air ForceThe USAAF sent 52 A-24 Banshees in crates to the Philippines in the fall of 1941 to equip the 27th Bombardment Group, whose personnel were sent separately. However, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, these bombers were diverted to Australia and the 27th BG fought on the Bataan Peninsula as infantry. While in Australia the aircraft were reassembled for flight to the Philippines, but their missing parts, including solenoids, trigger motors and gun mounts delayed their shipment. Plagued with mechanical problems, the A-24s were diverted to the 91st Bombardment Squadron and designated for assignment to Java instead.Referring to themselves as \"Blue Rock Clay Pigeons\" (after a brand of trap shooting targets), the 91st BS based at Malang attacked the enemy-held harbor and airbase at Bali and damaged or sank numerous ships around Java during the Dutch East Indies campaign.[18] After the Japanese downed two A-24s and damaged three so badly that they could no longer fly, the 91st received orders to evacuate Java in early March 1942.The A-24s remaining in Australia were assigned to the 8th Bombardment Squadron of 3d Bombardment Group, to defend New Guinea. On 29 July 1942, seven A-24s attacked a convoy off Buna, but only one survived: the Japanese shot down five of them and damaged the sixth so badly that it did not make it back to base. Regarded by many pilots as too slow, short ranged and poorly armed, the remaining A-24s were relegated to non-combat missions. In the U.S., the A-24s became training aircraft or towed targets for aerial gunnery training. The more powerful A-24B was used later against the Japanese forces in the Gilbert Islands.[6] From December 1943 until March 1944, the 531st Fighter Squadron of the 7th Air Force flew A-24Bs from Makin Island in the Gilbert Islands against Japanese controlled islands in the Marshall Islands. The A-24Bs were then withdrawn from combat.The A-24B (equivalent to the U.S. Navy SBD-5, with the omission of the arrestor hook) arrived in 1943 with the more powerful 1,200-hp Wright R-1820-60 Cyclone engine, a more powerful engine than either the A-24 or A-24A. As a result, the A-24B could fly slightly faster and higher than the earlier models. The A-24B lacked the small air intake on the top of the engine cowling present on the earlier models and that is an easy way to distinguish the B model. The 407th Bomb Group, assigned to the 11th Air Force, flew A-24Bs against the Japanese held island of Kiska, Alaska, during July and August 1943.A handful of A-24s survived in the inventory of the USAAF long enough to be taken over by the Air Force (USAF) when that service became independent of the Army in September 1947. The USAF established a new designation system for its aircraft, eliminating the \"A-\" (for attack) category (through 1962); all of the single-engined \"A-\" aircraft were given \"F-\" (for fighter) nomenclature (or were determined to be obsolete and scrapped); thus the few remaining A-24 Banshees became known as F-24 Banshees, soldiering on in a reserve role until 1950 when they were scrapped.[19]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Naval Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Naval_Aviation"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Free French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria"},{"link_name":"French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Indochina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"Arromanches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Arromanches"}],"sub_title":"French Air Force and Naval Aviation (Aeronavale)","text":"The first production Dauntless sent into action was the \"SBD-3\", which was produced for the French Naval Aviation. A total of 174 Dauntlesses were ordered by the French Navy, but with the fall of France in the spring of 1940 that production batch was diverted to the U.S. Navy, which ordered 410 more.The Free French received about 80 SBD-5s and A-24Bs from the United States in 1944. They were used as trainers and close-support aircraft.Free French squadrons received 40 to 50 A-24Bs in Morocco and Algeria during 1943.\nFrench Naval Aviation (Aeronautique Navale) received 32 in late 1944 for Flotilles 3FB and 4FB (16 SBD-5s for each).Squadron I/17 Picardie used a few A-24Bs for coastal patrol. The most combat-experienced of the Banshee units was GC 1/18 Vendee, which flew A-24Bs in support of Allied forces in southern France and also experienced how deadly German flak was, losing several aircraft in 1944. This squadron flew from North Africa to recently liberated Toulouse to support Allied and French resistance troops. Later, the unit was assigned to support attacks on cities occupied by the Germans on the French Atlantic coast. In April 1945 each SBD-5 averaged three missions a day in the European theater. In 1946 the French Air Force based its A-24Bs in Morocco as trainers.French Navy Dauntlesses were based in Cognac at the end of 1944. The French Navy Dauntlesses were the last ones to see combat, during the Indochina War, flying from the carrier Arromanches (the former Royal Navy carrier Colossus). In late 1947 during one operation in the Indochina War, Flotille 4F flew 200 missions and dropped 65 tons of bombs. By 1949, the French Navy removed the Dauntless from combat status although the type was still flown as a trainer through 1953.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 25 Squadron RNZAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RNZAF"},{"link_name":"South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"}],"sub_title":"Royal New Zealand Air Force","text":"The Royal New Zealand Air Force received 18 SBD-3s and 23 SBD-4s and No. 25 Squadron RNZAF used them in combat over the South Pacific. Under the original plan, four Squadrons (25, 26, 27 and 28) of the RNZAF were going to be equipped with the Dauntless but only 25 Squadron used them. The RNZAF soon replaced them with F4U Corsairs.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_SBD_production_line_1943.jpg"},{"link_name":"El Segundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Segundo,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FFAR_on_SBD.png"},{"link_name":"FFARs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Inch_Forward_Firing_Aircraft_Rocket"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"Tulsa, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"F4Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mondey_p127-21"}],"text":"SBD-5 production at El Segundo, 1943FFARs mounted on a SBD for testing, 1944XBT-2\nprototype, airframe was a production Northrop BT-1 heavily modified and redesignated as the XBT-2. Further modified by Douglas as the XSBD-1.\nSBD-1\nMarine Corps version without self-sealing fuel tanks; 57 built.\nSBD-1P\nreconnaissance aircraft, converted from SBD-1s.\nSBD-2\nNavy version with increased fuel capacity and different armament but without self-sealing fuel tanks, starting in early 1941; 87 built.\nSBD-2P\nreconnaissance aircraft, converted from SBD-2s.\nSBD-3\nbegan to be manufactured in early 1941. This provided increased protection, self-sealing fuel tanks, and four machine guns; 584 were built.\nSBD-4\nprovided a 24-volt (up from 12 volt) electrical system; In addition, a new propeller and fuel pumps rounded out the improvements over the SBD-3. 780 built.\nSBD-4P\nreconnaissance aircraft, converted from SBD-4s.\nSBD-5\nThe most produced version, primarily produced at the Douglas Aircraft plant in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Equipped with a 1,200-hp engine and an increased ammunition supply. A total of 2,965 were built, and a few were shipped to the Royal Navy for evaluation. In addition to American service, these saw combat against the Japanese with No. 25 Squadron of the Royal New Zealand Air Force which soon replaced them with F4Us, and against the Luftwaffe with the Free French Air Force. A few were also sent to Mexico.\nSBD-5A\n\nas A-24B, for USAAF but delivered to USMC; 60 built.\nSBD-6\nThe final version, providing more improvements, including a 1,350 hp (1,010 kW) engine, but production ended in the summer of 1944; 450 built.\nA-24 Banshee (SBD-3A)\nUSAAF equivalent of the SBD-3 without arrestor hook; 168 built.[20]\nA-24A Banshee (SBD-4A)\nUSAAF equivalent of the SBD-4; 170 built.\nA-24B Banshee (SBD-5A)\nUSAAF equivalent of the SBD-5; 615 built.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBD-4_RNZAF_Espiritu_Santo_1943.jpg"},{"link_name":"No. 25 Squadron RNZAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RNZAF"},{"link_name":"Espiritu Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritu_Santo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBD-5_Royal_Navy_JS997.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Chilean Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_p.150-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_pp.151%E2%80%93155-24"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_pp.151%E2%80%93155-24"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexican Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Moroccan Desert Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_Nationale_(Morocco)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"No. 25 Squadron RNZAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RNZAF"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_p.150-22"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"339th Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/339th_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"}],"text":"A No. 25 Squadron RNZAF SBD-4 on Espiritu Santo, 1944One of nine SBD-5s supplied to the Royal NavyChileChilean Air Force operated A-24B Banshees.[21][22]FranceFrench Air Force[23]\nFrench Navy[23]MexicoMexican Air Force[24]MoroccoMoroccan Desert Police[25]New ZealandRoyal New Zealand Air Force[26]\nNo. 25 Squadron RNZAFUnited KingdomRoyal Air Force received aircraft for evaluation from the nine originally tested by the Fleet Air Arm.[21]\nRoyal Navy Fleet Air Arm received nine former United States Navy SBD-5s for evaluation.United StatesUnited States Army Air Forces\n339th Bombardment Group (Dive), as operational training unit in 1942-1943\nUnited States Marine Corps\nUnited States Navy","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"close air support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"Pauwela, Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiku-Pauwela,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Territory of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gero43-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aar-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aar-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gero43-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gero43-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aar-29"}],"text":"On 7 December 1943, during a joint U.S. Navy–U.S. Marine simulated close air support exercise near Pauwela, Maui, Territory of Hawaii, the pilot of a U.S. Navy SBD-5, BuNo 36045[27] of squadron VB-10,[28] initiated a slight right-hand turn and deployed dive brakes in preparation for a bomb run, but his aircraft was struck by a second VB-10[28] SBD-5, 36099,[27] that did not have dive brakes deployed. Both aircraft crashed, and a bomb knocked loose from 36045 fell in the midst of a group of marines and detonated, killing 20 and seriously injuring 24. Both SBD pilots parachuted to safety, but both SBD gunners died, one after an unsuccessful bailout attempt. The collision was attributed to poor judgment and flying technique by both pilots.[27] Aviation Archaeology Investigation & Research gives the date of this accident as 6 December.[28]","title":"Notable accidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army-A24.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SBD-2_recovered_Lake_Michigan_1994.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"USS Sable (IX-81)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sable"},{"link_name":"National Naval Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum"}],"text":"The hyphenated numbers are original U.S. Army Air Forces Serial Numbers (AAF Ser. No.); four or five digit numbers are original U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) Bureau Numbers (BuNo).A-24 at the National Museum of the United States Air ForceSBD-2, BuNo 2106, a Battle of Midway veteran, later returned to United States as a carrier qualification training aircraft. Ditched in Lake Michigan while attempting to land aboard USS Sable (IX-81), 1943; recovered from Lake Michigan, 1994. Totally restored and placed on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in 2001.","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force_Museum"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"On displaySBD-406853 – Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum in Christchurch.[29]","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vilu_War_Museum,_Guadalcanal,_Solomon_Islands.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vilu Military Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilu_Military_Museum"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"}],"sub_title":"Solomon Islands","text":"SBD at the Vilu War Museum in GuadalcanalOn displaySBD-?Unknown – Vilu Military Museum in Guadalcanal.","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erickson Aircraft Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erickson_Aircraft_Collection"},{"link_name":"Madras, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Lone Star Flight Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Star_Flight_Museum"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Yanks Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanks_Air_Museum"},{"link_name":"Chino, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino,_California"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Planes of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planes_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Chino, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino,_California"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Commemorative Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Peachtree City, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peachtree_City,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Wright-Patterson Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Pima Air & Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Davis-Monthan Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis-Monthan_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Tucson, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"National Naval Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ford Island, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Island,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Zoo_December_2019_086_(Douglas_SBD-3_Dauntless).jpg"},{"link_name":"Air Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Zoo"},{"link_name":"National World War II Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_World_War_II_Museum"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Base Quantico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Air Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Kalamazoo, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"National Naval Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"USS Lexington (CV-16)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-16)"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas"},{"link_name":"National Naval Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"National Naval Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"San Diego Aerospace Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Aerospace_Museum"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"National Naval Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Midway Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Airport"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"USS Yorktown (CV-10)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-10)"},{"link_name":"Patriot's Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot%27s_Point"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs_Air_Museum"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiant_Air_Command_Warbird_Museum"},{"link_name":"Titusville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titusville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"National Naval Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"American Heritage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heritage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hudson, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"National Naval Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ford Island, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Island,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"National Air and Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"USS Midway Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Midway_Museum"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Air Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Portage, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Castle Air Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Air_Museum"},{"link_name":"Castle Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Atwater, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater,_California"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Military Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Virginia Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"AirworthyA-24A42-60817 – based at the Erickson Aircraft Collection in Madras, Oregon as an SBD-3.[30][31]A-24B42-54682 – based at the Lone Star Flight Museum in Houston, Texas as an SBD-5.[32][33]SBD-410518 – based at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.[34][35]\n10694 – based at the National Museum of World War II Aviation in Colorado Springs, Colorado.[36][37]SBD-528536 – based at the Planes of Fame in Chino, California.[38][39]\n54532 – based at the Commemorative Air Force – Airbase Georgia in Peachtree City, Georgia[40][41][42]On displayA-24B42-54582 – National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio.[43]\n42-54654 – Pima Air & Space Museum, adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson, Arizona.[44]SBD-202106 – National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.[45] Veteran of the Pearl Harbor attack and the Battle of Midway.\n02173 – Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum at Ford Island, Hawaii.[46]SBD-3SBD-3 on display at the Air Zoo06508 – National World War II Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana.[47]\n06583 – National Museum of the Marine Corps at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia.[48]\n06624 – Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It is on loan from National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola.[49]\n06694 – USS Lexington (CV-16) museum in Corpus Christi, Texas. It is on loan from National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola.[50]SBD-406833 – National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida in its recovered condition in a simulated underwater exhibit.[51]\n06900 – San Diego Aerospace Museum in San Diego, California. It is on loan from the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola.[52]\n10575 – Battle of Midway Memorial at Midway Airport in Chicago, Illinois.[53]SBD-536173 – USS Yorktown (CV-10) at the Patriot's Point Naval and Maritime Museum in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina.[54]\n36176 – Palm Springs Air Museum in Palm Springs, California.[55]\n36291 - Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum in Titusville, Florida. It is on loan from the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola.[56]\n36711 - American Heritage Museum in Hudson, Massachusetts. Long term loan from the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola. Formerly on display at Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum at Ford Island, Hawaii.[57]SBD-654605 – National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.[58]\n54654 – USS Midway Museum in San Diego, California.[59]Under restoration or in storageSBD-11612 – for display at the Air Zoo in Portage, Michigan.[60]SBD-410508 – for display at the Castle Air Museum at the former Castle Air Force Base in Atwater, California.[61]SBD-536175 – to flightworthiness at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia.[62]","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_SBD_Dauntless.svg"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francillon-64"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 2415","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 2407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-65"},{"link_name":"Wright R-1820-60 Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-1820-60_Cyclone"},{"link_name":"Hamilton-Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton-Standard"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"},{"link_name":"Browning M2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browning_M2"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_guns"},{"link_name":"Browning M1919 machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb"}],"text":"3-view of an SBDData from McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume I[63]General characteristicsCrew: 2\nLength: 33 ft 1.25 in (10.0902 m)\nWingspan: 41 ft 6.375 in (12.65873 m)\nHeight: 13 ft 7 in (4.14 m)\nWing area: 325 sq ft (30.2 m2)\nAirfoil: root: NACA 2415; tip: NACA 2407[64]\nEmpty weight: 6,404 lb (2,905 kg)\nGross weight: 9,359 lb (4,245 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 10,700 lb (4,853 kg)\nFuel capacity: 260 US gal (220 imp gal; 980 L) in non-metallic self-sealing fuel tanks\nPowerplant: 1 × Wright R-1820-60 Cyclone 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,200 hp (890 kW)\nPropellers: 3-bladed Hamilton-Standard constant-speed propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 255 mph (410 km/h, 222 kn) at 14,000 ft (4,300 m)\nCruise speed: 185 mph (298 km/h, 161 kn)\nRange: 1,115 mi (1,794 km, 969 nmi)\nFerry range: 1,565 mi (2,519 km, 1,360 nmi)\nService ceiling: 25,530 ft (7,780 m)\nRate of climb: 1,700 ft/min (8.6 m/s)\nWing loading: 28.8 lb/sq ft (141 kg/m2)\nPower/mass: 0.128 hp/lb (0.210 kW/kg)ArmamentGuns: ** 2 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) forward-firing synchronized Browning M2 machine guns in engine cowling\n2 × 0.30 in (7.62 mm) flexible-mounted Browning M1919 machine guns in rear\nBombs: 2,250 lb (1,020 kg) of bombs","title":"Specifications (SBD-5)"}]
[{"image_text":"Comparison of the XBT-1 and XBT-2 (SBD)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Northrop_XBT-1_and_XBT-2_comparison.jpg/220px-Northrop_XBT-1_and_XBT-2_comparison.jpg"},{"image_text":"Damaged VB-6 SBD-3 on Yorktown after the attack on Kaga at Midway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Douglas_SBD-3_Dauntless_of_VB-6_after_landing_aboard_USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29%2C_4_June_1942_%28NH_100740%29.jpg/220px-Douglas_SBD-3_Dauntless_of_VB-6_after_landing_aboard_USS_Yorktown_%28CV-5%29%2C_4_June_1942_%28NH_100740%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A U.S. Navy SBD releasing a bomb with extended dive brakes on the trailing edges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless_dropping_a_bomb%2C_circa_in_1942.jpg/220px-Douglas_SBD_Dauntless_dropping_a_bomb%2C_circa_in_1942.jpg"},{"image_text":"A VB-5 SBD from Yorktown over Wake, early October 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/A_Douglas_SBD_Dive_Bomber_over_Wake_Island%2C_1943.jpg/220px-A_Douglas_SBD_Dive_Bomber_over_Wake_Island%2C_1943.jpg"},{"image_text":"A VB-4 SBD near Bodø, Norway, 4 October 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SBD-3_CV-4_Norway_1943_NAN10-1-45.jpg/220px-SBD-3_CV-4_Norway_1943_NAN10-1-45.jpg"},{"image_text":"A-24B taxiing at Makin Island, 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/A-24B_531FS_Makin13Dec43.jpg/220px-A-24B_531FS_Makin13Dec43.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rear gunner position on A-24 displayed at the National Museum of the United States Air Force","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/A-24_rear_gunner_position.jpg/220px-A-24_rear_gunner_position.jpg"},{"image_text":"SBD-5 production at El Segundo, 1943","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Douglas_SBD_production_line_1943.jpg/220px-Douglas_SBD_production_line_1943.jpg"},{"image_text":"FFARs mounted on a SBD for testing, 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/FFAR_on_SBD.png/220px-FFAR_on_SBD.png"},{"image_text":"A No. 25 Squadron RNZAF SBD-4 on Espiritu Santo, 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/SBD-4_RNZAF_Espiritu_Santo_1943.jpg/220px-SBD-4_RNZAF_Espiritu_Santo_1943.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of nine SBD-5s supplied to the Royal Navy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/SBD-5_Royal_Navy_JS997.jpg/220px-SBD-5_Royal_Navy_JS997.jpg"},{"image_text":"A-24 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Army-A24.jpg/220px-Army-A24.jpg"},{"image_text":"SBD-2, BuNo 2106, a Battle of Midway veteran, later returned to United States as a carrier qualification training aircraft. Ditched in Lake Michigan while attempting to land aboard USS Sable (IX-81), 1943; recovered from Lake Michigan, 1994. Totally restored and placed on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in 2001.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SBD-2_recovered_Lake_Michigan_1994.jpg/220px-SBD-2_recovered_Lake_Michigan_1994.jpg"},{"image_text":"SBD at the Vilu War Museum in Guadalcanal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Vilu_War_Museum%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_Solomon_Islands.jpg/220px-Vilu_War_Museum%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_Solomon_Islands.jpg"},{"image_text":"SBD-3 on display at the Air Zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Air_Zoo_December_2019_086_%28Douglas_SBD-3_Dauntless%29.jpg/220px-Air_Zoo_December_2019_086_%28Douglas_SBD-3_Dauntless%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"3-view of an SBD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless.svg/400px-Douglas_SBD_Dauntless.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"HyperWar: The Army Air Forces in WWII: Vol. IV--The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan [Chapter 1]\". www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved 21 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/IV/AAF-IV-1.html","url_text":"\"HyperWar: The Army Air Forces in WWII: Vol. IV--The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan [Chapter 1]\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Douglas SBD Dauntless & Curtiss SB2C Helldiver\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airvectors.net/avsbd.html","url_text":"\"The Douglas SBD Dauntless & Curtiss SB2C Helldiver\""}]},{"reference":"\"USS Enterprise (CV 6), America's Navy, Navy News Service\". Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161122033229/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/nav_legacy.asp?id=15","url_text":"\"USS Enterprise (CV 6), America's Navy, Navy News Service\""},{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/navydata/nav_legacy.asp?id=15","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Douglas SBD Dauntless Scout / Dive Bomber, Plane Talk\". Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161027174940/http://www.pacificaviationmuseum.org/pearl-harbor-blog/douglas-sbd-dauntless-scout-dive-bomber","url_text":"\"Douglas SBD Dauntless Scout / Dive Bomber, Plane Talk\""},{"url":"http://www.pacificaviationmuseum.org/pearl-harbor-blog/douglas-sbd-dauntless-scout-dive-bomber","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Action Reports. CO Marine Scout-Bombing Squadron 241. June 12, 1942\". Midway 1942 : Documents.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.midway1942.ru/docs/usn_doc_18.shtml","url_text":"\"Action Reports. CO Marine Scout-Bombing Squadron 241. June 12, 1942\""}]},{"reference":"\"USN Overseas Aircraft Loss List December 1943\". Aviation Archaeology Investigation & Research. Retrieved 24 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/USN/LLDec43.htm","url_text":"\"USN Overseas Aircraft Loss List December 1943\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Keith. \"CAF Douglas SBD-5 Dauntless BuAer 54532\" (PDF). Commemorative Air Force Dixie Wing. CAF Dixie Wing. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://dixiewing.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/CAF-Douglas-SBD-5-Dauntless-BuAer-54532-.pdf","url_text":"\"CAF Douglas SBD-5 Dauntless BuAer 54532\""}]},{"reference":"\"Military Aviation Museum Acquires an SBD-5 Dauntless\". Warbirds News. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://warbirdsnews.com/aviation-museum-news/military-aviation-museum-acquires-an-sbd-5-dauntless.html","url_text":"\"Military Aviation Museum Acquires an SBD-5 Dauntless\""}]},{"reference":"Francillon, René J. (1988). McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 : Volume I. London: Naval Institute Press. pp. 184–193. ISBN 0870214284.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870214284","url_text":"0870214284"}]},{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]},{"reference":"Oktorino, Nino (2019). Duel Para Elang - Pertempuran Udara di Atas Hindia Belanda (in Indonesian). Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo. ISBN 9786230000997.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786230000997","url_text":"9786230000997"}]}]
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A-24"},{"Link":"http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/nnam/virtualtour/?s=pano730","external_links_name":"SBD-2 Dauntless BuNo 2106 Cockpit Panorama, National Naval Aviation Museum, NAS Pensacola, FL"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093647/http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/nnam/virtualtour/?s=pano730","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.emersonguys.com/bill/vb19.htm","external_links_name":"Bombing Squadron Nineteen 1943-1944: The Voices of Bombing Nineteen"},{"Link":"https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/items/show/48137","external_links_name":"Pilot's handbook : SBD-5 and A-24B"},{"Link":"https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/","external_links_name":"The Museum of Flight Digital Collections"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543236905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85035906","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117516&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10648016","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverbend_Park_(Florida)
Riverbend Park (Florida)
["1 Cultural references","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 26°55′37″N 80°10′23″W / 26.927°N 80.173°W / 26.927; -80.173 (Riverbend Park)Park in Florida, United States of America Riverbend ParkTypeUrban parkLocationJupiter, Florida, United StatesCoordinates26°55′37″N 80°10′23″W / 26.927°N 80.173°W / 26.927; -80.173 (Riverbend Park)Area680 acres (280 ha)Operated byPalm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department Riverbend Park is a 680-acre (280 ha) park in the Jupiter Farms section of Jupiter, in Palm Beach County, Florida. The area includes the Riverbend Regional Park Historic District with Indian middens and a preserved battlefield from the Seminole War at the Loxahatchee River Battlefield Park adjacent to Riverbend. The park includes 10 miles of hiking/biking trails, 7 miles of equestrian trails and 5 miles of canoeing/kayaking trails and includes a section of the Loxahatchee River, a National Wild and Scenic River. A Florida cracker farmstead is displayed, as well as a Seminole-style chickee for picnics. The battlefield area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2024. Cultural references Riverbend Park is mentioned in the 2012 novel Torn by Leslie Ann Joy, who grew up in Jupiter Farms. Gallery Park Sign displaying Information about the First Battle of the Loxahatchee. Another Park Sign, this time explaining the Second Battle of the Loxahatchee. A Florida Eastern Lubber Grasshopper, these insects are very common around the park. See also Jonathan Dickinson State Park Battle of the Loxahatchee References ^ Riverbend Park Palm Beach County ^ Riverbend Historical Districy Palm Beach County ^ "Loxahatchee River Battlefield Park". www.co.palm-beach.fl.us. Archived from the original on 2011-09-16. ^ Introduction Riverbend Park ^ "WEEKLY LIST OF ACTIONS TAKEN ON PROPERTIES: 4/5/2024 THROUGH 4/12/2024". National Park Service. Retrieved 2024-04-19. External links Riverbend Park - official site
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jupiter Farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Farms"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Palm Beach County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach_County"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"middens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midden"},{"link_name":"Seminole War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Loxahatchee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxahatchee_River"},{"link_name":"National Wild and Scenic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_River"},{"link_name":"Florida cracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_cracker"},{"link_name":"chickee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Park in Florida, United States of AmericaRiverbend Park is a 680-acre (280 ha) park in the Jupiter Farms section of Jupiter, in Palm Beach County, Florida.[1] The area includes the Riverbend Regional Park Historic District with Indian middens and a preserved battlefield from the Seminole War[2] at the Loxahatchee River Battlefield Park adjacent to Riverbend.[3] The park includes 10 miles of hiking/biking trails, 7 miles of equestrian trails and 5 miles of canoeing/kayaking trails and includes a section of the Loxahatchee River, a National Wild and Scenic River. A Florida cracker farmstead is displayed, as well as a Seminole-style chickee for picnics.[4] The battlefield area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2024.[5]","title":"Riverbend Park (Florida)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Riverbend Park is mentioned in the 2012 novel Torn by Leslie Ann Joy, who grew up in Jupiter Farms.","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Powell%27s_Battle_Sign.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jesup%27s_Battle_Sign.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florida_Eastern_Lubber_Grasshopper_on_Grass_(4).jpg"},{"link_name":"Florida Eastern Lubber Grasshopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romalea"}],"text":"Park Sign displaying Information about the First Battle of the Loxahatchee.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnother Park Sign, this time explaining the Second Battle of the Loxahatchee.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Florida Eastern Lubber Grasshopper, these insects are very common around the park.","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
[{"title":"Jonathan Dickinson State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Dickinson_State_Park"},{"title":"Battle of the Loxahatchee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_the_Loxahatchee"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Prado_Salm%C3%B3n
Gary Prado Salmón
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
Bolivian militant and diplomat (1938–2023) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Prado and the second or maternal family name is Salmón. Gary Prado SalmónPrado in 2020BornGary Augusto Prado Salmón(1938-11-15)15 November 1938Rome, ItalyDied6 May 2023(2023-05-06) (aged 84)Santa Cruz de la Sierra, BoliviaNationalityBolivianEducationArmy Military College Occupation(s)Militant Diplomat Gary Augusto Prado Salmón (15 November 1938 – 6 May 2023) was a Bolivian militant, diplomat, politician, and academic. Biography Born in Rome on 15 November 1938 to Julio Prado Montaño and Adela Salmón Tapia, Prado's family returned to Bolivia at the onset of World War II. He completed his primary studies in Cochabamba and Vallegrande and his secondary studies in La Paz and London. In 1954, he enrolled in the Army Military College , graduating in 1958. Prado's family moved to Santa Cruz de la Sierra while he took military courses in the United States. He was the captain of a squadron that captured Che Guevara near La Higuera on 8 October 1967. He was not present at Guevara's execution the next day. From 24 November 1978 to 8 August 1979, Prado was Minister of Planning and Coordination in the cabinet of military President David Padilla. From 1990 to 1993, he was Ambassador of Bolivia to the United Kingdom, and from 2000 to 2002, Ambassador to Mexico. In 2012, he was accused by the government of President Evo Morales of having organized a civil war. He was declared innocent of all charges by the justice. Gary Prado Salmón died in Santa Cruz de la Sierra on 6 May 2023, at the age of 84. References ^ Rosales Melgar, Álvaro (6 May 2023). "Gary Prado Salmón, la historia de un general que capturó al Che Guevara". Unitel Bolivia (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 May 2023. ^ Crausaz, Nadine (27 September 2017). ""Pour Castro, le Che valait plus mort que vivant"". Swissinfo (in French). Retrieved 9 May 2023. ^ Sandomir, Richard (20 May 2023). "Gary Prado Salmón, Bolivian Captor of Che Guevara, Dies at 84". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2024. ^ "Bolivie: mandat d'arrêt contre le général qui avait capturé Che Guevara". RTBF (in French). 10 October 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2023. ^ "Mort de l'officier bolivien qui avait capturé Che Guevara en 1967". Le Point (in French). 7 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023. External links Gary Prado Salmón at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Prado and the second or maternal family name is Salmón.Gary Augusto Prado Salmón (15 November 1938 – 6 May 2023) was a Bolivian militant, diplomat, politician, and academic.","title":"Gary Prado Salmón"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cochabamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochabamba"},{"link_name":"Vallegrande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallegrande"},{"link_name":"La Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Army Military College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_Military_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio_Militar_del_Ej%C3%A9rcito"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz de la Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Che Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara"},{"link_name":"La Higuera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Higuera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"David Padilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Padilla"},{"link_name":"Evo Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evo_Morales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Born in Rome on 15 November 1938 to Julio Prado Montaño and Adela Salmón Tapia, Prado's family returned to Bolivia at the onset of World War II. He completed his primary studies in Cochabamba and Vallegrande and his secondary studies in La Paz and London. In 1954, he enrolled in the Army Military College [es], graduating in 1958.[1]Prado's family moved to Santa Cruz de la Sierra while he took military courses in the United States. He was the captain of a squadron that captured Che Guevara near La Higuera on 8 October 1967. He was not present at Guevara's execution the next day.[2][3]From 24 November 1978 to 8 August 1979, Prado was Minister of Planning and Coordination in the cabinet of military President David Padilla. From 1990 to 1993, he was Ambassador of Bolivia to the United Kingdom, and from 2000 to 2002, Ambassador to Mexico. In 2012, he was accused by the government of President Evo Morales of having organized a civil war. He was declared innocent of all charges by the justice.[4]Gary Prado Salmón died in Santa Cruz de la Sierra on 6 May 2023, at the age of 84.[5]","title":"Biography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Scott_(Screenwriter)
Gavin Scott
["1 Writing credits","2 Awards and nominations","3 References","4 External links"]
English novelist, broadcaster and screenwriter For the Scottish rugby union player, see Gavin Scott (rugby union). Gavin ScottBorn1950 (age 73–74)Kingston upon Hull, EnglandOccupationDirector, screenwriter, television producerAlma materVictoria University of WellingtonPeriod1992–presentGenreComedy, drama, adventure, science fiction Gavin Duncan Scott (born 1950) is an English novelist, broadcaster and writer of the Emmy-winning mini-series The Mists of Avalon, Small Soldiers, The Borrowers and Legend of Earthsea. He spent ten years making films for British television before becoming a screenwriter, creating more than two hundred documentaries and short films for BBC and the commercial TV, including UK’s prestigious Channel 4. His first assignment in the United States was with George Lucas, developing and scripting The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. His work ranges from family entertainment to comedy, science fiction and historical dramas. Scott wrote Krakatoa, a Titanic-style movie for National Geographic Feature Films, and an eight-hour adaptation of War and Peace for Lux Vida SPA, directed by Robert Dornhelm (Into the West, The Ten Commandments). He created and executive produced a 22-part television series set in the nineteenth century about the origins of the creative ideas of Jules Verne, which was broadcast around the world. In 2006, his children's film Treasure Island Kids: The Battle for Treasure Island, starring Randy Quaid, was released on DVD. Born in Hull, Yorkshire, Gavin emigrated with his family to New Zealand in 1961. At 17 he spent a year as a volunteer teacher in the jungles of Borneo, working with the children of head-hunters, after which he studied history and political science at Victoria University of Wellington, and journalism at the Wellington Polytechnic. He returned to Britain overland across Asia in 1973, traveling through Sri Lanka, Kashmir, Afghanistan and Iran, and worked for Shelter, the British housing charity, before joining the Times Educational Supplement, from which base he also wrote features for The Times. After five years as a reporter and program anchor for BBC Radio, Gavin began in 1980 making films for BBC Television’s Newsnight, covering literary as well as political subjects; among his interviewees, J.B. Priestley, Christopher Isherwood, Iris Murdoch and John Fowles. He then made documentaries on science and culture for series such as Horizon and Man Alive before joining Channel 4 News, for which he made films until 1990. Following the death of Maurice Macmillan in 1984, son of the former British Prime Minister and MP for Surrey South West Harold Macmillan, Gavin Scott was selected and stood as a Liberal here at the Parliamentary Byelection for the Liberal/SDP Alliance and came within 2,600 votes of taking the seat from the Conservative candidate Virginia Bottomley who went on to serve in John Major's cabinet. It was during this time that he started writing novels, including Hot Pursuit, about a Russian satellite that crashed in New Zealand, and A Flight of Lies, about the hunt for the bones of Peking Man. He has recently written a Dickensian historical novel set in the nineteenth century, The Adventures of Toby Wey. He also had a stint at ITN as a reporter/newsreader in the late 1980s. With Terry Jones, he co-created the animated television series Blazing Dragons (1996–1998). Reversing a medieval fantasy trope, the series' main characters are anthropomorphic dragons beset by evil humans. Gavin is also a sculptor, creating shadow boxes similar to those of Joseph Cornell, using mass-produced toys as his medium. He lives with his family in Santa Monica, California, and recently finished writing the script of Absolutely Anything with Terry Jones. Writing credits Production Notes Broadcaster The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles "Barcelona, May 1917" (1992) "Petrograd, July 1917" (1993) "Prague, August 1917" (1993) ABC Thatcherworld Short film (1993) BBC2 Space Rangers "The Trial" (1994) CBS The Borrowers Feature film (1997) N/A Small Soldiers Feature film (1998) N/A The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne 22 episodes (2000) CBC The Mists of Avalon Television miniseries (2001) TNT Legend of Earthsea Television miniseries (2004) Sci-Fi Channel Treasure Island Kids: The Battle of Treasure Island Feature film (2006) N/A Treasure Island Kids: The Monster of Treasure Island Feature film (2006) N/A Treasure Island Kids: The Mystery of Treasure Island Feature film (2006) N/A War and Peace Television miniseries (2007) RAI Beauty and the Beast Feature film (2009) N/A Absolutely Anything Feature film (co-written with Terry Jones, 2015) N/A Awards and nominations Year Award Work Category Result Reference 2002 Writers Guild of America Awards The Mists of Avalon Adapted Long Form Nominated References ^ "BBC America". BBC America. ^ "Variety". Variety. External links Official website Gavin Scott at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gavin Scott (rugby union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Scott_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"The Mists of Avalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mists_of_Avalon_(TV_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Small Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Soldiers"},{"link_name":"The Borrowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Borrowers_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Legend of Earthsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_Earthsea"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"George Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lucas"},{"link_name":"The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"War and Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_and_Peace_(2007_TV_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Robert Dornhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dornhelm"},{"link_name":"Into the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_West_(TV_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"The Ten Commandments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"Randy Quaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Quaid"},{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_America'-1"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Wellington Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Polytechnic"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_(charity)"},{"link_name":"Times Educational Supplement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Educational_Supplement"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"Newsnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsnight"},{"link_name":"J.B. Priestley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.B._Priestley"},{"link_name":"Christopher Isherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood"},{"link_name":"Iris Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"John Fowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fowles"},{"link_name":"Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(BBC_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Man Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Alive_(BBC_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Channel 4 News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4_News"},{"link_name":"Maurice Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Macmillan"},{"link_name":"Harold Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Peking Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_Man"},{"link_name":"ITN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITN"},{"link_name":"Terry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jones"},{"link_name":"Blazing Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazing_Dragons"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphic"},{"link_name":"Absolutely Anything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutely_Anything"},{"link_name":"Terry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jones"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety'-2"}],"text":"For the Scottish rugby union player, see Gavin Scott (rugby union).Gavin Duncan Scott (born 1950) is an English novelist, broadcaster and writer of the Emmy-winning mini-series The Mists of Avalon, Small Soldiers, The Borrowers and Legend of Earthsea. He spent ten years making films for British television before becoming a screenwriter, creating more than two hundred documentaries and short films for BBC and the commercial TV, including UK’s prestigious Channel 4. His first assignment in the United States was with George Lucas, developing and scripting The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. His work ranges from family entertainment to comedy, science fiction and historical dramas.Scott wrote Krakatoa, a Titanic-style movie for National Geographic Feature Films, and an eight-hour adaptation of War and Peace for Lux Vida SPA, directed by Robert Dornhelm (Into the West, The Ten Commandments).He created and executive produced a 22-part television series set in the nineteenth century about the origins of the creative ideas of Jules Verne, which was broadcast around the world.In 2006, his children's film Treasure Island Kids: The Battle for Treasure Island, starring Randy Quaid, was released on DVD.Born in Hull, Yorkshire, Gavin emigrated with his family to New Zealand in 1961.[1] At 17 he spent a year as a volunteer teacher in the jungles of Borneo, working with the children of head-hunters, after which he studied history and political science at Victoria University of Wellington, and journalism at the Wellington Polytechnic. He returned to Britain overland across Asia in 1973, traveling through Sri Lanka, Kashmir, Afghanistan and Iran, and worked for Shelter, the British housing charity, before joining the Times Educational Supplement, from which base he also wrote features for The Times.After five years as a reporter and program anchor for BBC Radio, Gavin began in 1980 making films for BBC Television’s Newsnight, covering literary as well as political subjects; among his interviewees, J.B. Priestley, Christopher Isherwood, Iris Murdoch and John Fowles. He then made documentaries on science and culture for series such as Horizon and Man Alive before joining Channel 4 News, for which he made films until 1990.Following the death of Maurice Macmillan in 1984, son of the former British Prime Minister and MP for Surrey South West Harold Macmillan, Gavin Scott was selected and stood as a Liberal here at the Parliamentary Byelection for the Liberal/SDP Alliance and came within 2,600 votes of taking the seat from the Conservative candidate Virginia Bottomley who went on to serve in John Major's cabinet.It was during this time that he started writing novels, including Hot Pursuit, about a Russian satellite that crashed in New Zealand, and A Flight of Lies, about the hunt for the bones of Peking Man. He has recently written a Dickensian historical novel set in the nineteenth century, The Adventures of Toby Wey. He also had a stint at ITN as a reporter/newsreader in the late 1980s.With Terry Jones, he co-created the animated television series Blazing Dragons (1996–1998). Reversing a medieval fantasy trope, the series' main characters are anthropomorphic dragons beset by evil humans.Gavin is also a sculptor, creating shadow boxes similar to those of Joseph Cornell, using mass-produced toys as his medium. He lives with his family in Santa Monica, California, and recently finished writing the script of Absolutely Anything with Terry Jones.[2]","title":"Gavin Scott"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Writing credits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Horsting
Viktor & Rolf
["1 Background","2 Collections","3 Return to haute couture","4 Exhibitions","5 Literature","6 References","7 External links"]
Dutch fashion house Viktor & RolfLogo on the wall of the headquartersCompany typePrivate companyIndustryFashionFounded1993; 31 years ago (1993)HeadquartersAmsterdam, NetherlandsKey peopleViktor Horsting & Rolf Snoeren (co-founders & co-creative directors)ProductsApparel and accessoriesParentOTB GroupWebsitewww.viktor-rolf.com Viktor & Rolf is a Dutch avant-garde luxury fashion house founded in 1993 by Viktor Horsting (born 1969, Geldrop) and Rolf Snoeren (born 1969, Dongen). For more than twenty years, Viktor & Rolf have sought to challenge preconceptions of fashion and bridge the divide between fashion and art. Viktor & Rolf have designed both haute couture and ready-to-wear collections. The duo is renowned for their avant-garde designs, which rely heavily on theatrical and performative fashion runways. Background Viktor Horsting and Rolf Snoeren first met while studying at the Arnhem Academy of Art and Design in 1988. Upon graduation in 1992, the pair began working together and relocated to Paris. Initially, Viktor & Rolf were shunned by the fashion industry, however, the designers were received well by the art world. Art institutions such as the Groninger Museum began to acquire garments from the designers. Initial collections established the extravagant silhouettes, witty use of materials and irreverent concepts the designers would come to be known for. In 2000, Viktor & Rolf launched their company logo of a wax seal bearing the monogram V&R, and began to devote their artistic talent to ready-to-wear collections. In 2003, the designers launched a menswear collection which co-existed alongside the women's line until 2009. Viktor & Rolf also created perfumes; the female fragrances Flowerbomb (2004) and Bonbon (2014), along and the male fragrances Antidote (2006) and Spicebomb (2012). In 2015, the designers halted ready-to-wear production and returned once more to haute couture citing that they wanted to "explore the limits of wearability, function and form." Collections 1998 'Atomic Bomb' collection 2003 'Monsieur' collection 2005 'Bedtime Story' collection 2008-09 'NO' collection The fashion company has created both ready-to-wear and haute couture fashion collections. Below is a comprehensive anthology of all Viktor and Rolf collections. Early haute couture collections Hyeres (1993) L’Hiver de l’Amour (1995) L’Apparence du Vide (1995) Launch (1996) First Couture (Spring/Summer 1998) Atomic Bomb (Autumn/Winter 1998–99) Black Light (Spring/Summer 1999) Russian Doll (Autumn/Winter 1999–00) Bells (Autumn/Winter 2000–01) Ready-to-wear Stars & Stripes (Autumn/Winter 2000–01) There's no Business Like Show Business (Spring/Summer 2001) Black Hole (Autumn/Winter 2001–02) (Content warning: blackface) White (Spring/Summer 2002) Love Live the Immaterial (Bluescreen) (Autumn/Winter 2002–03) Flowers (Spring/Summer 2003) One Woman Show (Autumn/Winter 2003–04) ‘Monsieur’ (Autumn/Winter 2003–4) The Red Shoes (Spring/Summer 2004) The Hunt (Autumn/Winter 2004–05) ‘Monsieur’ (Autumn/Winter 2004–05) Flowerbomb (Spring/Summer 2005) ‘Monsieur’ (Spring/Summer 2005) Bedtime Story (Autumn/Winter 2005–06) ‘Monsieur’ (Autumn/Winter 2005–06) Upside Down (Spring/Summer 2006) ‘Monsieur’ (Spring/Summer 2006) Silver (Autumn/Winter 2006–07) ‘Monsieur’ (Autumn/Winter 2006–07) Ballroom (Spring/Summer 2007) ‘Monsieur’ (Spring/Summer 2007) The Fashion Show (Autumn/Winter 2007–08) ‘Monsieur’ (Autumn/Winter 2007–08) Harlequin (Spring/Summer 2008) ‘Monsieur’ (Spring/Summer 2008) NO (Autumn/Winter 2008–09) ‘Monsieur’ (Autumn 2008) ‘Monsieur’ (Spring 2009) Shalom (Spring/Summer 2009) Cutting Edge Couture (Spring/Summer 2010) Glamour Factory (Autumn/Winter 2010–11) Return to haute couture After a thirteen-year hiatus from creating haute couture, Viktor & Rolf re-established themselves as with the Zen Garden (Autumn/Winter 2013–14) collection. Below are small summaries of Viktor & Rolf's most recent haute couture designs. Bonbon (Spring/Summer 2014) Interested in exploring the point at which skin and clothing meet, Viktor & Rolf created a collection of latex couture pieces titled Bonbon. The fluid materiality of latex (not commonly used in high fashion) juxtaposed with the light colour palette resulted in an almost ethereal and angelic collection. The pieces were created seamlessly and designed to appear as a second skin. To depict an illusion of depth stylistic birds, bows and ribbons were hand painted onto the latex, in a trompe-l'œil technique. The Bonbon collection was modelled by ballerinas en-pointe. Red Carpet Dressing (Autumn/Winter 2014–15) Described as a "surrealist commentary," Viktor & Rolf's collection Red Carpet Dressing explored the reciprocal relationship between celebrity and designer. The duo humorously exploited the concept of dressing for the red carpet by designing 22 couture gowns from red carpet. Elegant high fashion pieces were made from unassuming rough and rigid carpet. The designs incorporated animal skin patterns made from the same material and sewn onto the base. The monochromatic palette gave primary focus to the design and pattern making techniques, which recalled primitive knotted constructions and classic couture styles. Viktor & Rolf again used the haute couture platform to comment on the fashion industry and contemporary culture. Van Gogh Girls (Spring/Summer 2015) The ideas of momentum and growth were of central importance in the 2015 haute couture collection. To visualise the central concept, Viktor & Rolf adopted the quintessential summer outfit of a floral sundress, flip flops and a straw dress, and transformed the imagery into three-dimensional sculptural pieces. The collection escalated from a simplistic baby doll silhouette into extravagant couture pieces. Floral outlines evolved into three-dimensional fabric flowers, as simple straw hats extended laterally to connect with the pleated dresses. The evocative colours and black graphic outlines present throughout the garment collection were reminiscent of Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh, of whom the collection was aptly named after. Van Gogh Girls is not only an exercise in exaggerating forms and imagery, but additionally showcased the close relationship between artists and fashion designers. Wearable Art (Autumn/Winter 2015–16) The fluid link between art and fashion was perhaps most clearly portrayed with the Wearable Art haute couture collection. Twenty models, dressed in simple denim artist's smocks, walked the runway draped in what appeared to be oil paintings. Designed to mimic the imagery of classical paintings with gilded frames, the garments included cloaks, dresses and skirts. Through painterly illusion and construction, Viktor & Rolf transformed framed paintings into haute couture garments, and then back to paintings. During the display, the designers removed five of the garments from the models and hung them back on a white wall. The collection provoked public conversation as to the definition of art mediums. Vagabonds (Autumn/Winter 2016–17) Vagabonds entwined recycling with haute couture. Focused on conscious designing, Viktor & Rolf manifested a collection made entirely from discarded materials from their atelier. Strips of fabric were braided, offshoots of tulle were sewn together, and buttons were clustered as embellishment. Overall the garments expressed the artistic possibilities of recycling. The collection was described as "a wondrous feat of conflating rag rugs to riches." Whilst still defined as haute couture, Vagabonds was noted to be a more wearable collection from the duo, offering the public a practical display of eco-friendly haute couture. Boulevard of Broken Dreams (Spring/Summer 2017) Imperfection was the central concept of Viktor & Rolf's most recent haute couture collection. Recalling the message of recycling from the Vagabonds, Boulevard of Broken Dreams pairs contrasting patterned fabric with a fantastical and delicate colour palette. The recycled layers appear almost like shards of glass placed onto Viktor & Rolf's signature exaggerated couture forms. The designers chose to consciously exploit such imperfections, following the Japanese principle of Kintsugi by gilding faults and seams in gold. The aesthetic and intention of the collection was summarised by critic Suzy Menkes: "The patchwork of grandeur was as pretty in its choice of colour as it was in the feminine shapes. And if recycling could be this elegant, maybe it could draw more fashion people to the party." Exhibitions Below is a comprehensive list of art exhibitions which have featured the work of Viktor & Rolf. The sheer number is a testament to the artistic value of their garments. 1994 February–March: L’Hiver de l’Amour - Musée d ‘Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (group exhibition) March: Le Cri néerlandais - Institut Néerlandais, Paris (group exhibition) 1995 October: L’Apparence du Vide - Galerie Patricia Forfmann, Paris December–January 1996: Collections - Galerie Analix, Geneva (group exhibition) 1996 October: Launch - Torch Gallery, Amsterdam 1997 April–May: Viktor & Rolf: Le Regard noir - Stedelijk Museum Bureau, Amsterdam 1998 July–September: The First 25 - Colette, Paris (group exhibition) 1999 April–May: Viktor & Rolf: 21st Century Boys - Aeroplastics Contemporary, Brussels April -June: Visions of the Body: Fashion or Invisible Corset - The Kyoto Costume Institute, Japan (group exhibition) May: Viktor & Rolf - Visionaire Gallery, New York May–June: Creative Time in the Anchorage: Exposing Meaning in Fashion Through Presentation - Brooklyn Bridge Anchorage, New York (group exhibition) June- October: Heaven: An Exhibition That Will Break Your Heart - Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Germany (group exhibition) 2000 November–March 2001: Viktor & Rolf Haute Couture - Groninger Museum, Groningen 2001 March–May: Mohri Colour and Space Part 5 (Sayoko) - Kobe Fashion Museum, Japan (group exhibition) September–November: YOKOHAMA 2001: International Triennale of Contemporary Art - Japan (group exhibition) 2003 October–January 2004: Viktor & Rolf par Viktor & Rolf, première décennie - Musée de la Mode et du Textile, Paris 2004 April–December: Fashion in Colours: Viktor & Rolf & KCI - The Kyoto Costume Institute, Japan May–August: Goddess - ModeMuseum, Antwerp, Belgium (group exhibition) June–September: Skin Tight: The Sensibility of the Flesh - Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (group exhibition) September–January 2005: Spectres: When Fashion Turns Back - ModeMuseum, Antwerp, Belgium (group exhibition) September–January 2005: Fashination - Moderna Museet, Stockholm (group exhibition) 2005 September–December: Dutch at the Edge of Design: Fashion and Textiles from the Netherlands - The Museum at FIT, New York (group exhibition) 2006 November–March 2007: Skin + Bones: Parallel Practices in Fashion and Architecture - The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (group exhibition) November–March 2007: Fashion Show: Paris Collections 2006 - Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (group exhibition) 2007 May–September: Picture House - Belsay Hall, Northumberland, England (group exhibition) 2008 June–September: The House of Viktor & Rolf - Barbican Art Gallery, London, England November–February 2009: The House of Viktor & Rolf - Centraal Museum, Utrecht, The Netherlands 2016 October–February 2017: Viktor & Rolf Fashion Artists - National Gallery of Victoria, Australia 2018 May–September: Viktor & Rolf Fashion Artists 25 Years - Kunsthal, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2024 February–October: Viktor & Rolf Fashion Statements - Kunsthalle, Munich, Germany Literature Thierry-Maxime Loriot (Editor): Viktor&Rolf. Fashion Statements. Hirmer Publishers, Munich 2024, ISBN 978-3-7774-4306-5. References ^ Templeton, Lily (2023-07-05). "Viktor & Rolf Couture Fall 2023". WWD. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ "Revisit Viktor & Rolf's Wildest Wearable Art, Including Their Famous Portable Bed". W Magazine. 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ Convery, Stephanie (2016-10-21). "Viktor & Rolf: from Flowerbomb to a 70kg outfit – in pictures". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ "Viktor & Rolf make wearable art for the world's avant-garde". South China Morning Post. 2020-10-04. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ a b Evans, Caroline and Susannah Frankel (2008).The House of Viktor & Rolf. Merrell Publishers. p.225. ^ Beckett, Kathleen (2014-12-02). "Fashion's Bridge to the Art World". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ "Viktor & Rolf". The Talks. 2011-10-26. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ "The House of Viktor & Rolf | Yatzer". www.yatzer.com. 2008-06-23. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ Evans, Caroline and Susannah Frankel (2008).The House of Viktor & Rolf. Merrell Publishers. p.227. ^ Evans, Caroline and Susannah Frankel (2008).The House of Viktor & Rolf. Merrell Publishers. p.232. ^ Hudson, Shawna (2022-11-23). "Finding a Signature Scent Is Hard, But This Brand Makes 6 I'd Never Get Sick Of". Who What Wear UK. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ Evans, Caroline and Susannah Frankel (2008).The House of Viktor & Rolf. Merrell Publishers. p.234-236. ^ a b c Loriot, Thierry-Maxime (2016). Viktor & Rolf: Fashion Artists. National Gallery of Victoria. p.155. ^ Wei, Angela (2023-01-25). "Viktor & Rolf Proves There Are Many Ways to Wear a Ballgown". Fashionista. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ Foreman, Liza (2013-07-03). "Viktor & Rolf Go Zen". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ "Viktor & Rolf On Creating A Follow-Up To The Couture Collection That Won Instagram". British Vogue. 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2023-07-09. ^ a b Loriot, Thierry-Maxime (2016). Viktor & Rolf: Fashion Artists. National Gallery of Victoria. p.51. ^ a b c d Loriot, Thierry-Maxime (2016). Viktor & Rolf: Fashion Artists. National Gallery of Victoria. p.125. ^ Loriot, Thierry-Maxime (2016).Viktor & Rolf: Fashion Artists. National Gallery of Victoria. p.144. ^ Verner, Amy (2016). "Fall 2016 Couture Viktor & Rolf", Vogue. ^ Menkes, Suzy (2016). "#SuzyCouture: Gaultier Goes Green, Viktor & Rolf Recycle",Vogue ^ a b Menkes, Suzy (2016). "#SuzyCouture: Viktor & Rolf- Gilding Broken Dreams", Vogue. External links Media related to Viktor & Rolf at Wikimedia Commons Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists RKD Artists Other IdRef vteL'OréalCosmeticsProfessional Products L'Oréal Professionnel L'Oréal Technique Carol's Daughter Kérastase Redken Matrix Mizani Pureology Shu Uemura Art of Hair Decléor Carita Seed Phytonutrients Consumer Products Aesop L'Oréal Paris Garnier Maybelline New York SoftSheen-Carson CCB Paris Colorama Essie NYX Professional Makeup Magic Luxury Products Lancôme Biotherm Clarisonic Guy Laroche Kiehl's Helena Rubinstein Maison Martin Margiela Shu Uemura Urban Decay YSL Beauté Giorgio Armani Parfums and Cosmetics Cacharel cosmetics Ralph Lauren Fragrances Diesel Fragrances Paloma Picasso fragrances Viktor & Rolf parfums House 99 IT Cosmetics Proenza Schouler Fragrances Atelier Cologne Yue Sai Active Cosmetics Vichy Laboratoires La Roche-Posay SkinCeuticals Innéov Sanoflore Ombrelle Roger & Gallet CeraVe Former Galderma The Body Shop Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Geldrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geldrop"},{"link_name":"Dongen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"haute couture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couture"},{"link_name":"ready-to-wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready-to-wear"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Viktor & Rolf is a Dutch avant-garde luxury fashion house founded in 1993 by Viktor Horsting (born 1969, Geldrop) and Rolf Snoeren (born 1969, Dongen).[1] For more than twenty years, Viktor & Rolf have sought to challenge preconceptions of fashion and bridge the divide between fashion and art.[2] Viktor & Rolf have designed both haute couture and ready-to-wear collections.[3] The duo is renowned for their avant-garde designs, which rely heavily on theatrical and performative fashion runways.[4]","title":"Viktor & Rolf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arnhem Academy of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtEZ_University_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evans_225-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evans_225-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"art world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_world"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Groninger Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninger_Museum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ready-to-wear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready-to-wear"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loriot_155-13"}],"text":"Viktor Horsting and Rolf Snoeren first met while studying at the Arnhem Academy of Art and Design in 1988.[5] Upon graduation in 1992, the pair began working together and relocated to Paris.[5] Initially, Viktor & Rolf were shunned by the fashion industry, however, the designers were received well[6] by the art world.[7] Art institutions such as the Groninger Museum began to acquire garments from the designers.[8]Initial collections established the extravagant silhouettes, witty use of materials and irreverent concepts the designers would come to be known for. In 2000, Viktor & Rolf launched their company logo of a wax seal bearing the monogram V&R, and began to devote their artistic talent to ready-to-wear collections.[9]In 2003, the designers launched a menswear collection which co-existed alongside the women's line until 2009.[10] Viktor & Rolf also created perfumes;[11] the female fragrances Flowerbomb (2004) and Bonbon (2014), along and the male fragrances Antidote (2006) and Spicebomb (2012).[12] In 2015, the designers halted ready-to-wear production and returned once more to haute couture citing that they wanted to \"explore the limits of wearability, function and form.\"[13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1998_Viktor_%26_Rolf_%27Smoking%27_suit.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fashion_Artists_Viktor_%26_Rolf,_de_Kunsthal,_Rotterdam_(2018)_11.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fashion_Artists_Viktor_%26_Rolf,_de_Kunsthal,_Rotterdam_(2018)_26.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fashion_Artists_Viktor_%26_Rolf,_de_Kunsthal,_Rotterdam_(2018)_27.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"1998 'Atomic Bomb' collection2003 'Monsieur' collection2005 'Bedtime Story' collection2008-09 'NO' collectionThe fashion company has created both ready-to-wear and haute couture fashion collections. Below is a comprehensive anthology of all Viktor and Rolf collections.[14]Early haute couture collectionsHyeres (1993)\nL’Hiver de l’Amour (1995)\nL’Apparence du Vide (1995)\nLaunch (1996)\nFirst Couture (Spring/Summer 1998)\nAtomic Bomb (Autumn/Winter 1998–99)\nBlack Light (Spring/Summer 1999)\nRussian Doll (Autumn/Winter 1999–00)\nBells (Autumn/Winter 2000–01)Ready-to-wearStars & Stripes (Autumn/Winter 2000–01)\nThere's no Business Like Show Business (Spring/Summer 2001)\nBlack Hole (Autumn/Winter 2001–02) (Content warning: blackface)\nWhite (Spring/Summer 2002)\nLove Live the Immaterial (Bluescreen) (Autumn/Winter 2002–03)\nFlowers (Spring/Summer 2003)\nOne Woman Show (Autumn/Winter 2003–04)\n‘Monsieur’ (Autumn/Winter 2003–4)\nThe Red Shoes (Spring/Summer 2004)\nThe Hunt (Autumn/Winter 2004–05)\n‘Monsieur’ (Autumn/Winter 2004–05)\nFlowerbomb (Spring/Summer 2005)\n‘Monsieur’ (Spring/Summer 2005)\nBedtime Story (Autumn/Winter 2005–06)\n‘Monsieur’ (Autumn/Winter 2005–06)\nUpside Down (Spring/Summer 2006)\n‘Monsieur’ (Spring/Summer 2006)\nSilver (Autumn/Winter 2006–07)\n‘Monsieur’ (Autumn/Winter 2006–07)\nBallroom (Spring/Summer 2007)\n‘Monsieur’ (Spring/Summer 2007)\nThe Fashion Show (Autumn/Winter 2007–08)\n‘Monsieur’ (Autumn/Winter 2007–08)\nHarlequin (Spring/Summer 2008)\n‘Monsieur’ (Spring/Summer 2008)\nNO (Autumn/Winter 2008–09)\n‘Monsieur’ (Autumn 2008)\n‘Monsieur’ (Spring 2009)\nShalom (Spring/Summer 2009)\nCutting Edge Couture (Spring/Summer 2010)\nGlamour Factory (Autumn/Winter 2010–11)","title":"Collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loriot_51-17"},{"link_name":"trompe-l'œil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loriot_51-17"},{"link_name":"en-pointe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe_technique"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loriot_125-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loriot_125-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loriot_125-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loriot_125-18"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loriot_155-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loriot_155-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Kintsugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintsugi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menkes_gilding-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-menkes_gilding-22"}],"text":"After a thirteen-year hiatus from creating haute couture, Viktor & Rolf re-established themselves as with the Zen Garden (Autumn/Winter 2013–14) collection.[15] Below are small summaries of Viktor & Rolf's most recent haute couture designs.[16]Bonbon (Spring/Summer 2014)Interested in exploring the point at which skin and clothing meet, Viktor & Rolf created a collection of latex couture pieces titled Bonbon.[17] The fluid materiality of latex (not commonly used in high fashion) juxtaposed with the light colour palette resulted in an almost ethereal and angelic collection. The pieces were created seamlessly and designed to appear as a second skin. To depict an illusion of depth stylistic birds, bows and ribbons were hand painted onto the latex, in a trompe-l'œil technique.[17] The Bonbon collection was modelled by ballerinas en-pointe.Red Carpet Dressing (Autumn/Winter 2014–15)Described as a \"surrealist commentary,\" Viktor & Rolf's collection Red Carpet Dressing explored the reciprocal relationship between celebrity and designer.[18] The duo humorously exploited the concept of dressing for the red carpet by designing 22 couture gowns from red carpet.[18] Elegant high fashion pieces were made from unassuming rough and rigid carpet. The designs incorporated animal skin patterns made from the same material and sewn onto the base.[18] The monochromatic palette gave primary focus to the design and pattern making techniques, which recalled primitive knotted constructions and classic couture styles.[18] Viktor & Rolf again used the haute couture platform to comment on the fashion industry and contemporary culture.Van Gogh Girls (Spring/Summer 2015)The ideas of momentum and growth were of central importance in the 2015 haute couture collection. To visualise the central concept, Viktor & Rolf adopted the quintessential summer outfit of a floral sundress, flip flops and a straw dress, and transformed the imagery into three-dimensional sculptural pieces. The collection escalated from a simplistic baby doll silhouette into extravagant couture pieces. Floral outlines evolved into three-dimensional fabric flowers, as simple straw hats extended laterally to connect with the pleated dresses. The evocative colours and black graphic outlines present throughout the garment collection were reminiscent of Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh, of whom the collection was aptly named after. Van Gogh Girls is not only an exercise in exaggerating forms and imagery, but additionally showcased the close relationship between artists and fashion designers.Wearable Art (Autumn/Winter 2015–16)The fluid link between art and fashion was perhaps most clearly portrayed with the Wearable Art haute couture collection. Twenty models, dressed in simple denim artist's smocks, walked the runway draped in what appeared to be oil paintings.[13] Designed to mimic the imagery of classical paintings with gilded frames, the garments included cloaks, dresses and skirts.[13] Through painterly illusion and construction, Viktor & Rolf transformed framed paintings into haute couture garments, and then back to paintings. During the display, the designers removed five of the garments from the models and hung them back on a white wall. The collection provoked public conversation as to the definition of art mediums.Vagabonds (Autumn/Winter 2016–17)Vagabonds entwined recycling with haute couture. Focused on conscious designing, Viktor & Rolf manifested a collection made entirely from discarded materials from their atelier.[19] Strips of fabric were braided, offshoots of tulle were sewn together, and buttons were clustered as embellishment. Overall the garments expressed the artistic possibilities of recycling. The collection was described as \"a wondrous feat of conflating rag rugs to riches.\"[20] Whilst still defined as haute couture, Vagabonds was noted to be a more wearable collection from the duo, offering the public a practical display of eco-friendly haute couture.[21]Boulevard of Broken Dreams (Spring/Summer 2017)Imperfection was the central concept of Viktor & Rolf's most recent haute couture collection. Recalling the message of recycling from the Vagabonds, Boulevard of Broken Dreams pairs contrasting patterned fabric with a fantastical and delicate colour palette. The recycled layers appear almost like shards of glass placed onto Viktor & Rolf's signature exaggerated couture forms. The designers chose to consciously exploit such imperfections, following the Japanese principle of Kintsugi by gilding faults and seams in gold.[22] The aesthetic and intention of the collection was summarised by critic Suzy Menkes: \"The patchwork of grandeur was as pretty in its choice of colour as it was in the feminine shapes. And if recycling could be this elegant, maybe it could draw more fashion people to the party.\"[22]","title":"Return to haute couture"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Below is a comprehensive list of art exhibitions which have featured the work of Viktor & Rolf. The sheer number is a testament to the artistic value of their garments.1994February–March: L’Hiver de l’Amour - Musée d ‘Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (group exhibition)\nMarch: Le Cri néerlandais - Institut Néerlandais, Paris (group exhibition)1995October: L’Apparence du Vide - Galerie Patricia Forfmann, Paris\nDecember–January 1996: Collections - Galerie Analix, Geneva (group exhibition)1996October: Launch - Torch Gallery, Amsterdam1997April–May: Viktor & Rolf: Le Regard noir - Stedelijk Museum Bureau, Amsterdam1998July–September: The First 25 - Colette, Paris (group exhibition)1999April–May: Viktor & Rolf: 21st Century Boys - Aeroplastics Contemporary, Brussels\nApril -June: Visions of the Body: Fashion or Invisible Corset - The Kyoto Costume Institute, Japan (group exhibition)\nMay: Viktor & Rolf - Visionaire Gallery, New York\nMay–June: Creative Time in the Anchorage: Exposing Meaning in Fashion Through Presentation - Brooklyn Bridge Anchorage, New York (group exhibition)\nJune- October: Heaven: An Exhibition That Will Break Your Heart - Kunsthalle Düsseldorf, Germany (group exhibition)2000November–March 2001: Viktor & Rolf Haute Couture - Groninger Museum, Groningen2001March–May: Mohri Colour and Space Part 5 (Sayoko) - Kobe Fashion Museum, Japan (group exhibition)\nSeptember–November: YOKOHAMA 2001: International Triennale of Contemporary Art - Japan (group exhibition)2003October–January 2004: Viktor & Rolf par Viktor & Rolf, première décennie - Musée de la Mode et du Textile, Paris2004April–December: Fashion in Colours: Viktor & Rolf & KCI - The Kyoto Costume Institute, Japan\nMay–August: Goddess - ModeMuseum, Antwerp, Belgium (group exhibition)\nJune–September: Skin Tight: The Sensibility of the Flesh - Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (group exhibition)\nSeptember–January 2005: Spectres: When Fashion Turns Back - ModeMuseum, Antwerp, Belgium (group exhibition)\nSeptember–January 2005: Fashination - Moderna Museet, Stockholm (group exhibition)2005September–December: Dutch at the Edge of Design: Fashion and Textiles from the Netherlands - The Museum at FIT, New York (group exhibition)2006November–March 2007: Skin + Bones: Parallel Practices in Fashion and Architecture - The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (group exhibition)\nNovember–March 2007: Fashion Show: Paris Collections 2006 - Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (group exhibition)2007May–September: Picture House - Belsay Hall, Northumberland, England (group exhibition)2008June–September: The House of Viktor & Rolf - Barbican Art Gallery, London, England\nNovember–February 2009: The House of Viktor & Rolf - Centraal Museum, Utrecht, The Netherlands2016October–February 2017: Viktor & Rolf Fashion Artists - National Gallery of Victoria, Australia2018May–September: Viktor & Rolf Fashion Artists 25 Years - Kunsthal, Rotterdam, The Netherlands2024February–October: Viktor & Rolf Fashion Statements - Kunsthalle, Munich, Germany","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7774-4306-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-4306-5"}],"text":"Thierry-Maxime Loriot (Editor): Viktor&Rolf. Fashion Statements. Hirmer Publishers, Munich 2024, ISBN 978-3-7774-4306-5.","title":"Literature"}]
[{"image_text":"1998 'Atomic Bomb' collection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1998_Viktor_%26_Rolf_%27Smoking%27_suit.jpg/220px-1998_Viktor_%26_Rolf_%27Smoking%27_suit.jpg"},{"image_text":"2003 'Monsieur' collection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fashion_Artists_Viktor_%26_Rolf%2C_de_Kunsthal%2C_Rotterdam_%282018%29_11.jpg/220px-Fashion_Artists_Viktor_%26_Rolf%2C_de_Kunsthal%2C_Rotterdam_%282018%29_11.jpg"},{"image_text":"2005 'Bedtime Story' collection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fashion_Artists_Viktor_%26_Rolf%2C_de_Kunsthal%2C_Rotterdam_%282018%29_26.jpg/220px-Fashion_Artists_Viktor_%26_Rolf%2C_de_Kunsthal%2C_Rotterdam_%282018%29_26.jpg"},{"image_text":"2008-09 'NO' collection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fashion_Artists_Viktor_%26_Rolf%2C_de_Kunsthal%2C_Rotterdam_%282018%29_27.jpg/220px-Fashion_Artists_Viktor_%26_Rolf%2C_de_Kunsthal%2C_Rotterdam_%282018%29_27.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Templeton, Lily (2023-07-05). \"Viktor & Rolf Couture Fall 2023\". WWD. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwd.com/runway/fall-couture-2023/paris/viktor-rolf/review/","url_text":"\"Viktor & Rolf Couture Fall 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Revisit Viktor & Rolf's Wildest Wearable Art, Including Their Famous Portable Bed\". W Magazine. 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmagazine.com/gallery/viktor-rolf-exhibition-kunsthal-rotterdam","url_text":"\"Revisit Viktor & Rolf's Wildest Wearable Art, Including Their Famous Portable Bed\""}]},{"reference":"Convery, Stephanie (2016-10-21). \"Viktor & Rolf: from Flowerbomb to a 70kg outfit – in pictures\". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2016/oct/22/viktor-rolf-from-flowerbomb-to-a-70kg-outfit-in-pictures","url_text":"\"Viktor & Rolf: from Flowerbomb to a 70kg outfit – in pictures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Viktor & Rolf make wearable art for the world's avant-garde\". South China Morning Post. 2020-10-04. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/news-trends/article/3104053/viktor-rolfs-avant-garde-designs-are-more-wearable-art","url_text":"\"Viktor & Rolf make wearable art for the world's avant-garde\""}]},{"reference":"Beckett, Kathleen (2014-12-02). \"Fashion's Bridge to the Art World\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/fashion/advisers-can-be-fashions-bridge-to-the-art-world.html","url_text":"\"Fashion's Bridge to the Art World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Viktor & Rolf\". The Talks. 2011-10-26. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://the-talks.com/interview/viktor-rolf/","url_text":"\"Viktor & Rolf\""}]},{"reference":"\"The House of Viktor & Rolf | Yatzer\". www.yatzer.com. 2008-06-23. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yatzer.com/house-viktor-rolf","url_text":"\"The House of Viktor & Rolf | Yatzer\""}]},{"reference":"Hudson, Shawna (2022-11-23). \"Finding a Signature Scent Is Hard, But This Brand Makes 6 I'd Never Get Sick Of\". Who What Wear UK. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whowhatwear.co.uk/best-viktor-and-rolf-perfumes","url_text":"\"Finding a Signature Scent Is Hard, But This Brand Makes 6 I'd Never Get Sick Of\""}]},{"reference":"Wei, Angela (2023-01-25). \"Viktor & Rolf Proves There Are Many Ways to Wear a Ballgown\". Fashionista. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://fashionista.com/2023/01/viktor-rolf-haute-couture-spring-2023","url_text":"\"Viktor & Rolf Proves There Are Many Ways to Wear a Ballgown\""}]},{"reference":"Foreman, Liza (2013-07-03). \"Viktor & Rolf Go Zen\". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/07/03/viktor-rolf-s-return-to-couture-for-fall-2013-going-zen","url_text":"\"Viktor & Rolf Go Zen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Viktor & Rolf On Creating A Follow-Up To The Couture Collection That Won Instagram\". British Vogue. 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2023-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/viktor-and-rolf-aw19-couture-interview","url_text":"\"Viktor & Rolf On Creating A Follow-Up To The Couture Collection That Won Instagram\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_operative
Political campaign staff
["1 Structure of a campaign","2 Departments and their respective purposes","2.1 Operations department","2.2 Field department","2.3 Communications department","2.4 Political department","2.5 Fundraising (Finance) department","2.6 Legal department","2.7 Technology department","2.8 Scheduling and advance department","3 References"]
People who formulate and implement the strategy needed to win an election The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Political campaign staff" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of the Politics seriesPolitical campaigning Finance Grassroots fundraising Management Opposition research Consultation Message Advertising Canvassing Retail politics Election promise Get out the vote Gevald campaign Lawn signs Post-truth politics Negative campaigning Attack ad Fearmongering Push poll Smear campaign Voter suppression Key people Candidate Campaign manager Campaign staff Politics portalvte Political campaign staff are the group of people who formulate and implement the strategy of a political campaign. Campaign staffs are generally composed both of unpaid volunteers and paid employees of either the campaign itself or a related political party. The staff may include political consultants who provide advice and assistance to a campaign. Structure of a campaign Campaigns are generally run by a campaign manager who coordinates the campaign and assures that efforts are being focused effectively. In small local campaigns, the campaign manager will often be the only paid staff member and will be responsible for every aspect of the campaign that is not covered by the candidate or volunteers. In larger campaigns, such as a United States presidential campaign, hundreds of staff members will cover the required tasks. While campaign managers are often the lead strategists in local campaigns, in the United States larger campaigns hire consultants to serve as strategists and the campaign manager focuses mostly on coordinating the campaign staff. Campaign managers will often have deputies who oversee various aspects of the campaign at a closer level. Directly below the campaign manager on the organization chart is the deputy campaign manager and directly below them are department directors who coordinate specific aspects of the campaign. These staff members often have deputies as well. In some campaigns, an executive chairman of the campaign committee will be appointed. The responsibility of an executive chairman will vary widely by campaign, usually an executive chairman is a consultant on internal matters such as campaign staff appointments and major internal policy. Below the department level, campaigns vary widely in their structure. On larger campaigns, there will be various coordinators for certain functions within each department. For example, within the fundraising department, there might be a staff member who focuses only on direct mail fundraising. The foundation of the campaign structure are the interns and volunteers. Their tasks can include addressing envelopes, entering data into databases, and canvassing voters on behalf of the campaign. Departments and their respective purposes The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Operations department Chief Operating Officer or Operations Director Human Resources IT & Cybersecurity Financial Operations Field Operations Larger statewide and national campaigns will have operations departments, which is responsible for the internal functions that power a campaign as an organization. While structure varies, the operations department will generally take on human resources and people operations responsibilities, including running payroll; IT and cybersecurity operations, which secure the campaign's electronic systems and ensure their availability for use; financial operations which will track the budget against actual spending and raising; and field operations, which handles the logistics of a larger field program. On some campaigns, including smaller campaigns, these functions are sometimes outsourced to outside vendors to keep overhead low. Field department The field department focuses on the "on-the-ground" organizing that is required in order to personally contact voters through canvassing, phone calls, and building local events. Voter contact helps construct and clean the campaign's voter file in order to help better target voter persuasion and identify which voters a campaign most wants to bring out on election day. Field is generally also tasked with running local "storefront" campaign offices as well as organizing phone banks and staging locations for canvasses and other campaign events. On the statewide level, field departments are generally organized by geography with an overall statewide field director who oversees the efforts of several regional field directors who in turn manage several local offices. State Chairperson State Finance Chairperson Congressional District Chairperson County Chairperson State Director State Deputy Director for Volunteer Operations (Grassroots) County Coordinator Precinct Captain Coalitions Coordinator State Deputy Director for Administration Scheduling and Advance Coordinator State Policy Director Legislative Advisor State Communications Director Other field workers below this level include: Volunteer Coordinator: tasked full-time with recruiting, retaining, and scheduling volunteers Field Organizer: the lowest level of field staff, these paid workers generally do direct voter contact full-time as well as assisting the Deputy Director GOTV ("Get out the vote") coordinator: generally either brought in within the last few months of the campaign or a re-tasked staffer, GOTV coordinators plan the local GOTV efforts. In addition to voter persuasion and voter identification, field staff will often provide information for the campaign headquarters as to what is going on in the communities they work in. Field staffers are the primary liaison between the campaign and local influentials such as interest group leaders and prominent community activists. Field departments are also often primarily responsible for the local distribution of "swag" i.e. lawn signs, bumper stickers, buttons, and other such materials. Communications department Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc campaign material in Ukraine, August 2007. The communications department oversees both the press relations and advertising involved in promoting the campaign in the media. They are responsible for the campaign's message and image among the electorate. Press releases, advertisements, phone scripts, and other forms of communication must be approved by this department before they can be released to the public. The staffers within this office vary widely from campaign to campaign. However, they generally include: A communications director who oversees the entirety of the campaign's messaging, message planning, media relations, and the whole communications staff. A press secretary who monitors the media and coordinates the campaign's relations with the press. Press secretaries set up interviews between the candidate and reporters, brief the press at press conferences, and perform other tasks involved in press relations. A rapid response director who makes sure that the campaign responds quickly to the attacks of the other campaigns. They and their staff constantly monitor the media and the moves of their opponents, making sure that attacks are rebutted quickly. Creative team managing all visual communications and ensuring consistency of campaign materials/merchandise (both print and digital) through web design, graphic design, advertising, promotional items. Often these staffers work closely with the IT department. Political department Activists, Grassroots, and Volunteers Outreach Education Researching and developing a set of policies requires a large team to research and write each plank. Researchers also provide information to the campaign on issues and the backgrounds of candidates (including the candidate they work for) in order to be aware of skeletons in the various candidates' closets. The latter practice is known as opposition research. On smaller campaigns this is often folded into the communications department. Fundraising (Finance) department The finance department coordinates the campaign's fundraising operation and ensures that the campaign always has the money it needs to operate effectively. The techniques employed by this campaign vary based on the campaign's needs and size. Small campaigns often involve casual fundraising events and phone calls from the candidate to donors asking for money. Larger campaigns will include everything from high-priced sit-down dinners to e-mail messages to donors asking for money. Legal department The legal department makes sure that the campaign is in compliance with the law and files the appropriate forms with government authorities. In Britain and other Commonwealth countries, such as Canada and India, each campaign must have an official agent, who is legally responsible for the campaign and is obligated to make sure the campaign follows all rules and regulations. This department will also be responsible for tracking all financial transactions, including bank reconciliations, loans and backup for in-kind donations. They are generally required to keep both paper and electronic files. Small campaigns will often have one person responsible for financial disclosure while larger campaigns will have dozens of lawyers and treasurers making sure that the campaign's activities are legal. After the election, the compliance and legal department must still respond to audit requests and, when required, debt retirement. Technology department Chief Information Technology Officer Office of New Media Office of Applications and Networks Office of Data and Strategy The technology department designs and maintains campaign technology such as voter file, websites, and social media. While local (county, city, town, or village) campaigns might have volunteers who know how to use computers, state and national campaigns will have information technology professionals across the state or country handling everything from websites to blogs to databases. Scheduling and advance department The scheduling and advance department makes sure that the candidate and campaign surrogates are effectively scheduled so as to maximize their influence on voters. This department also oversees the advance people who arrive at events before the candidate to make sure everything is in order. Often, this department will be a part of the field department. On small campaigns the scheduling coordinator may be responsible for developing and executing events. The scheduling coordinator typically manages the candidate's personal and campaign schedule, field and advance team schedules, and gathers important information about all events the campaign and candidate will attend. References ^ a b c d "CAMPAIGN ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES." CAMPAIGN ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES (n.d.): 1-3. Wellstone. Wellstone. Web. 22 Jan. 2016. <http://www.wellstone.org/sites/default/files/attachments/Campaign-Roles-and-Responsibilities_0.pdf> ^ a b Garecht, Joe. "5 Team Members Every Campaign Needs." Local Victory. Joe Garecht, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2016. <http://www.localvictory.com/organization/campaignteam.html>. ^ "Organizing For Action - Graphic Designer Job Application". Organizing for Action.
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The staff may include political consultants who provide advice and assistance to a campaign.","title":"Political campaign staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"campaign manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_manager"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wellstone-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LocalVictory-2"},{"link_name":"United States presidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"direct mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_mail"},{"link_name":"databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database"},{"link_name":"canvassing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvassing"}],"text":"Campaigns are generally run by a campaign manager who coordinates the campaign and assures that efforts are being focused effectively.[1][2] In small local campaigns, the campaign manager will often be the only paid staff member and will be responsible for every aspect of the campaign that is not covered by the candidate or volunteers. In larger campaigns, such as a United States presidential campaign, hundreds of staff members will cover the required tasks. While campaign managers are often the lead strategists in local campaigns, in the United States larger campaigns hire consultants to serve as strategists and the campaign manager focuses mostly on coordinating the campaign staff. Campaign managers will often have deputies who oversee various aspects of the campaign at a closer level.Directly below the campaign manager on the organization chart is the deputy campaign manager and directly below them are department directors who coordinate specific aspects of the campaign. These staff members often have deputies as well.In some campaigns, an executive chairman of the campaign committee will be appointed. The responsibility of an executive chairman will vary widely by campaign, usually an executive chairman is a consultant on internal matters such as campaign staff appointments and major internal policy.Below the department level, campaigns vary widely in their structure. On larger campaigns, there will be various coordinators for certain functions within each department. For example, within the fundraising department, there might be a staff member who focuses only on direct mail fundraising.The foundation of the campaign structure are the interns and volunteers. Their tasks can include addressing envelopes, entering data into databases, and canvassing voters on behalf of the campaign.","title":"Structure of a campaign"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Departments and their respective purposes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Operations department","text":"Chief Operating Officer or Operations Director\nHuman Resources\nIT & Cybersecurity\nFinancial Operations\nField OperationsLarger statewide and national campaigns will have operations departments, which is responsible for the internal functions that power a campaign as an organization. While structure varies, the operations department will generally take on human resources and people operations responsibilities, including running payroll; IT and cybersecurity operations, which secure the campaign's electronic systems and ensure their availability for use; financial operations which will track the budget against actual spending and raising; and field operations, which handles the logistics of a larger field program. On some campaigns, including smaller campaigns, these functions are sometimes outsourced to outside vendors to keep overhead low.","title":"Departments and their respective purposes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voter file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_file"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LocalVictory-2"},{"link_name":"GOTV (\"Get out the vote\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_out_the_vote"},{"link_name":"swag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_merchandise"},{"link_name":"lawn signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_sign"}],"sub_title":"Field department","text":"The field department focuses on the \"on-the-ground\" organizing that is required in order to personally contact voters through canvassing, phone calls, and building local events. Voter contact helps construct and clean the campaign's voter file in order to help better target voter persuasion and identify which voters a campaign most wants to bring out on election day. Field is generally also tasked with running local \"storefront\" campaign offices as well as organizing phone banks and staging locations for canvasses and other campaign events.On the statewide level, field departments are generally organized by geography with an overall statewide field director who oversees the efforts of several regional field directors who in turn manage several local offices.State Chairperson\nState Finance Chairperson\nCongressional District Chairperson\nCounty Chairperson\nState Director\nState Deputy Director for Volunteer Operations (Grassroots)\nCounty Coordinator\nPrecinct Captain\nCoalitions Coordinator\nState Deputy Director for Administration\nScheduling and Advance Coordinator\nState Policy Director\nLegislative Advisor\nState Communications DirectorOther field workers below this level include:Volunteer Coordinator: tasked full-time with recruiting, retaining, and scheduling volunteers [2]\nField Organizer: the lowest level of field staff, these paid workers generally do direct voter contact full-time as well as assisting the Deputy Director\nGOTV (\"Get out the vote\") coordinator: generally either brought in within the last few months of the campaign or a re-tasked staffer, GOTV coordinators plan the local GOTV efforts.In addition to voter persuasion and voter identification, field staff will often provide information for the campaign headquarters as to what is going on in the communities they work in. Field staffers are the primary liaison between the campaign and local influentials such as interest group leaders and prominent community activists. Field departments are also often primarily responsible for the local distribution of \"swag\" i.e. lawn signs, bumper stickers, buttons, and other such materials.","title":"Departments and their respective purposes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OU_Augustus_2007_277.JPG"},{"link_name":"Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Ukraine%E2%80%93People%27s_Self-Defense_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wellstone-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wellstone-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Communications department","text":"Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc campaign material in Ukraine, August 2007.The communications department oversees both the press relations and advertising involved in promoting the campaign in the media.[1] They are responsible for the campaign's message and image among the electorate. Press releases, advertisements, phone scripts, and other forms of communication must be approved by this department before they can be released to the public.[1] The staffers within this office vary widely from campaign to campaign. However, they generally include:A communications director who oversees the entirety of the campaign's messaging, message planning, media relations, and the whole communications staff.\nA press secretary who monitors the media and coordinates the campaign's relations with the press. Press secretaries set up interviews between the candidate and reporters, brief the press at press conferences, and perform other tasks involved in press relations.\nA rapid response director who makes sure that the campaign responds quickly to the attacks of the other campaigns. They and their staff constantly monitor the media and the moves of their opponents, making sure that attacks are rebutted quickly.\nCreative team managing all visual communications and ensuring consistency of campaign materials/merchandise (both print and digital) through web design, graphic design,[3] advertising, promotional items. Often these staffers work closely with the IT department.","title":"Departments and their respective purposes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opposition research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_research"}],"sub_title":"Political department","text":"Activists, Grassroots, and Volunteers\nOutreach\nEducationResearching and developing a set of policies requires a large team to research and write each plank. Researchers also provide information to the campaign on issues and the backgrounds of candidates (including the candidate they work for) in order to be aware of skeletons in the various candidates' closets. The latter practice is known as opposition research. On smaller campaigns this is often folded into the communications department.","title":"Departments and their respective purposes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fundraising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundraising"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wellstone-1"}],"sub_title":"Fundraising (Finance) department","text":"The finance department coordinates the campaign's fundraising operation and ensures that the campaign always has the money it needs to operate effectively.[1] The techniques employed by this campaign vary based on the campaign's needs and size. Small campaigns often involve casual fundraising events and phone calls from the candidate to donors asking for money. Larger campaigns will include everything from high-priced sit-down dinners to e-mail messages to donors asking for money.","title":"Departments and their respective purposes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"official agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_agent"}],"sub_title":"Legal department","text":"The legal department makes sure that the campaign is in compliance with the law and files the appropriate forms with government authorities. In Britain and other Commonwealth countries, such as Canada and India, each campaign must have an official agent, who is legally responsible for the campaign and is obligated to make sure the campaign follows all rules and regulations.This department will also be responsible for tracking all financial transactions, including bank reconciliations, loans and backup for in-kind donations. They are generally required to keep both paper and electronic files. Small campaigns will often have one person responsible for financial disclosure while larger campaigns will have dozens of lawyers and treasurers making sure that the campaign's activities are legal. After the election, the compliance and legal department must still respond to audit requests and, when required, debt retirement.","title":"Departments and their respective purposes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voter file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_file"},{"link_name":"websites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websites"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"websites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websites"},{"link_name":"blogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databases"}],"sub_title":"Technology department","text":"Chief Information Technology Officer\nOffice of New Media\nOffice of Applications and Networks\nOffice of Data and StrategyThe technology department designs and maintains campaign technology such as voter file, websites, and social media. While local (county, city, town, or village) campaigns might have volunteers who know how to use computers, state and national campaigns will have information technology professionals across the state or country handling everything from websites to blogs to databases.","title":"Departments and their respective purposes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"campaign surrogates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrogate_(political_campaigns)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Scheduling and advance department","text":"The scheduling and advance department makes sure that the candidate and campaign surrogates are effectively scheduled so as to maximize their influence on voters. This department also oversees the advance people who arrive at events before the candidate to make sure everything is in order. Often, this department will be a part of the field department.On small campaigns the scheduling coordinator may be responsible for developing and executing events. The scheduling coordinator typically manages the candidate's personal and campaign schedule, field and advance team schedules, and gathers important information about all events the campaign and candidate will attend.","title":"Departments and their respective purposes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigor_Hovhannissian
Grigor Hovhannissian
["1 Education","2 Career","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Armenian diplomat Grigor HovhannissianArmenian Ambassador to the United States In officeJanuary 12, 2016 – October 24, 2018PresidentSerzh SargsyanPreceded byTigran SargsyanSucceeded byVaruzhan NersesyanArmenian Ambassador to Mexico In office2013–2016 Personal detailsBorn (1971-01-26) January 26, 1971 (age 53)Yerevan, Armenian SSR, Soviet UnionAlma materYerevan State UniversityTufts UniversityProfessionDiplomat Grigor Hovhannissian (Armenian: Գրիգոր Յուրիի Հովհաննիսյան, born January 26, 1971) is an Armenian diplomat, who served as Ambassador of Armenia to the United States from 2016 to 2018, and as Ambassador of Armenia to Mexico from 2013 to 2016. Education 2000–2001 The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, MA 1992–1993 Haigazyan University, Beirut, Middle East Politics 1987–1992 Yerevan State University, Department of Oriental Studies, Arab Studies Career Prior to his appointment as ambassador to the United States Hovhannissian held several appointments in the United Nations focusing on Africa and the Middle East. From 1994 1996 he was Coordinator of the "Shelter" program of UN High Commissioner for Refugees. From 1996 until 1998 he was assistant to the Special Coordinator, program and public information of the UN Special Mission to the African Great Lakes region, which included Uganda, Zaire, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Kenya. In 1998 he was appointed to the UN Secretariat Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs as head of the Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo) offices. From 2001 to 2006 Hovhannissian served in UN assignments in the Middle East. From 2001 to 2003 he served at the Office of the UN Special Coordinator (UNESCO) for the Middle East Peace Process in Jerusalem, which included the United Nations Field Coordinator in the Palestinian territories, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (Ramallah and Gaza City). In 2004 he was Senior Advisor to the Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary General at the United Nations Assistance Mission to Iraq (in Jordan), and in 2006 he was Field Coordinator at the UN Emergency Mission to the Saida region of Lebanon. Hovhannissian was also a visiting Lecturer at Yerervan State University in Middle East Politics at the Faculty of Oriental Studies, and from 2006–2009 served as Executive Director of the "Shushi Revival Fund" in Armenia. In 2009 Hovhannissian was appointed Consul General of Armenia in Los Angeles, and in 2013 he was appointed Ambassador of Armenia to Mexico. On January 12, 2016 Hovhannissian was appointed Ambassador of Armenia to the United States by the President of Armenia. On December 29, 2018 Hovhannissian was appointed deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia. See also Lists of Armenians References ^ "ՀՀ Նախագահի հրամանագրերը - Փաստաթղթեր - Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Նախագահ – ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԴԻՎԱՆԱԳԻՏԱԿԱՆ ԱՍՏԻՃԱՆՆԵՐ ՇՆՈՐՀԵԼՈՒ ՄԱՍԻՆ". president.am. Retrieved 2015-10-15. ^ ԳՐԻԳՈՐ ՀՈՎՀԱՆՆԻՍՅԱՆԻՆ ԱՄԵՐԻԿԱՅԻ ՄԻԱՑՅԱԼ ՆԱՀԱՆԳՆԵՐՈՒՄ ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՀԱՆՐԱՊԵՏՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԱՐՏԱԿԱՐԳ ԵՎ ԼԻԱԶՈՐ ԴԵՍՊԱՆԻ ՊԱՇՏՈՆԻՑ ՀԵՏ ԿԱՆՉԵԼՈՒ ՄԱՍԻՆ ^ "Grigor Hovhannisyan appointed Armenian ambassador to Cuba - aysor.am - Hot news from Armenia". aysor.am. Retrieved 2015-10-15. ^ "Grigor Hovhannesyan appointed Armenia's Ambassador to US". Asbarez. Retrieved 12 January 2016. ^ "Grigor Hovhannesyan appointed Armenia's Ambassador to US". Armenpress. Retrieved 12 January 2016. External links Grigor Hovhannissian appointed Armenia's Ambassador to Costa Rica Armenia celebra por primera vez su fiesta nacional en México Nuevos Embajadores de India, el Vaticano, Turquía y Armenia presentan copias de estilo de Cartas Credenciales
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-president-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Grigor Hovhannissian (Armenian: Գրիգոր Յուրիի Հովհաննիսյան, born January 26, 1971) is an Armenian diplomat, who served as Ambassador of Armenia to the United States from 2016 to 2018, and as Ambassador of Armenia to Mexico from 2013 to 2016.[1][2]","title":"Grigor Hovhannissian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fletcher_School_of_Law_and_Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"Haigazyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haigazian_University"},{"link_name":"Yerevan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan_State_University"}],"text":"2000–2001 The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, MA\n1992–1993 Haigazyan University, Beirut, Middle East Politics\n1987–1992 Yerevan State University, Department of Oriental Studies, Arab Studies","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"UN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Zaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Kinshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aysor-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Prior to his appointment as ambassador to the United States Hovhannissian held several appointments in the United Nations focusing on Africa and the Middle East. From 1994 1996 he was Coordinator of the \"Shelter\" program of UN High Commissioner for Refugees. From 1996 until 1998 he was assistant to the Special Coordinator, program and public information of the UN Special Mission to the African Great Lakes region, which included Uganda, Zaire, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Kenya. In 1998 he was appointed to the UN Secretariat Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs as head of the Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo) and Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo) offices.From 2001 to 2006 Hovhannissian served in UN assignments in the Middle East. From 2001 to 2003 he served at the Office of the UN Special Coordinator (UNESCO) for the Middle East Peace Process in Jerusalem, which included the United Nations Field Coordinator in the Palestinian territories, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (Ramallah and Gaza City). In 2004 he was Senior Advisor to the Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary General at the United Nations Assistance Mission to Iraq (in Jordan), and in 2006 he was Field Coordinator at the UN Emergency Mission to the Saida region of Lebanon.Hovhannissian was also a visiting Lecturer at Yerervan State University in Middle East Politics at the Faculty of Oriental Studies, and from 2006–2009 served as Executive Director of the \"Shushi Revival Fund\" in Armenia.In 2009 Hovhannissian was appointed Consul General of Armenia in Los Angeles, and in 2013 he was appointed Ambassador of Armenia to Mexico.[3]On January 12, 2016 Hovhannissian was appointed Ambassador of Armenia to the United States by the President of Armenia.[4]\n[5]On December 29, 2018 Hovhannissian was appointed deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Armenia.","title":"Career"}]
[]
[{"title":"Lists of Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Armenians"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorbass
Motorbass
["1 Discography","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 EP and singles","1.3 Remixes and collaborations","2 References"]
MotorbassAlso known asLa Chatte RougeOriginParis, FranceGenresFrench houseDeep houseYears active1992–1997Labels Virgin Different Recordings Past members Philippe Zdar Étienne de Crécy Motorbass was a French house duo originating from Paris and consisting of Philippe Zdar (later of Cassius) and Étienne de Crécy. According to AllMusic, their "romping '70s updates released on the Cassius and Source labels have been instrumental in reviving the Parisian underground dance music scene and bringing to it international attention." Discography Studio albums 1996 : Pansoul EP and singles 1993 : 1st EP 1993 : Transphunk E.P. 1996 : Ezio / Les Ondes Remixes and collaborations 1995 : Björk - Isobel (Transfunk Mix) 1995 : Écouter, Fumer for the compilation Source Lab (with the aliases La Chatte Rouge) 1996 : Norma Jean Bell - I'm the Baddest Bitch (Motorbass Mix) 1996 : Affaires à Faire for the compilation Super Discount (with the aliases La Chatte Rouge) 1997 : Herbert - Non Stop (Motorbass Mix) 1997 : Depeche Mode - It's No Good (Motorbass Mix) 1997 : Daft Punk - Around the World (Motorbass Vice Mix) References ^ Cooper, Sean. "Motorbass | Biography | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 13 June 2015. This article about a French band or other musical ensemble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2618
List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2600–2699)
["1 RM 2600","1.1 FM 2600","2 FM 2601","3 FM 2602","4 FM 2603","5 FM 2604","6 FM 2605","7 FM 2606","7.1 FM 2606 (1959)","7.2 FM 2606 (1960)","8 FM 2607","9 FM 2608","10 FM 2609","11 FM 2610","12 FM 2611","13 FM 2612","13.1 FM 2612 (1959)","14 FM 2613","14.1 FM 2613 (1959)","15 FM 2614","16 FM 2615","17 FM 2616","18 FM 2617","19 RM 2618","19.1 FM 2618 (1959)","19.2 FM 2618 (1970)","20 FM 2619","21 FM 2620","22 FM 2621","23 FM 2622","24 FM 2623","24.1 FM 2623 (1959)","25 FM 2624","26 FM 2625","27 FM 2626","28 RM 2627","28.1 FM 2627","29 FM 2628","29.1 FM 2628 (1959)","29.2 FM 2628 (1970)","30 FM 2629","31 RM 2630","32 RM 2631","33 FM 2632","34 FM 2633","35 FM 2634","35.1 FM 2634 (1959)","36 FM 2635","37 FM 2636","37.1 FM 2636 (1959)","38 FM 2637","39 FM 2638","40 FM 2639","41 FM 2640","42 FM 2641","42.1 FM 2641 (1959)","43 FM 2642","44 FM 2643","45 FM 2644","46 FM 2645","47 FM 2646","48 FM 2647","49 FM 2648","50 FM 2649","50.1 FM 2649 (1960)","51 FM 2650","52 FM 2651","53 FM 2652","54 FM 2653","55 RM 2654","56 FM 2655","56.1 RM 2655","57 FM 2656","58 FM 2657","58.1 FM 2657 (1960)","59 FM 2658","60 FM 2659","61 FM 2660","62 FM 2661","63 FM 2662","63.1 FM 2662 (1960)","64 FM 2663","65 FM 2664","66 FM 2665","67 FM 2666","68 FM 2667","69 FM 2668","70 FM 2669","71 FM 2670","72 FM 2671","73 FM 2672","74 FM 2673","75 FM 2674","76 FM 2675","76.1 FM 2675 (1960)","77 FM 2676","78 FM 2677","78.1 FM 2677 (1960)","79 FM 2678","80 FM 2679","81 FM 2680","81.1 FM 2680 (1960)","82 FM 2681","82.1 FM 2681 (1960)","83 FM 2682","84 FM 2683","85 FM 2684","86 FM 2685","87 FM 2686","88 FM 2687","89 FM 2688","90 FM 2689","91 RM 2690","92 FM 2691","93 RM 2692","93.1 FM 2692","94 FM 2693","95 FM 2694","96 FM 2695","96.1 RM 2695","97 FM 2696","98 FM 2697","99 FM 2698","100 RM 2699","101 Notes","102 References"]
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas" 2600–2699 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Texas Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road markersHighway namesInterstatesInterstate Highway X (IH-X, I-X)US HighwaysU.S. Highway X (US X)StateState Highway X (SH X)Loops:Loop XSpurs:Spur XRecreational:Recreational Road X (RE X)Farm or Ranch to Market Roads:Farm to Market Road X (FM X)Ranch to Market Road X (RM X)Park Roads:Park Road X (PR X)System links Highways in Texas Interstate US State Toll Loops Spurs FM/RM Park Rec Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). RM 2600 Ranch to Market Road 2600LocationReagan CountyLength12.493 mi (20.106 km)ExistedMay 7, 1974–present FM 2600 Farm to Market Road 2600LocationNolan CountyExistedNovember 24, 1959–July 26, 1963 A previous route numbered FM 2600 was designated on November 24, 1959, from FM 608 at Maryneal southward at a distance of 4.0 miles (6.4 km). The highway was cancelled on July 25, 1963, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1170. FM 2601 Farm to Market Road 2601LocationBell CountyLength5.738 mi (9.234 km)ExistedNovember 24, 1959–present Farm to Market Road 2601 (FM 2601) is located in Bell County. It begins at an intersection with Moody-Leon Road and Buckhorn Lane in Meadow Grove. The route travels in a generally eastern direction, turning south at Munz Road before turning back east at FM 2409. FM 2601 continues to run eastward to an intersection with SH 317. FM 2601 was designated on November 24, 1959, along the current route. FM 2602 Farm to Market Road 2602LocationBosque CountyLength9.511 mi (15.306 km)Existed1959–present FM 2603 Farm to Market Road 2603LocationFalls and McLennan countiesLength4.67 mi (7.52 km)Existed1959–present FM 2604 Farm to Market Road 2604LocationHill CountyLength2.463 mi (3.964 km)Existed1959–present FM 2605 Farm to Market Road 2605LocationGregg CountyLength2.447 mi (3.938 km)Existed1959–present Farm to Market Road 2605 (FM 2605), known locally as Tenneryville Road, runs from FM 1845 in Longview west to Whatley Road in White Oak. FM 2605 was designated on November 24, 1959, along its current route. On June 27, 1995, FM 2605 was redesignated Urban Road 2605 (UR 2605). The designation reverted to FM 2605 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. FM 2606 Farm to Market Road 2606LocationClay CountyLength12.071 mi (19.426 km)ExistedNovember 16, 1968–present Farm to Market Road 2606 (FM 2606) is located in Clay County. FM 2606 is a two-lane route for its entire length. Its western terminus is at FM 1954 near the entrance to Lake Arrowhead State Park. The route travels to the east, past the north edge of Lake Arrowhead and across the Wichita Falls Dam on a load-zoned bridge. It winds around the northeastern edge of the lake before veering to the northeast at an intersection with Bunny Run Road. The route turns to the east near its eastern terminus at FM 2847, which provides access to Henrietta. The current FM 2606 was designated on November 16, 1968. The original route was the section from FM 2847 to the east edge of the bridge across the Wichita Falls Dam. The designation was extended across the dam and to FM 1954 on September 26, 1979. FM 2606 (1959) Farm to Market Road 2606LocationRusk CountyExistedNovember 24, 1959–February 23, 1960 The first FM 2606 was designated in Rusk County on November 24, 1959, from SH 322 in Elderville to FM 1716; that route was canceled on February 23, 1960, with the mileage transferred to FM 2011. FM 2606 (1960) Farm to Market Road 2606LocationWilliamson CountyExistedSeptember 27, 1960–June 2, 1967 The second FM 2606 was designated in Williamson County from US 81 northeast 5.6 miles (9.0 km); it was designated on September 27, 1960. On July 24, 1961, the east end was relocated, adding 0.2 miles; that designation was cancelled on June 2, 1967, when it was combined with FM 971. FM 2607 Farm to Market Road 2607LocationSmith CountyLength3.205 mi (5.158 km)Existed1959–present FM 2608 Farm to Market Road 2608LocationShelby CountyLength1.956 mi (3.148 km)Existed1959–present FM 2609 Farm to Market Road 2609LocationNacogdoches CountyLength14.444 mi (23.245 km)Existed1959–present Farm to Market Road 2609 (FM 2609) is located in Nacogdoches County. FM 2609 begins at an intersection with US 59 / Loop 224 in Nacogdoches. The highway travels in an eastern direction along Austin Street, running through the city's northwest side. Between Future Bus. I-69/Bus. US 59 and FM 1275, FM 2609 travels near the northern end of Stephen F. Austin State University. Northeast of the university, the highway travels through the city's northeast side before intersecting Loop 224 a second time and leaving the city. The highway enters the city of Appleby and has a brief overlap with FM 941. After leaving Appleby, FM 2609 travels in a more eastern direction, with state maintenance ending just west of County Road 266 / County Road 273; the roadway continues east as Cedar Bluff Road. FM 2609 was designated on November 24, 1959, from FM 1878 northeast to FM 941. On February 29, 1960, the southern terminus of FM 2609 was moved to US 59 (became Loop 495 on October 2, 1970; this was redesignated as Bus. US 59 on June 21, 1990), increasing the distance by 0.4 miles (0.64 km). The old route south to FM 1878 was requested by the Nacogdoches County to be renumbered on March 7, 1960, when the county accepted the relocation of FM 2609, and on March 21, 1960, the old route was designated as FM 1411. On May 7, 1970, the highway was extended northeast 2.6 miles (4.2 km) from FM 941, also creating a concurrency with FM 941. On September 26, 1979, FM 2609 was extended northeast 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to its current end. On July 29, 1987, FM 2609 was extended west to US 59. Junction list The entire route is in Nacogdoches County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Nacogdoches0.00.0 US 59 (Future I-69) / Loop 224 (NW Stallings Drive) 0.60.97 FM 1638 (Old Tyler Road) 1.93.1 I-69 BL / Bus. US 59 (North Street) – Downtown, SFA 2.64.2 FM 1275 (University Drive) – Mast Arboretum, Downtown 3.25.1 FM 1411 south (Appleby Sand Road) 4.47.1 Loop 224 (NE Stallings Drive) Appleby9.315.0 FM 941 southSouth end of FM 941 overlap 9.615.4 FM 941 northNorth end of FM 941 overlap ​14.723.7Cedar Bluff Road 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus FM 2610 Farm to Market Road 2610LocationPolk and Liberty countiesLength8.068 mi (12.984 km)ExistedNovember 24, 1959–present Farm to Market Road 2610 (FM 2610) is located in Polk and Liberty counties. It runs between SH 146 and FM 787 and is approximately 8.0 miles (12.9 km) long. The communities of Ace and Romayor lie along its route. FM 2610 was designated on November 24, 1959, from SH 146 4.0 miles (6.4 km) south of Schwab City south to the Liberty County line. The road was extended south to SH 105 (now FM 787) on September 20, 1961. FM 2611 Farm to Market Road 2611LocationBrazoria and Matagorda countiesLength13.387 mi (21.544 km)Existed1959–present Farm to Market Road 2611 (FM 2611) is located in Brazoria and Matagorda counties. FM 2611 begins where FM 2004 ends at SH 36 near Jones Creek. The road follows a western path, crossing the San Bernard River and passing the Churchill Bridge Community. The highway intersects FM 2918, an access highway to the River's End Community and the San Bernard Wildlife Refuge. Making a sharp northward and then westward turn, FM 2611 continues its western path 10 miles (16 km) south of Sweeny, entering Matagorda County and the community of Cedar Lake. FM 2611 ends at an intersection with FM 457, which connects Sargent to Bay City. FM 2611 was designated on November 24, 1959, from SH 36 southwest to what is now FM 2918. On May 2, 1962, FM 2611 was extended southwest to FM 457, replacing FM 2541. FM 2612 Farm to Market Road 2612LocationCass CountyLength2.298 mi (3.698 km)ExistedAugust 31, 1981–present Farm to Market Road 2612 (FM 2612) is located in Cass County in the town of Hughes Springs. FM 2612 begins at an intersection with FM 250. The highway travels in an eastern direction, intersects FM 161, then turns northeast at County Road 2986 / 2990, before ending at an intersection with SH 11 / SH 49. FM 2612 acts as a bypass through the southern part of the town. The current FM 2612 was designated on August 31, 1981, running from FM 250 eastward to the intersection of SH 11 / SH 49. FM 2612 (1959) Farm to Market Road 2612LocationGalveston CountyExistedNovember 24, 1959–March 26, 1980 FM 2612 was originally designated on November 24, 1959, running from SH 87 near the Bolivar Ferry, northwestward to Quarles Avenue in Port Bolivar at a distance of 1.1 miles (1.8 km). The highway was extended 3.4 miles (5.5 km) northeastward and southeastward to SH 87 on May 2, 1962, creating a loop through Port Bolivar. FM 2612 was relocated through Port Bolivar on February 20, 1963, decreasing the route's length by 0.1 miles (0.16 km). The highway was cancelled and redesignated as Loop 108 on March 26, 1980. FM 2613 Farm to Market Road 2613LocationKaufman and Henderson countiesLength5.488 mi (8.832 km)ExistedOctober 30, 1961–present FM 2613 (1959) Farm to Market Road 2613LocationHarris CountyExistedNovember 24, 1959–September 18, 1961 A previous route numbered FM 2613 was designated on November 24, 1959, from US 90 southward 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to FM 526. This was cancelled on September 18, 1961, and mileage was transferred to FM 526. FM 2614 Farm to Market Road 2614LocationColorado and Wharton countiesLength6.597 mi (10.617 km)Existed1959–present Farm to Market Road 2614 (FM 2614) is located in Colorado and Wharton counties. The two-lane highway begins at FM 102 at Bonus, heads generally west through Elm Grove and ends at FM 950 to the northeast of Garwood. FM 2614 is a two-lane highway along its entire route. The road begins at a stop sign on FM 102 near Bonus and follows a curving path to the southeast. At a distance 1.3 miles (2.1 km) from the start, FM 2614 intersects with Reynolds Road. Starting at this point, the highway begins to change direction so that it heads west-northwest until it reaches Foote Lane. In the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) stretch from Reynolds Road to Foote Lane, FM 2614 passes through Elm Grove and then crosses into Colorado County. At Foote Lane, the highway turns to the north-northwest and continues for 1.8 miles (2.9 km) to its northern end at FM 950. From the junction of FM 950 and FM 2614 to SH 71 at Garwood is 3.3 miles (5.3 km). FM 2614 was designated on November 24, 1959, along its current route. Though marked "North", FM 2614 initially goes southwest from the junction with FM 102 at Bonus. The small community of Elm Grove is near the midpoint of FM 2614. The view is to the west-northwest. FM 2615 Farm to Market Road 2615LocationVictoria CountyLength5.761 mi (9.271 km)Existed1959–present FM 2616 Farm to Market Road 2616LocationLavaca CountyLength6.797 mi (10.939 km)Existed1959–present FM 2617 Farm to Market Road 2617LocationBee CountyLength1.155 mi (1.859 km)Existed1959–present RM 2618 Ranch to Market Road 2618LocationMason CountyLength7.122 mi (11.462 km)ExistedMay 7, 1974–present Ranch to Market Road 2618 (RM 2618) is located in Mason County. RM 2618 begins at an intersection with RM 386 north of Mason. The highway travels in an eastern direction through rural and hilly ranching areas, with state maintenance ending just east of RM 1900; the roadway continues as Fly Gap Road. RM 2618 was designated on May 7, 1974, running from RM 386 eastward at a distance of 2.7 miles (4.3 km). The highway was extended 4.7 miles (7.6 km) eastward on March 5, 1976. FM 2618 (1959) Farm to Market Road 2618LocationBurleson CountyExistedNovember 24, 1959–December 19, 1969 The first route numbered FM 2618 was designated on November 24, 1959, from FM 111 (now FM 60) at Deanville south 3.1 miles (5.0 km) to a road intersection; 0.2 miles (0.32 km) were a replacement of FM Spur 111. On September 27, 1960, the road was extended south 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to a county road. On June 28, 1963, the road was extended north 3.6 miles (5.8 km) to a county road. FM 2618 was cancelled on December 16, 1969, and transferred to FM 111. FM 2618 (1970) Farm to Market Road 2618LocationBell CountyExistedMay 7, 1970–January 31, 1974 The second route numbered FM 2618 was designated on May 7, 1970, running from FM 1741 eastward to US 190 at a distance of 5.5 miles (8.9 km). The highway was cancelled and combined with FM 93 on January 31, 1974. FM 2619 Farm to Market Road 2619LocationKleberg CountyLength2.671 mi (4.299 km)Existed1959–present FM 2620 Farm to Market Road 2620LocationGrimes CountyLength11.435 mi (18.403 km)ExistedNovember 24, 1959–present Farm to Market Road 2620 (FM 2620) is located in Grimes County. It runs from FM 1696 in Bedias to SH 30 near Shiro. FM 2620 was designated on November 24, 1959, from SH 90 in Bedias to a point 3.1 miles (5.0 km) southeast. On February 21, 1961, the northern terminus was moved to FM 1696. Nine months later the road was extended south 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to SH 30, 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Shiro, replacing FM 2677. FM 2621 Farm to Market Road 2621LocationWashington CountyLength6.684 mi (10.757 km)Existed1959–present FM 2622 Farm to Market Road 2622LocationDenton CountyLength1.167 mi (1.878 km)ExistedNovember 24, 1959–present Farm to Market Road 2622 (FM 2622) is located in Denton County. Its southern terminus is at an intersection with Old Stoney Road in Stony. It runs north approximately 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to US 380. FM 2622 was designated on November 24, 1959, along the current route. FM 2623 Farm to Market Road 2623LocationGuadalupe CountyLength4.136 mi (6.656 km)ExistedJune 28, 1963–present Farm to Market Road 2623 (FM 2623) is located in Guadalupe County. The highway connects SH 123 in Geronimo eastward to FM 20. The current FM 2623 was designated on June 28, 1963, along the current route. FM 2623 (1959) Farm to Market Road 2623LocationCollin CountyExistedNovember 24, 1959–June 25, 1962 A previous route numbered FM 2623 was designated on November 24, 1959, from FM 544 west of Plano south 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to the Dallas County line. FM 2623 was cancelled on June 25, 1962, and removed from the state highway system in exchange for extending FM 2551. This was later restored as FM 3193, but that was given to the cities of Plano and Dallas on May 25, 1991. FM 2624 Farm to Market Road 2624LocationBowie CountyLength5.419 mi (8.721 km)Existed1959–present FM 2625 Farm to Market Road 2625LocationHarrison CountyLength30.71 mi (49.42 km)Existed1959–present Farm to Market Road 2625 (FM 2625) is located in Harrison County. FM 2625 begins at an intersection with FM 968 / FM 450 south of Hallsville. The highway travels in a southern / southeastern direction, turning east at a private county road, intersects FM 3251 near the Brandy Branch Reservoir, then intersects SH 43 near the Cave Springs Cemetery. FM 2625 continues to run in an eastern direction through forested areas and rural farm land, ending at an intersection with FM 9 southwest of Waskom. FM 2625 was designated on November 24, 1959, from SH 43 near Darco, eastward to US 59 at a distance of 5.8 miles (9.3 km). The highway was extended 6.7 miles (10.8 km) eastward to FM 31 on May 2, 1962. FM 2625 was extended 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of FM 31 to a road intersection on May 7, 1970. The highway was extended 1.6 miles (2.6 km) eastward on November 5, 1971. FM 2625 was extended 2.7 miles (4.3 km) eastward to a point near Stricklin Springs on November 3, 1972. The highway was extended 3.1 miles (5.0 km) eastward to FM 9 on September 5, 1973. FM 2625 was extended westward to FM 968 / FM 450 over part of FM 3251 on October 22, 1982. Junction list The entire route is in Harrison County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0 FM 968 / FM 450 north – Longview, Hallsville ​8.513.7 FM 3251 north – Brady Branch Reservoir ​9.915.9 SH 43 – Marshall, Henderson ​15.424.8 FM 2983 south ​15.524.9 US 59 (Future I-369) – Marshall, Carthage ​22.035.4 FM 31 – Marshall, Elysian Fields ​30.749.4 FM 9 – Waskom, Panola 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2626 Farm to Market Road 2626LocationNewton CountyLength14.097 mi (22.687 km)Existed1959–present RM 2627 Ranch to Market Road 2627LocationBrewster CountyLength14.097 mi (22.687 km)ExistedJune 28, 1963–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 2627KML is not from Wikidata Ranch to Market Road 2627 (RM 2627) is located in Brewster County. The southern terminus of RM 2627 at La Linda International Bridge The southern terminus of RM 2627 is at the currently-closed La Linda International Bridge across the Rio Grande. The route travels northwest and traverses Black Gap Wildlife Management area before ending at US 385, less than one mile (1.6 km) north of the entrance to Big Bend National Park and 38 miles (61 km) south of Marathon. The current RM 2627 was designated on June 28, 1963. The route originally ran from US 385 to the southeast 19 miles (31 km). The route was extended to its current terminus on May 6, 1964. FM 2627 Farm to Market Road 2627LocationCass CountyExistedNovember 24, 1959–September 18, 1962 A previous route designated Farm to Market Road 2627 (FM 2627) was established in Cass County on November 24, 1959, running from US 59 in Linden eastward 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to a road intersection near Center Hill. On September 27, 1960, the route was extended eastward to FM 248 in Bivins. FM 2627's mileage was transferred to FM 1841 on September 18, 1962. FM 2628 Farm to Market Road 2628LocationWalker CountyLength3.417 mi (5.499 km)ExistedDecember 14, 1977–present Farm to Market Road 2628 (FM 2628) is located in Walker County. It runs from FM 247 north of Huntsville to FM 980. FM 2628 was designated on December 14, 1977, on its current route. FM 2628 (1959) Farm to Market Road 2628LocationTyler CountyExistedNovember 24, 1959–December 17, 1969 The first use of the FM 2628 designation was in Tyler County, from US 69, 2.2 miles (3.5 km) north of Colmesneil, to a point 4.4 miles (7.1 km) east. FM 2628 was cancelled on December 17, 1969, and became a portion of FM 255 (now RE 255). FM 2628 (1970) Farm to Market Road 2628LocationFreestone CountyExistedMay 7, 1970–October 31, 1977 The next use of the FM 2628 designation was in Freestone County, from FM 489 at Lanely to a point 4.0 miles (6.4 km). FM 2628 was cancelled on October 31, 1977, and became a portion of FM 1848. FM 2629 Farm to Market Road 2629LocationHidalgo, Cameron, and Willacy countiesLength12.799 mi (20.598 km)ExistedNovember 24, 1959–present Farm to Market Road 2629 (FM 2629) is located in Hidalgo, Cameron, and Willacy counties in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. FM 2629 begins at an intersection with FM 491 northeast of La Villa. The highway travels in an eastern direction, intersecting FM 1425 on the Hidalgo–Cameron county line. FM 2629 intersects FM 2845 south of Zapata Ranch, then has an overlap with FM 506 and Spur 413 through the town of Sebastian. The highway turns south just east of I-69E / US 77, then turns back east at County Line Road, running along the Cameron–Willacy county line, ending at an intersection with FM 507. FM 2629 was designated on November 24, 1959, from FM 491 eastward to the Cameron County line, then eastward near and along the Cameron–Willacy county line to FM 506 at a distance of 4.9 miles (7.9 km). The highway was extended 8.2 miles (13.2 km) eastward to FM 507 on May 5, 1966. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Hidalgo​0.00.0 FM 491 – La Villa Hidalgo–Cameroncounty line​2.13.4 FM 1425 (Sugar Mill Road) – Heidelberg Willacy–Cameroncounty line​4.26.8 FM 2845 north – Zapata Ranch WillacySebastian4.87.7 FM 506 south – Santa RosaWest end of FM 506 overlap 5.38.5 FM 1834 north 6.710.8 Bus. US 77 / FM 506 / Spur 413 – Lyford, HarlingenEast end of FM 506 overlap; west end of Spur 413 overlap 7.011.3 I-69E / US 77 / Spur 413 – Raymondville, HarlingenI-69E exit 38; east end of Spur 413 overlap Willacy–Cameroncounty line​14.924.0 FM 507 – Harlingen 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus RM 2630 Ranch to Market Road 2630LocationEdwards CountyLength4.992 mi (8.034 km)Existed1959–present RM 2631 Ranch to Market Road 2631LocationReal CountyLength8.542 mi (13.747 km)Existed1959–present FM 2632 Farm to Market Road 2632LocationBrown CountyLength5.727 mi (9.217 km)ExistedNovember 24, 1959–present Farm to Market Road 2632 (FM 2632) is located in Brown County. Its southern terminus is at SH 279 northwest of Brownwood. It runs north 5.7 miles (9.2 km), intersecting FM 2125 and FM 3021, before state maintenance ends along the south shore of Lake Brownwood. The roadway continues as CR 464. FM 2632 was designated on November 24, 1959, along the current route. FM 2633 Farm to Market Road 2633LocationColeman CountyLength13.505 mi (21.734 km)Existed1959–present FM 2634 Farm to Market Road 2634LocationMontague CountyLength3.707 mi (5.966 km)ExistedJanuary 31, 1961–present KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2634KML is not from Wikidata Farm to Market Road 2634 (FM 2634) is located in Montague County. FM 2634 begins at an intersection with FM 103, heading east to an intersection with FM 3428. The highway then intersects FM 2953 and heads southeast. FM 2634 curves eastward before ending at Weldon Robb Park on Lake Nocona. FM 2634 was designated on January 31, 1961, on the current route. Junction list The entire route is in Montague County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes 0.00.0 FM 103 – Nocona, Spanish Fort 2.03.2 FM 3428 southNorthern terminus of FM 3428 2.84.5 FM 2953 eastWestern terminus of FM 2953 3.76.0Weldon Robb Park 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2634 (1959) Farm to Market Road 2634LocationComanche CountyExistedNovember 24, 1959–October 14, 1960 FM 2634 was first designated on November 24, 1959, for a road in Comanche County running from SH 36 in Comanche northeast 5.7 miles (9.2 km). On October 14, 1960, the FM 2634 designation on this road was replaced with FM 1689. FM 2635 Farm to Market Road 2635LocationMcCulloch CountyLength5.472 mi (8.806 km)Existed1959–present FM 2636 Farm to Market Road 2636LocationHenderson CountyLength3.082 mi (4.960 km)ExistedOctober 30, 1961–present FM 2636 (1959) Farm to Market Road 2636LocationHudspeth CountyExistedNovember 24, 1959–October 17, 1960 A previous route numbered FM 2636 was designated on November 24, 1959, from US 62/US 180 near Salt Flat to a point 4.0 miles (6.4 km) north. FM 2636 was cancelled on October 17, 1960, and transferred to FM 1576. FM 2637 Farm to Market Road 2637LocationEl Paso CountyLength0.728 mi (1,172 m)Existed1959–present Farm to Market Road 2637 (FM 2637) is located in El Paso County, in the city of El Paso. FM 2637 begins at an intersection with FM 2529 (McCombs Street) in the northern part of the city. The roadway travels east before ending at a dead end. FM 2637 was designated on November 24, 1959, along its current route. FM 2638 Farm to Market Road 2638LocationChildress CountyLength4.676 mi (7.525 km)Existed1959–present FM 2639 Farm to Market Road 2639LocationHall CountyLength3.378 mi (5.436 km)Existed1959–present FM 2640 Farm to Market Road 2640LocationHardeman CountyLength3.25 mi (5.23 km)Existed1959–present FM 2641 Farm to Market Road 2641LocationHockley and Lubbock countiesLength20.79 mi (33.46 km)ExistedSeptember 20, 1961–present Farm to Market Road 2641 (FM 2641) is located in the Lubbock metropolitan area. It is known locally as Regis Street. FM 2641 begins at an intersection with FM 2130 south of Roundup. The highway travels east before intersecting FM 2378 and crossing into Lubbock County. FM 2641 continues traveling east and intersects with FM 179 and U.S. Highway 84 (US 84) near Shallowater. The highway intersects FM 2525 (N. Frankford Avenue) and FM 1264 (N. University Avenue) before entering the city limits of Lubbock. FM 2641 crosses Interstate 27 (I-27) and US 87 and runs just south of Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport before leaving the city limits. The highway ends at an intersection with US 62/US 84 and SH 114 just east of the city. The current FM 2641 was designated on September 20, 1961, running from FM 2130 to US 84. The highway was further extended east on July 11, 1968, to US 87 (later I-27) and later to US 62/US 82/SH 114 (Idalou Road) on September 5, 1973. On June 27, 1995, the section of FM 2641 from FM 1264 to Idalou Road was redesignated Urban Road 2641 (UR 2641). The designation reverted to FM 2641 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Hockley​0.00.0 FM 2130 – Roundup ​1.52.4 FM 2378 Lubbock​5.58.9 FM 179 – Shallowater, Wolfforth ​9.014.5 US 84 – Shallowater, Lubbock ​9.515.3 FM 2528 ​13.521.7 FM 1264 Lubbock15.625.1 I-27 / US 87 – Amarillo, LubbockI-27 exit 8 ​20.833.5 US 62 / US 82 / SH 114 (Idalou Road) – Idalou, Lubbock 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2641 (1959) Farm to Market Road 2641LocationMotley CountyExistedNovember 24, 1959–October 18, 1960 A previous route numbered FM 2641 was designated on November 24, 1959, running from FM 94 at Northfield northwestward at a distance of 3.0 miles (4.8 km). The highway was cancelled on October 18, 1960, with the mileage being transferred to FM 656. FM 2642 Farm to Market Road 2642LocationHunt CountyLength2.593 mi (4.173 km)Existed1959–present FM 2643 Farm to Market Road 2643LocationMcLennan and Falls countiesLength10.781 mi (17.350 km)Existed1959–present FM 2644 Farm to Market Road 2644LocationMaverick and Dimmit countiesLength27.159 mi (43.708 km)ExistedJanuary 19, 1960–present Farm to Market Road 2644 (FM 2644) is located in Maverick and Dimmit counties. It runs west–east from FM 1021 in El Indio to US 277 northwest of Carrizo Springs. FM 2644 was designated on January 19, 1960, from US 277 westward 7.0 miles (11.3 km), and was lengthened westward by 1.1 miles (1.8 km) on September 27 of that year. It was extended to its current western terminus at FM 1021 on June 28, 1963. FM 2645 Farm to Market Road 2645LocationFannin CountyLength5.07 mi (8.16 km)Existed1960–present FM 2646 Farm to Market Road 2646LocationHockley CountyLength12.708 mi (20.452 km)Existed1960–present Farm to Market Road 2646 (FM 2646) is located in Hockley County. FM 2646 begins at an intersection with FM 1585. The highway travels north, intersecting SH 114 between Opdyke West and Smyer. FM 2646 ends at an intersection with FM 1294. FM 2646 was designated on September 27, 1960, running from SH 116 (now SH 114) southward to FM 1585 at a distance of 7.0 miles (11.3 km). The highway was extended 5.8 miles (9.3 km) northward from SH 116 to FM 1294 on June 28, 1963. FM 2647 Farm to Market Road 2647LocationRunnels CountyLength12.821 mi (20.633 km)Existed1960–present FM 2648 Farm to Market Road 2648LocationLamar CountyLength8.821 mi (14.196 km)Existed1960–present FM 2649 Farm to Market Road 2649LocationHunt CountyLength8.402 mi (13.522 km)ExistedJune 28, 1963–present Farm to Market Road 2649 (FM 2649) is located in Hunt County. FM 2649 begins at an intersection with FM 1567. The highway travels in a northern direction through rural farming areas, ending at an intersection with the eastbound frontage road of I-30 between Campbell and Cumby. The current FM 2649 was designated on June 28, 1963, from FM 1567 northward to I-30. FM 2649 (1960) Farm to Market Road 2649LocationCooke CountyExistedSeptember 27, 1960–May 25, 1962 A previous route numbered FM 2649 was designated on September 27, 1960, running from FM 1630 south of Myra, southward to a road intersection at a distance of 2.8 miles (4.5 km). The highway was cancelled on May 25, 1962, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1198. FM 2650 Farm to Market Road 2650LocationArcher and Wichita countiesLength4.32 mi (6.95 km)Existed1960–present Farm to Market Road 2650 (FM 2650) is located in Archer and Wichita counties. FM 2650 begins at an intersection with FM 1954. The highway travels in a northern direction through a semi-suburban area and crosses over Lake Wichita. FM 2650 enters Wichita Falls in the Allendale area, has an overlap with FM 368, then ends at a junction with US 82 / US 277 / Bus. US 277. The section of highway south of FM 369 is known locally as Sisk Road, while north of FM 369 it is known as Allendale Road. FM 2650 was designated on September 27, 1960, running from FM 368 southward to FM 1954 at a distance of 3.6 miles (5.8 km). The highway was extended 0.8 miles (1.3 km) northward from FM 368 to US 82 on May 7, 1974. On June 27, 1995, the section of FM 2650 between FM 368 and US 82 was redesignated Urban Road 2650 (UR 2650). The designation reverted to FM 2650 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes Archer​0.00.0 FM 1954 WichitaWichita Falls3.55.6 FM 369 west (Southwest Parkway)South end of FM 369 overlap 4.06.4 FM 369 east (Southwest Parkway)North end of FM 369 overlap 4.87.7 US 82 / US 277 (Kell Boulevard) / Bus. US 277 (Seymour Highway)Interchange 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus FM 2651 Farm to Market Road 2651LocationThrockmorton CountyLength3.747 mi (6.030 km)Existed1960–present FM 2652 Farm to Market Road 2652LocationYoung CountyLength15.528 mi (24.990 km)Existed1960–present FM 2653 Farm to Market Road 2653LocationHopkins CountyLength18.252 mi (29.374 km)Existed1960–present Farm to Market Road 2653 (FM 2653) is located in Hopkins County. FM 2653 begins at an intersection with FM 275 north of Miller Grove. The highway travels in an eastern direction, turning north at County Road 1152, then briefly runs in a northeastern direction at County Road 1127. FM 2653 continues to alternate between running in an eastern and northern direction until reaching Brasher, having a short overlap with US 67 through the town, then having a junction with I-30 just outside of the town. The highway turns northwest at County Road 4715, turning back north near SH 11. FM 2653 continues to travel in a northern direction through rural farming areas, ending at an intersection with FM 71. FM 2653 was designated on October 13, 1960, traveling from FM 71 southward to US 67 at Brashear at a distance of 10.0 miles (16.1 km) replacing a portion of FM 71. The highway was extended 8.0 miles (12.9 km) south of US 67 to FM 275 on May 2, 1962. Junction list The entire route is in Hopkins County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes ​0.00.0 FM 275 – Cumby, Miller Grove Brashear8.714.0 US 67 southSouth end of US 67 overlap 9.014.5 US 67 north to I-30 east – Sulphur SpringsNorth end of US 67 overlap ​9.315.0 I-30 – Dallas, Greenville, Sulphur SpringsI-30 exit 116 ​14.323.0 SH 11 – Commerce, Sulphur Springs ​18.629.9 FM 71 – Commerce 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus RM 2654 Ranch to Market Road 2654LocationHemphill CountyLength8.262 mi (13.296 km)Existed1960–present FM 2655 Farm to Market Road 2655LocationHunt CountyLength3.901 mi (6.278 km)ExistedMay 6, 1964–present RM 2655 Ranch to Market Road 2655LocationHutchinson CountyExistedSeptember 27, 1960–March 10, 1964 A previous route numbered RM 2655 was designated on September 27, 1960, traveling from SH 152 near Stinnett southward at a distance of 3.5 miles (5.6 km). The highway was cancelled on March 10, 1964, with the mileage being transferred to RM 687. FM 2656 Farm to Market Road 2656LocationDeWitt CountyLength6.741 mi (10.849 km)Existed1960–present FM 2657 Farm to Market Road 2657LocationBurnet and Lampasas countiesLength16.908 mi (27.211 km)ExistedJune 2, 1967–present Farm to Market Road 2657 (FM 2657) is located in Burnet and Lampasas counties. FM 2657 begins in Briggs at an intersection with Loop 308, the old alignment of US 183 through the community. The route runs briefly to the northeast and then to the north through unincorporated Burnet County. It intersects RM 963 before entering southern Lampasas County. FM 2657 ends at an intersection with US 190 in Copperas Cove, just west of the Coryell County line. FM 2657 was designated on June 2, 1967, as Ranch to Market Road 2657 (RM 2657), replacing the southern section of RM 963 to Briggs and the northern section of FM 2808 to Copperas Cove. It was redesignated as FM 2657 on May 5, 1992. Junction list CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes BurnetBriggs0.00.0 Loop 308 to US 183Southern terminus ​8.313.4 RM 963 – Oakalla Lampasas​15.124.3 FM 2808 – Kempner ​15.625.1 FM 3046 Copperas Cove16.927.2 US 190 – Lampasas, KilleenNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi FM 2657 (1960) Farm to Market Road 2657LocationGregg and Harrison countiesExistedSeptember 27, 1960–October 17, 1966 The first FM 2657 was designated in Gregg County on September 27, 1960, from SH 26 (now US 259) to the Harrison County line. On May 2, 1962, the route was extended east to FM 2208 in Harrison County. On October 17, 1966, that route became part of FM 449. FM 2658 Farm to Market Road 2658LocationRusk CountyLength6.539 mi (10.524 km)Existed1960–present FM 2659 Farm to Market Road 2659LocationWood CountyLength6.296 mi (10.132 km)Existed1960–present FM 2660 Farm to Market Road 2660LocationJones CountyLength4.477 mi (7.205 km)Existed1960–present FM 2661 Farm to Market Road 2661LocationSmith CountyLength12.996 mi (20.915 km)Existed1960–present Farm to Market Road 2661 (FM 2661) is located in Smith County. The 13-mile (21 km) route runs from SH 64 at its northern terminus to SH 155 at its southern terminus; from that point it continues southward as FM 344. It intersects SH 31 about midway in its routing. The road passes along the eastern side of Lake Palestine and mainly serves as the route to Holiday Inn Vacation Club's The Villages timeshare resort as well as Pine Cove, a popular Christian camp. FM 2661 was designated on September 27, 1960, from SH 64 to SH 31. On August 2, 1968, FM 2661 was extended south to SH 155. FM 2662 Farm to Market Road 2662LocationCoke CountyLength9.45 mi (15.21 km)ExistedJune 1, 1965–present FM 2662 (1960) Farm to Market Road 2662LocationAngelina CountyExistedSeptember 27, 1960–October 14, 1964 A previous route numbered FM 2662 was designated on September 27, 1960, from SH 63 in Zavalla north 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to 0.6 miles (0.97 km) north of Pophers Creek. On July 25, 1961, the northern terminus was moved, shortening the route by 0.1 miles (0.16 km). FM 2662 was cancelled on October 14, 1964, and transferred to FM 2109. FM 2663 Farm to Market Road 2663LocationHouston CountyLength4.409 mi (7.096 km)Existed1960–present FM 2664 Farm to Market Road 2664LocationNacogdoches CountyLength2.248 mi (3.618 km)Existed1960–present FM 2665 Farm to Market Road 2665LocationPolk CountyLength8.368 mi (13.467 km)Existed1960–present FM 2666 Farm to Market Road 2666LocationSan Jacinto CountyLength7.253 mi (11.673 km)Existed1960–present FM 2667 Farm to Market Road 2667LocationShelby CountyLength3.348 mi (5.388 km)Existed1960–present FM 2668 Farm to Market Road 2668LocationMatagorda CountyLength13.772 mi (22.164 km)Existed1960–present FM 2669 Farm to Market Road 2669LocationShelby CountyLength1.483 mi (2.387 km)Existed1960–present FM 2670 Farm to Market Road 2670LocationBell CountyLength3.887 mi (6.256 km)Existed1960–present FM 2671 Farm to Market Road 2671LocationMcLennan and Coryell countiesLength6.908 mi (11.117 km)Existed1960–present FM 2672 Farm to Market Road 2672LocationFayette CountyLength5.336 mi (8.587 km)Existed1960–present FM 2673 Farm to Market Road 2673LocationComal CountyLength10.019 mi (16.124 km)Existed1960–present FM 2674 Farm to Market Road 2674LocationWharton CountyLength6.014 mi (9.679 km)Existed1960–present FM 2675 Farm to Market Road 2675LocationLamar and Delta countiesLength6.852 mi (11.027 km)ExistedJune 28, 1963–present FM 2675 (1960) Farm to Market Road 2675LocationGuadalupe and Comal countiesExistedSeptember 27, 1960–May 28, 1961 A previous route numbered FM 2675 was designated on September 27, 1960, from SH 123, 0.9 miles (1.4 km) south of Zorn, west 4.1 miles (6.6 km) to County Road. FM 2675 was cancelled on May 28, 1961, and transferred to FM 1101. FM 2676 Farm to Market Road 2676LocationMedina CountyLength17.662 mi (28.424 km)Existed1960–present FM 2677 Farm to Market Road 2677LocationSherman CountyLength11.187 mi (18.004 km)ExistedMay 2, 1962–present FM 2677 (1960) Farm to Market Road 2677LocationGrimes CountyExistedSeptember 27, 1960–October 31, 1961 A previous route numbered FM 2677 was designated on September 27, 1960, from SH 45 (now SH 30), 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Shiro, north 3.6 miles (5.8 km) to a road intersection. FM 2677 was cancelled on October 31, 1961, and transferred to FM 2620. FM 2678 Farm to Market Road 2678LocationRefugio CountyLength9.571 mi (15.403 km)Existed1960–present FM 2679 Farm to Market Road 2679LocationWashington CountyLength5.242 mi (8.436 km)Existed1960–present FM 2680 Farm to Market Road 2680LocationAngelina CountyLength1.161 mi (1.868 km)ExistedJanuary 26, 1962–present FM 2680 (1960) Farm to Market Road 2680LocationCamp CountyExistedSeptember 27, 1960–October 9, 1961 A previous route numbered FM 2680 was designated on September 27, 1960, from SH 11 in Leesburg northwest 3.4 miles (5.5 km) to a county road 1.8 miles (2.9 km) north of Newsome. On September 20, 1961, the road was extended northwest to FM 1448. FM 2680 was cancelled on October 9, 1961, and transferred to FM 1519. FM 2681 Farm to Market Road 2681LocationLimestone CountyLength1.324 mi (2.131 km)ExistedDecember 13, 1962–present FM 2681 (1960) Farm to Market Road 2681LocationTitus CountyExistedSeptember 27, 1960–May 25, 1962 A previous route numbered FM 2681 was designated on September 27, 1960, from FM 71 at Wilkinson, south 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to a county road. FM 2681 was cancelled on May 25, 1962, and transferred to FM 1402. FM 2682 Farm to Market Road 2682LocationHarrison CountyLength2.802 mi (4.509 km)Existed1960–present FM 2683 Farm to Market Road 2683LocationCass and Marion CountyLength11.094 mi (17.854 km)Existed1960–present FM 2684 Farm to Market Road 2684LocationLiberty CountyLength2.081 mi (3.349 km)Existed1960–present FM 2685 Farm to Market Road 2685LocationUpshur CountyLength10.614 mi (17.082 km)Existed1960–present FM 2686 Farm to Market Road 2686LocationStarr CountyLength18.114 mi (29.152 km)Existed1960–present FM 2687 Farm to Market Road 2687LocationZapata and Jim Hogg countiesLength18.139 mi (29.192 km)Existed1960–present FM 2688 Farm to Market Road 2688LocationDimmit CountyLength13.122 mi (21.118 km)Existed1960–present FM 2689 Farm to Market Road 2689LocationEastland CountyLength7.805 mi (12.561 km)Existed1960–present RM 2690 Ranch to Market Road 2690LocationUvalde CountyLength11.421 mi (18.380 km)Existed1960–present FM 2691 Farm to Market Road 2691LocationZavala CountyLength8.591 mi (13.826 km)Existed1960–present RM 2692 Ranch to Market Road 2692LocationPalo Pinto CountyLength8.047 mi (12.950 km)ExistedAugust 27, 1963–present FM 2692 Farm to Market Road 2692LocationComanche CountyExistedOctober 28, 1960–May 24, 1962 Farm to Market Road 2692 (FM 2692) was designated on October 28, 1960 from FM 587 west of DeLeon to a point 3.0 miles (4.8 km) southwest. FM 2692 was cancelled on May 24, 1962, and transferred to FM 2318. FM 2693 Farm to Market Road 2693LocationSan Jacinto and Walker countiesLength10.521 mi (16.932 km)Existed1960–present FM 2694 Farm to Market Road 2694LocationShelby CountyLength13.304 mi (21.411 km)Existed1960–present FM 2695 Farm to Market Road 2695LocationShelby CountyLength0.455 mi (732 m)ExistedOctober 29, 1992–present RM 2695 See also: Texas State Highway 273 Ranch to Market Road 2695LocationGray and Donley countiesExistedFebruary 22, 1961–August 29, 1990 A previous route numbered RM 2695 was designated on February 22, 1961, from a point at near the intersection of SH 273/US 66 at McLean south 8.5 miles (13.7 km) to a county road 5 miles (8.0 km) south of the Gray–Donley county line. The road was extended south 7.4 miles (11.9 km) on May 2, 1962, and south another 11.3 miles (18.2 km) to SH 203 on June 26, 1962. On November 1, 1962, the southern terminus was relocated to SH 203, 6 miles (9.7 km) northeast of Hedley, shortening the route 3.3 miles (5.3 km) miles, but 3.1 miles (5.0 km) were added back on June 2, 1964, when the southern terminus was moved to SH 203 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Hedley. RM 2695 was cancelled on August 29, 1990, and transferred to SH 273. FM 2696 Main article: Farm to Market Road 2696 Farm to Market Road 2696LocationBexar CountyLength16.028 mi (25.795 km)Existed1961–present FM 2697 Farm to Market Road 2697LocationWheeler CountyLength4.036 mi (6.495 km)Existed1961–present FM 2698 Farm to Market Road 2698LocationSwisher CountyLength4.352 mi (7.004 km)Existed1961–present Farm to Market Road 2698 (FM 2698) is located in Swisher County. FM 2698 begins at a junction with I-27 / US 87 in a rural part of the county. The highway travels in an eastern direction through rural, unincorporated areas of the county, passes the Wrangler Feedyards, ending at an intersection with FM 146 north of Tulia. FM 2698 was designated on September 20, 1961, along the current route. RM 2699 Ranch to Market Road 2699LocationRoberts CountyLength7.223 mi (11.624 km)Existed1961–present Notes ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2609 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 941. ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2629 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 506 and Spur 413. ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2650 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 369. ^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2653 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 67. ^ FM 2657 was originally designated as RM 2657 from 1967 to 1992. References ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2600". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1170". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2601". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1216. Retrieved June 27, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1217. Retrieved June 27, 2023. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2602". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2603". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2604". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2605". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2605". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b c "Minute Order 115371" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2606". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 367. Retrieved December 14, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 368. Retrieved December 14, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2011". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 971". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2607". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2608". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2609". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676537.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1411". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. ^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676538.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Google (July 22, 2018). "Route of FM 2609" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2610". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2611". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2541". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2612". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 108". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2613". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676533.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2614". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Google (July 13, 2013). "Route of FM 2614" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 13, 2013. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2615". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2616". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2617". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2618". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 111". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 93". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2619". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2620". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2621". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2622". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 537. Retrieved July 18, 2023. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2623". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2624". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2625". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 3251". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Google (July 6, 2018). "Route of FM 2625" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2626". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2627". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1856. Retrieved December 22, 2022. ^ "Texas–Mexico International Bridges and Border Crossings" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. 2013. pp. 80–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2015. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1815. Retrieved December 22, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1766. Retrieved December 22, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1841". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2628". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2629". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Google (July 6, 2018). "Route of FM 2629" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2630". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2631". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2632". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1039. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 981. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2633". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2634". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Google (February 1, 2013). "List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2600–2699)" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 1, 2013. ^ County Grid Map 418 (PDF) (Map). Texas Department of Transportation. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2011. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1689". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2635". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2636". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2637". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 890. Retrieved December 13, 2022. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2638". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2639". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2640". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2641". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Texas Department of Transportation (2010). Texas Official Travel Map (Map). . Austin: Texas Department of Transportation. § G10. OCLC 815509736, 956398781. ^ a b Google (September 30, 2016). "Overview Map of FM 2641" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 30, 2016. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2641". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 30, 2016. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 656". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2642". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2643". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b c d Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2644". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2036. Retrieved June 14, 2023. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2038. Retrieved June 14, 2023. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2645". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2646". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2647". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2648". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2649". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 1198". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2650". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Urban Road No. 2650". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Google (July 6, 2018). "Route of FM 2650" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2651". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2652". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2653". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Google (July 7, 2018). "Route of FM 2653" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2654". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2655". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 687". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2656". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b c Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2657". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway Loop No. 308". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2011. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1380. Retrieved December 22, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1325. Retrieved December 22, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1270. Retrieved December 22, 2022. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 963". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2808". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ Google (January 10, 2011). "Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2657 Distances Between Interchanges" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 10, 2011. ^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676545.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676568.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 449". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2011. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2658". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2659". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2660". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2661". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2662". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2663". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2664". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2665". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2666". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2667". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2668". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2669". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2670". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2671". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2672". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2673". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2674". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2675". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2676". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2677". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2678". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2679". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2680". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2681". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2682". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2683". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2684". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2685". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2686". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2687". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2688". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2689". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2690". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2691". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2692". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2693". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2694". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2695". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2695". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2696". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2697". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Farm to Market Road No. 2698". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ a b Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Ranch to Market Road No. 2699". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm to Market Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm-to-market_road"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation"}],"text":"Farm to Market Roads in Texas are owned and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT).","title":"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2600–2699)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 2600"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 608","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_608"},{"link_name":"Maryneal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryneal,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1170"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"FM 2600","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2600 was designated on November 24, 1959, from FM 608 at Maryneal southward at a distance of 4.0 miles (6.4 km). The highway was cancelled on July 25, 1963, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1170.[2]","title":"RM 2600"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2409"},{"link_name":"SH 317","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_317"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2601-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1216-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1217-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2601-3"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2601 (FM 2601) is located in Bell County. It begins at an intersection with Moody-Leon Road and Buckhorn Lane in Meadow Grove. The route travels in a generally eastern direction, turning south at Munz Road before turning back east at FM 2409. FM 2601 continues to run eastward to an intersection with SH 317.[3][4][5]FM 2601 was designated on November 24, 1959, along the current route.[3]","title":"FM 2601"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2602"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2603"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2604"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1845"},{"link_name":"Longview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"White Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Oak,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_2605-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-11"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2605 (FM 2605), known locally as Tenneryville Road, runs from FM 1845 in Longview west to Whatley Road in White Oak.FM 2605 was designated on November 24, 1959, along its current route. On June 27, 1995, FM 2605 was redesignated Urban Road 2605 (UR 2605).[10] The designation reverted to FM 2605 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[11]","title":"FM 2605"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clay County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1954"},{"link_name":"Lake Arrowhead State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Arrowhead_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_367-13"},{"link_name":"Lake Arrowhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Arrowhead,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2847"},{"link_name":"Henrietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_368-14"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2606 (FM 2606) is located in Clay County.FM 2606 is a two-lane route for its entire length. Its western terminus is at FM 1954 near the entrance to Lake Arrowhead State Park.[13] The route travels to the east, past the north edge of Lake Arrowhead and across the Wichita Falls Dam on a load-zoned bridge. It winds around the northeastern edge of the lake before veering to the northeast at an intersection with Bunny Run Road. The route turns to the east near its eastern terminus at FM 2847, which provides access to Henrietta.[14]The current FM 2606 was designated on November 16, 1968. The original route was the section from FM 2847 to the east edge of the bridge across the Wichita Falls Dam. The designation was extended across the dam and to FM 1954 on September 26, 1979.","title":"FM 2606"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rusk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_322"},{"link_name":"Elderville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1716","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1716"},{"link_name":"FM 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2011"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"FM 2606 (1959)","text":"The first FM 2606 was designated in Rusk County on November 24, 1959, from SH 322 in Elderville to FM 1716; that route was canceled on February 23, 1960, with the mileage transferred to FM 2011.[15]","title":"FM 2606"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Williamson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_971"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"FM 2606 (1960)","text":"The second FM 2606 was designated in Williamson County from US 81 northeast 5.6 miles (9.0 km); it was designated on September 27, 1960. On July 24, 1961, the east end was relocated, adding 0.2 miles; that designation was cancelled on June 2, 1967, when it was combined with FM 971.[16]","title":"FM 2606"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2607"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2608"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nacogdoches County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_224"},{"link_name":"Nacogdoches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Future Bus. I-69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_Interstate_69&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bus. US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_Business_(Nacogdoches,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"FM 1275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1275"},{"link_name":"Stephen F. Austin State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_University"},{"link_name":"Appleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleby,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_941"},{"link_name":"FM 1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1878"},{"link_name":"Loop 495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_495"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"FM 1411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1411"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Nacogdoches County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoches_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2609 (FM 2609) is located in Nacogdoches County.FM 2609 begins at an intersection with US 59 / Loop 224 in Nacogdoches. The highway travels in an eastern direction along Austin Street, running through the city's northwest side. Between Future Bus. I-69/Bus. US 59 and FM 1275, FM 2609 travels near the northern end of Stephen F. Austin State University. Northeast of the university, the highway travels through the city's northeast side before intersecting Loop 224 a second time and leaving the city. The highway enters the city of Appleby and has a brief overlap with FM 941. After leaving Appleby, FM 2609 travels in a more eastern direction, with state maintenance ending just west of County Road 266 / County Road 273; the roadway continues east as Cedar Bluff Road.FM 2609 was designated on November 24, 1959, from FM 1878 northeast to FM 941. On February 29, 1960, the southern terminus of FM 2609 was moved to US 59 (became Loop 495 on October 2, 1970; this was redesignated as Bus. US 59 on June 21, 1990), increasing the distance by 0.4 miles (0.64 km).[20] The old route south to FM 1878 was requested by the Nacogdoches County to be renumbered on March 7, 1960, when the county accepted the relocation of FM 2609, and on March 21, 1960, the old route was designated as FM 1411.[21][22] On May 7, 1970, the highway was extended northeast 2.6 miles (4.2 km) from FM 941, also creating a concurrency with FM 941. On September 26, 1979, FM 2609 was extended northeast 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to its current end. On July 29, 1987, FM 2609 was extended west to US 59.Junction listThe entire route is in Nacogdoches County.","title":"FM 2609"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_146"},{"link_name":"FM 787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_787"},{"link_name":"Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Romayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romayor,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_105"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2610 (FM 2610) is located in Polk and Liberty counties. It runs between SH 146 and FM 787 and is approximately 8.0 miles (12.9 km) long. The communities of Ace and Romayor lie along its route.FM 2610 was designated on November 24, 1959, from SH 146 4.0 miles (6.4 km) south of Schwab City south to the Liberty County line. The road was extended south to SH 105 (now FM 787) on September 20, 1961.","title":"FM 2610"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Matagorda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matagorda_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2004"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Jones Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Creek,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Bernard River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernard_River"},{"link_name":"FM 2918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2918"},{"link_name":"Sweeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeny,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cedar Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Lake,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 457","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_457"},{"link_name":"Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargent,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bay City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2541","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2541"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2611 (FM 2611) is located in Brazoria and Matagorda counties.FM 2611 begins where FM 2004 ends at SH 36 near Jones Creek. The road follows a western path, crossing the San Bernard River and passing the Churchill Bridge Community. The highway intersects FM 2918, an access highway to the River's End Community and the San Bernard Wildlife Refuge. Making a sharp northward and then westward turn, FM 2611 continues its western path 10 miles (16 km) south of Sweeny, entering Matagorda County and the community of Cedar Lake. FM 2611 ends at an intersection with FM 457, which connects Sargent to Bay City.FM 2611 was designated on November 24, 1959, from SH 36 southwest to what is now FM 2918. On May 2, 1962, FM 2611 was extended southwest to FM 457, replacing FM 2541.[26]","title":"FM 2611"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hughes Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_250"},{"link_name":"FM 161","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_161"},{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"SH 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_49"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2612 (FM 2612) is located in Cass County in the town of Hughes Springs.FM 2612 begins at an intersection with FM 250. The highway travels in an eastern direction, intersects FM 161, then turns northeast at County Road 2986 / 2990, before ending at an intersection with SH 11 / SH 49. FM 2612 acts as a bypass through the southern part of the town.The current FM 2612 was designated on August 31, 1981, running from FM 250 eastward to the intersection of SH 11 / SH 49.","title":"FM 2612"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_87"},{"link_name":"Port Bolivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Bolivar,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_108"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"FM 2612 (1959)","text":"FM 2612 was originally designated on November 24, 1959, running from SH 87 near the Bolivar Ferry, northwestward to Quarles Avenue in Port Bolivar at a distance of 1.1 miles (1.8 km). The highway was extended 3.4 miles (5.5 km) northeastward and southeastward to SH 87 on May 2, 1962, creating a loop through Port Bolivar. FM 2612 was relocated through Port Bolivar on February 20, 1963, decreasing the route's length by 0.1 miles (0.16 km). The highway was cancelled and redesignated as Loop 108 on March 26, 1980.[28]","title":"FM 2612"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2613"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_526"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"FM 2613 (1959)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2613 was designated on November 24, 1959, from US 90 southward 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to FM 526. This was cancelled on September 18, 1961, and mileage was transferred to FM 526.[30][31]","title":"FM 2613"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_102"},{"link_name":"Bonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Elm Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_Grove,_Wharton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_950"},{"link_name":"Garwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_71"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonus_TX_FM_2614.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elm_Grove_TX_Sign.JPG"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2614 (FM 2614) is located in Colorado and Wharton counties. The two-lane highway begins at FM 102 at Bonus, heads generally west through Elm Grove and ends at FM 950 to the northeast of Garwood.FM 2614 is a two-lane highway along its entire route. The road begins at a stop sign on FM 102 near Bonus and follows a curving path to the southeast. At a distance 1.3 miles (2.1 km) from the start, FM 2614 intersects with Reynolds Road. Starting at this point, the highway begins to change direction so that it heads west-northwest until it reaches Foote Lane. In the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) stretch from Reynolds Road to Foote Lane, FM 2614 passes through Elm Grove and then crosses into Colorado County. At Foote Lane, the highway turns to the north-northwest and continues for 1.8 miles (2.9 km) to its northern end at FM 950. From the junction of FM 950 and FM 2614 to SH 71 at Garwood is 3.3 miles (5.3 km).[33]FM 2614 was designated on November 24, 1959, along its current route.Though marked \"North\", FM 2614 initially goes southwest from the junction with FM 102 at Bonus.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe small community of Elm Grove is near the midpoint of FM 2614. The view is to the west-northwest.","title":"FM 2614"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2615"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2616"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2617"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mason County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 386","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_386"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_1900"}],"text":"Ranch to Market Road 2618 (RM 2618) is located in Mason County.RM 2618 begins at an intersection with RM 386 north of Mason. The highway travels in an eastern direction through rural and hilly ranching areas, with state maintenance ending just east of RM 1900; the roadway continues as Fly Gap Road.RM 2618 was designated on May 7, 1974, running from RM 386 eastward at a distance of 2.7 miles (4.3 km). The highway was extended 4.7 miles (7.6 km) eastward on March 5, 1976.","title":"RM 2618"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_111"},{"link_name":"Deanville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"FM 2618 (1959)","text":"The first route numbered FM 2618 was designated on November 24, 1959, from FM 111 (now FM 60) at Deanville south 3.1 miles (5.0 km) to a road intersection; 0.2 miles (0.32 km) were a replacement of FM Spur 111. On September 27, 1960, the road was extended south 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to a county road. On June 28, 1963, the road was extended north 3.6 miles (5.8 km) to a county road. FM 2618 was cancelled on December 16, 1969, and transferred to FM 111.[38]","title":"RM 2618"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1741","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1741"},{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_190"},{"link_name":"FM 93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_93"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"FM 2618 (1970)","text":"The second route numbered FM 2618 was designated on May 7, 1970, running from FM 1741 eastward to US 190 at a distance of 5.5 miles (8.9 km). The highway was cancelled and combined with FM 93 on January 31, 1974.[39]","title":"RM 2618"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2619"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grimes County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2620 (FM 2620) is located in Grimes County. It runs from FM 1696 in Bedias to SH 30 near Shiro.FM 2620 was designated on November 24, 1959, from SH 90 in Bedias to a point 3.1 miles (5.0 km) southeast. On February 21, 1961, the northern terminus was moved to FM 1696. Nine months later the road was extended south 5.0 miles (8.0 km) to SH 30, 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Shiro, replacing FM 2677.","title":"FM 2620"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2621"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2622-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_537-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2622-44"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2622 (FM 2622) is located in Denton County. Its southern terminus is at an intersection with Old Stoney Road in Stony. It runs north approximately 1.2 miles (1.9 km) to US 380.[43][44]FM 2622 was designated on November 24, 1959, along the current route.[43]","title":"FM 2622"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guadalupe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalupe_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_123"},{"link_name":"Geronimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geronimo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_20"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2623 (FM 2623) is located in Guadalupe County. The highway connects SH 123 in Geronimo eastward to FM 20.The current FM 2623 was designated on June 28, 1963, along the current route.","title":"FM 2623"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 544","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_544"},{"link_name":"Plano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plano,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dallas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3193"}],"sub_title":"FM 2623 (1959)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2623 was designated on November 24, 1959, from FM 544 west of Plano south 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to the Dallas County line. FM 2623 was cancelled on June 25, 1962, and removed from the state highway system in exchange for extending FM 2551. This was later restored as FM 3193, but that was given to the cities of Plano and Dallas on May 25, 1991.","title":"FM 2623"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2624"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harrison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_968"},{"link_name":"FM 450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_450"},{"link_name":"Hallsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3251"},{"link_name":"SH 43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_43"},{"link_name":"FM 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_9"},{"link_name":"Waskom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waskom,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_31"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Harrison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2625 (FM 2625) is located in Harrison County.FM 2625 begins at an intersection with FM 968 / FM 450 south of Hallsville. The highway travels in a southern / southeastern direction, turning east at a private county road, intersects FM 3251 near the Brandy Branch Reservoir, then intersects SH 43 near the Cave Springs Cemetery. FM 2625 continues to run in an eastern direction through forested areas and rural farm land, ending at an intersection with FM 9 southwest of Waskom.FM 2625 was designated on November 24, 1959, from SH 43 near Darco, eastward to US 59 at a distance of 5.8 miles (9.3 km). The highway was extended 6.7 miles (10.8 km) eastward to FM 31 on May 2, 1962. FM 2625 was extended 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of FM 31 to a road intersection on May 7, 1970. The highway was extended 1.6 miles (2.6 km) eastward on November 5, 1971. FM 2625 was extended 2.7 miles (4.3 km) eastward to a point near Stricklin Springs on November 3, 1972. The highway was extended 3.1 miles (5.0 km) eastward to FM 9 on September 5, 1973. FM 2625 was extended westward to FM 968 / FM 450 over part of FM 3251 on October 22, 1982.[48]Junction listThe entire route is in Harrison County.","title":"FM 2625"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2626"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2627&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2627&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 2627","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2627"},{"link_name":"Brewster County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_County,_Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Linda_International_Bridge_April_26_2014.JPG"},{"link_name":"La Linda International Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Linda_International_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1856-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TxDOT_Bridges_2013-54"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Big Bend National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_2627-52"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1815-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1766-56"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM_2627-52"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Ranch to Market Road 2627KML is not from WikidataRanch to Market Road 2627 (RM 2627) is located in Brewster County.The southern terminus of RM 2627 at La Linda International BridgeThe southern terminus of RM 2627 is at the currently-closed La Linda International Bridge across the Rio Grande.[52][53] The route travels northwest and traverses Black Gap Wildlife Management area before ending at US 385, less than one mile (1.6 km) north of the entrance to Big Bend National Park and 38 miles (61 km) south of Marathon.[51][54][55]The current RM 2627 was designated on June 28, 1963. The route originally ran from US 385 to the southeast 19 miles (31 km). The route was extended to its current terminus on May 6, 1964.[51]","title":"RM 2627"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cass County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 248","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_248"},{"link_name":"Bivins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivins,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1841"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"FM 2627","text":"A previous route designated Farm to Market Road 2627 (FM 2627) was established in Cass County on November 24, 1959, running from US 59 in Linden eastward 6.0 miles (9.7 km) to a road intersection near Center Hill. On September 27, 1960, the route was extended eastward to FM 248 in Bivins. FM 2627's mileage was transferred to FM 1841 on September 18, 1962.[56]","title":"RM 2627"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walker County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2628 (FM 2628) is located in Walker County. It runs from FM 247 north of Huntsville to FM 980.FM 2628 was designated on December 14, 1977, on its current route.","title":"FM 2628"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyler County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 2628 (1959)","text":"The first use of the FM 2628 designation was in Tyler County, from US 69, 2.2 miles (3.5 km) north of Colmesneil, to a point 4.4 miles (7.1 km) east. FM 2628 was cancelled on December 17, 1969, and became a portion of FM 255 (now RE 255).","title":"FM 2628"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freestone County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestone_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"FM 2628 (1970)","text":"The next use of the FM 2628 designation was in Freestone County, from FM 489 at Lanely to a point 4.0 miles (6.4 km). FM 2628 was cancelled on October 31, 1977, and became a portion of FM 1848.","title":"FM 2628"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Willacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willacy_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lower Rio Grande Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Rio_Grande_Valley"},{"link_name":"FM 491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_491"},{"link_name":"La Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Villa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1425","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1425"},{"link_name":"FM 2845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2845"},{"link_name":"Zapata Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapata_Ranch,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_506"},{"link_name":"Spur 413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Spur_413"},{"link_name":"Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-69E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_69E"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_507"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2629 (FM 2629) is located in Hidalgo, Cameron, and Willacy counties in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.FM 2629 begins at an intersection with FM 491 northeast of La Villa. The highway travels in an eastern direction, intersecting FM 1425 on the Hidalgo–Cameron county line. FM 2629 intersects FM 2845 south of Zapata Ranch, then has an overlap with FM 506 and Spur 413 through the town of Sebastian. The highway turns south just east of I-69E / US 77, then turns back east at County Line Road, running along the Cameron–Willacy county line, ending at an intersection with FM 507.FM 2629 was designated on November 24, 1959, from FM 491 eastward to the Cameron County line, then eastward near and along the Cameron–Willacy county line to FM 506 at a distance of 4.9 miles (7.9 km). The highway was extended 8.2 miles (13.2 km) eastward to FM 507 on May 5, 1966.Junction list","title":"FM 2629"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 2630"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 2631"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brown County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_279"},{"link_name":"Brownwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownwood,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1039-65"},{"link_name":"FM 2125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2125"},{"link_name":"FM 3021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3021"},{"link_name":"Lake Brownwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Brownwood"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2632-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_981-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2632-64"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2632 (FM 2632) is located in Brown County. Its southern terminus is at SH 279 northwest of Brownwood.[63] It runs north 5.7 miles (9.2 km), intersecting FM 2125 and FM 3021, before state maintenance ends along the south shore of Lake Brownwood. The roadway continues as CR 464.[62][64]FM 2632 was designated on November 24, 1959, along the current route.[62]","title":"FM 2632"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2633"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2634&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2634&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2634","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/Farm_to_Market_Road_2634"},{"link_name":"Montague County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 3428","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_3428"},{"link_name":"FM 2953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2953"},{"link_name":"Lake Nocona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Nocona,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Route_of_FM_2634-69"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TXDOT418-70"},{"link_name":"Montague County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_County,_Texas"}],"text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/Farm to Market Road 2634KML is not from WikidataFarm to Market Road 2634 (FM 2634) is located in Montague County.FM 2634 begins at an intersection with FM 103, heading east to an intersection with FM 3428. The highway then intersects FM 2953 and heads southeast. FM 2634 curves eastward before ending at Weldon Robb Park on Lake Nocona.[67][68]FM 2634 was designated on January 31, 1961, on the current route.Junction listThe entire route is in Montague County.","title":"FM 2634"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comanche County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_36"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1689"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"FM 2634 (1959)","text":"FM 2634 was first designated on November 24, 1959, for a road in Comanche County running from SH 36 in Comanche northeast 5.7 miles (9.2 km). On October 14, 1960, the FM 2634 designation on this road was replaced with FM 1689.[69]","title":"FM 2634"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2635"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2636"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2636 (1959)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2636 was designated on November 24, 1959, from US 62/US 180 near Salt Flat to a point 4.0 miles (6.4 km) north. FM 2636 was cancelled on October 17, 1960, and transferred to FM 1576.","title":"FM 2636"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Paso County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2529","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2529"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_890-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2637-74"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2637 (FM 2637) is located in El Paso County, in the city of El Paso.FM 2637 begins at an intersection with FM 2529 (McCombs Street) in the northern part of the city. The roadway travels east before ending at a dead end.[73]FM 2637 was designated on November 24, 1959, along its current route.[72]","title":"FM 2637"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2638"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2639"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2640"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lubbock metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"FM 2130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2130"},{"link_name":"Roundup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundup,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2378"},{"link_name":"Lubbock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_179"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Shallowater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallowater,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 2525","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2525"},{"link_name":"FM 1264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1264"},{"link_name":"Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Interstate 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_27"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_Preston_Smith_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_114"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Route_of_FM_2641-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_2641-82"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-11"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2641 (FM 2641) is located in the Lubbock metropolitan area. It is known locally as Regis Street.FM 2641 begins at an intersection with FM 2130 south of Roundup. The highway travels east before intersecting FM 2378 and crossing into Lubbock County. FM 2641 continues traveling east and intersects with FM 179 and U.S. Highway 84 (US 84) near Shallowater. The highway intersects FM 2525 (N. Frankford Avenue) and FM 1264 (N. University Avenue) before entering the city limits of Lubbock. FM 2641 crosses Interstate 27 (I-27) and US 87 and runs just south of Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport before leaving the city limits. The highway ends at an intersection with US 62/US 84 and SH 114 just east of the city.[78][79]The current FM 2641 was designated on September 20, 1961, running from FM 2130 to US 84. The highway was further extended east on July 11, 1968, to US 87 (later I-27) and later to US 62/US 82/SH 114 (Idalou Road) on September 5, 1973. On June 27, 1995, the section of FM 2641 from FM 1264 to Idalou Road was redesignated Urban Road 2641 (UR 2641).[80] The designation reverted to FM 2641 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[11]Junction list","title":"FM 2641"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_94"},{"link_name":"FM 656","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_656"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"FM 2641 (1959)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2641 was designated on November 24, 1959, running from FM 94 at Northfield northwestward at a distance of 3.0 miles (4.8 km). The highway was cancelled on October 18, 1960, with the mileage being transferred to FM 656.[81]","title":"FM 2641"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2642"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2643"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dimmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimmit_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2644-86"},{"link_name":"FM 1021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1021"},{"link_name":"El Indio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Indio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Carrizo Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrizo_Springs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_2036-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_2038-88"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2644-86"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2644 (FM 2644) is located in Maverick and Dimmit counties.[84] It runs west–east from FM 1021 in El Indio to US 277 northwest of Carrizo Springs.[85][86]FM 2644 was designated on January 19, 1960, from US 277 westward 7.0 miles (11.3 km), and was lengthened westward by 1.1 miles (1.8 km) on September 27 of that year. It was extended to its current western terminus at FM 1021 on June 28, 1963.[84]","title":"FM 2644"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2645"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hockley County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockley_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1585","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1585"},{"link_name":"SH 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_114"},{"link_name":"Opdyke West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opdyke_West,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Smyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyer,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1294"},{"link_name":"SH 116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_116"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2646 (FM 2646) is located in Hockley County.FM 2646 begins at an intersection with FM 1585. The highway travels north, intersecting SH 114 between Opdyke West and Smyer. FM 2646 ends at an intersection with FM 1294.FM 2646 was designated on September 27, 1960, running from SH 116 (now SH 114) southward to FM 1585 at a distance of 7.0 miles (11.3 km). The highway was extended 5.8 miles (9.3 km) northward from SH 116 to FM 1294 on June 28, 1963.","title":"FM 2646"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2647"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2648"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1567","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1567"},{"link_name":"I-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_30"},{"link_name":"Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cumby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumby,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2649 (FM 2649) is located in Hunt County.FM 2649 begins at an intersection with FM 1567. The highway travels in a northern direction through rural farming areas, ending at an intersection with the eastbound frontage road of I-30 between Campbell and Cumby.The current FM 2649 was designated on June 28, 1963, from FM 1567 northward to I-30.","title":"FM 2649"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM 1630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1630"},{"link_name":"Myra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1198","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1198"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"FM 2649 (1960)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2649 was designated on September 27, 1960, running from FM 1630 south of Myra, southward to a road intersection at a distance of 2.8 miles (4.5 km). The highway was cancelled on May 25, 1962, with the mileage being transferred to FM 1198.[92]","title":"FM 2649"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wichita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1954"},{"link_name":"Lake Wichita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Wichita"},{"link_name":"Wichita Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 368","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_368"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bus. US 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277_Business_(Wichita_Falls,_Texas)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UR_2650-97"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute_order_UR_eliminated-11"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2650 (FM 2650) is located in Archer and Wichita counties.FM 2650 begins at an intersection with FM 1954. The highway travels in a northern direction through a semi-suburban area and crosses over Lake Wichita. FM 2650 enters Wichita Falls in the Allendale area, has an overlap with FM 368, then ends at a junction with US 82 / US 277 / Bus. US 277. The section of highway south of FM 369 is known locally as Sisk Road, while north of FM 369 it is known as Allendale Road.FM 2650 was designated on September 27, 1960, running from FM 368 southward to FM 1954 at a distance of 3.6 miles (5.8 km). The highway was extended 0.8 miles (1.3 km) northward from FM 368 to US 82 on May 7, 1974. On June 27, 1995, the section of FM 2650 between FM 368 and US 82 was redesignated Urban Road 2650 (UR 2650).[94] The designation reverted to FM 2650 with the elimination of the Urban Road system on November 15, 2018.[11]Junction list","title":"FM 2650"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2651"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2652"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hopkins County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_275"},{"link_name":"Miller Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Grove,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brashear,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_30"},{"link_name":"SH 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_11"},{"link_name":"FM 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_71"},{"link_name":"Hopkins County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_County,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2653 (FM 2653) is located in Hopkins County.FM 2653 begins at an intersection with FM 275 north of Miller Grove. The highway travels in an eastern direction, turning north at County Road 1152, then briefly runs in a northeastern direction at County Road 1127. FM 2653 continues to alternate between running in an eastern and northern direction until reaching Brasher, having a short overlap with US 67 through the town, then having a junction with I-30 just outside of the town. The highway turns northwest at County Road 4715, turning back north near SH 11. FM 2653 continues to travel in a northern direction through rural farming areas, ending at an intersection with FM 71.FM 2653 was designated on October 13, 1960, traveling from FM 71 southward to US 67 at Brashear at a distance of 10.0 miles (16.1 km) replacing a portion of FM 71. The highway was extended 8.0 miles (12.9 km) south of US 67 to FM 275 on May 2, 1962.Junction listThe entire route is in Hopkins County.","title":"FM 2653"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 2654"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2655"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_152"},{"link_name":"Stinnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinnett,_Texas"},{"link_name":"RM 687","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_687"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"}],"sub_title":"RM 2655","text":"A previous route numbered RM 2655 was designated on September 27, 1960, traveling from SH 152 near Stinnett southward at a distance of 3.5 miles (5.6 km). The highway was cancelled on March 10, 1964, with the mileage being transferred to RM 687.[102]","title":"FM 2655"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2656"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnet_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lampasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampasas_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Briggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggs,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Loop 308","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_308"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL_308-110"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1380-111"},{"link_name":"RM 963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_963"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1325-112"},{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_190"},{"link_name":"Copperas Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperas_Cove,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Coryell County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coryell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_1270-113"},{"link_name":"RM 963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_963"},{"link_name":"FM 2808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_2808"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_2657-108"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2657 (FM 2657) is located in Burnet and Lampasas counties.FM 2657 begins in Briggs at an intersection with Loop 308, the old alignment of US 183 through the community.[105][106] The route runs briefly to the northeast and then to the north through unincorporated Burnet County. It intersects RM 963 before entering southern Lampasas County.[107] FM 2657 ends at an intersection with US 190 in Copperas Cove, just west of the Coryell County line.[108]FM 2657 was designated on June 2, 1967, as Ranch to Market Road 2657 (RM 2657), replacing the southern section of RM 963 to Briggs and the northern section of FM 2808 to Copperas Cove.[109][110] It was redesignated as FM 2657 on May 5, 1992.[104]Junction list","title":"FM 2657"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregg County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Harrison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"FM 449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_449"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FM_449-119"}],"sub_title":"FM 2657 (1960)","text":"The first FM 2657 was designated in Gregg County on September 27, 1960, from SH 26 (now US 259) to the Harrison County line.[112] On May 2, 1962, the route was extended east to FM 2208 in Harrison County.[113] On October 17, 1966, that route became part of FM 449.[114]","title":"FM 2657"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2658"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2659"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2660"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smith County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_64"},{"link_name":"SH 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_155"},{"link_name":"FM 344","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_344"},{"link_name":"SH 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_31"},{"link_name":"Lake Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Palestine"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2661 (FM 2661) is located in Smith County. The 13-mile (21 km) route runs from SH 64 at its northern terminus to SH 155 at its southern terminus; from that point it continues southward as FM 344. It intersects SH 31 about midway in its routing.The road passes along the eastern side of Lake Palestine and mainly serves as the route to Holiday Inn Vacation Club's The Villages timeshare resort as well as Pine Cove, a popular Christian camp.FM 2661 was designated on September 27, 1960, from SH 64 to SH 31. On August 2, 1968, FM 2661 was extended south to SH 155.","title":"FM 2661"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2662"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2662 (1960)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2662 was designated on September 27, 1960, from SH 63 in Zavalla north 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to 0.6 miles (0.97 km) north of Pophers Creek. On July 25, 1961, the northern terminus was moved, shortening the route by 0.1 miles (0.16 km). FM 2662 was cancelled on October 14, 1964, and transferred to FM 2109.","title":"FM 2662"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2663"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2664"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2665"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2666"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2667"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2668"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2669"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2670"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2671"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2672"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2673"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2674"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2675"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2675 (1960)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2675 was designated on September 27, 1960, from SH 123, 0.9 miles (1.4 km) south of Zorn, west 4.1 miles (6.6 km) to County Road. FM 2675 was cancelled on May 28, 1961, and transferred to FM 1101.","title":"FM 2675"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2676"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2677"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2677 (1960)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2677 was designated on September 27, 1960, from SH 45 (now SH 30), 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Shiro, north 3.6 miles (5.8 km) to a road intersection. FM 2677 was cancelled on October 31, 1961, and transferred to FM 2620.","title":"FM 2677"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2678"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2679"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2680"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2680 (1960)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2680 was designated on September 27, 1960, from SH 11 in Leesburg northwest 3.4 miles (5.5 km) to a county road 1.8 miles (2.9 km) north of Newsome. On September 20, 1961, the road was extended northwest to FM 1448. FM 2680 was cancelled on October 9, 1961, and transferred to FM 1519.","title":"FM 2680"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2681"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"FM 2681 (1960)","text":"A previous route numbered FM 2681 was designated on September 27, 1960, from FM 71 at Wilkinson, south 3.2 miles (5.1 km) to a county road. FM 2681 was cancelled on May 25, 1962, and transferred to FM 1402.","title":"FM 2681"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2682"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2683"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2684"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2685"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2686"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2687"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2688"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2689"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 2690"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2691"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 2692"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"}],"sub_title":"FM 2692","text":"Farm to Market Road 2692 (FM 2692) was designated on October 28, 1960[150] from FM 587 west of DeLeon to a point 3.0 miles (4.8 km) southwest. FM 2692 was cancelled on May 24, 1962, and transferred to FM 2318.","title":"RM 2692"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2693"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2694"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2695"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas State Highway 273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_273"}],"sub_title":"RM 2695","text":"See also: Texas State Highway 273A previous route numbered RM 2695 was designated on February 22, 1961, from a point at near the intersection of SH 273/US 66 at McLean south 8.5 miles (13.7 km) to a county road 5 miles (8.0 km) south of the Gray–Donley county line. The road was extended south 7.4 miles (11.9 km) on May 2, 1962, and south another 11.3 miles (18.2 km) to SH 203 on June 26, 1962. On November 1, 1962, the southern terminus was relocated to SH 203, 6 miles (9.7 km) northeast of Hedley, shortening the route 3.3 miles (5.3 km) miles, but 3.1 miles (5.0 km) were added back on June 2, 1964, when the southern terminus was moved to SH 203 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Hedley. RM 2695 was cancelled on August 29, 1990, and transferred to SH 273.","title":"FM 2695"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2696"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FM 2697"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swisher County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swisher_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_27"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"FM 146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_146"},{"link_name":"Tulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulia,_Texas"}],"text":"Farm to Market Road 2698 (FM 2698) is located in Swisher County.FM 2698 begins at a junction with I-27 / US 87 in a rural part of the county. The highway travels in an eastern direction through rural, unincorporated areas of the county, passes the Wrangler Feedyards, ending at an intersection with FM 146 north of Tulia.FM 2698 was designated on September 20, 1961, along the current route.","title":"FM 2698"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"RM 2699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2609-concur_20-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2629-concur_60-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2650-concur_96-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2653-concur_102-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-109"}],"text":"^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2609 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 941.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2629 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 506 and Spur 413.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2650 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with FM 369.\n\n^ The certified length given is shorter than the actual mileage, as the Texas Department of Transportation description of FM 2653 considers it to be discontinuous at rather than concurrent with US 67.\n\n^ FM 2657 was originally designated as RM 2657 from 1967 to 1992.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The southern terminus of RM 2627 at La Linda International Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/La_Linda_International_Bridge_April_26_2014.JPG/220px-La_Linda_International_Bridge_April_26_2014.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2600\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2600.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2600\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1170\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1170.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1170\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2601\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2601.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2601\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1216. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1216.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1217. Retrieved June 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1217.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2602\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2602.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2602\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2603\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2603.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2603\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2604\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2604.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2604\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2605\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2605.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2605\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2605\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2605.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2605\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minute Order 115371\" (PDF). Texas Transportation Commission. November 15, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot/commission/2018/1115/4.pdf","url_text":"\"Minute Order 115371\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2606\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2606.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2606\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 367. Retrieved December 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/367.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 368. Retrieved December 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/368.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2011\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2000/FM2011.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 971\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0971.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 971\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2607\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2607.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2607\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2608\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2608.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2608\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2609\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2609.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2609\""}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676537.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676537.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676537.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1411\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1411.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1411\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676538.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676538.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676538.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Google (July 22, 2018). \"Route of FM 2609\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/31.6305376,-94.6839951/31.7317676,-94.5292055/@31.6766786,-94.6577955,12.75z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-94.6526571!2d31.6318075!3s0x86378bf9a9874191:0xfdca03c014c8fc45!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2609\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2610\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2610.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2610\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2611\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2611.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2611\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2541\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2541.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2541\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2612\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2612.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2612\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 108\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0108.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 108\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2613\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2613.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2613\""}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676533.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676533.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676533.pdf"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2614\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2614.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2614\""}]},{"reference":"Google (July 13, 2013). \"Route of FM 2614\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=FM+2614+Rd+and+FM+102+Rd&daddr=FM+2614+Rd+and+FM+950+Rd&hl=en&sll=29.47885,-96.318627&sspn=0.115964,0.204277&geocode=FcZTwQEdD-dC-imNH1k11npBhjEcJglhSAX2Mw%3BFRbBwQEdqq9B-ilzAPqfGGNBhjH5pCGSpPdeBQ&dirflg=w&mra=ltm&t=m&z=14","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2614\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2615\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2615.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2615\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2616\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2616.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2616\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2617\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2617.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2617\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2618\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2618.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2618\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 111\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0111.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 111\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 93\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0093.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 93\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2619\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2619.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2619\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2620\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2620.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2620\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2621\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2621.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2621\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2622\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2622.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2622\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 537. Retrieved July 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/537.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2623\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2623.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2623\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2624\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2624.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2624\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2625\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2625.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2625\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 3251\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM3000/FM3251.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 3251\""}]},{"reference":"Google (July 6, 2018). \"Route of FM 2625\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.4505486,-94.577382/32.4378746,-94.0950976/@32.5065267,-94.4364531,11.5z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-94.3540244!2d32.4314568!3s0x8636f9b3b1f4ef77:0x2102bbe1c7a53f53!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2625\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2626\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2626.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2626\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2627\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2627.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2627\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1856. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1856.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas–Mexico International Bridges and Border Crossings\" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. 2013. pp. 80–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140203030404/http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/iro/2013_international_bridges.pdf","url_text":"\"Texas–Mexico International Bridges and Border Crossings\""},{"url":"http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/iro/2013_international_bridges.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1815. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1815.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1766. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1766.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1841\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1841.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1841\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2628\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2628.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2628\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2629\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2629.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2629\""}]},{"reference":"Google (July 6, 2018). \"Route of FM 2629\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/26.3421821,-97.8952894/26.3189101,-97.6648493/@26.3375391,-97.8201351,12.75z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-97.7745048!2d26.335032!3s0x866f7d91d5f7ad8f:0x51979863d3da1632!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2629\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2630\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2630.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2630\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2631\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2631.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2631\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2632\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2632.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2632\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1039. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1039.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 981. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/981.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2633\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2633.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2633\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2634\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2634.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2634\""}]},{"reference":"Google (February 1, 2013). \"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2600–2699)\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Farm+to+Market+103+S&daddr=Farm+to+Market+2634&hl=en&ll=33.864358,-97.691631&spn=0.058299,0.111494&sll=33.866995,-97.672148&sspn=0.029149,0.055747&geocode=FVbGBAIdX90s-g%3BFc6vBAIdo9At-g&t=h&mra=mr&z=14","url_text":"\"List of Farm to Market Roads in Texas (2600–2699)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"County Grid Map 418 (PDF) (Map). Texas Department of Transportation. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120612142645/http://www.txdot.gov/travel/countymapbook2006/Pages/418.pdf","url_text":"County Grid Map 418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"},{"url":"http://www.txdot.gov/travel/countymapbook2006/Pages/418.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1689\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1500/FM1689.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1689\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2635\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2635.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2635\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2636\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2636.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2636\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2637\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2637.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2637\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 890. Retrieved December 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/890.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2638\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2638.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2638\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2639\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2639.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2639\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2640\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2640.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2640\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2641\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2641.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2641\""}]},{"reference":"Texas Department of Transportation (2010). Texas Official Travel Map (Map). [c. 1:1,500,00]. Austin: Texas Department of Transportation. § G10. OCLC 815509736, 956398781.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/815509736","url_text":"815509736"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956398781","url_text":"956398781"}]},{"reference":"Google (September 30, 2016). \"Overview Map of FM 2641\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.65029,-102.1051594/33.6346609,-101.7495352/@33.6415462,-101.7781398,14z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview Map of FM 2641\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2641\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2641.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2641\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 656\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM0500/FM0656.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 656\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2642\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2642.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2642\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2643\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2643.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2643\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2644\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2644.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2644\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2036. Retrieved June 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2036.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 2038. Retrieved June 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/2038.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2645\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2645.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2645\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2646\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2646.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2646\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2647\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2647.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2647\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2648\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2648.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2648\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2649\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2649.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2649\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 1198\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM1000/FM1198.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 1198\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2650\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2650.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2650\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Urban Road No. 2650\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/UR/UR2650.htm","url_text":"\"Urban Road No. 2650\""}]},{"reference":"Google (July 6, 2018). \"Route of FM 2650\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.8122062,-98.6064398/33.871338,-98.5961142/@33.8433156,-98.6215543,13.5z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m10!3m4!1m2!1d-98.603437!2d33.8607085!3s0x86532270f40b36e5:0x5f3a72b867c4acb9!3m4!1m2!1d-98.5959228!2d33.8679709!3s0x8653226d1191e4fd:0x6126cbc449accd15!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2650\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2651\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2651.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2651\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2652\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2652.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2652\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2653\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2653.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2653\""}]},{"reference":"Google (July 7, 2018). \"Route of FM 2653\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/33.0387881,-95.8038446/33.242659,-95.7663042/@33.1409397,-95.8109809,12z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Route of FM 2653\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2654\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2654.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2654\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2655\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2655.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2655\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 687\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0687.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 687\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2656\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2656.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2656\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2657\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2657.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2657\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway Loop No. 308\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SL/SL0308.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway Loop No. 308\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1380. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1380.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1325. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1325.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 1270. Retrieved December 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/1270.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 963\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM0963.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 963\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2808\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2808.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2808\""}]},{"reference":"Google (January 10, 2011). \"Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2657 Distances Between Interchanges\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Farm+to+Market+Rd+2657&daddr=Farm+to+Market+Rd+2657+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+2657+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+2657+to:Farm+to+Market+Rd+2657&hl=en&geocode=FchX1wEd1Mcp-g%3BFYK82AEdeNwp-g%3BFUMh2gEdqNIp-g%3BFTw92gEd-sgp-g%3BFd-C2gEda8Mp-g&mra=mi&mrcr=3&mrsp=4&sz=18&sll=31.097529,-97.925987&sspn=0.00396,0.008256&ie=UTF8&ll=30.99056,-97.876167&spn=0.254876,0.528374&z=12","url_text":"\"Overview map of Farm to Market Road 2657 Distances Between Interchanges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676545.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676545.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676545.pdf"}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676568.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676568.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676568.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 449\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM/FM0449.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 449\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2658\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2658.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2658\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2659\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2659.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2659\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2660\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2660.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2660\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2661\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2661.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2661\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2662\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2662.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2662\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2663\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2663.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2663\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2664\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2664.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2664\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2665\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2665.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2665\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2666\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2666.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2666\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2667\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2667.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2667\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2668\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2668.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2668\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2669\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2669.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2669\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2670\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2670.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2670\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2671\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2671.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2671\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2672\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2672.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2672\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2673\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2673.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2673\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2674\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2674.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2674\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2675\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2675.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2675\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2676\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2676.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2676\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2677\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2677.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2677\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2678\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2678.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2678\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2679\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2679.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2679\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2680\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2680.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2680\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2681\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2681.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2681\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2682\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2682.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2682\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2683\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2683.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2683\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2684\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2684.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2684\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2685\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2685.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2685\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2686\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2686.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2686\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2687\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2687.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2687\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2688\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2688.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2688\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2689\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2689.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2689\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2690\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2690.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2690\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2691\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2691.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2691\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2692\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2692.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2692\""}]},{"reference":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf","url_text":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2693\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2693.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2693\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2694\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2694.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2694\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2695\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2695.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2695\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2695\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2695.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2695\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2696\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2696.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2696\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2697\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2697.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2697\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Farm to Market Road No. 2698\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2698.htm","url_text":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2698\""}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Ranch to Market Road No. 2699\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2699.htm","url_text":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2699\""}]}]
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No. 2665\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2666.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2666\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2667.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2667\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2668.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2668\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2669.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2669\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2670.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2670\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2671.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2671\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2672.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2672\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2673.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2673\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2674.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2674\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2675.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2675\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2676.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2676\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2677.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2677\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2678.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2678\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2679.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2679\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2680.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2680\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2681.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2681\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2682.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2682\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2683.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2683\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2684.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2684\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2685.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2685\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2686.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2686\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2687.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2687\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2688.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2688\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2689.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2689\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2690.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2690\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2691.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2691\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2692.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2692\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf","external_links_name":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676559.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2693.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2693\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2694.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2694\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2695.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2695\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2695.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2695\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2696.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2696\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2697.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2697\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/FM2500/FM2698.htm","external_links_name":"\"Farm to Market Road No. 2698\""},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/RM/RM2699.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranch to Market Road No. 2699\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocoleoidea
Neocoleoidea
["1 Taxonomy","2 References"]
Group of molluscs NeocoleoideaTemporal range: Lower Devonian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N The common octopus, Octopus vulgaris Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Cephalopoda Subclass: Coleoidea (unranked): NeocoleoideaHaas , 1997 Orders See text Neocoleoidea is a large group of marine cephalopods. This cohort contains two extant groups: Decapodiformes (squid, cuttlefish, and relatives) and Octopodiformes (octopuses and the vampire squid). Species within this group exist in all major habitats in the ocean, in both the southern and northern polar regions, and from intertidal zones to great depths. Whilst conventionally held to be monophyletic, the only morphological character for the group is the presence of suckers: although the presence of these features in the belemnites suggests that they do not support the Neocoleoidea, and hence that the group may be paraphyletic. Taxonomy Superorder Decapodiformes Order Bathyteuthida Order †Belemnitida Order †Diplobelida Order Idiosepida Order Myopsida - coastal squid Order Oegopsida - neritic squid Order Sepiida - cuttlefish, pygmy, bobtail and bottletail squid Order Spirulida - ram's horn squid Superorder Octopodiformes Family †Trachyteuthididae (incertae sedis) Order Vampyromorphida: vampire squid Order Octopoda: octopus Superorder †Palaeoteuthomorpha Order †Boletzkyida References ^ "Coleoidea". Tolweb.org. 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2010-07-30. ^ Fuchs, D.; Von Boletzky, S.; Tischlinger, H. (2010). "New evidence of functional suckers in belemnoid coleoids (Cephalopoda) weakens support for the 'Neocoleoidea' concept". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 76 (4): 404–406. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq032. Taxonomy Netherlands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology"},{"link_name":"cephalopods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod"},{"link_name":"Decapodiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapodiformes"},{"link_name":"squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid"},{"link_name":"cuttlefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttlefish"},{"link_name":"Octopodiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopodiformes"},{"link_name":"octopuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus"},{"link_name":"vampire squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_squid"},{"link_name":"polar regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_regions"},{"link_name":"intertidal zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone"},{"link_name":"great depths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic"},{"link_name":"suckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod_sucker"},{"link_name":"belemnites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnitida"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuchs2010-2"}],"text":"Neocoleoidea is a large group of marine cephalopods. This cohort contains two extant groups: Decapodiformes (squid, cuttlefish, and relatives) and Octopodiformes (octopuses and the vampire squid). Species within this group exist in all major habitats in the ocean, in both the southern and northern polar regions, and from intertidal zones to great depths.[1] Whilst conventionally held to be monophyletic, the only morphological character for the group is the presence of suckers: although the presence of these features in the belemnites suggests that they do not support the Neocoleoidea, and hence that the group may be paraphyletic.[2]","title":"Neocoleoidea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decapodiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapodiformes"},{"link_name":"Bathyteuthida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyteuthida"},{"link_name":"Belemnitida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belemnitida"},{"link_name":"Diplobelida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplobelida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Idiosepida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosepida"},{"link_name":"Myopsida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopsida"},{"link_name":"Oegopsida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oegopsida"},{"link_name":"Sepiida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiida"},{"link_name":"Spirulida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulida"},{"link_name":"Octopodiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopodiformes"},{"link_name":"Trachyteuthididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyteuthididae"},{"link_name":"incertae sedis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis"},{"link_name":"Vampyromorphida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyromorphida"},{"link_name":"Octopoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopoda"},{"link_name":"Palaeoteuthomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeoteuthomorpha"},{"link_name":"Boletzkyida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletzkyida"}],"text":"Superorder Decapodiformes\nOrder Bathyteuthida\nOrder †Belemnitida\nOrder †Diplobelida\nOrder Idiosepida\nOrder Myopsida - coastal squid\nOrder Oegopsida - neritic squid\nOrder Sepiida - cuttlefish, pygmy, bobtail and bottletail squid\nOrder Spirulida - ram's horn squid\nSuperorder Octopodiformes\nFamily †Trachyteuthididae (incertae sedis)\nOrder Vampyromorphida: vampire squid\nOrder Octopoda: octopus\nSuperorder †Palaeoteuthomorpha\nOrder †Boletzkyida","title":"Taxonomy"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Coleoidea\". Tolweb.org. 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2010-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://tolweb.org/coleoidea/19400","url_text":"\"Coleoidea\""}]},{"reference":"Fuchs, D.; Von Boletzky, S.; Tischlinger, H. (2010). \"New evidence of functional suckers in belemnoid coleoids (Cephalopoda) weakens support for the 'Neocoleoidea' concept\". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 76 (4): 404–406. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq032.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmollus%2Feyq032","url_text":"\"New evidence of functional suckers in belemnoid coleoids (Cephalopoda) weakens support for the 'Neocoleoidea' concept\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmollus%2Feyq032","url_text":"10.1093/mollus/eyq032"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://tolweb.org/coleoidea/19400","external_links_name":"\"Coleoidea\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmollus%2Feyq032","external_links_name":"\"New evidence of functional suckers in belemnoid coleoids (Cephalopoda) weakens support for the 'Neocoleoidea' concept\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmollus%2Feyq032","external_links_name":"10.1093/mollus/eyq032"},{"Link":"http://www.taxonomy.nl/main/classification/157559.htm/","external_links_name":"Taxonomy Netherlands"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Territorial_Prison
Yuma Territorial Prison
["1 History","1.1 Prison","1.2 High school","1.3 Notable inmates","2 In popular culture","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 32°43′37″N 114°36′54″W / 32.72694°N 114.61500°W / 32.72694; -114.6150019th-century prison in Arizona, US Not to be confused with the Arizona State Prison Complex – Yuma. The Yuma Territorial PrisonMain Gate to the Yuma Territorial Prison.General informationLocationYuma, Arizona, United StatesCoordinates32°43′37″N 114°36′54″W / 32.72694°N 114.61500°W / 32.72694; -114.61500Opened1876Websitewww.yumaprison.org The Yuma Territorial Prison is a former prison located in Yuma, Arizona, United States. Opened on July 1, 1876, and shut down on September 15, 1909. It is one of the Yuma Crossing and Associated Sites on the National Register of Historic Places in the Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area. The site is now operated as a historical museum by Arizona State Parks as Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park. History Prison Opened while Arizona was still a U.S. territory, the prison accepted its first inmate on July 1, 1876. For the next 33 years 3,069 prisoners, including 29 women, served sentences there for crimes ranging from murder to polygamy. The prison was under continuous construction with labor provided by the prisoners. In 1909, the last prisoner left the Territorial Prison for the newly constructed Arizona State Prison Complex located in Florence, Arizona. It was also the third historic park in Arizona. The state historic park also contains a graveyard where 104 of the prisoners are buried. High school Yuma Union High School occupied the buildings from 1910 to 1914. When the school's football team played against Phoenix and unexpectedly won, the Phoenix team called the Yuma team "criminals". Yuma High adopted the nickname with pride, sometimes shortened to the "Crims". The school's symbol is the face of a hardened criminal, and the student merchandise shop is called the Cell Block. Notable inmates Burt Alvord – Cochise County lawman and train robber Bill Downing – Train robber William J. Flake – Mormon pioneer imprisoned for violating the Edmunds Act Pearl Hart – stagecoach robber "Buckskin Frank" Leslie – gunfighter and killer of Billy Claiborne Ricardo Flores Magón – Mexican revolutionary, founder of the Partido Liberal Mexicano Pete Spence – outlaw involved in the Earp-Clanton feud In popular culture (Listed chronologically) The Yuma Territorial Prison has been featured in: "Forty Lashes Less One", a 1972 western novel by Elmore Leonard about a planned prison break in 1909, the year the prison was closed. "Three-Ten to Yuma", a 1953 western short story written by Elmore Leonard, and also in two film adaptations: 3:10 to Yuma, the 1957 original (directed by Delmer Daves and starring Glenn Ford and Van Heflin), and the 2007 remake, also titled 3:10 to Yuma, directed by James Mangold and starring Russell Crowe and Christian Bale. 26 Men, the 1957 episode "Incident at Yuma" of the syndicated western series of true stories of the Arizona Rangers, focuses on a prison break and the difficulty of gathering a posse faced by Captain Thomas H. Rynning, portrayed by Tristram Coffin. "Hell Hole Prison" season 12, episode 8 of the Travel Channel show Ghost Adventures was shot at the prison. focusing its allegedly history of hauntings. The prison was one of the two featured stories on the 71st episode of the podcast And That's Why We Drink. Named one of the top haunted destinations in America by USA Today in October 2020. Gallery The main guard tower. Cells and the yard. Prison cells with courtyard. Iron bunkbeds inside the prison. A mugshot of Pete Spence at the Yuma Territorial Prison in 1883. Pearl Hart at the prison in 1899. Burt Alvord at the prison in 1904. Bill Donning imprisoned in 1901. Prison Cemetery. Graves of prisoners. See also Arizona portal Thomas H. Rynning – former warden of the prison Ben Daniels – former superintendent of the prison Clifton Cliff Jail – historic site in the Clifton Townsite Historic District of Clifton, Arizona Gleeson Jail – in Gleeson, Arizona Jose Maria Redondo – the "Father of the Yuma Territorial Prison" List of historic properties in Yuma, Arizona Johnny Behan Past warden References ^ Trafzer, Cliff; George, Steve (1980). Prison Centennial, 1876–1976. Yuma County Historical Society. p. 6. OCLC 906535980. ^ "Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park in Arizona | USA". azstateparks.com. Retrieved September 9, 2010. ^ "Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park, AZ A". www.desertusa.com. ^ "Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park". www.sangres.com. ^ "Wildernet.com". www.wildernet.com. ^ "Yuma Territorial Prison – Arizona Ghost Town". www.ghosttowns.com. ^ "Arizona Department of Corrections". Archived from the original on April 22, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010. ^ "Yuma Territorial Prison State Park Map" (PDF). ^ Yuma Union – Yuma HS: History Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Save the Yuma Territorial Prison!". Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2010. ^ "Yuma Territorial Prison". Atlas Obscura. ^ Jane Eppinga (November–December 1997). "Hellhole on the Colorado". American Cowboy. American Cowboy LLC: 88–89. ISSN 1079-3690. Retrieved August 17, 2017. ^ "Yuma Territorial Prison State Park, Museum & Exhibits - Yuma's #1 Tourist Destination". Yuma Territorial Prison State Park, Museum & Exhibits – Yuma's #1 Tourist Destination. ^ "Pop Culture 101 – 3:10 to Yuma". ^ "3:10 to Yuma event includes Johnny Cash tribute | prison, yuma, campaign - Life - YumaSun". www.yumasun.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ "3:10 to Yuma (2007) - IMDb" – via www.imdb.com. ^ "Hollywood - Chain Gang for Yuma Territorial Prison - Save the Prison - Yuma, AZ". Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010. ^ "Hell Hole Prison". Travel Channel. Retrieved June 24, 2021. ^ "Listen". And That's Why We Drink. Retrieved June 24, 2021. ^ "Halloween fright: These are the top haunted destinations in the US, according to readers". www.usatoday.com. Retrieved June 24, 2021. Further reading Joseph Stocker (May 1961). "City of Lost Hope". Arizona Highways. XXXVII (5): 36–39 – via Arizona Memory Project. External links Yuma Territorial Prison Museum and Park – Historic Yuma AZ Arizona State Parks: Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park website AZ Department of Corrections: Early History, with Yuma Territorial Prison – Arizona Department of Corrections U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Yuma Territorial Prison Yuma Territorial Prison – ghosttowns.com vte Protected areas of ArizonaFederalNational Parks Grand Canyon Petrified Forest Saguaro National Historical Parks,Historic Sites and Memorials Tumacácori NHP Fort Bowie NHS Hubbell Trading Post NHS Coronado NMem National Monuments National Park Service Canyon de Chelly Casa Grande Ruins Chiricahua Hohokam Pima Montezuma Castle Navajo Organ Pipe Cactus Pipe Spring Sunset Crater Tonto Tuzigoot Walnut Canyon Wupatki Bureau of Land Management Agua Fria Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon Grand Canyon–Parashant Ironwood Forest Sonoran Desert Vermilion Cliffs National Conservation Areas Gila Box Riparian Las Cienegas San Pedro Riparian National Recreation Areas Glen Canyon Lake Mead National Trails Arizona National Scenic Trail Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail Old Spanish National Historic Trail National Forests Apache–Sitgreaves Coconino Elden Pueblo Honanki Heritage Site Palatki Heritage Site V Bar V Heritage Site Coronado Kaibab Prescott Tonto National Wildlife Refuges Bill Williams River Buenos Aires Cabeza Prieta Cibola Havasu Imperial Kofa Leslie Canyon San Bernardino Wilderness AreasSee List of Arizona Wilderness AreasWild and Scenic Rivers Fossil Creek Verde River StateState Parks Alamo Lake Boyce Thompson Arboretum Buckskin Mountain Catalina Cattail Cove Dankworth Pond Dead Horse Ranch Fool Hollow Lake Fort Verde Granite Mountain Hotshots Memorial Homolovi Jerome Kartchner Caverns Lake Havasu Lost Dutchman Lyman Lake McFarland Oracle Patagonia Lake Picacho Peak Red Rock Riordan Mansion River Island Roper Lake San Rafael Slide Rock Sonoita Creek Tombstone Courthouse Tonto Natural Bridge Tubac Presidio Verde River Greenway Yuma Quartermaster Depot Yuma Territorial Prison Wildlife areas Becker Lake Cluff Ranch Luna Lake Mittry Lake Powers Butte Santa Rita White Mountain Grasslands Willcox Playa MunicipalNature parks Papago Park Phoenix Mountains Preserve South Mountain Park OtherNational Natural LandmarksSee List of National Natural Landmarks in ArizonaNational Historic LandmarksSee List of National Historic Landmarks in ArizonaHistoric PlacesSee National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona Arizona State Parks Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona State Prison Complex – Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Prison_Complex_%E2%80%93_Yuma"},{"link_name":"prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"Yuma, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Yuma Crossing and Associated Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Crossing_and_Associated_Sites"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Crossing_National_Heritage_Area"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Parks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"19th-century prison in Arizona, USNot to be confused with the Arizona State Prison Complex – Yuma.The Yuma Territorial Prison is a former prison located in Yuma, Arizona, United States. Opened on July 1, 1876, and shut down on September 15, 1909. It is one of the Yuma Crossing and Associated Sites on the National Register of Historic Places in the Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area. The site is now operated as a historical museum by Arizona State Parks as Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park.[2][3]","title":"Yuma Territorial Prison"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"still a U.S. territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Territory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Arizona State Prison Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Prison_Complex_%E2%80%93_Florence"},{"link_name":"Florence, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Prison","text":"Opened while Arizona was still a U.S. territory, the prison accepted its first inmate on July 1, 1876.[4] For the next 33 years 3,069 prisoners, including 29 women, served sentences there for crimes ranging from murder to polygamy.[5] The prison was under continuous construction with labor provided by the prisoners.[6] In 1909, the last prisoner left the Territorial Prison for the newly constructed Arizona State Prison Complex located in Florence, Arizona.[7] It was also the third historic park in Arizona. The state historic park also contains a graveyard where 104 of the prisoners are buried.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yuma Union High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma_Union_High_School"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"High school","text":"Yuma Union High School occupied the buildings from 1910 to 1914.[9] When the school's football team played against Phoenix and unexpectedly won, the Phoenix team called the Yuma team \"criminals\".[10] Yuma High adopted the nickname with pride, sometimes shortened to the \"Crims\". The school's symbol is the face of a hardened criminal, and the student merchandise shop is called the Cell Block.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burt Alvord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Alvord"},{"link_name":"Cochise County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochise_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Bill Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Downing"},{"link_name":"William J. Flake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Flake"},{"link_name":"Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon"},{"link_name":"pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_pioneer"},{"link_name":"Edmunds Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmunds_Act"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pearl Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Hart"},{"link_name":"\"Buckskin Frank\" Leslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckskin_Frank_Leslie"},{"link_name":"Billy Claiborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Claiborne"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Flores Magón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Partido Liberal Mexicano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Liberal_Mexicano"},{"link_name":"Pete Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Spence"},{"link_name":"Earp-Clanton feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Notable inmates","text":"Burt Alvord – Cochise County lawman and train robber\nBill Downing – Train robber\nWilliam J. Flake – Mormon pioneer imprisoned for violating the Edmunds Act[12]\nPearl Hart – stagecoach robber\n\"Buckskin Frank\" Leslie – gunfighter and killer of Billy Claiborne\nRicardo Flores Magón – Mexican revolutionary, founder of the Partido Liberal Mexicano\nPete Spence – outlaw involved in the Earp-Clanton feud[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Elmore Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Three-Ten to Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Ten_to_Yuma"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Elmore Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore_Leonard"},{"link_name":"3:10 to Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3:10_to_Yuma_(1957_film)"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_in_film"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Delmer Daves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmer_Daves"},{"link_name":"Glenn Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Ford"},{"link_name":"Van Heflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Heflin"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film"},{"link_name":"3:10 to Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3:10_to_Yuma_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"James Mangold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mangold"},{"link_name":"Russell Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Crowe"},{"link_name":"Christian Bale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bale"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"26 Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_Men"},{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_syndication"},{"link_name":"Arizona Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Rangers"},{"link_name":"posse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posse_comitatus_(common_law)"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(land)"},{"link_name":"Thomas H. Rynning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Rynning"},{"link_name":"Tristram Coffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tris_Coffin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Travel Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_Channel"},{"link_name":"Ghost Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Adventures"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"And That's Why We Drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_That%27s_Why_We_Drink"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"(Listed chronologically)\nThe Yuma Territorial Prison has been featured in:\"Forty Lashes Less One\", a 1972 western novel by Elmore Leonard about a planned prison break in 1909, the year the prison was closed.\n\"Three-Ten to Yuma\",[14] a 1953 western short story written by Elmore Leonard, and also in two film adaptations:\n3:10 to Yuma, the 1957 original[15] (directed by Delmer Daves and starring Glenn Ford and Van Heflin), and the 2007 remake, also titled 3:10 to Yuma, directed by James Mangold and starring Russell Crowe and Christian Bale.[16]\n26 Men, the 1957 episode \"Incident at Yuma\" of the syndicated western series of true stories of the Arizona Rangers, focuses on a prison break and the difficulty of gathering a posse faced by Captain Thomas H. Rynning, portrayed by Tristram Coffin.[17]\n\"Hell Hole Prison\" season 12, episode 8 of the Travel Channel show Ghost Adventures was shot at the prison. focusing its allegedly history of hauntings.[18]\nThe prison was one of the two featured stories on the 71st episode of the podcast And That's Why We Drink.[19]\nNamed one of the top haunted destinations in America by USA Today in October 2020.[20]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yuma_prison_main_guard_tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"guard tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_tower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yuma3-13-04_(9).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yuma_Territorial_Prison_Cells.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yuma3-13-04_(17).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pete_Spence_(mugshot).JPG"},{"link_name":"mugshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugshot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pearl_Hart_with_number.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alvord_burt.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Downing.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yuma-Yuma_Territorial_Prison-1875-11.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yuma-Yuma_Territorial_Prison-1875-12.jpg"}],"text":"The main guard tower.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCells and the yard.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrison cells with courtyard.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIron bunkbeds inside the prison.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA mugshot of Pete Spence at the Yuma Territorial Prison in 1883.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPearl Hart at the prison in 1899.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBurt Alvord at the prison in 1904.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBill Donning imprisoned in 1901.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrison Cemetery.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGraves of prisoners.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"City of Lost Hope\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ref/collection/aho/id/683"}],"text":"Joseph Stocker (May 1961). \"City of Lost Hope\". Arizona Highways. XXXVII (5): 36–39 – via Arizona Memory Project.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Arizona portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arizona"},{"title":"Thomas H. Rynning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Rynning"},{"title":"Ben Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Daniels_(pioneer)"},{"title":"Clifton Cliff Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Cliff_Jail&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Clifton Townsite Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Townsite_Historic_District"},{"title":"Clifton, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton,_Arizona"},{"title":"Gleeson Jail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleeson_Jail"},{"title":"Gleeson, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleeson,_Arizona"},{"title":"Jose Maria Redondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Maria_Redondo"},{"title":"List of historic properties in Yuma, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historic_properties_in_Yuma,_Arizona"},{"title":"Johnny Behan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Behan"}]
[{"reference":"Trafzer, Cliff; George, Steve (1980). Prison Centennial, 1876–1976. Yuma County Historical Society. p. 6. OCLC 906535980.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/906535980","url_text":"906535980"}]},{"reference":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park in Arizona | USA\". azstateparks.com. Retrieved September 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://azstateparks.com/Parks/YUTE/index.html","url_text":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park in Arizona | USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park, AZ A\". www.desertusa.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.desertusa.com/yuma/du_yumatp.html","url_text":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park, AZ A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park\". www.sangres.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sangres.com/arizona/stateparks/yumaprison.htm","url_text":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wildernet.com\". www.wildernet.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildernet.com/pages/area.cfm?areaID=AZSPYTP&CU_ID=1","url_text":"\"Wildernet.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison – Arizona Ghost Town\". www.ghosttowns.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/az/yumaterritorialprison.html","url_text":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison – Arizona Ghost Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arizona Department of Corrections\". Archived from the original on April 22, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100422222947/http://www.azcorrections.gov/adc/history/Jill_Historyindex.aspx","url_text":"\"Arizona Department of Corrections\""},{"url":"http://www.azcorrections.gov/adc/history/Jill_Historyindex.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison State Park Map\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://d2umhuunwbec1r.cloudfront.net/gallery/asp-archive/Parks/YUTE/downloads/YUTE_Park_Map.pdf","url_text":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison State Park Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Save the Yuma Territorial Prison!\". Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707233359/http://www.bigblendmagazine.com/Yuma_AZ/Save-Territorial-Prison.htm","url_text":"\"Save the Yuma Territorial Prison!\""},{"url":"http://www.bigblendmagazine.com/Yuma_AZ/Save-Territorial-Prison.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison\". Atlas Obscura.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/yuma-territorial-prison","url_text":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison\""}]},{"reference":"Jane Eppinga (November–December 1997). \"Hellhole on the Colorado\". American Cowboy. American Cowboy LLC: 88–89. ISSN 1079-3690. Retrieved August 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_-oCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA88","url_text":"\"Hellhole on the Colorado\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1079-3690","url_text":"1079-3690"}]},{"reference":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison State Park, Museum & Exhibits - Yuma's #1 Tourist Destination\". Yuma Territorial Prison State Park, Museum & Exhibits – Yuma's #1 Tourist Destination.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yumaprison.org/inmates.html","url_text":"\"Yuma Territorial Prison State Park, Museum & Exhibits - Yuma's #1 Tourist Destination\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pop Culture 101 – 3:10 to Yuma\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article.jsp?cid=191495&mainArticleId=190985","url_text":"\"Pop Culture 101 – 3:10 to Yuma\""}]},{"reference":"\"3:10 to Yuma event includes Johnny Cash tribute | prison, yuma, campaign - Life - YumaSun\". www.yumasun.com. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726145850/http://www.yumasun.com/articles/prison-56764-yuma-campaign.html","url_text":"\"3:10 to Yuma event includes Johnny Cash tribute | prison, yuma, campaign - Life - YumaSun\""},{"url":"http://www.yumasun.com/articles/prison-56764-yuma-campaign.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"3:10 to Yuma (2007) - IMDb\" – via www.imdb.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0381849/faq","url_text":"\"3:10 to Yuma (2007) - IMDb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hollywood - Chain Gang for Yuma Territorial Prison - Save the Prison - Yuma, AZ\". Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100301102358/http://www.savetheprison.com/hollywood.html","url_text":"\"Hollywood - Chain Gang for Yuma Territorial Prison - Save the Prison - Yuma, AZ\""},{"url":"http://www.savetheprison.com/hollywood.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hell Hole Prison\". Travel Channel. Retrieved June 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.travelchannel.com/shows/ghost-adventures/episodes/hell-hole-prison","url_text":"\"Hell Hole Prison\""}]},{"reference":"\"Listen\". And That's Why We Drink. Retrieved June 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andthatswhywedrink.com/listen","url_text":"\"Listen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Halloween fright: These are the top haunted destinations in the US, according to readers\". www.usatoday.com. Retrieved June 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/travel/10best/awards/2020/10/26/las-vegas-key-west-top-10-haunted-destinations-us/6010243002/","url_text":"\"Halloween fright: These are the top haunted destinations in the US, according to readers\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph Stocker (May 1961). \"City of Lost Hope\". Arizona Highways. XXXVII (5): 36–39 – via Arizona Memory Project.","urls":[{"url":"http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ref/collection/aho/id/683","url_text":"\"City of Lost Hope\""}]}]
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Yuma's #1 Tourist Destination\""},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/thismonth/article.jsp?cid=191495&mainArticleId=190985","external_links_name":"\"Pop Culture 101 – 3:10 to Yuma\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726145850/http://www.yumasun.com/articles/prison-56764-yuma-campaign.html","external_links_name":"\"3:10 to Yuma event includes Johnny Cash tribute | prison, yuma, campaign - Life - YumaSun\""},{"Link":"http://www.yumasun.com/articles/prison-56764-yuma-campaign.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0381849/faq","external_links_name":"\"3:10 to Yuma (2007) - IMDb\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100301102358/http://www.savetheprison.com/hollywood.html","external_links_name":"\"Hollywood - Chain Gang for Yuma Territorial Prison - Save the Prison - Yuma, AZ\""},{"Link":"http://www.savetheprison.com/hollywood.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.travelchannel.com/shows/ghost-adventures/episodes/hell-hole-prison","external_links_name":"\"Hell Hole Prison\""},{"Link":"https://www.andthatswhywedrink.com/listen","external_links_name":"\"Listen\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/picture-gallery/travel/10best/awards/2020/10/26/las-vegas-key-west-top-10-haunted-destinations-us/6010243002/","external_links_name":"\"Halloween fright: These are the top haunted destinations in the US, according to readers\""},{"Link":"http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ref/collection/aho/id/683","external_links_name":"\"City of Lost Hope\""},{"Link":"http://www.yumaprison.org/","external_links_name":"Yuma Territorial Prison Museum and Park – Historic Yuma AZ"},{"Link":"http://azstateparks.com/Parks/YUTE/index.html","external_links_name":"Arizona State Parks: Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130510212138/http://www.azcorrections.gov/adc/history/Historyindex.aspx","external_links_name":"AZ Department of Corrections: Early History, with Yuma Territorial Prison"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/14120","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Yuma Territorial Prison"},{"Link":"https://www.ghosttowns.com/states/az/yumaterritoralprison.html","external_links_name":"Yuma Territorial Prison"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/146574069","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79147015","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wabash_Historic_District
North Wabash Historic District
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 40°48′13″N 85°49′18″W / 40.80361°N 85.82167°W / 40.80361; -85.82167Historic district in Indiana, United States United States historic placeNorth Wabash Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district North Wabash Historic District, May 2012Show map of IndianaShow map of the United StatesLocationRoughly bounded by W. Maple, N. Carroll, Ferry, Miami, Pawling, N. Wabash, and Union Sts., Wabash, IndianaCoordinates40°48′13″N 85°49′18″W / 40.80361°N 85.82167°W / 40.80361; -85.82167Area45 acres (18 ha)Architectural styleItalianate, Queen AnneNRHP reference No.99001077Added to NRHPSeptember 3, 1999 North Wabash Historic District is a national historic district located at Wabash, Wabash County, Indiana. It encompasses 159 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Wabash. It developed between about 1846 and 1949, and includes representative examples of Italianate, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed McNamee-Ford House. Other notable buildings include the John Wilson House (c. 1870), Milliner House (1890), Thomas McNamee House (c. 1900), Williams House (c. 1900), Eagle House (c. 1870), and David Kunse House (1846). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)" (Searchable database). Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Retrieved July 1, 2016. Note: This includes Laura Thayer (September 1998). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: North Wabash Historic District" (PDF). Retrieved July 1, 2016., Site map, and Accompanying photographs vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in IndianaTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Adams Allen Bartholomew Benton Blackford Boone Brown Carroll Cass Clark Clay Clinton Crawford Daviess Dearborn Decatur DeKalb Delaware Dubois Elkhart Fayette Floyd Fountain Franklin Fulton Gibson Grant Greene Hamilton Hancock Harrison Hendricks Henry Howard Huntington Jackson Jasper Jay Jefferson Jennings Johnson Knox Kosciusko LaGrange Lake LaPorte Lawrence Madison Marion: Center Township Marion: Other Marshall Martin Miami Monroe Montgomery Morgan Newton Noble Ohio Orange Owen Parke Perry Pike Porter Posey Pulaski Putnam Randolph Ripley Rush St. Joseph Scott Shelby Spencer Starke Steuben Sullivan Switzerland Tippecanoe Tipton Union Vanderburgh Vermillion Vigo Wabash Warren Warrick Washington Wayne Wells White Whitley Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property This article about a property in Wabash County, Indiana on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)\" (Searchable database). Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Retrieved July 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/welcome.html","url_text":"\"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)\""}]},{"reference":"Laura Thayer (September 1998). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: North Wabash Historic District\" (PDF). Retrieved July 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/221db/N/North_Wabash_HD_Wabash_CO_Nom.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: North Wabash Historic District\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._4_Signals_School_RAF
List of communications units and formations of the Royal Air Force
["1 Radio units and formations","1.1 Radio Establishment","1.2 Radio Schools","1.3 Radio Flights","2 Signals units and formations","2.1 Wings","2.2 Squadrons","2.3 Units","2.4 Schools","3 Calibration units and formations","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography"]
This is a list of military communications ('Signals') units and formations of the Royal Air Force. In the Royal Air Force sense, wings, groups, and commands can be considered formations. A formation is defined by the US Department of Defense as "two or more aircraft, ships, or units proceeding together under a commander". "Formations are those military organisations which are formed from different speciality Arms and Services troop units to create a balanced, combined combat force." Higher level communications formations in the Royal Air Force included RAF Signals Command, which was later reduced to group status and incorporated into RAF Strike Command. Nos 26 and No. 60 Group RAF were established in the 1940s. No. 26 Group was reformed on 12 February 1940 within RAF Training Command, and transferred to RAF Technical Training Command on 27 May 1940. It was transferred to RAF Bomber Command on 10 February 1942, and then amalgamated with No. 60 (Signals) Group to form No. 90 (Signals) Group RAF on 25 April 1946. The Radio Warfare Establishment (RWE) was established 21 July 1945 at RAF Swanton Morley, and later became the Central Signals Establishment (CSE). The CSE was formed 1 September 1946 at RAF Watton, equipped with Dominie and Tiger Moth, and disbanded there on 1 July 1965. When the establishment disbanded, the Research Wing and civilian parts of the "..Installation Squadron became the RAF Signals Command Air Radio Laboratories, and the training and service elements of Installation Squadron became the EW Support Wing." Many files regarding the CSE are accessible in the National Archives at Kew . Radio units and formations Radio Establishment Name Formed Location Aircraft Disbanded at Disbanded Unit became Radio Warfare Establishment 21 July 1945 Swanton Morley FortressHalifax Watton 1 September 1946 Central Signals Establishment Radio Schools Name Formed Location Aircraft Disbanded at Disbanded Unit became 1 Radio School 10 March 1941 Cranwell BothaProctor N/A N/A Active 2 Radio School 18 January 1940 Yatesbury Tiger MothBotha Yatesbury 31 October 1965 Disbanded 3 Radio School 27 December 1940 Prestwick AudaxBlenheim Compton Basset 30 November 1964 Disbanded 4 Radio School 1 January 1943 Madley DominieProctor Swanton Morley 1 May 1951 No. 1 Air Signallers School RAF 6 Radio School 1 January 1943 Bolton BlenheimTiger Moth Cranwell 1 December 1952 Absorbed by 1 Radio School 10 Radio School 1 January 1943 Carew Cheriton AnsonOxford Carew Cheriton 24 November 1945 Disbanded 11 Radio School 11 December 1942 Hooton Park BothaAnson Hooton Park 31 August 1944 Disbanded 12 Radio School 17 July 1943 St Athan ProctorAnson St Athan 7 March 1946 Empire Radio School 14 Radio School 1 June 1944 St Athan ProctorAnson Debden 7 March 1946 Empire Radio School 3 Radio Direction Finding School 19 August 1942 Prestwick HartBotha Hooton Park 13 December 1942 11 Radio School Empire Radio School 7 March 1946 Debden Tiger MothProctor Debden 20 October 1949 Royal Air Force Technical College, Signals Division Radio Flights Name Formed Location Aircraft Disbanded at Disbanded Unit became Radio Development Flight December 1942 Drem DefiantBeaufighter Drem 1 June 1943 1692 (Special Duties) Flight 1 Radio Maintenance Unit Calibration Flight 1 July 1940 Wick Hornet MothBlenheim N/A 16 October 1940 1 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 2 Radio Maintenance Unit Calibration Flight 1 July 1940 Dyce Hornet MothBlenheim N/A 16 October 1940 2 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 3 Radio Maintenance Unit Calibration Flight 1 July 1940 Usworth Hornet MothBlenheim N/A 16 October 1940 3 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 4 Radio Maintenance Unit Calibration Flight 1 July 1940 Church Fenton Hornet MothBlenheim N/A 16 October 1940 4 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 5 Radio Maintenance Unit Calibration Flight 1 July 1940 Duxford Hornet MothBlenheim N/A 16 October 1940 5 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 6 Radio Maintenance Unit Calibration Flight 1 July 1940 Biggin Hill Hornet MothBlenheim N/A 16 October 1940 6 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 7 Radio Maintenance Unit Calibration Flight 15 July 1940 Filton Hornet Moth N/A 16 October 1940 7 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 8 Radio Maintenance Unit Calibration Flight 1 July 1940 Speke Hornet MothBlenheim N/A 16 October 1940 8 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 1 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 16 October 1940 N/A Hornet MothBlenheim Longman 16 February 1941 70 Wing Calibration Flight 2 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 16 October 1940 N/A Hornet MothBlenheim Dyce 16 February 1941 71 Wing Calibration Flight 3 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 16 October 1940 N/A Hornet MothBlenheim Usworth 16 February 1941 72 Wing Calibration Flight 4 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 16 October 1940 N/A Hornet MothBlenheim Church Fenton 16 February 1941 73 Wing Calibration Flight 5 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 16 October 1940 N/A Hornet MothBlenheim Duxford 16 February 1941 74 Wing Calibration Flight 6 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 16 October 1940 N/A Hornet MothBlenheim Biggin Hill 16 February 1941 75 Wing Calibration Flight 7 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 16 October 1940 N/A Hornet Moth Filton 16 February 1941 76 Wing Calibration Flight 8 Radio Servicing Section Calibration Flight 16 October 1940 N/A Hornet MothBlenheim Speke 16 February 1941 77 Wing Calibration Flight Signals units and formations Wings Name Formed Location Disbanded at Disbanded Notes No. 33 Wing RAF 7 December 1944 Malines, Belgium 30 May 1945 No. 69 Wing RAF 15 March 1945 Everberg 20 October 1945 No. 70 Wing RAF 1 July 1940 Wick 31 May 1946 No. 71 Wing RAF 31 July 1940 Dyce July 1943 No. 72 Wing RAF 1 July 1940 Usworth 31 July 1946 No. 73 Wing RAF 1 July 1940 Church Fenton 1 November 1946 No. 74 Wing RAF 1 July 1940 Duxford 1 July 1943 No. 75 Wing RAF 1 July 1940 Biggin Hill 1 November 1946 No. 76 Wing RAF 10 July 1940 Filton 1 July 1941 No. 77 Wing RAF 17 February 1941 Liverpool 15 March 1944 No. 78 Wing RAF 25 April 1941 Henbury 31 July 1946 No. 79 Wing RAF 27 September 1941 Portadown July 1943 No. 80 Wing RAF 7 September 1940 Radlett 24 September 1945 No. 81 Wing RAF 2 June 1941 Worcester 30 April 1946 No. 84 Wing RAF June 1943 Bartway September 1944 No. 164 Wing RAF 4 May 1942 Newbold Revel, India 30 April 1945 No. 180 Wing RAF 9 June 1943 Calcutta, India 30 December 1945 No. 181 Wing RAF 9 June 1943 Masinpur, India 10 March 1946 No. 182 Wing RAF 1 August 1943 Chittagong, India 1 August 1945 No. 183 Wing RAF 1 January 1944 Ridgeway, Ceylon 30 December 1945 No. 250 Wing RAF 25 August 1939 Ismailia, Egypt 6 December 1942 No. 276 Wing RAF 1 August 1942 Heliopolis 31 August 1945 No. 296 Wing RAF 17 February 1942 Freetown, West Africa 30 April 1943 No. 329 Wing RAF July 1943 Algiers 23 November 1943 Squadrons Name Formed Location Aircraft Disbanded at Disbanded Unit became Signals Command Development Squadron N/A Watton LincolnHastings Watton 1 January 1962 No. 151 Squadron RAF Signals Squadron 4 January 1942 Kabrit Wellington Kabrit 1 March 1942 No. 162 Squadron RAF Units Name Formed Location Disbanded at Disbanded Notes No. 1 Signals Unit RAF RAF Bampton Castle? 1994 RAF Rudloe Manor 1995 No. 2 Signals Unit RAF RAF Stanbridge RAF Bampton Castle 1995 No. 6 Signals Unit RAF RAF Rudloe Manor 14 October 1994 No. 7 Signals Unit RAF Byron Heights, West Falkland With British Forces South Atlantic Islands. Previously Kormakiti, Cyprus, from at least 1956 Sept-1959 Feb. No. 9 Signals Unit RAF RAF Boddington RAF Boddington 1995 RAF Boddington became No. 9 Signals Unit on 1 October 1978. Now ISS Boddington. No. 11 Signals Unit RAF RAF Rheindahlen RAF Rheindahlen, Monchengladbach 1975–1980; still at Rheindahlen 1989 No. 12 Signals Unit RAF 1 June 1969 RAF Episkopi? 1 July 2002 RAF Episkopi 1995 No. 26 Signals Unit RAF RAF Gatow, 1989 RAF Gatow 30 November 1994 No. 5 (Signals) Wing RAF, RAF Hambuhren 23 Feb 1953 - 30 Jul 1955 and RAF Butzweilerhof 12 August 1958 - September 1966, was redesignated No. 26 Signals Unit at RAF Butzweilerhof some time in the 1961-66 time period. RAF Gatow was closed in 1994. No. 33 Signals Unit RAF RAF Ayios Nikolaos 1995 No. 50 Signals Unit RAF No. 54 Signals Unit RAF Taunton Barracks, Celle, Bergen-Hohne Garrison, 1989. Reformed at RAF Digby in 2014 as part of No. 1 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Wing RAF in the electronic warfare role. No. 59 Signals Unit RAF No. 71 Signals Unit RAF RAF Benbecula, 1994 No. 75 Signals Unit RAF Present at RAF Boulmer on 1 October 1994. No. 81 Signals Unit RAF RAF Bampton Castle, 1994 RAF Bampton Castle 1995 No. 86 Signals Unit RAF RAF Neatishead 1995 No. 90 Signals Unit RAF No. 91 Signals Unit RAF 27 September 1957 RAF Saxa Vord No. 91 Signals Unit officially formed up at Saxa Vord in September 1957, was declared operational on 5 October 1957, and in 1960 was visited by Queen Elizabeth II. No. 101 Signals Unit RAF No. 112 Signals Unit RAF 1983 No. 117 Signals Unit RAF Tai-Mo-Shan Hong Kong No. 123 Signals Unit RAF HMS Jufair Bahrain No. 129 Signals Unit RAF RAF Staxton Wold 1995 No. 140 Signals Unit RAF April 1961 RAF Butzweilerhof Formed from No. 1 (Signals) Wing RAF to control Gee (navigation) and Decca Navigator System chains No. 144 Signals Unit RAF South East Anglesey February 1996 Present at RAF Boulmer on 1 October 1994. RAF Ty Croes, Isle of Anglesey, Wales 1995 No. 146 Signals Unit RAF RAF Staxton Wold 1995 No. 170 Signals Unit RAF RAF Buchan 1995 No. 235 Signals Unit RAF No. 244 Signals Unit RAF No. 259 Signals Unit RAF Amalgamated with No. 330 SU and No. 953 SU as No. 330 SU May 1958-September 1961 as part of Gee (navigation) chain. No. 264 Signals Unit RAF No. 266 Signals Unit RAF RAF Butzweilerhof No. 271 Signals Unit RAF No. 276 Signals Unit RAF RAF Habbaniya, Iraq Ran large SIGINT monitoring station for GCHQ. No. 280 Signals Unit RAF 25 June 1956 Akrotiri Troodos 31 March 1994 Subsumed into Joint Services Signals Unit No. 284 Signals Unit RAF RAF Butzweilerhof No. 291 Signals Unit RAF RAF Hambuhren RAF Hambuhren 23 Feb 1953-30 Jul 1955. No. 303 Signals Unit RAF RAF Mount Kent 1995 No. 330 Signals Unit RAF May 1958 - Sep 1961 Ingolstadt Amalgamation of No. 259 SU, No. 330 SU, and No. 953 SU in Ingolstadt May 1958 as part of Gee (navigation) chain. No. 336 Signals Unit RAF No. 367 Signals Unit RAF RAF Little Sai Wan 367 and 368 Signals Units merged in 1946, and all personnel were at Little Sai Wan by 1953. Little Sai Wan was a signals intelligence station in the Siu Sai Wan area of Hong Kong. It was established by the RAF as base for 367 Signals Unit in the early 1950s. In 1964, following a review by Sir Gerald Templer, control of the site passed to Government Communications Headquarters. No. 388 Signals Unit RAF No. 399 Signals Unit RAF RAF Digby 1 September 1998 No. 399 Signals Unit arrived at RAF Digby in January 1955 and declared itself fully operational on 15 February, located in No. 2 hangar (now the station gymnasium). Active in 1983. On 1 September 1998 the Unit merged with the newly arrived Special Signals Support Unit from Loughborough to form the Joint Service Signal Unit (Digby). No. 405 Signals Unit RAF RAF Portreath 1995 No. 409 Signals Unit RAF No. 425 Signals Unit RAF No. 432 Signals Unit RAF RAF Neatishead 1995 No. 444 Signals Unit RAF 16 August 1971 Stanley Fort Hong Kong 31 December 1977 444 Signals Unit (SU) formed within 90 Group, Strike Command, with effect from 16 August 1971, and was established as a lodger unit at Stanley Fort, Hong Kong. The primary role of 444 SU was to act as a ground station for the Skynet (satellite) communications system. Disbanded and closed 31 December 1977. No. 469 Signals Unit RAF No. 477 Signals Unit RAF RAF Butzweilerhof Active at RAF Butzweilerhof, West Germany, for at least the period January 1956 - July 1958. Formed 31 January 1954-12 August 1958 from elements of HQ No. 5 (Signals) Wing RAF, absorbing most of No. 755 SU RAF Hambuhren 15 November 1957. No. 5 (Signals) Wing RAF was the commanding unit for HF/direction finding units in Germany from August 1958 to September 1966 No. 487 Signals Unit RAF RAF Buchan 1995 No. 500 Signals Unit RAF RAF Boulmer 1995 No. 585 Signals Unit RAF No. 588 Signals Unit RAF November 1956 RAF Butzweilerhof Security monitoring of VHF. No. 591 Signals Unit RAF Arrived at RAF Digby in July 1955 and set up in Hangar No. 1 (North). No. 615 Signals Unit RAF No. 646 Signals Unit RAF No. 719 Signals Unit RAF 1 April 1953 RAF Habbaniya, Iraq , see also Lee, Flight from the Middle East. No. 721 Signals Unit RAF No. 724 Signals Unit RAF No. 751 Signals Unit RAF Mount Alice (Falkland Islands) Located at Cape Greco, Cyprus, January 1956 - December 1959, as a mobile radar unit. Moved from RAF Ayios Nikolaos after March 1956. No. 755 Signals Unit RAF 30 Jul 1955 - 15 Nov 1957 RAF Hambuhren Mostly absorbed by No. 477 SU RAF Butzweilerhof 15 November 1957. No. 815 Signals Unit RAF No. 840 Signals Unit RAF RAF Siggiewi, Malta RAF Siggiewi, Malta, 1976-70 RAF Lindholme 1994 (March 1994) seemingly closed 1996. No. 889 Signals Unit RAF No. 926 Signals Unit RAF No. 953 Signals Unit RAF RAF Butzweilerhof No. 5 (Signals) Wing RAF, RAF Second Tactical Air Force. Amalgamated with No. 330 SU and No. 259 SU as No. 330 SU May 1958-September 1961 in Ingolstadt as part of Gee (navigation) chain. No. 962 Signals Unit RAF No. 966 Signals Unit RAF No. 993 Signals Unit RAF No. 1001 Signals Unit RAF RAF Oakhanger Signals Development Unit RAF 15 April 1943 Hinton-in-the-Hedges Henlow 1 January 1950 Equipped with Whitley, Wellington. Became Radio Engineering Unit RAF Signals Flying Unit RAF 20 July 1944 Honiley Honiley 1 September 1946 Equipped with Oxford and Vickers Wellington. Became part of Central Signals Establishment Schools Name Formed Location Aircraft Disbanded at Disbanded Unit became 1 Signals School 26 August 1940 Cranwell ValentiaWallace Cranwell 1 January 1943 1 Radio School 2 Signals School 26 August 1940 Yatesbury Dragon RapideDominie Yatesbury 1 January 1943 2 Radio School 3 Signals School 26 August 1940 Compton Bassett N/A Compton Bassett 1 January 1943 3 Radio School 3 Signals School (India) 19 August 1943 Hakimpet Blenheim Hakimpet 14 May 1944 Absorbed by 10 School of Air Force Technical Training, Hakimpet 4 Signals School 27 August 1941 Madley DominieProctor Madley 1 January 1943 4 Radio School Calibration units and formations Name Formed Location Aircraft Disbanded at Disbanded Unit became No. 1 Calibration Flight RAF 6 November 1942 Speke Blenheim IVHornet Moth Speke May 1943 Disbanded No. 1 Calibration Flight, India RAF Unknown Unknown Unknown Dum-Dum 29 September 1942 No. 224 Group Calibration Flight RAF No. 2 Calibration Flight, India RAF Unknown Unknown Unknown Ratmalana, Ceylon 29 September 1942 No. 222 Group Calibration Flight RAF No. 3 Calibration Flight, India RAF Unknown Unknown Unknown Juhu 29 September 1942 No. 225 Group Calibration Flight RAF No. 4 Calibration Flight, India RAF Unknown Unknown Unknown Jakkur 29 September 1942 No. 225 Group Calibration Flight RAF No. 222 Group Calibration Flight RAF 29 September 1942 Ratmalana, Ceylon Vengeance I Ratmalana, Ceylon July 1943 No. 1579 (Calibration) Flight RAF No. 224 Group Calibration Flight RAF 29 September 1942 Dum-Dum Sentinel I Armada Road, India 15 March 1943 Bengal Calibration Flight RAF No. 225 Group Calibration Flight RAF 29 September 1942 Juhu & Jakkur Unknown Jakkur 13 September 1943 No. 1580 (Calibration) Flight RAF No. 1447 (Radar Calibration) Flight RAF 19 March 1942 Hooton Park BattleLysander III Carew Cheriton 15 December 1942 Absorbed by No. 4 Radio Direction Finding School RAF No. 1448 (Radar Calibration) Flight RAF 17 February 1942 Duxford Hornet MothRota II Halton 15 June 1943 No. 529 Squadron RAF No. 1578 (Calibration) Flight RAF 25 September 1943 Blida, Algeria Blenheim VBaltimore IIIA Reghaia 15 June 1944 Mediterranean Allied Coastal Air Forces Communication Flight RAF No. 1579 (Calibration) Flight RAF July 1943 Ratmalana, Ceylon Blenheim VVengeance I Ratmalana 10 October 1945 No. 1580 (Calibration) Flight RAF 13 September 1943 Yelahanka, India Blenheim VVengeance I Cholavaram, India 10 October 1945 No. 1581 (Calibration) Flight RAF 25 August 1943 Alipore, India Blenheim VVengeance II Dalbhumgarh, India 15 November 1945 No. 1582 (Calibration) Flight RAF 25 August 1943 Kumbhirgram, India Blenheim VVengeance I Dalbhumgarh, India 15 November 1945 No. 1583 (Calibration) Flight RAF 28 August 1943 Chittagong, India Blenheim VVengeance I Trichinopoly, India 15 November 1945 No. 70 Wing Calibration Flight RAF 16 February 1941 Longman Blenheim IVHornet Moth Longman 15 June 1943 No. 526 Squadron RAF No. 71 Wing Calibration Flight RAF 16 February 1941 Dyce Blenheim IVHornet Moth Dyce 15 June 1943 No. 526 Squadron RAF No. 72 Wing Calibration Flight RAF 16 February 1941 Usworth Blenheim IVHornet Moth Usworth 15 June 1943 No. 526 Squadron RAF No. 73 Wing Calibration Flight RAF 16 February 1941 Church Fenton Blenheim IVHornet Moth Unknown 30 October 1942 No. 77 Wing Calibration Flight No. 74 Wing Calibration Flight RAF 16 February 1941 Duxford Blenheim IVHornet Moth Duxford 15 June 1943 No. 527 Squadron RAF No. 75 Wing Calibration Flight RAF 16 February 1941 Biggin Hill Blenheim IVHornet Moth Biggin Hill 15 June 1943 No. 527 Squadron RAF No. 76 Wing Calibration Flight RAF 16 February 1941 Filton Blenheim IVHornet Moth Filton 15 June 1943 Disbanded No. 77 Wing Calibration Flight RAF 16 February 1941 Speke Blenheim IVHornet Moth Speke 6 November 1942 No. 1 Calibration Flight RAF No. 78 Wing Calibration Flight RAF 25 May 1941 Filton Blenheim IVHornet Moth Harrowbeer 15 June 1943 No. 528 Squadron RAF No. 79 Wing Calibration Flight RAF October 1941 Long Kesh Blenheim IVHornet Moth Speke 30 October 1942 No. 77 Wing Calibration Flight RAF No. 110 Wing Calibration Flight RAF 1 March 1940 Ringway BattleLeopard Moth Filton 5 May 1941 Disbanded Bangalore Calibration Flight RAF October 1942 Bangalore, India Nil Yelahanka, India 13 September 1943 No. 1580 (Calibration) Flight RAF Bengal Calibration Flight RAF 15 March 1943 Amarda Road, India Blenheim VVengeance I Alipore, India 25 August 1943 No. 1583 (Calibration) Flight RAF Calibration Flight RAF, Seletar 30 June 1941 Seletar, Malaya Vildebeest Seletar February 1942 Destroyed RDF Calibration Flight RAF, Sebala II June 1942 Sebala II, Tunisia Sebala II 7 August 1943 RDF Calibration Flight RAF, Blida RDF Calibration Flight RAF, Blida 7 August 1943 Blida, Algeria Blenheim V; Beaufighter II Blida 25 September 1943 No. 1578 (Calibration) Flight RAF No. 1 Anti-Aircraft Calibration Flight RAF 27 December 1940 Gatwick Wallace IILysander I Hatfield 17 February 1941 No. 116 Squadron RAF References Citations ^ United States Department of Defense, DOD Dictionary Archived 2008-12-23 at the Wayback Machine ^ Fomin, N.N., Great Soviet Encyclopaedia (Russian: Большая Советская Энциклопедия), Moscow, 1978 ^ Lake 1999, p. 47. ^ Air of Authority, Other Establishments - Experimental and Administrative, accessed May 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lake 1999, p. 160. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Lake 1999, p. 159. ^ Lake 1999, p. 64. ^ Delve 1994, p. 133. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Delve 1994, p. 134. ^ Delve 1994, p. 135. ^ a b c d e Delve 1994, p. 136. ^ a b c Delve 1994, p. 137. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lake 1999, p. 186. ^ a b c d e Peter R. March (1994). The Royal Air Force Almanac 1995. RAF Fairford: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund. p. 96. ^ a b c d e f g h Jackson 1995, p. 93. ^ a b David Gledhill (2014). Fighters over the Falklands: Defending the Islanders' Way of Life. Fonthill Media. ^ National Archives ^ Rheindahlen at rafweb.org and National Archives ^ Alterfritz 2018, p. 81. ^ a b "No. 12 Signals Unit". ^ Alterfritz 2018. ^ a b c d e Hambuhren at rafweb.org ^ Butzweilerhof at rafweb.org ^ "No 5 Signals Wing Butzweilerhof (Renamed No 26 Signals Unit): Unit badge". ^ Alterfritz 2018, p. 94. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jackson 1995, p. 92. ^ a b "Royal Tour of the Isles". Shetland Times. 1960. ^ March 1997, p. 86. ^ Aldrich, Richard J. (2011). GCHQ. London: Harper Press. pp. 160–162. ISBN 978-0-007312-665. ^ "No.280 Signals Unit | RAF Heraldry Trust". ^ "RAF Little Sai Wan - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives". www.forces-war-records.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-03-29. ^ "367 Signals Unit history". Little Sai Wan. Retrieved 13 December 2014. ^ "Little Sai Wan passes from RAF control to GCHQ". University of Warwick. Retrieved 13 December 2014. ^ National Archives. ^ Historic England. "RAF Digby (1393727)". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 5 April 2019. ^ The National Archives, Operations Record Book, No 477 Signals Unit (SU), Butzweilerhof (AIR 29/2551) ^ Ronald V. (14 March 2012). "Butzweilerhof". ForgottenAirfields.com. Netherlands: Abandoned forgotten & little known airfields in Europe. Retrieved 17 April 2023. ^ Sturtivant, Ray (2007). RAF Flying Training and Support Units since 1912. Staplefield, West Sussex, England, UK: Air-Britain Historians Limited. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-85130-365-9. ^ Hancock, T.N. (1978). Bomber county : a history of the Royal Air Force in Lincolnshire. Lincoln: Lincolnshire Library Service. p. 107. ISBN 0-86111-100-1. ^ Operational Record Book No 751 Signals Unit (SU), Cape Greco; Terry O'Reilly (2015). The Dustbin Bandits: A Story of RAF 751 Signals Unit in Cyprus 1956 to 1958. Amazon (Kindle Edition). ^ "No 840 Signals Unit (SU), RAF Siggewi". ^ Kiralfy, R.J.C., Current issues for RAF Oakhanger and Number 1001 Signals Unit, Military Satellite Communications II (Ref. No: 1997/322), IEE Coilloquium on , vol., no., pp.5/1,5/6, 18 Nov 1997 URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/659612 ^ a b Lake 1999, p. 42. ^ a b c d e f g Lake 1999, p. 126. ^ a b Lake 1999, p. 89. ^ a b c d e f Lake 1999, p. 96. ^ Lake 1999, p. 290. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lake 1999, p. 291. ^ Lake 1999, p. 35. ^ Lake 1999, p. 36. ^ a b Lake 1999, p. 161. ^ Lake 1999, p. 28. Bibliography British Army of the Rhine & Royal Air Force (Germany): Organisation and Stationing of the British Armed Forces in Germany in 1989 (PDF). Alterfritz. 2018. Delve, Ken (1994). The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-451-5. Jackson, Peter (1995). Royal Air Force (Second ed.). UK: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-2338-7. Lake, Alan (1999). Flying Units of the RAF. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-84037-086-6. March, Peter R. (1997). Royal Air Force Yearbook 1997. Fairford, UK: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund. vteRoyal Air ForceMinistry of Defenceformationsand unitsunits Commands Groups Wings Squadrons Flights Conversion units Operational Training units Schools / Training units Ferry units Glider units Misc units stations Active Former Satellite Landing Grounds Regiment Wings Squadrons Flights branches andcomponents Air Force Board RAF Regiment RAF Chaplains Branch RAF Intelligence RAF Legal Branch RAF Medical Services Princess Mary's RAF Nursing Service RAF Police RAF ground trades RAF Music Services RAF Search and Rescue Force RAF Mountain Rescue Service RAF Marine Branch RAF Air Cadets Operations reserve forces Royal Auxiliary Air Force RAF Volunteer Reserve equipment List of RAF aircraft current future List of RAF missiles List of equipment of the RAF Regiment personnel Officer ranks Other ranks List of notable personnel List of serving senior officers Personnel numbers appointments Chief of Air Staff Assistant Chief of the Air Staff Air Member for Personnel Air Secretary Air Member for Materiel Commandant-General of the RAF Regiment Warrant Officer of the RAF symbols and uniform Ensign Badge Roundels Uniform Heraldic badges associated civilorganisations Air Training Corps Combined Cadet Force (RAF section) RAF Association RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine RAF Benevolent Fund RAF Football Association RAF Museum history timeline future commons vte Royal Air Force unit types Anti-Aircraft Beam Approach Beacon System Blind Approach Training Communication Ferry Glider Radio Aids Training Radio Signal vte Royal Air Force Training EstablishmentsFlying schools and unitsAdvanced Flying Schools 201 AFS 202 AFS 203 AFS 204 AFS 205 AFS 206 AFS 207 AFS 208 AFS 209 AFS 210 AFS 211 AFS 215 AFS AFS (India) Basic Flying Training Schools(Basic) Flying Training Schools 1 BFTS 2 BFTS 3 BFTS 4 BFTS 5 BFTS 2 (B)FTS 3 (B)FTS 7 (B)FTS (Advanced) Flying Training Schools 4 (Advanced) FTS 5 (Advanced) FTS 6 (Advanced) FTS 8 (Advanced) FTS 9 (Advanced) FTS 10 (Advanced) FTS 14 (Advanced) FTS British FlyingTraining Schools 1 British FTS 2 British FTS 3 British FTS 4 British FTS 5 British FTS 6 British FTS Elementary and ReserveFlying Training Schools 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Elementary Flying Training Schools Royal Navy Elementary Flying Training School 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 EFTS (Canada) 35 EFTS (Canada) 36 EFTS (Canada) 1 EFTS (India) 30 EFTS (Kenya) 25 EFTS (Southern Rhodesia) 26 EFTS (Southern Rhodesia) 27 EFTS (Southern Rhodesia) Gliding schools List of Royal Air Force Glider units Instructor schools Southeastern Area Southwestern Area Flying Instructors School RAF, El Khanka 1 FIS 2 FIS 4 FIS 5 FIS 6 FIS 7 FIS 11 FIS 1 FIS (Advanced) 2 FIS (Advanced) 3 FIS (Advanced) 7 FIS (Advanced) 4 FIS (Elementary) 5 FIS (Elementary) 6 FIS (Elementary) 10 FIS (Elementary) FIS (India) 12 FIS (Operational) 33 FIS, Southern Rhodesia 4 FIS (Supplementary) 5 FIS (Supplementary) 6 FIS (Supplementary) FIS, The Curragh FIS, Upavon FITS Flying Refresher Schools School of Refresher Flying RAF Flying Refresher School RAF 101 FRS 102 FRS 103 FRS 104 FRS Flying Training Schools Royal Air Force College Service Flying Training School 1 FTS 2 FTS 3 FTS 4 FTS 5 FTS 6 FTS 7 FTS 8 FTS 9 FTS 10 FTS 11 FTS 12 FTS 13 FTS 14 FTS 15 FTS 17 FTS 19 FTS 20 FTS 21 FTS 22 FTS 23 FTS 207 FTS 211 FTS 1 (Indian) FTS 1 (Polish) FTS 16 (Polish) FTS JEFTS MAFIS MAS of SF Netheravon Flying School NEAFIS NWAFIS NAFIS 1 RFTS RFTS 1 RS Reserve Flying Schools 1 RFS 2 RFS 3 RFS 4 RFS 5 RFS 6 RFS 7 RFS 8 RFS 9 RFS 10 RFS 11 RFS 12 RFS 13 RFS 14 RFS 15 RFS 16 RFS 17 RFS 18 RFS 19 RFS 20 RFS 21 RFS 22 RFS 23 RFS 24 RFS 25 RFS RFS, Brough RFS, Coventry RFS, Hamble RFS, Filton RFS, Renfrew RFS, Stag lane Service Flying Schools 1 SFTS 2 SFTS 3 SFTS 4 SFTS 5 SFTS 6 SFTS 7 SFTS 8 SFTS 9 SFTS 10 SFTS 11 SFTS 12 SFTS 13 SFTS 14 SFTS 15 SFTS 16 SFTS 17 SFTS 20 SFTS 21 SFTS 22 SFTS 23 SFTS 1 (Indian) SFTS Special Flying Schools Defence Helicopter Flying School No. 1 School of Special Flying RAF No. 2 School of Special Flying RAF School of Special Flying (Canada) RAF School of Special Flying, Gosport RAF Operational and Conversion Units List of Operational Conversion Units (OCU) List of Operational Training Units (OTU) Officer training establishments RAF Staff College, Andover RAF College Cranwell RAF Staff College, Bulstrode Park RAF Staff College, Bracknell Officers Advanced Training School RAF College of Air Warfare
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"US Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"RAF Signals Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Signals_Command"},{"link_name":"RAF Strike Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Strike_Command"},{"link_name":"No. 60 Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._60_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Training Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Training_Command"},{"link_name":"RAF Technical Training Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Technical_Training_Command"},{"link_name":"RAF Bomber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command"},{"link_name":"No. 90 (Signals) Group RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._90_(Signals)_Group_RAF"},{"link_name":"RAF Swanton Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Swanton_Morley"},{"link_name":"RAF Watton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Watton"},{"link_name":"Tiger Moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Moth"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake199947-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2123"}],"text":"This is a list of military communications ('Signals') units and formations of the Royal Air Force.In the Royal Air Force sense, wings, groups, and commands can be considered formations. A formation is defined by the US Department of Defense as \"two or more aircraft, ships, or units proceeding together under a commander\".[1] \"Formations are those military organisations which are formed from different speciality Arms and Services troop units to create a balanced, combined combat force.\"[2]Higher level communications formations in the Royal Air Force included RAF Signals Command, which was later reduced to group status and incorporated into RAF Strike Command. Nos 26 and No. 60 Group RAF were established in the 1940s. No. 26 Group was reformed on 12 February 1940 within RAF Training Command, and transferred to RAF Technical Training Command on 27 May 1940. It was transferred to RAF Bomber Command on 10 February 1942, and then amalgamated with No. 60 (Signals) Group to form No. 90 (Signals) Group RAF on 25 April 1946.The Radio Warfare Establishment (RWE) was established 21 July 1945 at RAF Swanton Morley, and later became the Central Signals Establishment (CSE). The CSE was formed 1 September 1946 at RAF Watton, equipped with Dominie and Tiger Moth, and disbanded there on 1 July 1965.[3] When the establishment disbanded, the Research Wing and civilian parts of the \"..Installation Squadron became the RAF Signals Command Air Radio Laboratories, and the training and service elements of Installation Squadron became the EW Support Wing.\"[4] Many files regarding the CSE are accessible in the National Archives at Kew [1].","title":"List of communications units and formations of the Royal Air Force"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Radio units and formations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio Establishment","title":"Radio units and formations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio Schools","title":"Radio units and formations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio Flights","title":"Radio units and formations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Signals units and formations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wings","title":"Signals units and formations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Squadrons","title":"Signals units and formations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Units","title":"Signals units and formations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Schools","title":"Signals units and formations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Calibration units and formations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Peter R. March (1994). The Royal Air Force Almanac 1995. RAF Fairford: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund. p. 96.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Fairford","url_text":"RAF Fairford"}]},{"reference":"David Gledhill (2014). Fighters over the Falklands: Defending the Islanders' Way of Life. Fonthill Media.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jaQsAwAAQBAJ&q=%227+Signals+Unit%22&pg=PP186","url_text":"Fighters over the Falklands: Defending the Islanders' Way of Life"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 12 Signals Unit\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rafht.co.uk/index.php/2016/06/23/no-12-signals-unit/","url_text":"\"No. 12 Signals Unit\""}]},{"reference":"\"No 5 Signals Wing Butzweilerhof (Renamed No 26 Signals Unit): Unit badge\".","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2645422","url_text":"\"No 5 Signals Wing Butzweilerhof (Renamed No 26 Signals Unit): Unit badge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Tour of the Isles\". Shetland Times. 1960.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Aldrich, Richard J. (2011). GCHQ. London: Harper Press. pp. 160–162. ISBN 978-0-007312-665.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=l9i5bt1-7HYC","url_text":"GCHQ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-007312-665","url_text":"978-0-007312-665"}]},{"reference":"\"No.280 Signals Unit | RAF Heraldry Trust\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rafht.co.uk/index.php/2016/06/23/no-280-signals-unit/","url_text":"\"No.280 Signals Unit | RAF Heraldry Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAF Little Sai Wan - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives\". www.forces-war-records.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2015-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329004848/http://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/units/624/raf-little-sai-wan","url_text":"\"RAF Little Sai Wan - Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives\""},{"url":"https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/units/624/raf-little-sai-wan","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"367 Signals Unit history\". Little Sai Wan. Retrieved 13 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.littlesaiwan-367su.talktalk.net/history.html","url_text":"\"367 Signals Unit history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Little Sai Wan passes from RAF control to GCHQ\". University of Warwick. Retrieved 13 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/pais/people/aldrich/vigilant/lectures/gchq/littlesaiwan/","url_text":"\"Little Sai Wan passes from RAF control to GCHQ\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"RAF Digby (1393727)\". Research records (formerly PastScape). Retrieved 5 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1393727&resourceID=19191","url_text":"\"RAF Digby (1393727)\""}]},{"reference":"Ronald V. (14 March 2012). \"Butzweilerhof\". ForgottenAirfields.com. Netherlands: Abandoned forgotten & little known airfields in Europe. Retrieved 17 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://forgottenairfields.com/airfield-butzweilerhof-449.html","url_text":"\"Butzweilerhof\""}]},{"reference":"Sturtivant, Ray (2007). RAF Flying Training and Support Units since 1912. Staplefield, West Sussex, England, UK: Air-Britain Historians Limited. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-85130-365-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staplefield","url_text":"Staplefield"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-Britain","url_text":"Air-Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85130-365-9","url_text":"978-0-85130-365-9"}]},{"reference":"Hancock, T.N. (1978). Bomber county : a history of the Royal Air Force in Lincolnshire. Lincoln: Lincolnshire Library Service. p. 107. ISBN 0-86111-100-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86111-100-1","url_text":"0-86111-100-1"}]},{"reference":"Terry O'Reilly (2015). The Dustbin Bandits: A Story of RAF 751 Signals Unit in Cyprus 1956 to 1958. Amazon (Kindle Edition).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Dustbin-Bandits-Story-Signals-Cyprus-ebook/dp/B010Y0LZZO","url_text":"The Dustbin Bandits: A Story of RAF 751 Signals Unit in Cyprus 1956 to 1958"}]},{"reference":"\"No 840 Signals Unit (SU), RAF Siggewi\".","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4103614;","url_text":"\"No 840 Signals Unit (SU), RAF Siggewi\""}]},{"reference":"British Army of the Rhine & Royal Air Force (Germany): Organisation and Stationing of the British Armed Forces in Germany in 1989 (PDF). Alterfritz. 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.relikte.com/_basis/docs/baor-rafg-2.pdf","url_text":"British Army of the Rhine & Royal Air Force (Germany): Organisation and Stationing of the British Armed Forces in Germany in 1989"}]},{"reference":"Delve, Ken (1994). The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-451-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-451-5","url_text":"1-85310-451-5"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Peter (1995). Royal Air Force (Second ed.). UK: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-7110-2338-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2338-7","url_text":"0-7110-2338-7"}]},{"reference":"Lake, Alan (1999). Flying Units of the RAF. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-84037-086-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-086-6","url_text":"1-84037-086-6"}]},{"reference":"March, Peter R. (1997). Royal Air Force Yearbook 1997. Fairford, UK: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairford","url_text":"Fairford"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IX
Christian IX of Denmark
["1 Early life","1.1 Birth and family","1.2 Childhood","1.3 Education","2 Becoming the heir-presumptive","2.1 Marriage","2.2 The Danish succession crisis","2.3 Appointment as an heir-presumptive","3 Early reign","3.1 Accession","3.2 Second Schleswig War","4 Later reign","4.1 Constitutional struggle","4.2 Last years","4.3 Death and succession","5 Legacy","5.1 \"Father-in-Law of Europe\"","6 Titles, styles, honours, and arms","6.1 Titles and styles","6.2 Honours","6.3 Arms","7 Family","7.1 Issue","7.2 Ancestry","8 Notes","9 References","9.1 Citations","9.2 Bibliography","10 External links"]
King of Denmark from 1863 to 1906 Christian IXChristian IX, c. 1900–06King of Denmark (more...) Reign15 November 1863 – 29 January 1906PredecessorFrederick VIISuccessorFrederick VIIIDuke of Schleswig, Holstein, and LauenburgReign15 November 1863 – 30 October 1864PredecessorFrederick X & IISuccessorLost to Prussia and AustriaBornPrince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck(1818-04-08)8 April 1818Gottorf Castle, Schleswig, Duchy of SchleswigDied29 January 1906(1906-01-29) (aged 87)Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen, DenmarkBurial15 February 1906Roskilde CathedralSpouse Louise of Hesse-Kassel ​ ​(m. 1842; died 1898)​IssueDetail Frederik VIII, King of Denmark Alexandra, Queen of the United Kingdom George I, King of the Hellenes Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia Thyra, Crown Princess of Hanover Prince Valdemar HouseGlücksburgFatherFriedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlücksburgMotherPrincess Louise Caroline of Hesse-KasselReligionChurch of DenmarkSignature Christian IX (8 April 1818 – 29 January 1906) was King of Denmark from 15 November 1863 until his death in 1906. From 1863 to 1864, he was concurrently Duke of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg. A younger son of Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Christian grew up in the Duchy of Schleswig as a prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a junior branch of the House of Oldenburg which had ruled Denmark since 1448. Although having close family ties to the Danish royal family, he was originally not in the immediate line of succession to the Danish throne. Following the early death of his father in 1831, Christian grew up in Denmark and was educated at the Military Academy of Copenhagen. After unsuccessfully seeking the hand of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom in marriage, he married his double second cousin, Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, in 1842. In 1852, Christian was chosen as heir-presumptive to the Danish throne in light of the expected extinction of the senior line of the House of Oldenburg. Upon the death of King Frederick VII of Denmark in 1863, Christian (who was Frederick's second cousin and husband of Frederick's paternal first cousin, Louise of Hesse-Kassel) acceded to the throne as the first Danish monarch of the House of Glücksburg. The beginning of his reign was marked by the Danish defeat in the Second Schleswig War and the subsequent loss of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg which made the king immensely unpopular. The following years of his reign were dominated by political disputes, for Denmark had only become a constitutional monarchy in 1849 and the balance of power between the sovereign and parliament was still in dispute. In spite of his initial unpopularity and the many years of political strife, in which the king was in conflict with large parts of the population, his popularity recovered towards the end of his reign, and he became a national icon due to the length of his reign and the high standards of personal morality with which he was identified. Christian's six children with Louise married into other European royal families, earning him the sobriquet "the father-in-law of Europe". Among his descendants are King Frederik X, King Philippe of Belgium, King Harald V of Norway, Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg, King Charles III of the United Kingdom, and King Felipe VI of Spain. Early life Birth and family See also: Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg Prince Christian's birthplace Gottorf Castle in Schleswig-Holstein, seat of the royal governors of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein (2007) Christian IX was born between 10 and 11 a.m. on 8 April 1818 at the residence of his maternal grandparents, Gottorf Castle, near the town of Schleswig in the Duchy of Schleswig, at the time a fief under the Crown of Denmark. Born as a prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, he was the fourth son of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, and Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel. He was named after his mother's cousin Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark, the later King Christian VIII, who was also his godfather. Together with his wife, Caroline Amalie of Augustenborg, he had traveled from Augustenborg to Gottorp so that he could hold his godson at the christening, which was held at the end of May in the chapel of Gottorp Castle. Prince Christian's father Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, from 1825 Duke of Glücksburg Prince Christian's father was the head of the ducal house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, a junior male branch of the House of Oldenburg. The family descended from King Christian III of Denmark's younger son, John the Younger, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, whose grandson Duke August Philipp severed his ties with Denmark and emigrated to Germany where he acquired the manor of Haus Beck in Westphalia, after which the lineage was named Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck. His sons and their descendants went into Prussian, Polish and Russian service, until his great-great-grandson, Prince Christian's father, again went into Danish military service, where he was stationed in Holstein. It was there that he had met and married Prince Christian's mother, who was a daughter of Landgrave Charles of Hesse, an originally German prince, who, however, had grown up at the Danish court and had married King Frederick V's youngest daughter, Princess Louise of Denmark. Prince Charles had made a career in Denmark, where he was a Danish Field Marshal and Royal Governor of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Through his father, Prince Christian was thus a direct male-line descendant of King Christian III of Denmark and an (albeit junior) agnatic descendant of Hedvig of Holstein (countess of Oldenburg), mother of King Christian I of Denmark, who was the "Semi-Salic" heiress of her brother Adolf of Schauenburg, last Schauenburg duke of Schleswig and count of Holstein. As such, Prince Christian was eligible to succeed in the twin duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, but not first in line. Through his mother, he was thus a great-grandson of Frederick V, great-great-grandson of George II of Great Britain and a descendant of several other monarchs, but had no direct claim to any European throne. Childhood Prince Christian's childhood home, Glücksburg Castle in Schleswig-Holstein, seat of the eponymous ducal branches of the House of Oldenburg (2005). Initially, the young prince grew up with his parents and many brothers and sisters at his maternal grandparents' residence at Gottorf Castle, the habitual seat of the royal governors of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. However, in 1824, the dowager duchess of Glücksburg, widow of Frederick Henry William, the last duke of the elder line of the house Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Glücksburg, who had himself died in 1779, died. Glücksburg Castle, located a little south of Flensburg Fjord, not far from city of Flensburg, was now empty, and on 6 June 1825, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm was appointed Duke of Glücksburg by his brother-in-law, King Frederick VI of Denmark. Duke Friedrich Wilhelm subsequently changed his title to Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and thus founded the younger Glücksburg line. Subsequently, the family moved to Glücksburg Castle, where Prince Christian was raised with his siblings under their father's supervision. The Duke wrote to a friend: I raise my sons with rigor, that these may learn to obey, without, however, failing to make them available to the requirements and demands of the present. However, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm died of a cold that had developed into pneumonia at the age of just 46 on 17 February 1831 and, at the Duke's own discretion, scarlet fever, which had previously affected two of his children. His death left the duchess widowed with ten children and no money. Prince Christian was twelve years old when his father died. Education Prince Christian's surrogate father, Frederick VI of Denmark, whose queen Marie of Hesse-Kassel was his aunt and the two princesses his cousins. Following the early death of his father, King Frederick VI, together with Prince William of Hesse-Philippstal-Barchfeld, a close friend of the Duke, became legal guardians of Prince Christian and his nine siblings. That same year, Prince Christian wanted to be educated as a naval officer, but during King Frederick VI's visit to Gottorp in 1831, shortly after Duke Wilhelm's funeral, the king agreed with his mother that Prince Christian would be sent to Copenhagen to receive an army officer training. Subsequently, in 1832, the year after his father's death, the 14-year-old Prince Christian moved to Copenhagen to be educated at the Land Cadet Academy, where he stayed at the house of Colonel Linde, the head of the Land Cadet Academy. He received private lessons at the academy and was rarely with the other cadets. On the other hand, the sonless royal couple took good care of the boy, as Queen Marie was his mother's sister and King Frederick VI his mother's cousin. Also, in 1838, Prince Christian's eldest brother, Duke Karl of Glücksborg, married the king and queen's youngest daughter, Princess Vilhelmine Marie, which further strengthened the bonds between them. Prince Christian's longtime home, the Yellow Palace in Copenhagen (2006). In 1835, Prince Christian was confirmed in the Garrison Church in Copenhagen. The following year, after completing his military education, he was appointed rittmeister at the Royal Horse Guards and was then housed in the Royal Horse Guards Barracks by Frederiksholms Kanal in central Copenhagen. There he lived under simple conditions until King Frederick VI in 1839 granted him a home in the Yellow Palace, an 18th-century town house at 18 Amaliegade, immediately adjacent to the Amalienborg Palace complex, the principal residence of the Danish royal family in the district of Frederiksstaden in central Copenhagen, where he came to live until 1865. From 1839 to 1841, Prince Christian studied constitutional law and history with his half-cousin Prince Frederick William of Hesse-Kassel at the University of Bonn in Germany. It was there that in December 1839 he received the news of the death of his benefactor King Frederick VI and the accession of his mother's cousin, King Christian VIII. During the holidays he went on various excursions in Germany and also traveled to Venice. In 1841 he returned to Copenhagen. On the way home, he paid a visit to the court in Berlin, where he rejected an otherwise flattering offer from King Frederick William IV of Prussia to join the Prussian army. Becoming the heir-presumptive Marriage Prince Christian's first marriage prospect, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. As a young man, in 1838, Prince Christian, representing Frederick VI, attended the coronation of Queen Victoria at Westminster Abbey. During his stay in London, he unsuccessfully sought the hand of the young British queen in marriage. Even though she chose to follow her family's wishes and preferred to marry her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the young queen had a good impression of her third cousin Prince Christian, who 25 years later would become father-in-law to her eldest son, the Prince of Wales. Prince Christian and Princess Louise in the 1840s. Instead, Prince Christian entered into a marriage that was to have great significance for his future. In 1841 he was engaged to his second cousin Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel. She was the daughter of Prince William of Hesse-Kassel, who was a Danish general and the governor of Copenhagen. Prince William was married to Christian VIII of Denmark's sister Princess Charlotte of Denmark, and Louise was thus the new king's niece and was closely related to the royal family. Like Prince Christian himself she was a great-granddaughter of both Frederick V of Denmark and Landgrave Frederick II of Hesse-Kassel, and thus his double second cousin. Their wedding was celebrated on 26 May 1842 in her parents' residence in Frederick VIII's Palace at Amalienborg. The bride and groom took their bridal tour to Kiel in the Duchy of Holstein, where they visited Prince Christian's older brother, Duke Karl of Glücksburg, and his wife, Frederick VI's daughter Duchess Vilhelmine, who had not been able to attend the wedding. Louise was a wise and energetic woman who exercised a strong influence over her husband. After the wedding, the couple moved into the Yellow Palace, where their first five children were born between 1843 and 1853: Prince Frederick in 1843, Princess Alexandra in 1844, Prince William in 1845, Princess Dagmar in 1847 and Princess Thyra in 1853. The family was still quite unknown and lived a relatively modest life by royal standards. The Danish succession crisis See also: Danish royal family tree and Schleswig-Holstein Question Princess Louise's uncle, Christian VIII of Denmark, faced a complex succession crisis during his reign. In the 1840s, it became increasingly clear that the Danish monarchy was facing a succession crisis. When King Christian VIII succeeded his first cousin King Frederick VI in 1839, the elder male line of the House of Oldenburg was obviously on the point of extinction, as the king's only son and heir-apparent Crown Prince Frederick seemed incapable of fathering children and the king's only brother Prince Ferdinand's marriage to King Frederick VI's daughter was childless. King Frederick VII's childlessness presented a thorny dilemma and the question of succession to the Danish throne proved complex, as the rules of succession in the different parts of the Danish monarchy united under the king's rule, the Kingdom of Denmark proper and the three duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg, not being the same, the possibility of a separation of the crown of Denmark from its duchies became probable. The duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg before 1864. The succession in the Kingdom of Denmark was regulated by the Lex Regia (Danish: Kongeloven; Law of The King), the absolutist constitution of Denmark and Norway promulgated by Frederick III in 1665. With the Lex Regia, Denmark had adopted the Salic law, but restricted the succession to the agnatic descendants of Frederick III, who was the first hereditary monarch of Denmark (before him, the kingdom was officially elective). Agnatic descent from Frederick III would end with the death of the childless Frederick VII and his equally childless uncle, Prince Ferdinand. At that point, the Lex Regia provided for a Semi-Salic succession, which stipulated that after the extinction of all-male descendance, including all collateral male lines, a female agnate (such as a daughter) of the last male holder of the property would inherit, and after her, her own male heirs according to the Salic order. There were, however, several ways to interpret to whom the crown could pass, since the provision was not entirely clear as to whether a claimant to the throne could be the closest female relative or not. In the duchy of Holstein, where the king reigned as duke, the rules of succession also followed the Salic law, but did not limit the succession to the agnatic descendants of Frederick III. As there were several junior male lines of the House of Oldenburg, who were however not descendants of Frederick III, there were thus numerous agnatic descendants with succession rights in the Duchy of Holstein, who were however not eligible to succeed to the Danish throne. In addition, the two duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were permanently joined to each other by the Treaty of Ribe of 1460, which proclaimed that the two duchies should be "Forever Undivided". The linguistic distribution in the Duchy of Schleswig around 1840. The already complicated dynastic question of the succession was made even more complex as it took place against a background of equally complicated political issues. The movements of nationalism and liberalism had been on the rise in Europe since the Napoleonic era. Whereas the concepts of nation and homeland increasingly replaced dynastic questions for the nationalists, aristocratic privileges and the concept of an absolute ruler of divine right were poorly accepted by the liberals. Denmark and the Duchies were no exception, and the political movement of national liberalism had been on the rise since the 1830s. While the Danish and German national liberals were united in their liberal political aspirations and in their opposition to the absolutist rule of the House of Oldenburg, the two political movements were heavily opposed in the national question. It mainly concerned the question of the affiliation of the Duchy of Schleswig. Constitutionally, the Duchy of Schleswig was a Danish fief, which had become increasingly independent from Denmark during the High Middle Ages. Linguistically, however, Danish, German and North Frisian existed as vernaculars in different parts of the Duchy, and German functioned as the language of law and the ruling class. The Danish national liberals insisted that Schleswig as a fief had belonged to Denmark for centuries and aimed to restore the southern frontier of Denmark on the Eider river, the historic border between Schleswig and Holstein. The Danish nationalists thus aspired to incorporate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom, in the process separating it from the duchy of Holstein, which should be allowed to pursue its own destiny as a member of the German Confederation or possibly a new united Germany. With the claim of the total integration of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom, the Danish national liberals opposed the German national liberals, whose goal was the union of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, their joint independence from Denmark and their membership in the German Confederation as an autonomous German state. The German nationalists thus sought to confirm Schleswig's association with Holstein, in the process detaching Schleswig from Denmark and bringing it into the German Confederation. There was burgeoning nationalism within both Denmark and the German-speaking parts of Schleswig-Holstein. This meant that a resolution to keep the two Duchies together and as a part of the Danish kingdom could not satisfy the conflicting interests of both Danish and German nationalists, and hindered all hopes of a peaceful solution. Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, pretender to the duchies during the succession crisis. As the nations of Europe looked on, the numerous descendants of Hedvig of Holstein began to vie for the Danish throne. Frederick VII belonged to the senior branch of Hedvig's descendants. In the event of extinction of the senior branch, the house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg would become the most senior branch of the House of Oldenburg, but it did not descend from King Frederick III. However, in the duchies, Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, claimed the position of heir to the throne of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, being head of the house of Augustenburg, and thus became a symbol of the nationalist German independence movement in Schleswig-Holstein. The closest female relatives of Frederick VII were his paternal aunt, Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark, who had married a scion of the cadet branch of the House of Hesse, and her children. However, they were not agnatic descendants of the royal family, so were not eligible to succeed in Schleswig-Holstein. The dynastic female heir reckoned most eligible according to the original law of primogeniture of Frederick III was Caroline of Denmark (1793–1881), the childless eldest daughter of the late king Frederick VI. Along with another childless daughter, Vilhelmine Marie of Denmark (1808–1891), Duchess of Glücksburg; the next heir was Louise, sister of Frederick VI, who had married the Duke of Augustenburg. The chief heir to that line was the selfsame Frederick of Augustenburg, but his turn would have come only after the death of two childless princesses who were very much alive in 1863. The House of Glücksburg also held a significant interest in the succession to the throne. A more junior branch of the royal family, they were also descendants of Frederick III through the daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark. Lastly, there was yet a more junior agnatic branch that was eligible to succeed in Schleswig-Holstein. There was Christian himself and his three older brothers, the eldest of whom, Karl, was childless, but the others had produced children, and male children at that. Prince Christian had been a foster "grandson" of the "grandchildless" royal couple Frederick VI and his Queen consort Marie (Marie Sophie Friederike of Hesse). Familiar with the royal court and the traditions of the recent monarchs, their young ward Prince Christian was a nephew of Queen Marie and a first cousin once removed of Frederick VI. He had been brought up as a Dane, having lived in Danish-speaking lands of the royal dynasty and not having become a German nationalist, which made him a relatively good candidate from the Danish point of view. As junior agnatic descendant, he was eligible to inherit Schleswig-Holstein, but was not the first in line. As a descendant of Frederick III, he was eligible to succeed in Denmark, although here too, he was not first in line. Family of Christian IX of Denmark   – Kings of Denmark  – Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg  – Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg  – Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck Christian III of Denmark Frederick II of DenmarkJohn II Christian IV of DenmarkAlexander Frederick III of DenmarkErnest GüntherAugust Philipp Christian V of DenmarkPrince Frederick William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-AugustenburgFrederick Louis Frederick IV of DenmarkChristian AugustPeter August Christian VI of DenmarkFrederick Christian IPrince Karl Anton August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck Frederick V of DenmarkFrederick Christian IIFriedrich Karl Ludwig Christian VII of DenmarkPrincess Louise of Denmark (1750–1831)Frederick, Hereditary Prince of DenmarkFriedrich Wilhelm Frederick VI of DenmarkPrincess Louise Auguste of DenmarkPrincess Louise Caroline of Hesse-KasselChristian VIII of DenmarkPrincess Louise Charlotte of Denmark Princess Caroline of DenmarkChristian August II(Prince Christian)CHRISTIAN IX OF DENMARKFrederick VII of DenmarkLouise of Hesse-Kassel House of Oldenburg, 1863 Appointment as an heir-presumptive See also: London Protocol (1852) and Act of Succession (Denmark) Prince Christian as heir presumptive with his children Dagmar, William and Alexandra in 1861. In 1851, the Russian emperor recommended that Prince Christian advance in the Danish succession. And in 1852, the thorny question of Denmark's succession was finally resolved by the London Protocol of 8 May 1852, signed by the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Prussia and Austria, and ratified by Denmark and Sweden. Christian was chosen as heir presumptive to the throne after Frederick VII's uncle, and thus would become king after the extinction of the most senior line to the Danish throne. A justification for this choice was his marriage to Louise of Hesse-Kassel, who as daughter of the closest female relative of Frederick VII was closely related to the royal family. Louise's mother and brother, and elder sister too, renounced their rights in favor of Louise and her husband. Prince Christian's wife was thereafter the closest female heiress of Frederick VII. The decision was implemented by the Danish Law of Succession of 31 July 1853—more precisely, the Royal Ordinance settling the Succession to the Crown on Prince Christian of Glücksburg which designated him as second-in-line to the Danish throne following King Frederick VII's uncle. Consequently, Prince Christian and his family were granted the titles of Prince and Princess of Denmark and the style of Highness. Bernstorff Palace, Prince Christian's summer residence as heir presumptive (2006). As second-in-line, Prince Christian continued to live in the Yellow Palace with his family. However, as a consequence of their new status, the family were now also granted the right to use Bernstorff Palace north of Copenhagen as their summer residence. It became Princess Louise's favorite residence, and the family often stayed there. It was also at Bernstorff that their youngest son, Prince Valdemar, was born in 1858. At the occasion of Prince Valdemar's baptism, Prince Christian and his family were granted the style of Royal Highness. Although their economy had improved, the financial situation of the family was still relatively strained. However, Prince Christian's appointment as successor to the throne was not met with undivided enthusiasm. His relationship with the king was cool, partly because the colorful King Frederick VII did not like the straightforward, military prince, and had preferred to see Christian's eldest son, the young Prince Frederick, take his place, partly because Prince Christian and Princess Louise openly showed their disapproval of the king's morganatic third wife, the actress Louise Rasmussen, who received the title Countess Danner. Politically, Prince Christian also had little influence during his tenure as second-in-line. This was partly due to the distrust of the Countess Danner, partly due to Christian's perceived conservatism, which earned him the distrust of the powerful National Liberal Party. It was not before 1856 that the politician Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ, to whom Prince Christian always felt close, secured him a seat in the Council of State. The year 1863 became rich in significant events for Prince Christian and his family. On 10 March, his eldest daughter, Princess Alexandra married the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII of the United Kingdom). On 20 March, his second son, Prince William was elected King of the Hellenes and ascended the Greek throne taking the name of King George I. And in June 1863, Prince Christian himself became heir-presumptive upon the death of the elderly Prince Ferdinand before eventually becoming King Christian IX on November 15 that year. Early reign Accession 2 rigsdaler – death of Frederik VII and accession of Christian IX During the last years of the reign of King Frederick VII, his health was increasingly poor, and in the autumn of 1863, during a visit to the Dannevirke fortification, he contracted a severe cold, which after his return to Glücksburg Castle turned into erysipelas. Shortly after, on 15 November, King Frederick VII died unexpectedly at the age of 55 after a sixteen-year reign, thus ending the 415-year reign of the main line of the House of Oldenburg on the Danish throne. Upon the death of Frederick VII, Christian succeeded to the throne at the age of 45. He was proclaimed king from the balcony of Christiansborg Palace by the Council President Carl Christian Hall on 16 November 1863 as Christian IX. Prince Frederick of Augustenburg, pretender to the duchies as Frederick VIII (1863). Christian and Denmark was immediately plunged into a crisis over the possession and status of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Already in November 1863, Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1829–1880) (the future father-in-law of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany) claimed the twin-duchies in succession after King Frederick VII and proclaimed himself Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein. Frederick of Augustenburg (as he was commonly known) had become the symbol of the nationalist German independence movement in Schleswig-Holstein after his father (in exchange for money) renounced his claims as heir to the throne of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. In view of the London protocol of 8 May 1852, which concluded the First War of Schleswig, and his father's concurrent renunciation to claims to the throne, Frederick's claim was not recognized by the parties to the protocol. Second Schleswig War Main article: Second Schleswig War Wikisource has original text related to this article: Denmark and Germany Under pressure, Christian signed the November Constitution, a treaty that made Schleswig part of Denmark. This resulted in the Second Schleswig War between Denmark and a Prussian/Austrian alliance in 1864. The Peace Conference broke up without having arrived at any conclusion; the outcome of the war was unfavorable to Denmark and led to the incorporation of Schleswig into Prussia in 1865. Holstein was likewise incorporated into Austria in 1865, then Prussia in 1866, following further conflict between Austria and Prussia. Following the loss, Christian IX went behind the backs of the Danish government to contact the Prussians, offering that the whole of Denmark could join the German Confederation, if Denmark could stay united with Schleswig and Holstein. This proposal was rejected by Bismarck, who feared that the ethnic strife in Schleswig between Danes and Germans would then stay unresolved. Christian IX's negotiations were not publicly known until published in the 2010 book Dommedag Als by Tom Buk-Swienty, who had been given access to the royal archives by Queen Margrethe II. Later reign Constitutional struggle Portrait by Henrik Olrik, 1871 The defeat of 1864 cast a shadow over Christian IX's rule for many years and his attitude to the Danish case—probably without reason—was claimed to be half-hearted. This unpopularity was worsened as he sought unsuccessfully to prevent the spread of democracy throughout Denmark by supporting the authoritarian and conservative prime minister Estrup, whose rule 1875–94 was by many seen as a semi-dictatorship. However, he signed a treaty in 1874 that allowed Iceland, then a Danish possession, to have its own constitution, albeit one under Danish rule. In 1901, he reluctantly asked Johan Henrik Deuntzer to form a government and this resulted in the formation of the Cabinet of Deuntzer. The cabinet consisted of members of the Venstre Reform Party and was the first Danish government not to include the conservative party Højre, even though Højre never had a majority of the seats in the Folketing. This was the beginning of the Danish tradition of parliamentarism and clearly bettered his reputation for his last years. Another reform occurred in 1866, when the Danish constitution was revised so that Denmark's upper chamber would have more power than the lower. Social security also took a few steps forward during his reign. Old age pensions were introduced in 1891 and unemployment and family benefits were introduced in 1892. Last years In spite of the King's initial unpopularity and the many years of political strife, where the king was in conflict with large parts of the population, his popularity recovered towards the end of his reign, and he became a national icon due to the length of his reign and the high standards of personal morality with which he was identified. The celebration of the golden wedding anniversary of King Christian and Queen Louise in 1892 thus became a great and authentic tribute from the people to the king and queen which contrasted profoundly with the sober marking of their silver wedding anniversary in 1867. In 1904, the King became aware of the efforts of Einar Holbøll, a postal clerk in Denmark, who conceived the idea of selling Christmas seals at post offices across Denmark to raise badly needed funding to help those afflicted with tuberculosis, which was occurring in alarming proportions in Denmark. The King approved of Holbøll's idea and subsequently the Danish post office produced the world's first Christmas seal, which generated more than $40,000 in funding. The Christmas seal portrayed an image of his wife, Queen Louise. Death and succession King Christian IX's funeral procession at Christiansborg Palace Square on 16 February 1906. Queen Louise died at age 81 on 29 September 1898 at Bernstorff Palace near Copenhagen. King Christian IX survived his wife by seven years, and died peacefully of old age, at age 87, on 29 January 1906 at his residence, Christian IX's Palace at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen, after a reign of 42 years and 75 days. After lying in state at the chapel at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen, he was interred on 16 February 1906 beside Queen Louise in Christian IX's Chapel in Roskilde Cathedral on the island of Zealand, the traditional burial site for Danish monarchs since the 15th century. After his death, a competition was announced for a double sarcophagus for him and Queen Louise to be placed in Frederick V's Chapel. The competition was won by the artist Jens Ferdinand Willumsen, but his proposal was deemed too controversial and was not accepted. Instead, two completely different artists were assigned the task, the Dano-Icelandic sculptor Edvard Eriksen and the Danish architect Hack Kampmann. They created a large sarcophagus in white marble flanked by three graceful sculptures symbolizing Remembrance, Love and Grief. Upon King Christian IX's death, Crown Prince Frederick ascended the throne at the age of 62 as King Frederick VIII. Christian IX appeared on a Denmak Christmas seal, issued the same year as his death in 1906 Queen Louise on the Danish Christmas seal of 1904, the world's first Christmas seal Legacy "Father-in-Law of Europe" Christian's family links with Europe's royal families earned him the sobriquet "the father-in-law of Europe". Four of Christian's children sat on the thrones (either as monarchs or as consorts) of Denmark, Greece, the United Kingdom and Russia. His youngest son, Valdemar, was on 10 November 1886 elected as new Prince of Bulgaria by The 3rd Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria, but Christian IX refused to allow Prince Valdemar to receive the election. Six children of Christian IX and Queen Louise, 1882. From left: King George I of Greece, Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia, Alexandra, Princess of Wales, Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark, Princess Thyra and Prince Valdemar. Christian IX, on a 10 Daler coin of the Danish West Indies (1904) The great dynastic success of the six children was to a great extent not attributable to Christian himself but the result of the ambitions of his wife Louise of Hesse-Kassel. An additional factor was that Denmark was not one of the Great Powers, so the other powers did not fear that the balance of power in Europe would be upset by a marriage of one of its royalty to another royal house. Christian's grandsons included Nicholas II of Russia, Constantine I of Greece, George V of the United Kingdom, Christian X of Denmark and Haakon VII of Norway. Today, members of most of Europe's reigning and ex-reigning royal families are direct descendants of Christian IX. Namely, six of the ten current hereditary European monarchs are descended from Christian: King Frederik X of Denmark, King Charles III of the United Kingdom, King Philippe of Belgium, King Harald V of Norway, King Felipe VI of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg. Titles, styles, honours, and arms Titles and styles During his reign, the King's full style was: His Majesty Christian IX, By the Grace of God, King of Denmark, of the Wends and of the Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Lauenburg and Oldenburg. Honours King Christian IX Land in Greenland is named after him. National orders and decorations Grand Cross of the Dannebrog, 28 June 1840; Grand Commander in Diamonds, 15 November 1863 Knight of the Elephant, 22 June 1843 Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog Foreign orders and decorations Ascanian duchies: Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear, 18 January 1854 Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1867  Baden: Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1877 Knight of the Order of Berthold the First, 1877  Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1888  Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 10 September 1862  Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, October 1838 France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer  Kingdom of Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I Hesse-Darmstadt: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 1 October 1863 Hesse-Kassel: Grand Cross of the Golden Lion, 22 September 1842  Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 9 November 1864  Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 24 September 1886 Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore, 6 February 1872 Mexico: Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar, 1865  Monaco: Grand Cross of St. Charles, 7 February 1864  Principality of Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I  Nassau: Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, September 1859  Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion  Ottoman Empire: Yüksek İmtiyaz Nişanı, in Diamonds, 1885  Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword Grand Cross of Our Lady of Conception Prussia: Knight of the Black Eagle, 8 December 1866 Grand Cross of the Red Eagle Romania: Grand Cross of the Star of Romania  Russian Empire: Knight of St. Andrew, 1842 Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky Knight of the White Eagle Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1878  Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1888  Principality of Serbia: Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo Siam: Grand Cross of the White Elephant  Restoration (Spain): Knight of the Golden Fleece, 22 March 1864 Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, with Collar, 8 June 1848 Grand Cross of St. Olav, 29 July 1869 Knight of the Norwegian Lion, 10 September 1904 Tunisia: Husainid Family Order, in Diamonds  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath (civil), 20 March 1863 Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter, 17 June 1865 Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain, 8 April 1904  Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1888 Honorary military appointments Honorary General of the Swedish Army, 1872 (Sweden-Norway) Arms As Sovereign, Christian IX used the greater (royal) coat of arms of Denmark. The arms were changed in 1903, as Iceland from then was represented by a falcon rather than its traditional stockfish arms. Royal arms from 1863 to 1903 Royal arms from 1903 to 1906 Family The Family of Christian IX of Denmark gathered in the Garden Hall of Fredensborg Palace in 1883. Painting by Laurits Tuxen (1883–86). Issue Main article: Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark See also: Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX Name Birth Death Spouse Children Frederick VIII of Denmark 3 June 1843 14 May 1912 (aged 68) Princess Louise of Sweden (m. 1869) Christian X of DenmarkHaakon VII of NorwayLouise, Princess Frederick of Schaumburg-LippePrince Harald of DenmarkPrincess Ingeborg, Duchess of VästergötlandPrincess Thyra of DenmarkPrince Gustav of DenmarkPrincess Dagmar, Mrs. Castenskiold Princess Alexandra of Denmark 1 December 1844 20 November 1925 (aged 80) Edward VII of the United Kingdom (m. 1863) Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and AvondaleGeorge V of the United KingdomLouise, Princess Royal and Duchess of FifePrincess Victoria of the United KingdomMaud, Queen of NorwayPrince Alexander John of Wales George I of Greece 24 December 1845 18 March 1913 (aged 67) Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia (m. 1867) Constantine I of GreecePrince George of Greece and DenmarkGrand Duchess Alexandra Georgievna of RussiaPrince Nicholas of Greece and DenmarkGrand Duchess Maria Georgievna of RussiaPrincess Olga of Greece and DenmarkPrince Andrew of Greece and DenmarkPrince Christopher of Greece and Denmark Princess Dagmar of Denmark 26 November 1847 13 October 1928 (aged 80) Alexander III of Russia (m. 1866) Nicholas II of RussiaGrand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of RussiaGrand Duke George Alexandrovich of RussiaGrand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of RussiaGrand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of RussiaOlga Alexandrovna, Duchess Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg Princess Thyra of Denmark 29 September 1853 26 February 1933 (aged 79) Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover and Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale (m. 1878) Marie Louise, Margravine of BadenGeorge William, Hereditary Prince of HanoverAlexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-SchwerinPrincess Olga of Hanover and CumberlandPrince Christian of Hanover and CumberlandErnest Augustus, Prince of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick Prince Valdemar of Denmark 27 October 1858 14 January 1939 (aged 80) Princess Marie of Orléans (m. 1885) Prince Aage, Count of RosenborgPrince Axel of DenmarkPrince Erik, Count of RosenborgPrince Viggo, Count of RosenborgMargaret, Princess René of Bourbon-Parma Ancestry Ancestors of Christian IX of Denmark 8. Prince Karl Anton August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck 4. Frederick Charles Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck 9. Countess Charlotte of Dohna-Leistenau 2. Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 10. Count Karl Leopold von Schlieben 5. Countess Friederike von Schlieben 11. Countess Marie Eleonore von Lehndorff 1. Christian IX of Denmark 12. Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 6. Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel 13. Princess Mary of Great Britain 3. Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel 14. Frederick V of Denmark 7. Princess Louise of Denmark 15. Princess Louisa of Great Britain Notes ^ In spite of the fact that Denmark lost the duchies as a consequence of the Treaty of Vienna in 1864, this style continued to be used until the 1972 accession of Queen Margrethe II. References Citations ^ "Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Royal Family". Monarchies of Europe. Retrieved 15 August 2016. ^ "HM King Christian IX of Denmark". European Royal History. Retrieved 15 August 2016. ^ a b Hindø, Lone; Boelskifte, Else (2007). "Døbt i Gottorp Sloskapel" . Kongelig Dåb. Fjorten generationer ved Rosenborg-døbefonten (in Danish). Forlaget Hovedland. p. 83. ISBN 978-87-7070-014-6. ^ Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1977). Burke's Royal Families of the World. Vol. 1: Europe & Latin America. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd. p. 280. ISBN 0-85011-023-8. ^ Bramsen 1992, p. 50. ^ Bramsen 1992, p. 63. ^ Bramsen 1992, p. 48. ^ Bramsen 1992, p. 78-82. ^ a b c d Thorsøe 1889, p. 523. ^ "HM King Christian IX of Denmark". Henry Poole & Co. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2016. ^ Thorsøe 1889, p. 523-524. ^ a b c Thorsøe 1889, p. 524. ^ Bramsen 1992, p. 117-118. ^ Bramsen 1992, p. 120. ^ a b c Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1977). Burke's Royal Families of the World. Vol. 1: Europe & Latin America. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 0-85011-023-8. ^ a b Scocozza 1997, p. 182. ^ Glenthøj 2014, p. 136-37. ^ Ekman, Ernst (1957). "The Danish Royal Law of 1665". The Journal of Modern History. 29 (2): 102–107. doi:10.1086/237987. ISSN 0022-2801. S2CID 145652129. ^ Royal Ordinance settling the Succession to the Crown on Prince Christian of Glücksburg. from Hoelseth's Royal Corner. Retrieved 7 November 2011. ^ Scocozza 1997, p. 183. ^ Year: 1863; Quantity released: 101,000 coin; Weight: 28.893 gram; Composition: Silver 87.5%; Diameter: 39.5 mm – https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces23580.html ^ Hemmeligt arkiv: Kongen tilbød Danmark til tyskerne efter 1864 18 August 2010 (politiken.dk) ^ Scocozza 1997, pp. 185–88. ^ Scocozza 1997, p. 188. ^ Bramsen 1992, p. 166. ^ Ostler, 1947, pp. 35–38 ^ "Udlandet i 1886". Randers Amtsavis og Adressekontors Efterretninger (in Danish): 1. 3 January 1887. ^ "Da Prins Valdemar skulde være Fyrste af Bulgarien". Ærø Avis. Kongelig priviligeret Adresse-, politisk og Avertissements-Tidende (in Danish): 1. 14 July 1913. ^ Hein Bruins. "Descendants of King Christian IX of Denmark". heinbruins.nl. Retrieved 15 August 2016. ^ a b "Denmark". Titles of European hereditary rulers. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2023. ^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1863) . Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1863 (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 3, 5. Retrieved 30 April 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark. ^ Levin, Sergey (15 June 2018). "Order of the Dannebrog (Dannebrogordenen). Denmark". Tallinn Museum of Orders of Knighthood. Retrieved 6 September 2019. ^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1906) . Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1906 (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 30 April 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt (1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 17 ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1888), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 61, 73 ^ Hof- und – Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern (1890), "Königliche Orden". p. 9 ^ "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1863, p. 52 – via Archives de Bruxelles ^ Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1843), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 6 ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch ... Hessen (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 11 ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 44 ^ Cibrario, Luigi (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri (in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. 120. Retrieved 4 March 2019. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 144. ^ "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen". Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1878 (in German). Neustrelitz: Druck und Debit der Buchdruckerei von G. F. Spalding und Sohn. 1878. p. 11. ^ "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, pp. 214–236, 242–243, retrieved 29 April 2020 ^ Sovereign Ordonnance of 7 February 1864 ^ Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. 8 ^ Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi: İ.DH. 957-75653, HR.TO.336–89 ^ "Schwarzer Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 6{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach Archived 30 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16 ^ Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden". Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901. Dresden: Heinrich. p. 4 – via hathitrust.org. ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1900, p. 167, retrieved 4 March 2019 ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 440, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org ^ Norges Statskalender (in Norwegian), 1890, pp. 593–594, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org ^ "The Order of the Norwegian Lion", The Royal House of Norway. Retrieved 10 August 2018. ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 209 ^ Shaw, p. 63 ^ Shaw, p. 415 ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 28 ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 123, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org Bibliography Aronson, Theo (2014). A Family of Kings: The descendants of Christian IX of Denmark (2nd ed.). London: Thistle Publishing. ISBN 978-1910198124. Beéche, Arturo E.; Hall, Coryne (2014). APAPA: King Christian IX of Denmark and His Descendants. East Richmond Heights, California: Eurohistory. ISBN 978-0985460341. Bramsen, Bo (1992). Huset Glücksborg. Europas svigerfader og hans efterslægt (in Danish) (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Forlaget Forum. ISBN 87-553-1843-6. Chaffanjon, Arnaud (1980). Histoires de familles royales : Victoria d'Angleterre - Christian IX de Danemark et leurs descendances de 1840 à nos jours (in French). Paris: Ramsay. ISBN 9782859561840. Fabricius-Møller, Jes (2013). Dynastiet Glücksborg, en Danmarkshistorie (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gad. ISBN 9788712048411. Glenthøj, Rasmus (2014). 1864 : Sønner af de Slagne (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gads Forlag. ISBN 978-8712-04919-7. Lerche, Anna; Mandal, Marcus (2003). A royal family : the story of Christian IX and his European descendants. Copenhagen: Aschehoug. ISBN 9788715109577. Olden-Jørgensen, Sebastian (2003). Prinsessen og det hele kongerige. Christian IX og det glücksborgske kongehus (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gad. ISBN 8712040517. Ostler, Fred J. (1947). Father of the Christmas Seal (PDF). Coronet Printing. Scocozza, Benito (1997). "Christian 9.". Politikens bog om danske monarker (in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. pp. 182–189. ISBN 87-567-5772-7. Thorsøe, Alexander (1889). "Christian 9.". In Bricka, Carl Frederik (ed.). Dansk biografisk Lexikon, tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537–1814 (in Danish). Vol. III (1st ed.). Copenhagen: Gyldendal. pp. 523–526. Van der Kiste, John (1996). Northern crowns : the kings of modern Scandinavia. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 9780750911382. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christian IX of Denmark. The Danish Monarchy's official site Christian IX at the website of the Royal Danish Collection at Amalienborg Palace "Christian IX." . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. Christian IXHouse of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlücksburgCadet branch of the House of OldenburgBorn: 8 April 1818 Died: 29 January 1906 Regnal titles Preceded byFrederick VII King of Denmark 1863–1906 Succeeded byFrederick VIII Duke of Schleswig and Holstein 1863–1864 Titles mediatised Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 1863–1864 Succeeded byWilliam I vteMonarchs of DenmarkKnýtlingac. 916 – 1042 Сanute I (Harthacnut) Gorm the Old Harald I Bluetooth Sweyn I1 Harald II Canute II1 Canute III (Harthacanute)1 Fairhair1042–1047 Magnus the Good Estridsen1047–1375 Sweyn II Estridsen Harald III Hen Canute IV the Saint Olaf I Hunger Eric I Evergood Niels Eric II the Memorable Eric III Lamb Sweyn III Grathe / Canute V / Valdemar I the Great Canute VI Valdemar II the Victorious / Valdemar the Young Eric IV Plough-tax Abel Christopher I Eric V Klipping Eric VI Menved Christopher II / Eric Christoffersen Valdemar III Interregnum Valdemar IV Atterdag Bjelbo1376–1387 Olaf II Estridsen1376–1412 Margrethe I2 Pomerania1397–1439 Eric VII of Pomerania2 Palatinate-Neumarkt1440–1448 Christopher III of Bavaria2 OldenburgSenior branch1448–1863 Christian I2 John2 Christian II2 Frederick I Christian III Frederick II Christian IV Frederick III Christian V Frederick IV Christian VI Frederick V Christian VII Frederick VI Christian VIII Frederick VII Glücksburgsince 1863 Christian IX Frederick VIII Christian X3 Frederik IX Margrethe II Frederik X Italics indicates Danish monarchs who were also monarchs of Norway. 1 Also monarch of England. 2 Also monarch of Sweden. 3 Also monarch of Iceland. vteMonarchs of IcelandPossession of Norway (1262–1814) Haakon IV Magnus VI Eric II Haakon V Magnus VII Haakon VI Olaf IV Margaret I Eric III Christopher I Charles I Christian I John I Christian II Frederick I Christian III Frederick II Christian IV Frederick III Christian V Frederick IV Christian VI Frederick V Christian VII Frederick VI Possession of Denmark (1814–1918) Frederick VI Christian VIII Frederick VII Christian IX Frederick VIII Christian X Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944) Kristján X (Christian X) vtePrinces of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-GlücksburgGenerations indicate descent from Duke Philip of the elder Glücksburg line; generations beyond 6 start anew with Duke Friedrich Wilhelm of the junior line, a 6th generation descendant of Princess Augusta.5th generation none 6th generation Karl^ Friedrich^ Christian IX of Denmark^,** Prince Julius^ Prince Johann 7th generation Friedrich Ferdinand Frederick VIII of Denmark** George I of Greece** Prince Valdemar** 8th generation Wilhelm Friedrich* 9th generation Hans Albrecht* Peter* 10th generation Christoph* ^ also a prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck until 1825* also a prince of Schleswig-Holstein** also a prince of Denmark vteDanish princesThe generations are numbered from the implementation of hereditary monarchy by Frederick III in 1660.1st generation King Christian V1 Prince George, Duke of Cumberland1 2nd generation King Frederick IV1 Prince Christian1 Prince Charles1 Prince William1 Prince William, Duke of Gloucester1 3rd generation King Christian VI1 4th generation King Frederick V1 5th generation King Christian VII1 Hereditary Prince Frederick1 6th generation King Frederick VI1 King Christian VIII1 Hereditary Prince Ferdinand1 7th generation King Frederick VII1 King Christian IX5 8th generation King Frederick VIII5 King George I of Greece5 Prince Valdemar3 9th generation King Christian X King Haakon VII of Norway Prince Harald3 Prince Gustav3 King Constantine I of Greece2 Prince George2 Prince Nicholas2 Prince Andrew2 Prince Christopher2 Prince Aage Prince Axel3 Prince Erik3 Prince Viggo3 10th generation King Frederik IX3 Hereditary Prince Knud3 King Olav V of Norway1 Prince Gorm3 Prince Oluf3 King George II of Greece2 King Alexander I of Greece2 King Paul I of Greece2 Prince Peter2 Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh2 4 Prince Michael2 Prince Georg3 Prince Flemming3 11th generation Prince Henrik5 Prince Ingolf3 Prince Christian3 King Constantine II of Greece2 12th generation King Frederik X Prince Joachim Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece2 Prince Nikolaos2 Prince Philippos2 13th generation Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark Prince Vincent Prince Nikolai Prince Felix Prince Henrik Prince Constantine-Alexios2 Prince Achileas-Andreas2 Prince Odysseas-Kimon2 Prince Aristidis-Stavros2 1 Also prince of Norway2 Also prince of Greece3 Also prince of Iceland4 Also prince of the United Kingdom5 Not Danish prince by birth, but created prince of DenmarkPrinces that lost their title are shown in italics Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Poland Artists KulturNav RKD Artists People Deutsche Biographie Other NARA RISM SNAC IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Duke of Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dukes_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dukes_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Lauenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg"},{"link_name":"Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"House of Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"Danish royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_royal_family"},{"link_name":"succession to the Danish throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_Danish_throne"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Danish throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"House of Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"Frederick VII of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Danish monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"House of Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Second Schleswig War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"sobriquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobriquet"},{"link_name":"father-in-law of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father-in-law_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Frederik X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_X"},{"link_name":"Philippe of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Harald V of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Henri of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Felipe VI of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_VI_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Christian IX (8 April 1818 – 29 January 1906) was King of Denmark from 15 November 1863 until his death in 1906. From 1863 to 1864, he was concurrently Duke of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg.A younger son of Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Christian grew up in the Duchy of Schleswig as a prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a junior branch of the House of Oldenburg which had ruled Denmark since 1448. Although having close family ties to the Danish royal family, he was originally not in the immediate line of succession to the Danish throne. Following the early death of his father in 1831, Christian grew up in Denmark and was educated at the Military Academy of Copenhagen. After unsuccessfully seeking the hand of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom in marriage, he married his double second cousin, Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel, in 1842.In 1852, Christian was chosen as heir-presumptive to the Danish throne in light of the expected extinction of the senior line of the House of Oldenburg. Upon the death of King Frederick VII of Denmark in 1863, Christian (who was Frederick's second cousin and husband of Frederick's paternal first cousin, Louise of Hesse-Kassel) acceded to the throne as the first Danish monarch of the House of Glücksburg.[1]The beginning of his reign was marked by the Danish defeat in the Second Schleswig War and the subsequent loss of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg which made the king immensely unpopular. The following years of his reign were dominated by political disputes, for Denmark had only become a constitutional monarchy in 1849 and the balance of power between the sovereign and parliament was still in dispute. In spite of his initial unpopularity and the many years of political strife, in which the king was in conflict with large parts of the population, his popularity recovered towards the end of his reign, and he became a national icon due to the length of his reign and the high standards of personal morality with which he was identified.Christian's six children with Louise married into other European royal families, earning him the sobriquet \"the father-in-law of Europe\". Among his descendants are King Frederik X, King Philippe of Belgium, King Harald V of Norway, Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg, King Charles III of the United Kingdom, and King Felipe VI of Spain.[2]","title":"Christian IX of Denmark"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gottorf.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gottorf Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottorf_Castle"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Gottorf Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottorf_Castle"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig,_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"fief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kongeligedaab-3"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_Caroline_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke280-4"},{"link_name":"Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godparent"},{"link_name":"Caroline Amalie of Augustenborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Amalie_of_Augustenborg"},{"link_name":"Augustenborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustenborg,_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kongeligedaab-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prins_Vilhelm_1785-1831.jpg"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"Duke of Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck"},{"link_name":"House of Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"Christian III of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"John the Younger, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Younger,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg"},{"link_name":"Duke August Philipp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Philipp,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck"},{"link_name":"manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"Haus Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haus_Beck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramsen199250-5"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramsen199263-6"},{"link_name":"Landgrave Charles of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"King Frederick V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Denmark_(1750%E2%80%931831)"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Royal Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramsen199248-7"},{"link_name":"Christian III of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"agnatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic"},{"link_name":"Hedvig of Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedvig_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Christian I of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Adolf of Schauenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_of_Schauenburg"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"George II of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain"}],"sub_title":"Birth and family","text":"See also: Schleswig-Holstein-SonderburgPrince Christian's birthplace Gottorf Castle in Schleswig-Holstein, seat of the royal governors of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein (2007)Christian IX was born between 10 and 11 a.m. on 8 April 1818 at the residence of his maternal grandparents, Gottorf Castle, near the town of Schleswig in the Duchy of Schleswig, at the time a fief under the Crown of Denmark.[3] Born as a prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, he was the fourth son of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, and Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel.[4] He was named after his mother's cousin Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark, the later King Christian VIII, who was also his godfather. Together with his wife, Caroline Amalie of Augustenborg, he had traveled from Augustenborg to Gottorp so that he could hold his godson at the christening, which was held at the end of May in the chapel of Gottorp Castle.[3]Prince Christian's father Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, from 1825 Duke of GlücksburgPrince Christian's father was the head of the ducal house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, a junior male branch of the House of Oldenburg. The family descended from King Christian III of Denmark's younger son, John the Younger, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, whose grandson Duke August Philipp severed his ties with Denmark and emigrated to Germany where he acquired the manor of Haus Beck in Westphalia, after which the lineage was named Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck.[5] His sons and their descendants went into Prussian, Polish and Russian service, until his great-great-grandson, Prince Christian's father, again went into Danish military service, where he was stationed in Holstein.[6] It was there that he had met and married Prince Christian's mother, who was a daughter of Landgrave Charles of Hesse, an originally German prince, who, however, had grown up at the Danish court and had married King Frederick V's youngest daughter, Princess Louise of Denmark. Prince Charles had made a career in Denmark, where he was a Danish Field Marshal and Royal Governor of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.[7]Through his father, Prince Christian was thus a direct male-line descendant of King Christian III of Denmark and an (albeit junior) agnatic descendant of Hedvig of Holstein (countess of Oldenburg), mother of King Christian I of Denmark, who was the \"Semi-Salic\" heiress of her brother Adolf of Schauenburg, last Schauenburg duke of Schleswig and count of Holstein. As such, Prince Christian was eligible to succeed in the twin duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, but not first in line. Through his mother, he was thus a great-grandson of Frederick V, great-great-grandson of George II of Great Britain and a descendant of several other monarchs, but had no direct claim to any European throne.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lyksborg_slot_9-7-2005_nr_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glücksburg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCcksburg_Castle"},{"link_name":"eponymous ducal branches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"House of Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"Gottorf Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottorf_Castle"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"dowager duchess of Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Karoline_af_Nassau-Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frederick Henry William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Henry_William,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"elder line of the house Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg_(elder_line)"},{"link_name":"Glücksburg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCcksburg_Castle"},{"link_name":"Flensburg Fjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg_Fjord"},{"link_name":"Flensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg"},{"link_name":"Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"King Frederick VI of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"the younger Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramsen199278-82-8"},{"link_name":"Glücksburg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCcksburg_Castle"},{"link_name":"raised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_raising"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThors%C3%B8e1889523-9"}],"sub_title":"Childhood","text":"Prince Christian's childhood home, Glücksburg Castle in Schleswig-Holstein, seat of the eponymous ducal branches of the House of Oldenburg (2005).Initially, the young prince grew up with his parents and many brothers and sisters at his maternal grandparents' residence at Gottorf Castle, the habitual seat of the royal governors of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. However, in 1824, the dowager duchess of Glücksburg, widow of Frederick Henry William, the last duke of the elder line of the house Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Glücksburg, who had himself died in 1779, died. Glücksburg Castle, located a little south of Flensburg Fjord, not far from city of Flensburg, was now empty, and on 6 June 1825, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm was appointed Duke of Glücksburg by his brother-in-law, King Frederick VI of Denmark. Duke Friedrich Wilhelm subsequently changed his title to Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and thus founded the younger Glücksburg line.[8]Subsequently, the family moved to Glücksburg Castle, where Prince Christian was raised with his siblings under their father's supervision. The Duke wrote to a friend:I raise my sons with rigor, that these may learn to obey, without, however, failing to make them available to the requirements and demands of the present.[9]However, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm died of a cold that had developed into pneumonia at the age of just 46 on 17 February 1831 and, at the Duke's own discretion, scarlet fever, which had previously affected two of his children. His death left the duchess widowed with ten children and no money. Prince Christian was twelve years old when his father died.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frederik_VI_and_family.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frederick VI of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Marie of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Prince William of Hesse-Philippstal-Barchfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_of_Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld_(1786-1834)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"legal guardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_guardian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThors%C3%B8e1889523-9"},{"link_name":"naval officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_officer"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"army officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_officer"},{"link_name":"cadets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadets"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThors%C3%B8e1889523-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Queen Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Duke Karl of Glücksborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"Princess Vilhelmine Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Vilhelmine_Marie_of_Denmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Det_Gule_Palae_Copenhagen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yellow Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Palace,_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"confirmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)"},{"link_name":"Garrison Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison_Church,_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"rittmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rittmeister"},{"link_name":"Royal Horse Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Royal Horse Guards Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards_Barracks_(Copenhagen)"},{"link_name":"Frederiksholms Kanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiksholms_Kanal"},{"link_name":"Yellow Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Palace,_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"18th-century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century"},{"link_name":"town house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_house"},{"link_name":"Amaliegade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaliegade"},{"link_name":"Amalienborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalienborg"},{"link_name":"Danish royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_royal_family"},{"link_name":"Frederiksstaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiksstaden"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThors%C3%B8e1889523-9"},{"link_name":"constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law"},{"link_name":"Prince Frederick William of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Frederick_William_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"University of Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bonn"},{"link_name":"King Christian VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Frederick William IV of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Prussian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_army"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThors%C3%B8e1889523-524-11"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Prince Christian's surrogate father, Frederick VI of Denmark, whose queen Marie of Hesse-Kassel was his aunt and the two princesses his cousins.Following the early death of his father, King Frederick VI, together with Prince William of Hesse-Philippstal-Barchfeld, a close friend of the Duke, became legal guardians of Prince Christian and his nine siblings.[9] That same year, Prince Christian wanted to be educated as a naval officer, but during King Frederick VI's visit to Gottorp in 1831, shortly after Duke Wilhelm's funeral, the king agreed with his mother that Prince Christian would be sent to Copenhagen to receive an army officer training. Subsequently, in 1832, the year after his father's death, the 14-year-old Prince Christian moved to Copenhagen to be educated at the Land Cadet Academy, where he stayed at the house of Colonel Linde, the head of the Land Cadet Academy. He received private lessons at the academy and was rarely with the other cadets.[9][10] On the other hand, the sonless royal couple took good care of the boy, as Queen Marie was his mother's sister and King Frederick VI his mother's cousin. Also, in 1838, Prince Christian's eldest brother, Duke Karl of Glücksborg, married the king and queen's youngest daughter, Princess Vilhelmine Marie, which further strengthened the bonds between them.Prince Christian's longtime home, the Yellow Palace in Copenhagen (2006).In 1835, Prince Christian was confirmed in the Garrison Church in Copenhagen. The following year, after completing his military education, he was appointed rittmeister at the Royal Horse Guards and was then housed in the Royal Horse Guards Barracks by Frederiksholms Kanal in central Copenhagen. There he lived under simple conditions until King Frederick VI in 1839 granted him a home in the Yellow Palace, an 18th-century town house at 18 Amaliegade, immediately adjacent to the Amalienborg Palace complex, the principal residence of the Danish royal family in the district of Frederiksstaden in central Copenhagen, where he came to live until 1865.[9]From 1839 to 1841, Prince Christian studied constitutional law and history with his half-cousin Prince Frederick William of Hesse-Kassel at the University of Bonn in Germany. It was there that in December 1839 he received the news of the death of his benefactor King Frederick VI and the accession of his mother's cousin, King Christian VIII. During the holidays he went on various excursions in Germany and also traveled to Venice. In 1841 he returned to Copenhagen. On the way home, he paid a visit to the court in Berlin, where he rejected an otherwise flattering offer from King Frederick William IV of Prussia to join the Prussian army.[11]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Becoming the heir-presumptive"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dronning_victoria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"coronation of Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThors%C3%B8e1889524-12"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramsen1992117-118-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_IX_with_his_wife_Louise_Hesse-Kassel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"1840s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840s"},{"link_name":"Louise of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThors%C3%B8e1889524-12"},{"link_name":"Prince William of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Christian VIII of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Princess Charlotte of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick V of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick II of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Frederick VIII's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VIII%27s_Palace"},{"link_name":"Amalienborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalienborg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThors%C3%B8e1889524-12"},{"link_name":"bridal tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeymoon"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Duke Karl of Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"Duchess Vilhelmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Vilhelmine_Marie_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramsen1992120-14"},{"link_name":"Yellow Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Palace,_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Prince Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VIII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Princess Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Prince William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Princess Dagmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Princess Thyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Thyra_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke69-15"}],"sub_title":"Marriage","text":"Prince Christian's first marriage prospect, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.As a young man, in 1838, Prince Christian, representing Frederick VI, attended the coronation of Queen Victoria at Westminster Abbey.[12] During his stay in London, he unsuccessfully sought the hand of the young British queen in marriage. Even though she chose to follow her family's wishes and preferred to marry her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the young queen had a good impression of her third cousin Prince Christian, who 25 years later would become father-in-law to her eldest son, the Prince of Wales.[13]Prince Christian and Princess Louise in the 1840s.Instead, Prince Christian entered into a marriage that was to have great significance for his future. In 1841 he was engaged to his second cousin Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel.[12] She was the daughter of Prince William of Hesse-Kassel, who was a Danish general and the governor of Copenhagen. Prince William was married to Christian VIII of Denmark's sister Princess Charlotte of Denmark, and Louise was thus the new king's niece and was closely related to the royal family. Like Prince Christian himself she was a great-granddaughter of both Frederick V of Denmark and Landgrave Frederick II of Hesse-Kassel, and thus his double second cousin. Their wedding was celebrated on 26 May 1842 in her parents' residence in Frederick VIII's Palace at Amalienborg.[12] The bride and groom took their bridal tour to Kiel in the Duchy of Holstein, where they visited Prince Christian's older brother, Duke Karl of Glücksburg, and his wife, Frederick VI's daughter Duchess Vilhelmine, who had not been able to attend the wedding.[14]Louise was a wise and energetic woman who exercised a strong influence over her husband. After the wedding, the couple moved into the Yellow Palace, where their first five children were born between 1843 and 1853: Prince Frederick in 1843, Princess Alexandra in 1844, Prince William in 1845, Princess Dagmar in 1847 and Princess Thyra in 1853.[15] The family was still quite unknown and lived a relatively modest life by royal standards.","title":"Becoming the heir-presumptive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish royal family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_royal_family_tree"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Question"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_VIII_af_Wilhelm_Marstrand.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Christian VIII of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"succession crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_crisis"},{"link_name":"1840s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840s"},{"link_name":"succession crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_crisis"},{"link_name":"House of Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Prince Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScocozza1997182-16"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Lauenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Lauenburg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenth%C3%B8j2014136-37-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzogt%C3%BCmer.png"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Lauenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lauenburg"},{"link_name":"Lex Regia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"absolutist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Denmark and Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway"},{"link_name":"Frederick III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Salic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_law"},{"link_name":"agnatic descendants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatic_descent"},{"link_name":"hereditary monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy"},{"link_name":"elective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Prince Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Semi-Salic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Salic"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Ribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ribe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SprogforholdSlesvig.png"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_era"},{"link_name":"homeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland"},{"link_name":"absolute ruler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy"},{"link_name":"national liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_liberalism"},{"link_name":"1830s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830s"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"fief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"High Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Linguistically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistically"},{"link_name":"North Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Frisian_language"},{"link_name":"vernaculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular"},{"link_name":"Eider river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eider_(river)"},{"link_name":"German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_August_af_Augustenborg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_August_II,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg"},{"link_name":"pretender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretender"},{"link_name":"Hedvig of Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedvig_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg"},{"link_name":"Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_August_II,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg"},{"link_name":"heir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_Charlotte_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"cadet branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadet_branch"},{"link_name":"House of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Caroline of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Vilhelmine Marie of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelmine_Marie_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick of Augustenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VIII_of_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"House of Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"Frederick V of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark"}],"sub_title":"The Danish succession crisis","text":"See also: Danish royal family tree and Schleswig-Holstein QuestionPrincess Louise's uncle, Christian VIII of Denmark, faced a complex succession crisis during his reign.In the 1840s, it became increasingly clear that the Danish monarchy was facing a succession crisis. When King Christian VIII succeeded his first cousin King Frederick VI in 1839, the elder male line of the House of Oldenburg was obviously on the point of extinction, as the king's only son and heir-apparent Crown Prince Frederick seemed incapable of fathering children and the king's only brother Prince Ferdinand's marriage to King Frederick VI's daughter was childless.[16] King Frederick VII's childlessness presented a thorny dilemma and the question of succession to the Danish throne proved complex, as the rules of succession in the different parts of the Danish monarchy united under the king's rule, the Kingdom of Denmark proper and the three duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg, not being the same, the possibility of a separation of the crown of Denmark from its duchies became probable.[17]The duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg before 1864.The succession in the Kingdom of Denmark was regulated by the Lex Regia (Danish: Kongeloven; Law of The King), the absolutist constitution of Denmark and Norway promulgated by Frederick III in 1665.[18] With the Lex Regia, Denmark had adopted the Salic law, but restricted the succession to the agnatic descendants of Frederick III, who was the first hereditary monarch of Denmark (before him, the kingdom was officially elective). Agnatic descent from Frederick III would end with the death of the childless Frederick VII and his equally childless uncle, Prince Ferdinand. At that point, the Lex Regia provided for a Semi-Salic succession, which stipulated that after the extinction of all-male descendance, including all collateral male lines, a female agnate (such as a daughter) of the last male holder of the property would inherit, and after her, her own male heirs according to the Salic order. There were, however, several ways to interpret to whom the crown could pass, since the provision was not entirely clear as to whether a claimant to the throne could be the closest female relative or not. In the duchy of Holstein, where the king reigned as duke, the rules of succession also followed the Salic law, but did not limit the succession to the agnatic descendants of Frederick III. As there were several junior male lines of the House of Oldenburg, who were however not descendants of Frederick III, there were thus numerous agnatic descendants with succession rights in the Duchy of Holstein, who were however not eligible to succeed to the Danish throne. In addition, the two duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were permanently joined to each other by the Treaty of Ribe of 1460, which proclaimed that the two duchies should be \"Forever Undivided\".The linguistic distribution in the Duchy of Schleswig around 1840.The already complicated dynastic question of the succession was made even more complex as it took place against a background of equally complicated political issues. The movements of nationalism and liberalism had been on the rise in Europe since the Napoleonic era. Whereas the concepts of nation and homeland increasingly replaced dynastic questions for the nationalists, aristocratic privileges and the concept of an absolute ruler of divine right were poorly accepted by the liberals. Denmark and the Duchies were no exception, and the political movement of national liberalism had been on the rise since the 1830s. While the Danish and German national liberals were united in their liberal political aspirations and in their opposition to the absolutist rule of the House of Oldenburg, the two political movements were heavily opposed in the national question. It mainly concerned the question of the affiliation of the Duchy of Schleswig. Constitutionally, the Duchy of Schleswig was a Danish fief, which had become increasingly independent from Denmark during the High Middle Ages. Linguistically, however, Danish, German and North Frisian existed as vernaculars in different parts of the Duchy, and German functioned as the language of law and the ruling class.The Danish national liberals insisted that Schleswig as a fief had belonged to Denmark for centuries and aimed to restore the southern frontier of Denmark on the Eider river, the historic border between Schleswig and Holstein. The Danish nationalists thus aspired to incorporate the Duchy of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom, in the process separating it from the duchy of Holstein, which should be allowed to pursue its own destiny as a member of the German Confederation or possibly a new united Germany. With the claim of the total integration of Schleswig into the Danish kingdom, the Danish national liberals opposed the German national liberals, whose goal was the union of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, their joint independence from Denmark and their membership in the German Confederation as an autonomous German state. The German nationalists thus sought to confirm Schleswig's association with Holstein, in the process detaching Schleswig from Denmark and bringing it into the German Confederation.There was burgeoning nationalism within both Denmark and the German-speaking parts of Schleswig-Holstein. This meant that a resolution to keep the two Duchies together and as a part of the Danish kingdom could not satisfy the conflicting interests of both Danish and German nationalists, and hindered all hopes of a peaceful solution.Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, pretender to the duchies during the succession crisis.As the nations of Europe looked on, the numerous descendants of Hedvig of Holstein began to vie for the Danish throne. Frederick VII belonged to the senior branch of Hedvig's descendants. In the event of extinction of the senior branch, the house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg would become the most senior branch of the House of Oldenburg, but it did not descend from King Frederick III. However, in the duchies, Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, claimed the position of heir to the throne of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, being head of the house of Augustenburg, and thus became a symbol of the nationalist German independence movement in Schleswig-Holstein.The closest female relatives of Frederick VII were his paternal aunt, Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark, who had married a scion of the cadet branch of the House of Hesse, and her children. However, they were not agnatic descendants of the royal family, so were not eligible to succeed in Schleswig-Holstein.The dynastic female heir reckoned most eligible according to the original law of primogeniture of Frederick III was Caroline of Denmark (1793–1881), the childless eldest daughter of the late king Frederick VI. Along with another childless daughter, Vilhelmine Marie of Denmark (1808–1891), Duchess of Glücksburg; the next heir was Louise, sister of Frederick VI, who had married the Duke of Augustenburg. The chief heir to that line was the selfsame Frederick of Augustenburg, but his turn would have come only after the death of two childless princesses who were very much alive in 1863.The House of Glücksburg also held a significant interest in the succession to the throne. A more junior branch of the royal family, they were also descendants of Frederick III through the daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark. Lastly, there was yet a more junior agnatic branch that was eligible to succeed in Schleswig-Holstein. There was Christian himself and his three older brothers, the eldest of whom, Karl, was childless, but the others had produced children, and male children at that.Prince Christian had been a foster \"grandson\" of the \"grandchildless\" royal couple Frederick VI and his Queen consort Marie (Marie Sophie Friederike of Hesse). Familiar with the royal court and the traditions of the recent monarchs, their young ward Prince Christian was a nephew of Queen Marie and a first cousin once removed of Frederick VI. He had been brought up as a Dane, having lived in Danish-speaking lands of the royal dynasty and not having become a German nationalist, which made him a relatively good candidate from the Danish point of view. As junior agnatic descendant, he was eligible to inherit Schleswig-Holstein, but was not the first in line. As a descendant of Frederick III, he was eligible to succeed in Denmark, although here too, he was not first in line.House of Oldenburg, 1863","title":"Becoming the heir-presumptive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Protocol (1852)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Protocol_(1852)"},{"link_name":"Act of Succession (Denmark)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Succession_(Denmark)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Princess_Dagmar,_Prince_Vilhelm,_Christian_IX_of_Denmark_and_Princess_Alexandra.jpg"},{"link_name":"heir presumptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive"},{"link_name":"Dagmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"London Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Protocol_(1852)"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"heir presumptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive"},{"link_name":"Louise of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Danish throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_throne"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles"},{"link_name":"Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highness"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernstorff_Slot_Feb06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bernstorff Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstorff_Palace"},{"link_name":"heir presumptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"},{"link_name":"Bernstorff Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstorff_Palace"},{"link_name":"Prince Valdemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Valdemar_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke69-15"},{"link_name":"baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"Royal Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Highness"},{"link_name":"morganatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganatic"},{"link_name":"Countess Danner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Danner"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScocozza1997182-16"},{"link_name":"National Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Christoffer_Georg_Andr%C3%A6"},{"link_name":"Council of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScocozza1997183-20"},{"link_name":"Princess Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"King of the Hellenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Hellenes"},{"link_name":"Greek throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burke69-15"}],"sub_title":"Appointment as an heir-presumptive","text":"See also: London Protocol (1852) and Act of Succession (Denmark)Prince Christian as heir presumptive with his children Dagmar, William and Alexandra in 1861.In 1851, the Russian emperor recommended that Prince Christian advance in the Danish succession. And in 1852, the thorny question of Denmark's succession was finally resolved by the London Protocol of 8 May 1852, signed by the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Prussia and Austria, and ratified by Denmark and Sweden. Christian was chosen as heir presumptive to the throne after Frederick VII's uncle, and thus would become king after the extinction of the most senior line to the Danish throne. A justification for this choice was his marriage to Louise of Hesse-Kassel, who as daughter of the closest female relative of Frederick VII was closely related to the royal family. Louise's mother and brother, and elder sister too, renounced their rights in favor of Louise and her husband. Prince Christian's wife was thereafter the closest female heiress of Frederick VII.The decision was implemented by the Danish Law of Succession of 31 July 1853—more precisely, the Royal Ordinance settling the Succession to the Crown on Prince Christian of Glücksburg which designated him as second-in-line to the Danish throne following King Frederick VII's uncle. Consequently, Prince Christian and his family were granted the titles of Prince and Princess of Denmark and the style of Highness.[19]Bernstorff Palace, Prince Christian's summer residence as heir presumptive (2006).As second-in-line, Prince Christian continued to live in the Yellow Palace with his family. However, as a consequence of their new status, the family were now also granted the right to use Bernstorff Palace north of Copenhagen as their summer residence. It became Princess Louise's favorite residence, and the family often stayed there. It was also at Bernstorff that their youngest son, Prince Valdemar, was born in 1858.[15] At the occasion of Prince Valdemar's baptism, Prince Christian and his family were granted the style of Royal Highness. Although their economy had improved, the financial situation of the family was still relatively strained.However, Prince Christian's appointment as successor to the throne was not met with undivided enthusiasm. His relationship with the king was cool, partly because the colorful King Frederick VII did not like the straightforward, military prince, and had preferred to see Christian's eldest son, the young Prince Frederick, take his place, partly because Prince Christian and Princess Louise openly showed their disapproval of the king's morganatic third wife, the actress Louise Rasmussen, who received the title Countess Danner.[16] Politically, Prince Christian also had little influence during his tenure as second-in-line. This was partly due to the distrust of the Countess Danner, partly due to Christian's perceived conservatism, which earned him the distrust of the powerful National Liberal Party. It was not before 1856 that the politician Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ, to whom Prince Christian always felt close, secured him a seat in the Council of State.[20]The year 1863 became rich in significant events for Prince Christian and his family. On 10 March, his eldest daughter, Princess Alexandra married the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII of the United Kingdom). On 20 March, his second son, Prince William was elected King of the Hellenes and ascended the Greek throne taking the name of King George I.[15] And in June 1863, Prince Christian himself became heir-presumptive upon the death of the elderly Prince Ferdinand before eventually becoming King Christian IX on November 15 that year.","title":"Becoming the heir-presumptive"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2_rigdalers_Denmark_1863.png"},{"link_name":"rigsdaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_rigsdaler"},{"link_name":"Frederik VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_VII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Dannevirke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannevirke"},{"link_name":"Glücksburg Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCcksburg_Castle"},{"link_name":"erysipelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysipelas"},{"link_name":"House of Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"Christiansborg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiansborg_Palace"},{"link_name":"Council President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_President_(Denmark)"},{"link_name":"Carl Christian Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Christian_Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_Carl_Magnussen_-_Herzog_Friedrich_VIII_von_Schleswig-Holstein.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Frederick of Augustenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VIII_of_Schleswig_and_Holstein"},{"link_name":"pretender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretender"},{"link_name":"possession and status of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Question"},{"link_name":"Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VIII_of_Schleswig_and_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm II of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession"},{"link_name":"Frederick VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VIII_of_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"heir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_Succession"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein"},{"link_name":"First War of Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_War_of_Schleswig"}],"sub_title":"Accession","text":"2 rigsdaler – death of Frederik VII and accession of Christian IX[21]During the last years of the reign of King Frederick VII, his health was increasingly poor, and in the autumn of 1863, during a visit to the Dannevirke fortification, he contracted a severe cold, which after his return to Glücksburg Castle turned into erysipelas. Shortly after, on 15 November, King Frederick VII died unexpectedly at the age of 55 after a sixteen-year reign, thus ending the 415-year reign of the main line of the House of Oldenburg on the Danish throne. Upon the death of Frederick VII, Christian succeeded to the throne at the age of 45. He was proclaimed king from the balcony of Christiansborg Palace by the Council President Carl Christian Hall on 16 November 1863 as Christian IX.Prince Frederick of Augustenburg, pretender to the duchies as Frederick VIII (1863).Christian and Denmark was immediately plunged into a crisis over the possession and status of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Already in November 1863, Prince Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1829–1880) (the future father-in-law of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany) claimed the twin-duchies in succession after King Frederick VII and proclaimed himself Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein. Frederick of Augustenburg (as he was commonly known) had become the symbol of the nationalist German independence movement in Schleswig-Holstein after his father (in exchange for money) renounced his claims as heir to the throne of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. In view of the London protocol of 8 May 1852, which concluded the First War of Schleswig, and his father's concurrent renunciation to claims to the throne, Frederick's claim was not recognized by the parties to the protocol.","title":"Early reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Denmark and Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Denmark_and_Germany"},{"link_name":"Second Schleswig War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War"},{"link_name":"Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Conference_of_1864"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"Dommedag Als","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dommedag_Als&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tom Buk-Swienty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Buk-Swienty"},{"link_name":"Queen Margrethe II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Second Schleswig War","text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nDenmark and GermanyUnder pressure, Christian signed the November Constitution, a treaty that made Schleswig part of Denmark. This resulted in the Second Schleswig War between Denmark and a Prussian/Austrian alliance in 1864. The Peace Conference broke up without having arrived at any conclusion; the outcome of the war was unfavorable to Denmark and led to the incorporation of Schleswig into Prussia in 1865. Holstein was likewise incorporated into Austria in 1865, then Prussia in 1866, following further conflict between Austria and Prussia.Following the loss, Christian IX went behind the backs of the Danish government to contact the Prussians, offering that the whole of Denmark could join the German Confederation, if Denmark could stay united with Schleswig and Holstein. This proposal was rejected by Bismarck, who feared that the ethnic strife in Schleswig between Danes and Germans would then stay unresolved. Christian IX's negotiations were not publicly known until published in the 2010 book Dommedag Als by Tom Buk-Swienty, who had been given access to the royal archives by Queen Margrethe II.[22]","title":"Early reign"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Later reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_IX_af_Henrik_Olrik.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henrik Olrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Olrik"},{"link_name":"Estrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrup"},{"link_name":"Johan Henrik Deuntzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Henrik_Deuntzer"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Deuntzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Deuntzer"},{"link_name":"Venstre Reform Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstre_Reform_Party"},{"link_name":"Højre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jre"},{"link_name":"Folketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketing"},{"link_name":"parliamentarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentarism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScocozza1997185%E2%80%9388-23"}],"sub_title":"Constitutional struggle","text":"Portrait by Henrik Olrik, 1871The defeat of 1864 cast a shadow over Christian IX's rule for many years and his attitude to the Danish case—probably without reason—was claimed to be half-hearted. This unpopularity was worsened as he sought unsuccessfully to prevent the spread of democracy throughout Denmark by supporting the authoritarian and conservative prime minister Estrup, whose rule 1875–94 was by many seen as a semi-dictatorship. However, he signed a treaty in 1874 that allowed Iceland, then a Danish possession, to have its own constitution, albeit one under Danish rule. In 1901, he reluctantly asked Johan Henrik Deuntzer to form a government and this resulted in the formation of the Cabinet of Deuntzer. The cabinet consisted of members of the Venstre Reform Party and was the first Danish government not to include the conservative party Højre, even though Højre never had a majority of the seats in the Folketing. This was the beginning of the Danish tradition of parliamentarism and clearly bettered his reputation for his last years.[23]Another reform occurred in 1866, when the Danish constitution was revised so that Denmark's upper chamber would have more power than the lower. Social security also took a few steps forward during his reign. Old age pensions were introduced in 1891 and unemployment and family benefits were introduced in 1892.","title":"Later reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScocozza1997188-24"},{"link_name":"golden wedding anniversary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_wedding_anniversary"},{"link_name":"silver wedding anniversary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_wedding_anniversary"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBramsen1992166-25"},{"link_name":"Einar Holbøll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Holb%C3%B8ll"},{"link_name":"Christmas seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_seals"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"Queen Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ostler35-38-26"}],"sub_title":"Last years","text":"In spite of the King's initial unpopularity and the many years of political strife, where the king was in conflict with large parts of the population, his popularity recovered towards the end of his reign, and he became a national icon due to the length of his reign and the high standards of personal morality with which he was identified.[24] The celebration of the golden wedding anniversary of King Christian and Queen Louise in 1892 thus became a great and authentic tribute from the people to the king and queen which contrasted profoundly with the sober marking of their silver wedding anniversary in 1867.[25]In 1904, the King became aware of the efforts of Einar Holbøll, a postal clerk in Denmark, who conceived the idea of selling Christmas seals at post offices across Denmark to raise badly needed funding to help those afflicted with tuberculosis, which was occurring in alarming proportions in Denmark. The King approved of Holbøll's idea and subsequently the Danish post office produced the world's first Christmas seal, which generated more than $40,000 in funding. The Christmas seal portrayed an image of his wife, Queen Louise.[26]","title":"Later reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kong_Christian_9.s_bis%C3%A6ttelse_16._februar_1906.jpg"},{"link_name":"funeral procession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_procession"},{"link_name":"Christiansborg Palace Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiansborg_Palace_Square"},{"link_name":"Bernstorff Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstorff_Palace"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Christian IX's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IX%27s_Palace"},{"link_name":"Amalienborg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalienborg_Palace"},{"link_name":"lying in state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lying_in_state"},{"link_name":"chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiansborg_Palace_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Christiansborg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiansborg_Palace"},{"link_name":"Christian IX's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskilde_Cathedral#Christian_IX's_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Roskilde Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskilde_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealand"},{"link_name":"Danish monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"sarcophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"Frederick V's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskilde_Cathedral#Frederick_V's_Chapel"},{"link_name":"Jens Ferdinand Willumsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Ferdinand_Willumsen"},{"link_name":"Edvard Eriksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Eriksen"},{"link_name":"Hack Kampmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_Kampmann"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"Frederick VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VIII_of_Denmark"}],"sub_title":"Death and succession","text":"King Christian IX's funeral procession at Christiansborg Palace Square on 16 February 1906.Queen Louise died at age 81 on 29 September 1898 at Bernstorff Palace near Copenhagen. King Christian IX survived his wife by seven years, and died peacefully of old age, at age 87, on 29 January 1906 at his residence, Christian IX's Palace at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen, after a reign of 42 years and 75 days. After lying in state at the chapel at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen, he was interred on 16 February 1906 beside Queen Louise in Christian IX's Chapel in Roskilde Cathedral on the island of Zealand, the traditional burial site for Danish monarchs since the 15th century.After his death, a competition was announced for a double sarcophagus for him and Queen Louise to be placed in Frederick V's Chapel. The competition was won by the artist Jens Ferdinand Willumsen, but his proposal was deemed too controversial and was not accepted. Instead, two completely different artists were assigned the task, the Dano-Icelandic sculptor Edvard Eriksen and the Danish architect Hack Kampmann. They created a large sarcophagus in white marble flanked by three graceful sculptures symbolizing Remembrance, Love and Grief.Upon King Christian IX's death, Crown Prince Frederick ascended the throne at the age of 62 as King Frederick VIII.","title":"Later reign"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sobriquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobriquet"},{"link_name":"father-in-law of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father-in-law_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"The 3rd Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)#Grand_National_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Louise of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Great Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Powers"},{"link_name":"balance of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas II of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Constantine I of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"George V of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Christian X of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_X_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Haakon VII of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"descendants of Christian IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_descendants_of_Queen_Victoria_and_King_Christian_IX"},{"link_name":"hereditary European monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe#Table_of_monarchies_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Frederik X of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_X"},{"link_name":"Charles III of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Philippe of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Harald V of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Felipe VI of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_VI_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Henri of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"\"Father-in-Law of Europe\"","text":"Christian's family links with Europe's royal families earned him the sobriquet \"the father-in-law of Europe\". Four of Christian's children sat on the thrones (either as monarchs or as consorts) of Denmark, Greece, the United Kingdom and Russia. His youngest son, Valdemar, was on 10 November 1886 elected as new Prince of Bulgaria by The 3rd Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria, but Christian IX refused to allow Prince Valdemar to receive the election.[27][28]The great dynastic success of the six children was to a great extent not attributable to Christian himself but the result of the ambitions of his wife Louise of Hesse-Kassel. An additional factor was that Denmark was not one of the Great Powers, so the other powers did not fear that the balance of power in Europe would be upset by a marriage of one of its royalty to another royal house.Christian's grandsons included Nicholas II of Russia, Constantine I of Greece, George V of the United Kingdom, Christian X of Denmark and Haakon VII of Norway.Today, members of most of Europe's reigning and ex-reigning royal families are direct descendants of Christian IX. Namely, six of the ten current hereditary European monarchs are descended from Christian: King Frederik X of Denmark, King Charles III of the United Kingdom, King Philippe of Belgium, King Harald V of Norway, King Felipe VI of Spain and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg.[29]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles, styles, honours, and arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the King's full style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_of_the_Danish_sovereign"},{"link_name":"His Majesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majesty"},{"link_name":"By the Grace of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God"},{"link_name":"King of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"the Wends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Wends"},{"link_name":"the Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Goths"},{"link_name":"Duke of Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Holstein"},{"link_name":"Stormarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Stormarn"},{"link_name":"Dithmarschen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Dithmarschen"},{"link_name":"Lauenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Lauenburg"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Oldenburg"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles_of_European_hereditary_rulers-30"}],"sub_title":"Titles and styles","text":"During his reign, the King's full style was: His Majesty Christian IX, By the Grace of God, King of Denmark, of the Wends and of the Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Lauenburg and Oldenburg.[a][30]","title":"Titles, styles, honours, and arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Christian IX Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Christian_IX_Land"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statskalendar-32"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Dannebrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant"},{"link_name":"Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Honour_of_the_Order_of_the_Dannebrog"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statskalendar02-34"},{"link_name":"Ascanian duchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ascania"},{"link_name":"Order of Albert the Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Albert_the_Bear"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Stephen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"House Order of Fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Order_of_Fidelity"},{"link_name":"Order of Berthold the First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Berthold_the_First"},{"link_name":"Knight of St. Hubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Hubert"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Order of Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Order of Pedro I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Pedro_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Altenburg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen"},{"link_name":"Ernestine duchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestine_duchies"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Ernestine House Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Redeemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer"},{"link_name":"Order of Kamehameha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kamehameha_I_(decoration)"},{"link_name":"Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse_and_by_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Order"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"link_name":"Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Golden Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_(Hesse)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Order of the Chrysanthemum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Wendish_Crown"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Imperial_Orders#Imperial_Order_of_the_Mexican_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of St. Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Charles"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Order of Prince Danilo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Danilo_I"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Gold_Lion_of_the_House_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of Our Lady of Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Black Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Red Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Star of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Knight of St. Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew"},{"link_name":"Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky"},{"link_name":"Knight of the White Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Knight of St. Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna"},{"link_name":"Knight of St. Stanislaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_(House_of_Romanov)"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the White Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Rue Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sachsen1901-52"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Takovo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Siam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the White Elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sweden-Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden-Norway"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Seraphim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of St. Olav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Norwegian Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Norwegian_Lion"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis"},{"link_name":"Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p209-57"},{"link_name":"Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p63-58"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p415-59"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Swedish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Army"},{"link_name":"Sweden-Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden-Norway"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Honours","text":"King Christian IX Land in Greenland is named after him.National orders and decorations[31]Grand Cross of the Dannebrog, 28 June 1840; Grand Commander in Diamonds, 15 November 1863[32]\nKnight of the Elephant, 22 June 1843\nCross of Honour of the Order of the DannebrogForeign orders and decorations[33]Ascanian duchies: Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear, 18 January 1854[34]\n Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1867[35]\n Baden:[36]\nKnight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1877\nKnight of the Order of Berthold the First, 1877\n Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1888[37]\n Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 10 September 1862[38]\n Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I\n Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, October 1838[39]\n France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour\n Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer\n Kingdom of Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I\n Hesse-Darmstadt: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 1 October 1863[40]\n Hesse-Kassel: Grand Cross of the Golden Lion, 22 September 1842[41]\n Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, 9 November 1864[42]\n Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 24 September 1886[43]\n Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore, 6 February 1872[44]\n Mexico: Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar, 1865[45]\n Monaco: Grand Cross of St. Charles, 7 February 1864[46]\n Principality of Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I\n Nassau: Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, September 1859[47]\n Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion\n Ottoman Empire: Yüksek İmtiyaz Nişanı, in Diamonds, 1885[48]\n Kingdom of Portugal:\nGrand Cross of the Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ\nGrand Cross of the Tower and Sword\nGrand Cross of Our Lady of Conception\n Prussia:\nKnight of the Black Eagle, 8 December 1866[49]\nGrand Cross of the Red Eagle\n Romania: Grand Cross of the Star of Romania\n Russian Empire:\nKnight of St. Andrew, 1842\nKnight of St. Alexander Nevsky\nKnight of the White Eagle\nKnight of St. Anna, 1st Class\nKnight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class\n Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1878[50]\n Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1888[51]\n Principality of Serbia: Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo\n Siam: Grand Cross of the White Elephant\n Restoration (Spain): Knight of the Golden Fleece, 22 March 1864[52]\n Sweden-Norway:\nKnight of the Seraphim, with Collar, 8 June 1848[53]\nGrand Cross of St. Olav, 29 July 1869[54]\nKnight of the Norwegian Lion, 10 September 1904[55]\n Tunisia: Husainid Family Order, in Diamonds\n United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland:\nHonorary Grand Cross of the Bath (civil), 20 March 1863[56]\nStranger Knight Companion of the Garter, 17 June 1865[57]\nRecipient of the Royal Victorian Chain, 8 April 1904[58]\n Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1888[59]Honorary military appointmentsHonorary General of the Swedish Army, 1872 (Sweden-Norway)[60]","title":"Titles, styles, honours, and arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coat of arms of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark"}],"sub_title":"Arms","text":"As Sovereign, Christian IX used the greater (royal) coat of arms of Denmark. The arms were changed in 1903, as Iceland from then was represented by a falcon rather than its traditional stockfish arms.","title":"Titles, styles, honours, and arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_IX_of_Denmark_with_family_(Tuxen).jpg"},{"link_name":"The Family of Christian IX of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_of_Christian_IX_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Fredensborg Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredensborg_Palace"},{"link_name":"Laurits Tuxen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurits_Tuxen"}],"text":"The Family of Christian IX of Denmark gathered in the Garden Hall of Fredensborg Palace in 1883. Painting by Laurits Tuxen (1883–86).","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_descendants_of_Queen_Victoria_and_of_King_Christian_IX"}],"sub_title":"Issue","text":"See also: Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Karl Anton August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Karl_Anton_August_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck"},{"link_name":"Frederick Charles Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Charles_Louis,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck"},{"link_name":"Countess Charlotte of Dohna-Leistenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Charlotte_of_Dohna-Leistenau"},{"link_name":"Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg"},{"link_name":"Count Karl Leopold von Schlieben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Karl_Leopold_von_Schlieben"},{"link_name":"Countess Friederike von Schlieben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Friederike_von_Schlieben"},{"link_name":"Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Princess Mary of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Mary_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_Caroline_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Frederick V of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Denmark_(1750%E2%80%931831)"},{"link_name":"Princess Louisa of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Great_Britain"}],"sub_title":"Ancestry","text":"Ancestors of Christian IX of Denmark 8. Prince Karl Anton August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck 4. Frederick Charles Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck 9. Countess Charlotte of Dohna-Leistenau 2. Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 10. Count Karl Leopold von Schlieben 5. Countess Friederike von Schlieben 11. Countess Marie Eleonore von Lehndorff 1. Christian IX of Denmark 12. Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 6. Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel 13. Princess Mary of Great Britain 3. Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel 14. Frederick V of Denmark 7. Princess Louise of Denmark 15. Princess Louisa of Great Britain","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1864)"},{"link_name":"Queen Margrethe II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Titles_of_European_hereditary_rulers-30"}],"text":"^ In spite of the fact that Denmark lost the duchies as a consequence of the Treaty of Vienna in 1864, this style continued to be used until the 1972 accession of Queen Margrethe II.[30]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Prince Christian's birthplace Gottorf Castle in Schleswig-Holstein, seat of the royal governors of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein (2007)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gottorf.jpg/220px-Gottorf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince Christian's father Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, from 1825 Duke of Glücksburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prins_Vilhelm_1785-1831.jpg/170px-Prins_Vilhelm_1785-1831.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince Christian's childhood home, Glücksburg Castle in Schleswig-Holstein, seat of the eponymous ducal branches of the House of Oldenburg (2005).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lyksborg_slot_9-7-2005_nr_2.jpg/220px-Lyksborg_slot_9-7-2005_nr_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince Christian's surrogate father, Frederick VI of Denmark, whose queen Marie of Hesse-Kassel was his aunt and the two princesses his cousins.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Frederik_VI_and_family.jpg/170px-Frederik_VI_and_family.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince Christian's longtime home, the Yellow Palace in Copenhagen (2006).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Det_Gule_Palae_Copenhagen.jpg/220px-Det_Gule_Palae_Copenhagen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince Christian's first marriage prospect, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dronning_victoria.jpg/170px-Dronning_victoria.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince Christian and Princess Louise in the 1840s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Christian_IX_with_his_wife_Louise_Hesse-Kassel.jpg/220px-Christian_IX_with_his_wife_Louise_Hesse-Kassel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Princess Louise's uncle, Christian VIII of Denmark, faced a complex succession crisis during his reign.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Christian_VIII_af_Wilhelm_Marstrand.jpg/170px-Christian_VIII_af_Wilhelm_Marstrand.jpg"},{"image_text":"The duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg before 1864.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Herzogt%C3%BCmer.png/220px-Herzogt%C3%BCmer.png"},{"image_text":"The linguistic distribution in the Duchy of Schleswig around 1840.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SprogforholdSlesvig.png/220px-SprogforholdSlesvig.png"},{"image_text":"Christian August II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, pretender to the duchies during the succession crisis.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Christian_August_af_Augustenborg.jpg/170px-Christian_August_af_Augustenborg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince Christian as heir presumptive with his children Dagmar, William and Alexandra in 1861.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Princess_Dagmar%2C_Prince_Vilhelm%2C_Christian_IX_of_Denmark_and_Princess_Alexandra.jpg/170px-Princess_Dagmar%2C_Prince_Vilhelm%2C_Christian_IX_of_Denmark_and_Princess_Alexandra.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bernstorff Palace, Prince Christian's summer residence as heir presumptive (2006).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bernstorff_Slot_Feb06.jpg/220px-Bernstorff_Slot_Feb06.jpg"},{"image_text":"2 rigsdaler – death of Frederik VII and accession of Christian IX[21]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/2_rigdalers_Denmark_1863.png/220px-2_rigdalers_Denmark_1863.png"},{"image_text":"Prince Frederick of Augustenburg, pretender to the duchies as Frederick VIII (1863).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Christian_Carl_Magnussen_-_Herzog_Friedrich_VIII_von_Schleswig-Holstein.jpg/170px-Christian_Carl_Magnussen_-_Herzog_Friedrich_VIII_von_Schleswig-Holstein.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait by Henrik Olrik, 1871","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Christian_IX_af_Henrik_Olrik.jpg/180px-Christian_IX_af_Henrik_Olrik.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Christian IX's funeral procession at Christiansborg Palace Square on 16 February 1906.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kong_Christian_9.s_bis%C3%A6ttelse_16._februar_1906.jpg/220px-Kong_Christian_9.s_bis%C3%A6ttelse_16._februar_1906.jpg"},{"image_text":"Christian IX appeared on a Denmak Christmas seal, issued the same year as his death in 1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Denmark_Christmas_Seal%2C_1906_issue.jpg/190px-Denmark_Christmas_Seal%2C_1906_issue.jpg"},{"image_text":"Queen Louise on the Danish Christmas seal of 1904, the world's first Christmas seal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Denmark%2C_First_Christmas_Seal%2C_1904.jpg/190px-Denmark%2C_First_Christmas_Seal%2C_1904.jpg"},{"image_text":"Six children of Christian IX and Queen Louise, 1882. From left: King George I of Greece, Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia, Alexandra, Princess of Wales, Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark, Princess Thyra and Prince Valdemar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Their_parents%27_Golden_Jubilee_in_1882.jpg/240px-Their_parents%27_Golden_Jubilee_in_1882.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_%281819%E2%80%931903%29.svg/200px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_%281819%E2%80%931903%29.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_%281903%E2%80%931948%29.svg/200px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_%281903%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Family of Christian IX of Denmark gathered in the Garden Hall of Fredensborg Palace in 1883. Painting by Laurits Tuxen (1883–86).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Christian_IX_of_Denmark_with_family_%28Tuxen%29.jpg/650px-Christian_IX_of_Denmark_with_family_%28Tuxen%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Royal Family\". Monarchies of Europe. Retrieved 15 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://monarchies.onlinewebshop.net/Schleswig_Glucksburg_Royal_Family.htm","url_text":"\"Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Royal Family\""}]},{"reference":"\"HM King Christian IX of Denmark\". European Royal History. Retrieved 15 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://europeanroyalhistory.wordpress.com/tag/christian-ix-of-denmark/","url_text":"\"HM King Christian IX of Denmark\""}]},{"reference":"Hindø, Lone; Boelskifte, Else (2007). \"Døbt i Gottorp Sloskapel\" [Baptised in the Gottorp Castle Chapel]. Kongelig Dåb. Fjorten generationer ved Rosenborg-døbefonten [Royal Baptisms. Fourteen generations at the Rosenborg baptismal font] (in Danish). Forlaget Hovedland. p. 83. ISBN 978-87-7070-014-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7070-014-6","url_text":"978-87-7070-014-6"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1977). Burke's Royal Families of the World. Vol. 1: Europe & Latin America. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd. p. 280. ISBN 0-85011-023-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Massingberd","url_text":"Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage_Ltd","url_text":"Burke's Peerage Ltd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85011-023-8","url_text":"0-85011-023-8"}]},{"reference":"\"HM King Christian IX of Denmark\". Henry Poole & Co. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://henrypoole.com/hall_of_fame/hm-king-christian-ix-of-denmark/","url_text":"\"HM King Christian IX of Denmark\""}]},{"reference":"Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1977). Burke's Royal Families of the World. Vol. 1: Europe & Latin America. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 0-85011-023-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Massingberd","url_text":"Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage_Ltd","url_text":"Burke's Peerage Ltd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85011-023-8","url_text":"0-85011-023-8"}]},{"reference":"Ekman, Ernst (1957). \"The Danish Royal Law of 1665\". The Journal of Modern History. 29 (2): 102–107. doi:10.1086/237987. ISSN 0022-2801. S2CID 145652129.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/237987","url_text":"\"The Danish Royal Law of 1665\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F237987","url_text":"10.1086/237987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801","url_text":"0022-2801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145652129","url_text":"145652129"}]},{"reference":"\"Udlandet i 1886\". Randers Amtsavis og Adressekontors Efterretninger (in Danish): 1. 3 January 1887.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.statsbiblioteket.dk/mediestream/avis/record/doms_aviser_page%3Auuid%3Ac554e698-c934-4b12-9c14-b6a587993c1a","url_text":"\"Udlandet i 1886\""}]},{"reference":"\"Da Prins Valdemar skulde være Fyrste af Bulgarien\". Ærø Avis. Kongelig priviligeret Adresse-, politisk og Avertissements-Tidende (in Danish): 1. 14 July 1913.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.statsbiblioteket.dk/mediestream/avis/record/doms_aviser_page%3Auuid%3Ad2587edc-154d-4acd-93e5-ad638ea210c6","url_text":"\"Da Prins Valdemar skulde være Fyrste af Bulgarien\""}]},{"reference":"Hein Bruins. \"Descendants of King Christian IX of Denmark\". heinbruins.nl. Retrieved 15 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://heinbruins.nl/Christian.html","url_text":"\"Descendants of King Christian IX of Denmark\""}]},{"reference":"\"Denmark\". Titles of European hereditary rulers. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://eurulers.altervista.org/denmark.html","url_text":"\"Denmark\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200210010251/http://eurulers.altervista.org/denmark.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1863) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1863 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1863] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 3, 5. Retrieved 30 April 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark.","urls":[{"url":"https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/910077.pdfpage=33","url_text":"Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1863"},{"url":"https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIS_Danmark","url_text":"da:DIS Danmark"}]},{"reference":"Levin, Sergey (15 June 2018). \"Order of the Dannebrog (Dannebrogordenen). Denmark\". Tallinn Museum of Orders of Knighthood. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tallinnmuseum.com/2018/06/15/order-of-the-dannebrog-dannebrogordenen-denmark/","url_text":"\"Order of the Dannebrog (Dannebrogordenen). Denmark\""}]},{"reference":"Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1906) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1906 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1906] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 30 April 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark.","urls":[{"url":"https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/921842.pdf#page=38","url_text":"Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1906"},{"url":"https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIS_Danmark","url_text":"da:DIS Danmark"}]},{"reference":"\"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold\", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1863, p. 52 – via Archives de Bruxelles","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.bruxelles.be/almanach/watch/AR/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1863_R%20208/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1863_R%20208#page/26","url_text":"\"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold\""}]},{"reference":"Cibrario, Luigi (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri (in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. 120. Retrieved 4 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2aP6enNFoYC&q=Ordine%20supremo%20della%20Santissima%20Annunziata&pg=PA112","url_text":"Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri"}]},{"reference":"刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 144.","urls":[{"url":"http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf","url_text":"明治時代の勲章外交儀礼"}]},{"reference":"\"Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen\". Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1878 (in German). Neustrelitz: Druck und Debit der Buchdruckerei von G. F. Spalding und Sohn. 1878. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hof-und-staats-handbuch-des-grossherzogthums-mecklenburg-strelitz-fur-1878/page/n1/mode/2up","url_text":"Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1878"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/hof-und-staats-handbuch-des-grossherzogthums-mecklenburg-strelitz-fur-1878/page/n27/mode/2up","url_text":"11"}]},{"reference":"\"Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio\", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, pp. 214–236, 242–243, retrieved 29 April 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schwarzer Adler-orden\", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 6","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021","url_text":"\"Schwarzer Adler-orden\""},{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=14&skin=2021","url_text":"6"}]},{"reference":"Sachsen (1901). \"Königlich Orden\". Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901. Dresden: Heinrich. p. 4 – via hathitrust.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030492006&view=1up&seq=44&skin=2021","url_text":"4"}]},{"reference":"\"Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro\", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish), 1900, p. 167, retrieved 4 March 2019","urls":[{"url":"http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000976079&search=&lang=es","url_text":"\"Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro\""}]},{"reference":"Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 440, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/statskal/1905/0464.html","url_text":"Sveriges statskalender"}]},{"reference":"Norges Statskalender (in Norwegian), 1890, pp. 593–594, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/norkal/1890/0355.html","url_text":"Norges Statskalender"}]},{"reference":"Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 123, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/statskal/1905/0147.html","url_text":"Sveriges statskalender"}]},{"reference":"Aronson, Theo (2014). A Family of Kings: The descendants of Christian IX of Denmark (2nd ed.). London: Thistle Publishing. ISBN 978-1910198124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Aronson","url_text":"Aronson, Theo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1910198124","url_text":"978-1910198124"}]},{"reference":"Beéche, Arturo E.; Hall, Coryne (2014). APAPA: King Christian IX of Denmark and His Descendants. East Richmond Heights, California: Eurohistory. ISBN 978-0985460341.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0985460341","url_text":"978-0985460341"}]},{"reference":"Bramsen, Bo (1992). Huset Glücksborg. Europas svigerfader og hans efterslægt [The House of Glücksburg. The Father-in-law of Europe and his descendants] (in Danish) (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Forlaget Forum. ISBN 87-553-1843-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-553-1843-6","url_text":"87-553-1843-6"}]},{"reference":"Chaffanjon, Arnaud (1980). Histoires de familles royales : Victoria d'Angleterre - Christian IX de Danemark et leurs descendances de 1840 à nos jours (in French). Paris: Ramsay. ISBN 9782859561840.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud_Chaffanjon","url_text":"Chaffanjon, Arnaud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_(publishing_house)","url_text":"Ramsay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782859561840","url_text":"9782859561840"}]},{"reference":"Fabricius-Møller, Jes (2013). Dynastiet Glücksborg, en Danmarkshistorie [The Glücksborg Dynasty, a history of Denmark] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gad. ISBN 9788712048411.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788712048411","url_text":"9788712048411"}]},{"reference":"Glenthøj, Rasmus (2014). 1864 : Sønner af de Slagne [1864 : Sons of the defeated] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gads Forlag. ISBN 978-8712-04919-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen","url_text":"Copenhagen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gads_Forlag","url_text":"Gads Forlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8712-04919-7","url_text":"978-8712-04919-7"}]},{"reference":"Lerche, Anna; Mandal, Marcus (2003). A royal family : the story of Christian IX and his European descendants. Copenhagen: Aschehoug. ISBN 9788715109577.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788715109577","url_text":"9788715109577"}]},{"reference":"Olden-Jørgensen, Sebastian (2003). Prinsessen og det hele kongerige. Christian IX og det glücksborgske kongehus [The princess and the whole kingdom. Christian IX and the royal house of Glücksburg] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Gad. ISBN 8712040517.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8712040517","url_text":"8712040517"}]},{"reference":"Ostler, Fred J. (1947). Father of the Christmas Seal (PDF). Coronet Printing.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seal-society.org/sites/default/files/pdf/news/88/holboll%2011-47%20coronet%20article.pdf","url_text":"Father of the Christmas Seal"}]},{"reference":"Scocozza, Benito (1997). \"Christian 9.\". Politikens bog om danske monarker [Politiken's book about Danish monarchs] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. pp. 182–189. ISBN 87-567-5772-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-567-5772-7","url_text":"87-567-5772-7"}]},{"reference":"Thorsøe, Alexander (1889). \"Christian 9.\". In Bricka, Carl Frederik (ed.). Dansk biografisk Lexikon, tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537–1814 (in Danish). Vol. III (1st ed.). Copenhagen: Gyldendal. pp. 523–526.","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/dbl/3/0525.html","url_text":"\"Christian 9.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Frederik_Bricka","url_text":"Bricka, Carl Frederik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon","url_text":"Dansk biografisk Lexikon, tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537–1814"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyldendal","url_text":"Gyldendal"}]},{"reference":"Van der Kiste, John (1996). Northern crowns : the kings of modern Scandinavia. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 9780750911382.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_der_Kiste","url_text":"Van der Kiste, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750911382","url_text":"9780750911382"}]},{"reference":"\"Christian IX.\" . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheranmahadevi_division
Cheranmahadevi division
["1 References"]
Revenue division in Tamil Nadu, India Cheranmahadevi division is a revenue division in the Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu, India. References "Map of Revenue divisions of Tirunelveli district". Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2011. vteTirunelveli districtDivisions Cheranmahadevi Tirunelveli Taluks Ambasamudram Cheranmadevi Manur Nanguneri Palayamkottai Radhapuram Tirunelveli Tisaiyanvilai Revenue blocks Ambasamudram Cheranmahadevi Kalakadu Manoor Nanguneri Palayamkottai Pappakudi Radhapuram Valliyoor Municipalities Ambasamudram Vikramasingapuram Kalakkad Town panchayats Manimutharu Sankarnagar Vadakkuvalliyur Cheranmadevi Kalladaikurichi Mukkudal Naranammalpuram Panagudi Thisayanvilai Veeravanallur Eruvadi Gopalasamudram Melacheval Moolakaraipatti Nanguneri Pathamadai Thirukkurungudi Rivers Koraiyar Tamiraparani Pachaiyar Chittar Aluthakanniar Aintharuviar Jambunathi Ramanathi Gadananathi Hanumannathi Karuppanathi Gundar Mottaiyar Manimuthar Nambiyar Karunaiyar Vedamaliyaru Kottamalaiyaru Kothaiyaru Rajasingiyaru Mundhal Odai History Early Cholas Kalabhras Medieval Cholas Later Cholas Later Pandyas Vijayanagar Empire British Raj Places of interest Nellaiappar Temple Koothankulam Bird Sanctuary Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve Universities Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Cities and towns People Villages This Tirunelveli district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_load
Structural load
["1 Types","2 Loads on architectural and civil engineering structures","2.1 Dead load","2.2 Live load","2.3 Environmental loads","2.4 Other loads","2.5 Load combinations","3 Aircraft structural loads","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Mechanical loads (forces) applied to a structure or its components A structural load or structural action is a mechanical load (more generally a force) applied to structural elements. A load causes stress, deformation, displacement or acceleration in a structure. Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of loads on structures and structural elements. Excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered and controlled during the design of a structure. Particular mechanical structures—such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships, and submarines—are subject to their own particular structural loads and actions. Engineers often evaluate structural loads based upon published regulations, contracts, or specifications. Accepted technical standards are used for acceptance testing and inspection. Types This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In civil engineering, specified loads are the best estimate of the actual loads a structure is expected to carry. These loads come in many different forms, such as people, equipment, vehicles, wind, rain, snow, earthquakes, the building materials themselves, etc. Specified loads also known as characteristic loads in many cases. Buildings will be subject to loads from various sources. The principal ones can be classified as live loads (loads which are not always present in the structure), dead loads (loads which are permanent and immovable excepting redesign or renovation) and wind load, as described below. In some cases structures may be subject to other loads, such as those due to earthquakes or pressures from retained material. The expected maximum magnitude of each is referred to as the characteristic load. Dead loads are static forces that are relatively constant for an extended time. They can be in tension or compression. The term can refer to a laboratory test method or to the normal usage of a material or structure. Live loads are usually variable or moving loads. These can have a significant dynamic element and may involve considerations such as impact, momentum, vibration, slosh dynamics of fluids, etc. An impact load is one whose time of application on a material is less than one-third of the natural period of vibration of that material. Cyclic loads on a structure can lead to fatigue damage, cumulative damage, or failure. These loads can be repeated loadings on a structure or can be due to vibration. Imposed loads are those associated with occupation and use of the building; their magnitude is less clearly defined and is generally related to the use of the building. Loads on architectural and civil engineering structures Structural loads are an important consideration in the design of buildings. Building codes require that structures be designed and built to safely resist all actions that they are likely to face during their service life, while remaining fit for use. Minimum loads or actions are specified in these building codes for types of structures, geographic locations, usage and building materials. Structural loads are split into categories by their originating cause. In terms of the actual load on a structure, there is no difference between dead or live loading, but the split occurs for use in safety calculations or ease of analysis on complex models. To meet the requirement that design strength be higher than maximum loads, building codes prescribe that, for structural design, loads are increased by load factors. These load factors are, roughly, a ratio of the theoretical design strength to the maximum load expected in service. They are developed to help achieve the desired level of reliability of a structure based on probabilistic studies that take into account the load's originating cause, recurrence, distribution, and static or dynamic nature. Dead load Dead load The dead load includes loads that are relatively constant over time, including the weight of the structure itself, and immovable fixtures such as walls, plasterboard or carpet. The roof is also a dead load. Dead loads are also known as permanent or static loads. Building materials are not dead loads until constructed in permanent position. IS875(part 1)-1987 give unit weight of building materials, parts, components. Live load Imposed load (live load) Live loads, or imposed loads, are temporary, of short duration, or a moving load. These dynamic loads may involve considerations such as impact, momentum, vibration, slosh dynamics of fluids and material fatigue. Live loads, sometimes also referred to as probabilistic loads, include all the forces that are variable within the object's normal operation cycle not including construction or environmental loads. Roof and floor live loads are produced during maintenance by workers, equipment and materials, and during the life of the structure by movable objects, such as planters and people. Bridge live loads are produced by vehicles traveling over the deck of the bridge. Environmental loads Live snow load Environmental loads are structural loads caused by natural forces such as wind, rain, snow, earthquake or extreme temperatures. Wind loads Snow, rain and ice loads Seismic loads Hydrostatic loads Temperature changes leading to thermal expansion cause thermal loads Ponding loads Frost heaving Lateral pressure of soil, groundwater or bulk materials Loads from fluids or floods Permafrost melting Dust loads Other loads Engineers must also be aware of other actions that may affect a structure, such as: Foundation settlement or displacement Fire Corrosion Explosion Creep or shrinkage Impact from vehicles or machinery vibration Construction loads Load combinations A load combination results when more than one load type acts on the structure. Building codes usually specify a variety of load combinations together with load factors (weightings) for each load type in order to ensure the safety of the structure under different maximum expected loading scenarios. For example, in designing a staircase, a dead load factor may be 1.2 times the weight of the structure, and a live load factor may be 1.6 times the maximum expected live load. These two "factored loads" are combined (added) to determine the "required strength" of the staircase. The size of the load factor is based on the probability of exceeding any specified design load. Dead loads have small load factors, such as 1.2, because weight is mostly known and accounted for, such as structural members, architectural elements and finishes, large pieces of mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) equipment, and for buildings, it's common to include a Super Imposed Dead Load (SIDL) of around 5 pounds per square foot (psf) accounting for miscellaneous weight such as bolts and other fasteners, cabling, and various fixtures or small architectural elements. Live loads, on the other hand, can be furniture, moveable equipment, or the people themselves, and may increase beyond normal or expected amounts in some situations, so a larger factor of 1.6 attempts to quantify this extra variability. Snow will also use a maximum factor of 1.6, while lateral loads (earthquakes and wind) are defined such that a 1.0 load factor is practical. Multiple loads may be added together in different ways, such as 1.2*Dead + 1.0*Live + 1.0*Earthquake + 0.2*Snow, or 1.2*Dead + 1.6(Snow, Live(roof), OR Rain) + (1.0*Live OR 0.5*Wind). Aircraft structural loads For aircraft, loading is divided into two major categories: limit loads and ultimate loads. Limit loads are the maximum loads a component or structure may carry safely. Ultimate loads are the limit loads times a factor of 1.5 or the point beyond which the component or structure will fail. Gust loads are determined statistically and are provided by an agency such as the Federal Aviation Administration. Crash loads are loosely bounded by the ability of structures to survive the deceleration of a major ground impact. Other loads that may be critical are pressure loads (for pressurized, high-altitude aircraft) and ground loads. Loads on the ground can be from adverse braking or maneuvering during taxiing. Aircraft are constantly subjected to cyclic loading. These cyclic loads can cause metal fatigue. See also Hotel New World disaster – caused by omitting the dead load of the building in load calculations Influence line Probabilistic design Mechanical load Structural testing Southwell plot References ^ ASCE/SEI 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. American Society of Civil Engineers. 2006. p. 1. ISBN 0-7844-0809-2. ^ "1.5.3.1". Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design EN 1990. Bruxelles: European Committee for Standardization. 2002. ^ Avallone, E.A.; Baumeister, T. (eds.). Mark's Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 11–42. ISBN 0-07-004997-1. ^ "2.2.1(1)". Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design EN 1990. Bruxelles: European Committee for Standardization. 2002. ^ "1604.2". International Building Code. USA: International Code Council. 2000. p. 295. ISBN 1-892395-26-6. ^ "2.2.5(b)". Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design EN 1990. Bruxelles: European Committee for Standardization. 2002. ^ Rao, Singiresu S. (1992). Reliability Based Design. USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 214–227. ISBN 0-07-051192-6. ^ 2006 International Building Code Section 1602.1. ^ EN 1990 Euro code – Basis of structural design section 4.1.1 ^ EN 1991-1-1 Euro code 1: Actions on Structures – Part 1-1: General actions – densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings section 3.2 ^ a b Bruce K. Donaldson, Analysis of Aircraft Structures: An Introduction (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 126 ^ Experimental Mechanics: Advances in Design, Testing and Analysis, Volume 1, ed. I. M. Allison (Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 1998), p. 379 ^ Bruce K. Donaldson, Analysis of Aircraft Structures: An Introduction (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 129 External links Luebkeman, Chris H., and Donald Petting "Lecture 17: Primary Loads". University of Oregon. 1996 Fisette, Paul, and the American Wood Council. "Understanding Loads and Using Span Tables". 1997. Archived 2015-05-06 at the Wayback Machine
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Accepted technical standards are used for acceptance testing and inspection.","title":"Structural load"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"loads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"live loads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_load"},{"link_name":"dead loads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_load"},{"link_name":"static forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_load"},{"link_name":"tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)"},{"link_name":"compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physics)"},{"link_name":"moving loads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_load"},{"link_name":"impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum"},{"link_name":"vibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration"},{"link_name":"slosh dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slosh_dynamics"},{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)"},{"link_name":"vibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration"}],"text":"In civil engineering, specified loads are the best estimate of the actual loads a structure is expected to carry. These loads come in many different forms, such as people, equipment, vehicles, wind, rain, snow, earthquakes, the building materials themselves, etc. Specified loads also known as characteristic loads in many cases.Buildings will be subject to loads from various sources. The principal ones can be classified as live loads (loads which are not always present in the structure), dead loads (loads which are permanent and immovable excepting redesign or renovation) and wind load, as described below. In some cases structures may be subject to other loads, such as those due to earthquakes or pressures from retained material. The expected maximum magnitude of each is referred to as the characteristic load.Dead loads are static forces that are relatively constant for an extended time. They can be in tension or compression. The term can refer to a laboratory test method or to the normal usage of a material or structure.Live loads are usually variable or moving loads. These can have a significant dynamic element and may involve considerations such as impact, momentum, vibration, slosh dynamics of fluids, etc.An impact load is one whose time of application on a material is less than one-third of the natural period of vibration of that material.Cyclic loads on a structure can lead to fatigue damage, cumulative damage, or failure. These loads can be repeated loadings on a structure or can be due to vibration.Imposed loads are those associated with occupation and use of the building; their magnitude is less clearly defined and is generally related to the use of the building.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Building codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_code"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"building materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_material"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"load factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lrfd#Factor_Development"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"static","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_load"},{"link_name":"dynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_load"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Structural loads are an important consideration in the design of buildings. Building codes require that structures be designed and built to safely resist all actions that they are likely to face during their service life, while remaining fit for use.[4] Minimum loads or actions are specified in these building codes for types of structures, geographic locations, usage and building materials.[5] Structural loads are split into categories by their originating cause. In terms of the actual load on a structure, there is no difference between dead or live loading, but the split occurs for use in safety calculations or ease of analysis on complex models.To meet the requirement that design strength be higher than maximum loads, building codes prescribe that, for structural design, loads are increased by load factors. These load factors are, roughly, a ratio of the theoretical design strength to the maximum load expected in service. They are developed to help achieve the desired level of reliability of a structure[6] based on probabilistic studies that take into account the load's originating cause, recurrence, distribution, and static or dynamic nature.[7]","title":"Loads on architectural and civil engineering structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DeadLoad.svg"},{"link_name":"plasterboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasterboard"},{"link_name":"carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet"},{"link_name":"static loads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_load"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reference_A-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reference_B-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reference_C-10"}],"sub_title":"Dead load","text":"Dead loadThe dead load includes loads that are relatively constant over time, including the weight of the structure itself, and immovable fixtures such as walls, plasterboard or carpet. The roof is also a dead load. Dead loads are also known as permanent or static loads. Building materials are not dead loads until constructed in permanent position.[8][9][10] IS875(part 1)-1987 give unit weight of building materials, parts, components.","title":"Loads on architectural and civil engineering structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMPOSED_lOAD.jpg"},{"link_name":"moving load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_load"},{"link_name":"dynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum"},{"link_name":"vibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration"},{"link_name":"slosh dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slosh_dynamics"},{"link_name":"fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)"}],"sub_title":"Live load","text":"Imposed load (live load)Live loads, or imposed loads, are temporary, of short duration, or a moving load. These dynamic loads may involve considerations such as impact, momentum, vibration, slosh dynamics of fluids and material fatigue.Live loads, sometimes also referred to as probabilistic loads, include all the forces that are variable within the object's normal operation cycle not including construction or environmental loads.Roof and floor live loads are produced during maintenance by workers, equipment and materials, and during the life of the structure by movable objects, such as planters and people.Bridge live loads are produced by vehicles traveling over the deck of the bridge.","title":"Loads on architectural and civil engineering structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SNOW_LOAD.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wind loads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_engineering"},{"link_name":"Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow#Design_of_structures_considering_snow_load"},{"link_name":"Seismic loads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_loading"},{"link_name":"Hydrostatic loads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_load"},{"link_name":"Temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"thermal expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion"},{"link_name":"thermal loads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_load&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ponding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponding"},{"link_name":"Frost heaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_heaving"},{"link_name":"soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"},{"link_name":"groundwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood"},{"link_name":"Permafrost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost"}],"sub_title":"Environmental loads","text":"Live snow loadEnvironmental loads are structural loads caused by natural forces such as wind, rain, snow, earthquake or extreme temperatures.Wind loads\nSnow, rain and ice loads\nSeismic loads\nHydrostatic loads\nTemperature changes leading to thermal expansion cause thermal loads\nPonding loads\nFrost heaving\nLateral pressure of soil, groundwater or bulk materials\nLoads from fluids or floods\nPermafrost melting\nDust loads","title":"Loads on architectural and civil engineering structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_(soil)"},{"link_name":"Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_fire"},{"link_name":"Corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"Explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosion"},{"link_name":"Creep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creep_(deformation)"},{"link_name":"Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction"}],"sub_title":"Other loads","text":"Engineers must also be aware of other actions that may affect a structure, such as:Foundation settlement or displacement\nFire\nCorrosion\nExplosion\nCreep or shrinkage\nImpact from vehicles or machinery vibration\nConstruction loads","title":"Loads on architectural and civil engineering structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Building codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_code"},{"link_name":"load factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lrfd#Factor_Development"},{"link_name":"staircase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staircase"}],"sub_title":"Load combinations","text":"A load combination results when more than one load type acts on the structure. Building codes usually specify a variety of load combinations together with load factors (weightings) for each load type in order to ensure the safety of the structure under different maximum expected loading scenarios. For example, in designing a staircase, a dead load factor may be 1.2 times the weight of the structure, and a live load factor may be 1.6 times the maximum expected live load. These two \"factored loads\" are combined (added) to determine the \"required strength\" of the staircase.The size of the load factor is based on the probability of exceeding any specified design load. Dead loads have small load factors, such as 1.2, because weight is mostly known and accounted for, such as structural members, architectural elements and finishes, large pieces of mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) equipment, and for buildings, it's common to include a Super Imposed Dead Load (SIDL) of around 5 pounds per square foot (psf) accounting for miscellaneous weight such as bolts and other fasteners, cabling, and various fixtures or small architectural elements. Live loads, on the other hand, can be furniture, moveable equipment, or the people themselves, and may increase beyond normal or expected amounts in some situations, so a larger factor of 1.6 attempts to quantify this extra variability. Snow will also use a maximum factor of 1.6, while lateral loads (earthquakes and wind) are defined such that a 1.0 load factor is practical. Multiple loads may be added together in different ways, such as 1.2*Dead + 1.0*Live + 1.0*Earthquake + 0.2*Snow, or 1.2*Dead + 1.6(Snow, Live(roof), OR Rain) + (1.0*Live OR 0.5*Wind).","title":"Loads on architectural and civil engineering structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donaldson126-11"},{"link_name":"maximum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donaldson126-11"},{"link_name":"statistically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"deceleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceleration"},{"link_name":"ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_surface"},{"link_name":"impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/impact"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"taxiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxiing"},{"link_name":"metal fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donaldson129-13"}],"text":"For aircraft, loading is divided into two major categories: limit loads and ultimate loads.[11] Limit loads are the maximum loads a component or structure may carry safely. Ultimate loads are the limit loads times a factor of 1.5 or the point beyond which the component or structure will fail.[11] Gust loads are determined statistically and are provided by an agency such as the Federal Aviation Administration. Crash loads are loosely bounded by the ability of structures to survive the deceleration of a major ground impact.[12] Other loads that may be critical are pressure loads (for pressurized, high-altitude aircraft) and ground loads. Loads on the ground can be from adverse braking or maneuvering during taxiing. Aircraft are constantly subjected to cyclic loading. These cyclic loads can cause metal fatigue.[13]","title":"Aircraft structural loads"}]
[{"image_text":"Dead load","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/DeadLoad.svg/220px-DeadLoad.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Imposed load (live load)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/IMPOSED_lOAD.jpg"},{"image_text":"Live snow load","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/SNOW_LOAD.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Hotel New World disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_New_World_disaster"},{"title":"Influence line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence_line"},{"title":"Probabilistic design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_design"},{"title":"Mechanical load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_load"},{"title":"Structural testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_testing"},{"title":"Southwell plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwell_plot"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatpuppet
Sock puppet account
["1 History","2 Types","2.1 Block evasion","2.2 Ballot stuffing","2.3 Strawman sockpuppet","2.4 Meatpuppet","3 Investigation of sockpuppetry","4 Legal implications of sockpuppetry in the United States","4.1 United States v. Drew","4.2 People v. Golb","4.3 New Directions for Young Adults, Inc. v. Davis","5 Examples of sockpuppetry","5.1 Business promotion","5.2 Book and film reviews","5.3 Blog commentary","5.4 Politically oriented","5.5 Government sockpuppetry","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Online identity used for purposes of deception For information about sockpuppetry on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry. In Internet terms, sock puppets are online identities used for disguised activity by the operator. A sock puppet is a false online identity used for deceptive purposes. The term originally referred to a hand puppet made from a sock. Sock puppets include online identities created to praise, defend, or support a person or organization, to manipulate public opinion, or to circumvent restrictions such as viewing a social media account that a user is blocked from. Sock puppets are unwelcome in many online communities and forums. History The practice of writing pseudonymous self-reviews began before the Internet. Writers Walt Whitman and Anthony Burgess wrote pseudonymous reviews of their own books, as did Benjamin Franklin. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term without reference to the internet, as "a person whose actions are controlled by another; a minion" with a 2000 citation from U.S. News & World Report. Wikipedia has had a long history of problems with sockpuppetry. On October 21, 2013, the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) condemned paid advocacy sockpuppeting on Wikipedia and, two days later on October 23, specifically banned Wiki-PR editing of Wikipedia. In August and September 2015, the WMF uncovered another group of sockpuppets known as Orangemoody. Types Block evasion "Block evasion" redirects here. For the Wikipedia policy on evading blocks, see Wikipedia:Block evasion. Further information: Block (Internet) § Evasion One reason for sockpuppeting is to circumvent a block, ban, or other form of sanction imposed on the person's original account. Ballot stuffing Sockpuppets may be created during an online poll to increase the puppeteer's votes. A related usage is the creation of multiple identities, each supporting the puppeteer's views in an argument, attempting to position the puppeteer as representing majority opinion and sideline opposition voices. In the abstract theory of social networks and reputation systems, this is known as a Sybil attack. A sockpuppet-like use of deceptive fake identities is used in stealth marketing. The stealth marketer creates one or more pseudonymous accounts, each claiming to be a different enthusiastic supporter of the sponsor's product, book or ideology. Strawman sockpuppet A strawman sockpuppet (sometimes abbreviated as strawpuppet) is a false flag pseudonym created to make a particular point of view look foolish or unwholesome in order to generate negative sentiment against it. Strawman sockpuppets typically behave in an unintelligent, uninformed, or bigoted manner, advancing "straw man" arguments that their puppeteers can easily refute. The intended effect is to discredit more rational arguments made for the same position. Such sockpuppets behave in a similar manner to Internet trolls. A particular case is the concern troll, a false flag pseudonym created by a user whose actual point of view is opposed to that of the sockpuppet. The concern troll posts in web forums devoted to its declared point of view and attempts to sway the group's actions or opinions while claiming to share their goals, but with professed "concerns". The goal is to sow fear, uncertainty and doubt (FUD) within the group. Meatpuppet "Meatpuppet" redirects here. For the band, see Meat Puppets. For Wikipedia's policy on meatpuppetry, see Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry § Meatpuppetry. Some sources have used the term meatpuppet as a synonym for sock puppet. Investigation of sockpuppetry "Sockpuppet investigation" redirects here. For Wikipedia's project page on investigating sockpuppets, see Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations. A number of techniques have been developed to determine whether accounts are sockpuppets, including comparing the IP addresses of suspected sockpuppets and comparative analysis of the writing style of suspected sockpuppets. Using GeoIP it is possible to look up the IP addresses and locate them. Legal implications of sockpuppetry in the United States United States v. Drew In 2006, Missouri resident Lori Drew created a MySpace account purporting to be operated by a fictitious 16-year-old boy named Josh Evans. "Josh Evans" began an online relationship with Megan Meier, a 13-year-old girl who had allegedly been in conflict with Drew's daughter. After "Josh Evans" ended the relationship with Meier, the latter committed suicide. In 2008, Thomas O'Brien, United States Attorney for the Central District of California, charged Drew, then 49, with four felony counts: one count of conspiracy to violate the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), which prohibits "accessing a computer without authorization via interstate commerce", and three counts of violation of the CFAA, alleging she violated MySpace's terms of service by misrepresenting herself. O'Brien justified his prosecution of the case because MySpace's servers were located in his jurisdiction. The jury convicted Drew of three misdemeanor counts, dismissing one on the grounds prosecutors had failed to demonstrate Drew inflicted emotional distress on Meier. During sentencing arguments, prosecutors argued for the maximum sentence for the statute: three years in prison and a fine of $300,000. Drew's lawyers argued her use of a false identity did not constitute unauthorized access to MySpace, citing People v. Donell, a 1973 breach of contract dispute, in which a court of appeals ruled "fraudulently induced consent is consent nonetheless." Judge George H. Wu dismissed the charges before sentencing. People v. Golb In 2010, 50-year-old lawyer Raphael Golb was convicted on 30 criminal charges, including identity theft, criminal impersonation, and aggravated harassment, for using multiple sockpuppet accounts to attack and impersonate historians he perceived as rivals of his father, Norman Golb. Golb defended his actions as "satirical hoaxes" protected by free-speech rights. He was disbarred and sentenced to six months in prison, but the sentence was reduced to probation on appeal. New Directions for Young Adults, Inc. v. Davis In 2014, a Florida state circuit court held that sock puppetry is tortious interference with business relations, and awarded injunctive relief against it during the pendency of litigation. The court found that "the act of falsifying multiple identities" is conduct that should be enjoined. It explained that the conduct was wrongful "not because the statements are false or true, but because the conduct of making up names of persons who do not exist to post fake comments by fake people to support Defendants' position tortiously interferes with Plaintiffs' business" and such "conduct is inherently unfair." The court, therefore, ordered the defendants to "remove or cause to be removed all postings creating the false impression that more person are commenting on the program th actually exist." The court also found, however, that the comments of the defendants "which do not create a false impression of fake patients or fake employees or fake persons connected to program (those posted under their respective names) are protected by The Constitution of the United States of America, First Amendment." Examples of sockpuppetry Business promotion See also: User review § Fake reviews In 2007, the CEO of Whole Foods, John Mackey, was discovered to have posted as "Rahodeb" on the Yahoo! Finance Message Board, extolling his own company and predicting a dire future for its rival, Wild Oats Markets, while concealing his relationship to both companies. Whole Foods argued that none of Mackey's actions broke the law. During the 2007 trial of Conrad Black, chief executive of Hollinger International, prosecutors alleged that he had posted messages on a Yahoo! Finance chat room using the name "nspector", attacking short sellers and blaming them for his company's stock performance. Prosecutors provided evidence of these postings in Black's criminal trial, where he was convicted of mail fraud and obstruction. The postings were raised at multiple points in the trial. Book and film reviews An amazon.com computer glitch in 2004 revealed the names of many authors who had written pseudonymous reviews of their books. John Rechy, who wrote the best-selling novel City of Night (1963), was among the authors unmasked in this way, and was shown to have written numerous five-star reviews of his own work. In 2010, historian Orlando Figes was found to have written Amazon reviews under the names "orlando-birkbeck" and "historian", praising his own books and condemning those of fellow historians Rachel Polonsky and Robert Service. The two sued Figes and won monetary damages. During a panel discussion at a British Crime Writers Festival in 2012, author Stephen Leather admitted using pseudonyms to praise his own books, claiming that "everyone does it". He spoke of building a "network of characters", some operated by his friends, who discussed his books and had conversations with him directly. The same year, after he was pressured by the spy novelist Jeremy Duns on Twitter, who had detected possible indications online, UK crime fiction writer R.J. Ellory admitted having used a pseudonymous account name to write a positive review for each of his own novels, and additionally a negative review for two other authors. David Manning was a fictitious film critic, created by a marketing executive working for Sony Corporation to give consistently good reviews for releases from Sony subsidiary Columbia Pictures, which could then be quoted in promotional material. Blog commentary American reporter Michael Hiltzik was temporarily suspended from posting to his blog, "The Golden State", on the Los Angeles Times website after he admitted "posting there, as well as on other sites, under false names." He used the pseudonyms to attack conservatives such as Hugh Hewitt and L.A. prosecutor Patrick Frey—who eventually exposed him. Hiltzik's blog at the LA Times was the newspaper's first blog. While suspended from blogging, Hiltzik continued to write regularly for the newspaper. Lee Siegel, a writer for The New Republic magazine, was suspended for defending his articles and blog comments under the username "Sprezzatura". In one such comment, "Sprezzatura" defended Siegel's bad reviews of Jon Stewart: "Siegel is brave, brilliant and wittier than Stewart will ever be." Politically oriented In late November 2020, TYT Network reported an example of a white male Republican Trump voter having a sockpuppet Twitter account presented as that of a black gay man, criticizing Biden and praising Trump while systematically emphasizing his race and sexual orientation. Additionally, in October 2020, Clemson University social media researcher identified "more than two dozen of Twitter accounts claiming to be black Trump supporters who gained hundreds of thousands of likes and retweets in a span of just a few days, sparking major doubts about their identities," many using photos of black men from news reports or stock images "including one in which the text 'black man photo' was still watermarked on the image". Government sockpuppetry Main article: State-sponsored Internet propaganda As an example of state-sponsored Internet sockpuppetry, in 2011, a US company called Ntrepid was awarded a $2.76 million contract from U.S. Central Command for "online persona management" operations to create "fake online personas to influence net conversations and spread U.S. propaganda" in Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Pashto as part of Operation Earnest Voice. On September 11, 2014, a number of sockpuppet accounts reported an explosion at a chemical plant in Louisiana. The reports came on a range of media, including Twitter and YouTube, but U.S. authorities claimed the entire event to be a hoax. The information was determined by many to have originated with a Russian government-sponsored sockpuppet management office in Saint Petersburg, called the Internet Research Agency. Russia was again implicated by the U.S. intelligence community in 2016 for hiring trolls in the 2016 United States presidential election. The Institute of Economic Affairs claimed in a 2012 paper that the United Kingdom government and the European Union fund charities that campaign and lobby for causes the government supports. In one example, 73% of responses to a government consultation were the direct result of campaigns by alleged "sockpuppet" organizations. See also Catfishing Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog Passing (sociology) Phishing Reputation Shill Team Jorge Trojan Horse References ^ "Sock puppet Definition & Meaning". Merriam-Webster. July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 29, 2023. ^ Stone, Brad; Richtel, Matt (July 16, 2007). "The Hand That Controls the Sock Puppet Could Get Slapped". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2017. ^ Elsner, K. (November 28, 2013). "China Uses an Army of Sockpuppets to Control Public Opinion – and the US Will Too". Guardian Liberty Voice. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2019. ^ a b Amy Harmon, "Amazon Glitch Unmasks War Of Reviewers", The New York Times, February 14, 2004. (Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine). ^ "Name That Ben". PBS. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. ^ "sock puppet". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) The reference cites a 1996 Clinton supporter calling Gore a sock puppet. ^ Matthew Roth (November 19, 2013). "Wikimedia Foundation sends cease and desist letter to WikiPR". Wikimedia blog. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2013. ^ Dredge, Stuart (September 6, 2015). "Wikipedia founder backs site's systems after extortion scam". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2016. ^ Poland, Bailey: Haters: Harassment, Abuse, and Violence Online, p. 230 ^ Sweney, Mark (May 21, 2008). "Should stealth marketing be regulated?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2010. ^ Thomler, Craig (April 27, 2011). "Battle of the sockpuppets" Archived March 21, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Government in the Lab: The Online Magazine for Government and Politics Around the World ^ "meat puppet Definition: TechEncyclopedia from TechWeb". The Computer Language Company. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2012. ^ Read, Brock (October 9, 2006) The Chronicle of Higher Education: The Wired Campus Attack of the 'Meat Puppets' Archived February 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ Ahrens, Frank (October 7, 2006) Washington Post 'Puppets' Emerge as Internet's Effective, and Deceptive, Salesmen Archived February 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Page D01 ^ Gent, Edd (April 6, 2017). "Sock puppet accounts unmasked by the way they write and post". New Scientist. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2017. ^ Yasseri, Taha. "Wikipedia sockpuppetry: linking accounts to real people is pure speculation | The Policy and Internet Blog". blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020. ^ Tossell, Ivor (December 4, 2008). "Cyberbullying verdict turns rule-breakers into criminals". Globe and Mail. Toronto, Canada: CTVglobemedia. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. ^ "Lori Drew is a meanie". Slate. The Washington Post Company. December 3, 2008. Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2008. ^ Zetter, Kim (December 15, 2008). "Lori Drew Files New Bid for Dismissal on Grounds that MySpace Authorized Access". Wired News. Condé Nast Publishing. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2008. ^ "Lori Drew cleared of MySpace cyber-bullying". Sydney Morning Herald. July 3, 2009. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2009. ^ Eligon, John (November 18, 2010). "Dispute Over Dead Sea Scrolls Leads to a Jail Sentence". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2010. ^ "Case of Dead Sea Scrolls, Online Aliases Ends With Probation" (April 16, 2018) Archived October 30, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. ^ New Directions for Young Adults, Inc. v. Davis Archived December 9, 2020, at the Wayback Machine (17th Jud. Cir., Broward Cty. September 26, 2014) (slip op.). ^ a b BRAD STONE and MATT RICHTEL, "The Hand That Controls the Sock Puppet Could Get Slapped" Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, July 16, 2007. ^ Martin, Andrew (July 16, 2007). "Whole Foods Executive Used Alias". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2017. ^ Richard Lea and Matthew Taylor "Historian Orlando Figes admits posting Amazon reviews that trashed rivals" Archived February 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, April 23, 2010 ^ "Orlando Figes to pay fake Amazon review damages" Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, BBC, July 16, 2010. ^ Kerridge, Jake (September 4, 2012). "Do Consumer Are RJ Ellory's faked reviews the tip of the iceberg?". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2020. ^ Hough, Andrew (September 2, 2012). "RJ Ellory: detected, crime writer who faked his own glowing reviews". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. ^ Streitfeld, David (September 4, 2012). "His Biggest Fan Was Himself". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2016. ^ Horn, John (June 2, 2001). "The Reviewer Who Wasn't There". Newsweek. MSNBC. Archived from the original on June 9, 2001. Retrieved June 9, 2001. ^ Weiss, Michael (April 21, 2006). "I Spy Your IP". Slate. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2012. ^ Howard, Kurtz (April 21, 2006). "Los Angeles Times Yanks Columnist's Blog". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2012. ^ Aspan, Maria (September 4, 2006). "New Republic Suspends an Editor for Attacks on Blog". NY Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2007. ^ Cox, Ana Marie (December 16, 2006). "Making Mischief on the Web". Time. Archived from the original on January 13, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2007. ^ Kasparian, Ana; Uygur, Cenk (November 26, 2020). "Republican Gets BUSTED On Twitter". YouTube. The Young Turks. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2020. ^ a b Nick Fielding and Ian Cobain, "Revealed: US spy operation that manipulates social media", The Guardian. March 17, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011. (Archived June 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine). ^ Chen, Adrian (June 2, 2015). "The Agency". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2017. ^ Background to "Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections": The Analytic Process and Cyber Incident Attribution, January 6, 2017 ^ Christopher Snowden (July 2012). "Sock Puppets: How the government lobbies itself and why" (PDF). IEA Discussion Paper. Institute of Economic Affairs. No. 39. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2016. External links Look up meatpuppet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sock puppets. Sock puppet at The Jargon File vteEspionageAgentsAssets Agent handling Cover Double agent Field agent Resident spy Sleeper agent Spymaster Analysis Intelligence assessment competing hypotheses Devices andcommunications Concealment device Covert listening device Cryptography Cutout Computer and network surveillance Cyber spying Dead drop Invisible ink Numbers station One-way voice link Phone surveillance Short-range agent communications Steganography microdot Surveillance tools Tradecraft andtechniques Canary trap Front organization Limited hangout Operations Chinese intelligence activity abroad Chinese espionage in the United States Cold War espionage Recruitment Black operation black bag wetwork Eavesdropping SIGINT MASINT False flag Industrial espionage Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence interrogation safe house surveillance COINTELPRO MINARET SHAMROCK FVEY Sexpionage Stay-behind Targeted surveillance
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"hand puppet made from a sock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock_puppet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"to manipulate public opinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_manipulation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For information about sockpuppetry on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry.In Internet terms, sock puppets are online identities used for disguised activity by the operator.A sock puppet is a false online identity used for deceptive purposes.[1] The term originally referred to a hand puppet made from a sock. Sock puppets include online identities created to praise, defend, or support a person or organization,[2] to manipulate public opinion,[3] or to circumvent restrictions such as viewing a social media account that a user is blocked from. Sock puppets are unwelcome in many online communities and forums.","title":"Sock puppet account"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman"},{"link_name":"Anthony Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Burgess"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTamazon-4"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBS-5"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"Wikimedia Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Wiki-PR editing of Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki-PR_editing_of_Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Orangemoody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangemoody_editing_of_Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The practice of writing pseudonymous self-reviews began before the Internet. Writers Walt Whitman and Anthony Burgess wrote pseudonymous reviews of their own books,[4] as did Benjamin Franklin.[5]The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term without reference to the internet, as \"a person whose actions are controlled by another; a minion\" with a 2000 citation from U.S. News & World Report.[6]Wikipedia has had a long history of problems with sockpuppetry. On October 21, 2013, the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) condemned paid advocacy sockpuppeting on Wikipedia and, two days later on October 23, specifically banned Wiki-PR editing of Wikipedia.[7] In August and September 2015, the WMF uncovered another group of sockpuppets known as Orangemoody.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Block evasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Block_evasion"},{"link_name":"Block (Internet) § Evasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(Internet)#Evasion"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Block evasion","text":"\"Block evasion\" redirects here. For the Wikipedia policy on evading blocks, see Wikipedia:Block evasion.Further information: Block (Internet) § EvasionOne reason for sockpuppeting is to circumvent a block, ban, or other form of sanction imposed on the person's original account.[9]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network"},{"link_name":"reputation systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_system"},{"link_name":"Sybil attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_attack"},{"link_name":"stealth marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_marketing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Ballot stuffing","text":"Sockpuppets may be created during an online poll to increase the puppeteer's votes. A related usage is the creation of multiple identities, each supporting the puppeteer's views in an argument, attempting to position the puppeteer as representing majority opinion and sideline opposition voices. In the abstract theory of social networks and reputation systems, this is known as a Sybil attack.A sockpuppet-like use of deceptive fake identities is used in stealth marketing. The stealth marketer creates one or more pseudonymous accounts, each claiming to be a different enthusiastic supporter of the sponsor's product, book or ideology.[10]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"false flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_flag"},{"link_name":"bigoted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigoted"},{"link_name":"straw man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_man"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Internet trolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_troll"},{"link_name":"concern troll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_troll#Concern_troll"},{"link_name":"fear, uncertainty and doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty_and_doubt"}],"sub_title":"Strawman sockpuppet","text":"A strawman sockpuppet (sometimes abbreviated as strawpuppet) is a false flag pseudonym created to make a particular point of view look foolish or unwholesome in order to generate negative sentiment against it. Strawman sockpuppets typically behave in an unintelligent, uninformed, or bigoted manner, advancing \"straw man\" arguments that their puppeteers can easily refute. The intended effect is to discredit more rational arguments made for the same position.[11] Such sockpuppets behave in a similar manner to Internet trolls.A particular case is the concern troll, a false flag pseudonym created by a user whose actual point of view is opposed to that of the sockpuppet. The concern troll posts in web forums devoted to its declared point of view and attempts to sway the group's actions or opinions while claiming to share their goals, but with professed \"concerns\". The goal is to sow fear, uncertainty and doubt (FUD) within the group.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meat Puppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Puppets"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry § Meatpuppetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry#Meatpuppetry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Meatpuppet","text":"\"Meatpuppet\" redirects here. For the band, see Meat Puppets.For Wikipedia's policy on meatpuppetry, see Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry § Meatpuppetry.Some sources have used the term meatpuppet as a synonym for sock puppet.[12][13][14]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations"},{"link_name":"IP addresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"},{"link_name":"writing style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_style"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"GeoIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoIP"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"\"Sockpuppet investigation\" redirects here. For Wikipedia's project page on investigating sockpuppets, see Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations.A number of techniques have been developed to determine whether accounts are sockpuppets, including comparing the IP addresses of suspected sockpuppets and comparative analysis of the writing style of suspected sockpuppets.[15] Using GeoIP it is possible to look up the IP addresses and locate them.[16]","title":"Investigation of sockpuppetry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legal implications of sockpuppetry in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace"},{"link_name":"Megan Meier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Central District of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California"},{"link_name":"Computer Fraud and Abuse Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act"},{"link_name":"interstate commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Clause"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"breach of contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breach_of_contract"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"George H. Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Wu"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlLori_Drew_cleared_of_MySpace_cyber-bullying-20"}],"sub_title":"United States v. Drew","text":"In 2006, Missouri resident Lori Drew created a MySpace account purporting to be operated by a fictitious 16-year-old boy named Josh Evans. \"Josh Evans\" began an online relationship with Megan Meier, a 13-year-old girl who had allegedly been in conflict with Drew's daughter. After \"Josh Evans\" ended the relationship with Meier, the latter committed suicide.In 2008, Thomas O'Brien, United States Attorney for the Central District of California, charged Drew, then 49, with four felony counts: one count of conspiracy to violate the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), which prohibits \"accessing a computer without authorization via interstate commerce\", and three counts of violation of the CFAA, alleging she violated MySpace's terms of service by misrepresenting herself. O'Brien justified his prosecution of the case because MySpace's servers were located in his jurisdiction. The jury convicted Drew of three misdemeanor counts, dismissing one on the grounds prosecutors had failed to demonstrate Drew inflicted emotional distress on Meier.[17][18]During sentencing arguments, prosecutors argued for the maximum sentence for the statute: three years in prison and a fine of $300,000. Drew's lawyers argued her use of a false identity did not constitute unauthorized access to MySpace, citing People v. Donell, a 1973 breach of contract dispute, in which a court of appeals ruled \"fraudulently induced consent is consent nonetheless.\"[19] Judge George H. Wu dismissed the charges before sentencing.[20]","title":"Legal implications of sockpuppetry in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"identity theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_theft"},{"link_name":"Norman Golb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Golb"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"People v. Golb","text":"In 2010, 50-year-old lawyer Raphael Golb was convicted on 30 criminal charges, including identity theft, criminal impersonation, and aggravated harassment, for using multiple sockpuppet accounts to attack and impersonate historians he perceived as rivals of his father, Norman Golb.[21] Golb defended his actions as \"satirical hoaxes\" protected by free-speech rights. He was disbarred and sentenced to six months in prison, but the sentence was reduced to probation on appeal.[22]","title":"Legal implications of sockpuppetry in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tortious interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortious_interference"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"New Directions for Young Adults, Inc. v. Davis","text":"In 2014, a Florida state circuit court held that sock puppetry is tortious interference with business relations, and awarded injunctive relief against it during the pendency of litigation. The court found that \"the act of falsifying multiple identities\" is conduct that should be enjoined. It explained that the conduct was wrongful \"not because the statements are false or true, but because the conduct of making up names of persons who do not exist to post fake comments by fake people to support Defendants' position tortiously interferes with Plaintiffs' business\" and such \"conduct is inherently unfair.\" The court, therefore, ordered the defendants to \"remove or cause to be removed all postings creating the false impression that more [than one] person are commenting on the program th[an] actually exist.\" The court also found, however, that the comments of the defendants \"which do not create a false impression of fake patients or fake employees or fake persons connected to program (those posted under their respective names) are protected by The Constitution of the United States of America, First Amendment.\"[23]","title":"Legal implications of sockpuppetry in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples of sockpuppetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"User review § Fake reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_review#Fake_reviews"},{"link_name":"Whole Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market"},{"link_name":"John Mackey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mackey_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"Wild Oats Markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Oats_Markets"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2007-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Conrad Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Black"},{"link_name":"Hollinger International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-Times_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"short sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_(finance)"},{"link_name":"Black's criminal trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2007-24"}],"sub_title":"Business promotion","text":"See also: User review § Fake reviewsIn 2007, the CEO of Whole Foods, John Mackey, was discovered to have posted as \"Rahodeb\" on the Yahoo! Finance Message Board, extolling his own company and predicting a dire future for its rival, Wild Oats Markets, while concealing his relationship to both companies. Whole Foods argued that none of Mackey's actions broke the law.[24][25]During the 2007 trial of Conrad Black, chief executive of Hollinger International, prosecutors alleged that he had posted messages on a Yahoo! Finance chat room using the name \"nspector\", attacking short sellers and blaming them for his company's stock performance. Prosecutors provided evidence of these postings in Black's criminal trial, where he was convicted of mail fraud and obstruction. The postings were raised at multiple points in the trial.[24]","title":"Examples of sockpuppetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"John Rechy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rechy"},{"link_name":"City of Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Night"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTamazon-4"},{"link_name":"Orlando Figes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes"},{"link_name":"Robert Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-27"},{"link_name":"Stephen Leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Leather"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Telelgraph-28"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Duns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Duns"},{"link_name":"R.J. Ellory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._J._Ellory"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sock2-30"},{"link_name":"David Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Manning_(fictitious_writer)"},{"link_name":"film critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_critic"},{"link_name":"Sony Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Book and film reviews","text":"An amazon.com computer glitch in 2004 revealed the names of many authors who had written pseudonymous reviews of their books. John Rechy, who wrote the best-selling novel City of Night (1963), was among the authors unmasked in this way, and was shown to have written numerous five-star reviews of his own work.[4] In 2010, historian Orlando Figes was found to have written Amazon reviews under the names \"orlando-birkbeck\" and \"historian\", praising his own books and condemning those of fellow historians Rachel Polonsky and Robert Service. The two sued Figes and won monetary damages.[26][27]During a panel discussion at a British Crime Writers Festival in 2012, author Stephen Leather admitted using pseudonyms to praise his own books, claiming that \"everyone does it\". He spoke of building a \"network of characters\", some operated by his friends, who discussed his books and had conversations with him directly.[28] The same year, after he was pressured by the spy novelist Jeremy Duns on Twitter, who had detected possible indications online, UK crime fiction writer R.J. Ellory admitted having used a pseudonymous account name to write a positive review for each of his own novels, and additionally a negative review for two other authors.[29][30]David Manning was a fictitious film critic, created by a marketing executive working for Sony Corporation to give consistently good reviews for releases from Sony subsidiary Columbia Pictures, which could then be quoted in promotional material.[31]","title":"Examples of sockpuppetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Hiltzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hiltzik"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Hugh Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISpySlate-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Lee Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Siegel_(cultural_critic)"},{"link_name":"The New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"},{"link_name":"Sprezzatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprezzatura"},{"link_name":"Jon Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Blog commentary","text":"American reporter Michael Hiltzik was temporarily suspended from posting to his blog, \"The Golden State\", on the Los Angeles Times website after he admitted \"posting there, as well as on other sites, under false names.\" He used the pseudonyms to attack conservatives such as Hugh Hewitt and L.A. prosecutor Patrick Frey—who eventually exposed him.[32][33] Hiltzik's blog at the LA Times was the newspaper's first blog. While suspended from blogging, Hiltzik continued to write regularly for the newspaper.Lee Siegel, a writer for The New Republic magazine, was suspended for defending his articles and blog comments under the username \"Sprezzatura\". In one such comment, \"Sprezzatura\" defended Siegel's bad reviews of Jon Stewart: \"Siegel is brave, brilliant and wittier than Stewart will ever be.\"[34][35]","title":"Examples of sockpuppetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TYT Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TYT_Network"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Politically oriented","text":"In late November 2020, TYT Network reported an example of a white male Republican Trump voter having a sockpuppet Twitter account presented as that of a black gay man, criticizing Biden and praising Trump while systematically emphasizing his race and sexual orientation. Additionally, in October 2020, Clemson University social media researcher identified \"more than two dozen of Twitter accounts claiming to be black Trump supporters who gained hundreds of thousands of likes and retweets in a span of just a few days, sparking major doubts about their identities,\" many using photos of black men from news reports or stock images \"including one in which the text 'black man photo' was still watermarked on the image\".[36]","title":"Examples of sockpuppetry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state-sponsored Internet sockpuppetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_sockpuppetry"},{"link_name":"Ntrepid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntrepid"},{"link_name":"U.S. Central Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Central_Command"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-37"},{"link_name":"Operation Earnest Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Voice"},{"link_name":"Internet Research Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"2016 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Institute of Economic Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Government sockpuppetry","text":"As an example of state-sponsored Internet sockpuppetry, in 2011, a US company called Ntrepid was awarded a $2.76 million contract from U.S. Central Command for \"online persona management\" operations[37] to create \"fake online personas to influence net conversations and spread U.S. propaganda\" in Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Pashto[37] as part of Operation Earnest Voice.On September 11, 2014, a number of sockpuppet accounts reported an explosion at a chemical plant in Louisiana. The reports came on a range of media, including Twitter and YouTube, but U.S. authorities claimed the entire event to be a hoax. The information was determined by many to have originated with a Russian government-sponsored sockpuppet management office in Saint Petersburg, called the Internet Research Agency.[38] Russia was again implicated by the U.S. intelligence community in 2016 for hiring trolls in the 2016 United States presidential election.[39]The Institute of Economic Affairs claimed in a 2012 paper that the United Kingdom government and the European Union fund charities that campaign and lobby for causes the government supports. In one example, 73% of responses to a government consultation were the direct result of campaigns by alleged \"sockpuppet\" organizations.[40]","title":"Examples of sockpuppetry"}]
[{"image_text":"In Internet terms, sock puppets are online identities used for disguised activity by the operator.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg/220px-Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Catfishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfishing"},{"title":"Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia"},{"title":"On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Internet,_nobody_knows_you%27re_a_dog"},{"title":"Passing (sociology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(sociology)"},{"title":"Phishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing"},{"title":"Reputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation"},{"title":"Shill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shill"},{"title":"Team Jorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jorge"},{"title":"Trojan Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Sock puppet Definition & Meaning\". Merriam-Webster. July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sock+puppet","url_text":"\"Sock puppet Definition & Meaning\""}]},{"reference":"Stone, Brad; Richtel, Matt (July 16, 2007). \"The Hand That Controls the Sock Puppet Could Get Slapped\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/technology/16blog.html?ex=1342238400&en=9a3424961f9d2163&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss","url_text":"\"The Hand That Controls the Sock Puppet Could Get Slapped\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200604165857/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/technology/16blog.html?ex=1342238400&en=9a3424961f9d2163&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Elsner, K. 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and Cyber Incident Attribution"},{"Link":"http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/DP_Sock%20Puppets_redesigned.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sock Puppets: How the government lobbies itself and why\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225093530/http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/DP_Sock%20Puppets_redesigned.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/S/sock-puppet.html","external_links_name":"Sock puppet"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren_14
Siren (codec)
["1 Editions","2 Software support","3 Licensing","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Siren is a family of patented, transform-based, wideband audio coding formats and their audio codec implementations developed and licensed by PictureTel Corporation (acquired by Polycom, Inc. in 2001). There are three Siren codecs: Siren 7, Siren 14 and Siren 22. Editions Siren 7 (or Siren7 or simply Siren) provides 7 kHz audio, bit rates 16, 24, 32 kbit/s and sampling frequency 16 kHz. Siren is derived from PictureTel's PT716plus algorithm. In 1999, ITU-T approved G.722.1 recommendation, which is based on Siren 7 algorithm. It was approved after a four-year selection process involving extensive testing. G.722.1 provides only bit rates 24 and 32 kbit/s and does not support Siren 7's bit rate 16 kbit/s. The algorithm of Siren 7 is identical to its successor, G.722.1, although the data formats are slightly different. Siren 14 (or Siren14) provides 14 kHz audio, bit rates 24, 32, 48 kbit/s for mono, 48, 64, 96 kbit/s for stereo and sampling frequency 32 kHz. Siren 14 supports stereo and mono audio. It offers 40 millisecond algorithmic delay, using 20 millisecond frame lengths. The mono version of Siren 14 became ITU-T G.722.1C (14 kHz, 24/32/48 kbit/s) in April 2005. The algorithm is based on transform coding technology, using a modulated lapped transform (MLT), a type of discrete cosine transform (DCT) or modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT). Siren 22 (or Siren22) provides 22 kHz audio, sampling frequency 48 kHz, bit rates 64, 96, 128 kbit/s stereo and 32, 48, 64 kbit/s mono. Siren 22 offers 40 millisecond algorithmic delay using 20 millisecond frame lengths. In May 2008, ITU-T approved the new G.719 full-band codec which is based on Polycom Siren 22 audio technology and Ericsson's advanced audio techniques. Software support Siren 7 is commonly used in videoconferencing systems and is also part of Microsoft Office Communicator when using A/V conferencing. Microsoft Office Communications Server uses Siren 7 during audio conferencing. With the default Office Communicator client, point to point audio is by default performed using Microsoft's proprietary codec RTAudio. When a call is promoted into an audio conference (any time 3 or more participants have joined), the codec is switched on the fly to Siren. This is done for performance reasons. Note that even if the conference is reduced to below 3 participants, OCS does not demote the conference to be point-to-point; it remains an A/V conference until the conference is terminated. In Windows XP and later versions of Windows, the Siren 7 codec is implemented in %systemroot%\system32\SIRENACM.DLL. It is used by MSN Messenger and Live Messenger for sending and receiving voice clips and also as one of the available codecs for the 'Computer Call' feature. FreeSWITCH communication open source software can do transcoding, conferencing and bridging of Siren 7/G.722.1 and Siren 14/G.722.1C audio formats. aMSN, an open source Windows Live Messenger clone uses for Siren audio compression and decompression the "libsiren" library, an open source implementation of the codec, written by aMSN developer Youness Alaoui (KaKaRoTo) . The libsiren library has also been copied into libmsn and into the msn-pecan project, which provides plug-in for Pidgin and Adium instant messaging clients. Licensing Usage of Siren 7 and Siren 14 audio coding formats require the licensing of patents from Polycom, in most countries. A royalty free licence for Siren 7 and Siren 14 is available from Polycom if certain fairly basic conditions are met. Usage of Siren 22 also requires the licensing of patents from Polycom. See also Comparison of audio coding formats G.722.1 References ^ Business Wire (2001-03-26). "PictureTel Announces New Siren Wideband Audio Technology Licensing Program". thefreelibrary.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2009-09-10. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help) ^ a b Business Wire (2000-07-19). "PictureTel Licenses Audio Technology Suite to Intel". thefreelibrary.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2009-09-10. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help) ^ (2008-08-05) Polycom Enables Acceleration of HD Voice Adoption by Offering Royalty-Free Codec Archived 2013-02-01 at archive.today, Retrieved 2009-09-07 ^ a b "Polycom Siren/G 722.1 FAQs". Polycom, Inc. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ Polycom, Inc. (2005-04-12) ITU Approves Polycom Siren14 as New International Standard, Retrieved 2009-09-07 ^ "Polycom Siren 14/G 722.1C". Polycom, Inc. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ "ITU Approves Polycom Siren14 as New International Standard". BusinessWire.com. 2005-04-12. Retrieved 2009-09-10. ^ Siren 14 information for Prospective Licensees (PDF), retrieved 2010-06-08 ^ Hersent, Olivier; Petit, Jean-Pierre; Gurle, David (2005). Beyond VoIP Protocols: Understanding Voice Technology and Networking Techniques for IP Telephony. John Wiley & Sons. p. 55. ISBN 9780470023631. ^ Britanak, Vladimir; Rao, K. R. (2017). Cosine-/Sine-Modulated Filter Banks: General Properties, Fast Algorithms and Integer Approximations. Springer. p. 478. ISBN 9783319610801. ^ "Polycom Siren 22". Polycom, Inc. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ "G.719: The First ITU-T Standard for Full-Band Audio" (PDF). Polycom, Inc. April 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ "Siren". MultimediaWiki. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ "MPlayer - Status of codecs support". MultimediaWiki. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ Microsoft (November 2001). "Media Support in the Microsoft Windows Real-Time Communications Platform". Microsoft. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ "FreeSWITCH First to Support Polycom's 32khz HD-Audio". FreeSWITCH. 2008-12-15. Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ a b "libg722_1 - COPYING". FreeSWITCH. Retrieved 2014-07-19. ^ "libg722_1 - README". FreeSWITCH. Retrieved 2014-07-19. ^ a b KaKaRoTo (2008-02-12) MSN Protocol documentation Archived 2013-05-24 at the Wayback Machine, Pidgin.im mailinglist, Retrieved 2009-09-08 ^ "msn-pecan 0.0.18 released, now with voice clips support". msn-pecan. 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2014-07-19. ^ "msn-pecan". msn-pecan. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ "Libmsn - is a reusable, open-source, fully documented library for connecting to Microsoft's MSN Messenger service". Libmsn project at Sourceforge.net. 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ "SCM Repositories - libmsn - libsiren". Libmsn project at Sourceforge.net. 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ Xiph.Org Foundation (2009). "CELT - Codec Feature Comparison". Xiph.Org Foundation. Archived from the original on 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ Xiph.Org Foundation (2006). "Speex - Codec Quality Comparison". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ a b Polycom, Inc. "Siren7/Siren14/G.719 License info". Polycom, Inc. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ Polycom, Inc. "Polycom Siren 14/G 722.1C FAQs - What are the terms on the free license?". Polycom, Inc. Retrieved 2009-09-07. ^ Greg Galitzine (2008-08-06). "Polycom CTO Discusses Siren 7 HD Voice Codec". TMCnet.com. Retrieved 2014-07-19. External links Polycom Siren/G 722.1 Polycom Siren/G 722.1 FAQs Polycom Siren 14/G 722.1C Polycom Siren 22 vteMultimedia compression and container formatsVideocompressionISO, IEC, MPEG DV MJPEG Motion JPEG 2000 MPEG-1 MPEG-2 Part 2 MPEG-4 Part 2 / ASP Part 10 / AVC Part 33 / IVC MPEG-H Part 2 / HEVC MPEG-I Part 3 / VVC MPEG-5 Part 1 / EVC Part 2 / LCEVC ITU-T, VCEG H.120 H.261 H.262 H.263 H.264 / AVC H.265 / HEVC H.266 / VVC SMPTE VC-1 VC-2 VC-3 VC-5 VC-6 TrueMotion TrueMotion S VP3 VP6 VP7 VP8 VP9 AV1 Others Apple Video AVS Bink Cinepak Daala DVI FFV1 Huffyuv Indeo Lagarith Microsoft Video 1 MSU Lossless OMS Video Pixlet ProRes 422 4444 QuickTime Animation Graphics RealVideo RTVideo SheerVideo Smacker Sorenson Video/Spark Theora Thor Ut WMV XEB YULS AudiocompressionISO, IEC, MPEG MPEG-1 Layer II Multichannel MPEG-1 Layer I MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3) AAC HE-AAC AAC-LD MPEG Surround MPEG-4 ALS MPEG-4 SLS MPEG-4 DST MPEG-4 HVXC MPEG-4 CELP MPEG-D USAC MPEG-H 3D Audio ITU-T G.711 A-law µ-law G.718 G.719 G.722 G.722.1 G.722.2 G.723 G.723.1 G.726 G.728 G.729 G.729.1 IETF Opus iLBC Speex Vorbis 3GPP AMR AMR-WB AMR-WB+ EVRC EVRC-B EVS GSM-HR GSM-FR GSM-EFR ETSI AC-3 AC-4 DTS Bluetooth SIG SBC LC3 Others ACELP ALAC Asao ATRAC AVS CELT Codec 2 DRA FLAC iSAC Lyra MELP Monkey's Audio MT9 Musepack OptimFROG OSQ QCELP RCELP RealAudio RTAudio SD2 SHN SILK Siren SMV SVOPC TTA True Audio TwinVQ VMR-WB VSELP WavPack WMA MQA aptX aptX HD aptX Low Latency aptX Adaptive LDAC LHDC LLAC L2HC ImagecompressionIEC, ISO, IETF, W3C, ITU-T, JPEG CCITT Group 4 GIF HEIC / HEIF HEVC JBIG JBIG2 JPEG JPEG 2000 JPEG-LS JPEG XL JPEG XR JPEG XS JPEG XT PNG TIFF TIFF/EP TIFF/IT Others APNG AV1 AVIF BPG DjVu EXR FLIF ICER MNG PGF QOI QTVR WBMP WebP ContainersISO, IEC MPEG-ES MPEG-PES MPEG-PS MPEG-TS ISO/IEC base media file format MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4) Motion JPEG 2000 MPEG-21 Part 9 MPEG media transport ITU-T H.222.0 T.802 IETF RTP Ogg SMPTE GXF MXF Others 3GP and 3G2 AMV ASF AIFF AVI AU BPG Bink Smacker BMP DivX Media Format EVO Flash Video HEIF IFF M2TS Matroska WebM QuickTime File Format RatDVD RealMedia RIFF WAV MOD and TOD VOB, IFO and BUP Collaborations NETVC MPEG LA Alliance for Open Media Methods Entropy Arithmetic Huffman Modified LPC ACELP CELP LSP WLPC Lossless Lossy LZ DEFLATE LZW PCM A-law µ-law ADPCM DPCM Transforms DCT FFT MDCT Wavelet Daubechies DWT Lists Comparison of audio coding formats Comparison of video codecs List of codecs See Compression methods for techniques and Compression software for codecs
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Siren is derived from PictureTel's PT716plus algorithm.[2] In 1999, ITU-T approved G.722.1 recommendation, which is based on Siren 7 algorithm. It was approved after a four-year selection process involving extensive testing.[2] G.722.1 provides only bit rates 24 and 32 kbit/s and does not support Siren 7's bit rate 16 kbit/s.[3][4] The algorithm of Siren 7 is identical to its successor, G.722.1, although the data formats are slightly different.Siren 14 (or Siren14) provides 14 kHz audio, bit rates 24, 32, 48 kbit/s for mono, 48, 64, 96 kbit/s for stereo and sampling frequency 32 kHz. Siren 14 supports stereo and mono audio. It offers 40 millisecond algorithmic delay, using 20 millisecond frame lengths. The mono version of Siren 14 became ITU-T G.722.1C (14 kHz, 24/32/48 kbit/s) in April 2005.[5][6][7] The algorithm is based on transform coding technology, using a modulated lapped transform (MLT),[8] a type of discrete cosine transform (DCT)[9] or modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT).[10]Siren 22 (or Siren22) provides 22 kHz audio, sampling frequency 48 kHz, bit rates 64, 96, 128 kbit/s stereo and 32, 48, 64 kbit/s mono. Siren 22 offers 40 millisecond algorithmic delay using 20 millisecond frame lengths. In May 2008, ITU-T approved the new G.719 full-band codec which is based on Polycom Siren 22 audio technology and Ericsson's advanced audio techniques.[11][12]","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Office Communicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Communicator"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office Communications Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Communications_Server"},{"link_name":"RTAudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTAudio"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multimediawiki-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mplayer-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winxp-15"},{"link_name":"FreeSWITCH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeSWITCH"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freeswitch-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libg7221-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libg7221-readme-18"},{"link_name":"aMSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMSN"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kakaroto-19"},{"link_name":"Pidgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin_(software)"},{"link_name":"Adium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adium"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kakaroto-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msn-pecan0018-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msn-pecan-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libmsn-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libmsn-svn-23"}],"text":"Siren 7 is commonly used in videoconferencing systems and is also part of Microsoft Office Communicator when using A/V conferencing. Microsoft Office Communications Server uses Siren 7 during audio conferencing. With the default Office Communicator client, point to point audio is by default performed using Microsoft's proprietary codec RTAudio. When a call is promoted into an audio conference (any time 3 or more participants have joined), the codec is switched on the fly to Siren. This is done for performance reasons. Note that even if the conference is reduced to below 3 participants, OCS does not demote the conference to be point-to-point; it remains an A/V conference until the conference is terminated.In Windows XP and later versions of Windows, the Siren 7 codec is implemented in %systemroot%\\system32\\SIRENACM.DLL. It is used by MSN Messenger and Live Messenger for sending and receiving voice clips and also as one of the available codecs for the 'Computer Call' feature.[13][14][15]FreeSWITCH communication open source software can do transcoding, conferencing and bridging of Siren 7/G.722.1 and Siren 14/G.722.1C audio formats.[16][17][18]aMSN, an open source Windows Live Messenger clone uses for Siren audio compression and decompression the \"libsiren\" library, an open source implementation of the codec, written by aMSN developer Youness Alaoui (KaKaRoTo) .[19] The libsiren library has also been copied into libmsn and into the msn-pecan project, which provides plug-in for Pidgin and Adium instant messaging clients.[19][20][21][22][23]","title":"Software support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"royalty free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_free"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g7221-faq-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libg7221-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-celt-comparison-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speex-comparison-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-licensing-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g7221c-licensing-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polycom-free-hd-voice-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-licensing-26"}],"text":"Usage of Siren 7 and Siren 14 audio coding formats require the licensing of patents from Polycom, in most countries. A royalty free licence for Siren 7 and Siren 14 is available from Polycom if certain fairly basic conditions are met.[4][17][24][25][26][27][28]Usage of Siren 22 also requires the licensing of patents from Polycom.[26]","title":"Licensing"}]
[]
[{"title":"Comparison of audio coding formats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats"},{"title":"G.722.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.722.1"}]
[{"reference":"Business Wire (2001-03-26). \"PictureTel Announces New Siren Wideband Audio Technology Licensing Program\". thefreelibrary.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2009-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121013184749/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/PictureTel+Announces+New+Siren+Wideband+Audio+Technology+Licensing...-a072261882","url_text":"\"PictureTel Announces New Siren Wideband Audio Technology Licensing Program\""},{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/PictureTel+Announces+New+Siren+Wideband+Audio+Technology+Licensing...-a072261882","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Business Wire (2000-07-19). \"PictureTel Licenses Audio Technology Suite to Intel\". thefreelibrary.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2009-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121013184755/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/PictureTel+Licenses+Audio+Technology+Suite+to+Intel.-a063558475","url_text":"\"PictureTel Licenses Audio Technology Suite to Intel\""},{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/PictureTel+Licenses+Audio+Technology+Suite+to+Intel.-a063558475","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Polycom Siren/G 722.1 FAQs\". Polycom, Inc. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polycom.com/company/about_us/technology/siren_g7221/faq.html","url_text":"\"Polycom Siren/G 722.1 FAQs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Polycom Siren 14/G 722.1C\". Polycom, Inc. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polycom.com/company/about_us/technology/siren14_g7221c/index.html","url_text":"\"Polycom Siren 14/G 722.1C\""}]},{"reference":"\"ITU Approves Polycom Siren14 as New International Standard\". BusinessWire.com. 2005-04-12. Retrieved 2009-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/permalink/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20050412005325&newsLang=en","url_text":"\"ITU Approves Polycom Siren14 as New International Standard\""}]},{"reference":"Siren 14 information for Prospective Licensees (PDF), retrieved 2010-06-08","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polycom.com/global/documents/company/about_us/technology/siren14_g7221c/info_for_prospective_licensees.pdf","url_text":"Siren 14 information for Prospective Licensees"}]},{"reference":"Hersent, Olivier; Petit, Jean-Pierre; Gurle, David (2005). Beyond VoIP Protocols: Understanding Voice Technology and Networking Techniques for IP Telephony. John Wiley & Sons. p. 55. ISBN 9780470023631.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SMvNToRs-DgC&pg=PA55","url_text":"Beyond VoIP Protocols: Understanding Voice Technology and Networking Techniques for IP Telephony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470023631","url_text":"9780470023631"}]},{"reference":"Britanak, Vladimir; Rao, K. R. (2017). Cosine-/Sine-Modulated Filter Banks: General Properties, Fast Algorithms and Integer Approximations. Springer. p. 478. ISBN 9783319610801.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._R._Rao","url_text":"Rao, K. R."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ4vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA478","url_text":"Cosine-/Sine-Modulated Filter Banks: General Properties, Fast Algorithms and Integer Approximations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319610801","url_text":"9783319610801"}]},{"reference":"\"Polycom Siren 22\". Polycom, Inc. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polycom.com/company/about_us/technology/siren22/index.html","url_text":"\"Polycom Siren 22\""}]},{"reference":"\"G.719: The First ITU-T Standard for Full-Band Audio\" (PDF). Polycom, Inc. April 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polycom.com/global/documents/whitepapers/g719-the-first-itut-standard-for-full-band-audio.pdf","url_text":"\"G.719: The First ITU-T Standard for Full-Band Audio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Siren\". MultimediaWiki. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=Siren","url_text":"\"Siren\""}]},{"reference":"\"MPlayer - Status of codecs support\". MultimediaWiki. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mplayerhq.hu/DOCS/codecs-status.html#ac","url_text":"\"MPlayer - Status of codecs support\""}]},{"reference":"Microsoft (November 2001). \"Media Support in the Microsoft Windows Real-Time Communications Platform\". Microsoft. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms997607.aspx","url_text":"\"Media Support in the Microsoft Windows Real-Time Communications Platform\""}]},{"reference":"\"FreeSWITCH First to Support Polycom's 32khz HD-Audio\". FreeSWITCH. 2008-12-15. Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090508170812/http://freeswitch.org/node/153","url_text":"\"FreeSWITCH First to Support Polycom's 32khz HD-Audio\""},{"url":"http://www.freeswitch.org/node/153","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"libg722_1 - COPYING\". FreeSWITCH. Retrieved 2014-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://stash.freeswitch.org/projects/FS/repos/freeswitch/browse/libs/libg722_1/COPYING","url_text":"\"libg722_1 - COPYING\""}]},{"reference":"\"libg722_1 - README\". FreeSWITCH. Retrieved 2014-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://stash.freeswitch.org/projects/FS/repos/freeswitch/browse/libs/libg722_1/README","url_text":"\"libg722_1 - README\""}]},{"reference":"\"msn-pecan 0.0.18 released, now with voice clips support\". msn-pecan. 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2014-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://felipec.wordpress.com/2009/02/16/msn-pecan-0018-released-now-with-voice-clips-support/","url_text":"\"msn-pecan 0.0.18 released, now with voice clips support\""}]},{"reference":"\"msn-pecan\". msn-pecan. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://code.google.com/p/msn-pecan/","url_text":"\"msn-pecan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Libmsn - is a reusable, open-source, fully documented library for connecting to Microsoft's MSN Messenger service\". Libmsn project at Sourceforge.net. 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://sourceforge.net/projects/libmsn/","url_text":"\"Libmsn - is a reusable, open-source, fully documented library for connecting to Microsoft's MSN Messenger service\""}]},{"reference":"\"SCM Repositories - libmsn - libsiren\". Libmsn project at Sourceforge.net. 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://libmsn.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/libmsn/trunk/msn/libsiren/","url_text":"\"SCM Repositories - libmsn - libsiren\""}]},{"reference":"Xiph.Org Foundation (2009). \"CELT - Codec Feature Comparison\". Xiph.Org Foundation. Archived from the original on 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090912184544/http://www.celt-codec.org/comparison/","url_text":"\"CELT - Codec Feature Comparison\""},{"url":"http://www.celt-codec.org/comparison/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Xiph.Org Foundation (2006). \"Speex - Codec Quality Comparison\". Xiph.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.speex.org/comparison/","url_text":"\"Speex - Codec Quality Comparison\""}]},{"reference":"Polycom, Inc. \"Siren7/Siren14/G.719 License info\". Polycom, Inc. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polycom.com/company/about_us/technology/siren_g7221/license_schedule.html","url_text":"\"Siren7/Siren14/G.719 License info\""}]},{"reference":"Polycom, Inc. \"Polycom Siren 14/G 722.1C FAQs - What are the terms on the free license?\". Polycom, Inc. Retrieved 2009-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polycom.com/company/about_us/technology/siren14_g7221c/faq.html#license_q3","url_text":"\"Polycom Siren 14/G 722.1C FAQs - What are the terms on the free license?\""}]},{"reference":"Greg Galitzine (2008-08-06). \"Polycom CTO Discusses Siren 7 HD Voice Codec\". TMCnet.com. Retrieved 2014-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://technews.tmcnet.com/reseller/topics/wideband-audio/articles/36272-polycom-cto-discusses-siren-7-hd-voice-codec.htm","url_text":"\"Polycom CTO Discusses Siren 7 HD Voice Codec\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Ponting
Ricky Ponting
["1 1974–1995: Early life","1.1 Birth and personal life","1.2 Junior ranks","1.3 Early Australian domestic career","2 1995–1999: Early International career","2.1 Australian debut","2.2 1996 World Cup","2.3 1998 tours of the subcontinent and Ashes","3 1999–2002: The road back to the Australian side","3.1 First World Cup success (1999)","3.2 Defeat in India and 2001 Ashes","4 2002–2004: Appointment as One Day International captain","4.1 Appointment as One Day International captain","4.2 2002–03 Ashes victory and first World Cup success as captain","4.3 5,000 Test runs","4.4 Most runs by an Australian in a calendar year (2003)","5 2004–2008: Appointment as Test captain","5.1 Australia lose an Ashes series for the first time since 1987","5.2 Twin centuries in 100th Test","5.3 Australia's first Champions Trophy victory","5.4 Ashes regained and 10,000 ODI runs at 2007 World Cup","5.5 Sydney Test controversy","5.6 Third Australian to score 10,000 Test runs","6 2008–2011: Decline in form","6.1 Mixed team performances","6.2 Second Ashes series loss as captain","6.3 Troubles against the short ball","6.4 2010–11 Ashes defeat","6.5 2011 World Cup and resignation as captain","7 2011–2012: Post-captaincy","8 2012: Test retirement","9 2013: Tasmania and Surrey","10 Playing style","10.1 Approach to cricket","10.2 Batting","10.3 Bowling and fielding","10.4 Captaincy","11 Career best performances","12 Records and achievements","13 Coaching role","13.1 2014–2017 Various Coaching Roles","13.2 2018–present Delhi Daredevils/Capitals Head Coach","13.3 2024–present Washington Freedom Head Coach","14 Books","15 Sources","16 References","17 External links"]
Australian cricketer It has been suggested that Early life of Ricky Ponting and Ricky Ponting with the Australian cricket team in India in 2008–09 be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2024. Ricky PontingAOPonting in 2015Personal informationFull nameRicky Thomas PontingBorn (1974-12-19) 19 December 1974 (age 49)Launceston, Tasmania, AustraliaNicknamePunterHeight175 cm (5 ft 9 in)BattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumRoleBatsmanRelationsGreg Campbell (uncle)International information National sideAustralia (1995–2012)Test debut (cap 366)8 December 1995 v Sri LankaLast Test3 December 2012 v South AfricaODI debut (cap 123)15 February 1995 v South AfricaLast ODI19 February 2012 v IndiaODI shirt no.14T20I debut (cap 10)17 February 2005 v New ZealandLast T20I8 June 2009 v Sri LankaT20I shirt no.14 Domestic team information YearsTeam1992/93–2012/13Tasmania2004Somerset2008Kolkata Knight Riders2011/12–2012/13Hobart Hurricanes2013Mumbai Indians (squad no. 14)2013Surrey2013Antigua Hawksbills Head coaching information YearsTeam2014–2016Mumbai Indians2017–2018Australia (interim)2018–presentDelhi Capitals2024–presentWashington Freedom Career statistics Competition Test ODI FC LA Matches 168 375 289 456 Runs scored 13,378 13,704 24,150 16,363 Batting average 51.85 42.03 55.90 41.74 100s/50s 41/62 30/82 82/106 34/99 Top score 257 164 257 164 Balls bowled 587 150 1,506 349 Wickets 5 3 14 8 Bowling average 55.20 34.66 58.07 33.62 5 wickets in innings 0 0 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 0 0 0 Best bowling 1/0 1/12 2/10 3/34 Catches/stumpings 196/– 160/– 309/– 195/– Medal record Men's Cricket Representing  Australia ICC Cricket World Cup Winner 1999 England-Wales-Ireland-Scotland-Netherlands Winner 2003 South Africa-Zimbabwe-Kenya Winner 2007 West Indies Runner-up 1996 India-Pakistan-Sri Lanka ICC Champions Trophy Winner 2006 India Winner 2009 South Africa Commonwealth Games 1998 Kuala Lumpur Source: ESPNcricinfo, 11 July 2013 Ricky Thomas Ponting AO (born 19 December 1974) is an Australian cricket coach, commentator, and former cricketer. Widely regarded as one of the greatest batsmen of all time, Ponting was captain of the Australian national team between 2004 and 2011 in Test cricket and 2002 and 2011 in One Day Internationals (ODIs) and is the most successful captain in international cricket history, with 220 victories in 324 matches with a winning rate of 67.91%. He stands third in the list of cricketers by number of international centuries scored. He holds the record for winning most ICC tournaments as a captain in Men's Cricket. Under his Captaincy Australia won the 2003 and 2007 Cricket World Cups and 2006 and 2009 Champions Trophies. He was also a member of the Australian team that won the 1999 Cricket World Cup. Domestically, Ponting played for his home state of Tasmania as well as Tasmania's Hobart Hurricanes in Australia's domestic Twenty20 competition, the Big Bash League. He played as a specialist right-handed batsman, an excellent slip fielder, as well as a very occasional bowler. He led Australia to their second 5–0 Ashes win as well as victory at the 2003 and 2007 Cricket World Cups and was also a member of the 1999 World Cup winning team under Steve Waugh. He led Australia to consecutive ICC Champions Trophy victory in 2006 and 2009. Combative and at times a controversial captain, statistically he is one of the most successful Test captains of all time, with 48 victories in 77 Tests between 2004 and 31 December 2010. As a player, Ponting is the only cricketer in history to be involved in 100 Test victories and was involved in the most ODI victories as a player, with 262 wins, having played in over 160 Tests and 370 ODIs. A prolific batter, Ponting is Australia's leading run-scorer in Test and ODI cricket. He was named "Cricketer of the Decade 2000" was named in the country's best Ashes XI in a Cricket Australia poll in 2017 and in July 2018 he was inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame. He is the current assistant coach of the Australian national men's cricket team, having been appointed to the role in February 2019. Ponting announced his retirement from Test cricket in November 2012, the day before playing in his final Test against South Africa; this was his 168th and last Test appearance, equalling the Australian record held by Steve Waugh. He retired with a Test batting average of 51.85, although he continued to play cricket around the world until 2013. 1974–1995: Early life Main article: Early life of Ricky Ponting Birth and personal life Ponting with his wife Rianna in 2016. Born in Launceston, Tasmania, on 19 December 1974, Ricky Ponting is the eldest of Graeme and Lorraine Ponting's 3 children. Graeme was "a good club cricketer" and played Australian rules football, while Lorraine was a state vigoro champion. His uncle Greg Campbell played Test cricket for Australia in 1989 and 1990. Ponting's parents first lived in Prospect 4.1 km (2.5 mi) south of city centre; however, they moved into the working-class area of Newnham, 6 km (3.7 mi) north of central Launceston. After marrying his long-time girlfriend, law student Rianna Cantor, in June 2002, Ponting credited her as the reason for his increased maturity. The couple have three children. Junior ranks Introduced to cricket by father Graeme and uncle Greg Campbell, Ponting played for the Mowbray Under-13s team at the age of 11 in 1985–86. In January 1986, he took part in the five-day annual Northern Tasmania junior cricket competition. After scoring four centuries in a week, bat manufacturer Kookaburra gave Ponting a sponsorship contract while in just eighth grade mainly on the back of these four centuries. Ponting took this form into the Under-16s week-long competition less than a month later, scoring an even century on the final day. Ted Richardson, the former head of the Northern Tasmanian Schools Cricket Association said: "Ricky is certainly the equal of David Boon at this level. Australian Rules football was also a big part of Ponting's sporting life, and is a keen follower of the North Melbourne Kangaroos. During the winter he played junior football for North Launceston and up until he was 14, it could have become a possible sporting option. This was before he broke the humerus in his right arm playing for North Launceston Under-17s as a 13-year-old. Ponting's arm was so badly damaged, it had to be pinned. Told to endure a 14-week lay-off, he never played competitive football again. During Tasmanian Sheffield Shield matches at the NTCA Ground (Northern Tasmanian Cricket Association Ground), Ponting helped out with the scoreboard, thereby surrounding himself with international cricketers. After leaving school at the end of year 10 in 1990, he began work as a groundsman at Scotch Oakburn College, a private school in Launceston. In 1991 the Northern Tasmanian Cricket Association sponsored Ponting to attend a fortnight's training at the Australian Cricket Academy in Adelaide. The two weeks turned into a full two-year sponsorship as he was said to be the best 17-year-old batsman Academy coach Rod Marsh had ever seen. Playing five games for Tasmania for the 1992 Under-19 carnival in Perth, Ponting scored 350 runs, earning him selection in the 13-man national Under-19 development squad for the upcoming tour of South Africa—the first Australian cricket team to make an official tour to the country since Bill Lawry's team in 1970. Early Australian domestic career Ponting made his first-class debut for Tasmania in November 1992, when just 17 years and 337 days old, becoming the youngest Tasmanian to play in a Sheffield Shield match. However, he had to wait until 1995 before making his ODI debut, during a quadrangular tournament in New Zealand in a match against South Africa. His Test debut followed shortly after, when selected for the first Test of the 1995 home series against Sri Lanka in Perth, in which he scored 96. He lost his place in the national team several times in the period before early-1999, due to lack of form and discipline, before becoming One Day International captain in early-2002 and Test captain in early 2004. After scoring 114 not out in club match against Riverside, Ponting became the youngest player to appear for Tasmania in a Sheffield Shield match, breaking Boon's record by 14 days. In November 1992, with Ponting just 17 years and 337 days, he went to the crease at number four against South Australia at the Adelaide Oval. Despite scoring 56 in a 127-run partnership with Boon, he could not prevent a defeat, scoring just four in Tasmania's second innings. In his first match in Tasmania, this time against New South Wales, Ponting contributed 32 and 18 in a draw. He followed this up with 25 against Western Australia in a narrow loss. His first match in Sydney also marked the debut of future Australian opening bowler Glenn McGrath. His subsequent century also meant that Ponting became the youngest Tasmanian to score a first-class century at 18 years and 40 days, eclipsing Boon's record of 19 years and 356 days. After scoring another half century, Ponting scored back to back centuries against Western Australia on Australia's fastest wicket in Perth. He became the youngest batsmen in Shield history to score twin centuries in a match. After setting a goal of scoring 500 runs in the season, he ended up scoring 781 at 48.81. After season's end, Ponting played seven four-day games for the Australian Academy, scoring 484 runs at 96.70, even though he was still only 18. Speculation ignited that Ponting was an outsider to join the Australian squad on their 1993 tour to England. Despite Ponting's reluctance to weigh into the debate, Tasmanian coach Greg Shipperd thought he could handle the experience. The selectors ended up choosing Western Australian batsman Damien Martyn for the tour, with Ponting selected in the academy squad captained by Justin Langer, which toured India and Sri Lanka for seven games in August–September 1993. Australian success was limited, with only several wins. No batsman scored a century, despite Ponting reaching 99 not out in a one-day game in Colombo. He finished the tour second highest in the aggregates, behind Langer. Before the start of the 1993–94 Sheffield Shield season, Ponting stated that he wanted to score 1000 runs for the season. In Tasmania's final match of the season, they needed to defeat South Australia outright to qualify for the final. Set 366 in 102 overs, Ponting scored 161 in a 290-run partnership that ended with Tasmania needing just 41 runs for victory. Despite Tasmania losing four quick wickets, they won with four wickets in hand. Disappointingly for Ponting, he could not repeat the performance in the final against New South Wales, scoring just one and 28, as Tasmania were defeated by an innings and 61 runs. The season saw Ponting score 965 runs at 48.25, close to his 1000 run goal. A month after the final, he was again selected for the academy squad for three limited overs matches against a touring Indian team. Queenslander Stuart Law captained the Australian side that included former Australian keeper Rod Marsh. In Australia's victory in Canberra he top scored with 71 and before scoring 52 in victory in Sydney. The last match was also successful for the home team, with Ponting not required to bat. Ponting started his 1994–95 campaign with a century against eventual Shield champions Queensland in Brisbane, impressing Queensland captain Allan Border, "He's just an outstanding prospect", Border said. Speculation again arose that Ponting could become a candidate for the upcoming tour to the West Indies. When Tasmania played Western Australia at Bellerive Oval on 4 November 1994, Ponting scored 211. The century was his fifth successive against Western Australia; Sir Donald Bradman is the only other batsman to score five consecutive centuries against another state in Shield history. Ten days after the double century, Ponting was named in the Australian XI to take on England at Bellerive Oval—in a match that was used as practice before the upcoming series in the West Indies. Future Australian representatives Matthew Hayden, Langer, Greg Blewett and Martyn were also selected. In a drawn match Ponting compiled a half-century. A fourth team was introduced to the World Series Cup in 1994–95—Australia A—for the only time. Australian captain Mark Taylor was not a fan of this change as many fans supported Australia A rather than the national team. Despite the negative feedback it gave Ponting a chance on the international stage. Playing for Australia A, he scored 161 runs at 26.83 with one half-century. 1995–1999: Early International career Australian debut Ponting's domestic performances were rewarded when he was selected for the Australian ODI team to play in all the matches in the 1995 New Zealand Centenary quadrangular tournament in New Zealand, that also included South Africa and India. Ponting made his debut against South Africa at number six in the batting order. He scored one from six balls, as Australia successfully chased South Africa's target on a difficult batting track. Australia secured another victory in their next match, this time against New Zealand in Auckland, where Ponting scored 10 not out, after coming to wicket late in the innings. His highest series score came in the third International where Australia lost to India in Dunedin. Ponting was promoted to number three in the batting order and responded by scoring 62 from 92 balls. The innings was scored without a boundary and was based on "deft placement and judicious running." The loss failed to stop Australia from appearing in the final against New Zealand in Auckland. Ponting returned to number six and was seven not out when the winning runs were scored. He finished the series with 80 runs at 40 and strike rate of 71.42 runs per hundred balls. Greg Shipperd publicly suggested that Ponting could be selected as a reserve wicket-keeper for the upcoming West Indies tour, despite not keeping-wicket for Tasmania. However, he had kept wicket in pre-season matches and during centre wicket practice. In any case Ponting was selected as a specialist batsman. "... It was like all my birthdays had come at once. I had some reservations about making my Test debut against arguably the best fast bowling attack in the world", Ponting later said. The West Indies had been cricket's powerhouse for close to two decades and teams included many feared fast bowlers. Before the tour, Australian captain Mark Taylor thought the last Test batting vacancy was possibly between Ponting and Justin Langer. "Ricky Ponting is more the stroke player while Justin is the tough man. It depends on what we need at the time but you can probably say Ricky has his neck in front because he's been on this tour ", Taylor said. Rod Marsh believed Ponting's attitude and fearless approach could tear the West Indies apart. Nevertheless, Ponting did not expect to be selected. Steve Waugh noted that Ponting would "not be intimidated by the West Indians' inevitable waist-to-chin length." During the series, Ponting said the current crop of bowlers were not "of the same high class" that opposition teams had come to expect from the West Indies. Ponting was selected for the third ODI on 12 March 1995 at Queen's Park Oval, when Mark Waugh missed out through injury. Ponting—batting at three—was involved in a 59-run partnership with Steve Waugh; however, he was dismissed for 43 when he lifted an attempted pull shot. Mark Waugh returned for the next match and Ponting was subsequently dropped until he replaced an out-of-form David Boon in the fifth and final match, where Ponting got a second-ball duck. In a three-day warm-up match ahead of the Tests, Ponting scored 19, with Greg Blewett scoring a century and Langer compiling a half-century. The performance was not enough for Ponting to force his way into the Test side; though, Australia did regain the Frank Worrell Trophy for the first time in 20 years, winning the series 2–1. When Ponting returned to Launceston in June 1995, Tasmania's TAB announced him as their part-time ambassador. He then undertook a tour to England with the Young Australians; a team that included fellow Tasmanian Shaun Young. It also included five future Test batsmen: Matthew Hayden, Matthew Elliott, Martin Love, Justin Langer and Stuart Law. Despite not batting as well as he "would have liked", Ponting returned to Australia with the fourth highest batting average—48.73. Tasmania toured Zimbabwe for five games ahead of the 1995–96 Sheffield Shield. Ponting struggled, aggregating 99 runs at a modest 24.75. By the end of October, he had signed a contract with the Australian Cricket Board, along with 22 other Australian cricketers. He opened the batting with Boon in Tasmania's first match of the Sheffield Shield season, scoring 20 and 43. Ahead of the following match against Queensland in Hobart, Ponting set himself a goal of scoring a century in each innings; a feat he achieved in a high-scoring draw. His form continued against the touring Sri Lankans in a one-day game in Devonport, scoring 99. He scored another century against the same opposition in Launceston. During the match, the public address system at the NTCA Ground announced that Ponting was making his Test debut against Sri Lanka in Perth on 8 December. The following morning saw local newspaper The Examiner headline: "He's Ricky Ponting, he's ours ... and he's made it! Tassie's batting star will play in his first Test." Marsh continued his praise of Ponting, who replaced a dropped Blewett. "I have no doubt Ricky will be trying to get 100 in his first Test game. And I hope he does. You'd back him to. If Ricky carries with him the same attitude that he has seen him succeed at First-class cricket to the next level there is no reason why he will not continue to score." Sri Lanka batted first and scored 251, before Ponting—batting at number five due to Steve Waugh's absence through injury—arrived at the crease with Australia at a comfortable 3/422. He started nervously, edging his first ball past first slip for a boundary from off-spinner Muttiah Muralitharan. When Ponting reached 96, Chaminda Vaas hit Ponting high on his thigh and was given out leg before wicket. Many members of the crowd and media argued it was an incorrect decision due to excessive height. He combined with Stuart Law, also playing on debut, for a partnership of 121. This was only the ninth ever century partnership by debutants in Test cricket. "I've got mixed emotions about my knock at the moment. 96 is a good score but it would have been nice to get a 100", Ponting said after the innings. "Once I struck a few in the middle of the bat, and I spent some time in the middle I tried to relax and enjoy it, just savour the moment." Australia won the match by an innings. In the second Test in Melbourne on Boxing Day, he scored a "compact" 71 in his only innings, combining for a century stand with Steve Waugh. He also took the wicket of Asanka Gurusinha in Sri Lanka's first innings amidst four economical overs. However, Ponting's performance was overshadowed by Australian umpire Darrell Hair no-balling Muralitharan for throwing on seven occasions, increasing tensions between the two teams. Ponting's fellow Tasmanian Boon retired after the Third Test, and Ponting's performances were not as strong at number six in the batting order, managing six and 20. Australia won yet again, sweeping the series 3–0, and Ponting was in full praise of Boon. "I would have hated to be the first person to come through from Launceston and make it but he has proved it can be done", Ponting said a year before his Test debut. Ponting ended his debut Test series with 193 runs at 48.25. Though Ponting's appearances for Tasmania continued to be limited, he was still able to top the 1995–96 season averages with 59.50. He played in all ten games of the World Series ODI Cup played between Australia, Sri Lanka and the West Indies after the Test series. Ponting started the series at number four but moved up a position midway through the season, after opener Michael Slater was dropped. He broke through for his maiden ODI century in his 12th match, scoring 123 from 138 balls against Sri Lanka at the MCG. However, the effort was not enough to prevent Sri Lanka from victory. Ponting ended his first home ODI tournament with 341 runs at 34.10, including one century and three fifties, as Australia ended as series champions. 1996 World Cup A Tamil Tiger bombing in Colombo coupled with death threats to some members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo. Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur. Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the West Indians that he did not fear them. The effort was not enough, as Australia lost by four wickets. Australia finished second in their group and faced New Zealand in the quarter-finals. He scored 41 followed by a 15-ball duck in a semi-final victory against the West Indies, as Australia staggered to 8/207. Australia appeared to be heading out of the tournament when the Caribbean team reached 2/165, but a sudden collapse saw Australia win by six runs in the last over. Ponting scored 45 from 73 balls in the final at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore, which Australia lost to Sri Lanka. Ponting ended his first World Cup campaign with 229 runs at 32.71. In August, Australia played in the Singer Cup in Sri Lanka, after a five-month break since the World Cup. Despite the political environment being more assured than during the World Cup, Australia still struggled to defeat the Sri Lankans, now full of confidence. Australia overpowered Zimbabwe, before going down the home side. They regrouped and defeated India; however, Sri Lanka defeated Australia, this time in the final. Ponting scored: 53, 46 not out, 0 and 17 for the series. With Boon's retirement, Ponting was elevated to the No. 3 position in the Test team, and his first assignment in his new role came in a one-off Test against India at the Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi. Foreshadowing his future Test struggles in India, Ponting made 13 and 14 in a seven-wicket defeat. His failed to regain his form in the following Titan Cup involving India, South Africa and Australia. After a "scratchy" game against South Africa, Ponting was rested for the next match against India. Nevertheless, he was recalled for the return match against South Africa, making 17. The series ending poorly for Ponting, being bowled for a duck, as India won the finals. The pair of ODI tournaments on the subcontinent yielded Ponting only 168 runs at 28.00 from seven matches. Ponting continued in the role for the series against the West Indies in 1996–97 in Australia. After two Test matches and three scores under 10, he was replaced by Justin Langer, despite scoring 88 in the First Test. He was out of the team for six months, and missed the remaining three Tests against the West Indies, the three Tests on the tour to South Africa, both series victories to Australia. Many "experts" thought the decision was unjustifiable. Former Australian coach, Bob Simpson, said: "I really feel that Ricky could have been persevered with. He's a fine young cricketer and he'll now have to prove that he's got the tenacity and temperament to go with it." Ponting's axing meant he had time to regain his form in the Sheffield Shield. Despite struggling at first, he scored twin centuries against South Australia in Hobart, and proceeded to score another ton against Queensland. Ponting was selected for the 1997 Ashes tour of England, but did not play in any of the three preceding ODIs. He was not selected for the first three Tests; England won the first, Australia the third, and the second was drawn. Ponting was given three one-dayers and First-class match against Glamorgan to try to push his case for a Test inclusion. He scored a century in the latter, but managed just five against Middlesex in the last match before the Fourth Test. Michael Bevan was eventually dropped for Ponting, due to poor form and troubles against the short ball. In his first Ashes Test, Ponting scored his first Test century (127, batting at No. 6). He played the last three Tests and ended the series with 241 runs at 48.20. At the time Australia had a policy of the selecting the same team for ODIs, so Ponting only played in three ODIs in early stages of the 1996–97 season in Australia, scoring 68 runs at 22.66 in December 1996 before being dropped. Ponting scored 119 runs at 39.66 in the three-Test home series against New Zealand in 1997–98, including a breezy 73 not out from 85 balls in the second innings of the First Test in Brisbane to help Australia set a winning target. He then made his first Test century on Australian soil, scoring 105 in the First Test against South Africa at the MCG. He added a fifty in the next match and ended the series with 248 runs at 49.60. Ponting has his most successful ODI season to date, scoring 462 runs at 57.75 in the annual tri-series, including a 100 against New Zealand and three fifties. The 100 was Ponting's third ODI century, but Australia had lost all three matches. He scored 76 in the third and deciding final against South Africa, which Australia won. In a brief four-match ODI tour of New Zealand at the end of the season, Ponting scored 76 runs at 25.33. 1998 tours of the subcontinent and Ashes Just 10 days after their tour of New Zealand, Australia played in a first-class warm-up match in India, ahead of their three match Test series. Sachin Tendulkar struck a double century in the opening warm-up match as the Australian bowlers struggled to cope with the conditions. Ponting came into the Test series with first-class scores of 53, 37 and 155 behind him. Batting at five and seven in the batting order respectively, he scored 18 in the first innings and two in the second on a "dusty turning track" in the opening Test in Chennai. Despite conceding a 71 first innings lead, Tendulkar struck 155 in India's second innings, as India won by 169 runs. Australia suffered further humiliation in the second Test at Eden Gardens. India—whom amassed 5/633 in reply to Australia's 233—went onto win by an innings and 16 runs, as Ponting scored 60 and nine. Several days after the match, Ponting was thrown out of Equinox night club in Kolkata. The Indian media reported that Ponting was misbehaving with several women in the nightclub. Ponting was fined $1000 by Australian team management for the incident, and later apologised to staff. Ponting later wrote: A few of the players wanted to go to a nightspot and so this guy had organised for us to get into a nightclub in Calcutta that was usually restricted to members and special guests. When we arrived at the nightclub this same guy spoke to the doorman. He explained that we were Australian cricketers and after a few minutes, they let us in. What we didn't know was that it was a couples night which meant the only way men could get in was in the company of a female. We were quite happy just hanging out together and having a few drinks, and for me it was a chance to celebrate North Melbourne's win in the AFL Ansett Cup final in Melbourne. Everyone was having a good time and knocking down a few beers and the next thing I knew I was asked to leave by one of the security guys. I am usually the last one to leave a nightclub and I wanted to stay, and there was a scuffle but that is all there was to it. I didn't realise we were the only single guys there. To be honest I couldn't remember half of what went on during the night because I'd had a skinful but I definitely did not assault women in the nightclub. Thankfully I had enough witnesses to prove it. In the following Test in Bangalore, Australia won their first Test in India for 29 years, despite 177 not out from Tendulkar, which gave India a slender first innings lead. Ponting scored 16 his only innings as Australia won by eight wickets. He finished the series with 105 runs at 21.00 as the hosts took the Tests 2–1. Despite a poor Test series, Ponting's form in ODIs remained strong. In consecutive tournaments in India and Sharjah following the Tests, Ponting scored 467 runs at 51.88. In addition to three fifties, Ponting scored 145 from 158 balls in the Pepsi Cup against Zimbabwe in Delhi, equalling Dean Jones' Australian record. Ponting also had his first confrontation with Harbhajan Singh, an Indian off spinner who went on to have much success against him. In the Coca-Cola Cup series ODI against India in April, he and Mark Waugh put on more than 80 runs in 12 overs before Harbhajan was introduced into the attack. In the spinners second over, Ponting took him for four then lofted him over mid-wicket for six next ball. The following delivery saw Ponting use his feet in an attempt to get to the pitch of the ball but missed the shot and was consequently stumped. After the dismissal the pair clashed verbally. Ponting wrote, "The Sharjah incident was the result of me being over-competitive but it had the potential to get quite nasty. I was really disappointed with the shot I played and when I looked up Harbahjan was right in my face giving me the finger and really mouthing off. Had he been a few more metres away from me I would have not reacted like I did or at the most I would have given him a bit of lip as I walked past. I just over-reacted to the provocation." Both players were consequently fined ($500) and reprimanded by the match referee, with Harbhajan also suspended for a single ODI as he was adjudged to have breached the ICC Cricket Code of Conduct. On the subsequent tour of Pakistan less than six months later, Ponting was dropped in favour of Darren Lehmann. The left-hander was perceived to be a better player of spin and a better prospect on the dry pitches of the Indian subcontinent than Ponting. In the first Test starting in October, Lehmann scored 98 in Rawalpindi, as Australia won their first Test in Pakistan in 39 years. Ponting's only Test outing was in a high-scoring second Test draw in Peshawar, when he scored 76 not out and 43 as Lehmann was injured. The match saw Mark Taylor equal Don Bradman's Australian record score of 334, when he declared Australia's innings overnight on 4/599, despite being not out. Ponting was replaced by Lehmann for the final Test. In between the Tests and the ODIs, Australia were knocked out of the 1998 Wills International Cup, starting in late October, when they were defeated by India in their opening match. In a knockout based tournament, Tendulkar scored 141 in India's total of 307; meanwhile, Ponting managed a 53 ball 41, in a 44 run defeat. In a tournament hosted in Bangladesh, South Africa were eventual victors, defeating the West Indies in the final. He played in all the following ODIs against Pakistan, which Australia won 3–0. In the final match, Ponting scored 124 not out from 129 balls, as Australia chased down 316 with six wickets to spare. He finished the series with 215 runs at 107.50. When the Australians returned for the home series against England, Ponting was "in the worst run-scoring groove in his first-class career." Nevertheless, he was recalled in place of Lehmann, despite the latter's form in Pakistan. This was explained on the basis of "horses for courses"; it was reasoned that Ponting would be more effective against England's pace-oriented bowling attack. However, Ponting struggled in the first three Tests, scoring 47 runs at 11.75, and Lehmann regained his spot for the last two matches. He had played 22 Tests by the end of 1998, with 1,209 runs at an average of 36.63. Ponting was a permanent fixture in the ODI team throughout this period, and scored 322 runs at 46.00 during the Carlton & United (CUB series) series of 1998–99. During the CUB series, Ponting was involved in a fight outside a pub in Kings Cross, New South Wales, and earned a three match suspension from the national team. He sustained a black eye in the fight. Forced to front a media conference with the black eye, Ponting admitted that he had a "problem with alcohol," and sought external help to attend to this problem. He also thought that his career was on "thin ice" and he had "overstepped" the mark, along with admitting that the episode may have ended his International captaincy aspirations. 1999–2002: The road back to the Australian side Mark Taylor retired from international cricket on 2 February 1999, and was replaced by ODI captain Steve Waugh. Lehmann failed to make much impact in the final two Ashes Tests and was dropped for the 1998–99 tour of the West Indies, while Ponting was recalled. Ponting's ability against pace-bowling helped his push for inclusion, as the West Indies typically relied entirely on pacemen. However, he was unable to force his way into the side in the first two tests, with number three, Justin Langer, and number six, Greg Blewett, cementing their places in the side. Before the third Test, Blewett suffered a hand injury and Ponting was recalled into the side. On a pitch that became increasingly flat throughout the day, Ponting—who came to the crease with the score at 4–144—joined Steve Waugh in a 281 partnership. After Waugh survived one of Ambrose's "more threatening spells", he scored 199 and Ponting 104. He "batted with maturity and even temperament associated with the champions of the game", according to Waugh. Australia collapsed in their second innings to be bowled out for 146, with Ponting scoring 22. Left with a record run-chase in Barbados, the West Indies won by a single wicket, thanks to an unbeaten Brian Lara century. Australia had to win the Fourth and final Test in Antigua to retain the series, after going down 2–1. Ponting scored 21 and 21 not out in the match, as Australia won by 176 runs. The following seven-match ODI series was not a success for Ponting, scoring just 74 runs at 14.80 in five matches. The series was drawn at 3-all and included a tie. First World Cup success (1999) Australia started their 1999 World Cup campaign in England with success against minnows Scotland, before defeats by Pakistan and New Zealand. Ponting scored, 33, 47 and 49 respectively. After the twin defeats, pundits doubted whether Australia could make the semi-finals let alone win the tournament. Australia then defeated Bangladesh with 30 overs to spare, as Ponting batted out of his usual number three spot for the only time in the tournament. In an attempt to increase the run-rate with pinch hitter Brendon Julian, Ponting scored an unbeaten 18 from 10 balls at number four. Ponting scored 20, 23 and 36 in the following matches against the West Indies, India and Zimbabwe. In the last match of the Super Six stage of the tournament, Australia were to play South Africa in a match they needed to win to make the semi-finals. South Africa batted first and scored 271, before Australia slumped to 3/48. Steve Waugh joined Ponting in the middle and scored 22 runs in ten overs. Both then agreed increase the scoring in a mid-pitch conversation. South African all-rounder Jacques Kallis could not bowl because of strained abdominal muscles and the batting pair attacked the replacement bowlers, scoring 82 from 10 overs. They were involved in a 126-run stand until Ponting fell for 69 scored in 110 balls, including five fours and two sixes. Waugh went on to make 120 off 110 deliveries helping Australia win with two balls to spare. The sides met again in their next match, this time in the semi-final at Edgbaston on 17 June 1999. Australia only managed 213, with Ponting contributing a solid 37 from 48 balls. In reply, South Africa started strongly, talking 45 from the first nine overs without the loss of a wicket. However, Shane Warne dismissed Herschelle Gibbs and Gary Kirsten before long and eventually took 4/29 from 10 overs. The last over started with the Africans needing nine runs with one wicket in hand. Lower-order hitter, Lance Klusener, proceeded to score eight runs in the next two balls. Drama followed, as Donald was run-out two balls later, resulting in a tie. Australia qualified for the final because they finished higher than their opposition on the Super Six table. They comfortably accounted for Pakistan in the final, winning by eight wickets, after they were set a target of 132. Ponting scored 24 in Australia's first World Cup win since 1987. He ended the tournament with 354 runs at 39.33. Australia soon travelled to Sri Lanka for a three-Test series, which they lost 1–0. Ponting was one of Australia's few effective players during the tour and was Man-of-the-Series, ending with 253 runs at 84.33. In the First Test defeat at Kandy, Ponting scored 96 and 51, almost half of Australia's match total of 328 runs. They lost the match by six wickets, partly due to being unable to handle the spin of Muralitharan who took eight wickets. The Second Test was severely interrupted by rain and Ponting scored just one in his only innings. He scored 105 not out in the Third Test in Colombo, his only Test century in Sri Lanka. Despite having a perceived weakness against spin, Ponting played Muralitharan the best out of all the Australian batsmen. He scored 31 as Australia won their inaugural Test against Zimbabwe by nine wickets. In the following ODI series between the respective countries, Ponting scored 288 runs at 57.60 with two fifties. Ponting started the 1999–2000 season poorly, with ducks in his first three Test innings in the series against Pakistan, including a pair on his home ground Bellerive Oval. He ended the run in style, scoring 197 in the Third Test at the WACA. Australia won the series 3–0 and Ponting proceeded to score 125 in the First Test against India at the Adelaide Oval. He finished with an unbeaten 141 in the Third Test at the SCG, the culmination of another Australian whitewash. Ponting was the leading scorer for the series, compiling 375 runs at 125.00. He brought this form into the initial stages of the following 1999–2000 Carlton United ODI series, hitting 32 and 115, before three consecutive ducks. Ponting, however, ended the rut towards the back end of the series, stringing together 53, 43, 33, 50 and 78, as Australia won the tournament. Along with his impressive average of 40.4, Ponting's strike rate (87.06) was the highest of all recognised Australian batsmen. Perhaps more importantly, Ponting was selected as temporary vice-captain when Shane Warne was unavailable through injury, strengthening his claim for future higher honours. "It's now apparent to me that I'm one being viewed as a future Australia captain", Ponting acknowledged in his newspaper column. "I think it's fair to say unless I was being considered for a future leadership position in the team then someone with significantly more experience, like Mark would have been given the nod to be the team's vice-captain. Despite all his good fortune, Ponting slid into the boundary fence and seriously damaged his ankle during the second final against Pakistan, forcing him to miss the upcoming ODI series' in New Zealand and South Africa. The damaged ligaments required a two-hour operation, with doctors telling him how he would not be able to return to cricket until the next summer. He recovered quicker than expected and by May he returned to the golf course and was given approval to start cricket training. He returned to the international scene in August for a three-match ODI series against South Africa in Melbourne's indoor Docklands Stadium. He made only 60 runs, as the series was tied 1–1, with a tie. Ahead of the first Test of the 2000–01 season in November, Ponting found form while playing for Tasmania. He scored 233 against a strong Queensland bowling team that included Andy Bichel, Adam Dale and Ashley Noffke. The innings included 37 boundaries and four sixes, and was so dominant, the next highest score for the innings was 61. In the second and final first-class match Ponting played for Tasmania in the season, he scored a more sedate 187 against New South Wales in Hobart, assuring him a place in the Test side, despite Damien Martyn (who replaced Ponting in the side when injured) scoring two centuries for Western Australia. Ponting was overlooked the ODI vice-captaincy, with Gilchrist given the role; however, Ponting captained a Northern Territory XI against the West Indies in the lead-up to the upcoming series. Though not known for extravagant claims, Steve Waugh told a journalist that Ponting could easily be the best batsman in the world, and put him alongside Sachin Tendulkar and Brian Lara. When Jamie Cox was selected for Australia A, Ponting was selected as captain of Tasmania for a domestic one-dayer against Victoria in December. His men won by nine wickets, with Ponting scoring an unbeaten 64 from 69 balls. Australia white-washed the West Indies 5–0 in the Test series; Ponting scored a modest 242 runs at 40.33, with a high score of 92. Defeat in India and 2001 Ashes Injury aside (he missed a three-Test tour of New Zealand in early 2000 after hurting his ankle in a fielding mishap in an ODI Final at Sydney), his position was now secured. Australia toured India in between February and April for three Tests and five ODIs. Australia had not won a Test series in India since 1969. Australian captain Steve Waugh began calling this the "Final Frontier". Australia lost the series 2–1 after winning the first Test, and Ponting finished with just 17 runs at an average of 3.4. He was dismissed all five times by Harbhajan Singh. Ponting had a habit of instinctively rocking onto the front foot and thrusting his wrists at Harbhajan's deliveries and was frequently caught in the bat pad positions because of this. Despite this recent run of poor scores, Ponting was promoted to the key No. 3 position in the Australian batting order at the expense of the dropped Justin Langer, while Damien Martyn took Ponting's former spot at No. 6, for the very next Test series, the 2001 Ashes tour of England. Ponting began the series poorly, scoring 11, 14, 4, 14 and 17—the first four dismissals all to Darren Gough. In the first innings of the fourth Test, Ponting stood his ground while on 0 after edging to slips and refused to go off the field without a TV replay. Replays revealed that the ball had been grassed and Ponting subsequently went on to score 144 and 72 in the second innings. He scored his 216 runs in only 226 balls. In doing so, he repeated his feat in 1997 of returning to form at Headingley. He ended the series with 338 runs at 42.25. Starting with that 2001 Ashes series he has batted No. 3 in all but four of his Test innings. The touring New Zealanders were not expected to provide much of a challenge to the in-form Australians during the three-match Test series starting in November. The opening Test in Brisbane, saw the tourists came within 11 runs of victory, before the Test was drawn; partly to do with inclement weather. Ponting scored five and a run-a-ball 32 not out in Australia's second innings, as they pushed for a declaration. After scoring 4, 0 and 0 in his previous Test outings at Bellerive Oval, Ponting broke through with a man-of-the-match performance of 157 not out in the Second Test, before further rain resulted in another draw. The result of the Third Test in Perth was no different, with Ponting scoring 31 and 26. Set a record 440 to win, Australia finished on 7/381 at stumps on the final day, despite half-centuries from Gilchrist and the Waugh twins. He ended the Test season 366 runs at 52.28. 2002–2004: Appointment as One Day International captain Appointment as One Day International captain Ponting at a training session at the Adelaide Oval in 2009. Although the Test team had continued to perform well, sweeping South Africa 3–0 in the home series in 2001–02, the One-Day International (ODI) team suffered a slump, failing to qualify for the finals of the triangular tournament, leading to the dropping of Steve Waugh from the one-day team in February 2002. Ponting was elevated to the captaincy, ahead of then vice-captain Adam Gilchrist. The fortunes of the ODI team revived immediately, and Ponting's men won their first series during the tour of South Africa, defeating the team that had won the tournament which ended Waugh's reign. Following his elevation to the ODI captaincy, Ponting played a prominent role in the Test tour of South Africa. He scored 100 not out to steer Australia to a four-wicket win in the Second Test in Cape Town, bringing up the winning runs with a six from the bowling of Paul Adams. He struck 89 in the Third Test and ended the series with 308 runs at 77.25 with a strike rate of 76.48. Australia entered the seven-match ODI series without both of the Waugh twins. Ponting was prominent in the 3–0 whitewash of Pakistan on neutral territory in late 2002. He struck 141 in the First Test in Colombo and 150 in the Third Test in Sharjah to end with 342 runs at 85.50. 2002–03 Ashes victory and first World Cup success as captain England toured for the 2002–03 Australian season, and Ponting struck 123 in the First Test in Brisbane. His form continued with 154 in the Second Test in Adelaide, meaning that he had scored four centuries in five Tests. Australia won the latter match by an innings and Ponting scored 68 in the Third Test in Perth as Australia took an unassailable 3–0 lead. He was unable to pass fifty in the final two Tests and ended the series with 417 runs at 52.12. Australia won the VB series held between and after the Tests. After the conclusion of the Third Test, Australia's 30-man squad for upcoming 2003 World Cup was announced. Steve Waugh was a somewhat surprising omission, despite being unable to force his way back into the ODI team since being dropped after team disappointment in the 2001–02 VB Series. Ponting scored a slow 18 from 30 deliveries in Australia's victory in the opening match of the 2002–03 VB series against England in Sydney. He proceeded to score 119 from 123 balls (nine fours and three sixes) in Australia's second match of the series—again against England, this time at the MCG—sharing an all wicket record Australian ODI partnership of 225 with Adam Gilchrist in the process. Despite a comfortable Australian victory, Warne dislocated his right shoulder while diving to stop a ball. The success continued through the 2002–03 ODI series in Australia. Winning the finals series against England 2–0. Australia hit trouble on the personnel front in the lead up to the World Cup. Lehmann was handed a seven-match ban for racial abuse, the world's number 1 ranked ODI batsman Michael Bevan was injured, as was all rounder Shane Watson, who had to withdraw from the World Cup. At the time, another all-rounder, Andrew Symonds, had been performing poorly and had been heavily maligned by cricket analysts, but Ponting strongly advocated his inclusion. The selectors granted Ponting his wish, although the decision was considered highly controversial, especially with Waugh campaigning for his recall as an all-rounder. A few days before the tournament started, Australia were in further turmoil, when leading bowler Shane Warne was sent home after failing a drugs test, and a replacement could not be flown in until after the first match. With Bevan and Lehmann still sidelined, Australia went into their opening match with little choice over their line-up, and Symonds having to play. However, Symonds repaid Ponting's faith with an unbeaten 140 after Australia lost three quick wickets to be in early trouble. Australia beat Pakistan, and gained further momentum by defeating India by nine wickets in less than half their allotted overs in the next match. Symonds continued to put in a series of match-winning performances and continued to be strongly backed by Ponting from then on. Ponting himself performed solidly with 53 against Pakistan and 24 not out, hitting the winning runs to guide Australia home. He failed to perform in the rest of the group matches including just 2 against Namibia and 18 against England in a poor performance which Australia managed to win just. He began the Super Six stage with a massive 114 against Sri Lanka. This innings included 4 sixes and he was very aggressive. He failed in the rest of the Super Six stage and the semi-final against the same opposition (Sri Lanka). In the Final, they met India, who they had crushed in the group stage. Indian captain Sourav Ganguly controversially sent the Australians in to bat, citing cloud cover, but Ponting's batsmen attacked immediately and put the Indian bowlers under pressure. They went on to score 359–2, a record for a world cup final by over 100 runs. Ponting top-scored with a brilliant 140 not out from 121 balls. India's batsmen could not cope with the target, and were defeated by a record (for World Cup Final matches) 125 runs. "I have had some amazing times and some proud moments in my career, but the events at the Wanderers have topped the lot. Lifting the World Cup alongside 20 other proud Australians ... without doubt the best moment of my cricketing life." Ponting led his team to a dominant, undefeated, performance in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, winning all 11 of their matches. Ponting was announced as long-term vice-captain in place of Adam Gilchrist for Australia's away series in the Caribbean starting in April 2003. The first Test was not the first time Ponting had been vice-captain of the Australian Test team however, as he was thrust into the role against the West Indies in 2000 and England in 2001—because of injuries to Steve Waugh. Although Gilchrist had not done anything untoward, Ponting was elevated because Australian selectors wanted him to captain if Waugh was to be injured. This was Ponting's third tour to the Caribbean, and he was rested from the only warm-up match ahead of the Tests. Nevertheless, he continued his World Cup form in the First Test, scoring 117 and 42 not out on a slow and low pitch, as Australia won by nine wickets. Ponting scored his first double century (206) in the Second Test, as he and Darren Lehmann shared an Australian third-wicket partnership record of 315 against a weak bowling attack. Australia defeated the West Indies by 118 runs on the final day—retaining the Frank Worrell Trophy. The Tasmanian's rich vein of form continued in the Third Test, after being rested for a tour match against Barbados. He scored 113 before running himself out, as Australia batted first on a pitch at the Kensington Oval described as the slowest Waugh had played on. Waugh's men proceeded to take a 3–0 series, with a comfortable nine-wicket victory. Ponting missed the final Test, as Australia conceded the Test record run chase of 418; nevertheless, Ponting was still awarded the man-of-the-series award, after ending the series with 523 runs at 130.75. 5,000 Test runs Main articles: Bangladesh cricket team in Australia in 2003 and Zimbabwean cricket team in Australia in 2003–04 Test cricket record   Matches Runs Best Average 100s 50s Home 92 7578 257 56.97 23 5 Away 71 5360 206 45.81 16 17 Neutral 5 440 150 55.00 2 7 Ponting then scored 10 and 59 as Australia recorded comfortable innings victories in their inaugural series against Bangladesh, played in Darwin and Cairns in the tropical north of Australia in the winter of 2003. In the third and final match of the ODI series following the Tests, Ponting scored a composed century, as he and Michael Bevan put on a run-a-ball 127-run stand. Australia's cricket summer started in October; a month earlier than usual because of their ODI series in India following their home series against Zimbabwe. Due to the season's early start, many of the Australian players were not match fit. McGrath missed the series with an ankle injury, while there were concerns about whether Australia should be playing Zimbabwe because of Robert Mugabe's regime. The first Test started on 9 October in Perth, as Australia started strongly batted first against a Zimbabwean bowling attack that lacked penetration on a flat WACA wicket. However, Ponting was dismissed leg before wicket for 37, while Hayden went on to break Brian Lara's world record Test score of 375. Australia won the Test by an innings and 175 runs on the final day. In the next Test at the SCG Australia fielded an inexperienced team due to injuries and won by nine wickets; sweeping the series 2–0. Ponting struck 169 and 53 not out, and passed 5,000 Test runs during his first innings century. The Australian number three ended the two-match series with 259 runs at 129.50. In the midst of the lack of public attention and poor crowds, Ponting wrote how he was unsure whether Bangladesh and Zimbabwe should be playing Test cricket. Australia flew to India two-day after the conclusion of the Zimbabwean series to play in the TVS Cup against India and New Zealand. They opened their campaign on 26 October against India in Gwalior, but were defeated by 37 runs, as Ponting was dismissed for two. Australia played New Zealand in match three of series in Faridabad. An early 9 am start saw New Zealand bowled out for 97, despite Australia bowling 17 wides. Australia comfortably reached the target, losing only two wickets in the process; one of which was Ponting for 12, who felt that he was "in terrible form.". Before Australia's next game, Ponting was named the Wisden International Cricketer of the Year in an award ceremony in Mumbai. Two days later, the city saw Australia defeat India by 77 runs, helped by Ponting's 31. He continued his run without a large score, managing just 16 in the fifth match of the series against New Zealand; however, Australia won a hard-fought contest. He regained his form in a victory over New Zealand in match—scoring 52 in Guwahati. Ponting improved further against India in match eight in Bangalore. After Gilchrist scored his first ODI century against India, Ponting scored an unbeaten 108 from 103 balls, to help Australia win by 61 runs. Ponting hit seven sixes and one four, becoming the first batsman to end up with only one four in an ODI century. Ponting struggled to come to terms with the pitch early, reaching his 50 in 69 balls, before scoring his next 50 in 31 deliveries. After defeating New Zealand, India qualified for the final against Australia. Batting first in Kolkata, Australia managed 5/235, as Ponting scored 36. India were bowled out for 198, leaving Australia victors by 37 runs. He finished the series with 296 runs—the third highest run-scorer—at an average of 42.83. Most runs by an Australian in a calendar year (2003) Main article: Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003–04 After making 54 and 50 in the rain-drawn First Test in Brisbane, Ponting scored double-centuries in back-to-back Tests against India, in the Second Test at Adelaide (242) and at Melbourne (257, his career high). He hit 31 not out in the second innings in Melbourne as Australia levelled the series 1–1 and scored 25 and 47 in the drawn Fourth Test in Sydney to end as the leading run-scorer for the series, with 706 runs at 100.85. Harbhajan had been sent home after the First Test with an injury to his spinning finger. Having also scored 206 at Port-of-Spain earlier in the year, he became only the second player (Sir Donald Bradman the other) to hit three double-centuries in a calendar year. Ponting's 242 against India at Adelaide is also the highest ever Test score by a batsman whose team was subsequently defeated in the match. After Steve Waugh's retirement at the beginning of 2004 following the drawn home series against India, Ponting assumed the Test captaincy. Since 1997 the Australian team has not always had the same captain for Tests and for ODIs, with Mark Taylor and Steve Waugh being dropped from the ODI team whilst still the Test captain. 2004–2008: Appointment as Test captain Main articles: 2004 ICC Champions Trophy, New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2004–05, and Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2004–05 Ricky Ponting was destined to lead his country – I couldn't have handed Australian cricket's ultimate individual honour to a more capable and deserving man. A leader must earn respect and lead from the front, and on both of these counts Punter has undoubtedly excelled. When the one-day leadership duties were passed over to Ricky in South Africa, my main piece of advice to him was, 'Make sure you take care of your own game and maintain your form, because everything else will follow from that.' Since assuming the mantle, Punter has shown himself to be among the top three batsmen in the world in both forms of the game, and has elevated his hunger and desire for runs to a level most can only aspire to.— Steve Waugh writing about Ponting replacing him as Australian captain After Steve Waugh's (pictured) retirement at the beginning of 2004 following the drawn home series against India, Ponting assumed the Test captaincy. Ponting started with a 3–0 clean sweep of the Test series in Sri Lanka. Ponting brought Symonds into the Test team on the back of strong ODI form, rather than first-class cricket, replacing Simon Katich, who had scored a century and unbeaten fifty in the last Test. However, this backfired and Symonds was dropped after two Tests. Nevertheless, it was a far cry from Australia's last two Test campaigns in Sri Lanka, which had resulted in a 1–0 and 0–1 results respectively. Individually though, Ponting struggled, especially in comparison to his efforts in 1999. He scored 198 runs at 33.00, his only effort beyond 30 being 92 in the first innings of the Third Test at the Sinhalese Sports Club ground in Colombo. Australia hosted Sri Lanka for two Tests during the winter, in the tropical north. Ponting missed the victory in the First Test in Darwin due to a family bereavement, and scored 22 and 45 as the Second Test in Cairns was drawn. Despite their success at World Cups, Australia continued their failure to win the ICC Champions Trophy. They were knocked out by hosts England in the semifinals in 2004. After missing most of the tour of India due to injury, Ponting returned for the Fourth Test. By this time, Australia had taken an unassailable 2–0 series lead, his deputy Gilchrist leading the tourists to their first Test series win in India since 1969–70. Leading spinner Shane Warne injured himself on the eve of the match, which was played on a very dry pitch at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. Off spinner Nathan Hauritz and leg spinner Cameron White, who were not regular wicket-takers in domestic cricket, were surprise selections ahead of Stuart MacGill for the tour. The reasoning given by the selectors was that as they intended to play only one spinner—Warne—MacGill was unlikely to play so they would not lose anything by taking some young spinners instead, in order to gain experience. However, it was too late for MacGill to be flown in, and Hauritz played and took 5/103. Ponting made 11 and 12 and Australia lost a low-scoring match in less than two days' equivalent playing time. Ponting was very vocal in criticising the playing surface after the match. Ponting signing autographs in Sydney, 2005, before he scored his fourth career double century. Ponting oversaw a successful campaign in the 2004–05 Australian season. They won all five Tests, defeating New Zealand 2–0 and Pakistan 3–0. Ponting scored 145 runs at 72.50 against New Zealand in a winning start to his Test captaincy on home soil. For his performances in 2004, he was named as captain of both the World Test XI and ODI XI by ICC. Up to this point, Ponting's prolific form with the bat in 2003 had tapered away following his ascension to the captaincy and he had not made a century in eight Tests, a long period by his standards. In the First Test against Pakistan in Perth, Ponting made 98 in the second innings. Australia went on to crush the visitors by over 400 runs. Ponting struck 62 not out in the second innings as Australia won by nine wickets in the Second Test in Melbourne, and then brought up his maiden century as captain, scoring 207 in the New Year's Test in Sydney, which ended in another convincing nine-wicket triumph. He ended the series with 403 runs at 100.75. Australia then won a three-Test tour against New Zealand away 2–0. Ponting ended the series in style, scoring 105 and 86 not out in the Third Test win in New Zealand. In his first Test series in the country, he scored 293 runs at 97.66. Australia lose an Ashes series for the first time since 1987 Main articles: 2005 Ashes series and ICC Super Series 2005 Australia lost to England 2–1 after starting the series as favourites. Ponting thus became the first Australian captain since Allan Border in 1986–87 to lose an Ashes series. The 2005 series was hailed as one of the great Test series, but Ponting faced significant criticism afterwards and his tenure as captain was questioned. In his defence, Ponting said that Australia had simply been outplayed and had not stepped up at crucial moments in the matches. He rejected suggestions that Shane Warne should be captain in his stead. After the first two matches the score was 1–1, having lost Glenn McGrath during the warm-up at Edgbaston and falling short of victory by just 3 run. England had the upper hand throughout the third Test at Old Trafford, where Australia needed to bat through the last day to force a draw. Ponting scored 156, the first Australian century of the series, and was dismissed only four overs from the end of the day. This left Australia nine wickets down but their final pair survived the remaining overs. In the fourth Test at Trent Bridge, Australia again batted poorly and was forced to follow-on. In the second innings, Ponting was well set on a score of 48, and England was in some difficulty due to an injury to key paceman Simon Jones, when the Australian captain was run out by a direct hit from the substitute fielder (Gary Pratt). Ponting reacted angrily, directing an abusive tirade at the English support team in the pavilion concerning the liberal use of substitutes as he walked into the Australian rooms. England had routinely used substitutes so that their bowlers could receive massages between their spells, but in this case, Pratt was on the field due to an injury to Jones, who had been taken to hospital and would go on to miss the fifth and final Test match of the series. Ponting was later fined 75% of his match fee by the match referee. Australia went on to lose the match, despite a spirited fightback with the ball on the last day. Also in this match Ponting bowled six overs, and took his first wicket since March 1999; Michael Vaughan caught behind by Adam Gilchrist. The Fifth Test at The Oval was curtailed by rain and although Australia had the English batsmen in danger on the final day, a rearguard counterattacking partnership by Kevin Pietersen and Ashley Giles on the final afternoon secured a draw for the hosts. Thus, the Ashes were lost for the first time in 16 years. The setback to Australia, and to Ponting as Australian captain, of the 2005 Ashes defeat, was to prove a strong motivation for the Australian camp to improve their standards and overcome any complacency that may have arisen from Australia's being the world's premier cricketing nation for a decade. Prior to the Ashes defeat, Australia's dominance had prompted the ICC to organise a series against a World XI, immediately after the Ashes. Following the Ashes defeat, Australia were expected to struggle against the World XI, but bounced back to whitewash them 3–0 in the ODIs; they also won the only Test easily, Ponting scoring 46 and 54. However, the series was also criticised due to the apparent lack of collective desire of the World XI, who were regarded more as a collection of individuals. Twin centuries in 100th Test Main articles: 2005–06 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy and South African cricket team in Australia in 2005–06 Ponting during his 124 against Sri Lanka on 12 February 2006 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Australia were untroubled during the 2005–06 home season—whitewashing the West Indies 3–0 before defeating South Africa 2–0 in three Tests. They then toured South Africa and recorded a 3–0 whitewash in the Tests. In the series against the West Indies, Ponting scored a century in each innings of the First Test in Brisbane, 149 and 104 not out. In his first Test as captain in front of the Tasmanian public, Ponting managed 17 and 0 not out, and he ended the series with 329 runs at 82.25. Ponting was in a rich vein of form against the South Africans. After scoring 71 and 53 in the drawn First Test in Perth, Ponting scored 117 on Boxing Day in the Second Test at the MCG. Australia won the match and Ponting scored 120 and 143 not out to end the series and start the New Year with a dramatic win in the Third Test at the SCG. South African captain Graeme Smith declared on the final morning of a rain-curtailed match and tried to open up the game in a bid to equal the series. He left Australia a target of 287 runs in 76 overs, and Ponting made 143 not out in only 159 balls to secure an eight-wicket win. It was the first time anyone had scored two centuries in their 100th Test and Ponting was named man of the match and man of the series. He had scored 515 runs at 103.00. For his performances in 2005, he was named once again as captain of the World Test XI by ICC. Australia's first Champions Trophy victory Main articles: Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2005–06, Australian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2005–06, and 2006 ICC Champions Trophy In 2005 Ponting began using cricket bats with a graphite covering over the wooden blade of the bat, as did other players contracted to Kookaburra Sport. This was ruled by the MCC to have contravened Law 6.1, which states that bats have to be made of wood, although they may be "covered with material for protection, strengthening or repair not likely to cause unacceptable damage to the ball". Ponting and Kookaburra agreed to comply, before the series against South Africa. Australia continued their run in South Africa even in the absence of McGrath for family reasons. Ponting scored 103 and 116 in the Second Test in Durban, making it three Test centuries in consecutive innings at the ground. He ended the series with 348 runs at 58.00. Remarkably his performance at Durban meant that Ponting had scored twin centuries in three separate Tests between November 2005 and March 2006, as part of 1192 runs at 79.5 in nine matches over the same period. On 12 March 2006 Ponting scored 164 in only 105 balls in the 5th ODI against South Africa in Johannesburg, as Australia made a record total of 434 for 4, only to be beaten by South Africa's 438 for 9. At the end of the match Ponting was jointly awarded Man of the Match with Herschelle Gibbs. Ponting was not happy with the performance and once in the dressing rooms delivered "the biggest spray" he hoped to do while captain of Australia. The Australians moved on to their maiden Test tour of Bangladesh thereafter, and narrowly avoided an ignominious loss in the First Test at Fatullah. After the home side took an unexpected first innings lead, Ponting scored an unbeaten 118 in the second innings to guide his team to a three-wicket win. He scored 52 in the Second Test as Australia won by an innings and took the series 2–0. Australia won the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy in India, finally winning the ODI tournament that had eluded them despite their World Cup success. After the final in Mumbai, Ponting drew some criticism for appearing to ask BCCI president and Indian cabinet minister Sharad Pawar to "leave the podium" and pointing towards the exit with his finger, while his teammate Damien Martyn pushed him gently in the back so that his team could commence celebrations. The issue, while minor, was solved when Ponting issued a formal apology to Pawar. For his performances in 2006, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC. For his performances in 2006, he was named as captain of the World Test XI by ESPNcricinfo. Ashes regained and 10,000 ODI runs at 2007 World Cup Main articles: 2006-07 Ashes series, 2007 Cricket World Cup, 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and Australian cricket team in India in 2007–08 See also: List of batsmen who have scored over 10000 One Day International cricket runs In November 2006, the England cricket team again took on Australia in the first Test of a five Test series that was widely expected to be a tremendous contest between Australia, the top team on the world cricket rankings, and the England team, whose aggregated results over the last few years had it standing second in the rankings. Despite Australia this time having the advantage of playing on its own soil, the England team that had wrested the Ashes from the Australians was expected to be highly competitive. The Australian cricket team with a replica of The Ashes urn In the First Test in Brisbane, Ponting top-scored in Australia's first innings with 196 runs, and he followed this up with 60 not out in the second as Australia took the initiative with a commanding win. In the Second Test in Adelaide, Ponting top-scored with 142, helping Australia to a total of 513 in response to England's 6/551. Australia went on to win the match by six wickets after a last day English collapse, Ponting making 49 in the chase. At the conclusion of the match, Ponting's batting average peaked at 59.99. The Third Test played at the WACA Ground saw another win to Australia by 206 runs to reclaim the Ashes; Ponting made 2 and 75. The 15 months they had been in English hands was the shortest period either nation had held the urn. Further wins in Melbourne and Sydney, made Ponting's team the second team (after Warwick Armstrong's Australian team in 1920–21) to win an Ashes series 5–0, and that against what had been thought to be a formidable team, the second strongest cricketing team in the world. Ponting was awarded Man of the Series for the 2006–07 Ashes series after scoring 576 runs at an average of 82.29 including 2 centuries and 2 half centuries. For his performances in 2006, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC. Australia then started the ODI series well, qualifying in first place for the final. However, they stumbled and lost 2–0 to England in the finals. Ponting was then rested for the Chappell–Hadlee Trophy ahead of the World Cup, and in his absence, the Australians were whitewashed 3–0, leading to suggestions that his team had slumped just ahead of the most important ODI tournament in world cricket. Australia left for St Vincent, Australia's venue for its two warm-up matches against Zimbabwe and England on 28 February without Brett Lee because of ankle damage. In the first warmup game against Zimbabwe, Ponting scored just 2 in Australia's 106 run victory. In Australia's second and last warm up game, this time against England, Ponting again failed to make an impact, scoring just 7 before he was bowled by off-spinner Jamie Dalrymple. Australia started its World Cup campaign with three group matches played at Warner Park, St Kitts. Ponting himself began successfully with an innings of 113 from 93 deliveries that included five sixes, as Australia were dominant in 203-run victory against Scotland. Despite scoring just 23 in the next match against the Netherlands, Australia still amassed 358 and proceeded to win by 229 runs. In their next match against South Africa, Australia amassed 377/6—their highest score in World Cups. Ponting also scored 91 from 91 balls, and became the seventh player to score 10,000 ODI runs. Despite South Africa being 160 without loss in the 21st over, they crumbled, losing 9 wickets for just 74 runs. A large crowd of over 10,000 fans welcome the Australian team on completing the first World Cup hat-trick – Martin Place, Sydney. Australia comfortably qualified for the Super Eights with their first match played at the new Sir Vivian Richards Stadium in Antigua. Ponting stated that he was not very impressed with the outfield labelling it "ridiculously sandy". The Australian captain was run out when on 35, with his team amassing 322 mainly thanks to 158 from Hayden. In a match spread out over two days, Australia comfortably defeated the home side by 103 runs. In their next match, Australia come up against lowly Bangladesh in another rain interrupted affair. This time the match was shortened to 22 overs a side. In the end Australia won by 10 wickets with Ponting not getting a chance to bat. In their next match against England, again in Antigua, Ponting scored a half-century, guiding Australia to a seven-wicket victory. After not getting a bat in Australia's rout of Ireland in Barbados, Ponting steered Australia to victory in their next match against Sri Lanka in Grenada, with 66 not out. Grenada was again the venue for Australia's final super eights match, this time against New Zealand. Again amongst the runs, Ponting produced a fluent 66 that included seven boundaries, with his team wrapping up their biggest victory of the tournament. With his men now firm favourites for the tournament, they again came up against South Africa in the semi-final. South Africa, who were reeling at 27/5, ended up setting Australia 150 to win. Although Ponting scored 22, Australia easily dispatched South Africa by 7 wickets. He was named as captain of the 'Team of the Tournament' by ESPNcricinfo. For his performances in 2007, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC and ESPNcricinfo. Sydney Test controversy Main articles: Sri Lankan cricket team in Australia in 2007–08, 2007–08 Chappell–Hadlee Trophy, and Indian cricket team in Australia in 2007–08 The 2007–08 started a new era for Australia, as McGrath and Warne had both retired at the end of the previous Ashes series. The pair had taken more than 1250 Test wickets between them, and the only three Test defeats that Australia had suffered under Ponting, once against India in Mumbai in 2004 and the two against England in 2005, had all occurred when one of the two were injured. Now that both had gone, critics wondered whether Australia and Ponting could maintain their success with their two main strike weapons absent. Australia had not played a Test since the Ashes, while being involved in 32 ODIs and eight Twenty20 Internationals. The period started well for Australia; winning the first Test against Sri Lanka in Brisbane by an innings and 40 runs. Ponting struck 56 from 84 balls (seven fours) in Australia's total of 551. The Second Test in Hobart, saw Ponting score 31 (66 balls) and 53 not out (2 fours and a six) in front of his home crowd, as Australia wrapped up the series 2–0. Ponting scored 140 runs at 70 and took three catches. For his performances in 2007, he was named as captain once again in the World Test XI by ICC. Ponting at the toss for an ODI against India at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. However, the series against India was much harder-fought. Australia won the First Test easily, by 337 runs, but the matches thereafter were more difficult. The Second Test was closely fought and ended in Australian victory minutes before the end of play. This saw Australia equal the world record of 16 consecutive Test wins; Ponting, was part of Steve Waugh side that set the previous record in 1999–2001. However, the cricket was overshadowed by player conduct issues. After the match ended the stadium erupted in cheering as the Indians walked off the field, and the Australians celebrated their record-equalling win. The Australian team did not shake hands with Indian players on the field, especially Kumble who was waiting there after the fall of the final wicket. Though the Australian and Indian teams shook hands before heading into the dressing rooms later, but Kumble, who was batting at the end of the match, showed his displeasure by not shaking hands with the umpires. India expressed their resentment by boycotting the post-match presentation ceremony. In the post-match press conference, Anil Kumble summed up his view of the game by stating, "Only one team is playing in the spirit of the game" – a statement that alluded to Australian captain Bill Woodfull's leaked private admonishment of English manager Sir Pelham Warner during the 1932–33 Bodyline series. Chetan Chauhan, India's team manager said his players were "agitated and upset by... the incompetent umpires here... that they will not officiate again in the series". Ponting was questioned over the wrong decision, the racism row, and especially the wicket of Ganguly during which he held his finger up to indicate to Mark Benson that Ganguly has been caught. Ponting was aggressive towards the Indian journalists, lashing out at them for "questioning my integrity". The Australian players faced much questioning as a result of the fallout of the incident. The Australian team maintained that they play hard but fair. In regards to the racism issue, Ponting denied he did anything wrong by singularly reporting Harbhajan Singh for being abusive. Ponting stated that he was obligated to refer any incidents of racism to officials as it is widely agreed that racism is unacceptable anywhere in the world. After criticism of the Australian team in multiple media continued, a shocked Ponting promised to ensure that his side's conduct is not seen to be arrogant in future matches. Peter Roebuck, a columnist in The Sydney Morning Herald, branded Ponting as "arrogant" and insisted that be stripped of the captaincy. In the early part of the Test series against India, Ponting continued to struggle against Harbhajan, falling to him three consecutive times in the first two Tests. On the third occasion, Ponting was again caught at bat pad, from the first ball that Harbhajan bowled to him, prompting the bowler to celebrate raucously. Harbhajan missed the Third Test and upon his return in the fourth Test, Ponting broke through for his first Test century against India in matches involving Harbhajan, scoring 140. However, the second half of the series was less successful for Australia as a team; India won the Third Test, ending the Australian streak, and the Fourth Test was a high-scoring draw. The Adelaide Test aside, Ponting had an otherwise unproductive season, scoring 268 runs at 38.28. In the Commonwealth Bank series, Ponting struggled until Australia's last round robin match against India where he and another poor performing Australian batsmen, Andrew Symonds put on a 100 run partnership with Ponting making a hundred and Symonds making 50. Australia won two of their three-round robin matches against the Indians, but the tables were turned in the finals, which the tourists won 2–0. Third Australian to score 10,000 Test runs Main article: Australian cricket team in the West Indies in 2008 The tour of the West Indies was the first overseas Test series for Australia in 25 months, and the first for Ponting's new look bowling attack. In five previous Test series in 1999 and 2003, he averaged 98.71, with four hundreds. He also averaged 42.80 in 25 ODIs from four tours—1995, 1999, 2003 and the 2007 World Cup. After eight months of consecutive cricket from the World Twenty20, Ponting was surprised about how good he was feeling, despite believing that he would be weary from the amount of cricket he had played. In the only warm up match before the series—against a Jamaican XI, the Australians drew controversy from various sections of the media as they chose to wear a sponsors cap over the traditional Baggy Green cap. This was because wicket–keeper Brad Haddin did not want to receive a Baggy Green as he was yet to play in a Test. The rest of the team decided they wanted to look uniform although they wore their Baggy Greens in Jamaica's second innings. Ponting scored 17 in the first innings and 20 not out in the second, as a storm prevented an Australian victory. After winning the toss and electing to bat in the First Test in Kingston, Jamaica, Ponting recorded his 35th Test century and was eventually dismissed for 158 from 224 balls. Despite forcing their way back into contention, the West Indies were defeated by 95 runs. In the Second Test, Ponting became the seventh player and third Australian to score 10,000 Test runs. It took Ponting 118 Tests and 196 innings to achieve the feat, one slower than Tendulkar and Lara. He was dismissed in the following over for 65. Ponting scored 38 in Australia's second innings, as the match ended in a draw. Australia won the third Test, and the Australian captain ended the series with 323 runs at 53.83. Although Australia won the three–Test series handsomely, with a 2–0 margin, they were to face stronger opposition overseas, in the next year. Difficulties were also beginning to appear in the spin department. MacGill, who had taken over 200 wickets in his career despite playing only sporadically due to the presence of Warne, suffered a loss of form and decided to retire during the series. Brad Hogg, the regular ODI spinner had also retired prior to the series, and Beau Casson made his debut in the final Test. After not batting in Australia's Twenty20 loss in Bridgetown, Ponting was rested for the List A 50-over game against the University of West Indies Vice Chancellor's XI. He returned for the first three ODIs and scored just 87 runs at 29.00, notching up his 300th ODI during the 2nd match. Ponting scored 69 in the third match, before returning home because of a wrist injury. Under the captaincy of Michael Clarke in the final two games, Australia swept the series 5–0. 2008–2011: Decline in form Mixed team performances Main articles: Australian cricket team in India in 2008, South African cricket team in Australia in 2008–09, New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2008–09, and Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2008–09 In 2008, Ponting led the Australians back to India and was under pressure following the confrontations during the Indian tour of Australia earlier in the year. He acknowledged that he was keen to rectify his poor Test batting record in India. In the First Test on a turning pitch in Bangalore, Ponting brought up his first Test century in India, 123 on the first day, although he eventually fell leg before wicket to Harbhajan. Australia had the hosts seven wickets down in their first innings, still more than 320 runs in arrears, but India recovered to salvage a draw after a rearguard effort. In the Second Test in Mohali. Australia were defeated by 320 runs and Ponting was criticised for using part-timer bowlers against the free-scoring Indian batsmen in the second innings, because of a slow over-rate, which is can be penalised by a fine, or in severe instances, a ban to the captain. This meant that he was not able to use pace spearhead Brett Lee significantly. The Third Test in Delhi saw a flat pitch, where India scored 7/613 in its first innings in which Ponting resorted to bowling himself for two overs. Ponting amassed 87 in Australia's first innings score of 577. The match ended in a draw and Australia needed to win in the Fourth Test in Nagpur to retain the Border-Gavaskar Trophy. On the fourth afternoon of the Fourth Test, the Indian batting collapsed, and Australia had an opportunity to bowl them out and chase a target of around 250–300 after the tea break. However, the Australians were a long way behind on their over rate, so in order to avoid a one match suspension, Ponting chose to bowl their part-time spinners and medium pacers such as Michael Clarke, Cameron White and Mike Hussey (who were all unsuccessful in capturing a wicket), as they took less time. In the meantime, captain MS Dhoni and Harbhajan both added half centuries. This drew strong criticism from many commentators, who suggested that their faster bowlers, who had been responsible for the collapse, could have bowled from a shorter run-up. When the fast bowlers were reintroduced, the last four wickets fell quickly. This left Australia chasing 382 runs for victory and they lost by 172 runs to cede the series 2–0. In the first innings, Ponting became Harbhajan's 300th Test wicket and the Australian captain ended the series with 264 runs at 37.71. While below his career standards, it was substantially better than his previous Test efforts in India. Fined in India for a slow over rate, Ponting failed to redress the matter during the subsequent home series against New Zealand, when match referee Chris Broad dealt a second successive fine for being three overs behind in the First Test: Ponting was stripped of thirty per cent of his A$12,750 match fee, twice the punishment of his teammates in accordance with International Cricket Council rules for captains. Australia were largely untroubled by New Zealand, sweeping both Tests. Ponting scored only 100 runs at 33.33. Ponting with Brad Haddin (left) and Nathan Hauritz (right) in the Third and final Test against South Africa in Sydney, January 2009 In the first Test against South Africa in Perth, starting in December, Ponting again had to reduce his reliance on his preferred pace bowlers, and rely more on spinners due to a slow over rate. His persistent problems with the over rate prompted some commentators to criticise him for spending too much time during the match conferring with bowlers. In the first innings he scored a duck, and managed 32 in Australia's second innings. Ponting's inexperienced attack had trouble dismissing the opposition batsmen, and South Africa made 4/414, the second highest successful runchase in history to win by six wickets on the final day. Ponting experienced a form slump for much of 2008, albeit in comparison to his usually high standards. However, he again exceeded 1,000 runs in the calendar year. Ponting scored his 37th century in the first innings of the Second Test against South Africa on Boxing Day, and followed that with 99 in the second innings, seemingly a lone stand against the South African bowling attack. The tourists won the match by nine wickets to win the series. Australia thus lost their first home Test series since 1992–93. Australia lost the series 2–1, the first time South Africa had won a Test series against Australian since 1970, and the first on Australian soil. Ponting totalled 285 runs at 47.50 for the series. With the retirement of experienced opening batsman Matthew Hayden—who was replaced by the uncapped 20-year-old Phillip Hughes—the Australian team that toured South Africa in February, March and April 2009 was its most inexperienced since the defections to World Series Cricket. This was further compounded by the loss of Andrew Symonds to injury, who was replaced by the uncapped Marcus North. The bowling attack also required major changes, due to the injuries to Brett Lee and Stuart Clark. Subsequently, paceman Mitchell Johnson was the only bowler with more than four Tests heading into the series. Of the First Test team, Hughes, North, Ben Hilfenhaus, Peter Siddle and Andrew McDonald had only five Tests between them, with the former three making their debut. Ponting's team took the series 2–1, so Australia maintained their No. 1 Test ranking. Ponting was praised for cobbling together an unexpected win, as South Africa were thought to be stronger on home soil. He scored eighties in the first two Tests, ending with 210 runs at 35.00. For his performances in 2008, he was named as captain once again of the World ODI XI by the ICC. Second Ashes series loss as captain Main articles: 2009 ICC World Twenty20, Australian cricket team in England in 2009, 2009 Ashes series, 2009 ICC Champions Trophy, and Australian cricket team in India in 2009–10 After losing their opening match of the 2007 World Twenty20 to Zimbabwe, Ponting's men were looking for a more positive start to the 2009 edition in England. They opened their campaign in early June against a West Indian outfit that had recently been whitewashed 2–0 in the Test series against England. However, Ponting made a second ball duck in Australia's seven wicket defeat. They played Sri Lanka in their next match, this time at Trent Bridge in Nottingham. Ponting hit five boundaries on his 25 before he was bowled trying the run-rate, before Sri Lanka won by six wickets. The defeat consequently eliminated Australia from the tournament. In Australia's two drawn warm-up matches ahead of the 2009 Ashes, Ponting struggled to adjust to the English conditions, somewhat, with a highest score of 71. Nevertheless, he started the Ashes series strongly, scoring 150 in the First Test in Cardiff. In his 38th hundred and eighth in an Ashes series, the Australian number three batsman became just the fourth man to score 11,000 runs in Test cricket. The match ended in a draw and Ponting drew criticism for failing to bowl fast-bowler Ben Hilfenhaus while England's last-wicket pair of Monty Panesar and Jimmy Anderson were batting to save the match. Ponting could only manage two and 38, as Australia were defeated in the second Test at Lord's—their first Test defeat at the venue since 1934. On 31 July, during the Third Test at Edgbaston, Ponting became the highest Australian run-scorer in the history of Test cricket, overtaking former Australian captain Allan Border's total of 11,174 in his first-innings score of 38. The match was eventually drawn, partly due to poor weather. ... It takes three ingredients to make a great player – determination, courage and skill – and he's got all three in abundance. He's also developed into a great leader. Players really enjoy playing for him and that's sometimes a difficult trait to bring out in people. You can tell by the way the team respond to him that his leadership skills are among the finest. Combine this with his batting skill and that's a pretty intimidating package.— Allan Border Ponting fielding during First Test in Cardiff Australia went on to lose the series 2–1 and Ponting became only the third Australian captain to lose the Ashes twice. Despite not being a selector, Ponting was heavily criticised for Australia not playing Hauritz and his apparent reluctance to put faith in his spinners. He was questioned, particularly on Australia's recent habit of often not playing a specialist/regular spinner. Instances of these were the first three Tests in India, the omission of Krejza for the First Test against New Zealand immediately after taking 12 wickets on debut, and opting for no spinner in the first two Tests in South Africa. On 7 September 2009, Ponting announced his retirement from Twenty20 international cricket in order to prolong his career. He was succeeded as Australian Twenty20 captain by team vice-captain Michael Clarke. Australia came into the Champions Trophy ranked second in ODIs; along with being the events reigning champions. They opened their campaign against an undermanned West Indian outfit who were without prominent players because of an industrial dispute. On a "lively pitch", Ponting top-scored with 79, after reaching his half-century in 63 balls. He hit opening bowler and future nemesis, Kemar Roach, for four boundaries in the seventh over of the match, and scored a six and two fours against the fast-bowler when he was reintroduced into the attack in the 21st over. The innings set up Australia's comfortable 50-run victory. Australia next match against India was abandoned due to rain. Before the weather intervend Ponting had scored 65 from 85 deliveries, before being run out. The result meant Australia needed to defeat Pakistan in their third and final group match for a place in the semi-finals. Though Australia collapsed when Ponting was dismissed for a patient 32 in pursuit of low total they won by two wickets. Australia defeated England by nine wickets in their semi-final, with Ponting scoring an unbeaten 111 from 115 deliveries (12 fours and one six); his 28th ODI century. During the innings, Ponting became the third batsman to score 12,000 ODI runs and was also involved in a record 252-run partnership with Watson—Ponting's seventh double-century stand for Australia in the format; the only player to achieve this feat. Despite Ponting's score of only one in the final in Centurion against New Zealand, Australia won by six wickets—their second consecutive Champions Trophy victory. Ponting was presented with the golden bat award for most runs in the tournament—288 at an average of 72 in four games—and also received the man-of-the-series award, before praising his young side for the title defence. Australia proceeded to tour India for seven ODIs starting in mid-October and ending in early November. In the opening match, Ponting top-scored for Australia with 74 from 85 balls, as his team narrowly escaped defeat. Ponting made just 12 in India's comprehensive victory in the second match, while he scored a slow 59 from 93 balls (four boundaries) in another Indian victory in the third match. The Australian captain stuck a more fluent innings of 52, scored in 59 deliveries in the following fixture. Australia amassed their biggest total of the series in the fifth match, with Ponting contributing a run-a-ball 45. A slow, low, turning wicket was presented to the teams for the sixth ODI in Guwahati. Ponting fought his way to 25 from 57 balls, before falling to Harbhajan, as Australia comfortably chased down India's total of 170 with six wickets remaining. The final match in Mumbai was washed out after a cyclone formed over the Arabian Sea; securing a 4–2 series victory to the injury depleted Australians. "It's probably one of the best one-day series I have ever been involved in, with all the injuries and setbacks at the start of this tour", Ponting said. He ending the series with 267 runs at 44.50. Troubles against the short ball Main articles: West Indian cricket team in Australia in 2009–10 and Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2009–10 Ponting scored the first ever double-century (209) at his home ground Bellerive Oval (pictured) in the Third Test against Pakistan. Leading West Indian batsmen Chris Gayle and Shivnarine Chanderpaul returned for the opening Test of the 2009–10 Australian cricket season starting on 26 November in Brisbane, after the industrial dispute was resolved. Ponting scored 55 in an Australian innings victory, before many sections of the media attacked the West Indies lack-lustre performance. Ponting produced scores of 35 and 20 in the following Test in Adelaide, as the touring side responded to their critics by securing a draw. For the first time since 2002, Ponting slid out of the top ten Test batting rankings—dropping to 12th—as Australia faced the prospect of falling to third in the team rankings if they were not able to achieve victory in the final Test of the series. Matters got worse for Ponting, as former Australian fast-bowler Rodney Hogg voiced that he should be sacked as captain and replaced with New South Wales leader Simon Katich. He said the team had become a "boys club" and was not preparing adequately for the future. However, former Australian Test opening batsman Justin Langer labelled Hogg's comments as "rubbish", something that was backed by Katich. In the first innings of the Third and final Test, Ponting was immediately greeted with short pitched bowling. After mis-timing a pull-shot from Roach on his first ball, Ponting was struck on the elbow in the following delivery. After battling through obvious discomfort, Ponting eventually retired hurt on 23 from 25 balls—the only time he had taken such action in his international career. Nevertheless, he did manage to hit two fours and a six from short deliveries in Roach's 12th over. Michael Clarke replaced Ponting at his number three batting position, as the Australia captain did not want to risk further damage to his elbow tendon injury ahead of the Boxing Day Test against Pakistan in Melbourne. Nevertheless, Australia collapsed and he eventually came to the wicket at number nine, with Australia at 7/125. The West Indian bowlers again bowled short deliverers to Ponting until he turned one such delivery to short-leg and was dismissed for two. After spending time in a hyperbaric chamber to increase the speed of his recovery from the elbow injury, Ponting recovered sufficiently to play in the Boxing Day Test, the opening match of a three-Test series against Pakistan. Despite still being inconvenienced by the injury, he scored 57 at close to a run-a-ball, before being dismissed by another short pitched delivery for 12 in Australia's second innings. The home side went on to win the match comfortably, and Ponting overtook Shane Warne's record of 91 Test victories and surpassing Steve Waugh as crickets most successful Test captain. Ponting scored 853 runs at 38.77 in 13 Tests in 2009, and scored only one century and seven half-centuries. Nevertheless, his ODI form was more convincing, topping the run-scoring list with MS Dhoni. His 1,198 runs were scored at an average of 42.78, including two centuries and nine half-centuries in 29 matches. Ponting was criticised for choosing to bat on a green pitch for the Second Test. Australia were dismissed for 127, and Ponting was re-dismissed from a short ball, this time for a first-ball duck, and many sections of the media called for him to stop playing the hook and pull shots. He fell for only 11 in the second innings, and when Australia lost their eighth wicket, they were only just over 50 ahead. However, a 123-run ninth-wicket partnership between Michael Hussey and Peter Siddle rescued the home-side, helping them win by 36 runs. After being dropped on zero, Ponting scored his fifth double-century in the Third and final Test in Hobart. His innings helped Australia complete a 3–0 series victory. In the following five ODIs, Ponting could not continue his Hobart form, scoring 125 runs at 25 in the series, boosted by a half-century in the final match; his performances improved in the five ODIs starting soon after against the West Indies. He was named man-of-the-series thanks to his 295 runs at 73.75, including two-half centuries and his 29th ODI century and first in Brisbane during the fourth match. 2010–11 Ashes defeat Australia entered the 2010–11 Ashes series hoping to regain The Ashes from England on home soil as they had four years previously. The First Test in Brisbane was drawn after both sides posted large batting totals. Ponting was caught behind for 10 in the first innings and 51 not out in the second. A barren run followed in the subsequent three Tests, scoring 52 runs in total as Australia lost the series. Ponting became the first Australian captain to lose an Ashes series in Australia since Allan Border in 1987. During the Fourth Test Ponting was involved in an on-field argument with umpires, and was fined 40% of his match fee, which accounted to around $5,400. Ponting missed the Fifth Test due to a finger injury, and Michael Clarke stood in as Australia's captain. Australia's heavy defeat in the series and Ponting's poor run of form caused his position in the team to be questioned. Former Australian captain Steve Waugh suggested dropping him down the batting order; others, such as former Australian batsman and South African captain Kepler Wessels, called for him to relinquish the captaincy to focus on his batting. Yet, for his performances in 2010, he was named as captain of the World ODI XI by the ICC. 2011 World Cup and resignation as captain Ponting retained the captaincy of Australia for the 2011 World Cup in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Australia had won the previous three World Cups and entered the tournament as the world's top-ranked ODI team. Australia qualified for the quarter-finals, although Ponting failed to find form, scoring 102 runs in five innings during the group stage of the tournament. Australia met India in the quarter-finals and were defeated by five wickets. Ponting scored 104, his first century in international cricket in over a year. After being knocked out of the tournament, Ponting resigned his position as captain at both Test and ODI levels, endorsed Michael Clarke as his successor, and indicated his intention to continue playing. 2011–2012: Post-captaincy In 2011, Ponting was inducted into Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) 'Best of the Best'. He was selected in Michael Clarke's teams for the tours of Sri Lanka and South Africa in 2011, scoring an important half-century (62) in the fourth innings of the second Test against South Africa in Johannesburg, helping Australia chase down a target of 310 to draw the series 1–1. In the 2011–12 Australian summer, a disappointing series draw with New Zealand gave rise to calls for Ponting to be removed from the team following perceived underperformances. The selectors resisted the calls, selecting Ponting for the Boxing Day Test—the first of a four-Test series against India. Ponting scored two half-centuries in Australia's first Test win, followed by a century (134) in Australia's first innings of the second Test in Sydney. The century was his first in Test cricket in almost two years. His fourth-wicket partnership of 288 runs with Clarke, who went on to make 329 not out, set a new record for the biggest partnership by an Australian pair of batsmen against India. Australia sealed the series win by defeating India in Perth, and in the fourth Test in Adelaide, Ponting and Clarke beat their own record, putting on 386 runs. The partnership was the fourth highest to that point in Australian Test cricket. Ponting's own score was 221. During the innings, he became only the third player and the first Australian (after Sachin Tendulkar and Rahul Dravid, who were playing in the same match) to pass 13,000 career Test runs. 2012: Test retirement On Australia Day 2012 he was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia for services to cricket and, through the Ponting Foundation, the community. Ponting was promoted to captain in the 2011–12 Commonwealth Bank Series in Australia in Michael Clarke's absence due to injury. However, after only two games as captain he was dropped, having scored only 18 runs in 5 games of the 2011–12 Commonwealth Bank Series. At a press conference thereafter, Ponting conceded, "I don't expect to play one-day international cricket for Australia any more and I'm pretty sure the selectors don't expect to pick me either ... I will continue playing Test cricket and I'll continue playing for Tasmania as well". On 29 November 2012 Ponting announced that he would retire from Test cricket after the WACA test against South Africa. 2013: Tasmania and Surrey After retiring from test cricket, Ponting played out the Sheffield Shield season with eventual champions Tasmania. He was the competition's leading run scorer with 911 runs at an average of 75.91. As a result of his prolific form with the bat, he was named the Sheffield Shield player of the year. He signed on to play for the English County side Surrey during June–July 2013. His score of 192 on debut against Derbyshire was the highest score by a Surrey batsman on their first class debut for the county. Ponting scored an unbeaten 169 against Nottinghamshire in his final first class innings, ensuring his team held on for a draw. During the Ashes 2013, Ponting wrote a regular column for the Daily Mail. At the formal opening of the Bellerive Oval redevelopment in January 2015, it was announced that the new Western Stand would be named the Ricky Ponting Stand in his honour. On 9 December 2015 Ponting also unveiled a bronze statue placed at the ground in his honour. Playing style Approach to cricket Ponting was known as an aggressive competitor, as manifested in his on-field conduct. According to former Australian captain Allan Border, what you see with Ponting is what you get, and "he wears his heart on his sleeve". Border also noted that Ponting has an abundance of determination, courage and skill. However, his competitive attitudes could be overly aggressive, pushing the boundaries of cricket etiquette. In early 2006, in the Chappell–Hadlee Trophy, Ponting had an on-field argument with umpire Billy Bowden over signalling a no-ball because not enough players were within the inner circle. In mid-2006, during a tour of Bangladesh, Ponting was accused of "badgering the umpires until he got what he wanted". The South African captain, Graeme Smith, described Ponting as the toughest competitor he had ever played against. Batting Main article: List of international cricket centuries by Ricky Ponting Ponting's results in international matches   Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Test 168 108 31 29 0 – ODI 375 262 96 - 5 12 T20I 17 7 10 – - - Ponting was known as an aggressive right-handed batsman who played a wide repertoire of shots with confidence, most notably the pull and hook. However, he had some technical weaknesses, such as shuffling across his stumps and being trapped leg before wicket, and thrusting his bat away from his body—especially early in his innings, because he wants to move forward and across to drive rather than backwards and across to cut the ball. Despite being widely renowned as the best player of the hook and pull shots in the world, Ponting was equally adept on both the front and back foot. However, during the latter stages of his career, the hook and pull shots have often been the cause of his dismissal. He adopts a more traditional V-grip lower down the handle as he is a short batsman who doesn't have natural power on the shot. He was considered by some observers to have trouble against quality spin, especially against Indian off spinner Harbhajan Singh, who dismissed Ponting on 13 occasions in international cricket. Ponting had a tendency to rock onto the front foot and thrust his wrists at spinning deliveries, resulting in many catches close to the wicket. Ponting rarely employed the sweep shot against spin, something considered unusual for a top-order batsman. Instead, he looked to use his feet to come down the wicket to spinners, or play off the back foot through the off-side. Former West Indian captain, Viv Richards, who was rated as the third best Test cricketer in a 2002 poll by Wisden, said Ponting was his favourite current-day player to watch, slightly ahead of Sachin Tendulkar. This is the complete graphical representation of the test cricket record of Ricky Ponting. Individual innings are represented by the blue and red (not out) bars; the green line is his career batting average. Current as of 8 January 2019. Bowling and fielding A right-arm medium bowler who tends to bowl off cutters or faster offspin, Ponting rarely bowled, although he has notably dismissed West Indian batsman Brian Lara in an ODI match and former England captain Michael Vaughan in an Ashes Test in 2005. He was also ceremoniously asked to bowl in his final test match against South Africa in 2012. He was, however, rated one of the best fielders in the world. He usually fielded in the slips, cover and silly point. His good eye and accurate throws often saw him run batsmen out with direct hits. Captaincy Record as captain   Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Win % Test 77 48 16 7 0 – 62.34% ODI 229 164 51 0 2 12 71.62% Twenty20 17 7 10 0 0 – 41.18% Date last Updated: 2 September 2015 Ponting has often been criticised for his lack of imagination in his captaincy, though many players who played under him say he is a good leader. According to former Australian opening batsman Justin Langer, "He is quite inspirational as a leader and I just never get all the detractors he has. Whether it's in the fielding practice, the nets, the way he holds himself off the field—every time he speaks, these young guys just listen, they hang on every word he says." "Ponting captained 2 consecutive World Cup victories in 2003 and 2007 (out of Australia's hat-trick of World Cups – 1999, 2003, 2007)" Career best performances Batting Score Fixture Venue Season Test 257 Australia v India MCG, Melbourne 2003 ODI 164 South Africa v Australia Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg 2006 T20I 98* New Zealand v Australia Eden Park, Auckland 2005 FC 257 Australia v India MCG, Melbourne 2003 LA 164 South Africa v Australia Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg 2006 T20 98* New Zealand v Australia Eden Park, Auckland 2005 Records and achievements Ponting was the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 2003 and one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year for 2006. He has been the Allan Border Medalist a record four times in 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2009 (with Michael Clarke). Ponting has won the award of Australia's best Test player in 2003, 2004 and 2007 and Australia's best One Day International player in 2002 and 2007. First batsman to score centuries in ODI cricket against all Test playing nations (Afghanistan and Ireland were not awarded Test status in Ponting's playing period). Ponting, along with Shane Watson, holds the record for the highest partnership for any wicket in the ICC Champions Trophy (252 not out for the second wicket). Ponting's score of 242 against India is the highest individual Test innings in a losing cause. He was awarded the Allan Border Medal by the CA in 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2009. ICC Men’s Test Cricketer of the Year: 2006 ICC Men’s Cricketer of the Year: 2006, 2007 ICC Men’s Test Team of the Year: 2004 (c), 2005 (c), 2006, 2007 (c) ICC Men’s ODI Team of the Year: 2004(c), 2006, 2007(c), 2008 (c), 2010(c) Sheffield Shield Player of the Year: 2012-13 He was named an Australia Post Legend of Cricket in 2021. Coaching role 2014–2017 Various Coaching Roles Ponting during the 2017-18 Tri-Series Ponting also coached the Mumbai Indians of the Indian Premier League from 2014 to 2016, helping them win a championship in the 2015 edition of the IPL. On 1 January 2017, Ponting was named an interim coach for Australia's T20I series against Sri Lanka. Ponting joined the Australian cricket coaching team as an assistant for the 2017–18 Trans-Tasman Tri-Series. 2018–present Delhi Daredevils/Capitals Head Coach Ponting was appointed as the new coach of Delhi Daredevils of the Indian Premier League on 3 January 2018. In the 2018 edition of the IPL, Delhi Daredevils finished last place. Ponting helped foster a new team environment, helping young talents such as Shreyas Iyer and Rishabh Pant grow. In 2019, Delhi (now Delhi Capitals), finished in 3rd place, a large improvement from their previous season. In 2020, Delhi would finish second, and in 2021 Delhi would finish in third place being the only team to qualify for the playoffs in 2019, 2020 and 2021, subsequently. In 2022, Ponting is still head coach of the Delhi Capitals, with the goal of winning their first tournament. 2024–present Washington Freedom Head Coach Ponting was appointed as the new head coach of Washington Freedom ahead of the second season of Major League Cricket on 6 February 2024. The two-year signing was confirmed by the team on social media. Books Throughout his career in international cricket, Ponting has been involved in the writing of a number of diaries on Australian cricket, which depict his experiences during the cricketing year. The books are produced with the help of a ghostwriter. His autobiography, Ponting: At the Close of Play, was published and released in November 2013. Ricky Ponting; Peter Staples (1998). Ricky Ponting. Ironbark Press. ISBN 978-0-330-36117-0. Ricky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2003). Ricky Ponting's World Cup Diary. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-7847-2. Ricky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2004). My First Year. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-7848-9. Ricky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2005). Ashes Diary. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8152-6. Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2006). Captain's Diary 2006. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8153-3. Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2007). Captain's Diary 2007. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8153-3. Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2008). Captain's Diary 2008. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8491-6. Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2009). Captain's Diary 2009. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8957-7. Ricky Ponting (2013). Ponting: At the Close of Play. HarperSport. ISBN 9780732291822. Sources Nick Richardson (2002). Ricky Ponting. Legend Books. ISBN 978-1-877096-13-6. Ricky Ponting; Peter Staples (1998). Ricky Ponting. Ironbark Press. ISBN 978-0-330-36117-0. Piesse, Ken (1999). The Taylor Years: Australian cricket 1994–99. Penguin Books Australia. ISBN 978-0-670-88829-0. Knight, James (2003). Mark Waugh: The biography. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-715454-8. Ricky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2003). World Cup Diary. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-7847-2. Ricky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2004). My First Year. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-7848-9. Armstrong, Geoff (2006). The 100 Greatest Cricketers. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-74110-439-4. Ricky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2005). Ashes Diary. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8152-6. Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2006). Captain's Diary 2006. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8153-3. Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2007). Captain's Diary 2007. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8153-3. Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2008). Captain's Diary 2008. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8491-6. Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2009). Captain's Diary 2009. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8957-7. References ^ a b c "Ricky Ponting". cricket.com.au. Cricket Australia. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014. ^ ESPNcricinfo Staff (29 December 2010). "The proudest century". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 December 2010. ^ ESPNcricinfo Staff (29 December 2010). "Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Batting records-Most Test wins". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2010. ^ ESPNcricinfo Staff (29 December 2010). "Jump before you are pushed, Chappell tells Ponting". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 December 2010. ^ Ponting celebrates 100 Test wins – Rediff.com Cricket. Rediff.com (3 September 2011). 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Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ "Australia Post honours Australian Living Legends of Cricket". Australia Post Collectables. Retrieved 16 February 2021. ^ "Ricky Ponting named Mumbai Indians Indian head coach for Indian Premier League". Fox Sports. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ "Ponting to join Australia's coaching staff for SL T20Is". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 January 2017. ^ Smith, Martin (9 January 2018). "Ponting named assistant for T20Is". cricket.com.au. Retrieved 2 April 2018. ^ "IPL 2018: Ricky Ponting appointed Delhi Daredevils head coach". Times of India. 4 January 2018. ^ "IPL 2020: How Delhi turned from Daredevils to the Capitals". The Bharat Army. Retrieved 13 April 2022. ^ "Ponting confirmed as Washington Freedom head coach in Major League Cricket". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 February 2024. ^ Ponting: At the Close of Play by Ricky Ponting. Harpercollins.com.au. Retrieved on 23 December 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ricky Ponting. Ricky Ponting at ESPNcricinfo Ricky Ponting at Cricbuzz Ricky Ponting at the Sport Australia Hall of Fame Portals: Biography Australia Cricket Sporting positions Preceded byJamie Cox Tasmanian First-class cricket captain 2001–02 – 2007–08 Succeeded byDaniel Marsh Preceded byJamie Cox Tasmanian List A cricket captain 2001–02 – 2007–08 Succeeded byDaniel Marsh Awards Preceded byMatthew Hayden Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World 2004 Succeeded byShane Warne Preceded byAndrew Flintoff joint with Jacques Kallis Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy 2006–2007 Succeeded byShivnarine Chanderpaul vteAustralia Test cricket captains 1876/77–1878/79: D. Gregory 1880–1884; 1884/85; 1890: Murdoch 1884/85: Horan 1884/85: Massie 1884/85; 1891/92–1893; 1894/95: Blackham 1886: Scott 1886/87–1888: McDonnell 1894/95: Giffen 1896–1897/98: Trott 1899–1905: Darling 1901/02: Trumble 1903/04–1909: Noble 1910/11–1911/12: Hill 1912: S. Gregory 1920/21–1921: Armstrong 1921/22–1926: Collins 1926: Bardsley 1928/29: Ryder 1930–1934: Woodfull 1935/36: Richardson 1936/37–1948: Bradman 1945/46: Brown 1949/50–1953: Hassett 1951/52; 1954/55: Morris 1954/55–1956/57: Johnson 1956/57: Lindwall 1957/58: Craig 1958/59–1962/63; 1963/64: Benaud 1961: Harvey 1963/64–1977/78: Simpson 1965/66: Booth 1967/68; 1968–1970/71: Lawry 1968: Jarman 1971/71; 1972–1975: I. Chappell 1975/76–1982/83: G. Chappell 1978/79: Yallop 1978/79; 1979/80–1983/84; 1984/85: Hughes 1984/85–1993/94: Border 1994/95–1998/99: Taylor 1998/99–2003/04: Waugh 2000/01; 2001; 2004; 2004/05: Gilchrist 2003/04–2010/11: Ponting 2010/11; 2011–2015: Clarke 2012/13: Watson 2014/15; 2015–2017/18; 2021/22: Smith 2017/18; 2018–2021: Paine 2021/22–present: Cummins Italics denote deputised captaincy vteAustralia ODI cricket captains 1971: Lawry 1972–1975: I. Chappell 1975–1983: G. Chappell 1978: Simpson 1979: Yallop 1979–1984: Hughes 1983: Hookes 1985–1994: Border 1986: Bright 1987–1991: Marsh 1992–1997: Taylor 1996–1997: Healy 1997–2002: Waugh 1998–1999: Warne 2001–2007: Gilchrist 2002–2011/12: Ponting 2006–2007: Hussey 2008–2015: Clarke 2011: White 2012–2013: Watson 2012/13: Bailey 2014/15–2018: Smith 2016: Warner 2017–2022: Finch 2018: Paine 2021: Carey 2022–: Cummins vteAustralia T20I cricket captains 2005–2009: Ponting 2007: Gilchrist 2007–2010: Clarke 2009: Haddin 2011: White 2012–2014: Bailey 2014–2022: Finch 2015–2016: Smith 2016: Watson 2016–2018: Warner 2020–2023: Wade 2023: Marsh vteCricket World Cup winning captains 1975: Lloyd 1979: Lloyd 1983: Dev 1987: Border 1992: Khan 1996: Ranatunga 1999: Waugh 2003: Ponting 2007: Ponting 2011: Dhoni 2015: Clarke 2019: Morgan 2023: Cummins vteICC Champions Trophy winning captains 1998: Cronje 2000: Fleming 2002: Jayasuriya & Ganguly 2004: Lara 2006: Ponting 2009: Ponting 2013: Dhoni 2017: Ahmed vteCricket World Cup final Man of the Match 1975: Lloyd 1979: Richards 1983: Amarnath 1987: Boon 1992: Akram 1996: de Silva 1999: Warne 2003: Ponting 2007: Gilchrist 2011: Dhoni 2015: Faulkner 2019: Stokes 2023: Head vteICC Champions Trophy Player of the Series 1998: Kallis 2000: n/a 2002: n/a 2004: Sarwan 2006: Gayle 2009: Ponting 2013: Dhawan 2017: Hasan Australia squads vteAustralia squad – 1996 Cricket World Cup runners-up 1 Taylor (c) 2 Bevan 3 Fleming 4 Healy (wk) 5 Law 6 Lee 7 McDermott 8 McGrath 9 Ponting 10 Reiffel 11 Slater 12 Warne 13 M. Waugh 14 S. Waugh vteAustralia squad – 1999 Cricket World Cup – Champions (2nd title) 1 S. Waugh (c) 2 Bevan 3 Fleming 4 Reiffel 5 Warne 6 M. Waugh 7 Lee 8 Julian 9 Moody 10 Lehmann 11 McGrath 12 Gilchrist 13 Dale 14 Ponting 15 Martyn Coach: Marsh vteAustralia squad – 2003 Cricket World Cup – Champions (3rd title) 11 McGrath 12 Bevan 14 Ponting (c) 18 Gilchrist 25 Lehmann 28 Hayden 29 Harvey 30 Martyn 31 Hogg 34 Bichel 39 Symonds 43 Hauritz 46 Maher 58 Lee 59 Bracken Coach: Buchanan Jason Gillespie, Shane Warne and Shane Watson were named in the original squad but withdrew from the tournament vteAustralia squad – 2006 ICC Champions Trophy – Champions (1st title) 6 Cullen 11 McGrath 11 Katich 14 Ponting (c) 18 Gilchrist (wk) 23 Clarke 25 Johnson 30 Martyn 31 Hogg 33 Watson 48 Hussey 58 Lee 59 Bracken 63 Symonds Coach: Buchanan vteAustralia squad – 2007 Cricket World Cup – Champions (4th title) 8 Clark 11 McGrath 14 Ponting (c) 17 Hodge 18 Gilchrist 23 Clarke 25 Johnson 28 Hayden 31 Hogg 32 Tait 33 Watson 48 Hussey 57 Haddin 59 Bracken 63 Symonds Coach: Buchanan Brett Lee was replaced due to injury by Stuart Clark. vteAustralia squad – 2009 ICC Champions Trophy – Champions (2nd title) 4 Bollinger 7 White 10 Siddle 12 Ferguson 14 Ponting (c) 20 Hilfenhaus 24 Voges 25 Johnson 29 D. Hussey 33 Watson 36 Paine (wk) 39 Hopes 43 Hauritz 48 M. Hussey 58 Lee Coach: Tim Nielsen vteAustralia squad – 2011 Cricket World Cup 7 White 11 Nannes 12 Ferguson 14 Ponting (c) 18 Krejza 23 Clarke 25 Johnson 29 D. Hussey 32 Tait 33 Watson 36 Paine (wk) 41 Hastings 48 M. Hussey 49 Smith 57 Haddin (wk) 58 Lee Coach: Nielsen Awards and Achievements vteICC Men's Cricketer of the Year 2004: Dravid 2005: Kallis/ Flintoff 2006: Ponting 2007: Ponting 2008: Chanderpaul 2009: Johnson 2010: Tendulkar 2011: Trott 2012: Sangakkara 2013: Clarke 2014: Johnson 2015: Smith 2016: Ashwin 2017: Kohli 2018: Kohli 2019: Stokes 2021: Shaheen 2022: Babar 2023: Cummins vteICC Men's Test Cricketer of the Year 2004: Dravid 2005: Kallis 2006: Ponting 2007: Yousuf 2008: Steyn 2009: Gambhir 2010: Sehwag 2011: Cook 2012: Sangakkara 2013: Clarke 2014: Johnson 2015: Smith 2016: Ashwin 2017: Smith 2018: Kohli 2019: Cummins 2021: Root 2022: Stokes 2023: Khawaja vteICC Cricket Hall of FamePlayersMen Abbas Akram Ambrose Barnes Barrington Bedi Bedser Benaud Border Botham Boycott Bradman Chanderpaul G. Chappell I. Chappell Compton Constantine Cowdrey Crowe Davidson de Silva Dev Dexter Donald Dravid Faulkner Flower Garner Gavaskar Gibbs Gilchrist Gooch Gower Grace Graveney Greenidge Grimmett Hadlee Hall Hammond Harvey Haynes Headley Hobbs Holding Hutton Jayawardene Kallis Kanhai Khan Knott Kumble Laker Lara Larwood Lillee Lindwall Lloyd Lohmann Mankad Marsh Marshall May McCabe McGrath Miandad Miller Mohammad Morris Muralitharan Noble O'Reilly G. Pollock S. Pollock Ponting Qadir Rhodes B. Richards V. Richards Roberts Sangakkara Sehwag Simpson Sobers Spofforth Statham Sutcliffe Tendulkar Trueman Trumper Underwood Walcott Walsh Warne Waugh Weekes Willis Woolley Worrell Younis Women Bakewell Brittin Clark Edulji Edwards Fitzpatrick Heyhoe Flint Hockley Rolton Sthalekar Taylor Wilson vteAustralian Cricket Hall of FamePlayersMen Armstrong Benaud Blackham Boon Border Bradman G. Chappell I. Chappell Davidson Giffen Gilchrist Grimmett Grout Harvey Hassett Hayden Hill Hughes Jones Langer Lawry Lillee Lindwall Macartney Marsh McCabe McDermott McGrath McKenzie Miller Morris Mullagh Murdoch Noble O'Neill O'Reilly Ponting Ryder Simpson Spofforth Taylor Thomson Trumble Trumper Turner Walters Warne M. Waugh S. Waugh Woodfull Women Clark Fitzpatrick Rolton Sthalekar Thompson Tredrea Wilson vteAustralian cricketers who have played 100 or more Test matches Ricky Ponting (168) Steve Waugh (168) Allan Border (156) Shane Warne (145) Mark Waugh (128) Glenn McGrath (124) Nathan Lyon (122*) Ian Healy (119) Michael Clarke (115) David Warner (109*) David Boon (107) Justin Langer (105) Mark Taylor (104) Matthew Hayden (103) Steve Smith (102*) * denotes active player vteAllan Border Medal winners 2000 McGrath 2001 Waugh 2002 Hayden 2003 Gilchrist 2004 Ponting 2005 Clarke 2006 Ponting 2007 Ponting 2008 Lee 2009 Ponting/Clarke 2010 Watson 2011 Watson 2012 Clarke 2013 Clarke 2014 Johnson 2015 Smith 2016 Warner 2017 Warner 2018 Smith 2019 Cummins 2020 Warner 2021 Smith 2022 Starc 2023 Smith 2024 Marsh vteWinners of the Compton–Miller Medal 2005 Flintoff 2006–07 Ponting 2009 Strauss 2010–11 Cook 2013 Bell 2013–14 Johnson 2015 Root 2017–18 Smith 2019 Smith 2021–22 Head 2023 Woakes vteTest cricket batsmen with a batting average above 50 Australia Don Bradman (99.94) Adam Voges (61.87) Steve Smith (56.97) Greg Chappell (53.86) Ricky Ponting (51.85) Jack Ryder (51.62) Michael Hussey (51.52) Steve Waugh (51.06) Matthew Hayden (50.73) Allan Border (50.56)  England Harry Brook (62.15) Herbert Sutcliffe (60.73) Eddie Paynter (59.23) Ken Barrington (58.67) Wally Hammond (58.45) Jack Hobbs (56.94) Len Hutton (56.67) Ernest Tyldesley (55.00) Denis Compton (50.06)  India Vinod Kambli (54.20) Sachin Tendulkar (53.78) Rahul Dravid (52.31) Sunil Gavaskar (51.12)  New Zealand Kane Williamson (54.98) Daryl Mitchell (50.25)  Pakistan Javed Miandad (52.57) Mohammad Yousuf (52.29) Younis Khan (52.05)  South Africa Graeme Pollock (60.97) Jacques Kallis (55.37) Dudley Nourse (53.81) AB de Villiers (50.66)  Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara (57.40)  West Indies George Headley (60.83) Everton Weekes (58.61) Garfield Sobers (57.78) Clyde Walcott (56.68) Charlie Davis (54.20) Brian Lara (52.88) Shivnarine Chanderpaul (51.37) Viv Richards (50.23)  Zimbabwe Andy Flower (51.54) Minimum 20 innings. Currently active players are listed in italics. vteBatsmen with 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket Australia Ricky Ponting (13,378) Allan Border (11,174) Steve Waugh (10,927)  England Alastair Cook (12,472) Joe Root (11,736)  India Sachin Tendulkar (15,921) Rahul Dravid (13,288) Sunil Gavaskar (10,122)  Pakistan Younis Khan (10,099)  South Africa Jacques Kallis (13,289)  Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara (12,400) Mahela Jayawardene (11,814)  West Indies Brian Lara (11,953) Shivnarine Chanderpaul (11,867) Current players are listed in italics. vteBatsmen with 10,000 or more runs in ODI cricket Australia Ricky Ponting (13,704)  India Sachin Tendulkar (18,426) Virat Kohli (13,848) Sourav Ganguly (11,363) Rahul Dravid (10,889) MS Dhoni (10,773) Rohit Sharma (10,709)  Pakistan Inzamam-ul-Haq (11,739)  South Africa Jacques Kallis (11,579)  Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara (14,234) Sanath Jayasuriya (13,430) Mahela Jayawardene (12,650) Tillakaratne Dilshan (10,290)  West Indies Chris Gayle (10,480) Brian Lara (10,405) Current players are listed in italics. vteAustralian Cricketer of the YearTest 2000: McGrath 2001: Miller 2002: Hayden 2003: Ponting 2004: Ponting 2005: Martyn 2006: Warne 2007: Ponting 2008: Lee 2009: Clarke 2010: Katich 2011: Watson 2012: Clarke 2013: Clarke 2014: Clarke 2015: Smith 2015: Warner 2016: Warner 2017: Starc 2018: Smith 2019: Lyon 2020: Labuschagne 2021: Cummins 2022: Head 2023: Khawaja 2014: Lyon One Day International 2000: Warne 2001: McGrath 2002: Ponting 2003: Gilchrist 2004: Gilchrist 2005: Symonds 2006: Hussey 2007: Ponting 2008: Hayden 2009: Bracken 2010: Watson 2011: Watson 2012: Watson 2013: McKay 2014: Bailey 2015: Smith 2016: Maxwell 2017: Warner 2018: Warner 2019: Stoinis 2020: Finch 2021: Smith 2022: Starc 2023: Warner 2024: Marsh Twenty20 International 2011: Hussey 2012: Watson 2013: Watson 2014: Finch 2015: Maxwell 2016: Not awarded 2017: Watson 2018: Finch 2019: Maxwell 2020: Warner 2021: Agar 2022: M. Marsh 2023: Stoinis 2024: Behrendorff Tasmania squads vteTasmania squad – 2006–07 Pura Cup Winners (1st title) 1 DJ Anderson 2 GJ Bailey 3 M Bevan 4 TR Birt 5 LR Butterworth 6 SG Clingeleffer † 7 MG Dighton 8 MJ Di Venuto 9 XJ Doherty 10 BG Drew 11 B Geeves 12 AR Griffith 13 BW Hilfenhaus 14 JJ Krejza 15 DJ Marsh * 16 TD Paine † 17 RT Ponting 18 DG Wright Coach: Tim Coyle vteTasmania squad – 2007–08 Ford Ranger One Day Cup (3rd title) 1 JJ Krejza 2 DJ Anderson 3 MG Dighton 4 DJ Marsh * 5 MJ Di Venuto 6 GJ Denton 8 TD Paine † 10 GJ Bailey 14 RT Ponting 15 A Doolan 16 BW Hilfenhaus 18 LR Butterworth 21 BG Drew 22 AR Griffith 24 XJ Doherty 28 M Divin 63 B Geeves 81 TR Birt NJ Wegman Coach: Tim Coyle Assistant Coach: Allister de Winter vteDelhi Capitals – current squad 17 Pant (c, †) 20 Axar (vc) 2 Nortje 3 Kushagra (†) 4 Hope (†) 5 Bhui (†) 6 Williams 8 M. Marsh 12 Sumit 14 Naib 16 Lalit Yadav 22 Ngidi 22 Dhull 23 Kuldeep 24 Abishek (†) 29 Ishant 30 Stubbs (†) 31 Warner 33 Fraser-McGurk 44 Rasikh Dar 46 Dubey 49 Mukesh 60 J. Richardson 71 Khaleel 88 Brook 99 Swastik Chikara 100 Shaw V. Ostwal Head Coach: Ricky Ponting Batting Coach: Pravin Amre Bowling Coach: James Hopes Fielding Coach: Biju George Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Australian national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Test cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"One Day Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"list of cricketers by number of international centuries scored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cricketers_by_number_of_international_centuries_scored"},{"link_name":"ICC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council"},{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Cricket World Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_ICC_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_ICC_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Champions Trophies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"1999 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Hobart Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Hurricanes"},{"link_name":"Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"Big Bash League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bash_League"},{"link_name":"batsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"slip fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_fielder"},{"link_name":"bowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Cricket World Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1999 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Steve Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Waugh"},{"link_name":"ICC Champions Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odiwins-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cricket Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Australia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ICC Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Test cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Steve Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Waugh"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisdenretirement-14"}],"text":"Ricky Thomas Ponting AO (born 19 December 1974) is an Australian cricket coach, commentator, and former cricketer. Widely regarded as one of the greatest batsmen of all time, Ponting was captain of the Australian national team between 2004 and 2011 in Test cricket and 2002 and 2011 in One Day Internationals (ODIs) and is the most successful captain in international cricket history, with 220 victories in 324 matches with a winning rate of 67.91%. He stands third in the list of cricketers by number of international centuries scored. He holds the record for winning most ICC tournaments as a captain in Men's Cricket. Under his Captaincy Australia won the 2003 and 2007 Cricket World Cups and 2006 and 2009 Champions Trophies. He was also a member of the Australian team that won the 1999 Cricket World Cup.Domestically, Ponting played for his home state of Tasmania as well as Tasmania's Hobart Hurricanes in Australia's domestic Twenty20 competition, the Big Bash League. He played as a specialist right-handed batsman, an excellent slip fielder, as well as a very occasional bowler. He led Australia to their second 5–0 Ashes win as well as victory at the 2003 and 2007 Cricket World Cups and was also a member of the 1999 World Cup winning team under Steve Waugh. He led Australia to consecutive ICC Champions Trophy victory in 2006 and 2009. Combative and at times a controversial captain, statistically he is one of the most successful Test captains of all time, with 48 victories in 77 Tests between 2004 and 31 December 2010. As a player, Ponting is the only cricketer in history to be involved in 100 Test victories[2][3][4][5] and was involved in the most ODI victories as a player, with 262 wins,[6] having played in over 160 Tests and 370 ODIs.A prolific batter, Ponting is Australia's leading run-scorer in Test and ODI cricket. He was named \"Cricketer of the Decade 2000\"[7] was named in the country's best Ashes XI in a Cricket Australia poll in 2017[8] and in July 2018 he was inducted into the ICC Hall of Fame.[9] He is the current assistant coach of the Australian national men's cricket team, having been appointed to the role in February 2019.Ponting announced his retirement from Test cricket in November 2012, the day before playing in his final Test against South Africa; this was his 168th and last Test appearance,[10] equalling the Australian record held by Steve Waugh.[11][12] He retired with a Test batting average of 51.85,[13] although he continued to play cricket around the world until 2013.[14]","title":"Ricky Ponting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1974–1995: Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cricketer_Ricky_Ponting_and_Rianna_Ponting_(24079181379).jpg"},{"link_name":"Launceston, Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"vigoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigoro"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting18-20-15"},{"link_name":"Greg Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Campbell_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Prospect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Newnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newnham,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting20-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmy-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matisse-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fletcher-20"}],"sub_title":"Birth and personal life","text":"Ponting with his wife Rianna in 2016.Born in Launceston, Tasmania, on 19 December 1974, Ricky Ponting is the eldest of Graeme and Lorraine Ponting's 3 children. Graeme was \"a good club cricketer\" and played Australian rules football, while Lorraine was a state vigoro champion.[15] His uncle Greg Campbell played Test cricket for Australia in 1989 and 1990. Ponting's parents first lived in Prospect 4.1 km (2.5 mi) south of city centre; however, they moved into the working-class area of Newnham, 6 km (3.7 mi) north of central Launceston.[16]After marrying his long-time girlfriend, law student Rianna Cantor, in June 2002, Ponting credited her as the reason for his increased maturity.[17] The couple have three children.[18][19][20]","title":"1974–1995: Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Campbell_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting18-21"},{"link_name":"Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowbray_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting21-22"},{"link_name":"Kookaburra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting22-23"},{"link_name":"David Boon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boon"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting22-23"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne Kangaroos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"North Launceston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Launceston_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"humerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staples12-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting24-26"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Shield"},{"link_name":"NTCA Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTCA_Ground"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting25-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staples10-28"},{"link_name":"Scotch Oakburn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_Oakburn_College"},{"link_name":"Australian Cricket Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Cricket_Academy"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting26-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staples32-30"},{"link_name":"Rod Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Marsh"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting27-31"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"Bill Lawry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lawry"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staples30&31-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staples35-33"}],"sub_title":"Junior ranks","text":"Introduced to cricket by father Graeme and uncle Greg Campbell,[21] Ponting played for the Mowbray Under-13s team at the age of 11 in 1985–86. In January 1986, he took part in the five-day annual Northern Tasmania junior cricket competition.[22] After scoring four centuries in a week, bat manufacturer Kookaburra gave Ponting a sponsorship contract while in just eighth grade mainly on the back of these four centuries. Ponting took this form into the Under-16s week-long competition less than a month later, scoring an even century on the final day.[23] Ted Richardson, the former head of the Northern Tasmanian Schools Cricket Association said: \"Ricky is certainly the equal of David Boon at this level.[23]Australian Rules football was also a big part of Ponting's sporting life, and is a keen follower of the North Melbourne Kangaroos.[24] During the winter he played junior football for North Launceston and up until he was 14, it could have become a possible sporting option. This was before he broke the humerus in his right arm playing for North Launceston Under-17s as a 13-year-old. Ponting's arm was so badly damaged, it had to be pinned.[25] Told to endure a 14-week lay-off, he never played competitive football again.[26]During Tasmanian Sheffield Shield matches at the NTCA Ground (Northern Tasmanian Cricket Association Ground), Ponting helped out with the scoreboard, thereby surrounding himself with international cricketers.[27][28] After leaving school at the end of year 10 in 1990, he began work as a groundsman at Scotch Oakburn College, a private school in Launceston. In 1991 the Northern Tasmanian Cricket Association sponsored Ponting to attend a fortnight's training at the Australian Cricket Academy in Adelaide.[29][30] The two weeks turned into a full two-year sponsorship as he was said to be the best 17-year-old batsman Academy coach Rod Marsh had ever seen.[31]Playing five games for Tasmania for the 1992 Under-19 carnival in Perth, Ponting scored 350 runs, earning him selection in the 13-man national Under-19 development squad for the upcoming tour of South Africa—the first Australian cricket team to make an official tour to the country since Bill Lawry's team in 1970.[32][33]","title":"1974–1995: Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-class debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Shield"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Riverside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Cricket_Club_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Shield"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Redbacks"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Oval"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting32-36"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Glenn McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_McGrath"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting32-36"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WACA_Ground"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting34-38"},{"link_name":"1993 tour to England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1993"},{"link_name":"Greg Shipperd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Shipperd"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting34&35-39"},{"link_name":"Damien Martyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Martyn"},{"link_name":"Justin Langer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Langer"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting35-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting35-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting36-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting36-41"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting143-44"},{"link_name":"Stuart Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Law"},{"link_name":"Rod Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting37-45"},{"link_name":"Allan Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Border"},{"link_name":"tour to the West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cricket_in_the_West_Indies_from_1990%E2%80%9391_to_2000#Australia_1994%E2%80%9395"},{"link_name":"Bellerive Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerive_Oval"},{"link_name":"Sir Donald Bradman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Donald_Bradman"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting38-46"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Bellerive Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerive_Oval"},{"link_name":"Matthew Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Hayden"},{"link_name":"Greg Blewett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Blewett"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting40-47"},{"link_name":"World Series Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_Cup"},{"link_name":"Australia A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_A_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Mark Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Taylor_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting40&41-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Early Australian domestic career","text":"Ponting made his first-class debut for Tasmania in November 1992, when just 17 years and 337 days old, becoming the youngest Tasmanian to play in a Sheffield Shield match. However, he had to wait until 1995 before making his ODI debut, during a quadrangular tournament in New Zealand in a match against South Africa. His Test debut followed shortly after, when selected for the first Test of the 1995 home series against Sri Lanka in Perth, in which he scored 96. He lost his place in the national team several times in the period before early-1999, due to lack of form and discipline, before becoming One Day International captain in early-2002 and Test captain in early 2004.\nAfter scoring 114 not out in club match against Riverside, Ponting became the youngest player to appear for Tasmania in a Sheffield Shield match, breaking Boon's record by 14 days.[34] In November 1992, with Ponting just 17 years and 337 days, he went to the crease at number four against South Australia at the Adelaide Oval.[35] Despite scoring 56 in a 127-run partnership with Boon, he could not prevent a defeat, scoring just four in Tasmania's second innings.[36] In his first match in Tasmania, this time against New South Wales, Ponting contributed 32 and 18 in a draw. He followed this up with 25 against Western Australia in a narrow loss. His first match in Sydney also marked the debut of future Australian opening bowler Glenn McGrath. His subsequent century also meant that Ponting became the youngest Tasmanian to score a first-class century at 18 years and 40 days, eclipsing Boon's record of 19 years and 356 days.[36] After scoring another half century, Ponting scored back to back centuries against Western Australia on Australia's fastest wicket in Perth.[37] He became the youngest batsmen in Shield history to score twin centuries in a match. After setting a goal of scoring 500 runs in the season, he ended up scoring 781 at 48.81. After season's end, Ponting played seven four-day games for the Australian Academy, scoring 484 runs at 96.70, even though he was still only 18.[38]Speculation ignited that Ponting was an outsider to join the Australian squad on their 1993 tour to England. Despite Ponting's reluctance to weigh into the debate, Tasmanian coach Greg Shipperd thought he could handle the experience.[39] The selectors ended up choosing Western Australian batsman Damien Martyn for the tour, with Ponting selected in the academy squad captained by Justin Langer, which toured India and Sri Lanka for seven games in August–September 1993. Australian success was limited, with only several wins. No batsman scored a century, despite Ponting reaching 99 not out in a one-day game in Colombo. He finished the tour second highest in the aggregates, behind Langer.[40]\nBefore the start of the 1993–94 Sheffield Shield season, Ponting stated that he wanted to score 1000 runs for the season.[40] In Tasmania's final match of the season, they needed to defeat South Australia outright to qualify for the final. Set 366 in 102 overs, Ponting scored 161 in a 290-run partnership that ended with Tasmania needing just 41 runs for victory. Despite Tasmania losing four quick wickets, they won with four wickets in hand.[41][42] Disappointingly for Ponting, he could not repeat the performance in the final against New South Wales, scoring just one and 28, as Tasmania were defeated by an innings and 61 runs.[43] The season saw Ponting score 965 runs at 48.25, close to his 1000 run goal.[41][44]A month after the final, he was again selected for the academy squad for three limited overs matches against a touring Indian team. Queenslander Stuart Law captained the Australian side that included former Australian keeper Rod Marsh. In Australia's victory in Canberra he top scored with 71 and before scoring 52 in victory in Sydney. The last match was also successful for the home team, with Ponting not required to bat.[45]Ponting started his 1994–95 campaign with a century against eventual Shield champions Queensland in Brisbane, impressing Queensland captain Allan Border, \"He's just an outstanding prospect\", Border said.\nSpeculation again arose that Ponting could become a candidate for the upcoming tour to the West Indies. When Tasmania played Western Australia at Bellerive Oval on 4 November 1994, Ponting scored 211. The century was his fifth successive against Western Australia; Sir Donald Bradman is the only other batsman to score five consecutive centuries against another state in Shield history.[46] Ten days after the double century, Ponting was named in the Australian XI to take on England at Bellerive Oval—in a match that was used as practice before the upcoming series in the West Indies. Future Australian representatives Matthew Hayden, Langer, Greg Blewett and Martyn were also selected. In a drawn match Ponting compiled a half-century.[47]A fourth team was introduced to the World Series Cup in 1994–95—Australia A—for the only time. Australian captain Mark Taylor was not a fan of this change as many fans supported Australia A rather than the national team. Despite the negative feedback it gave Ponting a chance on the international stage.[48] Playing for Australia A, he scored 161 runs at 26.83 with one half-century.[49]","title":"1974–1995: Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1995–1999: Early International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting45-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting44-45-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODI_series_averages-52"},{"link_name":"Greg Shipperd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Shipperd"},{"link_name":"wicket-keeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicket-keeper"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting45-50"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting46-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting46-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting47-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting47-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting47-54"},{"link_name":"Queen's Park Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_Oval"},{"link_name":"Mark Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Waugh"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting48-55"},{"link_name":"Frank Worrell Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Worrell_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting49-50-56"},{"link_name":"Matthew Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Elliott_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Martin Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Love"},{"link_name":"Stuart Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Law"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting50-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting51-58"},{"link_name":"Australian Cricket Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting51-58"},{"link_name":"touring Sri Lankans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_1995%E2%80%9396"},{"link_name":"Devonport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"NTCA Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTCA_Ground"},{"link_name":"The Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Examiner_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting52-59"},{"link_name":"Steve Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Waugh"},{"link_name":"Muttiah Muralitharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan"},{"link_name":"Chaminda Vaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaminda_Vaas"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting54-60"},{"link_name":"Stuart Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Law"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong153-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting55-62"},{"link_name":"Asanka Gurusinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asanka_Gurusinha"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Darrell Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Hair"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting55-62"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p87-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting56-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT_Ponting_-_Tests_-_series_by_series_list-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting56-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting56-65"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"Michael Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Slater"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"}],"sub_title":"Australian debut","text":"Ponting's domestic performances were rewarded when he was selected for the Australian ODI team to play in all the matches in the 1995 New Zealand Centenary quadrangular tournament in New Zealand, that also included South Africa and India. Ponting made his debut against South Africa at number six in the batting order. He scored one from six balls, as Australia successfully chased South Africa's target on a difficult batting track. Australia secured another victory in their next match, this time against New Zealand in Auckland, where Ponting scored 10 not out, after coming to wicket late in the innings. His highest series score came in the third International where Australia lost to India in Dunedin. Ponting was promoted to number three in the batting order and responded by scoring 62 from 92 balls. The innings was scored without a boundary and was based on \"deft placement and judicious running.\"[50] The loss failed to stop Australia from appearing in the final against New Zealand in Auckland. Ponting returned to number six and was seven not out when the winning runs were scored.[51] He finished the series with 80 runs at 40 and strike rate of 71.42 runs per hundred balls.[52]Greg Shipperd publicly suggested that Ponting could be selected as a reserve wicket-keeper for the upcoming West Indies tour, despite not keeping-wicket for Tasmania. However, he had kept wicket in pre-season matches and during centre wicket practice. In any case Ponting was selected as a specialist batsman.[50] \"... It was like all my birthdays had come at once. I had some reservations about making my Test debut against arguably the best fast bowling attack in the world\", Ponting later said.[53] The West Indies had been cricket's powerhouse for close to two decades and teams included many feared fast bowlers. Before the tour, Australian captain Mark Taylor thought the last Test batting vacancy was possibly between Ponting and Justin Langer. \"Ricky Ponting is more the stroke player while Justin is the tough man. It depends on what we need at the time but you can probably say Ricky has his neck in front because he's been on this tour [of New Zealand]\", Taylor said.[53] Rod Marsh believed Ponting's attitude and fearless approach could tear the West Indies apart. Nevertheless, Ponting did not expect to be selected.[54] Steve Waugh noted that Ponting would \"not be intimidated by the West Indians' inevitable waist-to-chin length.\"[54] During the series, Ponting said the current crop of bowlers were not \"of the same high class\" that opposition teams had come to expect from the West Indies.[54]Ponting was selected for the third ODI on 12 March 1995 at Queen's Park Oval, when Mark Waugh missed out through injury. Ponting—batting at three—was involved in a 59-run partnership with Steve Waugh; however, he was dismissed for 43 when he lifted an attempted pull shot. Mark Waugh returned for the next match and Ponting was subsequently dropped until he replaced an out-of-form David Boon in the fifth and final match, where Ponting got a second-ball duck. In a three-day warm-up match ahead of the Tests, Ponting scored 19, with Greg Blewett scoring a century and Langer compiling a half-century.[55] The performance was not enough for Ponting to force his way into the Test side; though, Australia did regain the Frank Worrell Trophy for the first time in 20 years, winning the series 2–1.[56] When Ponting returned to Launceston in June 1995, Tasmania's TAB announced him as their part-time ambassador. He then undertook a tour to England with the Young Australians; a team that included fellow Tasmanian Shaun Young. It also included five future Test batsmen: Matthew Hayden, Matthew Elliott, Martin Love, Justin Langer and Stuart Law.[57] Despite not batting as well as he \"would have liked\", Ponting returned to Australia with the fourth highest batting average—48.73.[58]Tasmania toured Zimbabwe for five games ahead of the 1995–96 Sheffield Shield. Ponting struggled, aggregating 99 runs at a modest 24.75. By the end of October, he had signed a contract with the Australian Cricket Board, along with 22 other Australian cricketers.[58] He opened the batting with Boon in Tasmania's first match of the Sheffield Shield season, scoring 20 and 43. Ahead of the following match against Queensland in Hobart, Ponting set himself a goal of scoring a century in each innings; a feat he achieved in a high-scoring draw. His form continued against the touring Sri Lankans in a one-day game in Devonport, scoring 99. He scored another century against the same opposition in Launceston. During the match, the public address system at the NTCA Ground announced that Ponting was making his Test debut against Sri Lanka in Perth on 8 December. The following morning saw local newspaper The Examiner headline: \"He's Ricky Ponting, he's ours ... and he's made it! Tassie's batting star will play in his first Test.\" Marsh continued his praise of Ponting, who replaced a dropped Blewett. \"I have no doubt Ricky will be trying to get 100 in his first Test game. And I hope he does. You'd back him to. If Ricky carries with him the same attitude that he has seen him succeed at First-class cricket to the next level there is no reason why he will not continue to score.\"[59]Sri Lanka batted first and scored 251, before Ponting—batting at number five due to Steve Waugh's absence through injury—arrived at the crease with Australia at a comfortable 3/422. He started nervously, edging his first ball past first slip for a boundary from off-spinner Muttiah Muralitharan. When Ponting reached 96, Chaminda Vaas hit Ponting high on his thigh and was given out leg before wicket.[60] Many members of the crowd and media argued it was an incorrect decision due to excessive height. He combined with Stuart Law, also playing on debut, for a partnership of 121. This was only the ninth ever century partnership by debutants in Test cricket.[61] \"I've got mixed emotions about my knock at the moment. 96 is a good score but it would have been nice to get a 100\", Ponting said after the innings. \"Once I struck a few in the middle of the bat, and I spent some time in the middle I tried to relax and enjoy it, just savour the moment.\" Australia won the match by an innings.[62] In the second Test in Melbourne on Boxing Day, he scored a \"compact\" 71 in his only innings, combining for a century stand with Steve Waugh. He also took the wicket of Asanka Gurusinha in Sri Lanka's first innings amidst four economical overs.[63]However, Ponting's performance was overshadowed by Australian umpire Darrell Hair no-balling Muralitharan for throwing on seven occasions, increasing tensions between the two teams.[62][64] Ponting's fellow Tasmanian Boon retired after the Third Test, and Ponting's performances were not as strong at number six in the batting order, managing six and 20. Australia won yet again, sweeping the series 3–0, and Ponting was in full praise of Boon. \"I would have hated to be the first person to come through from Launceston and make it but he has proved it can be done\", Ponting said a year before his Test debut.[65] Ponting ended his debut Test series with 193 runs at 48.25.[66][67]Though Ponting's appearances for Tasmania continued to be limited, he was still able to top the 1995–96 season averages with 59.50.[65] He played in all ten games of the World Series ODI Cup played between Australia, Sri Lanka and the West Indies after the Test series.[65] Ponting started the series at number four but moved up a position midway through the season,[68] after opener Michael Slater was dropped. He broke through for his maiden ODI century in his 12th match, scoring 123 from 138 balls against Sri Lanka at the MCG. However, the effort was not enough to prevent Sri Lanka from victory.[68] Ponting ended his first home ODI tournament with 341 runs at 34.10, including one century and three fifties, as Australia ended as series champions.[68]","title":"1995–1999: Early International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"1996 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting59-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting60-72"},{"link_name":"Gaddafi Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaddafi_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting64-73"},{"link_name":"Feroz Shah Kotla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feroz_Shah_Kotla"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staples64-65-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting65-75"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT_Ponting_-_ODIs_-_series_by_series_list-76"},{"link_name":"Justin Langer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Langer"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Third_Test_Match_-_Australia_V_West_Indies-77"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting67-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting67-78"},{"link_name":"Michael Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bevan"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staples67-69-79"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong153-61"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"}],"sub_title":"1996 World Cup","text":"A Tamil Tiger bombing in Colombo coupled with death threats to some members of the team forced Australia to forfeit their scheduled 1996 Cricket World Cup match against Sri Lanka in Colombo.[69] Ponting batted in the number three position for the entire tournament, and scored six in Australia's opening match victory over Kenya. He continued to be inconsistent with scores of 12 and 33 against India and Zimbabwe, before becoming the youngest batsman to score a World Cup century, when he scored 102 runs from 112 balls against the West Indies in Jaipur.[70] Ponting wore a cap instead of a helmet to show the West Indians that he did not fear them. The effort was not enough, as Australia lost by four wickets.[71] Australia finished second in their group and faced New Zealand in the quarter-finals. He scored 41 followed by a 15-ball duck in a semi-final victory against the West Indies, as Australia staggered to 8/207. Australia appeared to be heading out of the tournament when the Caribbean team reached 2/165, but a sudden collapse saw Australia win by six runs in the last over.[72] Ponting scored 45 from 73 balls in the final at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore, which Australia lost to Sri Lanka. Ponting ended his first World Cup campaign with 229 runs at 32.71.[68]In August, Australia played in the Singer Cup in Sri Lanka, after a five-month break since the World Cup. Despite the political environment being more assured than during the World Cup, Australia still struggled to defeat the Sri Lankans, now full of confidence. Australia overpowered Zimbabwe, before going down the home side. They regrouped and defeated India; however, Sri Lanka defeated Australia, this time in the final. Ponting scored: 53, 46 not out, 0 and 17 for the series.[73] With Boon's retirement, Ponting was elevated to the No. 3 position in the Test team, and his first assignment in his new role came in a one-off Test against India at the Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi. Foreshadowing his future Test struggles in India, Ponting made 13 and 14 in a seven-wicket defeat.[74] His failed to regain his form in the following Titan Cup involving India, South Africa and Australia. After a \"scratchy\" game against South Africa, Ponting was rested for the next match against India. Nevertheless, he was recalled for the return match against South Africa, making 17. The series ending poorly for Ponting, being bowled for a duck, as India won the finals.[75] The pair of ODI tournaments on the subcontinent yielded Ponting only 168 runs at 28.00 from seven matches.[68][76]Ponting continued in the role for the series against the West Indies in 1996–97 in Australia. After two Test matches and three scores under 10, he was replaced by Justin Langer,[77] despite scoring 88 in the First Test.[66] He was out of the team for six months, and missed the remaining three Tests against the West Indies, the three Tests on the tour to South Africa, both series victories to Australia. Many \"experts\" thought the decision was unjustifiable. Former Australian coach, Bob Simpson, said: \"I really feel that Ricky could have been persevered with. He's a fine young cricketer and he'll now have to prove that he's got the tenacity and temperament to go with it.\"[78] Ponting's axing meant he had time to regain his form in the Sheffield Shield. Despite struggling at first, he scored twin centuries against South Australia in Hobart, and proceeded to score another ton against Queensland.[78]Ponting was selected for the 1997 Ashes tour of England, but did not play in any of the three preceding ODIs. He was not selected for the first three Tests; England won the first, Australia the third, and the second was drawn. Ponting was given three one-dayers and First-class match against Glamorgan to try to push his case for a Test inclusion. He scored a century in the latter, but managed just five against Middlesex in the last match before the Fourth Test. Michael Bevan was eventually dropped for Ponting, due to poor form and troubles against the short ball.[79] In his first Ashes Test, Ponting scored his first Test century (127, batting at No. 6).[61] He played the last three Tests and ended the series with 241 runs at 48.20.[66] At the time Australia had a policy of the selecting the same team for ODIs, so Ponting only played in three ODIs in early stages of the 1996–97 season in Australia, scoring 68 runs at 22.66 in December 1996 before being dropped.[68]Ponting scored 119 runs at 39.66 in the three-Test home series against New Zealand in 1997–98, including a breezy 73 not out from 85 balls in the second innings of the First Test in Brisbane to help Australia set a winning target.[66] He then made his first Test century on Australian soil, scoring 105 in the First Test against South Africa at the MCG. He added a fifty in the next match and ended the series with 248 runs at 49.60.[66] Ponting has his most successful ODI season to date, scoring 462 runs at 57.75 in the annual tri-series, including a 100 against New Zealand and three fifties.[68] The 100 was Ponting's third ODI century, but Australia had lost all three matches. He scored 76 in the third and deciding final against South Africa, which Australia won. In a brief four-match ODI tour of New Zealand at the end of the season, Ponting scored 76 runs at 25.33.[68]","title":"1995–1999: Early International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sachin Tendulkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting77&78-80"},{"link_name":"Eden Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting78-81"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting78-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"AFL Ansett Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League_pre-season_competition"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staples122&123-83"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting79-84"},{"link_name":"Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharjah_(emirate)"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Dean Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Jones_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting79-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staples127&128-85"},{"link_name":"Harbhajan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbhajan_Singh"},{"link_name":"off spinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_spin"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Coca-Cola_Cup"},{"link_name":"Mark Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Waugh"},{"link_name":"match referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_of_ICC_Referees"},{"link_name":"ICC Cricket Code of Conduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Cricket_Code_of_Conduct"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staples126&127-86"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Darren Lehmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Lehmann"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Rawalpindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Mark Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Taylor_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Don Bradman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bradman"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting79&80-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting79&80-87"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODI_Wisden_3-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting84-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting85-91"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting85-91"},{"link_name":"Kings Cross, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Cross,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting85-91"}],"sub_title":"1998 tours of the subcontinent and Ashes","text":"Just 10 days after their tour of New Zealand, Australia played in a first-class warm-up match in India, ahead of their three match Test series. Sachin Tendulkar struck a double century in the opening warm-up match as the Australian bowlers struggled to cope with the conditions. Ponting came into the Test series with first-class scores of 53, 37 and 155 behind him. Batting at five and seven in the batting order respectively, he scored 18 in the first innings and two in the second on a \"dusty turning track\" in the opening Test in Chennai. Despite conceding a 71 first innings lead, Tendulkar struck 155 in India's second innings, as India won by 169 runs.[80] Australia suffered further humiliation in the second Test at Eden Gardens. India—whom amassed 5/633 in reply to Australia's 233—went onto win by an innings and 16 runs, as Ponting scored 60 and nine.[81]Several days after the match, Ponting was thrown out of Equinox night club in Kolkata. The Indian media reported that Ponting was misbehaving with several women in the nightclub. Ponting was fined $1000 by Australian team management for the incident, and later apologised to staff.[81][82] Ponting later wrote:A few of the players wanted to go to a nightspot and so this guy had organised for us to get into a nightclub in Calcutta that was usually restricted to members and special guests. When we arrived at the nightclub this same guy spoke to the doorman. He explained that we were Australian cricketers and after a few minutes, they let us in. What we didn't know was that it was a couples night which meant the only way men could get in was in the company of a female. We were quite happy just hanging out together and having a few drinks, and for me it was a chance to celebrate North Melbourne's win in the AFL Ansett Cup final in Melbourne. Everyone was having a good time and knocking down a few beers and the next thing I knew I was asked to leave by one of the security guys. I am usually the last one to leave a nightclub and I wanted to stay, and there was a scuffle but that is all there was to it. I didn't realise we were the only single guys there. To be honest I couldn't remember half of what went on during the night because I'd had a skinful but I definitely did not assault women in the nightclub. Thankfully I had enough witnesses to prove it.[83]In the following Test in Bangalore, Australia won their first Test in India for 29 years, despite 177 not out from Tendulkar, which gave India a slender first innings lead. Ponting scored 16 his only innings as Australia won by eight wickets. He finished the series with 105 runs at 21.00 as the hosts took the Tests 2–1.[84]Despite a poor Test series, Ponting's form in ODIs remained strong. In consecutive tournaments in India and Sharjah following the Tests, Ponting scored 467 runs at 51.88. In addition to three fifties, Ponting scored 145 from 158 balls in the Pepsi Cup against Zimbabwe in Delhi, equalling Dean Jones' Australian record.[84][85]\nPonting also had his first confrontation with Harbhajan Singh, an Indian off spinner who went on to have much success against him. In the Coca-Cola Cup series ODI against India in April, he and Mark Waugh put on more than 80 runs in 12 overs before Harbhajan was introduced into the attack. In the spinners second over, Ponting took him for four then lofted him over mid-wicket for six next ball. The following delivery saw Ponting use his feet in an attempt to get to the pitch of the ball but missed the shot and was consequently stumped. After the dismissal the pair clashed verbally. Ponting wrote, \"The Sharjah incident was the result of me being over-competitive but it had the potential to get quite nasty. I was really disappointed with the shot I played [to get dismissed] and when I looked up Harbahjan was right in my face giving me the finger [gesturing for Ponting to leave the ground with his index finger] and really mouthing off. Had he been a few more metres away from me I would have not reacted like I did or at the most I would have given him a bit of lip as I walked past. I just over-reacted to the provocation.\" Both players were consequently fined ($500) and reprimanded by the match referee, with Harbhajan also suspended for a single ODI as he was adjudged to have breached the ICC Cricket Code of Conduct.[86]On the subsequent tour of Pakistan less than six months later, Ponting was dropped in favour of Darren Lehmann. The left-hander was perceived to be a better player of spin and a better prospect on the dry pitches of the Indian subcontinent than Ponting. In the first Test starting in October, Lehmann scored 98 in Rawalpindi, as Australia won their first Test in Pakistan in 39 years. Ponting's only Test outing was in a high-scoring second Test draw in Peshawar, when he scored 76 not out and 43 as Lehmann was injured. The match saw Mark Taylor equal Don Bradman's Australian record score of 334, when he declared Australia's innings overnight on 4/599, despite being not out. Ponting was replaced by Lehmann for the final Test.[87]In between the Tests and the ODIs, Australia were knocked out of the 1998 Wills International Cup, starting in late October, when they were defeated by India in their opening match. In a knockout based tournament, Tendulkar scored 141 in India's total of 307; meanwhile, Ponting managed a 53 ball 41, in a 44 run defeat. In a tournament hosted in Bangladesh, South Africa were eventual victors, defeating the West Indies in the final.[88] He played in all the following ODIs against Pakistan, which Australia won 3–0. In the final match, Ponting scored 124 not out from 129 balls,[68][87] as Australia chased down 316 with six wickets to spare.[89] He finished the series with 215 runs at 107.50.When the Australians returned for the home series against England, Ponting was \"in the worst run-scoring groove in his first-class career.\"[90] Nevertheless, he was recalled in place of Lehmann, despite the latter's form in Pakistan. This was explained on the basis of \"horses for courses\"; it was reasoned that Ponting would be more effective against England's pace-oriented bowling attack.[91] However, Ponting struggled in the first three Tests, scoring 47 runs at 11.75,[66] and Lehmann regained his spot for the last two matches.[91] He had played 22 Tests by the end of 1998, with 1,209 runs at an average of 36.63. Ponting was a permanent fixture in the ODI team throughout this period, and scored 322 runs at 46.00 during the Carlton & United (CUB series) series of 1998–99.During the CUB series, Ponting was involved in a fight outside a pub in Kings Cross, New South Wales, and earned a three match suspension from the national team. He sustained a black eye in the fight.[92][93] Forced to front a media conference with the black eye, Ponting admitted that he had a \"problem with alcohol,\"[94] and sought external help to attend to this problem. He also thought that his career was on \"thin ice\" and he had \"overstepped\" the mark, along with admitting that the episode may have ended his International captaincy aspirations.[91]","title":"1995–1999: Early International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting87-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting88&89-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting89-97"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting90-98"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODI_series_averages-52"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting91-99"}],"text":"Mark Taylor retired from international cricket on 2 February 1999, and was replaced by ODI captain Steve Waugh.[95] Lehmann failed to make much impact in the final two Ashes Tests and was dropped for the 1998–99 tour of the West Indies, while Ponting was recalled. Ponting's ability against pace-bowling helped his push for inclusion, as the West Indies typically relied entirely on pacemen. However, he was unable to force his way into the side in the first two tests,[96] with number three, Justin Langer, and number six, Greg Blewett, cementing their places in the side. Before the third Test, Blewett suffered a hand injury and Ponting was recalled into the side. On a pitch that became increasingly flat throughout the day, Ponting—who came to the crease with the score at 4–144—joined Steve Waugh in a 281 partnership. After Waugh survived one of Ambrose's \"more threatening spells\", he scored 199 and Ponting 104. He \"batted with maturity and even temperament associated with the champions of the game\", according to Waugh.[97] Australia collapsed in their second innings to be bowled out for 146, with Ponting scoring 22.[66] Left with a record run-chase in Barbados, the West Indies won by a single wicket, thanks to an unbeaten Brian Lara century. Australia had to win the Fourth and final Test in Antigua to retain the series, after going down 2–1. Ponting scored 21 and 21 not out in the match, as Australia won by 176 runs.[66][98] The following seven-match ODI series was not a success for Ponting, scoring just 74 runs at 14.80 in five matches.[52] The series was drawn at 3-all and included a tie.[99]","title":"1999–2002: The road back to the Australian side"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1999 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting91-99"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting91-99"},{"link_name":"Brendon Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon_Julian"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting92-100"},{"link_name":"Jacques Kallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Kallis"},{"link_name":"Shane Warne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Warne"},{"link_name":"Herschelle Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschelle_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"Gary Kirsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Kirsten"},{"link_name":"Lance Klusener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Klusener"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting:93-95-101"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"Kandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandy"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting:97-98-102"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"Bellerive Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerive_Oval"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting:99-100-103"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting:100-101-104"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT_Ponting_-_Tests_-_series_by_series_list-67"},{"link_name":"1999–2000 Carlton United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999/2000_Carlton_United&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODI_series_averages-52"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting:102-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting:103-106"},{"link_name":"Docklands Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docklands_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting:103-106"},{"link_name":"Andy Bichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bichel"},{"link_name":"Adam Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Dale"},{"link_name":"Ashley Noffke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Noffke"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting:104-107"},{"link_name":"Jamie Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Cox"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT_Ponting_-_Tests_-_series_by_series_list-67"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting:108-109-108"}],"sub_title":"First World Cup success (1999)","text":"Australia started their 1999 World Cup campaign in England with success against minnows Scotland, before defeats by Pakistan and New Zealand.[99] Ponting scored, 33, 47 and 49 respectively.[68] After the twin defeats, pundits doubted whether Australia could make the semi-finals let alone win the tournament.[99] Australia then defeated Bangladesh with 30 overs to spare, as Ponting batted out of his usual number three spot for the only time in the tournament. In an attempt to increase the run-rate with pinch hitter Brendon Julian, Ponting scored an unbeaten 18 from 10 balls at number four.[100] Ponting scored 20, 23 and 36 in the following matches against the West Indies, India and Zimbabwe. In the last match of the Super Six stage of the tournament, Australia were to play South Africa in a match they needed to win to make the semi-finals. South Africa batted first and scored 271, before Australia slumped to 3/48. Steve Waugh joined Ponting in the middle and scored 22 runs in ten overs. Both then agreed increase the scoring in a mid-pitch conversation. South African all-rounder Jacques Kallis could not bowl because of strained abdominal muscles and the batting pair attacked the replacement bowlers, scoring 82 from 10 overs. They were involved in a 126-run stand until Ponting fell for 69 scored in 110 balls, including five fours and two sixes. Waugh went on to make 120 off 110 deliveries helping Australia win with two balls to spare. The sides met again in their next match, this time in the semi-final at Edgbaston on 17 June 1999. Australia only managed 213, with Ponting contributing a solid 37 from 48 balls. In reply, South Africa started strongly, talking 45 from the first nine overs without the loss of a wicket. However, Shane Warne dismissed Herschelle Gibbs and Gary Kirsten before long and eventually took 4/29 from 10 overs. The last over started with the Africans needing nine runs with one wicket in hand. Lower-order hitter, Lance Klusener, proceeded to score eight runs in the next two balls. Drama followed, as Donald was run-out two balls later, resulting in a tie. Australia qualified for the final because they finished higher than their opposition on the Super Six table. They comfortably accounted for Pakistan in the final, winning by eight wickets, after they were set a target of 132. Ponting scored 24 in Australia's first World Cup win since 1987.[101] He ended the tournament with 354 runs at 39.33.Australia soon travelled to Sri Lanka for a three-Test series, which they lost 1–0. Ponting was one of Australia's few effective players during the tour and was Man-of-the-Series, ending with 253 runs at 84.33.[66] In the First Test defeat at Kandy, Ponting scored 96 and 51, almost half of Australia's match total of 328 runs. They lost the match by six wickets, partly due to being unable to handle the spin of Muralitharan who took eight wickets. The Second Test was severely interrupted by rain and Ponting scored just one in his only innings. He scored 105 not out in the Third Test in Colombo, his only Test century in Sri Lanka. Despite having a perceived weakness against spin, Ponting played Muralitharan the best out of all the Australian batsmen.[102] He scored 31 as Australia won their inaugural Test against Zimbabwe by nine wickets. In the following ODI series between the respective countries, Ponting scored 288 runs at 57.60 with two fifties.[68]Ponting started the 1999–2000 season poorly, with ducks in his first three Test innings in the series against Pakistan, including a pair on his home ground Bellerive Oval. He ended the run in style, scoring 197 in the Third Test at the WACA. Australia won the series 3–0[103] and Ponting proceeded to score 125 in the First Test against India at the Adelaide Oval. He finished with an unbeaten 141 in the Third Test at the SCG, the culmination of another Australian whitewash.[66][104] Ponting was the leading scorer for the series, compiling 375 runs at 125.00.[67] He brought this form into the initial stages of the following 1999–2000 Carlton United ODI series, hitting 32 and 115, before three consecutive ducks. Ponting, however, ended the rut towards the back end of the series, stringing together 53, 43, 33, 50 and 78, as Australia won the tournament. Along with his impressive average of 40.4, Ponting's strike rate (87.06) was the highest of all recognised Australian batsmen.[52][68] Perhaps more importantly, Ponting was selected as temporary vice-captain when Shane Warne was unavailable through injury, strengthening his claim for future higher honours. \"It's now apparent to me that I'm one being viewed as a future Australia captain\", Ponting acknowledged in his newspaper column. \"I think it's fair to say unless I was being considered for a future leadership position in the team then someone with significantly more experience, like Mark [Waugh] would have been given the nod to be the team's vice-captain.[105] Despite all his good fortune, Ponting slid into the boundary fence and seriously damaged his ankle during the second final against Pakistan, forcing him to miss the upcoming ODI series' in New Zealand and South Africa. The damaged ligaments required a two-hour operation, with doctors telling him how he would not be able to return to cricket until the next summer. He recovered quicker than expected and by May he returned to the golf course and was given approval to start cricket training.[106] He returned to the international scene in August for a three-match ODI series against South Africa in Melbourne's indoor Docklands Stadium. He made only 60 runs, as the series was tied 1–1, with a tie.[106]Ahead of the first Test of the 2000–01 season in November, Ponting found form while playing for Tasmania. He scored 233 against a strong Queensland bowling team that included Andy Bichel, Adam Dale and Ashley Noffke. The innings included 37 boundaries and four sixes, and was so dominant, the next highest score for the innings was 61. In the second and final first-class match Ponting played for Tasmania in the season, he scored a more sedate 187 against New South Wales in Hobart, assuring him a place in the Test side, despite Damien Martyn (who replaced Ponting in the side when injured) scoring two centuries for Western Australia. Ponting was overlooked the ODI vice-captaincy, with Gilchrist given the role; however, Ponting captained a Northern Territory XI against the West Indies in the lead-up to the upcoming series.[107] Though not known for extravagant claims, Steve Waugh told a journalist that Ponting could easily be the best batsman in the world, and put him alongside Sachin Tendulkar and Brian Lara. When Jamie Cox was selected for Australia A, Ponting was selected as captain of Tasmania for a domestic one-dayer against Victoria in December. His men won by nine wickets, with Ponting scoring an unbeaten 64 from 69 balls. Australia white-washed the West Indies 5–0 in the Test series; Ponting scored a modest 242 runs at 40.33, with a high score of 92.[67][108]","title":"1999–2002: The road back to the Australian side"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mark_Waugh:_The_biography_268-271-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Harbhajan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbhajan_Singh"},{"link_name":"Justin Langer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Langer"},{"link_name":"Damien Martyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Martyn"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Darren Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Gough"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashes"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Bellerive Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerive_Oval"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"}],"sub_title":"Defeat in India and 2001 Ashes","text":"Injury aside (he missed a three-Test tour of New Zealand in early 2000 after hurting his ankle in a fielding mishap in an ODI Final at Sydney), his position was now secured. Australia toured India in between February and April for three Tests and five ODIs. Australia had not won a Test series in India since 1969.[109] Australian captain Steve Waugh began calling this the \"Final Frontier\".[110] Australia lost the series 2–1 after winning the first Test,[111] and Ponting finished with just 17 runs at an average of 3.4.[112] He was dismissed all five times by Harbhajan Singh. Ponting had a habit of instinctively rocking onto the front foot and thrusting his wrists at Harbhajan's deliveries and was frequently caught in the bat pad positions because of this.Despite this recent run of poor scores, Ponting was promoted to the key No. 3 position in the Australian batting order at the expense of the dropped Justin Langer, while Damien Martyn took Ponting's former spot at No. 6, for the very next Test series, the 2001 Ashes tour of England. Ponting began the series poorly, scoring 11,[113] 14, 4,[114] 14 and 17[115]—the first four dismissals all to Darren Gough. In the first innings of the fourth Test, Ponting stood his ground while on 0 after edging to slips and refused to go off the field without a TV replay. Replays revealed that the ball had been grassed and Ponting subsequently went on to score 144 and 72 in the second innings.[116] He scored his 216 runs in only 226 balls. In doing so, he repeated his feat in 1997 of returning to form at Headingley. He ended the series with 338 runs at 42.25. Starting with that 2001 Ashes series he has batted No. 3 in all but four of his Test innings.[117]The touring New Zealanders were not expected to provide much of a challenge to the in-form Australians during the three-match Test series starting in November. The opening Test in Brisbane, saw the tourists came within 11 runs of victory, before the Test was drawn; partly to do with inclement weather. Ponting scored five and a run-a-ball 32 not out in Australia's second innings, as they pushed for a declaration. After scoring 4, 0 and 0 in his previous Test outings at Bellerive Oval, Ponting broke through with a man-of-the-match performance of 157 not out in the Second Test, before further rain resulted in another draw. The result of the Third Test in Perth was no different, with Ponting scoring 31 and 26. Set a record 440 to win, Australia finished on 7/381 at stumps on the final day, despite half-centuries from Gilchrist and the Waugh twins. He ended the Test season 366 runs at 52.28.[66]","title":"1999–2002: The road back to the Australian side"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2002–2004: Appointment as One Day International captain"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricky_Ponting_helmet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Oval"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"triangular tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_Cup"},{"link_name":"Steve Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Waugh"},{"link_name":"Adam Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"Paul Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Adams_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"}],"sub_title":"Appointment as One Day International captain","text":"Ponting at a training session at the Adelaide Oval in 2009.Although the Test team had continued to perform well, sweeping South Africa 3–0 in the home series in 2001–02, the One-Day International (ODI) team suffered a slump, failing to qualify for the finals of the triangular tournament, leading to the dropping of Steve Waugh from the one-day team in February 2002. Ponting was elevated to the captaincy, ahead of then vice-captain Adam Gilchrist. The fortunes of the ODI team revived immediately, and Ponting's men won their first series during the tour of South Africa, defeating the team that had won the tournament which ended Waugh's reign.Following his elevation to the ODI captaincy, Ponting played a prominent role in the Test tour of South Africa. He scored 100 not out to steer Australia to a four-wicket win in the Second Test in Cape Town, bringing up the winning runs with a six from the bowling of Paul Adams. He struck 89 in the Third Test and ended the series with 308 runs at 77.25 with a strike rate of 76.48.[66] Australia entered the seven-match ODI series without both of the Waugh twins.Ponting was prominent in the 3–0 whitewash of Pakistan on neutral territory in late 2002. He struck 141 in the First Test in Colombo and 150 in the Third Test in Sharjah to end with 342 runs at 85.50.[66]","title":"2002–2004: Appointment as One Day International captain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England toured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2002%E2%80%9303"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"2003 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2001–02 VB Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_VB_Series"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2003_World_Cup_Diary_2-4-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2003_World_Cup_Diary_6-8-119"},{"link_name":"Michael Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bevan"},{"link_name":"all rounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_rounder"},{"link_name":"Shane Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Watson"},{"link_name":"Andrew Symonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Symonds"},{"link_name":"Shane Warne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Warne"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Cricket_World_Cup#Final"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Armstrong154-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Cup_diary_246-121"},{"link_name":"2003 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_3-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_5-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_7&8-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_410-125"},{"link_name":"Frank Worrell Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Worrell_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_21-26-126"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Kensington Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Oval"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_27-28-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_33-128"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_38-39-129"}],"sub_title":"2002–03 Ashes victory and first World Cup success as captain","text":"England toured for the 2002–03 Australian season, and Ponting struck 123 in the First Test in Brisbane. His form continued with 154 in the Second Test in Adelaide, meaning that he had scored four centuries in five Tests.[66] Australia won the latter match by an innings and Ponting scored 68 in the Third Test in Perth as Australia took an unassailable 3–0 lead. He was unable to pass fifty in the final two Tests and ended the series with 417 runs at 52.12.[66] Australia won the VB series held between and after the Tests. After the conclusion of the Third Test, Australia's 30-man squad for upcoming 2003 World Cup was announced. Steve Waugh was a somewhat surprising omission, despite being unable to force his way back into the ODI team since being dropped after team disappointment in the 2001–02 VB Series.[118] Ponting scored a slow 18 from 30 deliveries in Australia's victory in the opening match of the 2002–03 VB series against England in Sydney. He proceeded to score 119 from 123 balls (nine fours and three sixes) in Australia's second match of the series—again against England, this time at the MCG—sharing an all wicket record Australian ODI partnership of 225 with Adam Gilchrist in the process. Despite a comfortable Australian victory, Warne dislocated his right shoulder while diving to stop a ball.[119] The success continued through the 2002–03 ODI series in Australia. Winning the finals series against England 2–0.Australia hit trouble on the personnel front in the lead up to the World Cup. Lehmann was handed a seven-match ban for racial abuse, the world's number 1 ranked ODI batsman Michael Bevan was injured, as was all rounder Shane Watson, who had to withdraw from the World Cup. At the time, another all-rounder, Andrew Symonds, had been performing poorly and had been heavily maligned by cricket analysts, but Ponting strongly advocated his inclusion. The selectors granted Ponting his wish, although the decision was considered highly controversial, especially with Waugh campaigning for his recall as an all-rounder.A few days before the tournament started, Australia were in further turmoil, when leading bowler Shane Warne was sent home after failing a drugs test, and a replacement could not be flown in until after the first match. With Bevan and Lehmann still sidelined, Australia went into their opening match with little choice over their line-up, and Symonds having to play. However, Symonds repaid Ponting's faith with an unbeaten 140 after Australia lost three quick wickets to be in early trouble. Australia beat Pakistan, and gained further momentum by defeating India by nine wickets in less than half their allotted overs in the next match. Symonds continued to put in a series of match-winning performances and continued to be strongly backed by Ponting from then on. Ponting himself performed solidly with 53 against Pakistan and 24 not out, hitting the winning runs to guide Australia home.He failed to perform in the rest of the group matches including just 2 against Namibia and 18 against England in a poor performance which Australia managed to win just. He began the Super Six stage with a massive 114 against Sri Lanka. This innings included 4 sixes and he was very aggressive. He failed in the rest of the Super Six stage and the semi-final against the same opposition (Sri Lanka). In the Final, they met India, who they had crushed in the group stage. Indian captain Sourav Ganguly controversially sent the Australians in to bat, citing cloud cover, but Ponting's batsmen attacked immediately and put the Indian bowlers under pressure. They went on to score 359–2, a record for a world cup final by over 100 runs. Ponting top-scored with a brilliant 140 not out from 121 balls. India's batsmen could not cope with the target, and were defeated by a record (for World Cup Final matches) 125 runs.[120] \"I have had some amazing times and some proud moments in my career, but the events at the Wanderers have topped the lot. Lifting the World Cup alongside 20 other proud Australians ... [It is] without doubt the best moment of my cricketing life.\"[121] Ponting led his team to a dominant, undefeated, performance in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, winning all 11 of their matches.Ponting was announced as long-term vice-captain in place of Adam Gilchrist for Australia's away series in the Caribbean starting in April 2003.[122] The first Test was not the first time Ponting had been vice-captain of the Australian Test team however, as he was thrust into the role against the West Indies in 2000 and England in 2001—because of injuries to Steve Waugh. Although Gilchrist had not done anything untoward, Ponting was elevated because Australian selectors wanted him to captain if Waugh was to be injured. This was Ponting's third tour to the Caribbean, and he was rested from the only warm-up match ahead of the Tests.[123] Nevertheless, he continued his World Cup form in the First Test, scoring 117 and 42 not out on a slow and low pitch, as Australia won by nine wickets.[124][125] Ponting scored his first double century (206) in the Second Test, as he and Darren Lehmann shared an Australian third-wicket partnership record of 315 against a weak bowling attack. Australia defeated the West Indies by 118 runs on the final day—retaining the Frank Worrell Trophy.[126] The Tasmanian's rich vein of form continued in the Third Test, after being rested for a tour match against Barbados. He scored 113 before running himself out, as Australia batted first on a pitch at the Kensington Oval described as the slowest Waugh had played on.[127] Waugh's men proceeded to take a 3–0 series, with a comfortable nine-wicket victory.[128] Ponting missed the final Test, as Australia conceded the Test record run chase of 418; nevertheless, Ponting was still awarded the man-of-the-series award, after ending the series with 523 runs at 130.75.[66][129]","title":"2002–2004: Appointment as One Day International captain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairns"},{"link_name":"Michael Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bevan"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_85-132"},{"link_name":"Robert Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_86-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_86&87-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_87-135"},{"link_name":"Brian Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lara"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_95-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_99-138"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_105-139"},{"link_name":"Gwalior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwalior"},{"link_name":"Faridabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridabad"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Guwahati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahati"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fourth-innings_gladiators_and_Ponting_airborne-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_125&126-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_130&131&132-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winning_when_it_matters-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_450-153"}],"sub_title":"5,000 Test runs","text":"Ponting then scored 10 and 59 as Australia recorded comfortable innings victories in their inaugural series against Bangladesh, played in Darwin and Cairns in the tropical north of Australia in the winter of 2003. In the third and final match of the ODI series following the Tests, Ponting scored a composed century, as he and Michael Bevan put on a run-a-ball 127-run stand.[131]Australia's cricket summer started in October; a month earlier than usual because of their ODI series in India following their home series against Zimbabwe.[132] Due to the season's early start, many of the Australian players were not match fit. McGrath missed the series with an ankle injury, while there were concerns about whether Australia should be playing Zimbabwe because of Robert Mugabe's regime.[133] The first Test started on 9 October in Perth, as Australia started strongly batted first against a Zimbabwean bowling attack that lacked penetration on a flat WACA wicket.[134] However, Ponting was dismissed leg before wicket for 37,[135] while Hayden went on to break Brian Lara's world record Test score of 375.[136] Australia won the Test by an innings and 175 runs on the final day.[137] In the next Test at the SCG Australia fielded an inexperienced team due to injuries and won by nine wickets; sweeping the series 2–0. Ponting struck 169 and 53 not out, and passed 5,000 Test runs during his first innings century.[138] The Australian number three ended the two-match series with 259 runs at 129.50.[66] In the midst of the lack of public attention and poor crowds, Ponting wrote how he was unsure whether Bangladesh and Zimbabwe should be playing Test cricket.[139]Australia flew to India two-day after the conclusion of the Zimbabwean series to play in the TVS Cup against India and New Zealand. They opened their campaign on 26 October against India in Gwalior, but were defeated by 37 runs, as Ponting was dismissed for two. Australia played New Zealand in match three of series in Faridabad. An early 9 am start saw New Zealand bowled out for 97, despite Australia bowling 17 wides. Australia comfortably reached the target, losing only two wickets in the process; one of which was Ponting for 12, who felt that he was \"in terrible form.\".[140] Before Australia's next game, Ponting was named the Wisden International Cricketer of the Year in an award ceremony in Mumbai.[141] Two days later, the city saw Australia defeat India by 77 runs, helped by Ponting's 31.[142][143] He continued his run without a large score, managing just 16 in the fifth match of the series against New Zealand; however, Australia won a hard-fought contest.[144] He regained his form in a victory over New Zealand in match—scoring 52 in Guwahati.[145] Ponting improved further against India in match eight in Bangalore. After Gilchrist scored his first ODI century against India, Ponting scored an unbeaten 108 from 103 balls, to help Australia win by 61 runs. Ponting hit seven sixes and one four, becoming the first batsman to end up with only one four in an ODI century.[146][147][148] Ponting struggled to come to terms with the pitch early, reaching his 50 in 69 balls, before scoring his next 50 in 31 deliveries.[149] After defeating New Zealand, India qualified for the final against Australia. Batting first in Kolkata, Australia managed 5/235, as Ponting scored 36. India were bowled out for 198, leaving Australia victors by 37 runs.[150][151][152] He finished the series with 296 runs—the third highest run-scorer—at an average of 42.83.[153]","title":"2002–2004: Appointment as One Day International captain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"Port-of-Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-of-Spain"},{"link_name":"Sir Donald Bradman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Donald_Bradman"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Steve Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Waugh"},{"link_name":"Mark Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Taylor_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Steve Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Waugh"}],"sub_title":"Most runs by an Australian in a calendar year (2003)","text":"After making 54 and 50 in the rain-drawn First Test in Brisbane, Ponting scored double-centuries in back-to-back Tests against India, in the Second Test at Adelaide (242) and at Melbourne (257, his career high).[154][155] He hit 31 not out in the second innings in Melbourne as Australia levelled the series 1–1 and scored 25 and 47 in the drawn Fourth Test in Sydney to end as the leading run-scorer for the series, with 706 runs at 100.85.[66] Harbhajan had been sent home after the First Test with an injury to his spinning finger.Having also scored 206 at Port-of-Spain earlier in the year, he became only the second player (Sir Donald Bradman the other) to hit three double-centuries in a calendar year.[156] Ponting's 242 against India at Adelaide is also the highest ever Test score by a batsman whose team was subsequently defeated in the match.[157]\nAfter Steve Waugh's retirement at the beginning of 2004 following the drawn home series against India, Ponting assumed the Test captaincy. Since 1997 the Australian team has not always had the same captain for Tests and for ODIs, with Mark Taylor and Steve Waugh being dropped from the ODI team whilst still the Test captain.","title":"2002–2004: Appointment as One Day International captain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_My_First_Year_ix-158"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SRWaugh.png"},{"link_name":"Steve Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Waugh"},{"link_name":"Simon Katich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Katich"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"ICC Champions Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Shane Warne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Warne"},{"link_name":"Wankhede Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wankhede_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Off spinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off_spin"},{"link_name":"Nathan Hauritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Hauritz"},{"link_name":"leg spinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_spin"},{"link_name":"Cameron White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_White"},{"link_name":"Stuart MacGill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_MacGill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricky_Ponting_signing.jpg"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"}],"text":"Ricky Ponting was destined to lead his country – I couldn't have handed Australian cricket's ultimate individual honour to a more capable and deserving man. A leader must earn respect and lead from the front, and on both of these counts Punter has undoubtedly excelled. When the one-day leadership duties were passed over to Ricky in South Africa, my main piece of advice to him was, 'Make sure you take care of your own game and maintain your form, because everything else will follow from that.' Since assuming the mantle, Punter has shown himself to be among the top three batsmen in the world in both forms of the game, and has elevated his hunger and desire for runs to a level most can only aspire to.— Steve Waugh writing about Ponting replacing him as Australian captain[158]After Steve Waugh's (pictured) retirement at the beginning of 2004 following the drawn home series against India, Ponting assumed the Test captaincy.Ponting started with a 3–0 clean sweep of the Test series in Sri Lanka. Ponting brought Symonds into the Test team on the back of strong ODI form, rather than first-class cricket, replacing Simon Katich, who had scored a century and unbeaten fifty in the last Test. However, this backfired and Symonds was dropped after two Tests. Nevertheless, it was a far cry from Australia's last two Test campaigns in Sri Lanka, which had resulted in a 1–0 and 0–1 results respectively. Individually though, Ponting struggled, especially in comparison to his efforts in 1999. He scored 198 runs at 33.00, his only effort beyond 30 being 92 in the first innings of the Third Test at the Sinhalese Sports Club ground in Colombo.[66]Australia hosted Sri Lanka for two Tests during the winter, in the tropical north. Ponting missed the victory in the First Test in Darwin due to a family bereavement, and scored 22 and 45 as the Second Test in Cairns was drawn.Despite their success at World Cups, Australia continued their failure to win the ICC Champions Trophy. They were knocked out by hosts England in the semifinals in 2004.After missing most of the tour of India due to injury, Ponting returned for the Fourth Test. By this time, Australia had taken an unassailable 2–0 series lead, his deputy Gilchrist leading the tourists to their first Test series win in India since 1969–70. Leading spinner Shane Warne injured himself on the eve of the match, which was played on a very dry pitch at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. Off spinner Nathan Hauritz and leg spinner Cameron White, who were not regular wicket-takers in domestic cricket, were surprise selections ahead of Stuart MacGill for the tour. The reasoning given by the selectors was that as they intended to play only one spinner—Warne—MacGill was unlikely to play so they would not lose anything by taking some young spinners instead, in order to gain experience. However, it was too late for MacGill to be flown in, and Hauritz played and took 5/103. Ponting made 11 and 12 and Australia lost a low-scoring match in less than two days' equivalent playing time. Ponting was very vocal in criticising the playing surface after the match.Ponting signing autographs in Sydney, 2005, before he scored his fourth career double century.Ponting oversaw a successful campaign in the 2004–05 Australian season. They won all five Tests, defeating New Zealand 2–0 and Pakistan 3–0. Ponting scored 145 runs at 72.50 against New Zealand in a winning start to his Test captaincy on home soil. For his performances in 2004, he was named as captain of both the World Test XI and ODI XI by ICC.[159]Up to this point, Ponting's prolific form with the bat in 2003 had tapered away following his ascension to the captaincy and he had not made a century in eight Tests, a long period by his standards. In the First Test against Pakistan in Perth, Ponting made 98 in the second innings. Australia went on to crush the visitors by over 400 runs. Ponting struck 62 not out in the second innings as Australia won by nine wickets in the Second Test in Melbourne, and then brought up his maiden century as captain, scoring 207 in the New Year's Test in Sydney, which ended in another convincing nine-wicket triumph. He ended the series with 403 runs at 100.75.Australia then won a three-Test tour against New Zealand away 2–0. Ponting ended the series in style, scoring 105 and 86 not out in the Third Test win in New Zealand. In his first Test series in the country, he scored 293 runs at 97.66.","title":"2004–2008: Appointment as Test captain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Allan Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Border"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Shane Warne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Warne"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Glenn McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_McGrath"},{"link_name":"Old Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_result_in_cricket#Draw"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Trent Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Simon Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Jones_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Gary Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Pratt"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Michael Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Vaughan"},{"link_name":"Adam Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"The Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oval"},{"link_name":"Kevin Pietersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Pietersen"},{"link_name":"Ashley Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Giles"}],"sub_title":"Australia lose an Ashes series for the first time since 1987","text":"Australia lost to England 2–1 after starting the series as favourites.[160] Ponting thus became the first Australian captain since Allan Border in 1986–87 to lose an Ashes series. The 2005 series was hailed as one of the great Test series, but Ponting faced significant criticism afterwards and his tenure as captain was questioned.[161][162] In his defence, Ponting said that Australia had simply been outplayed and had not stepped up at crucial moments in the matches. He rejected suggestions that Shane Warne should be captain in his stead.[163]After the first two matches the score was 1–1, having lost Glenn McGrath during the warm-up at Edgbaston and falling short of victory by just 3 run. England had the upper hand throughout the third Test at Old Trafford, where Australia needed to bat through the last day to force a draw. Ponting scored 156, the first Australian century of the series, and was dismissed only four overs from the end of the day.[164] This left Australia nine wickets down but their final pair survived the remaining overs. In the fourth Test at Trent Bridge, Australia again batted poorly and was forced to follow-on. In the second innings, Ponting was well set on a score of 48, and England was in some difficulty due to an injury to key paceman Simon Jones, when the Australian captain was run out by a direct hit from the substitute fielder (Gary Pratt). Ponting reacted angrily, directing an abusive tirade at the English support team in the pavilion concerning the liberal use of substitutes as he walked into the Australian rooms. England had routinely used substitutes so that their bowlers could receive massages between their spells, but in this case, Pratt was on the field due to an injury to Jones, who had been taken to hospital and would go on to miss the fifth and final Test match of the series. Ponting was later fined 75% of his match fee by the match referee.[165]Australia went on to lose the match, despite a spirited fightback with the ball on the last day. Also in this match Ponting bowled six overs, and took his first wicket since March 1999; Michael Vaughan caught behind by Adam Gilchrist. The Fifth Test at The Oval was curtailed by rain and although Australia had the English batsmen in danger on the final day, a rearguard counterattacking partnership by Kevin Pietersen and Ashley Giles on the final afternoon secured a draw for the hosts. Thus, the Ashes were lost for the first time in 16 years.The setback to Australia, and to Ponting as Australian captain, of the 2005 Ashes defeat, was to prove a strong motivation for the Australian camp to improve their standards and overcome any complacency that may have arisen from Australia's being the world's premier cricketing nation for a decade. Prior to the Ashes defeat, Australia's dominance had prompted the ICC to organise a series against a World XI, immediately after the Ashes. Following the Ashes defeat, Australia were expected to struggle against the World XI, but bounced back to whitewash them 3–0 in the ODIs; they also won the only Test easily, Ponting scoring 46 and 54. However, the series was also criticised due to the apparent lack of collective desire of the World XI, who were regarded more as a collection of individuals.","title":"2004–2008: Appointment as Test captain"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricky_Ponting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Graeme Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Smith"}],"sub_title":"Twin centuries in 100th Test","text":"Ponting during his 124 against Sri Lanka on 12 February 2006 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.Australia were untroubled during the 2005–06 home season—whitewashing the West Indies 3–0 before defeating South Africa 2–0 in three Tests. They then toured South Africa and recorded a 3–0 whitewash in the Tests. In the series against the West Indies, Ponting scored a century in each innings of the First Test in Brisbane, 149 and 104 not out. In his first Test as captain in front of the Tasmanian public, Ponting managed 17 and 0 not out, and he ended the series with 329 runs at 82.25.Ponting was in a rich vein of form against the South Africans. After scoring 71 and 53 in the drawn First Test in Perth, Ponting scored 117 on Boxing Day in the Second Test at the MCG. Australia won the match and Ponting scored 120 and 143 not out to end the series and start the New Year with a dramatic win in the Third Test at the SCG. South African captain Graeme Smith declared on the final morning of a rain-curtailed match and tried to open up the game in a bid to equal the series. He left Australia a target of 287 runs in 76 overs, and Ponting made 143 not out in only 159 balls to secure an eight-wicket win. It was the first time anyone had scored two centuries in their 100th Test and Ponting was named man of the match and man of the series. He had scored 515 runs at 103.00.For his performances in 2005, he was named once again as captain of the World Test XI by ICC.","title":"2004–2008: Appointment as Test captain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kookaburra Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport"},{"link_name":"MCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"5th ODI against South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_ODI,_Australian_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_2005%E2%80%9306"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JoburgODI-167"},{"link_name":"Herschelle Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschelle_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Captain_Diary_2006_202&203-168"},{"link_name":"2006 ICC Champions Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_ICC_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Sharad Pawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharad_Pawar"},{"link_name":"Damien Martyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Martyn"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"}],"sub_title":"Australia's first Champions Trophy victory","text":"In 2005 Ponting began using cricket bats with a graphite covering over the wooden blade of the bat, as did other players contracted to Kookaburra Sport. This was ruled by the MCC to have contravened Law 6.1, which states that bats have to be made of wood, although they may be \"covered with material for protection, strengthening or repair not likely to cause unacceptable damage to the ball\". Ponting and Kookaburra agreed to comply, before the series against South Africa.[166]Australia continued their run in South Africa even in the absence of McGrath for family reasons. Ponting scored 103 and 116 in the Second Test in Durban, making it three Test centuries in consecutive innings at the ground. He ended the series with 348 runs at 58.00. Remarkably his performance at Durban meant that Ponting had scored twin centuries in three separate Tests between November 2005 and March 2006, as part of 1192 runs at 79.5 in nine matches over the same period.On 12 March 2006 Ponting scored 164 in only 105 balls in the 5th ODI against South Africa in Johannesburg, as Australia made a record total of 434 for 4, only to be beaten by South Africa's 438 for 9.[167] At the end of the match Ponting was jointly awarded Man of the Match with Herschelle Gibbs. Ponting was not happy with the performance and once in the dressing rooms delivered \"the biggest spray\" he hoped to do while captain of Australia.[168]The Australians moved on to their maiden Test tour of Bangladesh thereafter, and narrowly avoided an ignominious loss in the First Test at Fatullah. After the home side took an unexpected first innings lead, Ponting scored an unbeaten 118 in the second innings to guide his team to a three-wicket win. He scored 52 in the Second Test as Australia won by an innings and took the series 2–0.Australia won the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy in India, finally winning the ODI tournament that had eluded them despite their World Cup success. After the final in Mumbai, Ponting drew some criticism for appearing to ask BCCI president and Indian cabinet minister Sharad Pawar to \"leave the podium\" and pointing towards the exit with his finger, while his teammate Damien Martyn pushed him gently in the back so that his team could commence celebrations. The issue, while minor, was solved when Ponting issued a formal apology to Pawar.[169][170]For his performances in 2006, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC.[171] For his performances in 2006, he was named as captain of the World Test XI by ESPNcricinfo.[172]","title":"2004–2008: Appointment as Test captain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of batsmen who have scored over 10000 One Day International cricket runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_batsmen_who_have_scored_over_10000_One_Day_International_cricket_runs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australia_regain_Ashes_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"WACA Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WACA_Ground"},{"link_name":"Warwick Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Man of the Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_the_Series"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Jamie Dalrymple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Dalrymple"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australia_V_England,_9_March_2007-174"},{"link_name":"Warner Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Park_Sporting_Complex"},{"link_name":"St Kitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kitts"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayden_muscles_Australia_to_victory-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurricane_Hayden,_and_Kallis_on_the_crawl-176"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_World_Cup_treble.jpg"},{"link_name":"Super Eights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup_Super_Eight_stage"},{"link_name":"Sir Vivian Richards Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Vivian_Richards_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Impressive_Ponting_guides_Australia-179"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"}],"sub_title":"Ashes regained and 10,000 ODI runs at 2007 World Cup","text":"See also: List of batsmen who have scored over 10000 One Day International cricket runsIn November 2006, the England cricket team again took on Australia in the first Test of a five Test series that was widely expected to be a tremendous contest between Australia, the top team on the world cricket rankings, and the England team, whose aggregated results over the last few years had it standing second in the rankings. Despite Australia this time having the advantage of playing on its own soil, the England team that had wrested the Ashes from the Australians was expected to be highly competitive.The Australian cricket team with a replica of The Ashes urnIn the First Test in Brisbane, Ponting top-scored in Australia's first innings with 196 runs, and he followed this up with 60 not out in the second as Australia took the initiative with a commanding win. In the Second Test in Adelaide, Ponting top-scored with 142, helping Australia to a total of 513 in response to England's 6/551. Australia went on to win the match by six wickets after a last day English collapse, Ponting making 49 in the chase. At the conclusion of the match, Ponting's batting average peaked at 59.99. The Third Test played at the WACA Ground saw another win to Australia by 206 runs to reclaim the Ashes; Ponting made 2 and 75. The 15 months they had been in English hands was the shortest period either nation had held the urn. Further wins in Melbourne and Sydney, made Ponting's team the second team (after Warwick Armstrong's Australian team in 1920–21) to win an Ashes series 5–0, and that against what had been thought to be a formidable team, the second strongest cricketing team in the world. Ponting was awarded Man of the Series for the 2006–07 Ashes series after scoring 576 runs at an average of 82.29 including 2 centuries and 2 half centuries. For his performances in 2006, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC.Australia then started the ODI series well, qualifying in first place for the final. However, they stumbled and lost 2–0 to England in the finals. Ponting was then rested for the Chappell–Hadlee Trophy ahead of the World Cup, and in his absence, the Australians were whitewashed 3–0, leading to suggestions that his team had slumped just ahead of the most important ODI tournament in world cricket.Australia left for St Vincent, Australia's venue for its two warm-up matches against Zimbabwe and England on 28 February without Brett Lee because of ankle damage. In the first warmup game against Zimbabwe, Ponting scored just 2 in Australia's 106 run victory.[173] In Australia's second and last warm up game, this time against England, Ponting again failed to make an impact, scoring just 7 before he was bowled by off-spinner Jamie Dalrymple.[174]Australia started its World Cup campaign with three group matches played at Warner Park, St Kitts. Ponting himself began successfully with an innings of 113 from 93 deliveries that included five sixes, as Australia were dominant in 203-run victory against Scotland. Despite scoring just 23 in the next match against the Netherlands, Australia still amassed 358 and proceeded to win by 229 runs. In their next match against South Africa, Australia amassed 377/6—their highest score in World Cups. Ponting also scored 91 from 91 balls, and became the seventh player to score 10,000 ODI runs. Despite South Africa being 160 without loss in the 21st over, they crumbled, losing 9 wickets for just 74 runs.[175][176]A large crowd of over 10,000 fans welcome the Australian team on completing the first World Cup hat-trick – Martin Place, Sydney.Australia comfortably qualified for the Super Eights with their first match played at the new Sir Vivian Richards Stadium in Antigua. Ponting stated that he was not very impressed with the outfield labelling it \"ridiculously sandy\".\nThe Australian captain was run out when on 35, with his team amassing 322 mainly thanks to 158 from Hayden. In a match spread out over two days, Australia comfortably defeated the home side by 103 runs.[177] In their next match, Australia come up against lowly Bangladesh in another rain interrupted affair. This time the match was shortened to 22 overs a side. In the end Australia won by 10 wickets with Ponting not getting a chance to bat.[178] In their next match against England, again in Antigua, Ponting scored a half-century, guiding Australia to a seven-wicket victory.[179]\nAfter not getting a bat in Australia's rout of Ireland in Barbados, Ponting steered Australia to victory in their next match against Sri Lanka in Grenada, with 66 not out. Grenada was again the venue for Australia's final super eights match, this time against New Zealand. Again amongst the runs, Ponting produced a fluent 66 that included seven boundaries, with his team wrapping up their biggest victory of the tournament. With his men now firm favourites for the tournament, they again came up against South Africa in the semi-final. South Africa, who were reeling at 27/5, ended up setting Australia 150 to win. Although Ponting scored 22, Australia easily dispatched South Africa by 7 wickets. He was named as captain of the 'Team of the Tournament' by ESPNcricinfo.[180]For his performances in 2007, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC and ESPNcricinfo.[181]","title":"2004–2008: Appointment as Test captain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Captains_Diary_91-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Captains_Diary_316-320-183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricky_Ponting_toss.jpg"},{"link_name":"Second Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Test,_2007-08_Border-Gavaskar_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Declaration-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Anil Kumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kumble"},{"link_name":"Bill Woodfull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Woodfull"},{"link_name":"Pelham Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelham_Warner"},{"link_name":"1932–33 Bodyline series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyline"},{"link_name":"Chetan Chauhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Chauhan"},{"link_name":"Mark Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Benson"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clean_up-187"},{"link_name":"Peter Roebuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Roebuck"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peter_Roebuck-188"}],"sub_title":"Sydney Test controversy","text":"The 2007–08 started a new era for Australia, as McGrath and Warne had both retired at the end of the previous Ashes series. The pair had taken more than 1250 Test wickets between them, and the only three Test defeats that Australia had suffered under Ponting, once against India in Mumbai in 2004 and the two against England in 2005, had all occurred when one of the two were injured. Now that both had gone, critics wondered whether Australia and Ponting could maintain their success with their two main strike weapons absent. Australia had not played a Test since the Ashes, while being involved in 32 ODIs and eight Twenty20 Internationals.[182] The period started well for Australia; winning the first Test against Sri Lanka in Brisbane by an innings and 40 runs. Ponting struck 56 from 84 balls (seven fours) in Australia's total of 551. The Second Test in Hobart, saw Ponting score 31 (66 balls) and 53 not out (2 fours and a six) in front of his home crowd, as Australia wrapped up the series 2–0. Ponting scored 140 runs at 70 and took three catches.[183] For his performances in 2007, he was named as captain once again in the World Test XI by ICC.Ponting at the toss for an ODI against India at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.However, the series against India was much harder-fought. Australia won the First Test easily, by 337 runs, but the matches thereafter were more difficult. The Second Test was closely fought and ended in Australian victory minutes before the end of play. This saw Australia equal the world record of 16 consecutive Test wins; Ponting, was part of Steve Waugh side that set the previous record in 1999–2001. However, the cricket was overshadowed by player conduct issues.After the match ended the stadium erupted in cheering as the Indians walked off the field, and the Australians celebrated their record-equalling win.[184] The Australian team did not shake hands with Indian players on the field, especially Kumble who was waiting there after the fall of the final wicket.[185] Though the Australian and Indian teams shook hands before heading into the dressing rooms later, but Kumble, who was batting at the end of the match, showed his displeasure by not shaking hands with the umpires. India expressed their resentment by boycotting the post-match presentation ceremony.\nIn the post-match press conference, Anil Kumble summed up his view of the game by stating, \"Only one team is playing in the spirit of the game\" – a statement that alluded to Australian captain Bill Woodfull's leaked private admonishment of English manager Sir Pelham Warner during the 1932–33 Bodyline series. Chetan Chauhan, India's team manager said his players were \"agitated and upset by... the incompetent umpires here... [and hoped] that they will not officiate again in the series\". Ponting was questioned over the wrong decision, the racism row, and especially the wicket of Ganguly during which he held his finger up to indicate to Mark Benson that Ganguly has been caught. Ponting was aggressive towards the Indian journalists, lashing out at them for \"questioning my [Ponting's] integrity\". The Australian players faced much questioning as a result of the fallout of the incident. The Australian team maintained that they play hard but fair. In regards to the racism issue, Ponting denied he did anything wrong by singularly reporting Harbhajan Singh for being abusive. Ponting stated that he was obligated to refer any incidents of racism to officials as it is widely agreed that racism is unacceptable anywhere in the world.[186] After criticism of the Australian team in multiple media continued, a shocked Ponting promised to ensure that his side's conduct is not seen to be arrogant in future matches.[187] Peter Roebuck, a columnist in The Sydney Morning Herald, branded Ponting as \"arrogant\" and insisted that be stripped of the captaincy.[188]In the early part of the Test series against India, Ponting continued to struggle against Harbhajan, falling to him three consecutive times in the first two Tests. On the third occasion, Ponting was again caught at bat pad, from the first ball that Harbhajan bowled to him, prompting the bowler to celebrate raucously. Harbhajan missed the Third Test and upon his return in the fourth Test, Ponting broke through for his first Test century against India in matches involving Harbhajan, scoring 140. However, the second half of the series was less successful for Australia as a team; India won the Third Test, ending the Australian streak, and the Fourth Test was a high-scoring draw. The Adelaide Test aside, Ponting had an otherwise unproductive season, scoring 268 runs at 38.28.In the Commonwealth Bank series, Ponting struggled until Australia's last round robin match against India where he and another poor performing Australian batsmen, Andrew Symonds put on a 100 run partnership with Ponting making a hundred and Symonds making 50. Australia won two of their three-round robin matches against the Indians, but the tables were turned in the finals, which the tourists won 2–0.","title":"2004–2008: Appointment as Test captain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Captains_Diary_257-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Captains_Diary_250-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Captains_Diary_249-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Captains_Diary_252-192"},{"link_name":"Brad Haddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Haddin"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Captains_Diary_254-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Captains_Diary_256-196"},{"link_name":"Kingston, Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WI_2008_1st_Test-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Captains_Diary_357-358-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Captains_Diary_359-360-201"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"Brad Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Hogg"},{"link_name":"Beau Casson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Casson"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Bridgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgetown"},{"link_name":"List A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Captains_Diary_288_&_289-208"}],"sub_title":"Third Australian to score 10,000 Test runs","text":"The tour of the West Indies was the first overseas Test series for Australia in 25 months, and the first for Ponting's new look bowling attack.[189] In five previous Test series in 1999 and 2003, he averaged 98.71, with four hundreds. He also averaged 42.80 in 25 ODIs from four tours—1995, 1999, 2003 and the 2007 World Cup.[190] After eight months of consecutive cricket from the World Twenty20, Ponting was surprised about how good he was feeling, despite believing that he would be weary from the amount of cricket he had played.[191]\nIn the only warm up match before the series—against a Jamaican XI,[192] the Australians drew controversy from various sections of the media as they chose to wear a sponsors cap over the traditional Baggy Green cap. This was because wicket–keeper Brad Haddin did not want to receive a Baggy Green as he was yet to play in a Test. The rest of the team decided they wanted to look uniform although they wore their Baggy Greens in Jamaica's second innings.[193][194][195] Ponting scored 17 in the first innings and 20 not out in the second, as a storm prevented an Australian victory.[196]After winning the toss and electing to bat in the First Test in Kingston, Jamaica, Ponting recorded his 35th Test century and was eventually dismissed for 158 from 224 balls.[197] Despite forcing their way back into contention, the West Indies were defeated by 95 runs.[198] In the Second Test, Ponting became the seventh player and third Australian to score 10,000 Test runs. It took Ponting 118 Tests and 196 innings to achieve the feat, one slower than Tendulkar and Lara. He was dismissed in the following over for 65.[199] Ponting scored 38 in Australia's second innings, as the match ended in a draw.[200] Australia won the third Test,[201] and the Australian captain ended the series with 323 runs at 53.83.[202] Although Australia won the three–Test series handsomely, with a 2–0 margin, they were to face stronger opposition overseas, in the next year. Difficulties were also beginning to appear in the spin department. MacGill, who had taken over 200 wickets in his career despite playing only sporadically due to the presence of Warne, suffered a loss of form and decided to retire during the series. Brad Hogg, the regular ODI spinner had also retired prior to the series, and Beau Casson made his debut in the final Test.[203][204]After not batting in Australia's Twenty20 loss in Bridgetown, Ponting was rested for the List A 50-over game against the University of West Indies Vice Chancellor's XI.[205] He returned for the first three ODIs and scored just 87 runs at 29.00, notching up his 300th ODI during the 2nd match.[206][207] Ponting scored 69 in the third match, before returning home because of a wrist injury. Under the captaincy of Michael Clarke in the final two games, Australia swept the series 5–0.[208]","title":"2004–2008: Appointment as Test captain"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2008–2011: Decline in form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Brett Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Lee"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_Captain's_Diary_2009_38-39-214"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"over rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cricket_terms#O"},{"link_name":"part-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-rounder"},{"link_name":"Michael Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Clarke_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Cameron White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_White"},{"link_name":"Mike Hussey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hussey"},{"link_name":"MS Dhoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Dhoni"},{"link_name":"commentators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportscaster"},{"link_name":"faster bowlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_bowling"},{"link_name":"home series against New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2008%E2%80%9309"},{"link_name":"Chris Broad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Broad_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"International Cricket Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pm_cricket_shots09_6086_new.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brad Haddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Haddin"},{"link_name":"Nathan Hauritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Hauritz"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Phillip Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Hughes"},{"link_name":"World Series Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_Cricket"},{"link_name":"Marcus North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_North"},{"link_name":"Brett Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Lee"},{"link_name":"Stuart Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Clark"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Johnson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Ben Hilfenhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hilfenhaus"},{"link_name":"Peter Siddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Siddle"},{"link_name":"Andrew McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_McDonald_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"}],"sub_title":"Mixed team performances","text":"In 2008, Ponting led the Australians back to India and was under pressure following the confrontations during the Indian tour of Australia earlier in the year. He acknowledged that he was keen to rectify his poor Test batting record in India. In the First Test on a turning pitch in Bangalore,[209][210] Ponting brought up his first Test century in India, 123 on the first day, although he eventually fell leg before wicket to Harbhajan. Australia had the hosts seven wickets down in their first innings, still more than 320 runs in arrears, but India recovered to salvage a draw after a rearguard effort.[211][212][213]In the Second Test in Mohali. Australia were defeated by 320 runs and Ponting was criticised for using part-timer bowlers against the free-scoring Indian batsmen in the second innings, because of a slow over-rate, which is can be penalised by a fine, or in severe instances, a ban to the captain. This meant that he was not able to use pace spearhead Brett Lee significantly.The Third Test in Delhi saw a flat pitch, where India scored 7/613 in its first innings in which Ponting resorted to bowling himself for two overs. Ponting amassed 87 in Australia's first innings score of 577. The match ended in a draw and Australia needed to win in the Fourth Test in Nagpur to retain the Border-Gavaskar Trophy.[214] On the fourth afternoon of the Fourth Test, the Indian batting collapsed, and Australia had an opportunity to bowl them out and chase a target of around 250–300 after the tea break.[215] However, the Australians were a long way behind on their over rate, so in order to avoid a one match suspension, Ponting chose to bowl their part-time spinners and medium pacers such as Michael Clarke, Cameron White and Mike Hussey (who were all unsuccessful in capturing a wicket), as they took less time. In the meantime, captain MS Dhoni and Harbhajan both added half centuries. This drew strong criticism from many commentators, who suggested that their faster bowlers, who had been responsible for the collapse, could have bowled from a shorter run-up. When the fast bowlers were reintroduced, the last four wickets fell quickly. This left Australia chasing 382 runs for victory and they lost by 172 runs to cede the series 2–0. In the first innings, Ponting became Harbhajan's 300th Test wicket and the Australian captain ended the series with 264 runs at 37.71. While below his career standards, it was substantially better than his previous Test efforts in India.Fined in India for a slow over rate, Ponting failed to redress the matter during the subsequent home series against New Zealand, when match referee Chris Broad dealt a second successive fine for being three overs behind in the First Test: Ponting was stripped of thirty per cent of his A$12,750 match fee, twice the punishment of his teammates in accordance with International Cricket Council rules for captains.[216] Australia were largely untroubled by New Zealand, sweeping both Tests. Ponting scored only 100 runs at 33.33.Ponting with Brad Haddin (left) and Nathan Hauritz (right) in the Third and final Test against South Africa in Sydney, January 2009In the first Test against South Africa in Perth, starting in December, Ponting again had to reduce his reliance on his preferred pace bowlers, and rely more on spinners due to a slow over rate. His persistent problems with the over rate prompted some commentators to criticise him for spending too much time during the match conferring with bowlers. In the first innings he scored a duck, and managed 32 in Australia's second innings. Ponting's inexperienced attack had trouble dismissing the opposition batsmen, and South Africa made 4/414, the second highest successful runchase in history to win by six wickets on the final day.[217]Ponting experienced a form slump for much of 2008, albeit in comparison to his usually high standards. However, he again exceeded 1,000 runs in the calendar year. Ponting scored his 37th century in the first innings of the Second Test against South Africa on Boxing Day, and followed that with 99 in the second innings, seemingly a lone stand against the South African bowling attack.[218][219] The tourists won the match by nine wickets to win the series. Australia thus lost their first home Test series since 1992–93.[220] Australia lost the series 2–1, the first time South Africa had won a Test series against Australian since 1970, and the first on Australian soil. Ponting totalled 285 runs at 47.50 for the series.With the retirement of experienced opening batsman Matthew Hayden—who was replaced by the uncapped 20-year-old Phillip Hughes—the Australian team that toured South Africa in February, March and April 2009 was its most inexperienced since the defections to World Series Cricket. This was further compounded by the loss of Andrew Symonds to injury, who was replaced by the uncapped Marcus North. The bowling attack also required major changes, due to the injuries to Brett Lee and Stuart Clark. Subsequently, paceman Mitchell Johnson was the only bowler with more than four Tests heading into the series. Of the First Test team, Hughes, North, Ben Hilfenhaus, Peter Siddle and Andrew McDonald had only five Tests between them, with the former three making their debut.[221] Ponting's team took the series 2–1, so Australia maintained their No. 1 Test ranking. Ponting was praised for cobbling together an unexpected win, as South Africa were thought to be stronger on home soil. He scored eighties in the first two Tests, ending with 210 runs at 35.00.For his performances in 2008, he was named as captain once again of the World ODI XI by the ICC.[222]","title":"2008–2011: Decline in form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009_World_T20_1st_match-223"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009_World_T20_1st_match_Bulletin-224"},{"link_name":"Trent Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009_World_T20_2nd_match_Bulletin-225"},{"link_name":"2009 Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke_papers_over_Australian_cracks-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tour_Match:_Sussex_v_Australians_at_Hove-227"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tour_Match:_England_Lions_v_Australians_at_Worcester-228"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Ben Hilfenhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hilfenhaus"},{"link_name":"Monty Panesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Panesar"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anderson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"Lord's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s"},{"link_name":"Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Allan Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Border"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ponting_silly_mid-off.jpg"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Michael Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Clarke_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Champions Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Champions_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-More_mismatch_than_rematch-235"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Under-strength_Windies_worry_Ponting-236"},{"link_name":"Kemar Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemar_Roach"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australia_reach_semis_after_thriller-240"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_and_Watson_lead_the_rout-241"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Refreshed_Ponting_hits_top_gear-242"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICC_Champions_Trophy_-_final_-_Australia_v_New_Zealand-243"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson,_bowlers_power_Australia_to_title_defence-244"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_youngsters_won_it_for_us_-_Ponting-245"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"Guwahati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahati"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statsguruodi-68"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"Arabian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ricky_Ponting_compares_'special'_win_to_World_Cup-252"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RT_Ponting_-_ODIs_-_series_by_series_list-76"}],"sub_title":"Second Ashes series loss as captain","text":"After losing their opening match of the 2007 World Twenty20 to Zimbabwe, Ponting's men were looking for a more positive start to the 2009 edition in England. They opened their campaign in early June against a West Indian outfit that had recently been whitewashed 2–0 in the Test series against England. However, Ponting made a second ball duck in Australia's seven wicket defeat.[223][224] They played Sri Lanka in their next match, this time at Trent Bridge in Nottingham. Ponting hit five boundaries on his 25 before he was bowled trying the run-rate, before Sri Lanka won by six wickets. The defeat consequently eliminated Australia from the tournament.[225]In Australia's two drawn warm-up matches ahead of the 2009 Ashes, Ponting struggled to adjust to the English conditions, somewhat, with a highest score of 71.[226][227][228] Nevertheless, he started the Ashes series strongly, scoring 150 in the First Test in Cardiff. In his 38th hundred and eighth in an Ashes series, the Australian number three batsman became just the fourth man to score 11,000 runs in Test cricket.[229] The match ended in a draw and Ponting drew criticism for failing to bowl fast-bowler Ben Hilfenhaus while England's last-wicket pair of Monty Panesar and Jimmy Anderson were batting to save the match.[230] Ponting could only manage two and 38, as Australia were defeated in the second Test at Lord's—their first Test defeat at the venue since 1934. On 31 July, during the Third Test at Edgbaston, Ponting became the highest Australian run-scorer in the history of Test cricket, overtaking former Australian captain Allan Border's total of 11,174 in his first-innings score of 38. The match was eventually drawn, partly due to poor weather.... It takes three ingredients to make a great player – determination, courage and skill – and he's got all three in abundance. He's also developed into a great leader. Players really enjoy playing for him and that's sometimes a difficult trait to bring out in people. You can tell by the way the team respond to him that his leadership skills are among the finest. Combine this with his batting skill and that's a pretty intimidating package.— Allan Border[231]Ponting fielding during First Test in CardiffAustralia went on to lose the series 2–1 and Ponting became only the third Australian captain to lose the Ashes twice. Despite not being a selector, Ponting was heavily criticised for Australia not playing Hauritz and his apparent reluctance to put faith in his spinners. He was questioned, particularly on Australia's recent habit of often not playing a specialist/regular spinner. Instances of these were the first three Tests in India, the omission of Krejza for the First Test against New Zealand immediately after taking 12 wickets on debut, and opting for no spinner in the first two Tests in South Africa.[232]On 7 September 2009, Ponting announced his retirement from Twenty20 international cricket in order to prolong his career.[233][234] He was succeeded as Australian Twenty20 captain by team vice-captain Michael Clarke.Australia came into the Champions Trophy ranked second in ODIs; along with being the events reigning champions.[235] They opened their campaign against an undermanned West Indian outfit who were without prominent players because of an industrial dispute.[236] On a \"lively pitch\", Ponting top-scored with 79, after reaching his half-century in 63 balls. He hit opening bowler and future nemesis, Kemar Roach, for four boundaries in the seventh over of the match, and scored a six and two fours against the fast-bowler when he was reintroduced into the attack in the 21st over. The innings set up Australia's comfortable 50-run victory.[237] Australia next match against India was abandoned due to rain. Before the weather intervend Ponting had scored 65 from 85 deliveries, before being run out. The result meant Australia needed to defeat Pakistan in their third and final group match for a place in the semi-finals. Though Australia collapsed when Ponting was dismissed for a patient 32 in pursuit of low total they won by two wickets.[238][239][240]Australia defeated England by nine wickets in their semi-final, with Ponting scoring an unbeaten 111 from 115 deliveries (12 fours and one six); his 28th ODI century. During the innings, Ponting became the third batsman to score 12,000 ODI runs and was also involved in a record 252-run partnership with Watson—Ponting's seventh double-century stand for Australia in the format; the only player to achieve this feat.[241][242] Despite Ponting's score of only one in the final in Centurion against New Zealand, Australia won by six wickets—their second consecutive Champions Trophy victory.[243][244] Ponting was presented with the golden bat award for most runs in the tournament—288 at an average of 72 in four games—and also received the man-of-the-series award, before praising his young side for the title defence.[245]Australia proceeded to tour India for seven ODIs starting in mid-October and ending in early November. In the opening match, Ponting top-scored for Australia with 74 from 85 balls, as his team narrowly escaped defeat.[68][246] Ponting made just 12 in India's comprehensive victory in the second match, while he scored a slow 59 from 93 balls (four boundaries) in another Indian victory in the third match.[68][247][248] The Australian captain stuck a more fluent innings of 52, scored in 59 deliveries in the following fixture.[68] Australia amassed their biggest total of the series in the fifth match, with Ponting contributing a run-a-ball 45. A slow, low, turning wicket was presented to the teams for the sixth ODI in Guwahati. Ponting fought his way to 25 from 57 balls, before falling to Harbhajan, as Australia comfortably chased down India's total of 170 with six wickets remaining.[68][249][250] The final match in Mumbai was washed out after a cyclone formed over the Arabian Sea; securing a 4–2 series victory to the injury depleted Australians.[251] \"It's probably one of the best one-day series I have ever been involved in, with all the injuries and setbacks at the start of this tour\", Ponting said.[252] He ending the series with 267 runs at 44.50.[76]","title":"2008–2011: Decline in form"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Members_area_and_view_of_ground.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chris Gayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Gayle"},{"link_name":"Shivnarine Chanderpaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivnarine_Chanderpaul"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australian_Team_Records_page_4-253"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Australian_Team_Records_page_4-253"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ricky_Ponting_out_of_top_ten_batsmen_for_first_time_since_2002-255"},{"link_name":"Rodney Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Hogg"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"hyperbaric chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_chamber"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_still_troubled_by_injured_elbow-261"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-testlist-66"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ponting_still_troubled_by_injured_elbow-261"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Records_/_2009_/_Test_matches_/_Most_runs-263"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Records_/_2009_/_One-Day_Internationals_/_Most_runs-264"}],"sub_title":"Troubles against the short ball","text":"Ponting scored the first ever double-century (209) at his home ground Bellerive Oval (pictured) in the Third Test against Pakistan.Leading West Indian batsmen Chris Gayle and Shivnarine Chanderpaul returned for the opening Test of the 2009–10 Australian cricket season starting on 26 November in Brisbane, after the industrial dispute was resolved. Ponting scored 55 in an Australian innings victory,[66][253] before many sections of the media attacked the West Indies lack-lustre performance.[254] Ponting produced scores of 35 and 20 in the following Test in Adelaide, as the touring side responded to their critics by securing a draw.[66][253] For the first time since 2002, Ponting slid out of the top ten Test batting rankings—dropping to 12th—as Australia faced the prospect of falling to third in the team rankings if they were not able to achieve victory in the final Test of the series.[255] Matters got worse for Ponting, as former Australian fast-bowler Rodney Hogg voiced that he should be sacked as captain and replaced with New South Wales leader Simon Katich. He said the team had become a \"boys club\" and was not preparing adequately for the future.[256] However, former Australian Test opening batsman Justin Langer labelled Hogg's comments as \"rubbish\", something that was backed by Katich.In the first innings of the Third and final Test, Ponting was immediately greeted with short pitched bowling. After mis-timing a pull-shot from Roach on his first ball, Ponting was struck on the elbow in the following delivery. After battling through obvious discomfort, Ponting eventually retired hurt on 23 from 25 balls—the only time he had taken such action in his international career. Nevertheless, he did manage to hit two fours and a six from short deliveries in Roach's 12th over.[257][258] Michael Clarke replaced Ponting at his number three batting position, as the Australia captain did not want to risk further damage to his elbow tendon injury ahead of the Boxing Day Test against Pakistan in Melbourne. Nevertheless, Australia collapsed and he eventually came to the wicket at number nine, with Australia at 7/125. The West Indian bowlers again bowled short deliverers to Ponting until he turned one such delivery to short-leg and was dismissed for two.[259]After spending time in a hyperbaric chamber to increase the speed of his recovery from the elbow injury,[260] Ponting recovered sufficiently to play in the Boxing Day Test, the opening match of a three-Test series against Pakistan. Despite still being inconvenienced by the injury,[261] he scored 57 at close to a run-a-ball,[66] before being dismissed by another short pitched delivery for 12 in Australia's second innings.[261] The home side went on to win the match comfortably, and Ponting overtook Shane Warne's record of 91 Test victories and surpassing Steve Waugh as crickets most successful Test captain.[262] Ponting scored 853 runs at 38.77 in 13 Tests in 2009, and scored only one century and seven half-centuries.[263] Nevertheless, his ODI form was more convincing, topping the run-scoring list with MS Dhoni. His 1,198 runs were scored at an average of 42.78, including two centuries and nine half-centuries in 29 matches.[264] Ponting was criticised for choosing to bat on a green pitch for the Second Test. Australia were dismissed for 127, and Ponting was re-dismissed from a short ball, this time for a first-ball duck, and many sections of the media called for him to stop playing the hook and pull shots. He fell for only 11 in the second innings, and when Australia lost their eighth wicket, they were only just over 50 ahead. However, a 123-run ninth-wicket partnership between Michael Hussey and Peter Siddle rescued the home-side, helping them win by 36 runs. After being dropped on zero, Ponting scored his fifth double-century in the Third and final Test in Hobart. His innings helped Australia complete a 3–0 series victory.In the following five ODIs, Ponting could not continue his Hobart form, scoring 125 runs at 25 in the series, boosted by a half-century in the final match; his performances improved in the five ODIs starting soon after against the West Indies. He was named man-of-the-series thanks to his 295 runs at 73.75, including two-half centuries and his 29th ODI century and first in Brisbane during the fourth match.","title":"2008–2011: Decline in form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010–11 Ashes series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"caught behind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught_behind"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"Allan Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Border"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swanton-267"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-English-268"},{"link_name":"Michael Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Clarke_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWaugh-269"},{"link_name":"Steve Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Waugh"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWaugh-269"},{"link_name":"Kepler Wessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_Wessels"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"}],"sub_title":"2010–11 Ashes defeat","text":"Australia entered the 2010–11 Ashes series hoping to regain The Ashes from England on home soil as they had four years previously. The First Test in Brisbane was drawn after both sides posted large batting totals. Ponting was caught behind for 10 in the first innings and 51 not out in the second.[265] A barren run followed in the subsequent three Tests, scoring 52 runs in total as Australia lost the series.[266] Ponting became the first Australian captain to lose an Ashes series in Australia since Allan Border in 1987. During the Fourth Test Ponting was involved in an on-field argument with umpires,[267] and was fined 40% of his match fee, which accounted to around $5,400.[268] Ponting missed the Fifth Test due to a finger injury, and Michael Clarke stood in as Australia's captain.[269] Australia's heavy defeat in the series and Ponting's poor run of form caused his position in the team to be questioned. Former Australian captain Steve Waugh suggested dropping him down the batting order;[269] others, such as former Australian batsman and South African captain Kepler Wessels, called for him to relinquish the captaincy to focus on his batting.[270]Yet, for his performances in 2010, he was named as captain of the World ODI XI by the ICC.[271]","title":"2008–2011: Decline in form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"Michael Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Clarke_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"}],"sub_title":"2011 World Cup and resignation as captain","text":"Ponting retained the captaincy of Australia for the 2011 World Cup in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Australia had won the previous three World Cups and entered the tournament as the world's top-ranked ODI team. Australia qualified for the quarter-finals, although Ponting failed to find form, scoring 102 runs in five innings during the group stage of the tournament.[272] Australia met India in the quarter-finals and were defeated by five wickets.[273] Ponting scored 104, his first century in international cricket in over a year.[274] After being knocked out of the tournament, Ponting resigned his position as captain at both Test and ODI levels, endorsed Michael Clarke as his successor, and indicated his intention to continue playing.[275]","title":"2008–2011: Decline in form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"Michael Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Clarke_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"Boxing Day Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day_Test"},{"link_name":"four-Test series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2011%E2%80%9312"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"Sachin Tendulkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar"},{"link_name":"Rahul Dravid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Dravid"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"}],"text":"In 2011, Ponting was inducted into Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) 'Best of the Best'.[276] He was selected in Michael Clarke's teams for the tours of Sri Lanka and South Africa in 2011, scoring an important half-century (62) in the fourth innings of the second Test against South Africa in Johannesburg, helping Australia chase down a target of 310 to draw the series 1–1.[277]In the 2011–12 Australian summer, a disappointing series draw with New Zealand gave rise to calls for Ponting to be removed from the team following perceived underperformances. The selectors resisted the calls, selecting Ponting for the Boxing Day Test—the first of a four-Test series against India.[278] Ponting scored two half-centuries in Australia's first Test win,[279] followed by a century (134) in Australia's first innings of the second Test in Sydney. The century was his first in Test cricket in almost two years.[280] His fourth-wicket partnership of 288 runs with Clarke, who went on to make 329 not out, set a new record for the biggest partnership by an Australian pair of batsmen against India.[281] Australia sealed the series win by defeating India in Perth, and in the fourth Test in Adelaide, Ponting and Clarke beat their own record, putting on 386 runs. The partnership was the fourth highest to that point in Australian Test cricket. Ponting's own score was 221.[282] During the innings, he became only the third player and the first Australian (after Sachin Tendulkar and Rahul Dravid, who were playing in the same match) to pass 13,000 career Test runs.[283]","title":"2011–2012: Post-captaincy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Day"},{"link_name":"Officer of the Order of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"2011–12 Commonwealth Bank Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Commonwealth_Bank_Series"},{"link_name":"2011–12 Commonwealth Bank Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Commonwealth_Bank_Series"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cricinfofeb12-285"},{"link_name":"WACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WACA_Ground"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"}],"text":"On Australia Day 2012 he was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia for services to cricket and, through the Ponting Foundation, the community.[284] Ponting was promoted to captain in the 2011–12 Commonwealth Bank Series in Australia in Michael Clarke's absence due to injury. However, after only two games as captain he was dropped, having scored only 18 runs in 5 games of the 2011–12 Commonwealth Bank Series. At a press conference thereafter, Ponting conceded, \"I don't expect to play one-day international cricket for Australia any more and I'm pretty sure the selectors don't expect to pick me either ... I will continue playing Test cricket and I'll continue playing for Tasmania as well\".[285]On 29 November 2012 Ponting announced that he would retire from Test cricket after the WACA test against South Africa.[286]","title":"2012: Test retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheffield Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Sheffield_Shield_season"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"Ashes 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashes_2013"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"Bellerive Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerive_Oval"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standnaming-292"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"}],"text":"After retiring from test cricket, Ponting played out the Sheffield Shield season with eventual champions Tasmania. He was the competition's leading run scorer with 911 runs at an average of 75.91.[287] As a result of his prolific form with the bat, he was named the Sheffield Shield player of the year.[288]He signed on to play for the English County side Surrey during June–July 2013.[289] His score of 192 on debut against Derbyshire was the highest score by a Surrey batsman on their first class debut for the county. Ponting scored an unbeaten 169 against Nottinghamshire in his final first class innings, ensuring his team held on for a draw.[290]During the Ashes 2013, Ponting wrote a regular column for the Daily Mail.[291]At the formal opening of the Bellerive Oval redevelopment in January 2015, it was announced that the new Western Stand would be named the Ricky Ponting Stand in his honour.[292] On 9 December 2015 Ponting also unveiled a bronze statue placed at the ground in his honour.[293]","title":"2013: Tasmania and Surrey"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allan Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Border"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"Chappell–Hadlee Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappell%E2%80%93Hadlee_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Billy Bowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bowden"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McArdle-295"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McArdle-295"},{"link_name":"Graeme Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Smith"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"}],"sub_title":"Approach to cricket","text":"Ponting was known as an aggressive competitor, as manifested in his on-field conduct. According to former Australian captain Allan Border, what you see with Ponting is what you get, and \"he wears his heart on his sleeve\". Border also noted that Ponting has an abundance of determination, courage and skill.However, his competitive attitudes could be overly aggressive, pushing the boundaries of cricket etiquette.[294] In early 2006, in the Chappell–Hadlee Trophy, Ponting had an on-field argument with umpire Billy Bowden over signalling a no-ball because not enough players were within the inner circle.[295] In mid-2006, during a tour of Bangladesh, Ponting was accused of \"badgering the umpires until he got what he wanted\".[295]The South African captain, Graeme Smith, described Ponting as the toughest competitor he had ever played against.[296]","title":"Playing style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull_shot"},{"link_name":"leg before wicket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leg_before_wicket"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-300"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-300"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_bowling"},{"link_name":"Harbhajan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbhajan_Singh"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Viv Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viv_Richards"},{"link_name":"Sachin Tendulkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricky_Ponting_Complete_Test_Career_Record.png"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"}],"sub_title":"Batting","text":"Ponting was known as an aggressive right-handed batsman who played a wide repertoire of shots with confidence, most notably the pull and hook. However, he had some technical weaknesses, such as shuffling across his stumps and being trapped leg before wicket, and thrusting his bat away from his body—especially early in his innings, because he wants to move forward and across to drive rather than backwards and across to cut the ball.[300] Despite being widely renowned as the best player of the hook and pull shots in the world, Ponting was equally adept on both the front and back foot. However, during the latter stages of his career, the hook and pull shots have often been the cause of his dismissal.[citation needed] He adopts a more traditional V-grip lower down the handle as he is a short batsman who doesn't have natural power on the shot.[300]He was considered by some observers[who?] to have trouble against quality spin, especially against Indian off spinner Harbhajan Singh, who dismissed Ponting on 13 occasions in international cricket. Ponting had a tendency to rock onto the front foot and thrust his wrists at spinning deliveries, resulting in many catches close to the wicket. Ponting rarely employed the sweep shot against spin, something considered unusual for a top-order batsman. Instead, he looked to use his feet to come down the wicket to spinners, or play off the back foot through the off-side.[citation needed]\nFormer West Indian captain, Viv Richards, who was rated as the third best Test cricketer in a 2002 poll by Wisden, said Ponting was his favourite current-day player to watch, slightly ahead of Sachin Tendulkar.This is the complete graphical representation of the test cricket record of Ricky Ponting. Individual innings are represented by the blue and red (not out) bars; the green line is his career batting average. Current as of 8 January 2019.[301]","title":"Playing style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-302"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-302"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"}],"sub_title":"Bowling and fielding","text":"A right-arm medium bowler who tends to bowl off cutters or faster offspin,[302] Ponting rarely bowled, although he has notably dismissed West Indian batsman Brian Lara in an ODI match and former England captain Michael Vaughan in an Ashes Test in 2005.[303] He was also ceremoniously asked to bowl in his final test match against South Africa in 2012.[302] He was, however, rated one of the best fielders in the world. He usually fielded in the slips, cover and silly point. His good eye and accurate throws often saw him run batsmen out with direct hits.[304]","title":"Playing style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Langer_backs_Ponting_as_captain-309"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMHKatich-310"}],"sub_title":"Captaincy","text":"Ponting has often been criticised for his lack of imagination in his captaincy, though many players who played under him say he is a good leader. According to former Australian opening batsman Justin Langer, \"He is quite inspirational as a leader and I just never get all the detractors he has. Whether it's in the fielding practice, the nets, the way he holds himself off the field—every time he speaks, these young guys just listen, they hang on every word he says.\"[308]\"Ponting captained 2 consecutive World Cup victories in 2003 and 2007 (out of Australia's hat-trick of World Cups – 1999, 2003, 2007)\"[309][310]","title":"Playing style"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career best performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisden_Leading_Cricketer_in_the_World"},{"link_name":"Wisden Cricketers of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisden_Cricketers_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wisden5-314"},{"link_name":"Allan Border Medalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Border_Medal"},{"link_name":"Michael Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Clarke_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allanborder-315"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"},{"link_name":"Shane Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Watson"},{"link_name":"not out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-318"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-319"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-320"},{"link_name":"Allan Border Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Border_Medal"},{"link_name":"CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Australia"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cricketaustralia.com.au-321"},{"link_name":"ICC Men’s Test Cricketer of the Year:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_Test_Cricketer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"ICC Men’s Cricketer of the Year:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Garfield_Sobers_Trophy"},{"link_name":"ICC Men’s Test Team of the Year:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_Test_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"ICC Men’s ODI Team of the Year:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_ODI_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Shield Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Shield#Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2012-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Sheffield_Shield_season"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-322"},{"link_name":"Australia Post Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Legends"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"}],"text":"Ponting was the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 2003 and one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year for 2006.[314] He has been the Allan Border Medalist a record four times in 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2009 (with Michael Clarke). Ponting has won the award of Australia's best Test player in 2003, 2004 and 2007 and Australia's best One Day International player in 2002 and 2007.[315]First batsman to score centuries in ODI cricket against all Test playing nations (Afghanistan and Ireland were not awarded Test status in Ponting's playing period).[316]\nPonting, along with Shane Watson, holds the record for the highest partnership for any wicket in the ICC Champions Trophy (252 not out for the second wicket).[317][318]\nPonting's score of 242 against India is the highest individual Test innings in a losing cause.[319][320]\nHe was awarded the Allan Border Medal by the CA in 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2009.[321]\nICC Men’s Test Cricketer of the Year: 2006\nICC Men’s Cricketer of the Year: 2006, 2007\nICC Men’s Test Team of the Year: 2004 (c), 2005 (c), 2006, 2007 (c)\nICC Men’s ODI Team of the Year: 2004(c), 2006, 2007(c), 2008 (c), 2010(c)\nSheffield Shield Player of the Year: 2012-13[322]He was named an Australia Post Legend of Cricket in 2021.[323]","title":"Records and achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching role"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018.02.03.20.00.53-Punter_Ponting_(40385539852).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mumbai Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Indians"},{"link_name":"2015 edition of the IPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-324"},{"link_name":"T20I series against Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2016%E2%80%9317"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-325"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Trans-Tasman Tri-Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Trans-Tasman_Tri-Series"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"}],"sub_title":"2014–2017 Various Coaching Roles","text":"Ponting during the 2017-18 Tri-SeriesPonting also coached the Mumbai Indians of the Indian Premier League from 2014 to 2016, helping them win a championship in the 2015 edition of the IPL.[324] On 1 January 2017, Ponting was named an interim coach for Australia's T20I series against Sri Lanka.[325] Ponting joined the Australian cricket coaching team as an assistant for the 2017–18 Trans-Tasman Tri-Series.[326]","title":"Coaching role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delhi Daredevils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Indian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-327"},{"link_name":"2018 edition of the IPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Shreyas Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreyas_Iyer"},{"link_name":"Rishabh Pant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishabh_Pant"},{"link_name":"Delhi Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Capitals"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-328"}],"sub_title":"2018–present Delhi Daredevils/Capitals Head Coach","text":"Ponting was appointed as the new coach of Delhi Daredevils of the Indian Premier League on 3 January 2018.[327] In the 2018 edition of the IPL, Delhi Daredevils finished last place. Ponting helped foster a new team environment, helping young talents such as Shreyas Iyer and Rishabh Pant grow. In 2019, Delhi (now Delhi Capitals), finished in 3rd place, a large improvement from their previous season. In 2020, Delhi would finish second, and in 2021 Delhi would finish in third place being the only team to qualify for the playoffs in 2019, 2020 and 2021, subsequently. In 2022, Ponting is still head coach of the Delhi Capitals, with the goal of winning their first tournament.[328]","title":"Coaching role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Freedom_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Major League Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Cricket"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-329"}],"sub_title":"2024–present Washington Freedom Head Coach","text":"Ponting was appointed as the new head coach of Washington Freedom ahead of the second season of Major League Cricket on 6 February 2024.[329] The two-year signing was confirmed by the team on social media.","title":"Coaching role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ghostwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-330"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-330-36117-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-36117-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-7847-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-7847-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-7848-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-7848-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-8152-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8152-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-8153-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8153-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-8153-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8153-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-8491-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8491-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-8957-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8957-7"},{"link_name":"Ponting: At the Close of Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponting:_At_the_Close_of_Play"},{"link_name":"HarperSport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperSport"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780732291822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780732291822"}],"text":"Throughout his career in international cricket, Ponting has been involved in the writing of a number of diaries on Australian cricket, which depict his experiences during the cricketing year. The books are produced with the help of a ghostwriter. His autobiography, Ponting: At the Close of Play, was published and released in November 2013.[330]Ricky Ponting; Peter Staples (1998). Ricky Ponting. Ironbark Press. ISBN 978-0-330-36117-0.\nRicky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2003). Ricky Ponting's World Cup Diary. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-7847-2.\nRicky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2004). My First Year. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-7848-9.\nRicky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2005). Ashes Diary. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8152-6.\nRicky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2006). Captain's Diary 2006. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8153-3.\nRicky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2007). Captain's Diary 2007. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8153-3.\nRicky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2008). Captain's Diary 2008. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8491-6.\nRicky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2009). Captain's Diary 2009. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8957-7.\nRicky Ponting (2013). Ponting: At the Close of Play. HarperSport. ISBN 9780732291822.","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-877096-13-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877096-13-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-330-36117-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-36117-0"},{"link_name":"Piesse, Ken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Piesse"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-670-88829-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88829-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-00-715454-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-715454-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-7847-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-7847-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-7848-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-7848-9"},{"link_name":"The 100 Greatest Cricketers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/100greatestcrick0000arms"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-74110-439-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74110-439-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-8152-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8152-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-8153-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8153-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-8153-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8153-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-8491-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8491-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7322-8957-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8957-7"}],"text":"Nick Richardson (2002). Ricky Ponting. Legend Books. ISBN 978-1-877096-13-6.\nRicky Ponting; Peter Staples (1998). Ricky Ponting. Ironbark Press. ISBN 978-0-330-36117-0.\nPiesse, Ken (1999). The Taylor Years: Australian cricket 1994–99. Penguin Books Australia. ISBN 978-0-670-88829-0.\nKnight, James (2003). Mark Waugh: The biography. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-715454-8.\nRicky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2003). World Cup Diary. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-7847-2.\nRicky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2004). My First Year. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-7848-9.\nArmstrong, Geoff (2006). The 100 Greatest Cricketers. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-74110-439-4.\nRicky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2005). Ashes Diary. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8152-6.\nRicky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2006). Captain's Diary 2006. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8153-3.\nRicky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2007). Captain's Diary 2007. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8153-3.\nRicky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2008). Captain's Diary 2008. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8491-6.\nRicky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2009). Captain's Diary 2009. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8957-7.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Ponting with his wife Rianna in 2016.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cricketer_Ricky_Ponting_and_Rianna_Ponting_%2824079181379%29.jpg/220px-Cricketer_Ricky_Ponting_and_Rianna_Ponting_%2824079181379%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ponting at a training session at the Adelaide Oval in 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ricky_Ponting_helmet.jpg/150px-Ricky_Ponting_helmet.jpg"},{"image_text":"After Steve Waugh's (pictured) retirement at the beginning of 2004 following the drawn home series against India, Ponting assumed the Test captaincy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SRWaugh.png/170px-SRWaugh.png"},{"image_text":"Ponting signing autographs in Sydney, 2005, before he scored his fourth career double century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ricky_Ponting_signing.jpg/220px-Ricky_Ponting_signing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ponting during his 124 against Sri Lanka on 12 February 2006 at the Sydney Cricket Ground.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ricky_Ponting.jpg/220px-Ricky_Ponting.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Australian cricket team with a replica of The Ashes urn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Australia_regain_Ashes_2006.jpg/220px-Australia_regain_Ashes_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"A large crowd of over 10,000 fans welcome the Australian team on completing the first World Cup hat-trick – Martin Place, Sydney.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australian_World_Cup_treble.jpg/220px-Australian_World_Cup_treble.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ponting at the toss for an ODI against India at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ricky_Ponting_toss.jpg/100px-Ricky_Ponting_toss.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ponting with Brad Haddin (left) and Nathan Hauritz (right) in the Third and final Test against South Africa in Sydney, January 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pm_cricket_shots09_6086_new.jpg/220px-Pm_cricket_shots09_6086_new.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ponting fielding during First Test in Cardiff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ponting_silly_mid-off.jpg/220px-Ponting_silly_mid-off.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ponting scored the first ever double-century (209) at his home ground Bellerive Oval (pictured) in the Third Test against Pakistan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Members_area_and_view_of_ground.jpg/220px-Members_area_and_view_of_ground.jpg"},{"image_text":"This is the complete graphical representation of the test cricket record of Ricky Ponting. Individual innings are represented by the blue and red (not out) bars; the green line is his career batting average. Current as of 8 January 2019.[301]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ricky_Ponting_Complete_Test_Career_Record.png/220px-Ricky_Ponting_Complete_Test_Career_Record.png"},{"image_text":"Ponting during the 2017-18 Tri-Series","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2018.02.03.20.00.53-Punter_Ponting_%2840385539852%29.jpg/220px-2018.02.03.20.00.53-Punter_Ponting_%2840385539852%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Peter Staples (1998). Ricky Ponting. Ironbark Press. ISBN 978-0-330-36117-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-36117-0","url_text":"978-0-330-36117-0"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2003). Ricky Ponting's World Cup Diary. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-7847-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-7847-2","url_text":"978-0-7322-7847-2"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2004). My First Year. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-7848-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-7848-9","url_text":"978-0-7322-7848-9"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2005). Ashes Diary. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8152-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8152-6","url_text":"978-0-7322-8152-6"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2006). Captain's Diary 2006. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8153-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8153-3","url_text":"978-0-7322-8153-3"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2007). Captain's Diary 2007. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8153-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8153-3","url_text":"978-0-7322-8153-3"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2008). Captain's Diary 2008. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8491-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8491-6","url_text":"978-0-7322-8491-6"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2009). Captain's Diary 2009. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8957-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8957-7","url_text":"978-0-7322-8957-7"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting (2013). Ponting: At the Close of Play. HarperSport. ISBN 9780732291822.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponting:_At_the_Close_of_Play","url_text":"Ponting: At the Close of Play"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperSport","url_text":"HarperSport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780732291822","url_text":"9780732291822"}]},{"reference":"Nick Richardson (2002). Ricky Ponting. Legend Books. ISBN 978-1-877096-13-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877096-13-6","url_text":"978-1-877096-13-6"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Peter Staples (1998). Ricky Ponting. Ironbark Press. ISBN 978-0-330-36117-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-36117-0","url_text":"978-0-330-36117-0"}]},{"reference":"Piesse, Ken (1999). The Taylor Years: Australian cricket 1994–99. Penguin Books Australia. ISBN 978-0-670-88829-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Piesse","url_text":"Piesse, Ken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-88829-0","url_text":"978-0-670-88829-0"}]},{"reference":"Knight, James (2003). Mark Waugh: The biography. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-715454-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-715454-8","url_text":"978-0-00-715454-8"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2003). World Cup Diary. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-7847-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-7847-2","url_text":"978-0-7322-7847-2"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2004). My First Year. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-7848-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-7848-9","url_text":"978-0-7322-7848-9"}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Geoff (2006). The 100 Greatest Cricketers. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-74110-439-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/100greatestcrick0000arms","url_text":"The 100 Greatest Cricketers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74110-439-4","url_text":"978-1-74110-439-4"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Brian Murgatroyd (2005). Ashes Diary. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8152-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8152-6","url_text":"978-0-7322-8152-6"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2006). Captain's Diary 2006. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8153-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8153-3","url_text":"978-0-7322-8153-3"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2007). Captain's Diary 2007. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8153-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8153-3","url_text":"978-0-7322-8153-3"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2008). Captain's Diary 2008. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8491-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8491-6","url_text":"978-0-7322-8491-6"}]},{"reference":"Ricky Ponting; Geoff Armstrong (2009). Captain's Diary 2009. HarperCollins Publishers Australia. ISBN 978-0-7322-8957-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7322-8957-7","url_text":"978-0-7322-8957-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Ricky Ponting\". cricket.com.au. Cricket Australia. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140211010447/http://www.cricket.com.au/players/ricky-ponting","url_text":"\"Ricky Ponting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Australia","url_text":"Cricket Australia"},{"url":"http://www.cricket.com.au/players/ricky-ponting","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ESPNcricinfo Staff (29 December 2010). \"The proudest century\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ricky-ponting-s-100th-test-win-the-proudest-century-531030","url_text":"\"The proudest century\""}]},{"reference":"ESPNcricinfo Staff (29 December 2010). \"Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Batting records-Most Test wins\". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140119022911/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dmatches%3Bresult%3D1%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbatting","url_text":"\"Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Batting records-Most Test wins\""},{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ESPNcricinfo Staff (29 December 2010). \"Jump before you are pushed, Chappell tells Ponting\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-v-england-4th-test-jump-before-you-are-pushed-ian-chappell-tells-ponting-494662","url_text":"\"Jump before you are pushed, Chappell tells Ponting\""}]},{"reference":"ESPNcricinfo Staff (29 December 2010). \"Statistics / Statsguru / One-Day Internationals / Batting records-most ODI wins\". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131031110547/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dmatches%3Bresult%3D1%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbatting","url_text":"\"Statistics / Statsguru / One-Day Internationals / Batting records-most ODI wins\""},{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"staff, ESPNcricinfo (14 January 2010). \"Ponting voted Player of the Decade\". Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/decadereview2009/content/story/443957.html","url_text":"\"Ponting voted Player of the Decade\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Best Australian Ashes XI revealed\". CA. 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-best-ashes-team-past-40-years-fan-vote-final-results-gilchrist-warne-ponting/2017-12-01","url_text":"\"The Best Australian Ashes XI revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ponting, Dravid, Claire Taylor inducted into ICC Hall of Fame\". ESPNcricinfo. 2 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ricky-ponting-rahul-dravid-claire-taylor-inducted-into-icc-hall-of-fame-1150940","url_text":"\"Ponting, Dravid, Claire Taylor inducted into ICC Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia unveil packed summer schedule\". Wisden India. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wisdenindia.com/australia-unveil-packed-summer-schedule","url_text":"\"Australia unveil packed summer schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"Punter's career comes to a close\". 3 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/ricky-ponting-out-in-final-test-innings-before-retirement/story-e6frfg8o-1226529070328","url_text":"\"Punter's career comes to a close\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ponting to retire from all cricket after CLT20\". Wisden India. 20 June 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102509/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/ponting-retire-cricket-clt20/66870","url_text":"\"Ponting to retire from all cricket after CLT20\""},{"url":"http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/ponting-retire-cricket-clt20/66870","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Baby Emmy a cure for Ponting's trophy woes\". 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Retrieved 2 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150922073742/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=3%3Bid%3D2%3Btype%3Dteam","url_text":"\"List of Twenty20 Captains\""},{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/individual/list_captains.html?class=3;id=2;type=team","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brearley, Mike (2 January 2011). \"The Ashes 2010-11: Ricky Ponting – great batsman, flawed captain\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2011/jan/02/the-ashes-2010-11-ricky-ponting","url_text":"\"The Ashes 2010-11: Ricky Ponting – great batsman, flawed captain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Vaughan, Roger (10 December 2009). \"Langer backs Ponting as captain\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. Retrieved 11 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/langer-backs-ponting-as-captain-20091210-km2i.html","url_text":"\"Langer backs Ponting as captain\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Ed (12 December 2009). \"Katich backs Ponting and says criticism of his captaincy is unjustified\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. Retrieved 12 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/katich-backs-ponting-and-says-criticism-of-his-captaincy-is-unjustified-20091211-kolk.html","url_text":"\"Katich backs Ponting and says criticism of his captaincy is unjustified\""}]},{"reference":"\"India tour of Australia, 2003/04 – Australia v India Scorecard\". ESPNcricinfo. 30 December 2003. Retrieved 29 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64061.html","url_text":"\"India tour of Australia, 2003/04 – Australia v India Scorecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia tour of South Africa, 2005/06 – South Africa v Australia Scorecard\". ESPNcricinfo. 12 March 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238200.html","url_text":"\"Australia tour of South Africa, 2005/06 – South Africa v Australia Scorecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia tour of New Zealand, 2004/05 – New Zealand v Australia Scorecard\". ESPNcricinfo. 17 February 2005. Retrieved 29 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/211048.html","url_text":"\"Australia tour of New Zealand, 2004/05 – New Zealand v Australia Scorecard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wisden's Five Cricketers of the Year\" (Press release). ESPNcricinfo. 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ESPNcricinfo.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?id=44;type=trophy","url_text":"\"Highest partnership by runs in ICC Champions Trophy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highest partnership for each wicket in ICC Champions Trophy\". ESPNcricinfo.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?id=44;type=trophy","url_text":"\"Highest partnership for each wicket in ICC Champions Trophy\""}]},{"reference":"\"2nd Test: Australia v India at Adelaide, Dec 12–16, 2003 – Cricket Scorecard – ESPNcricinfo\". ESPNcricinfo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64060.html","url_text":"\"2nd Test: Australia v India at Adelaide, Dec 12–16, 2003 – Cricket Scorecard – ESPNcricinfo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records – Test matches – Batting records – Most runs in a match on the losing side – ESPNcricinfo\". ESPNcricinfo.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282863.html","url_text":"\"Records – Test matches – Batting records – Most runs in a match on the losing side – ESPNcricinfo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Cricket Awards | Cricket Australia\". Cricketaustralia.com.au. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricketaustralia.com.au/about/awards-and-events/australian-cricket-awards","url_text":"\"Australian Cricket Awards | Cricket Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ponting named Sheffield Shield player of the year\". ESPNcricinfo. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ricky-ponting-named-sheffield-shield-player-of-the-year-625846","url_text":"\"Ponting named Sheffield Shield player of the year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia Post honours Australian Living Legends of Cricket\". Australia Post Collectables. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://australiapostcollectables.com.au/articles/australia-post-honours-australian-living-legends-of-cricket","url_text":"\"Australia Post honours Australian Living Legends of Cricket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ricky Ponting named Mumbai Indians Indian head coach for Indian Premier League\". Fox Sports. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/ricky-ponting-named-mumbai-indians-indian-head-coach-for-indian-premier-league/news-story/967bd2da5cb7cc2d7999d7e6f93ee12a","url_text":"\"Ricky Ponting named Mumbai Indians Indian head coach for Indian Premier League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ponting to join Australia's coaching staff for SL T20Is\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 1 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ricky-ponting-named-assistant-coach-for-sl-t20is-1074976","url_text":"\"Ponting to join Australia's coaching staff for SL T20Is\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Martin (9 January 2018). \"Ponting named assistant for T20Is\". cricket.com.au. Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricket.com.au/news/ricky-ponting-australia-t20-twenty20-assistant-coach-darren-lehmann-tri-series-new-zealand-england/2018-01-09","url_text":"\"Ponting named assistant for T20Is\""}]},{"reference":"\"IPL 2018: Ricky Ponting appointed Delhi Daredevils head coach\". Times of India. 4 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ipl-2018-ricky-ponting-appointed-delhi-daredevils-head-coach/articleshow/62368241.cms","url_text":"\"IPL 2018: Ricky Ponting appointed Delhi Daredevils head coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"IPL 2020: How Delhi turned from Daredevils to the Capitals\". The Bharat Army. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bharatarmy.com/stories/Cricket/ipl-delhicapitals-ponting","url_text":"\"IPL 2020: How Delhi turned from Daredevils to the Capitals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ponting confirmed as Washington Freedom head coach in Major League Cricket\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 6 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ricky-ponting-confirmed-as-washington-freedom-head-coach-in-major-league-cricket-1420050","url_text":"\"Ponting confirmed as Washington Freedom head coach in Major League Cricket\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrakanti
Chandrakanti
["1 Ingredients","2 See also","3 References"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ChandrakantiChandrakanti Pitha for Purnima vratCourseDessertPlace of originIndiaRegion or stateOdishaMain ingredientsGreen gram, rice flour, sugar, ghee  Media: Chandrakanti Chandrakanti is a deep-fried dessert made from green gram and rice flour. It is a sweet dish originally from coastal Odisha in eastern India. Ingredients Green gram Sugar Rice Cows' ghee Salt Oil (for the deep frying) See also Oriya cuisine References ^ "Chandrakanti Pitha - Odia Pitha". Odiakitchen.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2017. vte Indian dishes by regionNorthMughlai Mughlai kabab Mughlai paratha Murgh musallam Nihari Pasanda Qeema matar Rezala Rajasthani Baati Bikaneri bhujia Churma Dal Badam Chakki Dal baati Dal bati churma Kanda Kachauri Laal maans Mirchi Bada Panchratna Dal Punjabi Makki ki roti Pinni Sarson ka saag Tandoori chicken Kashmiri Noon chai Rogan josh Shab deg Uttar Pradeshi Peda Petha Other Aloo gobi Aloo mutter Baingan bartha Barfi (Kaju barfi/Kaju katli) Bhatura Butter chicken Chana masala Chapati Chicken tikka Chole bhature Dal makhani Dum aloo Dopiaza Egg curry Haleem Jeera aloo Kachori Kadai chicken Kadhi Kahwah Keema Khichra Khichdi Kulcha Korma Kulfi Lassi Mattar paneer Mutton curry Naan Palak paneer Pakora Paneer tikka Raita Rajma Rumali roti Sai bhaji Shahi paneer Shami kebab Paneer tikka masala SouthHyderabadi Baghara baingan Chakna Double ka meetha Hyderabadi biryani Hyderabadi haleem Hyderabadi marag Lukhmi Mirchi ka salan Osmania Biscuit Karnataka Benne dose Bisi bele bath Masala dosa Mysore Pak Kerala Appam (pesaha appam) Kerala Porotta Aviyal Sadya Chicken Chettinad Bonda Idiappam Puttu Thalassery biryani Pathiri Kozhukkatta Kerala beef fry Malabar Matthi Curry Other Aavakaaya Adhirasam Ariselu Bhajji Chicken 65 Curd rice Dahi chutney Dopiaza Dosa Fish moolie Idli Injipuli Jigarthanda Kaalan Kakinada Kaja Kanji Koottu Kozhukkattai Kuzhambu Murukku Pachadi Palathalikalu Paniyaram Parotta Paruppusilli Pesarattu Payasam Pootharekulu Pongal Ponganalu Poriyal Pulihora Rasam Rice and curry Sakinalu Sambar Sevai Ulava charu Upma Uttapam Vada WestGujarati Dhokla Doodhpak Handvo Khakhra Undhiyu Maharashtrian Kombdi vade Misal Thalipeeth Vada pav Veg Kolhapuri Other Akuri Basundi Bhakri Bhel puri Bombil fry Chinese bhel Chivda Chouriço Dahi vada Dhansak Kadboli Khatkhate Khandvi Khichdi Kuswar Misal pav Pav bhaji Patoleo Patra ni machhi Pohe Sabudana Khichadi Sanna Sevpuri Shrikhand Solkadhi Sorpotel Vindaloo Xacuti EastBengali Cham cham Charchari Jalfrezi Indian Chinese cuisine Kati roll Luchi Machher Jhol Mishti doi Pantua Prawn malai curry Rasgulla Ras malai Sandesh Sorshe Ilish Daab Chingri Ashke pithe Malpua Kosha mangsho Odia Arisa pitha Chakuli pitha Chandrakanti Charchari Chhena gaja Chhena jalebi Chhena Jhili Chhena kheeri Chhena poda Chingudi Jhola Dahi baigana Dahi Machha Dahibara Aludam Enduri pitha Ghuguni Kakara pitha Kanika Khira sagara Khiri Maachha Bihana Manda pitha Ouu khatta Pakhala Pitha Podo pitha Rasabali Rasagola Santula Mathapuli Bihari Litti Ghugni Sattu Khaja Champaran meat Motichoor ka Ladoo Tilkut Anarsa Regional (Bhojpuri, Maithil, Magahi) Miscellaneous Biryani Chaat Chutney Dal Falooda Flattened rice Gulab Jamun Halwa Indian pickle Jalebi Kheer Kofta Laddu Mango pudding Panipuri Papadum Paratha Puri Qeema Roti Sheer korma Sindhi biryani Samosa Shankarpali Soan papdi Zarda Puri Bhaji Indian diaspora Chicken tikka masala Fish head curry Phall Nasi kandar Pasembur Roti canai Category Commons Cookbook Food portal India portal This Indian cuisine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussher_Fort
Ussher Fort
["1 History","2 Currently","3 Gallery","4 Notes, citations and references"]
Ussher FortFort CrèvecoeurPart of Dutch Gold CoastFort Crèvecœur (left) and Fort James (right) in 1727.Ussher FortCoordinates5°32′19″N 0°12′30″W / 5.5385°N 0.2082°W / 5.5385; -0.2082Site historyBuilt1649 (1649)Garrison informationOccupantsNetherlands (1649-1868)UNESCO World Heritage Site UNESCO World Heritage SitePart ofForts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western RegionsCriteriaCultural: (vi)Reference34Inscription1979 (3rd Session) Ussher Fort is a fort in Accra, Ghana. It was built by the Dutch in 1649 as Fort Crèvecœur, and is two days' march from Elmina and to the east of Accra on a rocky point between two lagoons. It was one of three forts that Europeans built in the region during the middle of the 17th century. Fort Crèvecœur was part of the Dutch Gold Coast. The Anglo-Dutch Gold Coast Treaty (1867), which defined areas of influence on the Gold Coast, transferred it to the British in 1868. Because of its significance in the history of European colonial trade and exploitation in Africa, the fort was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979 (along with several other castles and forts in Ghana). History Negotiations to build a Dutch fort on the site began in 1610, but did not bear fruit until much later. Fort Crèvecœur was built in 1642 as a simple factory and then enlarged in 1649 by the Dutch West India Company. It was named after Fort Crèvecœur in 's-Hertogenbosch in the Dutch Republic, which had played a crucial role in the Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch. One of the Dutch representatives, Henry Caerlof, developed good relations with the Dey of Fetu, who gave Caerlof permission to build Osu Castle in 1652 for the Swedish Africa company. Fort Crèvecœur and Fort James were neither as imposing nor as important from the political point of view as Elmina or Cape Coast Castle, built 150 kilometers further west. Still, they brought their owners significant revenue. At the end of 1781 Captain Thomas Shirley in the frigate HMS Leander, together with the sloop-of-war Alligator, sailed for the Dutch Gold Coast with a convoy consisting of a few merchant-vessels and transports. Britain was at war with the Dutch Republic and Shirley launched an unsuccessful attack on 17 February on the Dutch outpost at Elmina, which the Dutch repulsed four days later. Leander and Shirley then went on to capture the small Dutch forts at Mouri (Fort Nassau - 20 guns), Kormantine (Courmantyne or Fort Amsterdam - 32 guns), Apam (Fort Lijdzaamheid or Fort Patience - 22 guns), Senya Beraku (Berricoe, Berku, Fort Barracco or Fort Goede Hoop - 18 guns), and Accra (Fort Crèvecœur - 32 guns). Shirley garrisoned those facilities with personnel from Cape Coast Castle. Fort Crèvecoeur was completely destroyed, and rebuilt in 1839 by Dutch master of works Hubertus Varlet. Fort Crèvecœur, which lies to the east of the present port, became known in time as Ussher Fort in honour of the then Administrator of the Gold Coast, Herbert Taylor Ussher. Currently Ussher Fort today. In all, Europeans built 27 forts on the coast of Ghana. The Dutch captured two forts from the Portuguese, and themselves built nine others. The British built ten, all before 1660. Today, only 11 of these forts are in good shape. Ussher Fort is currently being restored with funds from the European Commission and UNESCO. The purpose is to convert it to a museum and International Documentation Centre. The fort opening hours are 9:00am to 4:30pm from Mondays to Saturdays including public holidays. Chale Wote is hosted virtually in the premises of the fort. Gallery Ussher Fort built in 1649 and located in Ussher Town in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, One of the entrances of Ussher Fort at Jamestown Ussher Fort at Jamestown Ussher Fort at Jamestown Ussher Fort at Jamestown Ussher Fort in Accra, Ghana Ussher Fort in Accra, Ghana Ussher Fort in Accra, Ghana Ussher Fort Ussher Fort Ussher Fort Ussher Fort Ussher Fort at Ghana Ussher Fort at Ghana Ussher Fort at Ghana Ussher Fort at Ghana Notes, citations and references Notes ^ The other two were Osu Castle (Fort Christiansborg; Danish, 1652) and Jamestown, Ghana (Fort James; British, 1673). Citations ^ "Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Retrieved 9 Oct 2022. ^ Kropp Dakubu (1997), p. 147. ^ a b Van Dantzig 1999, p. 24. ^ Soulillou & Salvaing (1993), p. 149. ^ Crooks (1973), pp. 51 & 62. ^ Crooks (1973), p. 62. ^ Doortmont & Smit 2007, p. 337. ^ An Introduction to the History of West Africa, Cambridge University Press. ^ Unesco.org - UNESCO and partners rehabilitate Ussher Fort Slave Museum and Documentary Centre in Accra ^ "Ghana Museums & Monuments Board". www.ghanamuseums.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19. ^ "Two 'Chale Wote' festival organisers; one artist arrested at Jamestown". Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana. 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2021-08-22. References Crooks, John Joseph (1973). Records Relating to the Gold Coast Settlements from 1750 To 1874. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7146-1647-6. Doortmont, Michel R.; Smit, Jinna (2007). Sources for the mutual history of Ghana and the Netherlands. An annotated guide to the Dutch archives relating to Ghana and West Africa in the Nationaal Archief, 1593-1960s. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15850-4. Kropp Dakubu, Mary Esther (1997), Korle Meets the Sea: a sociolinguistic history of Accra Soulillou, Jacques; Salvaing, Françoise Doutreuwe (1993). Rives coloniales: architectures, de Saint-Louis à Douala. Paris: Editions de l'Orstom. ISBN 9782863640562. Van Dantzig, Albert (1999). Forts and Castles of Ghana. Accra: Sedco Publishing. ISBN 9964-72-010-6. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Crevecoeur, Accra. vteForts of the former European colonial powers on the Gold CoastBrandenburg-Prussian forts Groß Friedrichsburg Dorothea British forts Apollonia Metal Cross Sekondi Komenda Cape Coast Victoria Royal William William (lighthouse) Tantumquery Winneba James Vernon Danish forts Frederiksborg Christiansborg Augustaborg Fredensborg Kongensten Prinsensten Carlsborg William Dutch forts Elize Carthago Ruychaver Saint Anthony Hollandia Dorothea Batenstein Witsen Orange San Sebastian Vredenburgh Elmina Coenraadsburg Nassau William Egya Amsterdam Patience Goede Hoop Crèvecoeur Singelenburgh Portuguese forts Santo António de Axim São Sebastião de Shema São Jorge da Mina São Francisco Xavier Swedish forts Carlsborg William Batenstein Christiansborg Witsen Apollonia
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Elmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dutch Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Dutch Gold Coast Treaty (1867)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Gold_Coast_Treaty_(1867)"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"several other castles and forts in Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ghana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-2"}],"text":"Ussher Fort is a fort in Accra, Ghana. It was built by the Dutch in 1649 as Fort Crèvecœur, and is two days' march from Elmina and to the east of Accra on a rocky point between two lagoons. It was one of three forts that Europeans built in the region during the middle of the 17th century.[Note 1] Fort Crèvecœur was part of the Dutch Gold Coast. The Anglo-Dutch Gold Coast Treaty (1867), which defined areas of influence on the Gold Coast, transferred it to the British in 1868. Because of its significance in the history of European colonial trade and exploitation in Africa, the fort was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979 (along with several other castles and forts in Ghana).[1]","title":"Ussher Fort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKropp_Dakubu1997147-3"},{"link_name":"factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)"},{"link_name":"Dutch West India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company"},{"link_name":"'s-Hertogenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dantzig199924-4"},{"link_name":"Henry Caerlof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Caerlof"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dantzig199924-4"},{"link_name":"Fort James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_James_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"Cape Coast Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoulillouSalvaing1993149-5"},{"link_name":"Thomas Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Shirley_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HMS Leander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Leander_(1780)"},{"link_name":"sloop-of-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloop-of-war"},{"link_name":"Alligator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Alligator_(1780)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dutch Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"at war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Shirley launched an unsuccessful attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition"},{"link_name":"Elmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina"},{"link_name":"Mouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moree,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Fort Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Nassau_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"Fort Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Amsterdam_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"Apam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apam"},{"link_name":"Fort Lijdzaamheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lijdzaamheid"},{"link_name":"Senya Beraku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senya_Beraku"},{"link_name":"Fort Goede Hoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Goede_Hoop_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrooks197351_&_62-6"},{"link_name":"Cape Coast Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle_Museum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrooks197362-7"},{"link_name":"Hubertus Varlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubertus_Varlet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoortmontSmit2007337-8"},{"link_name":"Herbert Taylor Ussher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Taylor_Ussher"}],"text":"Negotiations to build a Dutch fort on the site began in 1610, but did not bear fruit until much later.[2] Fort Crèvecœur was built in 1642 as a simple factory and then enlarged in 1649 by the Dutch West India Company. It was named after Fort Crèvecœur in 's-Hertogenbosch in the Dutch Republic, which had played a crucial role in the Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch.[3] One of the Dutch representatives, Henry Caerlof, developed good relations with the Dey of Fetu, who gave Caerlof permission to build Osu Castle in 1652 for the Swedish Africa company.[3]Fort Crèvecœur and Fort James were neither as imposing nor as important from the political point of view as Elmina or Cape Coast Castle, built 150 kilometers further west. Still, they brought their owners significant revenue.[4]At the end of 1781 Captain Thomas Shirley in the frigate HMS Leander, together with the sloop-of-war Alligator, sailed for the Dutch Gold Coast with a convoy consisting of a few merchant-vessels and transports. Britain was at war with the Dutch Republic and Shirley launched an unsuccessful attack on 17 February on the Dutch outpost at Elmina, which the Dutch repulsed four days later. Leander and Shirley then went on to capture the small Dutch forts at Mouri (Fort Nassau - 20 guns), Kormantine (Courmantyne or Fort Amsterdam - 32 guns), Apam (Fort Lijdzaamheid or Fort Patience - 22 guns), Senya Beraku (Berricoe, Berku, Fort Barracco or Fort Goede Hoop - 18 guns), and Accra (Fort Crèvecœur - 32 guns).[5] Shirley garrisoned those facilities with personnel from Cape Coast Castle.[6] Fort Crèvecoeur was completely destroyed, and rebuilt in 1839 by Dutch master of works Hubertus Varlet.[7]Fort Crèvecœur, which lies to the east of the present port, became known in time as Ussher Fort in honour of the then Administrator of the Gold Coast, Herbert Taylor Ussher.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort.JPG"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Chale Wote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chale_Wote_Street_Art_Festival"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Ussher Fort today.In all, Europeans built 27 forts on the coast of Ghana. The Dutch captured two forts from the Portuguese, and themselves built nine others. The British built ten, all before 1660.[8] Today, only 11 of these forts are in good shape. Ussher Fort is currently being restored with funds from the European Commission and UNESCO. The purpose is to convert it to a museum and International Documentation Centre.[9]The fort opening hours are 9:00am to 4:30pm from Mondays to Saturdays including public holidays.[10]Chale Wote is hosted virtually in the premises of the fort.[11]","title":"Currently"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:One_of_the_entrances_of_Ussher_Fort_at_Jamestown,_Ghana.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort,_Ghana_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort,_Ghana_4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort,_Ghana_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort_13.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort_30.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort_16.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort_22.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort_26.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort_10.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort_19.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort_21.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort_27.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort_24.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ussher_Fort_8.jpg"}],"text":"Ussher Fort built in 1649 and located in Ussher Town in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana,\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOne of the entrances of Ussher Fort at Jamestown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort at Jamestown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort at Jamestown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort at Jamestown\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort in Accra, Ghana\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort in Accra, Ghana\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort in Accra, Ghana\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort at Ghana\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort at Ghana\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort at Ghana\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUssher Fort at Ghana","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Osu Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osu_Castle"},{"link_name":"Jamestown, Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Fort James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_James_(Ghana)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unesco_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//whc.unesco.org/en/list/34/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKropp_Dakubu1997147_3-0"},{"link_name":"Kropp Dakubu (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKropp_Dakubu1997"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dantzig199924_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dantzig199924_4-1"},{"link_name":"Van Dantzig 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVan_Dantzig1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoulillouSalvaing1993149_5-0"},{"link_name":"Soulillou & Salvaing (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSoulillouSalvaing1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrooks197351_&_62_6-0"},{"link_name":"Crooks (1973)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrooks1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrooks197362_7-0"},{"link_name":"Crooks (1973)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrooks1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoortmontSmit2007337_8-0"},{"link_name":"Doortmont & Smit 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDoortmontSmit2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"An Introduction to the History of West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RDw9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA71"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"UNESCO and partners rehabilitate Ussher Fort Slave Museum and Documentary Centre in Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghana.un.org/en/131052-unesco-and-partners-rehabilitate-ussher-fort-slave-museum-and-documentary-centre-accra"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Ghana Museums & Monuments Board\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ghanamuseums.org/ussher-fort-museum.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Two 'Chale Wote' festival organisers; one artist arrested at Jamestown\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citinewsroom.com/2021/08/two-chale-wote-festival-organisers-one-artist-arrested-at-jamestown/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7146-1647-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1647-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yr3QSrlNPjYC&dq=shirley+mackenzie+%22gold+coast%22&pg=PA47"},{"link_name":"Sources for the mutual history of Ghana and the Netherlands. An annotated guide to the Dutch archives relating to Ghana and West Africa in the Nationaal Archief, 1593-1960s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-SBwMhYAZw0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-15850-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15850-4"},{"link_name":"Kropp Dakubu, Mary Esther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Esther_Kropp_Dakubu"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782863640562","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782863640562"},{"link_name":"Forts and Castles of Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books/about/Forts_and_castles_of_Ghana.html?id=YhZyAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9964-72-010-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9964-72-010-6"},{"link_name":"Fort Crevecoeur, Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fort_Crevecoeur,_Accra"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg-Prussian forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"Groß Friedrichsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Town,_Ghana#Fort_Fredericksburg"},{"link_name":"Dorothea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwidaa#History"},{"link_name":"British forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)"},{"link_name":"Apollonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Apollonia"},{"link_name":"Metal Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Metal_Cross"},{"link_name":"Sekondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sekondi"},{"link_name":"Komenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Komenda"},{"link_name":"Cape Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Victoria,_Cape_Coast"},{"link_name":"Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Frederiksborg"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"William (lighthouse)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Tantumquery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Tantumquery"},{"link_name":"Winneba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Winneba"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_James,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Danish forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"Frederiksborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Frederiksborg"},{"link_name":"Christiansborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osu_Castle"},{"link_name":"Augustaborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Augustaborg"},{"link_name":"Fredensborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Fredensborg"},{"link_name":"Kongensten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Kongenstein"},{"link_name":"Prinsensten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Prinzenstein"},{"link_name":"Carlsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Dutch forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"Elize Carthago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Elize_Carthago"},{"link_name":"Ruychaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ruychaver"},{"link_name":"Saint Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Saint_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Hollandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Town,_Ghana#Fort_Fredericksburg"},{"link_name":"Dorothea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwidaa#History"},{"link_name":"Batenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Batenstein"},{"link_name":"Witsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Witsen"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Orange,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"San Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_San_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"Vredenburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Vredenburgh"},{"link_name":"Elmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina_Castle"},{"link_name":"Coenraadsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Coenraadsburg"},{"link_name":"Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Nassau,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Egya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Egya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Amsterdam,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Patience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Patience"},{"link_name":"Goede Hoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Goede_Hoop,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Crèvecoeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Singelenburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Prinzenstein"},{"link_name":"Portuguese forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"Santo António de Axim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Saint_Anthony"},{"link_name":"São Sebastião de Shema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_San_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"São Jorge da Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina_Castle"},{"link_name":"São Francisco Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osu_Castle"},{"link_name":"Swedish forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Gold_Coast"},{"link_name":"Carlsborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William,_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Batenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Batenstein"},{"link_name":"Christiansborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osu_Castle"},{"link_name":"Witsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Witsen"},{"link_name":"Apollonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Apollonia"}],"text":"Notes^ The other two were Osu Castle (Fort Christiansborg; Danish, 1652) and Jamestown, Ghana (Fort James; British, 1673).Citations^ \"Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions\". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Retrieved 9 Oct 2022.\n\n^ Kropp Dakubu (1997), p. 147.\n\n^ a b Van Dantzig 1999, p. 24.\n\n^ Soulillou & Salvaing (1993), p. 149.\n\n^ Crooks (1973), pp. 51 & 62.\n\n^ Crooks (1973), p. 62.\n\n^ Doortmont & Smit 2007, p. 337.\n\n^ An Introduction to the History of West Africa, Cambridge University Press.\n\n^ Unesco.org - UNESCO and partners rehabilitate Ussher Fort Slave Museum and Documentary Centre in Accra \n\n^ \"Ghana Museums & Monuments Board\". www.ghanamuseums.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.\n\n^ \"Two 'Chale Wote' festival organisers; one artist arrested at Jamestown\". Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana. 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2021-08-22.ReferencesCrooks, John Joseph (1973). Records Relating to the Gold Coast Settlements from 1750 To 1874. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7146-1647-6.[1]\nDoortmont, Michel R.; Smit, Jinna (2007). Sources for the mutual history of Ghana and the Netherlands. An annotated guide to the Dutch archives relating to Ghana and West Africa in the Nationaal Archief, 1593-1960s. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15850-4.\nKropp Dakubu, Mary Esther (1997), Korle Meets the Sea: a sociolinguistic history of Accra\nSoulillou, Jacques; Salvaing, Françoise Doutreuwe (1993). Rives coloniales: architectures, de Saint-Louis à Douala. Paris: Editions de l'Orstom. ISBN 9782863640562.\nVan Dantzig, Albert (1999). Forts and Castles of Ghana. Accra: Sedco Publishing. ISBN 9964-72-010-6.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Crevecoeur, Accra.vteForts of the former European colonial powers on the Gold CoastBrandenburg-Prussian forts\nGroß Friedrichsburg\nDorothea\nBritish forts\nApollonia\nMetal Cross\nSekondi\nKomenda\nCape Coast\nVictoria\nRoyal\nWilliam\nWilliam (lighthouse)\nTantumquery\nWinneba\nJames\nVernon\nDanish forts\nFrederiksborg\nChristiansborg\nAugustaborg\nFredensborg\nKongensten\nPrinsensten\nCarlsborg\nWilliam\nDutch forts\nElize Carthago\nRuychaver\nSaint Anthony\nHollandia\nDorothea\nBatenstein\nWitsen\nOrange\nSan Sebastian\nVredenburgh\nElmina\nCoenraadsburg\nNassau\nWilliam\nEgya\nAmsterdam\nPatience\nGoede Hoop\nCrèvecoeur\nSingelenburgh\nPortuguese forts\nSanto António de Axim\nSão Sebastião de Shema\nSão Jorge da Mina\nSão Francisco Xavier\nSwedish forts\nCarlsborg\nWilliam\nBatenstein\nChristiansborg\nWitsen\nApollonia","title":"Notes, citations and references"}]
[{"image_text":"Ussher Fort today.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ussher_Fort.JPG/220px-Ussher_Fort.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions\". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Retrieved 9 Oct 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34/","url_text":"\"Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ghana Museums & Monuments Board\". www.ghanamuseums.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ghanamuseums.org/ussher-fort-museum.php","url_text":"\"Ghana Museums & Monuments Board\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two 'Chale Wote' festival organisers; one artist arrested at Jamestown\". Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana. 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2021-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://citinewsroom.com/2021/08/two-chale-wote-festival-organisers-one-artist-arrested-at-jamestown/","url_text":"\"Two 'Chale Wote' festival organisers; one artist arrested at Jamestown\""}]},{"reference":"Crooks, John Joseph (1973). Records Relating to the Gold Coast Settlements from 1750 To 1874. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7146-1647-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1647-6","url_text":"978-0-7146-1647-6"}]},{"reference":"Doortmont, Michel R.; Smit, Jinna (2007). Sources for the mutual history of Ghana and the Netherlands. An annotated guide to the Dutch archives relating to Ghana and West Africa in the Nationaal Archief, 1593-1960s. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15850-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-SBwMhYAZw0C","url_text":"Sources for the mutual history of Ghana and the Netherlands. An annotated guide to the Dutch archives relating to Ghana and West Africa in the Nationaal Archief, 1593-1960s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15850-4","url_text":"978-90-04-15850-4"}]},{"reference":"Kropp Dakubu, Mary Esther (1997), Korle Meets the Sea: a sociolinguistic history of Accra","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Esther_Kropp_Dakubu","url_text":"Kropp Dakubu, Mary Esther"}]},{"reference":"Soulillou, Jacques; Salvaing, Françoise Doutreuwe (1993). Rives coloniales: architectures, de Saint-Louis à Douala. Paris: Editions de l'Orstom. ISBN 9782863640562.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782863640562","url_text":"9782863640562"}]},{"reference":"Van Dantzig, Albert (1999). Forts and Castles of Ghana. Accra: Sedco Publishing. ISBN 9964-72-010-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Forts_and_castles_of_Ghana.html?id=YhZyAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Forts and Castles of Ghana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9964-72-010-6","url_text":"9964-72-010-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_in_Bangladesh
Culture of Bangladesh
["1 Music, dance, drama","2 Media and cinema","3 Festivals and celebrations","3.1 Eid ul-Fitr","3.2 Eid ul-Azha","3.3 Pohela Boishakh","3.4 Nobanno","3.5 Language day","3.6 Durga Puja (Navaratri)","3.7 Boro din (Christmas)","3.8 Weddings","4 Architecture and heritage","4.1 World Heritage Sites","4.2 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists","4.3 Memory of the World Register","5 Sports","6 Religion","7 Lifestyle","7.1 Cuisine","7.2 Clothes","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series on theCulture of Bangladesh History Timeline Outline Topics: Bengal Aviation Literature Military Postal Rulers Cyclones Years People Bangladeshis Names Diaspora List of Bangladeshi people Languages Script Dialects Vocabulary Grammar Bengali language movement Traditions Traditional games Muslim weddings Hindu weddings Textile arts Mythology and folklore Behula Bonbibi Oladevi Satya Pir Manasa Cuisine Entrées Bakarkhani Main dishes Beef hatkhora Haji biryani Kala bhuna Desserts Ras malai Rosogolla Chomchom Jalebi Sandesh Drinks Seven-colour tea Sharbat Festivals Eid al-Adha Eid al-Fitr Puja Nobanno Pohela Boishakh Pahela Falgun Religion Islam Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Sikhism Judaism Art Architecture Sculpture Literature Folk literature Charyapada Kissa Jangnama Mangal-Kāvya Puthi Vaishnava Padavali Genres Bengal studies Poetry Novels Science fiction Institutions Bangla Academy Awards Bangla Academy Literary Award Ekushey Padak Music and performing arts Dance Manipuri dance Alkap Theatre Theatre in Bangladesh Jatra People Abdullah al Mamun Syed Shamsul Haque Media Radio Television Cinema Sport Cricket Football Kabaddi Monuments World Heritage Sites Symbols Flag Coat of arms National anthem Bangladesh portalvte The culture of Bangladesh is intertwined with the culture of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. It has evolved over the centuries and encompasses the cultural diversity of several social groups of Bangladesh. The Bengal Renaissance of the 18th early 19th centuries, noted Bengali writers, saints, authors, scientists, researchers, thinkers, music composers, painters, film-makers have played a significant role in the development of Bengali culture. The culture of Bangladesh is deeply intertwined with the culture of the Bengal region. Basically Bengali culture refers to the culture of Bangladesh. The Bengal Renaissance contained the seeds of a nascent political Indian nationalism which was the precursor in many ways to modern Indian artistic cultural expression. According to M. Nazrul Islam Tamij, a human rights activist and chairman of the National Human Rights Society (NHRS), human rights are the most important part of Bengali culture, and it plays an important role in the development of Bengali culture. The cultures of Bangladesh composite over the centuries have assimilated influences of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. It is manifested in various forms, including music, dance, drama; art craft; folklore folktale; languages literature; philosophy religion; festivals celebrations; as well as in a distinct cuisine culinary tradition. A sun motif in Mangal Shobhajatra, a parade takes place in Bangladesh in the occasion of Pohela Boishakh Music, dance, drama See also: Music of Bangladesh and Performing arts of Bangladesh Bangladeshi artists performing in a dance show. The music dance styles of Bangladesh may be divided into three categories: classical, folk, modern. After gaining independence from British rule, East Bengal (Bangladesh) was still a colony of Pakistan. It was called East Pakistan. The classical style has been influenced by other prevalent classical forms of music dances of the Indian subcontinent, accordingly, show some influenced dance forms like Bharatnatyam Kathak. Several dancing styles in vogue are practised in the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent, like Manipuri Santhali dances, but Bangladesh has developed its own distinct dancing styles. Bangladesh has a rich tradition of folk songs, with lyrics rooted in vibrant tradition spirituality, mysticism, devotion. Such folk songs revolve around other themes, including love. The most prevalent folk songs music traditions include Bhatiali, Baul, Marfati, Murshidi, Bhawaiya. Lyricists like Lalon Shah, Hason Raja, Kangal Harinath, Romesh Shill, Abbas Uddin, many unknown anonymous lyricists have enriched the tradition of folk songs of Bangladesh. Tamak' (r.) and Tumdak' (l.) - typical drums of the Santhal people, photographed in a village in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh. In a relatively modern context, works of Rabindranath Tagore and Nazrul Islam form a major part of the cultural heritage of Bangladesh. Several musical instruments, some of them indigenous, are used in Bangladesh. Major musical instruments used are the bamboo flute (Bashi), drums (tabla, dhol), a single-stringed instrument named ektara, a four-stringed instrument called dotara, a pair of metal bowls, used for rhythm effects, called mandira. Currently, musical instruments of western origin, like guitars, drums, and the saxophone are used, sometimes along with traditional instruments (Muajj). From the 90's, It gave rise to quality rock bands, not only the urban place from Dhaka but also the port city Chittagong. Media and cinema Main articles: Media of Bangladesh and Cinema of Bangladesh The Bangladeshi press is diverse, outspoken and privately owned. Over 200 newspapers are published in the country. Bangladesh Betar is the state-run radio service. The British Broadcasting Corporation operates the popular BBC Bangla news and current affairs service. Bengali broadcasts from Voice of America are also very popular. Bangladesh Television (BTV) is the state-owned television network. There are more than 20 privately owned television networks, including several news channels. Freedom of the media remains a major concern, due to government attempts at censorship and harassment of journalists. The cinema of Bangladesh dates back to 1898 when films began screening at the Crown Theatre in Dhaka. The first bioscope in the subcontinent was established in Dhaka that year. The Dhaka Nawab Family patronized the production of several silent films in the 1920s and 30s. In 1931, the East Bengal Cinematograph Society released the first full-length feature film in Bangladesh, titled the Last Kiss. The first feature film in East Pakistan, Mukh O Mukhosh, was released in 1956. During the 1960s, 25–30 films were produced annually in Dhaka. By the 2000s, Bangladesh produced 80–100 films a year. While the Bangladeshi film industry has achieved limited commercial success; the country has produced notable independent film makers. Zahir Raihan was a prominent documentary-maker who was assassinated in 1971. The late Tareque Masud is regarded as one of Bangladesh's outstanding directors due to his numerous productions on historical and social issues. Masud was honored by FIPRESCI at the Cannes Film Festival in 2002 for his film The Clay Bird. Tanvir Mokammel, Mostofa Sarwar Farooki, Humayun Ahmed, Alamgir Kabir, Subhash Dutta and Chashi Nazrul Islam are other prominent directors of Bangladesh cinema. Festivals and celebrations Festivals and celebrations are an integral part of the culture of Bangladesh. Pohela Falgun, Pohela Boishakh for Bengali and Boishabi for hill tracks tribal, Matribhasha dibosh, victory day, Nobanno, Pitha Utshob in winter, Poush Songkranti and chaitro sankranti in the last day of Bangla month chaitro, Shakhrain are celebrated by everyone despite their religion. Muslim festivals of Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Milad un Nabi, Muharram, Chand raat, Shab-e-Barat, Bishwa Ijtema; Hindu festivals of Durga Puja, Kali Puja, Basant Panchami, Rath Yatra, Holi and Janmashtami; Buddhist festival of Buddha Purnima and Maghi Purnima; Christian festival of Christmas and Easter and secular festivals like Pohela Boishakh, Pohela Falgun, Shakrain, Borsha Mongol, Nabanna, Language Movement Day, Independence Day, Rabindra Jayanti, Nazrul Jayanti witness widespread celebrations and usually are national holidays in Bangladesh. Eid ul-Fitr Main article: Eid ul-Fitr A rural congregation for Eid-al-Fitr prayers As the most important religious festival for the majority of Muslims, the celebration of Eid ul-Fitr has become a part of the culture of Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh declares the holiday for three days on Eid-ul Fitr. But practically, all schools, colleges, and offices remain closed for a week. This is the happiest time of the year for most of the people in Bangladesh. All outgoing public transport from the major cities become highly crowded and in many cases the fares tend to rise in spite of government restrictions. Bengali Newspapers regularly publish special issues called "Eid Shongkhha" (Bengali: ঈদ সংখ্যা) (Eid edition) on the occasion of Eid. Stories, novels, poems, history, essays and other elements are made interesting in the Eid Shongkhha Megazine. There are also many advertisements. Like many other aspects of the Eid festival, publishing Eid Shonkhya has also become a big Bengali tradition in the occasion of Eid. On Eid day, the Eid prayers are held all over the country, in open areas like fields, Eidgahs or inside mosques. After the Eid prayers, people return home, visit each other's home and eat sweet dishes called Shirini, Shemai and other delicacies like biryani, korma, haleem, kebab etc. Throughout the day people embrace each other and exchange greetings. It is also customary for junior members of the society to touch the feet of the seniors, and seniors returning blessings (sometimes with a small sum of money as a gift). Money and food are donated to the poor. In rural areas, the Eid festival is observed with great fanfare. Quiet remote villages become crowded. In some areas, Eid fairs are arranged. Different types of games including boat racing, kabaddi, and other traditional Bangladeshi games, as well as modern games like cricket and football, are played on this occasion. In urban areas, people play music, visit each other's houses, arrange picnics and eat special food. The homes, streets, markets, and parks are illuminated with lighting decorations in the evening. Watching movies and television programs have also become an integral part of the Eid celebration in urban areas. All local TV channels air special program for several days for this occasion. various cultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold usually in front of Eidgahs and Mosques. Small cultural processions are arranged in Old Dhaka, a tradition which was started by Naib Nazim of Dhaka Eid ul-Azha Main article: Eid al-Adha An urban congregation for Eid-ul-Azha prayers in Dhaka. Eid ul-Azha or Bakri Eid is the second most important religious festival. The celebration of this festival is similar to Eid ul-Fitr in many ways. The only big difference is the Kurbani or sacrifice of domestic animals. Numerous temporary marketplaces of different sizes called hat operate in the big cities for sale of Qurbani animals (usually cows, goats, and sheep). In the morning on the Eid day, immediately after the prayer, affluent people thank God for the animal and then sacrifice it. Less affluent people also take part in the festivity by visiting houses of the affluent who are taking part in kurbani. After the kurbani, a large portion of the meat is given to the poor people and to the relatives and neighbors. Although the religious doctrine allows the sacrifice anytime over a period of three days starting from the Eid day, most people prefer to perform the ritual on the first day of Eid. However, the public holiday spans over three to four days. Many people from the big cities go to their ancestral houses and homes in the villages to share the joy of the festival with friends and relatives. Various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold in front of mosques and other public places. Pohela Boishakh Main article: Pohela Boishakh Pohela Boishakh celebration in Dhaka, Bangladesh Pahela Baishakh, which is also pronounced as Pohela Boishakh, is the first day of the Bengali calendar. It is usually celebrated on 14 April. Pohela Boishakh marks the start day of the crop season. Just like Eid, usually, on Pohela Boishakh, the home is thoroughly scrubbed and cleaned; people bathe early in the morning and dress in fine clothes. They spend much of the day visiting relatives, friends, and neighbors and going to the fair. Fairs are arranged in many parts of the country where various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers, dancers, and traditional plays and songs. Horse races, bull races, bull-fights, cock-fights, flying pigeons, and boat racing were once popular. All gatherings and fairs consist of a wide spread of Bengali food and sweets. The most colorful New Year's Day festival takes place in Dhaka. Large numbers of people gather early in the morning under the banyan tree at Ramna Park where Chhayanaut artists open the day with Rabindranath Tagore's famous song, Esho, hey Boishakh, esho esho (Come, Boishakh, come, come). A similar ceremony welcoming the new year is also held at the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka. Students and teachers of the institute take out a colorful procession and parade called Mangal Shobhajatra to round the campus and the surroundings of the campus through Shahabag Avenue. Social and cultural organizations celebrate the day with cultural programs in various field in the University of Dhaka as well as across the country. In this special day girls used to wear white Sharee with red line, in opposition boys wear fotua with pant. Newspapers bring out special supplements. There are also special programs on radio and television. Prior to this day, special discounts on clothes, furniture, electronics, and various deals and shopping discounts are available. A special line of shari, usually cotton, white sharis with red print and embroidery is sold before this day as everyone dresses up for this day. Jasmine and marigold flowers are also a huge sale for this event which adorns the women's hair. Nobanno Main article: Nobanno The harvest festival is called the Nobanno. It is usually celebrated on the first day of Awgrohayon (Bengali Month) the first day of harvesting. The main festival is organizing by Jatio Nobanno Utshob Udjapan Porishod at Charukola (Fine Arts) in University of Dhaka with songs, dance, cakes, sweets, colorful procession and many traditional presentations. Once upon a time (from the very beginning), the first day of Awgrohayon was the first day of Bengali calendar. Language day Main article: International Mother Language Day Shaheed Minar (Martyr Monument) People commemorates those who were killed in the 21 February 1952 Bengali Language Movement demonstration In 1952, the emerging middle classes of East Bengal underwent an uprising known later as the Bangla Language Movement. Bangladeshis (then East Pakistanis) were initially agitated by a decision by the Central Pakistan Government to establish Urdu, a minority language spoken only by the supposed elite class of West Pakistan, as the sole national language for all of Pakistan. The situation was worsened by an open declaration that "Urdu and only Urdu will be the national language of Pakistan" by the governor, Khawaja Nazimuddin. Police declared Section 144 which banned any sort of meeting. Defying this, the students of the University of Dhaka and Dhaka Medical College and other political activists started a procession on 21 February 1952. Near the current Dhaka Medical College Hospital, police fired on the protesters and numerous people, including Abdus Salam, Rafiq Uddin Ahmed, Sofiur Rahman, Abul Barkat, and Abdul Jabbar died. The movement spread to the whole of East Pakistan and the whole province came to a standstill. Afterward, the Government of Pakistan relented and gave Bengali equal status as a national language. This movement is thought to have sown the seeds for the independence movement which resulted in the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. To commemorate this movement, Shaheed Minar, a solemn and symbolic sculpture, was erected in the place of the massacre. The day is revered in Bangladesh and, to a somewhat lesser extent, in West Bengal as the Martyrs' Day. This day is the public holiday in Bangladesh. UNESCO decided to observe 21 February as International Mother Language Day. The UNESCO General Conference took a decision that took effect on 17 November 1999 when it unanimously adopted a draft resolution submitted by Bangladesh and co-sponsored and supported by 28 other countries. Durga Puja (Navaratri) See also: Durga Puja and Navaratri Durga Puja in Bangladesh Durga Puja, the largest religious festival for Hindus, is celebrated widely across Bangladesh. Thousands of pandals (mandaps) are set up in various villages, towns, and cities. Durga Puja is a grand cultural celebration in the capital city of Dhaka. Major pujas of Dhaka are held in numerous pandals, but the biggest celebration takes place at Dhakeshwari Temple where several thousand devotees and onlookers stream through the premises for four days. Special boat race on Buriganga river is arranged and it attracts a large crowd. A five-day holiday is observed by all educational institutions, while Bijoya Dashami is a public holiday. Just like East India and West India on Vijayadashami, effigies are paraded through the streets of Shankhari Bazaar in Old Dhaka in loud, colorful processions before being immersed into the rivers. Boro din (Christmas) See also: Boro Din and Christmas Christians in Bangladesh give gifts to each other and visit others on Christmas. Christmas is national holiday in Bangladesh. Kids receive money or toys from adults. People greet each other with Shubho Boro Din ('Greetings of the Great Day'). In rural areas, banana trees and leaves are used for decoration. In cities, common Christmas decorations include Christmas trees, banners and balloons. Special events are held in hotels and Christmas specials are shown on TV. Traditional foods include Christmas cake, pitha, and biscuits. Churches are decorated with Christmas lights and a Christmas tree. Church choirs perform Bengali Christmas carols. Church-held Christmas Eve feasts are called Preeti Bhoj and hymns are called Kirtan. Weddings See also: Bengali Muslim wedding and Bengali Hindu weddingSee also: Sexuality in Bangladesh Relatives decorating the bride with traditional wedding turmeric in a Bangladeshi Gaye Holud ceremony in Dhaka. Bengali weddings are traditionally in five parts: first, it is the bride and groom's Mehendi Shondha (also called Pan Chini), the bride's Gaye Holud, the groom's Gaye Holud, the Biye, and the Bou Bhaat. These often take place on separate days. The first event in a wedding is an informal one: the groom presents the bride with a ring marking the "engagement" which is gaining popularity. For the mehendi shondha the bride's side apply henna to each other as well as the bride, for the bride's Gaye Holud, the groom's family – except the groom himself – go in procession to the bride's home. Bride's friends and family apply turmeric paste to her body as a part of bride's Gaye Holud, and they are traditionally all in matching clothes, mostly orange. The bride is seated on a dais, and the henna is used to decorate the bride's hands and feet with elaborate abstract designs. The sweets are then fed to the bride by all involved, piece by piece. The actual wedding ceremony "Biye" follows the Gaye Holud ceremonies. The wedding ceremony is arranged by the bride's family. On the day, the younger members of the bride's family barricade the entrance to the venue and demand a sort of admission charge from the groom in return for allowing him to enter. The bride and groom are seated separately, and a Kazi (authorized person by the government to perform the wedding), accompanied by the parents and a Wakil (witness) from each side formally asks the bride for her consent to the union, and then the groom for his. The bride's side of the family tries to play some kind of practical joke on the groom such as stealing the groom's shoe. The reception, also known as Bou-Bhaat (reception), is a party given by the groom's family in return for the wedding party. It is typically a much more relaxed affair, with only the second-best wedding outfit being worn. This is more or less the Muslim wedding procession. The Hindu weddings also follow the same parts of the wedding but the wedding part is somewhat different. The wedding is done along with a feast and according to the Hindu religion's wedding steps, e.g. Shat-pake-badha; Shidur Daan etc. the wedding most likely lasts the whole night starting at the evening. The Christian and Buddhist Wedding follow a totally different Process. They more or less follow Western Culture and Methods. Sometimes they too follow the Bengali wedding procession. Architecture and heritage Main articles: Architecture of Bangladesh and Architecture of Bengal Bangladesh has appealing architecture from historic treasures to contemporary landmarks. It has evolved over centuries and assimilated influences from social, religious and exotic communities. Bangladesh has many architectural relics and monuments dating back thousands of years. 1752 Kantajew Temple, prominent Hindu architecture of Bangladesh. Lalbagh Fort, a Mughal architecture of Bangladesh Ahsan Manzil in Dhaka, Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture of Bangladesh Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban, the house of the Parliament of Bangladesh. Lalbagh Fort World Heritage Sites Main article: List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh Site Image Location Criteria Year Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat Bagerhat District, Khulna Division22°40′0″N 89°48′0″E / 22.66667°N 89.80000°E / 22.66667; 89.80000 (Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat) Cultural: (iv) 1983 Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur Naogaon District, Rajshahi Division25°2′0″N 88°59′0″E / 25.03333°N 88.98333°E / 25.03333; 88.98333 (Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur) Cultural: (i, ii, vi) 1985 The Sundarbans Khulna Division21°57′0″N 89°11′0″E / 21.95000°N 89.18333°E / 21.95000; 89.18333 (The Sundarbans) Natural: (ix, x) 1997 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists Main article: UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists Year Proclaimed Year Inscribed Baul songs 2005 2008 Traditional art of Jamdani weaving 2013 Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh 2016 Traditional art of Shital Pati weaving of Sylhet 2017 Memory of the World Register Main article: Memory of the World Register 7 March Speech of Bangabandhu Sports Main article: Sport in Bangladesh A cricket match between Bangladesh & India at the Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium in Dhaka. Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh, followed by football. Kabaddi is the national sport in Bangladesh. Cricket is a game which has a massive and passionate following in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has joined the elite group of countries eligible to play Test cricket since 2000. The Bangladesh national cricket team goes by the nickname of the Tigers – after the royal Bengal tiger. Football in Bangladesh is one of the most enjoyed sports, although the Bangladesh national football team used to be a lot stronger in the past, people still gather in masses when the national team have a game. The people of Bangladesh enjoy watching live sports. Whenever there is a cricket or football match between popular local teams or international teams in any local stadium significant number of spectators gather to watch the match live. The people also celebrate major victories of the national teams with great enthusiasm for the live game. Victory processions are the most common element in such celebrations. A former prime minister even made an appearance after an International one day cricket match in which Bangladesh beat Australia, she came to congratulate the victory. Also in late 2006 and 2007, football legend Zinedine Zidane paid a visit to local teams and various events thanks to the invitation of Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Muhammad Yunus. Some traditional sports of Bangladesh include Nouka Baich, Kho Kho, Boli Khela, Lathi Khela etc. Religion Main article: Religion in Bangladesh See also: Islam in Bangladesh, Hinduism in Bangladesh, Buddhism in Bangladesh, and Christianity in Bangladesh Religion in BangladeshBaitul Mukarram National MosqueDhakeshwari National TempleBuddha Dhatu JadiArchdiocese of Dhaka Bangladesh is ethnically homogeneous, with Bengalis comprising 99% of the population. Bangladesh is a Muslim-majority country. Muslims constitute around 90% of the population in Bangladesh while Hindus and Buddhists are the most significant minorities of the country. Christians, Sikhs, and atheists form a very minuscule part of the population. But due to immense cultural diversity, multiple dialects, hybridization of social traits and norms as well as cultural upbringing, People of different religions perform their religious rituals with festivity in Bangladesh. The Government has declared National Holidays on all important religious festivals of the four major religions. Eid al-Fitr, Durga Puja, Christmas, and Buddha Purnima are celebrated with enthusiasm in Bangladesh. All of these form an integral part of the cultural heritage of Bangladesh. People from several tribal communities like Chakma, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Marma, Santhal, Manipuri, Tripuri, Tanchangya, Mru, Mandi, Kuki, Bawm, Oraon, Khiang, Chak, Dhanuk, Munda, Rohingya also have their own respective festivals. Apart from these religious and tribal celebrations, there are also several secular festivals. Pohela Boishakh is the biggest cultural event among all the festivals in Bangladesh. Bangladesh also observes 21 February as Shaheed Dibas, 26 March as Independence Day, and 16 December as Victory Day of the country. Lifestyle Cuisine Main article: Bangladeshi cuisine Sandesh, created with milk and sugar Bangladesh is famous for its distinctive culinary tradition, delicious food, snacks, and savories. Rice is the staple food, and is served with a variety of vegetables, fried as well with curry, thick lentil soups, egg, fish and meat preparations of chicken, mutton, beef, duck. Bangladeshis have a sweet tooth. Sweetmeats of Bangladesh are mostly milk based, and consist of several delights including roshogolla, shondesh, roshmalai, gulab jam, kalo jam, and chom-chom, jilapi and more . Several other sweet preparations are also available. Bangladeshi cuisine is rich and varied with the use of many specialised spices and flavours. Bhortas (lit-"mashed") are a really common type of food used as an additive to rice. There are several types of bhortas, such as ilish bhorta, shutki bhorta, begoon bhorta and more Fish is the dominant source of protein, cultivated in ponds and fished with nets in the fresh-water rivers of the Ganges delta. More than 40 types of mostly freshwater fish are common, including carp, varieties like rui (rohu), katla, magur (catfish), chingŗi (prawn or shrimp), as well as shuţki machh (dried fish) are popular. Salt water fish ilish (hilsha) is very popular among Bangladeshis can be called an icon of Bangladeshi cuisine. Unlike neighboring West Bengal, serving dishes with beef is not a taboo in Bangladesh as Muslims are the majority. Beef curry is a very common and essential part of Bangladeshi Muslim cuisine. Pithas are a categories of food which most like crapes and fritters though there exceptions to that such as bibikhana pitha which is like a steamed cake. Pithas are most common in seasons of Shoroth, Hemanto, and Sheet. Popular pitas include teler pitha, patishapta pitha, bhapa pitha and more. Clothes Portion of a sari woven at Sonargaon, Bangladesh Bangladesh is home to a diverse range of traditional clothing which is worn by people in their everyday lives. Bangladeshi people have unique clothing preferences. Bangladeshi men traditionally wear a kurta, often called a panjabi, on religious and cultural occasions. They may also be seen wearing a shirt unique to Bangladesh called fotua. Fotua is also available in various styles for women. Bangladeshi men wear lungi as casual wear (in rural areas). Due to the British influence during colonization, shirt-pant and suits are also very common. Bangladeshi women traditionally wear shari and young females are also often seen in shalwar kameez. It is worn during festive occasions, celebrations and weddings. It is also worn as a formal attire by women in the workplaces while shalwar kameez is worn by women doing more practical jobs. In urban areas, women can also be seen wearing western clothes. Sharis come in many different materials: silk sharis, georgette sharis, or designer sharis, each particular fabric contributes to representing the culture overall. Weaving these unique fabric for these Sharis is a traditional art in Bangladesh. See also Culture of Dhaka Bengali culture Indo-Persian culture Islamic culture Culture of South Asia Bengali Muslims Bengalis Indigenous peoples in Bangladesh Religion in Bangladesh Secularism in Bangladesh Islam in Bangladesh Mangal Shobhajatra Pohela Baishakh Bishwa Ijtema Eid Al Fitr Ghosts in Bengali culture Bengali literature Culture of Asia List of museums in Bangladesh Textile arts of Bangladesh Pottery of Bangladesh References ^ "Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra's Rashidul Hossain passes away". bdnews24.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2016. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Ahmed, Shabbir; Ali, Syed Ashraf (2012). "Eid-ul_Fitr". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016. ^ Das, Joyce. "Borodin – Christmas in Bangladesh". asiapacific.anu.edu.au. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016. ^ Rahman, Wafiur. "Celebrating Christmas in Bangladesh". dhakacourier.com.bd. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016. ^ "Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010. ^ "Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2010. ^ "The Sundarbans". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010. ^ "Baul songs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO". unesco.org. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2015. ^ "Traditional art of Jamdani weaving - intangible heritage - Culture Sector". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2015. ^ "Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh - intangible heritage - Culture Sector". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016. ^ "Traditional art of Shital Pati weaving of Sylhet". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017. ^ "Amazing Weird National Costumes". www.nerdygaga.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. External links Power of Culture : Bangladeshi Spirit Culture and Development : UnnayanNews vteBangladesh articlesHistory Timeline Outline Topics: Bengal Aviation Literature Military Postal Rulers Cyclones Years Ancient Vedic period Anga Vanga Pundra Suhma Kingdom Magadha Pradyota Shaishunaga Nanda Gangaridai Maurya Empire Shunga Empire Kanva dynasty Gupta Empire Classical and Medieval Founding Kingdom: Gauda Kingdom Classical Empires: Pala Kamboja Sena Sultanates: Islamic rulers Delhi Sultanate Khalji dynasty Bengal Sultanate Sur Empire Baro-Bhuyan Mughal period: Bengal Subah Nawabs of Bengal Battle of Plassey Colonial and Pakistan era Portuguese Bengala British Bengal: Famine of 1770 Sepoy Rebellion Bengal Renaissance Partition of Bengal (1905) Prime Minister of Bengal Lahore Resolution Famine of 1943 Direct Action Day Partition of Bengal (1947) East Pakistan: Language Movement Legislative election in 1954 Six point movement 1969 Uprising General election in 1970 Proclamation of Independence Bangladesh Liberation War: Provisional Government Genocide Rape Timeline Republic of Bangladesh Famine of 1974 Military coups 1975 1981 1982 1990 Uprising Political crisis in 2006–08 Bangladesh Rifles revolt Battle of Begums Protests in 2013 Regional Chittagong Dhaka Jessore Noakhali Rangpur Sylhet Geography Administrative: Divisions Districts Sub-districts Cities and towns Borders Nature: Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Rivers Places: Bay of Bengal Bengal Fan Chittagong Hill Tracts Cox's Bazar Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Hatirjheel Sundarbans World Heritage Sites PoliticsGovernment Executive: President List Prime Minister List Cabinet Elections: Election Commission General elections Presidential elections Political parties Foreign relations Foreign policies Jatiya Sangsad (parliament): Constituencies Speaker Local government: City corporations Municipalities Upazila Parishads Union councils Law: Constitution Supreme Court High Court Division International Crimes Tribunal Chief Justice Attorney General Human rights: Forced disappearance Freedom of religion LGBT rights Women Military and enforcement Armed Forces: Army Navy Air Force Paramilitary: Border Guard Coast Guard Ansar Village Defence Party President Guard Regiment Special Security Force Intelligence: NSI DGFI CTIB Special Branch Police: APBn CID CTTC PBI RAB SPBn Economy Bangladesh Planning Commission Industries: Automotive Ceramics Electronics Food Pharmaceutical Textile Shipbuilding Steel Tea production Finance sectors: Banking Bangladesh Bank (central bank) Bangladeshi taka (currency) Financial system Stock Exchange: Chittagong Dhaka 2011 scam Energy and resources: Energy policy Electricity Natural gas and petroleum Nuclear energy Renewable energy Export Processing Zones Agriculture: Rice Poultry Fishing Forestry Tourism Poverty Infrastructure: Post Telecommunications Real estate Water supply and sanitation Transport: Airports Airlines Railway Roads Ports SocietyDemographics Ethnic groups Bangladeshis Bengalis Names Crime Corruption Human trafficking Terrorism Education Schools Universities Health Hunger Religion Society Culture Architecture Bangaliana Baul Bangladeshi nationalism Bengalization Calendars Cinema Cuisine Language Bengal studies Literature Music Public holidays Sports Theatre Radio stations Sexuality Marriage Symbols Amar Shonar Bangla Bangamata Bengal fire Bengal tiger Bungalow Flag Government Seal Ilish Jackfruit Kabaddi Bengal cat Mango tree National Emblem National Martyrs' Memorial Notuner Gaan Oriental magpie-robin Water lily Inventions and discoveries OutlineIndex Category Portal vteCulture of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bengal region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_region"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Bengal Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_Writers"},{"link_name":"saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints"},{"link_name":"authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature"},{"link_name":"scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist"},{"link_name":"music composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"film-makers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bengali culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Bengali culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages"},{"link_name":"festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_festival"},{"link_name":"cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bengali_New_Year_1422_07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mangal Shobhajatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangal_Shobhajatra"},{"link_name":"Pohela Boishakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh"}],"text":"The culture of Bangladesh is intertwined with the culture of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. It has evolved over the centuries and encompasses the cultural diversity of several social groups of Bangladesh. The Bengal Renaissance of the 18th early 19th centuries, noted Bengali writers, saints, authors, scientists, researchers, thinkers, music composers, painters, film-makers have played a significant role in the development of Bengali culture. The culture of Bangladesh is deeply intertwined with the culture of the Bengal region. Basically Bengali culture refers to the culture of Bangladesh. The Bengal Renaissance contained the seeds of a nascent political Indian nationalism which was the precursor in many ways to modern Indian artistic cultural expression.According to M. Nazrul Islam Tamij, a human rights activist and chairman of the National Human Rights Society (NHRS), human rights are the most important part of Bengali culture, and it plays an important role in the development of Bengali culture.The cultures of Bangladesh composite over the centuries have assimilated influences of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. It is manifested in various forms, including music, dance, drama; art craft; folklore folktale; languages literature; philosophy religion; festivals celebrations; as well as in a distinct cuisine culinary tradition.A sun motif in Mangal Shobhajatra, a parade takes place in Bangladesh in the occasion of Pohela Boishakh","title":"Culture of Bangladesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Performing arts of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts_of_Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BD_Dance.jpg"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"British rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"East Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal"},{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Bharatnatyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatanatyam"},{"link_name":"Kathak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathak"},{"link_name":"folk songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_song"},{"link_name":"spirituality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality"},{"link_name":"mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"devotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship"},{"link_name":"Bhatiali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatiali"},{"link_name":"Baul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baul"},{"link_name":"Murshidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshidi"},{"link_name":"Bhawaiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhawaiya"},{"link_name":"Lalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalon"},{"link_name":"Hason Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hason_Raja"},{"link_name":"Kangal Harinath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangal_Harinath"},{"link_name":"Abbas Uddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Uddin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tamak_and_Tumdak_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tamak'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamak%27"},{"link_name":"Tumdak'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumdak%27"},{"link_name":"Santhal people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhal_people"},{"link_name":"Dinajpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinajpur_District,_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Nazrul Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"ektara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ektara"},{"link_name":"dotara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotara"},{"link_name":"mandira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument"}],"text":"See also: Music of Bangladesh and Performing arts of BangladeshBangladeshi artists performing in a dance show.The music dance styles of Bangladesh may be divided into three categories: classical, folk, modern.After gaining independence from British rule, East Bengal (Bangladesh) was still a colony of Pakistan. It was called East Pakistan.The classical style has been influenced by other prevalent classical forms of music dances of the Indian subcontinent, accordingly, show some influenced dance forms like Bharatnatyam Kathak.Several dancing styles in vogue are practised in the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent, like Manipuri Santhali dances, but Bangladesh has developed its own distinct dancing styles. Bangladesh has a rich tradition of folk songs, with lyrics rooted in vibrant tradition spirituality, mysticism, devotion. Such folk songs revolve around other themes, including love. The most prevalent folk songs music traditions include Bhatiali, Baul, Marfati, Murshidi, Bhawaiya. Lyricists like Lalon Shah, Hason Raja, Kangal Harinath, Romesh Shill, Abbas Uddin, many unknown anonymous lyricists have enriched the tradition of folk songs of Bangladesh.Tamak' (r.) and Tumdak' (l.) - typical drums of the Santhal people, photographed in a village in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh.In a relatively modern context, works of Rabindranath Tagore and Nazrul Islam form a major part of the cultural heritage of Bangladesh. Several musical instruments, some of them indigenous, are used in Bangladesh. Major musical instruments used are the bamboo flute (Bashi), drums (tabla, dhol), a single-stringed instrument named ektara, a four-stringed instrument called dotara, a pair of metal bowls, used for rhythm effects, called mandira. Currently, musical instruments of western origin, like guitars, drums, and the saxophone are used, sometimes along with traditional instruments (Muajj). From the 90's, It gave rise to quality rock bands, not only the urban place from Dhaka but also the port city Chittagong.","title":"Music, dance, drama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh Betar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Betar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"BBC Bangla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Bangla"},{"link_name":"Voice of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Television"},{"link_name":"news channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_channel"},{"link_name":"Freedom of the media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_media"},{"link_name":"cinema of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Dhaka Nawab Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka_Nawab_Family"},{"link_name":"silent films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Mukh O Mukhosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukh_O_Mukhosh"},{"link_name":"Zahir Raihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahir_Raihan"},{"link_name":"Tareque Masud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tareque_Masud"},{"link_name":"FIPRESCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPRESCI"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"The Clay Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matir_Moina"},{"link_name":"Tanvir Mokammel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanvir_Mokammel"},{"link_name":"Mostofa Sarwar Farooki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostofa_Sarwar_Farooki"},{"link_name":"Humayun Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Alamgir Kabir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgir_Kabir_(film_maker)"},{"link_name":"Subhash Dutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhash_Dutta"},{"link_name":"Chashi Nazrul Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashi_Nazrul_Islam"}],"text":"The Bangladeshi press is diverse, outspoken and privately owned. Over 200 newspapers are published in the country. Bangladesh Betar is the state-run radio service.[1] The British Broadcasting Corporation operates the popular BBC Bangla news and current affairs service. Bengali broadcasts from Voice of America are also very popular. Bangladesh Television (BTV) is the state-owned television network. There are more than 20 privately owned television networks, including several news channels. Freedom of the media remains a major concern, due to government attempts at censorship and harassment of journalists.The cinema of Bangladesh dates back to 1898 when films began screening at the Crown Theatre in Dhaka. The first bioscope in the subcontinent was established in Dhaka that year. The Dhaka Nawab Family patronized the production of several silent films in the 1920s and 30s. In 1931, the East Bengal Cinematograph Society released the first full-length feature film in Bangladesh, titled the Last Kiss. The first feature film in East Pakistan, Mukh O Mukhosh, was released in 1956. During the 1960s, 25–30 films were produced annually in Dhaka. By the 2000s, Bangladesh produced 80–100 films a year. While the Bangladeshi film industry has achieved limited commercial success; the country has produced notable independent film makers. Zahir Raihan was a prominent documentary-maker who was assassinated in 1971. The late Tareque Masud is regarded as one of Bangladesh's outstanding directors due to his numerous productions on historical and social issues. Masud was honored by FIPRESCI at the Cannes Film Festival in 2002 for his film The Clay Bird. Tanvir Mokammel, Mostofa Sarwar Farooki, Humayun Ahmed, Alamgir Kabir, Subhash Dutta and Chashi Nazrul Islam are other prominent directors of Bangladesh cinema.","title":"Media and cinema"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eid ul-Fitr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr"},{"link_name":"Eid ul-Adha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha"},{"link_name":"Milad un Nabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milad_un_Nabi"},{"link_name":"Muharram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharram"},{"link_name":"Chand raat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chand_raat"},{"link_name":"Shab-e-Barat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shab-e-barat"},{"link_name":"Bishwa Ijtema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishwa_Ijtema"},{"link_name":"Durga Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja"},{"link_name":"Kali Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Puja"},{"link_name":"Basant Panchami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basant_Panchami"},{"link_name":"Rath Yatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rath_Yatra"},{"link_name":"Holi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi"},{"link_name":"Janmashtami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janmashtami"},{"link_name":"Buddha Purnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Purnima"},{"link_name":"Maghi Purnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghi_Purnima"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Pohela Boishakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh"},{"link_name":"Pohela Falgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohela_Falgun"},{"link_name":"Shakrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakrain"},{"link_name":"Borsha Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsha_Utsab"},{"link_name":"Nabanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabanna"},{"link_name":"Language Movement Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Movement_Day"},{"link_name":"Independence Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day"}],"text":"Festivals and celebrations are an integral part of the culture of Bangladesh. Pohela Falgun, Pohela Boishakh for Bengali and Boishabi for hill tracks tribal, Matribhasha dibosh, victory day, Nobanno, Pitha Utshob in winter, Poush Songkranti and chaitro sankranti in the last day of Bangla month chaitro, Shakhrain are celebrated by everyone despite their religion. Muslim festivals of Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Milad un Nabi, Muharram, Chand raat, Shab-e-Barat, Bishwa Ijtema; Hindu festivals of Durga Puja, Kali Puja, Basant Panchami, Rath Yatra, Holi and Janmashtami; Buddhist festival of Buddha Purnima and Maghi Purnima; Christian festival of Christmas and Easter and secular festivals like Pohela Boishakh, Pohela Falgun, Shakrain, Borsha Mongol, Nabanna, Language Movement Day, Independence Day, Rabindra Jayanti, Nazrul Jayanti witness widespread celebrations and usually are national holidays in Bangladesh.","title":"Festivals and celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eid_Prayers_at_Barashalghar,_Debidwar,_Comilla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_culture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Shirini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kheer_(Bengali_sweets)"},{"link_name":"Shemai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemai"},{"link_name":"Eidgahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidgah"},{"link_name":"Old Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Naib Nazim of Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naib_Nazim_of_Dhaka"}],"sub_title":"Eid ul-Fitr","text":"A rural congregation for Eid-al-Fitr prayersAs the most important religious festival for the majority of Muslims, the celebration of Eid ul-Fitr has become a part of the culture of Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh declares the holiday for three days on Eid-ul Fitr. But practically, all schools, colleges, and offices remain closed for a week. This is the happiest time of the year for most of the people in Bangladesh. All outgoing public transport from the major cities become highly crowded and in many cases the fares tend to rise in spite of government restrictions. Bengali Newspapers regularly publish special issues called \"Eid Shongkhha\" (Bengali: ঈদ সংখ্যা) (Eid edition) on the occasion of Eid. Stories, novels, poems, history, essays and other elements are made interesting in the Eid Shongkhha Megazine. There are also many advertisements. Like many other aspects of the Eid festival, publishing Eid Shonkhya has also become a big Bengali tradition in the occasion of Eid.[2]\nOn Eid day, the Eid prayers are held all over the country, in open areas like fields, Eidgahs or inside mosques.[3] After the Eid prayers, people return home, visit each other's home and eat sweet dishes called Shirini, Shemai and other delicacies like biryani, korma, haleem, kebab etc. Throughout the day people embrace each other and exchange greetings. It is also customary for junior members of the society to touch the feet of the seniors, and seniors returning blessings (sometimes with a small sum of money as a gift). Money and food are donated to the poor. In rural areas, the Eid festival is observed with great fanfare. Quiet remote villages become crowded. In some areas, Eid fairs are arranged. Different types of games including boat racing, kabaddi, and other traditional Bangladeshi games, as well as modern games like cricket and football, are played on this occasion. In urban areas, people play music, visit each other's houses, arrange picnics and eat special food. The homes, streets, markets, and parks are illuminated with lighting decorations in the evening. Watching movies and television programs have also become an integral part of the Eid celebration in urban areas. All local TV channels air special program for several days for this occasion. various cultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold usually in front of Eidgahs and Mosques. Small cultural processions are arranged in Old Dhaka, a tradition which was started by Naib Nazim of Dhaka","title":"Festivals and celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eid_Prayers_in_Rajarbagh,_Dhaka_on_6_October_2014.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Eid ul-Azha","text":"An urban congregation for Eid-ul-Azha prayers in Dhaka.Eid ul-Azha or Bakri Eid is the second most important religious festival. The celebration of this festival is similar to Eid ul-Fitr in many ways. The only big difference is the Kurbani or sacrifice of domestic animals. Numerous temporary marketplaces of different sizes called hat operate in the big cities for sale of Qurbani animals (usually cows, goats, and sheep). In the morning on the Eid day, immediately after the prayer, affluent people thank God for the animal and then sacrifice it. Less affluent people also take part in the festivity by visiting houses of the affluent who are taking part in kurbani. After the kurbani, a large portion of the meat is given to the poor people and to the relatives and neighbors. Although the religious doctrine allows the sacrifice anytime over a period of three days starting from the Eid day, most people prefer to perform the ritual on the first day of Eid. However, the public holiday spans over three to four days. Many people from the big cities go to their ancestral houses and homes in the villages to share the joy of the festival with friends and relatives. Various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold in front of mosques and other public places.","title":"Festivals and celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pohela_boishakh_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pohela_Boishakh_Celebration_in_NMGC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pahela Baishakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh"},{"link_name":"Bengali calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_calendars"},{"link_name":"Bengali food and sweets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Chhayanaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhayanaut"},{"link_name":"Mangal Shobhajatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangal_Shobhajatra"}],"sub_title":"Pohela Boishakh","text":"Pohela Boishakh celebration in Dhaka, BangladeshPahela Baishakh, which is also pronounced as Pohela Boishakh, is the first day of the Bengali calendar. It is usually celebrated on 14 April. Pohela Boishakh marks the start day of the crop season. Just like Eid, usually, on Pohela Boishakh, the home is thoroughly scrubbed and cleaned; people bathe early in the morning and dress in fine clothes. They spend much of the day visiting relatives, friends, and neighbors and going to the fair. Fairs are arranged in many parts of the country where various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers, dancers, and traditional plays and songs. Horse races, bull races, bull-fights, cock-fights, flying pigeons, and boat racing were once popular. All gatherings and fairs consist of a wide spread of Bengali food and sweets. The most colorful New Year's Day festival takes place in Dhaka. Large numbers of people gather early in the morning under the banyan tree at Ramna Park where Chhayanaut artists open the day with Rabindranath Tagore's famous song, Esho, hey Boishakh, esho esho (Come, Boishakh, come, come). A similar ceremony welcoming the new year is also held at the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka. Students and teachers of the institute take out a colorful procession and parade called Mangal Shobhajatra to round the campus and the surroundings of the campus through Shahabag Avenue. Social and cultural organizations celebrate the day with cultural programs in various field in the University of Dhaka as well as across the country. In this special day girls used to wear white Sharee with red line, in opposition boys wear fotua with pant. Newspapers bring out special supplements. There are also special programs on radio and television. Prior to this day, special discounts on clothes, furniture, electronics, and various deals and shopping discounts are available. A special line of shari, usually cotton, white sharis with red print and embroidery is sold before this day as everyone dresses up for this day. Jasmine and marigold flowers are also a huge sale for this event which adorns the women's hair.","title":"Festivals and celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nobanno","text":"The harvest festival is called the Nobanno. It is usually celebrated on the first day of Awgrohayon (Bengali Month) the first day of harvesting. The main festival is organizing by Jatio Nobanno Utshob Udjapan Porishod at Charukola (Fine Arts) in University of Dhaka with songs, dance, cakes, sweets, colorful procession and many traditional presentations. Once upon a time (from the very beginning), the first day of Awgrohayon was the first day of Bengali calendar.","title":"Festivals and celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaheed_Minar.JPG"},{"link_name":"Khawaja Nazimuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin"}],"sub_title":"Language day","text":"Shaheed Minar (Martyr Monument) People commemorates those who were killed in the 21 February 1952 Bengali Language Movement demonstrationIn 1952, the emerging middle classes of East Bengal underwent an uprising known later as the Bangla Language Movement. Bangladeshis (then East Pakistanis) were initially agitated by a decision by the Central Pakistan Government to establish Urdu, a minority language spoken only by the supposed elite class of West Pakistan, as the sole national language for all of Pakistan. The situation was worsened by an open declaration that \"Urdu and only Urdu will be the national language of Pakistan\" by the governor, Khawaja Nazimuddin. Police declared Section 144 which banned any sort of meeting. Defying this, the students of the University of Dhaka and Dhaka Medical College and other political activists started a procession on 21 February 1952. Near the current Dhaka Medical College Hospital, police fired on the protesters and numerous people, including Abdus Salam, Rafiq Uddin Ahmed, Sofiur Rahman, Abul Barkat, and Abdul Jabbar died. The movement spread to the whole of East Pakistan and the whole province came to a standstill. Afterward, the Government of Pakistan relented and gave Bengali equal status as a national language. This movement is thought to have sown the seeds for the independence movement which resulted in the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. To commemorate this movement, Shaheed Minar, a solemn and symbolic sculpture, was erected in the place of the massacre. The day is revered in Bangladesh and, to a somewhat lesser extent, in West Bengal as the Martyrs' Day. This day is the public holiday in Bangladesh. UNESCO decided to observe 21 February as International Mother Language Day. The UNESCO General Conference took a decision that took effect on 17 November 1999 when it unanimously adopted a draft resolution submitted by Bangladesh and co-sponsored and supported by 28 other countries.","title":"Festivals and celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durga Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja"},{"link_name":"Navaratri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaratri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Durga_Puja_celebrations_in_Bangladesh.jpg"},{"link_name":"East India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India"},{"link_name":"West India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_India"},{"link_name":"Vijayadashami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayadashami"}],"sub_title":"Durga Puja (Navaratri)","text":"See also: Durga Puja and NavaratriDurga Puja in BangladeshDurga Puja, the largest religious festival for Hindus, is celebrated widely across Bangladesh. Thousands of pandals (mandaps) are set up in various villages, towns, and cities. Durga Puja is a grand cultural celebration in the capital city of Dhaka. Major pujas of Dhaka are held in numerous pandals, but the biggest celebration takes place at Dhakeshwari Temple where several thousand devotees and onlookers stream through the premises for four days. Special boat race on Buriganga river is arranged and it attracts a large crowd. A five-day holiday is observed by all educational institutions, while Bijoya Dashami is a public holiday. Just like East India and West India on Vijayadashami, effigies are paraded through the streets of Shankhari Bazaar in Old Dhaka in loud, colorful processions before being immersed into the rivers.","title":"Festivals and celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boro Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro_Din"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Christmas cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_cake"},{"link_name":"pitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitha"},{"link_name":"biscuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuits"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Boro din (Christmas)","text":"See also: Boro Din and ChristmasChristians in Bangladesh give gifts to each other and visit others on Christmas. Christmas is national holiday in Bangladesh. Kids receive money or toys from adults. People greet each other with Shubho Boro Din ('Greetings of the Great Day'). In rural areas, banana trees and leaves are used for decoration. In cities, common Christmas decorations include Christmas trees, banners and balloons. Special events are held in hotels and Christmas specials are shown on TV. Traditional foods include Christmas cake, pitha, and biscuits. Churches are decorated with Christmas lights and a Christmas tree. Church choirs perform Bengali Christmas carols.[4] Church-held Christmas Eve feasts are called Preeti Bhoj and hymns are called Kirtan.[5]","title":"Festivals and celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali Muslim wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding"},{"link_name":"Bengali Hindu wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding"},{"link_name":"Sexuality in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_in_Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holud_Program.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gaye Holud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaye_Holud"},{"link_name":"turmeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric"},{"link_name":"orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_color"},{"link_name":"henna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henna"},{"link_name":"ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremony"},{"link_name":"reception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_reception"}],"sub_title":"Weddings","text":"See also: Bengali Muslim wedding and Bengali Hindu weddingSee also: Sexuality in BangladeshRelatives decorating the bride with traditional wedding turmeric in a Bangladeshi Gaye Holud ceremony in Dhaka.Bengali weddings are traditionally in five parts: first, it is the bride and groom's Mehendi Shondha (also called Pan Chini), the bride's Gaye Holud, the groom's Gaye Holud, the Biye, and the Bou Bhaat. These often take place on separate days. The first event in a wedding is an informal one: the groom presents the bride with a ring marking the \"engagement\" which is gaining popularity. For the mehendi shondha the bride's side apply henna to each other as well as the bride, for the bride's Gaye Holud, the groom's family – except the groom himself – go in procession to the bride's home. Bride's friends and family apply turmeric paste to her body as a part of bride's Gaye Holud, and they are traditionally all in matching clothes, mostly orange. The bride is seated on a dais, and the henna is used to decorate the bride's hands and feet with elaborate abstract designs. The sweets are then fed to the bride by all involved, piece by piece. The actual wedding ceremony \"Biye\" follows the Gaye Holud ceremonies. The wedding ceremony is arranged by the bride's family. On the day, the younger members of the bride's family barricade the entrance to the venue and demand a sort of admission charge from the groom in return for allowing him to enter. The bride and groom are seated separately, and a Kazi (authorized person by the government to perform the wedding), accompanied by the parents and a Wakil (witness) from each side formally asks the bride for her consent to the union, and then the groom for his. The bride's side of the family tries to play some kind of practical joke on the groom such as stealing the groom's shoe. The reception, also known as Bou-Bhaat (reception), is a party given by the groom's family in return for the wedding party. It is typically a much more relaxed affair, with only the second-best wedding outfit being worn.\nThis is more or less the Muslim wedding procession. The Hindu weddings also follow the same parts of the wedding but the wedding part is somewhat different. The wedding is done along with a feast and according to the Hindu religion's wedding steps, e.g. Shat-pake-badha; Shidur Daan etc. the wedding most likely lasts the whole night starting at the evening.\nThe Christian and Buddhist Wedding follow a totally different Process. They more or less follow Western Culture and Methods. Sometimes they too follow the Bengali wedding procession.","title":"Festivals and celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kantaji_Temple_1870%27s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kantajew Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantajew_Temple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhaka_Lalbagh_Fort_5.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lalbagh Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ahsan Manzil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahsan_Manzil"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JS-South_lawn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangsad_Bhaban"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lalbagh_Kella_(Lalbagh_Fort)_Dhaka_Bangladesh_2011_18.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lalbagh Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort"}],"text":"Bangladesh has appealing architecture from historic treasures to contemporary landmarks. It has evolved over centuries and assimilated influences from social, religious and exotic communities. Bangladesh has many architectural relics and monuments dating back thousands of years.1752 Kantajew Temple, prominent Hindu architecture of Bangladesh.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLalbagh Fort, a Mughal architecture of Bangladesh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAhsan Manzil in Dhaka, Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture of Bangladesh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJatiyo Sangsad Bhaban, the house of the Parliament of Bangladesh.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLalbagh Fort","title":"Architecture and heritage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Heritage Sites","title":"Architecture and heritage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists","title":"Architecture and heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7 March Speech of Bangabandhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_March_Speech_of_Bangabandhu"}],"sub_title":"Memory of the World Register","text":"7 March Speech of Bangabandhu","title":"Architecture and heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirpurstadium201.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher-e-Bangla_National_Cricket_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Kabaddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi"},{"link_name":"Test cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh national cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"royal Bengal tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bengal_tiger"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"one day cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_day_cricket"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Zinedine Zidane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Yunus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus"},{"link_name":"traditional sports of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Nouka Baich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouka_Baich"},{"link_name":"Kho Kho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho_Kho"},{"link_name":"Boli Khela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boli_Khela"},{"link_name":"Lathi Khela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathi_Khela"}],"text":"A cricket match between Bangladesh & India at the Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium in Dhaka.Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh, followed by football. Kabaddi is the national sport in Bangladesh. Cricket is a game which has a massive and passionate following in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has joined the elite group of countries eligible to play Test cricket since 2000. The Bangladesh national cricket team goes by the nickname of the Tigers – after the royal Bengal tiger. Football in Bangladesh is one of the most enjoyed sports, although the Bangladesh national football team used to be a lot stronger in the past, people still gather in masses when the national team have a game. The people of Bangladesh enjoy watching live sports. Whenever there is a cricket or football match between popular local teams or international teams in any local stadium significant number of spectators gather to watch the match live. The people also celebrate major victories of the national teams with great enthusiasm for the live game. Victory processions are the most common element in such celebrations. A former prime minister even made an appearance after an International one day cricket match in which Bangladesh beat Australia, she came to congratulate the victory. Also in late 2006 and 2007, football legend Zinedine Zidane paid a visit to local teams and various events thanks to the invitation of Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Muhammad Yunus. Some traditional sports of Bangladesh include Nouka Baich, Kho Kho, Boli Khela, Lathi Khela etc.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islam in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Hinduism in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Buddhism in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Christianity in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Religion in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayt_al_Mukarram.jpg"},{"link_name":"Baitul Mukarram National Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitul_Mukarram_National_Mosque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhakeshwari_Mandir_by_Nahid_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dhakeshwari National Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhakeshwari_National_Temple"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swarno_Mandir.JPG"},{"link_name":"Buddha Dhatu Jadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Dhatu_Jadi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dhaka,_Catholic_Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception.JPG"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Bengalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people"},{"link_name":"Muslim-majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_World"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs"},{"link_name":"atheists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"Eid al-Fitr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr"},{"link_name":"Durga Puja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga_Puja"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Buddha Purnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Purnima"},{"link_name":"tribal communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Pohela Boishakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh"},{"link_name":"Shaheed Dibas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day"}],"text":"See also: Islam in Bangladesh, Hinduism in Bangladesh, Buddhism in Bangladesh, and Christianity in BangladeshReligion in BangladeshBaitul Mukarram National MosqueDhakeshwari National TempleBuddha Dhatu JadiArchdiocese of DhakaBangladesh is ethnically homogeneous, with Bengalis comprising 99% of the population. Bangladesh is a Muslim-majority country. Muslims constitute around 90% of the population in Bangladesh while Hindus and Buddhists are the most significant minorities of the country. Christians, Sikhs, and atheists form a very minuscule part of the population. But due to immense cultural diversity, multiple dialects, hybridization of social traits and norms as well as cultural upbringing, People of different religions perform their religious rituals with festivity in Bangladesh. The Government has declared National Holidays on all important religious festivals of the four major religions. Eid al-Fitr, Durga Puja, Christmas, and Buddha Purnima are celebrated with enthusiasm in Bangladesh. All of these form an integral part of the cultural heritage of Bangladesh. People from several tribal communities like Chakma, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Marma, Santhal, Manipuri, Tripuri, Tanchangya, Mru, Mandi, Kuki, Bawm, Oraon, Khiang, Chak, Dhanuk, Munda, Rohingya also have their own respective festivals. Apart from these religious and tribal celebrations, there are also several secular festivals. Pohela Boishakh is the biggest cultural event among all the festivals in Bangladesh. Bangladesh also observes 21 February as Shaheed Dibas, 26 March as Independence Day, and 16 December as Victory Day of the country.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lifestyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandesh..JPG"},{"link_name":"curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry"},{"link_name":"lentil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentil"},{"link_name":"mutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutton"},{"link_name":"duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_(food)"},{"link_name":"roshogolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasgulla"},{"link_name":"shondesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandesh_(confectionery)"},{"link_name":"chom-chom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chom-chom"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spices"},{"link_name":"Bhortas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhurta"},{"link_name":"Ganges delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_delta"},{"link_name":"carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp"},{"link_name":"rohu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohu"},{"link_name":"katla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catla"},{"link_name":"catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish"},{"link_name":"prawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn"},{"link_name":"shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Pithas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitha"}],"sub_title":"Cuisine","text":"Sandesh, created with milk and sugarBangladesh is famous for its distinctive culinary tradition, delicious food, snacks, and savories. Rice is the staple food, and is served with a variety of vegetables, fried as well with curry, thick lentil soups, egg, fish and meat preparations of chicken, mutton, beef, duck. Bangladeshis have a sweet tooth.\nSweetmeats of Bangladesh are mostly milk based, and consist of several delights including roshogolla, shondesh, roshmalai, gulab jam, kalo jam, and chom-chom, jilapi and more . Several other sweet preparations are also available. Bangladeshi cuisine is rich and varied with the use of many specialised spices and flavours.Bhortas (lit-\"mashed\") are a really common type of food used as an additive to rice. There are several types of bhortas, such as ilish bhorta, shutki bhorta, begoon bhorta and moreFish is the dominant source of protein, cultivated in ponds and fished with nets in the fresh-water rivers of the Ganges delta. More than 40 types of mostly freshwater fish are common, including carp, varieties like rui (rohu), katla, magur (catfish), chingŗi (prawn or shrimp), as well as shuţki machh (dried fish) are popular. Salt water fish ilish (hilsha) is very popular among Bangladeshis can be called an icon of Bangladeshi cuisine. Unlike neighboring West Bengal, serving dishes with beef is not a taboo in Bangladesh as Muslims are the majority. Beef curry is a very common and essential part of Bangladeshi Muslim cuisine.Pithas are a categories of food which most like crapes and fritters though there exceptions to that such as bibikhana pitha which is like a steamed cake. Pithas are most common in seasons of Shoroth, Hemanto, and Sheet. Popular pitas include teler pitha, patishapta pitha, bhapa pitha and more.","title":"Lifestyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BD_Sonargaon_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"kurta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurta"},{"link_name":"lungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungi"},{"link_name":"pant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trousers"},{"link_name":"shari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saree"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Clothes","text":"Portion of a sari woven at Sonargaon, BangladeshBangladesh is home to a diverse range of traditional clothing which is worn by people in their everyday lives. Bangladeshi people have unique clothing preferences. Bangladeshi men traditionally wear a kurta, often called a panjabi, on religious and cultural occasions. They may also be seen wearing a shirt unique to Bangladesh called fotua. Fotua is also available in various styles for women. Bangladeshi men wear lungi as casual wear (in rural areas). Due to the British influence during colonization, shirt-pant and suits are also very common. Bangladeshi women traditionally wear shari and young females are also often seen in shalwar kameez. It is worn during festive occasions, celebrations and weddings. It is also worn as a formal attire by women in the workplaces while shalwar kameez is worn by women doing more practical jobs.[13] In urban areas, women can also be seen wearing western clothes. Sharis come in many different materials: silk sharis, georgette sharis, or designer sharis, each particular fabric contributes to representing the culture overall. Weaving these unique fabric for these Sharis is a traditional art in Bangladesh.","title":"Lifestyle"}]
[{"image_text":"A sun motif in Mangal Shobhajatra, a parade takes place in Bangladesh in the occasion of Pohela Boishakh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bengali_New_Year_1422_07.jpg/220px-Bengali_New_Year_1422_07.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bangladeshi artists performing in a dance show.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BD_Dance.jpg/220px-BD_Dance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tamak' (r.) and Tumdak' (l.) - typical drums of the Santhal people, photographed in a village in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tamak_and_Tumdak_01.jpg/220px-Tamak_and_Tumdak_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"A rural congregation for Eid-al-Fitr prayers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Eid_Prayers_at_Barashalghar%2C_Debidwar%2C_Comilla.jpg/220px-Eid_Prayers_at_Barashalghar%2C_Debidwar%2C_Comilla.jpg"},{"image_text":"An urban congregation for Eid-ul-Azha prayers in Dhaka.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eid_Prayers_in_Rajarbagh%2C_Dhaka_on_6_October_2014.jpg/220px-Eid_Prayers_in_Rajarbagh%2C_Dhaka_on_6_October_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pohela Boishakh celebration in Dhaka, Bangladesh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pohela_boishakh_2.jpg/220px-Pohela_boishakh_2.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Pohela_Boishakh_Celebration_in_NMGC.jpg/220px-Pohela_Boishakh_Celebration_in_NMGC.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shaheed Minar (Martyr Monument) People commemorates those who were killed in the 21 February 1952 Bengali Language Movement demonstration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Shaheed_Minar.JPG/220px-Shaheed_Minar.JPG"},{"image_text":"Durga Puja in Bangladesh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Durga_Puja_celebrations_in_Bangladesh.jpg/220px-Durga_Puja_celebrations_in_Bangladesh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Relatives decorating the bride with traditional wedding turmeric in a Bangladeshi Gaye Holud ceremony in Dhaka.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holud_Program.jpg/220px-Holud_Program.jpg"},{"image_text":"A cricket match between Bangladesh & India at the Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium in Dhaka.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mirpurstadium201.jpg/220px-Mirpurstadium201.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sandesh, created with milk and sugar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sandesh..JPG/220px-Sandesh..JPG"},{"image_text":"Portion of a sari woven at Sonargaon, Bangladesh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/BD_Sonargaon_1.JPG/220px-BD_Sonargaon_1.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Culture of Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Dhaka"},{"title":"Bengali culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_culture"},{"title":"Indo-Persian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture"},{"title":"Islamic culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culture"},{"title":"Culture of South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia"},{"title":"Bengali Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Muslims"},{"title":"Bengalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis"},{"title":"Indigenous peoples in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Religion in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Secularism in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism_in_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Islam in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Mangal Shobhajatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangal_Shobhajatra"},{"title":"Pohela Baishakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohela_Baishakh"},{"title":"Bishwa Ijtema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishwa_Ijtema"},{"title":"Eid Al Fitr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_Al_Fitr"},{"title":"Ghosts in Bengali culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture"},{"title":"Bengali literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature"},{"title":"Culture of Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Asia"},{"title":"List of museums in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Textile arts of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_arts_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Pottery of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery_of_Bangladesh"}]
[{"reference":"\"Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra's Rashidul Hossain passes away\". bdnews24.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/12/22/swadhin-bangla-betar-kendras-rashidul-hossain-passes-away","url_text":"\"Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra's Rashidul Hossain passes away\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151229065132/http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2015/12/22/swadhin-bangla-betar-kendras-rashidul-hossain-passes-away","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. 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Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-art-of-shital-pati-weaving-of-sylhet-01112","url_text":"\"Traditional art of Shital Pati weaving of Sylhet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171206125317/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-art-of-shital-pati-weaving-of-sylhet-01112","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Amazing Weird National Costumes\". www.nerdygaga.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160317153552/http://www.nerdygaga.com/9652/amazing-weird-national-costumes","url_text":"\"Amazing Weird National Costumes\""},{"url":"http://www.nerdygaga.com/9652/amazing-weird-national-costumes/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_prize
Costa Book Awards
["1 History","2 Process","2.1 Short stories","3 Winners","3.1 List of award winners","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Former annual literary awards Costa Book AwardsAwarded forEnglish-language books by writers based in the UK and IrelandCountryUnited Kingdom and Republic of IrelandPresented byCosta CoffeeFormerly calledWhitbread Book AwardsFirst awarded1971; 53 years ago (1971)Last awarded2021; 3 years ago (2021)Websitecosta.co.uk/costa-book-awards/ The Costa Book Awards were a set of annual literary awards recognising English-language books by writers based in UK and Ireland. Originally named the Whitbread Book Awards from 1971 to 2005 after its first sponsor, the Whitbread company, then a brewery and owner of restaurant chains, it was renamed when Costa Coffee, then a subsidiary of Whitbread, took over sponsorship. The companion Costa Short Story Award was established in 2012. Costa Coffee was purchased by the Coca-Cola Company in 2018. The awards were abruptly terminated in 2022. The awards were given both for high literary merit and for works that were enjoyable reading, and their aim was to convey the enjoyment of reading to the widest possible audience. As such, they were considered a more populist literary prize than the Booker Prize, which also limited winners to literature written in the English language and published in the UK and Ireland. Awards were separated into six categories: Biography, Children's Books, First Novel, Novel, Poetry, and Short Story. In 1989, there was controversy when the judges first awarded the Best Novel prize to Alexander Stuart's The War Zone, then withdrew the prize prior to the ceremony amid acrimony among the judges, ultimately awarding it to Lindsay Clarke's The Chymical Wedding. History The 1989 Whitbread Book Award for Best Novel was first awarded to The War Zone by Alexander Stuart. However, juror Jane Gardam felt the book was "repellent" and appealed directly to the Whitbread company, arguing that awarding the prize to Stuart's novel would make them into a "laughing stock". After ten days, and leaking the story to the press, the other two jurors, David Cook and Val Hennessy, were persuaded to change their minds, and Lindsay Clarke's The Chymical Wedding won the award instead. Both Cook and Hennessy found the experience so unpleasant they vowed to never sit in an award jury again. The awards were discontinued in 2022, with the 2021 awards being the last ones made. Just one month later, the Blue Peter Book Award was also discontinued; this left only three widely recognized awards for UK children's literature (the Waterstones Children's Book Prize, the Carnegie Medal, and the Kate Greenaway Medal). Process There were five book award categories. These had not been changed since the Poetry Award was introduced in 1985, although the children's category had been termed "children's novel" or "children's book of the year". The categories are: Novel First novel Children's book Poetry Biography Each of the five winning writers received £5,000. The prize required a £5,000 fee from publishers if a book was to be shortlisted. Short stories The short story award was established in 2012 with a prize of £3,500 for the first, £1,000 for the second and £500 for the third. The winning story was determined by public vote from a shortlist of six that were selected by a panel of judges. The process was "blind" at both stages for the unpublished entries were anonymous until the conclusion. In the inaugural year, the six short story finalists were exposed anonymously online while the public vote was underway, two months before the winner was to be announced. Winners Bold font and blue ribbon () distinguish the overall Costa/Whitbread Book of the Year. For lists that include shortlisted entries (where available), please see: Costa Book Award for Novel Costa Book Award for First Novel Costa Book Award for Children's Book Costa Book Award for Poetry Costa Book Award for Biography Costa Book Award for Short Story List of award winners Year Award Notes & Refs Novel First novel Children's book Poetry Biography Short story 1971 Gerda CharlesThe Destiny Waltz — — Geoffrey HillMercian Hymns Michael MeyerHenrik Ibsen — 1972 Susan HillThe Bird of Night — Rumer GoddenThe Diddakoi — James Pope-HennessyAnthony Trollope — 1973 Shiva NaipaulThe Chip-Chip Gatherers — Alan Aldridge and William PlomerThe Butterfly Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast — John WilsonCB: A Life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman — 1974 Iris MurdochThe Sacred and Profane Love Machine Claire TomalinThe Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft Russell Hoban and Quentin BlakeHow Tom Beat Captain Najork and His Hired SportsmenJill Paton WalshThe Emperor's Winding Sheet — Andrew BoylePoor Dear Brendan — 1975 William McIlvanneyDocherty Ruth SpaldingThe Improbable Puritan: A Life of Bulstrode Whitelocke — — Helen CorkeIn Our Infancy — 1976 William TrevorThe Children of Dynmouth — Penelope LivelyA Stitch in Time — Winifred GerinElizabeth Gaskell — 1977 Beryl BainbridgeInjury Time — Shelagh MacdonaldNo End to Yesterday — Nigel NicolsonMary Curzon — 1978 Paul TherouxPicture Palace — Philippa PearceThe Battle of Bubble & Squeak — John GriggLloyd George: The People's Champion — 1979 Jennifer JohnstonThe Old Jest — Peter DickinsonTulku — Penelope MortimerAbout Time — 1980 David LodgeHow Far Can You Go — Leon GarfieldJohn Diamond — David NewsomeOn the Edge of Paradise: A. C. Benson, Diarist — 1981 Maurice LeitchSilver's City William BoydA Good Man in Africa Jane GardamThe Hollow Land — Nigel HamiltonMonty: The Making of a General — 1982 John WainYoung Shoulders Bruce ChatwinOn the Black Hill W. J. CorbettThe Song of Pentecost — Edward CrankshawBismark — 1983 William TrevorFools of Fortune John FullerFlying to Nowhere Roald DahlThe Witches — Victoria GlendinningVitaKenneth RoseKing George V — 1984 Christopher HopeKruger's Alp James BuchanA Parish of Rich Women Barbara WillardThe Queen of the Pharisees' Children — Peter AckroydT. S. Eliot Diane RoweTomorrow is our Permanent Address 1985 Peter AckroydHawksmoor Jeanette WintersonOranges Are Not the Only Fruit Janni HowkerThe Nature of the Beast Douglas DunnElegies Ben PimlottHugh Dalton — 1986 Kazuo IshiguroAn Artist of the Floating World Jim CraceContinent Andrew TaylorThe Coal House Peter ReadingStet Richard MabeyGilbert White — 1987 Ian McEwanThe Child in Time Francis WyndhamThe Other Garden Geraldine McCaughreanA Little Lower than the Angels Seamus HeaneyThe Haw Lantern Christopher NolanUnder the Eye of the Clock — 1988 Salman RushdieThe Satanic Verses Paul SayerThe Comforts of Madness Judy AllenAwaiting Developments Peter PorterThe Automatic Oracle A. N. WilsonTolstoy — 1989 Lindsay ClarkeThe Chymical Wedding James Hamilton-PatersonGerontius Hugh ScottWhy Weeps the Brogan Michael DonaghyShibboleth Richard HolmesColeridge: Early Visions — 1990 Nicholas MosleyHopeful Monsters Hanif KureishiThe Buddha of Suburbia Peter DickinsonAK Paul DurcanDaddy, Daddy Ann ThwaiteAA Milne – His Life — 1991 Jane GardamThe Queen of the Tambourine Gordon BurnAlma Cogan Diana HendryHarvey Angell Michael LongleyGorse Fires John RichardsonA Life of Picasso — 1992 Alasdair GrayPoor Things Jeff TorringtonSwing Hammer Swing! Gillian CrossThe Great Elephant Chase Tony HarrisonThe Gaze of the Gorgon Victoria GlendinningTrollope — 1993 Joan BradyTheory of War Rachel CuskSaving Agnes Anne FineFlour Babies Carol Ann DuffyMean Time Andrew MotionPhilip Larkin: A Writer's Life — 1994 William TrevorFelicia's Journey Fred D'AguiarThe Longest Memory Geraldine McCaughreanGold Dust James FentonOut of Danger Brenda MaddoxD H Lawrence: The Married Man — 1995 Salman RushdieThe Moor's Last Sigh Kate AtkinsonBehind the Scenes at the Museum Michael MorpurgoThe Wreck of the Zanzibar Bernard O'DonoghueGunpowder Roy JenkinsGladstone — 1996 Beryl BainbridgeEvery Man for Himself John LanchesterThe Debt to Pleasure Anne FineThe Tulip Touch Seamus HeaneyThe Spirit Level Diarmaid MacCullochThomas Cranmer: A Life — 1997 Jim CraceQuarantine Pauline MelvilleThe Ventriloquist's Tale Andrew NorrissAquila Ted HughesTales from Ovid Graham RobbVictor Hugo — 1998 Justin CartwrightLeading the Cheers Giles FodenThe Last King of Scotland David AlmondSkellig Ted HughesBirthday Letters Amanda ForemanGeorgiana, Duchess of Devonshire — Posthumous Book of the Year Award 1999 Rose TremainMusic and Silence Tim LottWhite City Blue J.K. RowlingHarry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Seamus HeaneyBeowulf: A New Verse Translation David CairnsBerlioz Volume Two: Servitude and Greatness — 2000 Matthew KnealeEnglish Passengers Zadie SmithWhite Teeth Jamila GavinCoram Boy John BurnsideThe Asylum Dance Lorna SageBad Blood – A Memoir — 2001 Patrick NeateTwelve Bar Blues Sid SmithSomething Like A House Philip PullmanThe Amber Spyglass Selima HillBunny Diana SouhamiSelkirk's Island — 2002 Michael FraynSpies Norman LebrechtThe Song of Names Hilary McKaySaffy's Angel Paul FarleyThe Ice Age Claire TomalinSamuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self — 2003 Mark HaddonThe Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time DBC PierreVernon God Little David AlmondThe Fire-Eaters Don PatersonLanding Light (poetry collection) DJ TaylorOrwell: The Life — 2004 Andrea LevySmall Island Susan FletcherEve Green Geraldine McCaughreanNot the End of the World Michael Symmons RobertsCorpus John GuyMy Heart Is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots — 2005 Ali SmithThe Accidental Tash AwThe Harmony Silk Factory Kate ThompsonThe New Policeman Christopher LogueCold Calls Hilary SpurlingMatisse the Master — 2006 William BoydRestless Stef PenneyThe Tenderness of Wolves Linda NewberySet in Stone John HaynesLetter to Patience Brian ThompsonKeeping Mum — 2007 A.L. KennedyDay Catherine O'FlynnWhat Was Lost Ann KelleyThe Bower Bird Jean SpracklandTilt Simon Sebag MontefioreYoung Stalin — 2008 Sebastian BarryThe Secret Scripture Sadie JonesThe Outcast Michelle MagorianJust Henry Adam FouldsThe Broken Word Diana AthillSomewhere Towards the End — 2009 Colm TóibinBrooklyn Raphael SelbourneBeauty Patrick NessThe Ask and the Answer Christopher ReidA Scattering Graham FarmeloThe Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Quantum Genius — 2010 Maggie O'FarrellThe Hand That First Held Mine Kishwar DesaiWitness the Night Jason WallaceOut of Shadows Jo ShapcottOf Mutability Edmund de WaalThe Hare with Amber Eyes — 2011 Andrew MillerPure Christie WatsonTiny Sunbirds Far Away Moira YoungBlood Red Road Carol Ann DuffyThe Bees Matthew HollisNow All Roads Lead to France: The Last Years of Edward Thomas — 2012 Hilary MantelBring up the Bodies Francesca SegalThe Innocents Sally GardnerMaggot Moon Kathleen JamieThe Overhaul Mary Talbot and Bryan TalbotDotter of Her Father's Eyes Avril JoyMillie and Bird 2013 Kate AtkinsonLife after Life Nathan FilerThe Shock of the Fall Chris RiddellGoth Girl and the Ghost of a Mouse Michael Symmons RobertsDrysalter Lucy Hughes-HallettThe Pike Angela ReadmanThe Keeper of the Jackalopes 2014 Ali SmithHow to Be Both Emma HealeyElizabeth is Missing Kate SaundersFive Children on the Western Front Jonathan EdwardsMy Family and Other Superheroes Helen MacdonaldH is for Hawk Zoe Gilbert Fishskin, Hareskin 2015 Kate AtkinsonA God in Ruins Andrew Michael HurleyThe Loney Frances HardingeThe Lie Tree Don Paterson40 Sonnets Andrea WulfThe Invention of Nature Danny MurphyRogey 2016 Sebastian BarryDays Without End Francis SpuffordGolden Hill Brian ConaghanThe Bombs That Brought Us Together Alice OswaldFalling Awake Keggie CarewDadland: A Journey into Uncharted Territory Jess KiddDirty Little Fishes 2017 Jon McGregorReservoir 13 Gail HoneymanEleanor Oliphant Is Completely Fine Katherine RundellThe Explorer Helen DunmoreInside the Wave Rebecca StottIn the Days of Rain — Posthumous Book of the Year Award 2018 Sally RooneyNormal People Stuart TurtonThe Seven Deaths of Evelyn Hardcastle Hilary McKayThe Skylarks' War J. O. MorganAssurances Bart van EsThe Cut Out Girl: A Story of War and Family, Lost and Found — 2019 Jonathan CoeMiddle England Sara CollinsThe Confessions of Frannie Langton Jasbinder BilanAsha & the Spirit Bird Mary Jean ChanFlèche Jack FairweatherThe Volunteer — 2020 Monique RoffeyThe Mermaid of Black Conch: A Love Story Ingrid PersaudLove After Love Natasha FarrantVoyage of the Sparrowhawk Eavan BolandThe Historians Lee LawrenceThe Louder I Will Sing Tessa SheridanThe Person Who Serves, Serves Again 2021 Claire Fuller, Unsettled Ground Caleb Azumah Nelson, Open Water Manjeet Mann, The Crossing Hannah Lowe, The Kids John Preston, Fall: The Mystery of Robert Maxwell — Year Novel First novel Children's book Poetry Biography Short story Notes & Refs "—" not awarded this year See also List of British literary awards List of Irish literary awards List of literary awards English literature Irish literature European literature British literature Literature List of years in literature References ^ a b c "CBA Past Winners 2015 Version" (PDF). Costa Book Awards. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015. ^ a b "CBA Past Shortlists 2015 Version" (PDF). Costa Book Awards. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015. ^ a b Alison Flood (17 July 2012). "Costa's new short story award to be judged anonymously". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 July 2012. ^ a b Barnett, David (10 June 2022). "Costa book awards scrapped suddenly after 50 years". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ Kelly, Laura (11 January 2000). "The Wrath of Roth". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. ^ "The War Zone Diary", page 222 of the War Zone, Stuart, Alexander, ISBN 0385249535, Doubleday, 1989 ^ David Streitfeld (10 December 1989). "Book Report". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. ^ Armitstead, Claire (23 June 2022). "Shock ending: how the Costa book awards changed reading – and pitted husband against wife". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2023. ^ Shaffi, Sarah (6 July 2022). "Children's books world reacts to 'horrible loss' of Blue Peter book awards". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. ^ Danuta Kean (2 January 2017). "On eve of Costa awards, experts warn that top books prizes are harming fiction". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2018. The biggest three prizes, including the Costas, require a £5,000 fee from publishers if a book is shortlisted. This is a contribution towards marketing and should, the organisers claim, be offset by increases in sales. ^ "The Costa Short Story Award terms and conditions of entry" (PDF). Costa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016. ^ a b Alison Flood (28 November 2012). "Costa short story prize to be decided by public vote". Alison Flood. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012. ^ "Costa Short Story Award" Archived 15 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Costa Book Awards. Retrieved 2014-02-03. ^ "Costa Book Awards 2017" (PDF). Costa Book Awards. January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018. ^ "Costa Book Awards 2018: the category award winners are..." BBC. January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019. ^ Chandler, Mark (28 January 2020). "Costa Book of the Year won by Fairweather's The Volunteer". The Bookseller. Retrieved 28 January 2020. ^ Doyle, Martin (6 January 2020). "Costa Book Awards 2019 winners revealed". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 January 2020. ^ "Costa Book of the Year: 'Utterly original' Mermaid of Black Conch wins". BBC. January 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021. ^ "Costa Book Awards 2021 category winners announced". Costa. Retrieved 5 January 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Costa Book Awards. Official website Costa Book Awards collected news and commentary at The Guardian Injecting Caffeine Into the Whitbread (Now Costa) Book Awards at The Book Standard vteCosta Book Awards (formerly the Whitbread Book Awards)Category Biography Children's Books First Novel Novel Poetry Short Story
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Whitbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitbread"},{"link_name":"Costa Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Coffee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costa-winners-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costa-shortlists-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flood-3"},{"link_name":"the Coca-Cola Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnett-4"},{"link_name":"Booker Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Prize"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award_for_Biography"},{"link_name":"Children's Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award_for_Children%27s_Book"},{"link_name":"First Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award_for_First_Novel"},{"link_name":"Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award_for_Novel"},{"link_name":"Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award_for_Poetry"},{"link_name":"Short Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award_for_Short_Story"},{"link_name":"Alexander Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stuart_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Clarke"},{"link_name":"The Chymical Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chymical_Wedding"}],"text":"The Costa Book Awards were a set of annual literary awards recognising English-language books by writers based in UK and Ireland. Originally named the Whitbread Book Awards from 1971 to 2005 after its first sponsor, the Whitbread company, then a brewery and owner of restaurant chains, it was renamed when Costa Coffee, then a subsidiary of Whitbread, took over sponsorship.[1][2] The companion Costa Short Story Award was established in 2012.[3] Costa Coffee was purchased by the Coca-Cola Company in 2018. The awards were abruptly terminated in 2022.[4]The awards were given both for high literary merit and for works that were enjoyable reading, and their aim was to convey the enjoyment of reading to the widest possible audience. As such, they were considered a more populist literary prize than the Booker Prize, which also limited winners to literature written in the English language and published in the UK and Ireland.Awards were separated into six categories: Biography, Children's Books, First Novel, Novel, Poetry, and Short Story.In 1989, there was controversy when the judges first awarded the Best Novel prize to Alexander Stuart's The War Zone, then withdrew the prize prior to the ceremony amid acrimony among the judges, ultimately awarding it to Lindsay Clarke's The Chymical Wedding.","title":"Costa Book Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jane Gardam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Gardam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"David Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cook_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Val Hennessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Hennessy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnett-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armitstead-8"},{"link_name":"Blue Peter Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Peter_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"Waterstones Children's Book Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstones_Children%27s_Book_Prize"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Medal_(literary_award)"},{"link_name":"Kate Greenaway Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Greenaway_Medal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The 1989 Whitbread Book Award for Best Novel was first awarded to The War Zone by Alexander Stuart.[5] However, juror Jane Gardam felt the book was \"repellent\" and appealed directly to the Whitbread company, arguing that awarding the prize to Stuart's novel would make them into a \"laughing stock\".[6] After ten days, and leaking the story to the press, the other two jurors, David Cook and Val Hennessy, were persuaded to change their minds, and Lindsay Clarke's The Chymical Wedding won the award instead. Both Cook and Hennessy found the experience so unpleasant they vowed to never sit in an award jury again.[7]The awards were discontinued in 2022, with the 2021 awards being the last ones made.[4][8] Just one month later, the Blue Peter Book Award was also discontinued; this left only three widely recognized awards for UK children's literature (the Waterstones Children's Book Prize, the Carnegie Medal, and the Kate Greenaway Medal).[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costa-winners-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costa-shortlists-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kean-10"}],"text":"There were five book award categories. These had not been changed since the Poetry Award was introduced in 1985, although the children's category had been termed \"children's novel\" or \"children's book of the year\".[1][2] The categories are:Novel\nFirst novel\nChildren's book\nPoetry\nBiographyEach of the five winning writers received £5,000. The prize required a £5,000 fee from publishers if a book was to be shortlisted.[10]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-criteria-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flood-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flood2-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flood2-12"}],"sub_title":"Short stories","text":"The short story award was established in 2012 with a prize of £3,500 for the first, £1,000 for the second and £500 for the third.[11] The winning story was determined by public vote from a shortlist of six that were selected by a panel of judges. The process was \"blind\" at both stages for the unpublished entries were anonymous until the conclusion.[3][12]In the inaugural year, the six short story finalists were exposed anonymously online while the public vote was underway, two months before the winner was to be announced.[12]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bold font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)#Font_styles_and_variants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueribbon_icon.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-costa-winners-1"},{"link_name":"Costa Book Award for Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award_for_Novel"},{"link_name":"Costa Book Award for First Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award_for_First_Novel"},{"link_name":"Costa Book Award for Children's Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award_for_Children%27s_Book"},{"link_name":"Costa Book Award for Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award_for_Poetry"},{"link_name":"Costa Book Award for Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award_for_Biography"},{"link_name":"Costa Book Award for Short Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Book_Award_for_Short_Story"}],"text":"Bold font and blue ribbon () distinguish the overall Costa/Whitbread Book of the Year.[1]For lists that include shortlisted entries (where available), please see:Costa Book Award for Novel\nCosta Book Award for First Novel\nCosta Book Award for Children's Book\nCosta Book Award for Poetry\nCosta Book Award for Biography\nCosta Book Award for Short Story","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of award winners","title":"Winners"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"CBA Past Winners 2015 Version\" (PDF). Costa Book Awards. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150915193952/http://www.costa.co.uk/media/300231/CBA-Past-Winners-2015-Version.pdf","url_text":"\"CBA Past Winners 2015 Version\""},{"url":"http://www.costa.co.uk/media/300231/CBA-Past-Winners-2015-Version.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CBA Past Shortlists 2015 Version\" (PDF). Costa Book Awards. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151124012436/http://www.costa.co.uk/media/300267/CBA-Past-Shortlists-2015-Version.pdf","url_text":"\"CBA Past Shortlists 2015 Version\""},{"url":"http://www.costa.co.uk/media/300267/CBA-Past-Shortlists-2015-Version.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alison Flood (17 July 2012). \"Costa's new short story award to be judged anonymously\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/jul/17/costa-short-story-award","url_text":"\"Costa's new short story award to be judged anonymously\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Barnett, David (10 June 2022). \"Costa book awards scrapped suddenly after 50 years\". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jun/10/costa-book-awards-scrapped-suddenly-after-50-years","url_text":"\"Costa book awards scrapped suddenly after 50 years\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Laura (11 January 2000). \"The Wrath of Roth\". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210701152847/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2000-01-11-0001100496-story.html","url_text":"\"The Wrath of Roth\""},{"url":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2000-01-11-0001100496-story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"David Streitfeld (10 December 1989). \"Book Report\". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1989/12/10/book-report/990f71cb-527b-41e5-8339-6efc6e131c18/","url_text":"\"Book Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1330888409","url_text":"1330888409"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170827235502/https://www.washingtonpost.com/web/20170827235502/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1989/12/10/book-report/990f71cb-527b-41e5-8339-6efc6e131c18/?utm_term=.5e3c5b5c6a4a","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Armitstead, Claire (23 June 2022). \"Shock ending: how the Costa book awards changed reading – and pitted husband against wife\". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jun/23/shock-ending-how-costa-book-awards-changed-reading","url_text":"\"Shock ending: how the Costa book awards changed reading – and pitted husband against wife\""}]},{"reference":"Shaffi, Sarah (6 July 2022). \"Children's books world reacts to 'horrible loss' of Blue Peter book awards\". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/06/childrens-books-world-reacts-to-horrible-loss-of-blue-peter-book-awards","url_text":"\"Children's books world reacts to 'horrible loss' of Blue Peter book awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com","url_text":"TheGuardian.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230529045811/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/jul/06/childrens-books-world-reacts-to-horrible-loss-of-blue-peter-book-awards","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Danuta Kean (2 January 2017). \"On eve of Costa awards, experts warn that top books prizes are harming fiction\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2018. The biggest three prizes, including the Costas, require a £5,000 fee from publishers if a book is shortlisted. This is a contribution towards marketing and should, the organisers claim, be offset by increases in sales.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/02/on-eve-of-costa-awards-experts-warn-that-top-books-prizes-are-harming-fiction","url_text":"\"On eve of Costa awards, experts warn that top books prizes are harming fiction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"The Costa Short Story Award terms and conditions of entry\" (PDF). Costa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161125044044/http://www.costa.co.uk/media/430282/tscs.pdf","url_text":"\"The Costa Short Story Award terms and conditions of entry\""},{"url":"http://www.costa.co.uk/media/430282/tscs.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Costa Book Awards 2017\" (PDF). Costa Book Awards. January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180103073040/https://www.costa.co.uk/media/487568/2017-awards.pdf","url_text":"\"Costa Book Awards 2017\""},{"url":"https://www.costa.co.uk/media/487568/2017-awards.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Costa Book Awards 2018: the category award winners are...\" BBC. January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/1gF4PfT74lbBGG8tdXvnCc5/costa-book-awards-2018-the-category-award-winners-are","url_text":"\"Costa Book Awards 2018: the category award winners are...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Chandler, Mark (28 January 2020). \"Costa Book of the Year won by Fairweather's The Volunteer\". The Bookseller. Retrieved 28 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/costa-book-year-won-fairweathers-volunteer-1176911","url_text":"\"Costa Book of the Year won by Fairweather's The Volunteer\""}]},{"reference":"Doyle, Martin (6 January 2020). \"Costa Book Awards 2019 winners revealed\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/costa-book-awards-2019-winners-revealed-1.4131655","url_text":"\"Costa Book Awards 2019 winners revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Costa Book of the Year: 'Utterly original' Mermaid of Black Conch wins\". BBC. January 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-55816858","url_text":"\"Costa Book of the Year: 'Utterly original' Mermaid of Black Conch wins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Costa Book Awards 2021 category winners announced\". Costa. Retrieved 5 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://costanewsroom.vuelio.co.uk/press/press-releases/a657bbca-30fd-4330-81e0-3976bcc4a5ba/costa-book-awards-2021-category-winners-announced","url_text":"\"Costa Book Awards 2021 category winners announced\""}]}]
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vote\""},{"Link":"http://www.costa.co.uk/costa-book-awards/costa-short-story-award/","external_links_name":"\"Costa Short Story Award\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140215050344/http://www.costa.co.uk/costa-book-awards/costa-short-story-award/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180103073040/https://www.costa.co.uk/media/487568/2017-awards.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Costa Book Awards 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.costa.co.uk/media/487568/2017-awards.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/1gF4PfT74lbBGG8tdXvnCc5/costa-book-awards-2018-the-category-award-winners-are","external_links_name":"\"Costa Book Awards 2018: the category award winners are...\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebookseller.com/news/costa-book-year-won-fairweathers-volunteer-1176911","external_links_name":"\"Costa Book of the Year won by Fairweather's The Volunteer\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/costa-book-awards-2019-winners-revealed-1.4131655","external_links_name":"\"Costa Book Awards 2019 winners revealed\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-55816858","external_links_name":"\"Costa Book of the Year: 'Utterly original' Mermaid of Black Conch wins\""},{"Link":"https://costanewsroom.vuelio.co.uk/press/press-releases/a657bbca-30fd-4330-81e0-3976bcc4a5ba/costa-book-awards-2021-category-winners-announced","external_links_name":"\"Costa Book Awards 2021 category winners announced\""},{"Link":"http://costabookawards.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/costabookaward","external_links_name":"Costa Book Awards"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060924201700/http://www.thebookstandard.com/bookstandard/news/author/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002612415","external_links_name":"Injecting Caffeine Into the Whitbread (Now Costa) Book 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABlle_Branche
Raphaëlle Branche
["1 Life","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]
Raphaëlle BrancheRaphaëlle Branche in 2014Born (1972-07-14) 14 July 1972 (age 51)OccupationHistorian Raphaëlle Branche (born July 14, 1972) is a French historian, professor of modern history at Paris Nanterre University. She is an expert on torture in the Algerian War, and more broadly on colonial violence and colonial wars. She is a professor of contemporary history in the University of Paris and has been since the 2019 academic year. Life In 2001 Branche published her doctoral thesis, La torture et l'armée pendant la Guerre d'Algérie. In 2014 Branche became professor at the University of Rouen. In 2019 she became professor at Paris Nanterre University. Works La torture et l'armée pendant la Guerre d'Algérie: 1954-1962. Paris: Gallimard, 2001. La Guerre d'Algérie : une histoire apaisée?. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 2005. (ed. with Sylvie Thénault) La France en guerre, 1954-1962: expériences métropolitaines de la guerre d'indépendance algérienne. Paris: Autremont, 2008. (ed. with Fabrice Virgili) Rape in wartime. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. (ed. with Xavier Bougarel and Cloé Drieu) Combatants of Muslim origin in European armies in the twentieth century: far from jihad. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017. Papa, qu’as-tu fait en Algérie?. La Découverte. 2020. References ^ a b "Branche, Raphaëlle (1972-....)". IdRef. Retrieved 30 May 2022. ^ Shatz, Adam (18 February 2021). "Dynamo Current, Feet, Fists, Salt". London Review of Books. 43 (4). External links "Personal website" (in French). This is Not a War: Raphaëlle Branche and Adam Shatz Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Other IdRef
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Meredith_Bryce
Lucy Meredith Bryce
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life and legacy","4 References"]
Australian physician Lucy Meredith Bryce CBE (12 June 1897 – 30 July 1968) was an Australian haematologist and medical researcher, who worked with the Australian Red Cross Society to establish the first blood transfusion service in Australia. Early life and education Lucy Bryce was born in Lindfield, New South Wales, and educated in Melbourne, at the Melbourne Girls Grammar School. She entered Janet Clarke Hall, the women's hostel of Trinity College, University of Melbourne in 1915, earning degrees at the University of Melbourne in 1918 (B.Sc.) and 1922 (M.B., B.S.). Career Bryce started her career at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research after college. While still in her twenties, she spent a year working at the Lister Institute in London. From 1928 to 1934, she was on staff as a bacteriologist at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, before launching a private practice as a pathologist. Beginning in 1929, Bryce was the founding director of the Victoria Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, which was Australia's first blood transfusion service. Her work involved planning how donors should be screened, and how blood should be typed and stored, and supervising the establishment of a blood reserve in case of major disaster. During World War II, Bryce held the rank of major in the Australian Army Medical Corps and was invited in 1944 to the US with Marjorie Bick to study developments in blood transfusion, then again with Bick in 1945, arriving on the S.S. Kanangoora in March to visit the Hooper Research Foundation in Los Angeles then to New Orleans and Washington, attending a conference of the blood substitute committee of the National Research Council. Bryce then traveled to investigate clinical methods while Bick stayed on at Harvard. She reported on the mass production methods at the Cutter Laboratories of packing and shipping plasma and whole blood to be parachuted into the Pacific war zones. Their research coincided with a plan to expand the Blood Bank into a new floor of the Royal Melbourne Hospital. In 1948, she was called upon as an expert witness in a case involving the identification of two newborns, alleged to have been switched at birth. Bryce retired from active involvement in the Blood Bank in 1954, but continued to hold her title as honorary chair of the transfusion committee until 1966. She was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1951 for this work. Bryce wrote a history of the transfusion service, An Abiding Gladness (1965), as well as many scientific articles. Personal life and legacy Bryce died in 1968, age 72. There is a crater on Venus named for Bryce, and a portrait of her is on display in Lucy Bryce Hall, which houses the Central Blood Bank in Melbourne. Bryce Place in the Canberra suburb of Florey is named in her honour. In 2001 Bryce was inducted to the Victorian Honour Roll of Women. References ^ Penny Robinson, "Australian Red Cross Blood Service" Australian Women's Archive Project, The Australian Women's Register, created 10 February 2004. ^ a b M. L. Verso, 'Bryce, Lucy Meredith (1897–1968)' Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1979, accessed online 2 January 2016. ^ Matthew Klugman, Blood Matters: A Social History of the Victoria Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service (Australia Scholarly Publishing 2004). ISBN 1740970667 ^ Walter & Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research: Contributions to Society, "1939: The Institute Joins Forces with the Red Cross to Provide Wartimes Blood Transfusion Services". ^ Mark Cortiula, "Going Back to the Future: The Origins of a National Blood Service in Australia" Archived 27 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine in Ken Davis, ed., Topics in Transfusion Medicine 5(1)(1998): 20–22. ^ G. J. McCarthy, "Lucy Meredith Bryce" Encyclopedia of Australian Science, entry created 20 October 1993. ^ "WOMEN'S NEWS". Daily Telegraph. 15 August 1944. Retrieved 23 July 2022. ^ "VICTORIA". Guinea Gold. 2 March 1945. Retrieved 23 July 2022. ^ "Blood Plasma Now Mass Produced In U.S.A." Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. 4 May 1945. Retrieved 23 July 2022. ^ a b "Woman's World". Herald. 30 April 1945. Retrieved 23 July 2022. ^ Australian Red Cross Society.; Australian Red Cross Society. (1965), "v. : ill. ; 25 cm.", Annual report, Melbourne: The Society, ISSN 1035-1809, nla.obj-61759344, retrieved 23 July 2022 – via Trove ^ "Australians To Study Blood Transfusions". Courier-Mail. 28 February 1945. Retrieved 23 July 2022. ^ "Blood Bank For State". Age. 6 April 1945. Retrieved 23 July 2022. ^ "New Witness Testifies in Baby Case" The Age (13 November 1948): 3. ^ Ann Westmore, "Lucy Meredith Bryce" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine History of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, Centre for the Study of Health and Society, 8 September 2003. ^ "Dr Lucy Meredith Bryce". It's an Honour. Retrieved 16 February 2020. ^ "What goes on? She made her pioneering work saving lives". The Argus. Melbourne. 1 January 1951. p. 4. Retrieved 2 January 2016 – via National Library of Australia. ^ D. C. Cowling, "College Roll: Lucy Meredith Bryce" Royal Australasian College of Physicians. ^ Lucy Meredith Bryce, An Abiding Gladness: The Background of Contemporary Blood Transfusion and Its Story During the Years 1929–1959 in the Victorian Division of the Australian Red Cross Society (Georgian House Pty. Limited 1965). ^ Joel F. Russell, Gazetteer of Venusian Nomenclature (US Geological Survey, Open-File Report 94-235, May 1994): 16. ^ "Dr. Lucy Bryce to be Honored" The Age (30 April 1959): 8. ^ "Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Periodic (National : 1977 - 2011) - 15 May 1987 - p6". Trove. Retrieved 15 February 2020. Authority control databases International VIAF National Australia People Australia Australian Women's Register Trove
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"haematologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematology"},{"link_name":"Australian Red Cross Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Red_Cross_Society"},{"link_name":"blood transfusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusion"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Lucy Meredith Bryce CBE (12 June 1897 – 30 July 1968) was an Australian haematologist and medical researcher, who worked with the Australian Red Cross Society to establish the first blood transfusion service in Australia.[1]","title":"Lucy Meredith Bryce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lindfield, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindfield,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Girls Grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Girls_Grammar"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"text":"Lucy Bryce was born in Lindfield, New South Wales, and educated in Melbourne, at the Melbourne Girls Grammar School. She entered Janet Clarke Hall, the women's hostel of Trinity College, University of Melbourne in 1915, earning degrees at the University of Melbourne in 1918 (B.Sc.) and 1922 (M.B., B.S.).[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_and_Eliza_Hall_Institute_of_Medical_Research"},{"link_name":"Lister Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lister_Institute"},{"link_name":"Royal Melbourne Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Melbourne_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Australian Army Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Army_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Bick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Bick"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"National Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woman's_World-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cutter Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woman's_World-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Bryce started her career at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research after college. While still in her twenties, she spent a year working at the Lister Institute in London. From 1928 to 1934, she was on staff as a bacteriologist at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, before launching a private practice as a pathologist.Beginning in 1929, Bryce was the founding director of the Victoria Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, which was Australia's first blood transfusion service.[3] Her work involved planning how donors should be screened, and how blood should be typed and stored, and supervising the establishment of a blood reserve in case of major disaster.[4][5]During World War II, Bryce held the rank of major in the Australian Army Medical Corps[6] and was invited in 1944 to the US with Marjorie Bick to study developments in blood transfusion,[7] then again with Bick in 1945, arriving on the S.S. Kanangoora in March[8] to visit the Hooper Research Foundation in Los Angeles then to New Orleans and Washington,[9] attending a conference of the blood substitute committee of the National Research Council.[10] Bryce then traveled to investigate clinical methods while Bick stayed on at Harvard.[11][12] She reported on the mass production methods at the Cutter Laboratories of packing and shipping plasma and whole blood to be parachuted into the Pacific war zones.[10] Their research coincided with a plan to expand the Blood Bank into a new floor of the Royal Melbourne Hospital.[13]In 1948, she was called upon as an expert witness in a case involving the identification of two newborns, alleged to have been switched at birth.[14]Bryce retired from active involvement in the Blood Bank in 1954, but continued to hold her title as honorary chair of the transfusion committee until 1966.[15] She was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1951 for this work.[16][17] Bryce wrote a history of the transfusion service, An Abiding Gladness (1965), as well as many scientific articles.[18][19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"a crater on Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Venus#B"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Florey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florey,_Australian_Capital_Territory"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Victorian Honour Roll of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Honour_Roll_of_Women"}],"text":"Bryce died in 1968, age 72.[2]There is a crater on Venus named for Bryce,[20] and a portrait of her is on display in Lucy Bryce Hall, which houses the Central Blood Bank in Melbourne.[21] Bryce Place in the Canberra suburb of Florey is named in her honour.[22]In 2001 Bryce was inducted to the Victorian Honour Roll of Women.","title":"Personal life and legacy"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"WOMEN'S NEWS\". Daily Telegraph. 15 August 1944. Retrieved 23 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article247873682","url_text":"\"WOMEN'S NEWS\""}]},{"reference":"\"VICTORIA\". Guinea Gold. 2 March 1945. Retrieved 23 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article250660470","url_text":"\"VICTORIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blood Plasma Now Mass Produced In U.S.A.\" Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate. 4 May 1945. Retrieved 23 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article135002594","url_text":"\"Blood Plasma Now Mass Produced In U.S.A.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woman's World\". Herald. 30 April 1945. Retrieved 23 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article245340588","url_text":"\"Woman's World\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Red Cross Society.; Australian Red Cross Society. (1965), \"v. : ill. ; 25 cm.\", Annual report, Melbourne: The Society, ISSN 1035-1809, nla.obj-61759344, retrieved 23 July 2022 – via Trove","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-61759344","url_text":"Annual report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1035-1809","url_text":"1035-1809"}]},{"reference":"\"Australians To Study Blood Transfusions\". Courier-Mail. 28 February 1945. Retrieved 23 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48949422","url_text":"\"Australians To Study Blood Transfusions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blood Bank For State\". Age. 6 April 1945. Retrieved 23 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206869147","url_text":"\"Blood Bank For State\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Lucy Meredith Bryce\". It's an Honour. Retrieved 16 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1065138","url_text":"\"Dr Lucy Meredith Bryce\""}]},{"reference":"\"What goes on? She made her pioneering work saving lives\". The Argus. Melbourne. 1 January 1951. p. 4. Retrieved 2 January 2016 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23048393","url_text":"\"What goes on? She made her pioneering work saving lives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"\"Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Periodic (National : 1977 - 2011) - 15 May 1987 - p6\". Trove. Retrieved 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/25600604","url_text":"\"Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Periodic (National : 1977 - 2011) - 15 May 1987 - p6\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0720b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Australian Red Cross Blood Service\""},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bryce-lucy-meredith-5411/text9169","external_links_name":"'Bryce, Lucy Meredith (1897–1968)'"},{"Link":"http://discovery.wehi.edu.au/timeline/red-cross","external_links_name":"\"1939: The Institute Joins Forces with the Red Cross to Provide Wartimes Blood Transfusion Services\""},{"Link":"http://www.anzsbt.org.au/publications/documents/1998_Vol5_1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Going Back to the Future: The Origins of a National Blood Service in Australia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160227014730/http://anzsbt.org.au/publications/documents/1998_Vol5_1.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.eoas.info/biogs/P000953b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Meredith Bryce\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article247873682","external_links_name":"\"WOMEN'S NEWS\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article250660470","external_links_name":"\"VICTORIA\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article135002594","external_links_name":"\"Blood Plasma Now Mass Produced In U.S.A.\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article245340588","external_links_name":"\"Woman's World\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-61759344","external_links_name":"Annual report"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1035-1809","external_links_name":"1035-1809"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48949422","external_links_name":"\"Australians To Study Blood Transfusions\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206869147","external_links_name":"\"Blood Bank For State\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dNFVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6LwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5590%2C3698701","external_links_name":"\"New Witness Testifies in Baby Case\""},{"Link":"http://www.jnmhugateways.unimelb.edu.au/umfm/biogs/FM00069b.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lucy Meredith Bryce\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091000/http://www.jnmhugateways.unimelb.edu.au/umfm/biogs/FM00069b.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1065138","external_links_name":"\"Dr Lucy Meredith Bryce\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23048393","external_links_name":"\"What goes on? She made her pioneering work saving lives\""},{"Link":"https://members.racp.edu.au/page/library/college-roll/college-roll-detail&id=289","external_links_name":"\"College Roll: Lucy Meredith Bryce\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ml7HtgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"An Abiding Gladness: The Background of Contemporary Blood Transfusion and Its Story During the Years 1929–1959 in the Victorian Division of the Australian Red Cross Society"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0235/report.pdf","external_links_name":"Gazetteer of Venusian Nomenclature"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O55VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GawDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6798%2C4607150","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Lucy Bryce to be Honored\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/25600604","external_links_name":"\"Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Periodic (National : 1977 - 2011) - 15 May 1987 - p6\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/93331488","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35766730","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bryce-lucy-meredith-5411","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/IMP0102b.htm","external_links_name":"Australian Women's Register"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/565789","external_links_name":"Trove"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Imperial
York Imperial
["1 History","2 Characteristics","3 Disease susceptibility","4 Recognition","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Apple cultivar Malus pumila 'York Imperial'GenusMalusSpeciesMalus pumilaHybrid parentageUnknownCultivar'York Imperial'OriginYork, Pennsylvania, USA The 'York Imperial', or 'York', is a cultivar of apple (Malus pumila) from which a number of other valuable strains and cultivars have arisen, including four sport varieties: Commander York, Ramey York, Red Yorking, and Yorking. History In 1820, Quaker nurseryman Jonathan Jessop (also Jessup) developed this variety of apple on his "Springwood Farm" near York, Pennsylvania, United States, from grafts of a tree from John Kline's farm at Hellam, Pennsylvania. Some sources have reported that Jessop had noticed school children selectively choosing leaf-covered apples that were in a well preserved in the early spring, and later grafted another variety onto it. Though lop-sided, this new cultivar quickly became popular because of its taste and long keeping properties—which were especially important in the era before refrigeration. This cultivar was originally known as 'Jonathan’s Fine Winter' (sometimes reported as 'Johnson’s Fine Winter'), after Jonathan Jessop. Some sources credit John Kline of Hellam and some say it was William Johnson, nearer to York. Kline was reported to be the one who found the apples under the leaves and took them to Jessop, yet Jessop got the credit for the continued development of the apple. Scientific publications credit the long keeping trait to the density of the apple. In the early 1850s, Andrew Jackson Downing called this apple the “Imperial of Keepers” due to its excellent storage ability. From this moniker, this apple became better known as the 'York Imperial'. Jessop carried the tree to the Friends’ yearly meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, and from there the tree first spread into Virginia. Jessop carried York Imperial trees to several other Friends’ meetings. A distinct yet closely related variety, the 'Spencerville Red', was discovered in 1992 growing in a field in Spencerville, Maryland. The 'Spencerville Red' ripens about a week after the 'York Imperial' and is also lop-sided. The 'Spencerville Red' is thought to be a cross between the 'York Imperial' and a crab apple. Characteristics A 'York Imperial' apple The 'York Imperial' is easily identified by its lop-sided shape. It is consistently one of the top-ten-selling apple varieties. The fruit is medium to large, and varies from an oblate-oblique shape to an oval-oblong shape, and the skins are deep red with greenish-yellow streaks and specks, as well as occasional patches of yellow or green. It can be streaked with grayish scarfskin. 'York Imperial' apples ripen in October and are harvested through December. This cultivar has a tart yet sweet taste, and keeps extremely well, becoming sweeter and mellower-tasting over time. It sweetens in flavor for 5–6 months after it is picked. The York Imperial is excellent for baking, cooking, apple sauce, cider, preserves, jams, dried apple slices, and juice, as well as eating fresh. It quickly spread from Pennsylvania southward into Virginia. A properly cared for mature tree can average 20 bushels a year. The 'York Imperial' is one of the few apple cultivars to have survived for 180 years. It is still commonly grown in orchards and backyards in the continental United States, especially Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina. It was often exported to Europe before import restrictions were implemented. In addition to its native region of south-central Pennsylvania, the 'York Imperial' is now also grown along the Shenandoah Valley and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Disease susceptibility Scab: high Powdery mildew: high Cedar apple rust: high Fire blight: high Recognition Dedication of a Pennsylvania historical marker in 1920 on Jessop's farm In 1920, the State Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania dedicated a marker to the 'York Imperial' apple for its contributions "to the horticultural prosperity of the state." The Apple Hill Medical Center now sits on part of the Jessop farm. A bronze plaque on the medical center's lower level reads: "THE YORK IMPERIAL APPLE Was First Propagated About 1820 In This Field By JONATHAN JESSOP It Is the Most Widely Known Variety of Pennsylvania Origin and Has Contributed Largely to the Horticultural Prosperity of the State A Tribute by The State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania 1920" A blue historical marker with yellow writing is located at South George St (SR 3001, old US 111), two miles south of York, erected on April 5, 1948, recognizing the 'York Imperial' that says “YORK IMPERIAL APPLE Here, at a nursery located on Springwood Farms, a new variety of apple was propagated by Jonathan Jessop in 1820. In 1855 it was named the "York Imperial", earning the appellation "Imperial" for its keeping quality, not its flavor. It became a leading variety grown in the U.S.” References Wikimedia Commons has media related to York Imperial. ^ a b c d e "Apple Tree Descriptions". Barkslip's Micro-Nursery. Retrieved 2010-01-02. ^ Way, Roger D. (April 1979). "Apple varieties grown in New York State" (PDF). New York's Food and Life Sciences Bulletin. 78. Geneva, NY: New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-15. ^ "Apple Variety Sports". All About Apples. Retrieved 2010-01-01. ^ "Master List of Apple Variety Descriptions". Nichols Farm. Archived from the original on September 28, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-01. ^ a b c d e f g h "York Imperial Apple Historical Marker". Explore PA History. Retrieved 2012-08-08. ^ a b c d McClure, Jim (December 2, 2008). "Quaker horticulturalist Jonathan Jessop was 19th-century York County Renaissance man". York Town Square. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-02. ^ a b c d "Origins of Apples: The York Imperial". Knouse Foods. Retrieved 2010-01-02. ^ Waugh, Frank Albert (1903). Systematic Pomology. Bedford, MA: Applewood Books. pp. 38–40. ISBN 978-1-4290-1350-5. Retrieved 2010-01-05. ^ a b c "York Imperial Apple". Hellam Township. Retrieved 2010-01-02. ^ a b c Lloyd, June (December 26, 2008). "Jonathan Jessop and the York Imperial Apple". Universal York Home. Retrieved 2010-01-02. ^ "Apple tree named 'Spencerville Red'". Free Patents Online. July 28, 1992. Retrieved 2010-01-02. ^ "United States Patent Plant 7,923" (PDF). United States Patent Officer. July 28, 1992. Retrieved 2010-01-02. ^ a b "Apple Varieties: York Imperial". All About Apples. Retrieved 2010-01-03. ^ a b c d "York Imperial". Virginia Apples. Retrieved 2010-01-02. ^ a b Ferguson, Charleen. "A is for Apple". Char's Recipes & Other Hot Stuff. Retrieved 2010-01-03. ^ Marini, Richard P. (May 1, 2009). "1995 Apple Variety Evaluations". Virginia Tech. Retrieved 2010-01-02. ^ a b "Choosing Varieties: York (York Imperial)". Apple Journal. Retrieved 2010-01-02. ^ Dr. Stephen Miller of the USDA Fruit Research Lab in Kearneysville, West Virginia. ^ "Image of marker dedication". Explore PA History. 1920. Retrieved 2012-08-08. Further reading Missouri Horticultural Society (1895). Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society of Missouri... Jefferson City, MO: Tribune Publishing Company. p. 148. Retrieved 2010-01-01. york imperial apple parentage. "Apple Cultivars" (PDF). Penn State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-02. External links Media related to Apples at Wikimedia Commons Apple nutrition vteApples List of apple cultivars Species Malus domestica Malus niedzwetzkyana Malus sieversii Table apples Adams Pearmain Aia Ilu Airlie Red Flesh Akane Åkerö Alkmene Allington Pippin Ambrosia Anna Annurca Ariane Arkansas Black Ashmead's Kernel Aurora Golden Gala Autumn Bough Autumn Glory Baldwin Beacon Beauty of Bath Belle de Boskoop Bellflower Ben Davis Birgit Bonnier Braeburn Brina Cameo Champion Civni (Rubens) Claygate Pearmain Clivia Cornish Aromatic Cornish Gilliflower Cortland Cosmic Crisp Court Pendu Plat Cox's Orange Pippin Crimson Gold Cripps Red Cripps Pink (Pink Lady) Delbard Jubilée Delbarestivale Delrouval Devonshire Quarrenden Discovery Dorsett Golden Dougherty Duchess of Oldenburg Dumelow's Seedling Egremont Russet Ellison's Orange Elstar Empire Enterprise Envy Esopus Spitzenburg Eva EverCrisp Fiesta Filippa Flamenco Florina Fuji Gala Gascoyne's Scarlet Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg Ginger Gold Golden Delicious Golden Orange Goldspur Granny Smith Gravenstein Grimes Golden Haralson Hokuto Honeycrisp Honeygold Idared Ingrid Marie James Grieve Jazz Jersey Black Jonadel Jonagold Jonathan Jubilee Julieta Jupiter Kanzi Karmijn de Sonnaville King of the Pippins Knobby Russet Lady Alice Laxton's Superb Liberty Liveland Raspberry Lodi Lord Lambourne Lucombe's Seedling Macoun McIntosh Melba Melrose Mutsu Newtown Pippin Nicola Opal Sciros (Pacific Rose) Pam's Delight Papirovka Paula Red Pink Pearl Pinova Prima Pristine Rajka Ralls Janet Rambo Rave Red Astrachan Red Delicious Red Pineapple Redlove apples Rhode Island Greening Ribston Pippin Roxbury Russet Sandow Sansa Sekai Ichi Spartan Splendour Star of Devon Stayman Sturmer Pippin Summerfree Sundowner Sunset Suntan SweeTango Taliaferro Tartu Rose Tentation Tompkins King Topaz Wealthy Winesap Winston Worcester Pearmain Wyken Pippin York Imperial Zestar Cooking apples Antonovka Bismarck Blenheim Orange Bramley Calville Blanc d'hiver Campanino Chelmsford Wonder Costard Creston Crimson Bramley Flower of Kent Golden Noble Granny Smith Grenadier King Byerd Manks Codlin Newton Wonder Norfolk Biffin Northern Spy Reinette du Canada Rome Upton Pyne White Transparent Wolf River Cider apples Brown Snout Cap of Liberty Chisel Jersey Coccagee Crimson King Dabinett Dufflin Ellis Bitter Foxwhelp Golden Russet Golden Spire Hangdown Harrison Cider Kingston Black Major Michelin Poveshon Redstreak Slack-ma-Girdle Styre Tom Putt Woodcock Yarlington Mill Ornamental apple Flamenco Goldspur Wijcik McIntosh Apple productsFood Apple butter Apple cake Apple cheese Apple chip Apple cider vinegar Apple crisp Apple flour Apple pie Apple sauce Apple seed oil Apple strudel Baked apple Candy apple Caramel apple Himmel und Erde Jewish apple cake Pectin Drink Apfelwein Apple cider Apple juice Applejack Calvados Cider Ice cider Pommeau Agriculture Apple picking Apple scab Applecrab Arctic Apples Fruit tree pruning Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Johnny Appleseed Malling series Malus Pearmain Pollination Pome PRI disease resistant apple breeding program Reinette Russeting US Apple Association Lists Countries by apple production Apple diseases Apples Cultivars Production
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"strains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barkslip-1"},{"link_name":"sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mutation-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nichols-4"}],"text":"The 'York Imperial', or 'York', is a cultivar of apple (Malus pumila) from which a number of other valuable strains and cultivars have arisen,[1] including four sport varieties:[2] Commander York, Ramey York, Red Yorking, and Yorking.[3][4]","title":"York Imperial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends"},{"link_name":"York, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmarker-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yorksquare-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knouse-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waugh-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barkslip-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmarker-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barkslip-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-klinehellam-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knouse-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yorksquare-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-family-10"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Downing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barkslip-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmarker-5"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yorksquare-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-family-10"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"crab apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_apple"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patent-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patent2-12"}],"text":"In 1820, Quaker nurseryman Jonathan Jessop (also Jessup) developed this variety of apple on his \"Springwood Farm\" near York, Pennsylvania, United States, from grafts of a tree from John Kline's farm at Hellam, Pennsylvania.[5][6][7] Some sources have reported that Jessop had noticed school children selectively choosing leaf-covered apples that were in a well preserved in the early spring, and later grafted another variety onto it. Though lop-sided,[8] this new cultivar quickly became popular because of its taste and long keeping properties—which were especially important in the era before refrigeration. This cultivar was originally known as 'Jonathan’s Fine Winter' (sometimes reported as 'Johnson’s Fine Winter'),[1] after Jonathan Jessop.[5] Some sources credit John Kline of Hellam and some say it was William Johnson,[1] nearer to York.[9] Kline was reported to be the one who found the apples under the leaves and took them to Jessop,[7] yet Jessop got the credit for the continued development of the apple.[6] Scientific publications credit the long keeping trait to the density of the apple.[10]In the early 1850s, Andrew Jackson Downing called this apple the “Imperial of Keepers” due to its excellent storage ability.[1][5] From this moniker, this apple became better known as the 'York Imperial'. Jessop carried the tree to the Friends’ yearly meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, and from there the tree first spread into Virginia.[6] Jessop carried York Imperial trees to several other Friends’ meetings.[10]A distinct yet closely related variety, the 'Spencerville Red', was discovered in 1992 growing in a field in Spencerville, Maryland. The 'Spencerville Red' ripens about a week after the 'York Imperial' and is also lop-sided. The 'Spencerville Red' is thought to be a cross between the 'York Imperial' and a crab apple.[11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:York_Imperial_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmarker-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaayork-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VAapples-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VAapples-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aforapple-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barkslip-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scarf-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaayork-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VAapples-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmarker-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VAapples-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aforapple-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knouse-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-klinehellam-9"},{"link_name":"bushels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushel"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmarker-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knouse-7"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shenanadoah-17"}],"text":"A 'York Imperial' appleThe 'York Imperial' is easily identified by its lop-sided shape.[5][13] It is consistently one of the top-ten-selling apple varieties.[14] The fruit is medium to large, and varies from an oblate-oblique shape to an oval-oblong shape, and the skins are deep red with greenish-yellow streaks and specks, as well as occasional patches of yellow or green.[14][15] It can be streaked with grayish scarfskin.[1][16] 'York Imperial' apples ripen in October and are harvested through December.[13][14]This cultivar has a tart yet sweet taste, and keeps extremely well, becoming sweeter and mellower-tasting over time.[5][14][15]\nIt sweetens in flavor for 5–6 months after it is picked. The York Imperial is excellent for baking, cooking, apple sauce, cider, preserves, jams, dried apple slices, and juice, as well as eating fresh.[7][9] It quickly spread from Pennsylvania southward into Virginia. A properly cared for mature tree can average 20 bushels a year. The 'York Imperial' is one of the few apple cultivars to have survived for 180 years. It is still commonly grown in orchards and backyards in the continental United States, especially Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina. It was often exported to Europe before import restrictions were implemented.[5][7]In addition to its native region of south-central Pennsylvania, the 'York Imperial' is now also grown along the Shenandoah Valley and the Blue Ridge Mountains.[17]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Scab: high[18]\nPowdery mildew: high\nCedar apple rust: high\nFire blight: high","title":"Disease susceptibility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:York_Imperial_apple_historical_marker_dedication.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmarker-5"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1920marker-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-family-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-klinehellam-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shenanadoah-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histmarker-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yorksquare-6"}],"text":"Dedication of a Pennsylvania historical marker in 1920 on Jessop's farmIn 1920, the State Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania dedicated a marker to the 'York Imperial' apple for its contributions \"to the horticultural prosperity of the state.\" The Apple Hill Medical Center now sits on part of the Jessop farm. A bronze plaque on the medical center's lower level reads:[5][19]\"THE YORK IMPERIAL APPLE Was First Propagated About 1820 In This Field By JONATHAN JESSOP It Is the Most Widely Known Variety of Pennsylvania Origin and Has Contributed Largely to the Horticultural Prosperity of the State\nA Tribute by\nThe State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania\n1920\"[10]A blue historical marker with yellow writing is located at South George St (SR 3001, old US 111), two miles south of York, erected on April 5, 1948, recognizing the 'York Imperial' that says “YORK IMPERIAL APPLE Here, at a nursery located on Springwood Farms, a new variety of apple was propagated by Jonathan Jessop in 1820. In 1855 it was named the \"York Imperial\", earning the appellation \"Imperial\" for its keeping quality, not its flavor.[9][17] It became a leading variety grown in the U.S.”[5][6]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society of Missouri...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/annualreportsta06socigoog"},{"link_name":"148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/annualreportsta06socigoog/page/n158"},{"link_name":"\"Apple Cultivars\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110720030741/http://resources.cas.psu.edu/TFPG/AGRS45part01-04a.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//resources.cas.psu.edu/TFPG/AGRS45part01-04a.pdf"}],"text":"Missouri Horticultural Society (1895). Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society of Missouri... Jefferson City, MO: Tribune Publishing Company. p. 148. Retrieved 2010-01-01. york imperial apple parentage.\n\"Apple Cultivars\" (PDF). Penn State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A 'York Imperial' apple","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/York_Imperial_2.jpg/220px-York_Imperial_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dedication of a Pennsylvania historical marker in 1920 on Jessop's farm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/York_Imperial_apple_historical_marker_dedication.jpg/220px-York_Imperial_apple_historical_marker_dedication.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Apple Tree Descriptions\". Barkslip's Micro-Nursery. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barkslip.com/tree_descriptions.html","url_text":"\"Apple Tree Descriptions\""}]},{"reference":"Way, Roger D. (April 1979). \"Apple varieties grown in New York State\" (PDF). New York's Food and Life Sciences Bulletin. 78. Geneva, NY: New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100215211829/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pubs/fls/OCRPDF/78a.pdf","url_text":"\"Apple varieties grown in New York State\""},{"url":"http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pubs/fls/OCRPDF/78a.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Variety Sports\". All About Apples. Retrieved 2010-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaboutapples.com/varieties/sport.htm#yorkimperial","url_text":"\"Apple Variety Sports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Master List of Apple Variety Descriptions\". Nichols Farm. Archived from the original on September 28, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090928003656/http://www.nicholsfarm.com/ottoapplecard.htm","url_text":"\"Master List of Apple Variety Descriptions\""},{"url":"http://www.nicholsfarm.com/ottoapplecard.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"York Imperial Apple Historical Marker\". Explore PA History. Retrieved 2012-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-13C","url_text":"\"York Imperial Apple Historical Marker\""}]},{"reference":"McClure, Jim (December 2, 2008). \"Quaker horticulturalist Jonathan Jessop was 19th-century York County Renaissance man\". York Town Square. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100611092223/http://www.yorkblog.com/yorktownsquare/2008/12/jonathan-jessop.html","url_text":"\"Quaker horticulturalist Jonathan Jessop was 19th-century York County Renaissance man\""},{"url":"http://www.yorkblog.com/yorktownsquare/2008/12/jonathan-jessop.html#more","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Origins of Apples: The York Imperial\". Knouse Foods. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.knouse.com/AllAboutApples/OriginsofApples.aspx","url_text":"\"Origins of Apples: The York Imperial\""}]},{"reference":"Waugh, Frank Albert (1903). Systematic Pomology. Bedford, MA: Applewood Books. pp. 38–40. ISBN 978-1-4290-1350-5. Retrieved 2010-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=encHjiJ7VtUC&q=york+imperial+","url_text":"Systematic Pomology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4290-1350-5","url_text":"978-1-4290-1350-5"}]},{"reference":"\"York Imperial Apple\". Hellam Township. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hellamtownship.com/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={80BB7E25-AE9C-4E25-AA44-232F6DE28B18}","url_text":"\"York Imperial Apple\""}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, June (December 26, 2008). \"Jonathan Jessop and the York Imperial Apple\". Universal York Home. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkblog.com/universal/2008/12/26/jonathan-jessop-and-the-york-i/","url_text":"\"Jonathan Jessop and the York Imperial Apple\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple tree named 'Spencerville Red'\". Free Patents Online. July 28, 1992. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/PP07923.html","url_text":"\"Apple tree named 'Spencerville Red'\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States Patent Plant 7,923\" (PDF). United States Patent Officer. July 28, 1992. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freepatentsonline.com/PP07923.pdf","url_text":"\"United States Patent Plant 7,923\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Varieties: York Imperial\". All About Apples. Retrieved 2010-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaboutapples.com/varieties/var_xyz.htm","url_text":"\"Apple Varieties: York Imperial\""}]},{"reference":"\"York Imperial\". Virginia Apples. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiaapples.org/varieties/york.html","url_text":"\"York Imperial\""}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, Charleen. \"A is for Apple\". Char's Recipes & Other Hot Stuff. Retrieved 2010-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charsrecipes.com/a_is_for_apple.htm","url_text":"\"A is for Apple\""}]},{"reference":"Marini, Richard P. (May 1, 2009). \"1995 Apple Variety Evaluations\". Virginia Tech. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/422/422-760/422-760.html","url_text":"\"1995 Apple Variety Evaluations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Choosing Varieties: York (York Imperial)\". Apple Journal. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.applejournal.com/use010.htm","url_text":"\"Choosing Varieties: York (York Imperial)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Image of marker dedication\". Explore PA History. 1920. Retrieved 2012-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://explorepahistory.com/displayimage.php?imgId=1-2-104","url_text":"\"Image of marker dedication\""}]},{"reference":"Missouri Horticultural Society (1895). Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society of Missouri... Jefferson City, MO: Tribune Publishing Company. p. 148. Retrieved 2010-01-01. york imperial apple parentage.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreportsta06socigoog","url_text":"Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society of Missouri..."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/annualreportsta06socigoog/page/n158","url_text":"148"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Cultivars\" (PDF). Penn State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720030741/http://resources.cas.psu.edu/TFPG/AGRS45part01-04a.pdf","url_text":"\"Apple Cultivars\""},{"url":"http://resources.cas.psu.edu/TFPG/AGRS45part01-04a.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryi_Air_Base
Stryi Air Base
["1 History","2 References"]
Coordinates: 49°14′36″N 023°47′12″E / 49.24333°N 23.78667°E / 49.24333; 23.78667Ukrainian air force base Stryi Stryi, Lviv Oblast in UkraineStryiShown within Lviv OblastShow map of Lviv OblastStryiStryi (Ukraine)Show map of UkraineCoordinates49°14′36″N 023°47′12″E / 49.24333°N 23.78667°E / 49.24333; 23.78667TypeAir BaseSite informationOwnerMinistry of DefenceOperatorUkrainian Air ForceSite historyBuilt1957 (1957)In use1957 - 1996 (1996)Airfield informationElevation312 metres (1,024 ft) AMSL Runways Direction Length and surface 05/23 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) Concrete Stryi (Ukrainian Стрий, also Stryi, or Stryy) was an air base in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine located 4 km southwest of Stryi. It was a large base with 6 km of parking area taxiways and numerous revetments. History Units that have been stationed at Stryy include: 179th Fighter Aviation Regiment (179 IAP). The regiment flew Sukhoi Su-9 (ASCC: Fishpot) interceptors beginning in the 1960s, then in 1978 upgraded to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23M (ASCC: Flogger-B). By the end of the Cold War the regiment was flying 43 MiG-23MLD. This regiment was under 8th Air Defence Army Soviet Air Defence Forces (8 OA PVO). In 1992 it was taken over by Ukraine. In October 1994 it was renamed 10th Aviation Base, and the base was disbanded in December 1996. 260th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (260 TBAP) flying Tupolev Tu-16 (ASCC: Badger) and later 20 Tupolev Tu-22M3 (ASCC: Backfire) aircraft at the end of the Cold War. Under 13th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division, 46th Air Army, and later seemingly 106th Long Range Aviation Group of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. In 2009 work started on dismantling buildings, warehouses, garages and other property on the aerodrome acted against the community and district government area. Zokrama Striyskoy District Council chairman Roman Kozak said: 'Investors are willing to come even today, is an American company that consents to recover the strip to the airport work, taking planes to refuel'. References ^ PHASEOUT OF FISHPOT IN APVO STRANYY AIRFIELDS USSR, February 1981, CREST: CIA-RDP81T00380R000100980001-5, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC. ^ "Aviatsiya PVO". Aviabaza KPOI. ^ "179th Yaroslavskiy order of Suvorov Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO". Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991. Retrieved 4 January 2023. ^ Аеропорт «Львів-2»: демонтаж на унікальному летовищі. This article about a location in Lviv Oblast is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Stryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryi"},{"link_name":"Lviv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Stryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryi"}],"text":"Ukrainian air force baseStryi (Ukrainian Стрий, also Stryi, or Stryy) was an air base in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine located 4 km southwest of Stryi. It was a large base with 6 km of parking area taxiways and numerous revetments.","title":"Stryi Air Base"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-9"},{"link_name":"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phaseout81-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVPVO-2"},{"link_name":"8th Air Defence Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Air_Defence_Army"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-16"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-22M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M"},{"link_name":"13th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=13th_Guards_Heavy_Bomber_Aviation_Division&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"46th Air Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Air_Army"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Units that have been stationed at Stryy include:179th Fighter Aviation Regiment (179 IAP). The regiment flew Sukhoi Su-9 (ASCC: Fishpot) interceptors beginning in the 1960s, then in 1978 upgraded to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23M (ASCC: Flogger-B).[1] By the end of the Cold War the regiment was flying 43 MiG-23MLD.[2] This regiment was under 8th Air Defence Army Soviet Air Defence Forces (8 OA PVO). In 1992 it was taken over by Ukraine. In October 1994 it was renamed 10th Aviation Base, and the base was disbanded in December 1996.[3]\n260th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (260 TBAP) flying Tupolev Tu-16 (ASCC: Badger) and later 20 Tupolev Tu-22M3 (ASCC: Backfire) aircraft at the end of the Cold War. Under 13th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division, 46th Air Army, and later seemingly 106th Long Range Aviation Group of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.In 2009 work started on dismantling buildings, warehouses, garages and other property on the aerodrome acted against the community and district government area.[4] Zokrama Striyskoy District Council chairman Roman Kozak said:\n'Investors are willing to come even today, is an American company that consents to recover the strip to the airport work, taking planes to refuel'.","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Aviatsiya PVO\". Aviabaza KPOI.","urls":[{"url":"http://airbase.ru/squad/russia/avpvo/","url_text":"\"Aviatsiya PVO\""}]},{"reference":"\"179th Yaroslavskiy order of Suvorov Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO\". Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991. Retrieved 4 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/regiment/iap/179iap.htm","url_text":"\"179th Yaroslavskiy order of Suvorov Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stryi_Air_Base&params=49_14_36_N_023_47_12_E_type:airport","external_links_name":"49°14′36″N 023°47′12″E / 49.24333°N 23.78667°E / 49.24333; 23.78667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stryi_Air_Base&params=49_14_36_N_023_47_12_E_type:airport","external_links_name":"49°14′36″N 023°47′12″E / 49.24333°N 23.78667°E / 49.24333; 23.78667"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170123204647/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp81t00380r000100980001-5","external_links_name":"PHASEOUT OF FISHPOT IN APVO STRANYY AIRFIELDS USSR"},{"Link":"http://airbase.ru/squad/russia/avpvo/","external_links_name":"\"Aviatsiya PVO\""},{"Link":"https://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/regiment/iap/179iap.htm","external_links_name":"\"179th Yaroslavskiy order of Suvorov Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO\""},{"Link":"https://www.dw.de/uk/%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2-2-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D1%96/a-4296388-1","external_links_name":"Аеропорт «Львів-2»: демонтаж на унікальному летовищі."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stryi_Air_Base&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Cleveland_Internationals_roster
All-time Cleveland Internationals roster
["1 A","2 B","3 C","4 D","5 E","6 F","7 G","8 H","9 J","10 K","11 L","12 M","13 N","14 O","15 P","16 R","17 S","18 T","19 U","20 V","21 W","22 Z","23 Sources","24 References"]
This list of "famous" or "notable" sporting people has no clear inclusion or exclusion criteria. Please help to define clear inclusion criteria and edit the list to contain only subjects that fit those criteria. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This list comprises all players who participated in at least one league match for Cleveland Internationals since the team's first season in the USL Premier Development League in 2004 until their last in 2010. Players who were on the roster but never played a first team game are not listed; players who appeared for the team in other competitions (US Open Cup, etc.) but never actually made a USL appearance are noted at the bottom of the page where appropriate. A Aaron Adkins Todd Alexander B Kevin Balkanloo Jacob Banas Danny Bartulovic Christopher Binder Cameron Boyd Mitch Boyer Elliot Bradbrook Jon Brickman Marc Burch Evan Bush C Rhys Cannella Patrick Coleman Oliver Condell Carl Contrasciere Dan Cooperider Brian Cothern Mike Crane D Matt Dagilis Nathan Darr George Davis Jeff Demarchi Matthew Demarchi Anthony Dibello Brian Donovan Christopher Dore Tony Dore E Allan Eller F Alexander Fatovic Braden Fleak Manuel Conde Fuentes G Sam Galloway Steve Gillespie Johnny Grebenc Chris Green Ryan Greenhill Shawn Gross Josh Grossman H Jordan Haggit Ryan Hall Nick Harpel Bryan Henson Zachary Hiltner Matt Horth Christian Huelsman J Cameron Jordan Mario Jurcic K Steve Kane Byron Kaverman George Kephart Justin Kibler Rick King Jr. Dustin Kirby William Kletzien Matthew Kmetz Thoms Kolba Jr. Chris Korb Chris Koy L Tony Labudovski Zack Lewis Chris Loughlin Sam Luffy M David Maier Justin Mancine Mike Mangotic Phil Mansell Michael Marich Geoff Marsh Lucas Martorana Matthew Mason Mike Matlock Shakir McCoy Devin McKenney Judson McKinney Aasund Michalsen Nathaniel Milhoan Jared Miller Ryan Minick Dejan Mladenovic Joe Moore Justin Morrow Danny Mortemore Vlad Muresan Abrim Mueller Patrick Murray Yoram Mwila N Darlington Nagbe Joe Nagbe Michael Nanchoff Mark Nerkowski Jacob Naumann Martin Nesic Kevin Nugent O Michael O'Neill Kwame Oduro Stefan Ostergren Richard Ott P Nicholas Parianos Kevin Pitorak Anthony Ponikvar Matthew Preyss R Adam Ross S John Sand Kyle Scharfenberg Jacob Schramm Jason Scudamore Wesley Sechrist Wally Senk Corey Sipos Todd Skelton Jake Slemker Felipe Souza Adam Spanbauer Ben Speas Dustin Stelmak Ryan Sterba Robert Strachan Brad Stuver Admir Suljevic T Nick Thompson Andrew Tipton Matt Tutich U Sinisa Ubiparipovic Slavisa Ubiparipovic Adam Urban V Carlin Vandendriessche Zach Varga Mike Vessells Marko Vucic W Greg Walter Jordan Webb Josh Westermann Jason Whitehead Thomas Whittaker Josh Williams Kiki Willis Z Steve Zakuani Ben Zemanski Derek Zuniga Sources "USL Statistical Archives". uslsoccer.com. United Soccer Leagues. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. 2010 Cleveland Internationals stats 2009 Cleveland Internationals stats 2008 Cleveland Internationals stats 2007 Cleveland Internationals stats 2006 Cleveland Internationals stats 2005 Cleveland Internationals stats References ^ "Aaron Adkins - Cleveland State University". Csuvikings.com. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "Tiffin University Athletics". Tiffin.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-05-31. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "GoBEARCATS.COM Dan Cooperider Bio - University Of Cincinnati Official Athletic Site University Of Cincinnati". Gobearcats.com. Archived from the original on 2015-06-17. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ Archived September 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ ^ "U.S. Soccer Development Academy". Demosphere.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "Gordon Athletics". Gordon.edu. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "Cameron Jordan Bio - Indiana University Official Athletic Site". Cstv.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "Francis Marion". Archived from the original on 2010-04-05. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "Mike Mangotic Bio University of South Carolina Official Athletic Site". Cstv.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "Malone Hires Chris Carmichael As New Men's Soccer Coach". Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved September 29, 2010. ^ "U.S. Soccer Development Academy". Demosphere.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ Archived September 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Hiram College". Hiram.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "Danny Mortemore". WMUBroncos.com. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "Patrick Murray - Furman". Furmanpaladins.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ ^ "U.S. Soccer Development Academy". Demosphere.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "U.S. Soccer Development Academy". Demosphere.com. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "Tiffin University Athletics". Tiffin.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-05-31. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ ^ ^ "Brad Stuver - Cleveland State University". Csuvikings.com. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "Admir Suljevic - Cleveland State University". Csuvikings.com. Retrieved 2015-02-18. ^ "Josh Williams - Cleveland State University". Csuvikings.com. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cleveland_Internationals.png"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Internationals"},{"link_name":"USL Premier Development League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Premier_Development_League"},{"link_name":"US Open Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_Cup"}],"text":"This list comprises all players who participated in at least one league match for Cleveland Internationals since the team's first season in the USL Premier Development League in 2004 until their last in 2010. Players who were on the roster but never played a first team game are not listed; players who appeared for the team in other competitions (US Open Cup, etc.) but never actually made a USL appearance are noted at the bottom of the page where appropriate.","title":"All-time Cleveland Internationals roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Aaron Adkins[1]\n Todd Alexander","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Marc Burch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Burch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Evan Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Bush"}],"text":"Kevin Balkanloo\n Jacob Banas\n Danny Bartulovic\n Christopher Binder\n Cameron Boyd\n Mitch Boyer\n Elliot Bradbrook\n Jon Brickman\n Marc Burch\n Evan Bush","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mike Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Crane"}],"text":"Rhys Cannella[2]\n Patrick Coleman\n Oliver Condell\n Carl Contrasciere\n Dan Cooperider[3]\n Brian Cothern[4]\n Mike Crane","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"George Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Davis_(soccer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Matt Dagilis[5]\n Nathan Darr\n George Davis\n Jeff Demarchi\n Matthew Demarchi\n Anthony Dibello\n Brian Donovan\n Christopher Dore\n Tony Dore","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Allan Eller","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"}],"text":"Alexander Fatovic\n Braden Fleak\n Manuel Conde Fuentes","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Steve Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gillespie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Sam Galloway\n Steve Gillespie\n Johnny Grebenc\n Chris Green\n Ryan Greenhill\n Shawn Gross[6]\n Josh Grossman","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Matt Horth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Horth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Jordan Haggit\n Ryan Hall\n Nick Harpel\n Bryan Henson\n Zachary Hiltner\n Matt Horth[7]\n Christian Huelsman","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Cameron Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Cameron Jordan[8]\n Mario Jurcic","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Steve Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Kane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dustin Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Kirby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"William Kletzien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Kletzien&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chris Korb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Korb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Steve Kane\n Byron Kaverman\n George Kephart\n Justin Kibler[9]\n Rick King Jr.\n Dustin Kirby\n William Kletzien\n Matthew Kmetz\n Thoms Kolba Jr.\n Chris Korb\n Chris Koy","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Tony Labudovski\n Zack Lewis\n Chris Loughlin\n Sam Luffy","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Judson McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judson_McKinney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jared Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jared_Miller_(soccer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Justin Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Morrow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"}],"text":"David Maier\n Justin Mancine\n Mike Mangotic[10]\n Phil Mansell\n Michael Marich\n Geoff Marsh\n Lucas Martorana[11]\n Matthew Mason\n Mike Matlock[12]\n Shakir McCoy\n Devin McKenney\n Judson McKinney\n Aasund Michalsen\n Nathaniel Milhoan[13]\n Jared Miller\n Ryan Minick[14]\n Dejan Mladenovic\n Joe Moore\n Justin Morrow\n Danny Mortemore[15]\n Vlad Muresan\n Abrim Mueller\n Patrick Murray[16]\n Yoram Mwila","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Darlington 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Nugent","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Michael O'Neill[20]\n Kwame Oduro\n Stefan Ostergren[21]\n Richard Ott","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Nicholas Parianos\n Kevin Pitorak\n Anthony Ponikvar[22]\n Matthew Preyss","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Adam 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United Soccer Leagues. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010.\n2010 Cleveland Internationals stats\n2009 Cleveland Internationals stats\n2008 Cleveland Internationals stats\n2007 Cleveland Internationals stats\n2006 Cleveland Internationals stats\n2005 Cleveland Internationals stats","title":"Sources"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkirch
Umkirch
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Church","4 Economy and infrastructure","5 Politics","5.1 Mayors","5.2 District Council","5.3 Sister cities","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°01′58″N 07°45′49″E / 48.03278°N 7.76361°E / 48.03278; 7.76361Municipality in Baden-Württemberg, GermanyUmkirch MunicipalityAerial view Coat of armsLocation of Umkirch within Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald district Umkirch Show map of GermanyUmkirch Show map of Baden-WürttembergCoordinates: 48°01′58″N 07°45′49″E / 48.03278°N 7.76361°E / 48.03278; 7.76361CountryGermanyStateBaden-WürttembergAdmin. regionFreiburg DistrictBreisgau-Hochschwarzwald Government • Mayor (2018–26) Walter LaubArea • Total8.72 km2 (3.37 sq mi)Elevation219 m (719 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total5,954 • Density680/km2 (1,800/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes79224Dialling codes07665Vehicle registrationFRWebsitewww.umkirch.de Umkirch (Low Alemannic: Umkilche) is a municipality in the district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located around 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of Freiburg im Breisgau. Geography Umkirch lies in the Upper Rhine Plain about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of Freiburg. The municipality includes: the village of Umkirch; the Dachswangen Farm and Mill (Dachswanger Mühle); and the former settlements of Rendelshusen and Betlinshusen. It is bordered on the south and east by Freiburg, on the north by March, and on the west by Gottenheim. History The settlement has existed since Roman times (about 100 BC) and was called Latin: Ecclesia in Undis (Church beneath the Waves - maybe because of the two small streams that pass through the village). Sigillat shards and coins have been found and the church was built on top of a Roman building, as a part of its wall was found. When the Romans left in sixth century, Alemanni clans settled in Umkirch, ruled by the Lords of Üsenberg, a noble family, and later by the Kageneck family. Umkirch is first mentioned in the historical record in 1087 in a document about the exchange of the priory of St. Ulrich between the Bishop of Basel, Burkard, and Cluny Abbey in France. A witness present at the deal is named as "Humbert de Untkilcha". In 1270, Umkirch was given to the knight Dietrich Snewlin, later to several others, among them Martin Malterer, the count palatines of Tübingen and Flora Countess of Wrbna, until it was given to Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden. In 1806, Umkirch became part of the district of Freiburg. The village of Dachswangen became part of Umkirch in 1924. On April 20, 1945, Umkirch was occupied by the French after World War II and was administered by governor Pierre Pène. During World War I, Umkirch lost twenty-one citizens, during World War II, thirty citizens. Twelve others are recorded as missing in action. Church The first church in Umkirch was built by a Frankish magistrate, called Centenarius Elilant. He was also called "Hunde" (meaning leader of a hundred). Apparently this name was given to the village: Hundechilche, meaning "Hunde's Church". The church of Umkirch dates back to the second half of the eleventh century. It is one of the oldest churches in Breisgau. The church was mentioned first in a letter, dated April 14, 1139 from Pope Innocent II, to Basel. Economy and infrastructure Umkirch is adjacent to the Freiburg-Mitte interchange of the Bundesautobahn 5, which connects with the Bundesstraße 31 (B31) east to Freiburg. The connection west was to Main Street through the village with resultant traffic challenges, but the B31 bypass was built in sections opened in 2007 and 2012, leading the major part of the traffic around the village. The church of Umkirch The palace of the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (private property) Politics Mayors (with the year they first assumed office) 2002 Walter Laub 1986 Ulrich Greschkovitz 1959 Franz Heitzler 1946 Serafin Frieder 1946 Franz Spiegelhalter 1945 Anton Hirzle 1941 Serafin Risch 1935 Theodor Knoll 1920 Wilhelm Hirzle 1900 Johann Kirner 1870 Franz Xaver Spiegelhalter 1862 Josef Hercher 1859 Mathias Hirzle 1832 Johann Schweitzer/Schweizer District Council The local elections on May 25, 2014 with a turnout of 46.3% (2009: 52.5%) had the following results: Party / List Percentage of vote +/−* Seats +/−* CDU 33% -5.8 5 seats -1 UBU1 21.6% -7.3 3 seats -1 SPD 21.7% -4.9 3 seats ±0 FWU2 23.6% +17.6 3 seats +2 * Change from 2009     1 Unabhängige Bürgerliste Umkirch;     2 Freie Wähler Umkirch Sister cities Bruges, Gironde, France; since 1989 References ^ Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse, Staatsanzeiger, accessed 11 September 2021. ^ "Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2022" (CSV) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg. June 2023. Kremp, Vinzenz: Geschichte des Dorfes Umkirch, in 2 Halbbänden 1981 und 1984 Kremp, Vinzent: Heimat und Bild: Umkirch: Ein Streifzug durch Geschichte und Gegenwart, Schönbergverleg External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Umkirch. Official website (in German) Umkirch: History and images (in German) vteTowns and municipalities in Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald (district) Au Auggen Badenweiler Bad Krozingen Ballrechten-Dottingen Bötzingen Bollschweil Breisach Breitnau Buchenbach Buggingen Ebringen Ehrenkirchen Eichstetten am Kaiserstuhl Eisenbach Eschbach Feldberg Friedenweiler Glottertal Gottenheim Gundelfingen Hartheim am Rhein Heitersheim Heuweiler Hinterzarten Horben Ihringen Kirchzarten Lenzkirch Löffingen March Merdingen Merzhausen Müllheim Münstertal Neuenburg am Rhein Oberried Pfaffenweiler Schallstadt Schluchsee Sölden Sankt Märgen Sankt Peter Staufen Stegen Sulzburg Titisee-Neustadt Umkirch Vogtsburg Wittnau Coat of arms Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Pleiades
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Low Alemannic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald"},{"link_name":"Baden-Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Freiburg im Breisgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau"}],"text":"Municipality in Baden-Württemberg, GermanyUmkirch (Low Alemannic: Umkilche) is a municipality in the district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located around 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of Freiburg im Breisgau.","title":"Umkirch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upper Rhine Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Rhine_Plain"},{"link_name":"March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March,_Breisgau"},{"link_name":"Gottenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottenheim"}],"text":"Umkirch lies in the Upper Rhine Plain about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of Freiburg. The municipality includes: the village of Umkirch; the Dachswangen Farm and Mill (Dachswanger Mühle); and the former settlements of Rendelshusen and Betlinshusen. It is bordered on the south and east by Freiburg, on the north by March, and on the west by Gottenheim.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Sigillat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_sigillata"},{"link_name":"shards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherd"},{"link_name":"Alemanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanni"},{"link_name":"priory of St. Ulrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ulrich%27s_Priory_in_the_Black_Forest"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Cluny Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluny_Abbey"},{"link_name":"count palatines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_palatine"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"Stephanie of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_de_Beauharnais"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The settlement has existed since Roman times (about 100 BC) and was called Latin: Ecclesia in Undis (Church beneath the Waves - maybe because of the two small streams that pass through the village). Sigillat shards and coins have been found and the church was built on top of a Roman building, as a part of its wall was found. When the Romans left in sixth century, Alemanni clans settled in Umkirch, ruled by the Lords of Üsenberg, a noble family, and later by the Kageneck family.Umkirch is first mentioned in the historical record in 1087 in a document about the exchange of the priory of St. Ulrich between the Bishop of Basel, Burkard, and Cluny Abbey in France. A witness present at the deal is named as \"Humbert de Untkilcha\". In 1270, Umkirch was given to the knight Dietrich Snewlin, later to several others, among them Martin Malterer, the count palatines of Tübingen and Flora Countess of Wrbna, until it was given to Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden. In 1806, Umkirch became part of the district of Freiburg. The village of Dachswangen became part of Umkirch in 1924.On April 20, 1945, Umkirch was occupied by the French after World War II and was administered by governor Pierre Pène. During World War I, Umkirch lost twenty-one citizens, during World War II, thirty citizens. Twelve others are recorded as missing in action.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Breisgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breisgau"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"}],"text":"The first church in Umkirch was built by a Frankish magistrate, called Centenarius Elilant. He was also called \"Hunde\" (meaning leader of a hundred). Apparently this name was given to the village: Hundechilche, meaning \"Hunde's Church\".\nThe church of Umkirch dates back to the second half of the eleventh century. It is one of the oldest churches in Breisgau. The church was mentioned first in a letter, dated April 14, 1139 from Pope Innocent II, to Basel.","title":"Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundesautobahn 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_5"},{"link_name":"Bundesstraße 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe_31"},{"link_name":"bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_(road)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mari%C3%A4_Aufnahme_(Umkirch)_4929.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferfried_Prinz_von_Hohenzollern_Geburtshaus_Schloss_Umkirch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen"}],"text":"Umkirch is adjacent to the Freiburg-Mitte interchange of the Bundesautobahn 5, which connects with the Bundesstraße 31 (B31) east to Freiburg. The connection west was to Main Street through the village with resultant traffic challenges, but the B31 bypass was built in sections opened in 2007 and 2012, leading the major part of the traffic around the village.The church of Umkirch\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe palace of the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (private property)","title":"Economy and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mayors","text":"(with the year they first assumed office)2002 Walter Laub\n1986 Ulrich Greschkovitz\n1959 Franz Heitzler\n1946 Serafin Frieder\n1946 Franz Spiegelhalter\n1945 Anton Hirzle\n1941 Serafin Risch\n1935 Theodor Knoll\n1920 Wilhelm Hirzle\n1900 Johann Kirner\n1870 Franz Xaver Spiegelhalter\n1862 Josef Hercher\n1859 Mathias Hirzle\n1832 Johann Schweitzer/Schweizer","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District Council","text":"The local elections on May 25, 2014 with a turnout of 46.3% (2009: 52.5%) had the following results:* Change from 2009     1 Unabhängige Bürgerliste Umkirch;    \n2 Freie Wähler Umkirch","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges,_Gironde"},{"link_name":"Gironde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gironde"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"sub_title":"Sister cities","text":"Bruges, Gironde, France; since 1989","title":"Politics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Ridyard
Alf Ridyard
["1 References","2 External links"]
English footballer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Alf Ridyard" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Alfred Ridyard (5 March 1908 – 1981) was an English professional footballer, active between 1930 and 1947. Ridyard was originally from Cudworth. He started his footballing career for Barnsley as a Centre Half between 1930 and 1931. He then moved to West Bromwich Albion where he stayed until 1936. In 1937 he joined Queen's Park Rangers where he rose to become team captain. In the 1939–1940 season he played for Tunbridge Wells Rangers F.C. probably as a guest player. He remained with Queen's Park Rangers until ten years later when he finished his playing career in 1947. In World War II he worked with the Metropolitan Police, 6 months CID, and also played for Queen's Park Rangers and West Ham United in wartime games. In the twilight of his playing career in 1947 Ridyard made a dramatic comeback at the age of 40 and captained Rangers in the vital last games to win promotion to Division 2, which at the time was the equivalent to the Championship. He continued to be involved with the club for many years after he stopped playing including roles as Chief Scout and Assistant Manager to Jack Taylor. Ridyard died in 1981 in Sandwell. References ^ a b c "Alf Ridyard". Barry Hugman's Footballers. Retrieved 17 May 2024. ^ Hogg, Tony (1995). West Ham Who's Who. London: Independent UK Sports publications. p. 223. ISBN 1-899429-01-8. External links Images of Sport Queen's Park Rangers football club. Compiled by Tony Williamson. Tempus Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7524-1604-9 This biographical article related to association football in England, about a defender born in the 1900s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma
Visma
["1 Øystein Moan (CEO -2020)","2 Corporate history","3 Sponsorship","4 References"]
Norwegian software and IT company This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Visma" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) VismaCompany typePrivateIndustryComputer softwareGenreBusiness software providerFoundedOslo, Norway (1996 (1996))HeadquartersOslo, NorwayNumber of locationsNorway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Austria, Latvia, Romania, Lithuania, Poland, Spain, Belgium, Ireland, Estonia, Hungary, Slovakia, United Kingdom and South AmericaArea servedEuropeKey peopleMerete Hverven, CEO Øystein Moan, executive chairmanProductsBusiness softwareIT consultancyE-government solutionsRevenue 18.68 billion NOK (2020)OwnerHgCapital (49%)Cinven (17%)Intermediate Capital Group (8%)Montagu Private Equity (6%)Management (7%)Number of employees12,500 (2020)DivisionsSMB, enterprise, cloud infrastructure services, custom solutions, and commerce solutionsSubsidiaries24 ActiveWebsitewww.visma.com Visma is a privately held company headquartered in Oslo, Norway, that provides business software and information technology-related development and consultancy. The majority of the company is owned by HgCapital, a private equity firm. The company was formed in 1996 in Norway, through the merging of Multisoft, SpecTec and Dovre Information Systems. The group comprises five business areas: SMB, enterprise, custom solutions, cloud infrastructure services and commerce solutions. Services also include web-based accounting and invoicing, and customer relationship management. The Visma group operates across the entire Nordic region along with Benelux, Central and Eastern Europe. Øystein Moan (CEO -2020) Visma CEO, Øystein Moan (born 1959), earned an MSc in computer science at the University of Oslo. Prior to Visma, Moan was the founder and managing director of Cinet AS. After becoming CEO of the Visma Group in 1997, he grew the company from 300 to 8,500 employees and increased the revenue from NOK 250 million to NOK 11,389 billion (2018 figures). In 2020, Moan was succeeded by Merete Hverven. Corporate history 1996: The Visma Group had its first year of operations and was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. Shortly after listing, Visma started operating as a public company. MultiSoft ASA, SpecTec ASA and Dovre Information Systems AS merged. They had three key products: SpecTec (marine), Visma Logistics and Visma Business. 1997: Due to growth ambitions that exceeded the company's resources, the company experienced a financial crisis in the year's second quarter. The company had to be re-financed and re-structured and most of the management and the Board of Directors were replaced. The turnaround: Øystein Moan joined as CEO and a new strategy was put into action. The new board managed to raise MNOK100 in new share-capital but had to lay off 1/3 of its staff. 1999: Visma established subsidiaries in Denmark and United Kingdom. The company made its first step towards SaaS launching Visma Business e-commerce and starting work on developing web and WAP extensions of all the Visma applications. 2000: The major event of 2000 was the sale of Visma Marine ASA's operations to Dutch company Station12. Visma received a cash payment of MNOK730. The considerable financial resources was used to generate vigorous growth. The new strategy was to offer both software and outsourcing within accounting, finance and payroll. 2001: Visma acquired Spcs  (formerly Scandinavian PC Systems), the Swedish market leader within the small business segment. Later in the year, the company entered the Finnish market through the acquisition of Liinos. 2002: With the Spcs developed software “Avendo”, Visma entered the Norwegian micro market. The BPO division entered the Danish market through the acquisition of Bogholderi & Administrasjon and the acquisition of Møre Datasystemer saw Visma enter the public sector. 2003: Visma entered major cooperation agreements with Norway's largest bank (DNB) and the national postal service. 2004: Visma established an electronic data center in Oslo, which processed 2 million incoming invoices in 2005. The company also made big strides in the public sector with debt collection and temp services added to the portfolio. 2005: There was steady growth – both organically and through eleven acquisitions. Visma's Management Trainee program was initiated. 2006–2008: Visma entered the Dutch market through the acquisition of software company AccountView. A change of ownership saw British private equity firm HgCapital become the new majority owner. HgCapital de-listed Visma from the Oslo Stock Exchange. 2009: The company's Retail IT division was established, providing retail businesses with hardware and implementation to consultancy and support. This was also the year Visma's signature headquarter building in Skøyen, Oslo was completed ready to house 800 + of the company's Norwegian staff. Visma reached 10,000 SaaS users and became Finland's second largest accounting firm. 2010: KKR acquired a 76.9% ownership in Visma. At the time, the transaction valued Visma at an enterprise value of NOK11 billion. Visma was KKR's first investment in Norway. HgCapital, the previous majority owner of Visma, retained a significant minority ownership of 17.7% Management of Visma increased its ownership in the business to 5.3%. Earlier that year, Visma entered the IT consultancy market in Norway, Sweden and Denmark through the acquisition of Sirius IT. 2011: In Norway, Visma acquired Mamut, its rival in the micro segment. Included in the acquisition was an international web hosting company Active24. 2012: Visma launched Visma.net – for small and medium-sized businesses. At the launch, the suite included ERP, CRM and Expense Management. Later that year, Visma introduced Net Promoter Score – a renowned customer satisfaction and nurturing program. 2013: Visma signed its biggest deal to date to develop administrative and communication solutions for Norwegian schools. Through the acquisition of the Duetto Group, Visma entered the Finnish debt collection market. 2014: Visma widened its shareholder base to include Cinven and was valued at NOK21 billion. The new owner structure became Cinven, HgCapital and KKR with 31.3% ownership each, and the Visma management with 6% ownership. 2015: Visma established a new business unit – Visma Employee Management – dedicated to payroll and HRM outsourcing services. Visma also conducted several major acquisitions: e-conomic (DK), SpeedLedger (SE), Huldt & Lillevik(NO), PBJ (DK), Viklo Oy (FI), Aditro Public (SE), Digital Booker (FI) and Abalon (SE). 2016: Visma sold its BPO-division (outsourced accounting, payroll and HR services) to HgCapital to focus on its position as a cloud software company for business customers. Visma also acquired 20+ cloud software companies all over Europe. 2017: Through acquiring Bluegarden, Visma's largest acquisition to date, the company gained a significant position in the Danish payroll segment. During the year, Visma acquired a total of 12 companies, among them were Admincontrol, Megaflex Oy and NYCE solutions, expanding its offering in several new business areas. In June 2017, Visma's shareholder structure changed after KKR sold its entire remaining stake in Visma to an investor group led by HgCapital together with GIC, Montagu and ICG. 2018: Visma acquired Raet, a large Dutch enterprise providing payroll and HCM (Human Capital Management) software. 2019: Visma had a total turnover of NOK 16,500,000,000. 2020: Visma acquired Yuki, a Dutch bookkeeping software platform. 2021: Visma acquired ProSaldo.net, an Austrian bookkeeping and billing software platform, and Holded, a Spanish ERP and accounting company. 2022: Visma acquired Dutch financial software company Lyanthe and Belgian software developers IonProjects and Teamleader. In May 2022, Visma announced the acquisition of Danish time registration system Intempus. Visma sold one of its Lithuanian subsidiaries to CVC Capital Partners. The remaining one is Visma's external programming service, based in Vilnius CBD. 2023: Visma acquired German financial software companies H&H and Buchungsbutler. Sponsorship Visma has been the title sponsor of Visma Ski Classics, a long distance ski championship, since 2015. In 2018, Visma signed a five-year sponsorship deal with the professional road cycling team Team-Jumbo Visma, which was one of the teams that competed in the UCI World Tour. As Visma was one of the team's two named sponsors, the team had entered the 2019 season under its new name Team Jumbo-Visma. The team won the 2022 Tour de France with Jonas Vingegaard, the 2023 Giro d'Italia with Primož Roglič, the 2023 Tour de France with Jonas Vingegaard, and the 2023 Vuelta a España with Sepp Kuss. It also took the Green Jersey in Le Tour de France Femmes with Marianne Vos. Following the change of the CEO at Jumbo and its subsequent withdrawal from World Tour cycling sponsorship, from the beginning of the 2024 season, Visma took over as the primary sponsor for the team now called Visma Lease a Bike. References ^ Nair, Dinesh (2021-09-09). "Software Firm Visma Draws New Investors at $19 Billion Value". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2022-04-19. ^ "UPDATE 2-Norway's Visma eyes 2023 IPO after share sale values firm at $19 bln". Reuters. September 10, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2022. ^ "Norwegian software firm Visma steps up M&A in the Netherlands". www.consultancy.eu. 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2023-04-26. ^ "Norwegian software firm Visma steps up M&A in the Netherlands". www.consultancy.eu. 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2022-02-01. ^ a b "Visma Embarks on a Digital Transformation Journey to Boost Efficiency". cts.co. Retrieved 2022-02-01. ^ a b "Norwegian cloud software firm Visma acquires Lyanthe to automatic invoice processing". Silicon Canals. 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2022-06-07. ^ a b Taylor, Dan (2022-06-23). "Visma acquires Belgium's Teamleader as it further strengthens its market position". Tech.eu. Retrieved 2022-06-28. ^ "Group structure Visma". Autumn 2018 – via Visma. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Hoeffnagel, Wouter (2019-12-16). "Merete Hverven volgt Øystein Moan op als CEO van Visma". Dutch IT Channel (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-04-19. ^ Annasha (2021-09-22). "Visma - A Leading Software Company In The Nordic Region And Europe". Your Tech Story. Retrieved 2023-02-27. ^ Visma to sell division to station 12 ^ Agreement on integration with SPCS ^ HgCapital strengthens Visma AS through the acquisition of AccountView B.V. ^ Official opening of Visma’s new headquarters in Oslo ^ KKR Agrees to Pay $935 Million for Stake in Software Maker ^ KKR to become new majority owner of Visma ^ Visma further strengthens its Nordic position through acquisition of Sirius IT ^ Visma offers to buy Mamut ^ Visma intends to make voluntary offer to acquire MAMUT ^ Visma delivers a strong quarter and launches ground-breaking cloud services ^ Visma acquires Duetto Group and enters the Finnish debt collection market ^ Visma, Valued at NOK21 Billion, Widens Shareholder Base ^ Buyout firm Cinven to invest in Norway's Visma As ^ Visma widens shareholder base. Valued at NOK21 billion ^ "The history of Visma". ^ "Divestiture of the Visma BPO division". ^ "History". www.visma.com. Retrieved 2018-09-14. ^ Brooks, Steve (2018-05-30). "Visma to buy Raet and expand presence in Netherlands". Enterprise Times. Retrieved 2022-08-09. ^ "Organisation". www.visma.com. Retrieved 2022-06-15. ^ "Yuki Works B.V., Acquired by Visma Oy on August 4th, 2020 | Mergr". mergr.com. Retrieved 2022-06-28. ^ Taylor, Dan (2021-06-18). "Holded now held by Visma for more than €120 million". Tech.eu. Retrieved 2022-02-08. ^ "New acquisition strengthens Visma's position in the Danish SMB market". Mynewsdesk. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-09. ^ Grinkevičius, Paulius (2022-06-16). "Liuksemburgo CVC perka „Vismos" padalinį, kuriam priklauso ir dalis Lietuvos programuotojų". vz.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 2024-03-09. ^ "Visma Ski Classics". ^ "Home". Langrenn (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2022-06-15. ^ "CyclingPub.com - Team Jumbo welcomes Visma as name sponsor from 2019". www.cyclingpub.com. Retrieved 2018-12-11. vteKohlberg Kravis RobertsFounders Jerome Kohlberg Jr. Henry Kravis George R. Roberts Investments Bharti Enterprises Café Coffee Day Capsugel Laureate Education Nielsen Holdings ProSiebenSat.1 Media Sealy Corporation Seven West Media TDC A/S Toys "R" Us Visma SubsidiariesFood Arnott's Biscuits Borden Dairy Del Monte Foods Dollar General Upfield US Foods Wild Electronics Alludo BMC Software DZS Kodak Leonine Holding Northgate Public Services OverDrive Trainline Yageo Financial CICC Colonial First State (55%) First Data Industrial manufacture Colonial Pipeline Energy Future Holdings KION Group Legrand Marelli Holdings Maxeda NXP Semiconductors Oasis Shopping Centre (60%) Oriental Brewery Marelli Europe Health & retail Academy Sports + Outdoors America's Best Contacts & Eyeglasses Hospital Corporation of America Pets at Home Simon & Schuster Aladdin Atheneum Atria Publishing Group Scribner Gallery Publishing Group Pimsleur 37 INK Howard Pocket Threshold Free Press Former Aricent Borden El Paso Corp Legg Mason RJR Nabisco Related Kohlberg & Company Barbarians at the Gate (film) Category Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"privately held company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privately_held_company"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"business software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_software"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"HgCapital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HgCapital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"customer relationship management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_management"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Nordic region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_region"},{"link_name":"Benelux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"text":"Visma is a privately held company headquartered in Oslo, Norway, that provides business software and information technology-related development and consultancy.[1] The majority of the company is owned by HgCapital, a private equity firm.[2]The company was formed in 1996 in Norway,[3] through the merging of Multisoft, SpecTec and Dovre Information Systems.[4][5] The group comprises five business areas: SMB, enterprise, custom solutions, cloud infrastructure services and commerce solutions.[5] Services also include web-based accounting and invoicing, and customer relationship management.[6]The Visma group operates across the entire Nordic region along with Benelux, Central and Eastern Europe.[7]","title":"Visma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"University of Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oslo"},{"link_name":"Cinet AS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.continuous-innovation.net"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Visma CEO, Øystein Moan (born 1959), earned an MSc in computer science at the University of Oslo. Prior to Visma, Moan was the founder and managing director of Cinet AS. After becoming CEO of the Visma Group in 1997, he grew the company from 300 to 8,500 employees and increased the revenue from NOK 250 million to NOK 11,389 billion (2018 figures).[8]In 2020, Moan was succeeded by Merete Hverven.[9]","title":"Øystein Moan (CEO -2020)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oslo Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"SaaS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaaS"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Spcs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_PC_Systems"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_PC_Systems"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"DNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DnB_NORD"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"KKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Yuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yukisoftware.com/be-nl/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=branded&utm_content=yuki%20software&utm_term=yuki%20software&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=branded&utm_content=yuki%20software&utm_term=yuki%20software&kw=yu"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"ERP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"CVC Capital Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVC_Capital_Partners"},{"link_name":"Vilnius CBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_CBD"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"1996: The Visma Group had its first year of operations and was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. Shortly after listing, Visma started operating as a public company.[10] MultiSoft ASA, SpecTec ASA and Dovre Information Systems AS merged. They had three key products: SpecTec (marine), Visma Logistics and Visma Business.1997: Due to growth ambitions that exceeded the company's resources, the company experienced a financial crisis in the year's second quarter. The company had to be re-financed and re-structured and most of the management and the Board of Directors were replaced. The turnaround: Øystein Moan joined as CEO and a new strategy was put into action. The new board managed to raise MNOK100 in new share-capital but had to lay off 1/3 of its staff.1999: Visma established subsidiaries in Denmark and United Kingdom. The company made its first step towards SaaS launching Visma Business e-commerce and starting work on developing web and WAP extensions of all the Visma applications.2000: The major event of 2000 was the sale of Visma Marine ASA's operations to Dutch company Station12.[11] Visma received a cash payment of MNOK730. The considerable financial resources was used to generate vigorous growth. The new strategy was to offer both software and outsourcing within accounting, finance and payroll.2001: Visma acquired Spcs [sv] (formerly Scandinavian PC Systems), the Swedish market leader within the small business segment.[12] Later in the year, the company entered the Finnish market through the acquisition of Liinos.2002: With the Spcs developed software “Avendo”, Visma entered the Norwegian micro market. The BPO division entered the Danish market through the acquisition of Bogholderi & Administrasjon and the acquisition of Møre Datasystemer saw Visma enter the public sector.2003: Visma entered major cooperation agreements with Norway's largest bank (DNB) and the national postal service.2004: Visma established an electronic data center in Oslo, which processed 2 million incoming invoices in 2005. The company also made big strides in the public sector with debt collection and temp services added to the portfolio.2005: There was steady growth – both organically and through eleven acquisitions. Visma's Management Trainee program was initiated.2006–2008: Visma entered the Dutch market through the acquisition of software company AccountView.[13] A change of ownership saw British private equity firm HgCapital become the new majority owner. HgCapital de-listed Visma from the Oslo Stock Exchange.2009: The company's Retail IT division was established, providing retail businesses with hardware and implementation to consultancy and support. This was also the year Visma's signature headquarter building in Skøyen, Oslo was completed ready to house 800 + of the company's Norwegian staff.[14] Visma reached 10,000 SaaS users and became Finland's second largest accounting firm.2010: KKR acquired a 76.9% ownership in Visma.[15] At the time, the transaction valued Visma at an enterprise value of NOK11 billion. Visma was KKR's first investment in Norway. HgCapital, the previous majority owner of Visma, retained a significant minority ownership of 17.7% Management of Visma increased its ownership in the business to 5.3%.[16]\nEarlier that year, Visma entered the IT consultancy market in Norway, Sweden and Denmark through the acquisition of Sirius IT.[17]2011: In Norway, Visma acquired Mamut, its rival in the micro segment.[18][19] Included in the acquisition was an international web hosting company Active24.2012: Visma launched Visma.net – for small and medium-sized businesses.[20] At the launch, the suite included ERP, CRM and Expense Management. Later that year, Visma introduced Net Promoter Score – a renowned customer satisfaction and nurturing program.2013: Visma signed its biggest deal to date to develop administrative and communication solutions for Norwegian schools. Through the acquisition of the Duetto Group, Visma entered the Finnish debt collection market.[21]2014: Visma widened its shareholder base to include Cinven and was valued at NOK21 billion.[22][23] The new owner structure became Cinven, HgCapital and KKR with 31.3% ownership each, and the Visma management with 6% ownership.[24]2015: Visma established a new business unit – Visma Employee Management – dedicated to payroll and HRM outsourcing services. Visma also conducted several major acquisitions: e-conomic (DK), SpeedLedger (SE), Huldt & Lillevik(NO), PBJ (DK), Viklo Oy (FI), Aditro Public (SE), Digital Booker (FI) and Abalon (SE).[25]2016: Visma sold its BPO-division (outsourced accounting, payroll and HR services) to HgCapital to focus on its position as a cloud software company for business customers. Visma also acquired 20+ cloud software companies all over Europe.[26]2017: Through acquiring Bluegarden, Visma's largest acquisition to date, the company gained a significant position in the Danish payroll segment. During the year, Visma acquired a total of 12 companies, among them were Admincontrol, Megaflex Oy and NYCE solutions, expanding its offering in several new business areas.In June 2017, Visma's shareholder structure changed after KKR sold its entire remaining stake in Visma to an investor group led by HgCapital together with GIC, Montagu and ICG.[27]2018: Visma acquired Raet, a large Dutch enterprise providing payroll and HCM (Human Capital Management) software.[28]2019: Visma had a total turnover of NOK 16,500,000,000.[29]2020: Visma acquired Yuki, a Dutch bookkeeping software platform.[30]2021: Visma acquired ProSaldo.net, an Austrian bookkeeping and billing software platform, and Holded, a Spanish ERP and accounting company.[31]2022: Visma acquired Dutch financial software company Lyanthe and Belgian software developers IonProjects and Teamleader.[6][7] In May 2022, Visma announced the acquisition of Danish time registration system Intempus.[32] Visma sold one of its Lithuanian subsidiaries to CVC Capital Partners. The remaining one is Visma's external programming service, based in Vilnius CBD.[33]2023: Visma acquired German financial software companies H&H and Buchungsbutler.","title":"Corporate history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visma Ski Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visma_Ski_Classics"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"professional road cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"Team-Jumbo Visma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Jumbo-Visma_(men%27s_team)"},{"link_name":"UCI World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"2022 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Jonas Vingegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Vingegaard"},{"link_name":"2023 Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Primož Roglič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo%C5%BE_Rogli%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"2023 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Jonas Vingegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Vingegaard"},{"link_name":"2023 Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Sepp Kuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Kuss"},{"link_name":"Le Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_tour_de_france"},{"link_name":"Marianne Vos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Vos"}],"text":"Visma has been the title sponsor of Visma Ski Classics, a long distance ski championship, since 2015.[34][35]In 2018, Visma signed a five-year sponsorship deal with the professional road cycling team Team-Jumbo Visma, which was one of the teams that competed in the UCI World Tour. As Visma was one of the team's two named sponsors, the team had entered the 2019 season under its new name Team Jumbo-Visma.[36] The team won the 2022 Tour de France with Jonas Vingegaard, the 2023 Giro d'Italia with Primož Roglič, the 2023 Tour de France with Jonas Vingegaard, and the 2023 Vuelta a España with Sepp Kuss. It also took the Green Jersey in Le Tour de France Femmes with Marianne Vos.Following the change of the CEO at Jumbo and its subsequent withdrawal from World Tour cycling sponsorship, from the beginning of the 2024 season, Visma took over as the primary sponsor for the team now called Visma Lease a Bike.","title":"Sponsorship"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Nair, Dinesh (2021-09-09). \"Software Firm Visma Draws New Investors at $19 Billion Value\". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2022-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-09/hg-s-visma-is-said-to-draw-new-investors-at-19-billion-value","url_text":"\"Software Firm Visma Draws New Investors at $19 Billion Value\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATE 2-Norway's Visma eyes 2023 IPO after share sale values firm at $19 bln\". Reuters. September 10, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/visma-ipo-idUSL8N2QC1KW","url_text":"\"UPDATE 2-Norway's Visma eyes 2023 IPO after share sale values firm at $19 bln\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Norwegian software firm Visma steps up M&A in the Netherlands\". www.consultancy.eu. 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2023-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.consultancy.eu/news/2112/norwegian-software-firm-visma-steps-up-ma-in-the-netherlands","url_text":"\"Norwegian software firm Visma steps up M&A in the Netherlands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norwegian software firm Visma steps up M&A in the Netherlands\". www.consultancy.eu. 2018-11-27. Retrieved 2022-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.consultancy.eu/news/2112/norwegian-software-firm-visma-steps-up-ma-in-the-netherlands","url_text":"\"Norwegian software firm Visma steps up M&A in the Netherlands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visma Embarks on a Digital Transformation Journey to Boost Efficiency\". cts.co. Retrieved 2022-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://cts.co/casestudies/visma-working-with-cts-to-increase-efficiency-with-g-suite-and-gcp","url_text":"\"Visma Embarks on a Digital Transformation Journey to Boost Efficiency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norwegian cloud software firm Visma acquires Lyanthe to automatic invoice processing\". Silicon Canals. 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2022-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://siliconcanals.com/news/startups/norwegian-visma-acquires-lyanthe/","url_text":"\"Norwegian cloud software firm Visma acquires Lyanthe to automatic invoice processing\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Dan (2022-06-23). \"Visma acquires Belgium's Teamleader as it further strengthens its market position\". Tech.eu. Retrieved 2022-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://tech.eu/2022/06/23/visma-acquires-belgiums-teamleader-as-it-further-strengthens-its-market-position/","url_text":"\"Visma acquires Belgium's Teamleader as it further strengthens its market position\""}]},{"reference":"\"Group structure Visma\". Autumn 2018 – via Visma.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visma.com/about-visma/organisation/the-visma-group/","url_text":"\"Group structure Visma\""}]},{"reference":"Hoeffnagel, Wouter (2019-12-16). \"Merete Hverven volgt Øystein Moan op als CEO van Visma\". Dutch IT Channel (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchitchannel.nl/636660/merete-hverven-benoemd-tot-ceo-van-visma.html","url_text":"\"Merete Hverven volgt Øystein Moan op als CEO van Visma\""}]},{"reference":"Annasha (2021-09-22). \"Visma - A Leading Software Company In The Nordic Region And Europe\". Your Tech Story. Retrieved 2023-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yourtechstory.com/2021/09/22/visma-a-leading-software-company-in-the-nordic-region-and-europe/","url_text":"\"Visma - A Leading Software Company In The Nordic Region And Europe\""}]},{"reference":"\"The history of Visma\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visma.com/about-visma/history/","url_text":"\"The history of Visma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Divestiture of the Visma BPO division\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visma.com/press-releases/divestiture-bpo/","url_text":"\"Divestiture of the Visma BPO division\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". www.visma.com. Retrieved 2018-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visma.com/about-visma/history/","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Steve (2018-05-30). \"Visma to buy Raet and expand presence in Netherlands\". Enterprise Times. Retrieved 2022-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enterprisetimes.co.uk/2018/05/30/visma-to-buy-raet-and-expand-presence-in-netherlands/","url_text":"\"Visma to buy Raet and expand presence in Netherlands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Organisation\". www.visma.com. Retrieved 2022-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visma.com/organisation/","url_text":"\"Organisation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yuki Works B.V., Acquired by Visma Oy on August 4th, 2020 | Mergr\". mergr.com. Retrieved 2022-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://mergr.com/yuki-works-b.v.-acquired-by-visma-oy","url_text":"\"Yuki Works B.V., Acquired by Visma Oy on August 4th, 2020 | Mergr\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Dan (2021-06-18). \"Holded now held by Visma for more than €120 million\". Tech.eu. Retrieved 2022-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://tech.eu/2021/06/18/holded-now-held-by-visma-for-e120-million/","url_text":"\"Holded now held by Visma for more than €120 million\""}]},{"reference":"\"New acquisition strengthens Visma's position in the Danish SMB market\". Mynewsdesk. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/visma/pressreleases/new-acquisition-strengthens-vismas-position-in-the-danish-smb-market-3180154","url_text":"\"New acquisition strengthens Visma's position in the Danish SMB market\""}]},{"reference":"Grinkevičius, Paulius (2022-06-16). \"Liuksemburgo CVC perka „Vismos\" padalinį, kuriam priklauso ir dalis Lietuvos programuotojų\". vz.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 2024-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vz.lt/inovacijos/technologijos/2022/06/16/liuksemburgo-cvc-perka-vismos-padalini-kuriam-priklauso-ir-dalis-lietuvos-programuotoju","url_text":"\"Liuksemburgo CVC perka „Vismos\" padalinį, kuriam priklauso ir dalis Lietuvos programuotojų\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visma Ski Classics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visma.com/vismaskiclassics/","url_text":"\"Visma Ski Classics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Langrenn (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2022-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.langrenn.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"CyclingPub.com - Team Jumbo welcomes Visma as name sponsor from 2019\". www.cyclingpub.com. Retrieved 2018-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingpub.com/article/5011/Team+Jumbo+welcomes+Visma+as+name+sponsor+from+2019","url_text":"\"CyclingPub.com - Team Jumbo welcomes Visma as name sponsor from 2019\""}]}]
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A Leading Software Company In The Nordic Region And Europe\""},{"Link":"http://www.telecompaper.com/news/visma-to-sell-division-to-station-12--229044","external_links_name":"Visma to sell division to station 12"},{"Link":"http://www.visma.com/globalassets/global/visma.com/notices/archive-1998-2006/807552_5.html/","external_links_name":"Agreement on integration with SPCS"},{"Link":"http://www.hgcapital.com/news/hgcapital-strengthens-visma-through-acquisition-accountview-bv","external_links_name":"HgCapital strengthens Visma AS through the acquisition of AccountView B.V."},{"Link":"http://www.visma.com/press-releases/archive/Archive/16062009--official-opening-of-vismas-new-headquarters-in-oslo-1/","external_links_name":"Official opening of Visma’s new headquarters in Oslo"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-09-26/kkr-agrees-to-pay-935-million-for-stake-in-norwegian-software-maker-visma","external_links_name":"KKR Agrees to Pay $935 Million for Stake in Software Maker"},{"Link":"http://www.visma.com/press-releases/archive/Archive/26092010--kkr-to-become-new-majority-owner-of-visma-1/","external_links_name":"KKR to become new majority owner of Visma"},{"Link":"http://www.visma.com/press-releases/archive/Archive/10062010---visma-further-strengthens-its-nordic-position-through-acquisition-of-sirius-it-1/","external_links_name":"Visma further strengthens its Nordic position through acquisition of Sirius IT"},{"Link":"http://www.accountancyage.com/aa/news/2077169/visma-offer-buyout-mamut","external_links_name":"Visma offers to buy Mamut"},{"Link":"http://www.visma.com/press-releases/archive/Archive/09062011---visma-intends-to-make-voluntary-offer-to-acquire-mamut-1/","external_links_name":"Visma intends to make voluntary offer to acquire MAMUT"},{"Link":"http://www.visma.com/press-releases/archive/Archive/10092012---vismanet-is-vismas-complete-business-solution-in-the-cloud-tailor-made-for-the-future/","external_links_name":"Visma delivers a strong quarter and launches ground-breaking cloud services"},{"Link":"http://www.visma.com/press-releases/archive/Archive/14082013---visma-acquires-duetto-group-and-enters-the-finnish-debt-collection-market/","external_links_name":"Visma acquires Duetto Group and enters the Finnish debt collection market"},{"Link":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/visma-valued-at-nok-21-billion-widens-shareholder-base-2014-04-28","external_links_name":"Visma, Valued at NOK21 Billion, Widens Shareholder Base"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/visma-cinven-idUSL6N0NK1HF20140428","external_links_name":"Buyout firm Cinven to invest in Norway's Visma As"},{"Link":"http://www.visma.com/press-releases/visma-widens-shareholder-base.-valued-at-nok-21-billion./","external_links_name":"Visma widens shareholder base. Valued at NOK21 billion"},{"Link":"https://www.visma.com/about-visma/history/","external_links_name":"\"The history of Visma\""},{"Link":"https://www.visma.com/press-releases/divestiture-bpo/","external_links_name":"\"Divestiture of the Visma BPO division\""},{"Link":"https://www.visma.com/about-visma/history/","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://www.enterprisetimes.co.uk/2018/05/30/visma-to-buy-raet-and-expand-presence-in-netherlands/","external_links_name":"\"Visma to buy Raet and expand presence in Netherlands\""},{"Link":"https://www.visma.com/organisation/","external_links_name":"\"Organisation\""},{"Link":"https://mergr.com/yuki-works-b.v.-acquired-by-visma-oy","external_links_name":"\"Yuki Works B.V., Acquired by Visma Oy on August 4th, 2020 | Mergr\""},{"Link":"https://tech.eu/2021/06/18/holded-now-held-by-visma-for-e120-million/","external_links_name":"\"Holded now held by Visma for more than €120 million\""},{"Link":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/visma/pressreleases/new-acquisition-strengthens-vismas-position-in-the-danish-smb-market-3180154","external_links_name":"\"New acquisition strengthens Visma's position in the Danish SMB market\""},{"Link":"https://www.vz.lt/inovacijos/technologijos/2022/06/16/liuksemburgo-cvc-perka-vismos-padalini-kuriam-priklauso-ir-dalis-lietuvos-programuotoju","external_links_name":"\"Liuksemburgo CVC perka „Vismos\" padalinį, kuriam priklauso ir dalis Lietuvos programuotojų\""},{"Link":"https://www.visma.com/vismaskiclassics/","external_links_name":"\"Visma Ski Classics\""},{"Link":"https://www.langrenn.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingpub.com/article/5011/Team+Jumbo+welcomes+Visma+as+name+sponsor+from+2019","external_links_name":"\"CyclingPub.com - Team Jumbo welcomes Visma as name sponsor from 2019\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5505149198337774940000","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Drapeau_station
Jean-Drapeau station
["1 Overview","1.1 Accessibility","1.2 Artwork","2 Connecting bus routes","3 Nearby points of interest","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°30′45″N 73°31′59″W / 45.51250°N 73.53306°W / 45.51250; -73.53306Montreal Metro station Jean-DrapeauGeneral informationLocation170 rue Ste-HélèneMontreal, QuebecCanadaCoordinates45°30′45″N 73°31′59″W / 45.51250°N 73.53306°W / 45.51250; -73.53306Operated bySociété de transport de MontréalConnections  Société de transport de MontréalConstructionDepth4.6 metres (15 feet 1 inch), 60th deepestAccessibleYesArchitectJean DumontierOther informationFare zoneARTM: AHistoryOpened1 April 1967Passengers20231,504,615  19.99%Rank55 of 68 Services Preceding station Montreal Metro Following station Berri–UQAMTerminus Yellow Line LongueuilTerminus Location Jean-Drapeau station is a Montreal Metro station in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) and serves the Yellow Line. It is situated on the Saint Helen's Island in the Saint Lawrence River. Overview The station was constructed in open cut as part of the enlargement of Saint Helen's Island to host Expo 67. The official opening of the station took place on April 1, 1967. In the first four weeks, it served only the construction workers of the Expo site. Île Sainte-Hélène station finally opened to the public on April 28, 1967, the day after the official opening of Expo 67. The station was designed to handle large crowds, with a side platform design and large staircases to a ground level concourse. During Expo 67, the station handled over 60,000 passengers an hour. The station now serves the various attractions on Saint Helen's Island and Notre Dame Island - including Jean-Drapeau Park, the La Ronde amusement park and the Montreal Casino, as well as events like the Canadian Grand Prix at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve. This station was the least busy in the network in 2020 and 2021, with the COVID-19 pandemic closing and later reducing the capacity of most of these points of interest. In May 2001, the station was renamed Jean-Drapeau after Jean Drapeau, mayor of Montreal from 1954 to 1957 and 1960 to 1986, who is often given credit for the construction of the Metro, and for securing both Expo 67 and the 1976 Summer Olympics. The park in which the station sits had been renamed Parc Jean-Drapeau in 1999. Accessibility The station was made accessible in November 2019 with the construction of two elevators. Despite being one of the lesser used stations on the network, elevators were installed due to low technical complexity and low cost of installation. As of 2022, none of the other stations on the Yellow line are accessible. This effectively negates the elevator’s purpose. However, construction work is currently underway at Berri-UQAM to allow accessible access to the Yellow line platforms, and in turn, the rest of the system. Artwork Mural by Jean Dumontier Painted concrete murals by the station architect Jean Dumontier depict the mythological Titan Atlas holding up the roof of the station. Dumontier was the first architect of the metro to create his own artworks for stations of his own design. In 1997, the operator of the Lisbon Metro gifted a granite sculpture by Portuguese artist João Charters de Almeida  to the STM, to commemorate 30 years since the opening of the Montreal Metro and Expo 67, as well as the Portuguese community in the city. However, the 19 m (62 ft 4 in) high artwork was too large for any metro station. The artwork was installed instead in Parc Jean-Drapeau, located close to the station on Île Sainte-Hélène. Connecting bus routes Société de transport de Montréal Route 767 La Ronde / Station Jean-Drapeau 768 Plage Jean Doré / Station Jean-Drapeau 777 Le Casino / Station Bonaventure Nearby points of interest Biosphère Casino de Montréal Circuit Gilles Villeneuve La Ronde Parc Jean-Drapeau Stewart Museum Notes ^ The decision to rename the station was taken in May 2000; the station name was changed in May 2001. References ^ "Fare Zones". Metropolitan Regional Transportation Authority. July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022. ^ Société de transport de Montréal (February 16, 2024). Entrants de toutes les stations de métro en 2023 (Report) – via Access to Information Act request, reference no. 0308.2024.021. ^ Société de transport de Montréal (May 25, 2023). Entrants de toutes les stations de métro en 2022 (Report) – via Access to Information Act request, reference no. 0308.2023.134. ^ Jean-Drapeau Metro Station ^ Daigneault, Malcolm (April 1, 1967). "Longueuil Opens Latest Subway Station". Montreal Gazette. p. 1. ^ a b Hayes, Bob (April 28, 1967). "Montreal's New Metro - A Trouble-Free Way". Montreal Gazette. pp. A4. ^ "Au printemps 1967, on inaugurait la nouvelle ligne jaune du métro de Montréal | Radio-Canada.ca". Radio-Canada (in Canadian French). March 30, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2023. ^ a b "Jean-Drapeau (Jean Dumontier)". Société de transport de Montréal. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ "Montréal, le 10 mai 2000 - Les membres du Conseil d;administration ont adopté ce soir une résolution visant à changer le nom de la". Société de transport de Montréal (in French). May 10, 2000. Retrieved June 20, 2023. Les membres du Conseil d administration ont adopté ce soir une résolution visant à changer le nom de la station Ile Sainte-Hélène par celui de Jean-Drapeau. ^ "La station de métro Île-Sainte-Hélène devient officiellement la station Jean-Drapeau". TVA Nouvelles (in Canadian French). May 17, 2001. Retrieved August 19, 2023. ^ "First accessible station on the Yellow line". Société de transport de Montréal. November 22, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ "First accessible station on the Yellow line". Société de transport de Montréal. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ "Berri-UQAM". Société de transport de Montréal. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ "Jean Dumontier, architect of Montreal métro stations, dead at 83". The Gazette. Montreal. Retrieved December 30, 2018. ^ "La ville imaginaire". Bureau d'Art Public – Ville de Montréal. Retrieved August 19, 2023. ^ "Jean-Drapeau (Charters de Almeida)". Société de transport de Montréal. Retrieved August 19, 2023. ^ "La Ville imaginaire". Parc Jean-Drapeau. Retrieved August 19, 2023. External links Jean-Drapeau at stm.info Jean-Drapeau at metrodemontreal.com Metro at Expo 67 vte Montreal MetroStations Green Angrignon Monk Jolicoeur Verdun De L'Église LaSalle Charlevoix Lionel-Groulx Atwater Guy–Concordia Peel McGill Place-des-Arts Saint-Laurent Berri–UQAM Beaudry Papineau Frontenac Préfontaine Joliette Pie-IX Viau Assomption Cadillac Langelier Radisson Honoré-Beaugrand Orange Côte-Vertu Du Collège De La Savane Namur Plamondon Côte-Sainte-Catherine Snowdon Villa-Maria Vendôme Place-Saint-Henri Lionel-Groulx Georges-Vanier Lucien-L'Allier Bonaventure Square-Victoria–OACI Place-d'Armes Champ-de-Mars Berri–UQAM Sherbrooke Mont-Royal Laurier Rosemont Beaubien Jean-Talon Jarry Crémazie Sauvé Henri-Bourassa Cartier De La Concorde Montmorency Yellow Berri–UQAM Jean-Drapeau Longueuil–Université-de-Sherbrooke Blue Snowdon Côte-des-Neiges Université-de-Montréal Édouard-Montpetit Outremont Acadie Parc De Castelnau Jean-Talon Fabre D'Iberville Saint-Michel Proposed lines Proposed: Pink Cancelled: Red Line 6 White Rolling stock MR-63 (retired 2018) MR-73 MPM-10
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It is situated on the Saint Helen's Island in the Saint Lawrence River.[4]","title":"Jean-Drapeau station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Helen's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helen%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Expo 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_67"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"side platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Saint Helen's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helen%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Island"},{"link_name":"Jean-Drapeau Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Jean-Drapeau"},{"link_name":"La Ronde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ronde_(amusement_park)"},{"link_name":"Montreal Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_de_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Canadian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Circuit Gilles Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Gilles_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jean Drapeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Drapeau"},{"link_name":"mayor of Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"Expo 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_67"},{"link_name":"1976 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The station was constructed in open cut as part of the enlargement of Saint Helen's Island to host Expo 67. The official opening of the station took place on April 1, 1967.[5] In the first four weeks, it served only the construction workers of the Expo site.[6] Île Sainte-Hélène station finally opened to the public on April 28, 1967, the day after the official opening of Expo 67.[6][7]The station was designed to handle large crowds, with a side platform design and large staircases to a ground level concourse. During Expo 67, the station handled over 60,000 passengers an hour.[8]The station now serves the various attractions on Saint Helen's Island and Notre Dame Island - including Jean-Drapeau Park, the La Ronde amusement park and the Montreal Casino, as well as events like the Canadian Grand Prix at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve. This station was the least busy in the network in 2020 and 2021, with the COVID-19 pandemic closing and later reducing the capacity of most of these points of interest.In May 2001,[a] the station was renamed Jean-Drapeau after Jean Drapeau, mayor of Montreal from 1954 to 1957 and 1960 to 1986, who is often given credit for the construction of the Metro, and for securing both Expo 67 and the 1976 Summer Olympics.[9][10] The park in which the station sits had been renamed Parc Jean-Drapeau in 1999.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Drapeau_station&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Berri-UQAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berri-UQAM"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Accessibility","text":"The station was made accessible in November 2019 with the construction of two elevators. Despite being one of the lesser used stations on the network, elevators were installed due to low technical complexity and low cost of installation.[11] As of 2022[update], none of the other stations on the Yellow line are accessible.[12] This effectively negates the elevator’s purpose. However, construction work is currently underway at Berri-UQAM to allow accessible access to the Yellow line platforms,[13] and in turn, the rest of the system.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murale_de_Jean_Dumontier,_station_Jean-Drapeau.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean Dumontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dumontier"},{"link_name":"Jean Dumontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dumontier"},{"link_name":"Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-15"},{"link_name":"Lisbon Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Metro"},{"link_name":"João Charters de Almeida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Charters_de_Almeida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charters_de_Almeida"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Parc Jean-Drapeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Jean-Drapeau"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Artwork","text":"Mural by Jean DumontierPainted concrete murals by the station architect Jean Dumontier depict the mythological Titan Atlas holding up the roof of the station.[8] Dumontier was the first architect of the metro to create his own artworks for stations of his own design.[14]In 1997, the operator of the Lisbon Metro gifted a granite sculpture by Portuguese artist João Charters de Almeida [pt] to the STM, to commemorate 30 years since the opening of the Montreal Metro and Expo 67, as well as the Portuguese community in the city.[15][16] However, the 19 m (62 ft 4 in) high artwork was too large for any metro station. The artwork was installed instead in Parc Jean-Drapeau, located close to the station on Île Sainte-Hélène.[17]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Connecting bus routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biosphère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosph%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Casino de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Casino"},{"link_name":"Circuit Gilles Villeneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Gilles_Villeneuve"},{"link_name":"La Ronde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ronde_(amusement_park)"},{"link_name":"Parc Jean-Drapeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Jean-Drapeau"},{"link_name":"Stewart Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Museum"}],"text":"Biosphère\nCasino de Montréal\nCircuit Gilles Villeneuve\nLa Ronde\nParc Jean-Drapeau\nStewart Museum","title":"Nearby points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ The decision to rename the station was taken in May 2000; the station name was changed in May 2001.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Mural by Jean Dumontier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Murale_de_Jean_Dumontier%2C_station_Jean-Drapeau.jpg/220px-Murale_de_Jean_Dumontier%2C_station_Jean-Drapeau.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Fare Zones\". Metropolitan Regional Transportation Authority. July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artm.quebec/en/fare-zones/","url_text":"\"Fare Zones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Regional_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Regional Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"Société de transport de Montréal (February 16, 2024). Entrants de toutes les stations de métro en 2023 (Report) – via Access to Information Act request, reference no. 0308.2024.021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_transport_de_Montr%C3%A9al","url_text":"Société de transport de Montréal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_to_Information_Act","url_text":"Access to Information Act"}]},{"reference":"Société de transport de Montréal (May 25, 2023). Entrants de toutes les stations de métro en 2022 (Report) – via Access to Information Act request, reference no. 0308.2023.134.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_transport_de_Montr%C3%A9al","url_text":"Société de transport de Montréal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_to_Information_Act","url_text":"Access to Information Act"}]},{"reference":"Daigneault, Malcolm (April 1, 1967). \"Longueuil Opens Latest Subway Station\". Montreal Gazette. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hayes, Bob (April 28, 1967). \"Montreal's New Metro - A Trouble-Free Way\". Montreal Gazette. pp. A4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Au printemps 1967, on inaugurait la nouvelle ligne jaune du métro de Montréal | Radio-Canada.ca\". Radio-Canada (in Canadian French). March 30, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1872346/inauguration-ligne-jaune-metro-longueuil-montreal-archives","url_text":"\"Au printemps 1967, on inaugurait la nouvelle ligne jaune du métro de Montréal | Radio-Canada.ca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jean-Drapeau (Jean Dumontier)\". Société de transport de Montréal. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stm.info/en/about/discover_the_stm_its_history/art-metro/list-artworks/jean-drapeau-jean-dumontier","url_text":"\"Jean-Drapeau (Jean Dumontier)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montréal, le 10 mai 2000 - Les membres du Conseil d;administration ont adopté ce soir une résolution visant à changer le nom de la\". Société de transport de Montréal (in French). May 10, 2000. Retrieved June 20, 2023. Les membres du Conseil d administration ont adopté ce soir une résolution visant à changer le nom de la station Ile Sainte-Hélène par celui de Jean-Drapeau.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stm.info/fr/presse/communiques/2000/montreal--le-10-mai-2000---les-membres------du-conseil-d-administration-ont-adopte-ce-soir-une-resolution-visant-a-changer-le------nom-de-la","url_text":"\"Montréal, le 10 mai 2000 - Les membres du Conseil d;administration ont adopté ce soir une résolution visant à changer le nom de la\""}]},{"reference":"\"La station de métro Île-Sainte-Hélène devient officiellement la station Jean-Drapeau\". TVA Nouvelles (in Canadian French). May 17, 2001. Retrieved August 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2001/05/17/la-station-de-metro-ile-sainte-helene-devient-officiellement-la-station-jean-drapeau","url_text":"\"La station de métro Île-Sainte-Hélène devient officiellement la station Jean-Drapeau\""}]},{"reference":"\"First accessible station on the Yellow line\". Société de transport de Montréal. November 22, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stm.info/en/press/news/2019/first-accessible-station-on-the-yellow-line","url_text":"\"First accessible station on the Yellow line\""}]},{"reference":"\"First accessible station on the Yellow line\". Société de transport de Montréal. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stm.info/en/press/news/2019/first-accessible-station-on-the-yellow-line","url_text":"\"First accessible station on the Yellow line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Berri-UQAM\". Société de transport de Montréal. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stm.info/en/info/service-updates/stm-works/berri-uqam","url_text":"\"Berri-UQAM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jean Dumontier, architect of Montreal métro stations, dead at 83\". The Gazette. Montreal. Retrieved December 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/jean-dumontier-architect-of-montreal-metro-stations-dead-at-83","url_text":"\"Jean Dumontier, architect of Montreal métro stations, dead at 83\""}]},{"reference":"\"La ville imaginaire\". Bureau d'Art Public – Ville de Montréal. Retrieved August 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca/en//oeuvre/la-ville-imaginaire/","url_text":"\"La ville imaginaire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jean-Drapeau (Charters de Almeida)\". Société de transport de Montréal. Retrieved August 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stm.info/en/about/discover_the_stm_its_history/art-metro/list-artworks/jean-drapeau-charters-de-almeida","url_text":"\"Jean-Drapeau (Charters de Almeida)\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Ville imaginaire\". Parc Jean-Drapeau. Retrieved August 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/public-art/la-ville-imaginaire/","url_text":"\"La Ville imaginaire\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jean-Drapeau_station&params=45_30_45_N_73_31_59_W_type:railwaystation_region:CA-QC","external_links_name":"45°30′45″N 73°31′59″W / 45.51250°N 73.53306°W / 45.51250; -73.53306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jean-Drapeau_station&params=45_30_45_N_73_31_59_W_type:railwaystation_region:CA-QC","external_links_name":"45°30′45″N 73°31′59″W / 45.51250°N 73.53306°W / 45.51250; -73.53306"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Drapeau_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.artm.quebec/en/fare-zones/","external_links_name":"\"Fare Zones\""},{"Link":"http://www.stm.info/English/metro/a-m45.htm","external_links_name":"Jean-Drapeau Metro Station"},{"Link":"https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1872346/inauguration-ligne-jaune-metro-longueuil-montreal-archives","external_links_name":"\"Au printemps 1967, on inaugurait la nouvelle ligne jaune du métro de Montréal | Radio-Canada.ca\""},{"Link":"https://www.stm.info/en/about/discover_the_stm_its_history/art-metro/list-artworks/jean-drapeau-jean-dumontier","external_links_name":"\"Jean-Drapeau (Jean Dumontier)\""},{"Link":"https://www.stm.info/fr/presse/communiques/2000/montreal--le-10-mai-2000---les-membres------du-conseil-d-administration-ont-adopte-ce-soir-une-resolution-visant-a-changer-le------nom-de-la","external_links_name":"\"Montréal, le 10 mai 2000 - Les membres du Conseil d;administration ont adopté ce soir une résolution visant à changer le nom de la\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2001/05/17/la-station-de-metro-ile-sainte-helene-devient-officiellement-la-station-jean-drapeau","external_links_name":"\"La station de métro Île-Sainte-Hélène devient officiellement la station Jean-Drapeau\""},{"Link":"https://www.stm.info/en/press/news/2019/first-accessible-station-on-the-yellow-line","external_links_name":"\"First accessible station on the Yellow line\""},{"Link":"https://www.stm.info/en/press/news/2019/first-accessible-station-on-the-yellow-line","external_links_name":"\"First accessible station on the Yellow line\""},{"Link":"https://www.stm.info/en/info/service-updates/stm-works/berri-uqam","external_links_name":"\"Berri-UQAM\""},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/jean-dumontier-architect-of-montreal-metro-stations-dead-at-83","external_links_name":"\"Jean Dumontier, architect of Montreal métro stations, dead at 83\""},{"Link":"https://artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca/en//oeuvre/la-ville-imaginaire/","external_links_name":"\"La ville imaginaire\""},{"Link":"https://www.stm.info/en/about/discover_the_stm_its_history/art-metro/list-artworks/jean-drapeau-charters-de-almeida","external_links_name":"\"Jean-Drapeau (Charters de Almeida)\""},{"Link":"https://www.parcjeandrapeau.com/en/public-art/la-ville-imaginaire/","external_links_name":"\"La Ville imaginaire\""},{"Link":"https://www.stm.info/en/info/networks/metro/jean-drapeau-%28zone-a%29","external_links_name":"Jean-Drapeau at stm.info"},{"Link":"http://www.metrodemontreal.com/yellow/jeandrapeau/index.html","external_links_name":"Jean-Drapeau at metrodemontreal.com"},{"Link":"http://expo67.morenciel.com/an/transports/metro.php","external_links_name":"Metro at Expo 67"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoxus
Geoxus
["1 References"]
Genus of rodents Geoxus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Cricetidae Subfamily: Sigmodontinae Tribe: Abrotrichini Genus: GeoxusThomas, 1919 Type species Oxymycterus valdivianus Species Geoxus annectens Geoxus valdivianus Geoxus is a genus of South American rodents in the tribe Abrotrichini of family Cricetidae. Two species—Geoxus valdivianus and Geoxus annectens are known. References ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. Musser, G.G. and Carleton, M.D. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894–1531 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 vteSpecies of tribe Abrotrichini Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Cricetidae Subfamily: Sigmodontinae Abrothrix A. andinus A. hershkovitzi A. illuteus A. jelskii A. lanosus A. longipilis A. olivaceus A. sanborni Chelemys C. delfini C. macronyx C. megalonyx Geoxus G. valdivianus G. annectens Notiomys N. edwardsii Taxon identifiersGeoxus Wikidata: Q10761134 Wikispecies: Geoxus CoL: 4N3Q GBIF: 2438115 iNaturalist: 44811 IRMNG: 1033538 ITIS: 632643 MSW: 13000655 NCBI: 29110 Open Tree of Life: 885386 Paleobiology Database: 104879 This Sigmodontinae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"South American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"rodents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"Abrotrichini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrotrichini"},{"link_name":"Cricetidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricetidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Geoxus valdivianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoxus_valdivianus"},{"link_name":"Geoxus annectens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoxus_annectens"}],"text":"Geoxus is a genus of South American rodents in the tribe Abrotrichini of family Cricetidae.[1] Two species—Geoxus valdivianus and Geoxus annectens are known.","title":"Geoxus"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13000655","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13000655","external_links_name":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","external_links_name":"62265494"},{"Link":"http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3","external_links_name":"Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4N3Q","external_links_name":"4N3Q"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2438115","external_links_name":"2438115"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/44811","external_links_name":"44811"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1033538","external_links_name":"1033538"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=632643","external_links_name":"632643"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13000655","external_links_name":"13000655"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=29110","external_links_name":"29110"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=885386","external_links_name":"885386"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=104879","external_links_name":"104879"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geoxus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV
Temple of Amenhotep IV
["1 Location and layout","1.1 Gempaaten","1.2 Hwt benben","1.3 Teni-menu","2 See also","3 Notes and references","3.1 References","3.2 Further reading","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 25°43′06″N 32°39′30″E / 25.7182°N 32.6582°E / 25.7182; 32.6582Layout plan of the Gem-pa-Aten, constructed by Amenhotep IV The Temple of Amenhotep IV was an ancient monument at Karnak in Luxor, Egypt. The structures were used during the New Kingdom, in the first four years of the 18th Dynasty reign of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten, when he still used the name Amenhotep IV. The edifices may have been constructed at the end of the reign of his father, Amenhotep III, and completed by Akhenaten. Location and layout The temple was constructed outside the boundaries of the Precinct of Amon-Re, to its east. The main temple in the complex was named Gm–p3–itn (Gem-pa-Aten), which means "The Sun Disc is Found in the Estate of the God Aten". The other monuments were named Hwt–bnbn (Hwt benben / "The Mansion of the Benben stone"), Rwd–mnw–n–itn–r–nḥḥ (Rud-menu / "Sturdy are the Monuments of the Sun Disc Forever"), and Tni–mnw–n–itn–r–nḥḥ (Teni–menu / "Exalted are the Monuments of the Sun Disc Forever"). Very little of these buildings remain; they were built quickly, using Talatat blocks, and could therefore easily be demolished and reused as core for later structures. Gempaaten Reassembled Talatats from the Gem-pa-Aten The Gem-pa-Aten appears to have had no roof and its offering tables were exposed to direct sunlight. In this building (or associated with it) were red granite and sandstone statues of Akhenaten, red granite offering tables and other statues, including a sphinx inscribed with the name of the deity Aten. It was of a considerable size (130m x 216m), but it was so completely destroyed that even its foundations have been nearly obliterated. It stood within a mud-brick enclosure, and was orientated to the east, possibly with an entrance to the west. It led to an open court surrounded by square pillars and colossal statues of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Hwt benben Erected to the east, the Hwt benben or Mansion of the Benben was devoted to a solar cult and was closely associated with the Gempaaten. Teni-menu The Teni–menu seemed to contain domestic and storage rooms, and may have been a royal residence, although not enough of the structure remains to clarify the use. The walls of the Teni-menu were reused in the Ninth Pylon of the main Karnak temple. They have since been identified and reassembled like a giant puzzle and are partly exhibited in the Luxor Museum. The reassembled walls show residential, administrative and royal scenes and solar Jubilee scenes of the first Sed festival, which Akhenaten was probably celebrating at the same time as his father Amenhotep III. See also List of ancient Egyptian sites, including sites of temples Notes and references References ^ a b Thomas, Susanna. Akhenaten and Tutankhamen: the religious revolution. p. 41. ^ Blyth, 2006, p.121 ^ Blyth, 2006, pp.121-122 ^ Blyth, 2006, p.123 Further reading Blyth, Elizabeth (2006). Karnak: Evolution of a Temple. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-40487-8. Donald Redford, Akhenaten : The Heretic King, Princeton, 1984 External links Media related to Gem-pa-Aten at Wikimedia Commons 25°43′06″N 32°39′30″E / 25.7182°N 32.6582°E / 25.7182; 32.6582 vteKarnakGeneral History Open Air Museum Opet Festival PrecinctsAmun-Re Great Hypostyle Hall Temple of Ptah Temple of Khonsu Bubastite Portal Festival Hall of Thutmose III Botanical garden of Thutmose III Montu Mut Aten Temple Temple of Amenhotep IV Related Chapelle Rouge Great Karnak Inscription Karnak king list White Chapel vteAmarna PeriodPharaohs Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten Tutankhamun Ay Royal family Tiye Nefertiti Kiya "The Younger Lady" Tey Children Meritaten Meketaten Ankhesenamun Neferneferuaten Tasherit Neferneferure Setepenre Meritaten Tasherit Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit NoblesOfficials Aperel Bek Huya Ipy Mahu Maia May Meryneith Meryre Meryre II Mutbenret Nakhtpaaten Neferkheperuhersekheper Paatenemheb Panehesy Parennefer Penthu Ramose Thutmose Locations Akhetaten Karnak KV55 KV62 Amarna Tombs Other Amarna letters Amarna succession Aten Atenism Dakhamunzu Amarna Art Style
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_temple_d%27Aton_Karnak.svg"},{"link_name":"monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_temple"},{"link_name":"Karnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnak"},{"link_name":"Luxor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"18th Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Akhenaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten"},{"link_name":"Amenhotep III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomasp41-1"}],"text":"Layout plan of the Gem-pa-Aten, constructed by Amenhotep IVThe Temple of Amenhotep IV was an ancient monument at Karnak in Luxor, Egypt. The structures were used during the New Kingdom, in the first four years of the 18th Dynasty reign of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten, when he still used the name Amenhotep IV. The edifices may have been constructed at the end of the reign of his father, Amenhotep III, and completed by Akhenaten.[1]","title":"Temple of Amenhotep IV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Precinct of Amon-Re","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precinct_of_Amon-Re"},{"link_name":"temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_temple"},{"link_name":"Aten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten"},{"link_name":"Benben stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benben_stone"},{"link_name":"Talatat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talatat"}],"text":"The temple was constructed outside the boundaries of the Precinct of Amon-Re, to its east. The main temple in the complex was named Gm–p3–itn (Gem-pa-Aten), which means \"The Sun Disc is Found in the Estate of the God Aten\". The other monuments were named Hwt–bnbn (Hwt benben / \"The Mansion of the Benben stone\"), Rwd–mnw–n–itn–r–nḥḥ (Rud-menu / \"Sturdy are the Monuments of the Sun Disc Forever\"), and Tni–mnw–n–itn–r–nḥḥ (Teni–menu / \"Exalted are the Monuments of the Sun Disc Forever\").Very little of these buildings remain; they were built quickly, using Talatat blocks, and could therefore easily be demolished and reused as core for later structures.","title":"Location and layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gempaaten_talatats.jpg"},{"link_name":"Talatats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talatat"},{"link_name":"Akhenaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten"},{"link_name":"sphinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx"},{"link_name":"deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blyth121-2"},{"link_name":"colossal statues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossal_Statues_of_Akhenaten_at_East_Karnak"},{"link_name":"Nefertiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blyth122-3"}],"sub_title":"Gempaaten","text":"Reassembled Talatats from the Gem-pa-AtenThe Gem-pa-Aten appears to have had no roof and its offering tables were exposed to direct sunlight. In this building (or associated with it) were red granite and sandstone statues of Akhenaten, red granite offering tables and other statues, including a sphinx inscribed with the name of the deity Aten. It was of a considerable size (130m x 216m), but it was so completely destroyed that even its foundations have been nearly obliterated.[2]It stood within a mud-brick enclosure, and was orientated to the east, possibly with an entrance to the west. It led to an open court surrounded by square pillars and colossal statues of Akhenaten and Nefertiti.[3]","title":"Location and layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solar cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Hwt benben","text":"Erected to the east, the Hwt benben or Mansion of the Benben was devoted to a solar cult and was closely associated with the Gempaaten.[4]","title":"Location and layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomasp41-1"},{"link_name":"Ninth Pylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re#Ninth_Pylon"},{"link_name":"Luxor Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxor_Museum"},{"link_name":"Sed festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed_festival"},{"link_name":"Amenhotep III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"}],"sub_title":"Teni-menu","text":"The Teni–menu seemed to contain domestic and storage rooms, and may have been a royal residence, although not enough of the structure remains to clarify the use.[1]The walls of the Teni-menu were reused in the Ninth Pylon of the main Karnak temple. They have since been identified and reassembled like a giant puzzle and are partly exhibited in the Luxor Museum. The reassembled walls show residential, administrative and royal scenes and solar Jubilee scenes of the first Sed festival, which Akhenaten was probably celebrating at the same time as his father Amenhotep III.","title":"Location and layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thomasp41_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Thomasp41_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-blyth121_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-blyth122_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b Thomas, Susanna. Akhenaten and Tutankhamen: the religious revolution. p. 41.\n\n^ Blyth, 2006, p.121\n\n^ Blyth, 2006, pp.121-122\n\n^ Blyth, 2006, p.123","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-40487-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-40487-8"}],"sub_title":"Further reading","text":"Blyth, Elizabeth (2006). Karnak: Evolution of a Temple. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-40487-8.\nDonald Redford, Akhenaten : The Heretic King, Princeton, 1984","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"Layout plan of the Gem-pa-Aten, constructed by Amenhotep IV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Plan_temple_d%27Aton_Karnak.svg/220px-Plan_temple_d%27Aton_Karnak.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Reassembled Talatats from the Gem-pa-Aten","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gempaaten_talatats.jpg/220px-Gempaaten_talatats.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of ancient Egyptian sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Monot
Louise Monot
["1 Personal life","2 Theater","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]
French actress and model (born 1981) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Louise Monot" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Louise MonotLouise Monot at 2013 César AwardsBorn (1981-12-30) 30 December 1981 (age 42)Paris, FranceOccupation(s)Actress, modelYears active2000 - present Louise Monot (born 30 December 1981) is a French actress and model. Known as the face of the French cosmetics company Bourjois, she is also known for portraying one of the schoolgirls, Marine Lavor, on the television series, La vie devant nous. Monot also appeared in the film OSS 117: Lost in Rio. She is a cast-member on the Amazon Studios science fiction drama series, The After. Personal life She has been in a relationship with French actor Samir Boitard since 2014. In October 2016, they announced they were expecting their first child via social networks. Theater Year Title Author Director Notes 2004-06 Brooklyn Boy Donald Margulies Michel Fagadau Théâtre des Champs-Élysées Filmography Year Title Role Director Notes 2000 Un homme en colère Vanessa Didier Albert TV series (1 episode) Les Cordier, juge et flic Laetitia Alain Wermus TV series (1 episode) 2001 Des parents pas comme les autres Olympe Laurence Katrian TV movie Famille d'accueil Romane Alain Wermus (2) TV series (1 episode) 2002 La ligne noire Zoé Jean-Teddy Filippe TV mini-series Louis la brocante Martha Michel Favart TV series (1 episode) La vie devant nous Marine Lavor Vincenzo Marano TV series (7 episodes) 2003 La deuxième vérité Charlie Philippe Monnier TV movie Le Bleu de l'océan Julie Delcourt Didier Albert (2) TV mini-series Le grand patron Audrey Emmanuel Gust TV series (1 episode) 2004 À poil ! The actress Emmanuelle Bercot Short Nos vies rêvées Juliette Tuille / Scarlett Fabrice Cazeneuve TV movie 2005 A Love to Hide Sarah Morgenstern Christian Faure TV movieLuchon International Film Festival - Best Young Actress 2006 I Do Maxine Éric Lartigau Hell Victoria Bruno Chiche Ange de feu Lola Sorel Philippe Setbon TV movie 2007 Tatt av kvinnen Mirlinda Petter Næss L'avare Mariane Christian de Chalonge TV movie La prophétie d'Avignon Estelle Esperanza David Delrieux TV mini-series 2008 The Last Deadly Mission Blandine Olivier Marchal Béthune sur Nil Cathy Vaillant Jérôme Foulon TV movie Scénarios contre les discriminations Cécile Morin Artus de Penguern TV series (1 episode) 2009 OSS 117: Lost in Rio Dolorès Koulechov Michel Hazanavicius J'attendrai Aurore Magloire Christelle Raynal Short Myster Mocky présente Jean-Pierre Mocky TV series (1 episode) 2010 Little White Lies Léa Guillaume Canet Pièce montée Nathalie Denys Granier-Deferre Mademoiselle Drot Bénedicte Drot de Fézinzac Christian Faure (2) TV movie Sable noir Florianne Benjamin Holmsteen TV series (1 episode) 2011 Jouer avec le feu Florian Desmoulins Short 2012 La banda Picasso Marie Laurencin Fernando Colomo Plan de table Marie Christelle Raynal (2) 2013 Girl on a Bicycle Cécile Laurent Jeremy Leven Murders at Saint-Malo Gwenaële Garrec Lionel Bailliu TV movie 2014 The After Gigi Generau Chris Carter TV movie Le général du roi Constance Nina Companeez TV movie Où es-tu maintenant ? Caroline Delmas Arnaud Sélignac TV movie 2015 Pour être deux The girl Emilie & Sarah Barbault Short Malaterra Elisabeth Viviani Jean-Xavier de Lestrade & Laurent Herbiet TV mini-series References ^ Ng, Philiana (12 July 2014). "Chris Carter's 'The After': 99-Episode Goal". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2014-07-12. ^ Ritot, Louis (12 October 2016). ""Les Petits Mouchoirs" : Louise Monot enceinte de son premier enfant". Closer (in French). Retrieved 2018-10-26. External links Louise Monot at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States People Deutsche Synchronkartei Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Ng, Philiana (12 July 2014). \"Chris Carter's 'The After': 99-Episode Goal\". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2014-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/chris-carter-after-99-episode-goal-718161","url_text":"\"Chris Carter's 'The After': 99-Episode Goal\""}]},{"reference":"Ritot, Louis (12 October 2016). \"\"Les Petits Mouchoirs\" : Louise Monot enceinte de son premier enfant\". Closer (in French). Retrieved 2018-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.closermag.fr/article/les-petits-mouchoirs-louise-monot-enceinte-de-son-premier-enfant-677132","url_text":"\"\"Les Petits Mouchoirs\" : Louise Monot enceinte de son premier enfant\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_hand
Glossary of poker terms
[]
Glossary of common poker terminology For a list of words relating to Poker, see the Poker category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The following is a glossary of poker terms used in the card game of poker. It supplements the glossary of card game terms. Besides the terms listed here, there are thousands of common and uncommon poker slang terms. This is not intended to be a formal dictionary; precise usage details and multiple closely related senses are omitted here in favor of concise treatment of the basics. Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also Notes References A ace in the hole One of the hole cards is an ace ace-to-five, ace-to-six Methods of evaluating low hands. See lowball. act To make a play (check, bet, call, raise, or fold) at the required time, compare to in turn. acting out of turn A player in poker that either announces their actions or physically plays before their turn (checks, folds etc.). Sometimes players act out of turn intentionally to get a read out of other players. When done intentionally, this is often referred to as "angle shooting." See angle shooting. action A player's turn to act; a willingness to gamble; or a bet, along with all the calls of that bet. action button A marker similar to a kill button, on which a player places an extra forced bet. In a seven-card stud high-low game, the action button is awarded to the winner of a scoop pot above a certain size, signifying that in the next pot, that player will be required to post an amount representing a completion of the bring-in to a full bet. action card In Texas hold 'em, and other community card poker games, a card appearing on the board that causes significant betting action because it helps two or more players. action only In many cardrooms, with respect to an all-in bet, only a full (or half) bet can be reraised. Anything less than a full (or half) bet is considered to be action only, that is, other players can call the bet but not raise it. Compare with full bet rule and half bet rule. active players Any players still involved in the pot. In hand histories often referred to as hero and villain. In side pots, an all-in player may be active in some pots, but not in others. add-on In a live game, to buy more chips before busting. In tournament play, a single rebuy for which all players are eligible regardless of their stack size. This is usually allowed only once, at the end of the rebuy period. The add-on often offers more chips per dollar invested than the buy-in and rebuys. Compare with rebuy. advertising To make an obvious play or expose cards in such a way as to deliberately convey an impression to opponents about the advertising player's style of play. aggressive, aggression The tendency for a player to open betting or raise rather than call or check. See main article: aggression. Compare with loose, tight, passive. aggression factor (AF) A measure of a player's aggression, either in a particular betting round or over all betting rounds air A hand that has a very low value against an opponent's such as "9 high." In lowball, giving air is when a player lets an opponent who might otherwise fold know that they intend to draw one or more cards, to induce them to call a dead hand. all-in When a player bets all of their chips in the current hand. See main article: all-in. angle A permitted, but borderline unethical, play angle shooting Intentionally using an angle to exploit an opponent such as obscuring the size of their chip stack or acting out of turn. See acting out of turn. ante A forced bet required, in some types of poker, of all players before the hand begins. See main article: ante. ante off In tournament play, to force an absent player to continue paying antes, blinds, bring-ins, and other forced bets so that the contest remains fair to the other players. Also blind off. any two cards An expression used in Texas hold 'em to say that a player's cards do not matter in a decision B baby A prefix for (one of) the lowest-ranking possible of any particular made hand on a particular board. For example, the lowest-ranking full house possible for a paired board in hold 'em (i.e. one that would be beaten by any other possible full house) is the baby full house. backdoor A draw requiring two or more rounds to fill; a hand made other than the hand the player intended to make back in To enter a pot by checking and then calling someone else's open on the first betting round. Usually used in games like jackpots, meaning to enter without openers. back into To win a pot with a hand that would have folded to any bet backraise A reraise from a player who previously called in the same betting round bad beat To lose a hand where one hand is considerably ahead of the eventual winning hand. See main article: bad beat. balance Playing very different hands in the same way, with the aim of making it more difficult for an opponent to gain useful information about the cards a player has. bank Also called the house, the person responsible for distributing chips, keeping track of the buy-ins, and paying winners at the end of the game. bankroll The amount of money that a player has to wager for the duration of their poker career; to fund someone's participation in a game. Compare with staking. bankroll management Choosing the correct stakes and game type to avoid exhausting a bankroll during downswings barreling When the preflop raiser continuation bets the flop, then bets again on the turn. Sometimes called firing a second barrel or a double barrel. Betting the flop, turn and river is referred to as triple barreling. behind Not (currently) having the best hand; money on the table but not currently in the pot, which can be bet later in the hand; money in play but not visible as chips in front of a player bet Any money wagered during the play of a hand The opening bet of a betting round In a fixed limit game, the standard betting amount betting structure The complete set of rules regarding forced bets, limits, raise caps, and such for a particular game. See main article: betting. big bet The larger of two bet amounts in a fixed limit game. See main article: big bet. big bet game A game played with no limit or a pot limit betting structure big blind The larger of two forced bets in certain types of poker. See main article: blind. big blind special A hand won by the big blind playing very weak pocket cards because there was no raise pre-flop big full The best possible full house in community card games. A stronger hand than the underfull. big stack A stack of chips that is relatively large for the stakes being played. Also called deep stack. Also the biggest stack at the table. Compare with short stack. blank A card, frequently a community card, of no apparent value. Compare with rag, brick, bomb. blaze A non-standard poker hand of five face cards that outranks a flush bleed To consistently lose chips through bad play, possibly resulting from tilting blind A type of forced bet. See main article: blind. In the dark blind defense To call or raise an opponent's raise when in the big blind, rather than folding an otherwise weak hand, in order to exploit overly aggressive players. blind steal A raise from a late position with a weak hand when all other players have folded, with the intention of winning the blinds and antes. blind stud A stud poker game in which all cards are dealt face down. Was popular in California before legal rulings made traditional stud legal there. blind off, blinded To ante off When a player's stack is reduced by paying ever increasing blinds in tournaments blocker In community card poker, holding one of the opponent's outs, typically when the board threatens a straight or straight draw. A blocker is also having a combination of cards that turn an opponent's outs into one's own. Compare with dry ace. blocking bet An abnormally small bet made by a player out of position intended to discourage a larger bet by an opponent bluff A bet made with a hand that is mathematically unlikely to be the best hand, either to make money or to disguise play patterns. See main article: bluff. bluff catcher A hand that can only beat a bluff. bluff induce To make an action with a strong hand that represents a weak hand with the intention of encouraging an opponent to try to bluff off of the hand with a big bet. board The set of community cards in a community card game The set of face-up cards of a particular player in a stud game The set of all face-up cards in a stud game boat Another name for a full house bomb pot A hand where each player agrees to place a predetermined bet amount into the pot before the hand is dealt. A hand, usually in a game with a blind structure, which is instead played with antes and which goes straight to the second round of betting. both ways Both halves of a split pot, often declared by a player who thinks they will win both low and high bottom dealing Trick or cheating deal where a card or cards are dealt from the bottom of the deck rather than the top. See main article: bottom dealing. bottom end The lowest of several possible straights, especially in a community card game. Also idiot end. bottom pair, bottom set In a community card game, a pair (or set) made by matching the lowest-ranking board card with one (or two) in one's private hand. Compare second pair, top pair. bounty An aspect of some poker tournaments that rewards players for eliminating other players with a cash prize for each player they eliminate, separate from the tournament payout structure. See main article: bounty. box The chip tray in front of a house dealer, and by extension, the house dealer's position at the table boxed card A card encountered face-up in the assembled deck during the deal, as opposed to one overturned in the act of dealing. Most house rules treat a boxed card as if it does not exist; that is, it is placed aside and not used. Different rules cover cards exposed during the deal. break In a draw poker game, to discard cards that make a made hand in the hope of making a better one. In a jacks-or-better draw game, a player breaking a high pair must keep the discarded card aside, to prove they had openers. To end a session of play brick A blank, though more often used in the derogatory sense of a card that is undesirable rather than merely inconsequential,. Also known as a bomb. Compare with rags. brick and mortar A brick and mortar casino is a real casino based in a building, as opposed to an online casino. This refers to many real world locations as opposed to their Internet counterparts. bridge order Poker is neutral about suits, but in determining the dealer at the start of a game, or in determining the bring in bettor in a stud game, bridge rank rules are used: spades beat hearts beat diamonds beat clubs. bring in To open a betting round A forced bet in stud games. In the first betting round, the holder of the worst (lowest or highest, depending) upcard must post a bring-in bet. The bring-in bet is typically a quarter to a third of a small bet. The bring-in bettor may look at their cards, and place a full bet if they choose. broadway A 10 through ace straight. Can also include any group of cards from 10 to ace. brush A casino employee whose job it is to greet players entering the poker room, maintain the list of persons waiting to play, announce open seats, and various other duties (including brushing off tables to prepare them for new games, hence the name). To recruit players into a game Brunson In Texas Hold'em, when the hole cards are a 10 and a 2 of any suit. Named after Doyle Brunson, who in 1976 and 1977, won the no limit hold 'em event at the World Series of Poker with a ten and a two, in both cases completing a full house. bubble The last finishing position in a poker tournament before entering the payout structure bubble factor The factor by which the odds in chips differ from the odds in dollars. See also main article: expected value. buck Marker to indicate which player is dealer (or last to act). See button. bug A limited wild card. See main article: bug. Compare with wild card. bully A player who raises frequently to force out more cautious players, especially one with a large stack for the size of the game burn card, burn A card that is removed from the deal to prevent cheating. See main article: burn card. busted An uncompleted hand To lose all of one's chips button Most commonly a marker that indicates the dealer position at the table, but other specialized buttons exist. See main article: button. Also buck or hat. buy-in The minimum required amount of chips that must be bought to become involved in a game or tournament buy short To buy into a game for an amount smaller than the normal buy-in buy the button A rule originating in northern California casinos in games played with blinds, in which a new player sitting down with the button to their right (who would normally be required to sit out a hand as the button passed, then post to come in) may choose to pay the amount of both blinds for this one hand (the amount of the large blind playing as a live blind, and the amount of the small blind as dead money), play this hand, and then receive the button on the next hand as if they had been playing all along. See public cardroom rules. A tactic most often used by late-position players: a raise to encourage the later and button players to fold, thus giving the raiser last position in subsequent betting rounds buy the pot Making a bet when no one else is betting so as to force the other players to fold, thus winning the pot uncontested. A specialized version of this is buying the blinds by making a large raise in the first round forcing all other players out of the hand. C call To match a bet or raise. See main article: call. call the clock A method of discouraging players from taking an excessively long time to act. When someone calls the clock, the player has a set amount of time in which to make up their mind; if they fail to do so, their hand is immediately declared dead. In tournament play, any player can call a clock. calling station A player who frequently calls bets, but rarely raises them. A calling station is usually a loose passive player. See main article: calling station. cap A limit on the number of raises allowed in a betting round. Typically three or four (in addition to the opening bet). In most casinos, the cap is removed if there are only two players remaining either at the beginning of the betting round, or at the time that what would have otherwise been the last raise is made. Also, term for the chip, token, or object placed atop one's cards to show continued involvement with a hand cap game Similar to cap above, but refers to a no-limit or pot limit game with a cap on the amount that a player can bet during the course of a hand. Once the cap is reached, all players remaining in the hand are considered all-in. card protector In games where all of a player's cards are facedown, some players use items like specialty chips or glass figures to place on top of their cards to protect them from being accidentally discarded. cards Standard playing cards are used. In home games it is common to have two decks with distinct backs, and to shuffle the unused deck while each hand is in progress. Casinos typically use plastic decks that can handle the added wear and tear, as casino players often read their "hole" cards by peeking at the corner rather than lifting the card. Due to cost, home games tend to use paper cards. It is not unusual for paper cards to become bent quickly. Card quality can be preserved for longer if players agree not to bend cards, and proper shuffling techniques are used. cards speak See main article: cards speak case card The last available card of a certain description cash game A game where each hand is played for real money as opposed to tournament play. See main article: ring game. cash plays An announcement, usually by a dealer, that a player who has requested to buy chips and can bet the cash they have on the table in lieu of chips until receiving their chips. In many card rooms, it also refers to the policy that $100 bills may remain on the table and are considered to be in play in cash form, rather than converted to chips. cashing Winning a share of the prize money in a tournament cashing out Exchanging chips for cash when leaving a game. Removing money from an online poker site. catch To receive needed cards on a draw. Often used with an adjective to further specify, catch perfect, catch inside, catch smooth. catch up To successfully complete a draw, thus defeating a player who previously had a better hand catch perfect To catch the only two possible cards that will complete a hand and win the pot, often those leading to a straight flush. Usually used in Texas hold 'em. Compare with runner-runner. center pot The main pot in a table stakes game where one or more players are all in chase To call a bet to see the next card when holding a drawing hand when the pot odds do not merit it To continue to play a drawing hand over multiple betting rounds, especially one unlikely to succeed To continue playing with a hand that is not likely the best because one has already invested money in the pot. See sunk cost fallacy. check To bet nothing. See main article: check. A casino chip check out To fold, in turn, even though there is no bet facing the player. In some games this is considered a breach of the rules equivalent to folding out of turn. check-raise Deceptive play whereby a player initially checks with the intention of raising should another player bet. See main article: check-raise. chip A small disk or tablet used in place of money. See casino token. Currency is difficult to stack or handle, so most poker games are played with chips, or coin-shaped tokens of uniform size and weight, usually 39mm wide and anywhere from 5 to 16 grams in weight, whose money value is determined by their color. Historically, poker chips were made of bone; however, modern casino chips are often made of clay or a clay composite and are considered the most upscale variety of poker chip; other high-end chips are made of ceramic. Plastic chips are also available, at a wide variety of quality levels. chip declare A method of declaring intent to play high or low in a split-pot game with declaration. See declaration. chip dumping A strategy whereby one player deliberately loses chips to another player. Where players have agreed to take such action together, this is a form of collusion. chip leader The player currently holding the most chips in a tournament (or occasionally a live no limit game) chip race An event in tournament poker where chips of a value lower than the minimum required are removed from play. See main article: chip race. chip up To exchange lower-denomination chips for higher-denomination chips. In tournament play, the term means to remove all the small chips from play by rounding up any odd small chips to the nearest large denomination, rather than using a chip race. To steadily accumulate chips in tournament play, typically by winning small pots with minimal risk-taking. chop To split a pot because of a tie, split-pot game, or player agreement To play a game for a short time and cash out. Also hit and run. A request made by a player for the dealer to make change An agreement by all players remaining in a tournament to distribute the remaining money in the prize pool according to an agreed-upon formula instead of playing the tournament to completion. Usually occurs at the final table of a large tournament. chopping the blinds Ending a hand when all players have folded to the blinds with the blinds being returned to those who paid them. See main article: chopping the blinds. click raise Making the minimum raise. Refers to online poker where players click the raise button without specifying the amount of raise. closed See main article: closed coffee housing Talking in an attempt to mislead other players about the strength of a hand. This is also called speech play. coin flip A situation where two players have invested all their money in the pot and have a roughly even chance of winning. Also race. cold call To call an amount that represents a sum of bets or raises by more than one player without previously calling or making a bet in the same round. Compare with flat call, overcall. cold deck A "stacked" deck (a deck arranged in a preset order, to effect a specific outcome once dealt) which is deceptively switched with the original deck of cards in play, to benefit a player or the dealer. So named because when the deck is put into the game, it has not had a chance to warm up from handling by the players and dealer. collusion A form of cheating involving cooperation among two or more players. See cheating in poker. color change, color up To exchange small-denomination chips for larger ones combo, combination game A casino table at which multiple forms of poker are played in rotation combo draw, combination draw A hand containing both a flush draw and a straight draw. See draw. come bet, on the come A bet or raise made with a drawing hand, building the pot in anticipation of filling the draw community card See main article: community card poker complete hand See made hand completion To raise a small bet up to the amount of what would be a normal-sized bet. See table stakes. connectors Two or more cards of consecutive or close to consecutive rank continuation bet A bet made after the flop by the player who took the lead in betting before the flop (Texas hold 'em and Omaha hold 'em). Also called a c-bet. Compare with probe bet. cooler A situation in which a player holds the second best hand, so strong considering the circumstances, that they are apt to lose the maximum with it no matter how they play it countdown The act of counting the cards that remain in the stub after all cards have been dealt, done by a dealer to ensure that a complete deck is being used counterfeit See main article: counterfeit. Also duplicate. cow A player with whom one is sharing a buy-in, with the intent to split the result after play. To go cow is to make such an arrangement. cripple In some community card games, to cripple the deck means to have a hand that is virtually impossible for anyone else to catch up to. crying call Calling when a player thinks they do not have the best hand cut See main article: cut cut card A distinctive card, usually stiff solid-colored plastic, held against the bottom of the deck during the deal to prevent observation of the bottom card. While rarely used in home games, the cut card is universal in casino play. cutoff The seat immediately to the right of the button. Name derived from its positional strength, obtaining absolute position when the button folds. D dark An action taken before receiving information to which the player would normally be entitled. Compare with blind. dead blind A blind that is not live, in that the player posting it does not have the option to raise if other players just call. Usually involves a small blind posted by a player entering, or returning to, a game (in a position other than the big blind) that is posted in addition to a live blind equal to the big blind. dead button See dead button rule dead hand A player's hand that is not entitled to participate in the deal for some reason, such as having been fouled by touching another player's cards, being found to contain the wrong number of cards, being dealt to a player who did not make the appropriate forced bets, etc. dead man's hand See main article: dead man's hand dead money The amount of money in the pot other than the equal amounts bet by active remaining players in that pot. Examples of dead money include money contributed to the pot by players who have folded, a dead blind posted by a player returning to a game after missing blinds, or an odd chip left in the pot from a previous deal. For example, eight players each ante $1, one player opens for $2, and gets two callers, making the pot total $14. Three players are now in the pot having contributed $3 each, for $9 "live" money; the remaining $5 (representing the antes of the players who folded) is dead money. The amount of dead money in a pot affects the pot odds of plays or rules of thumb that are based on the number of players. The term "dead money" is also used in a derogatory sense to refer to money put in the pot by players who are still legally eligible to win it, but who are unlikely to do so because they are unskilled, increasing the expected return of other players. This can also be applied to the player himself: "Let's invite John every week; he's dead money". The term "dead money" also applies in tournaments, when many casual players enter events with virtually no chance of winning. deal To distribute cards to players in accordance with the rules of the game being played A single instance of a game of poker, begun by shuffling the cards and ending with the award of a pot. Also called a hand (though both terms are ambiguous). An agreement to split tournament prize money differently from the announced payouts deal twice In a cash game, when two players are involved in a large pot and one is all-in, they might agree to deal the remaining cards twice. If one player wins both times they win the whole pot, but if both players win one hand they split the pot. Also, play twice, run it twice. dealer The person dealing the cards The person who assumes that role for the purposes of betting order in a game, even though someone else might be physically dealing. Also button. Compare with buck. dealer's choice A version of poker in which the deal passes each game and each dealer can choose, or invent, a new poker game each hand or orbit. See main article: dealer's choice. declare To verbally indicate an action or intention. See declaration. deep stack A stack of chips that is relatively large for the stakes being played. Also called a big stack. Compare with short stack. defense Making a play that defends the player against a bluff by forcing the suspected bluffer to fold or invest further deuce A two-spot card (i.e. a two of any suit). Also called a duck, quack, or swan. Any of various related uses of the number two, such as a $2 limit game, a $2 chip, etc. deuce-to-seven A method of evaluating low hands. See main article: deuce-to-seven low. dirty stack A stack of chips apparently of a single denomination, but with one or more chips of another. Usually the result of inattention while stacking a pot, but may also be an intentional deception. discard To take a previously dealt card out of play. The set of all discards for a deal is called the muck or the deadwood. dog Short for underdog, usually refers to the player with the hand that has the lowest chance of winning at that time. dominated hand A hand that is extremely unlikely to win against another specific hand, even though it may not be a poor hand in its own right. Most commonly used in Texas hold 'em. See also domination. donk bet A bet made in early position by a player who did not take the initiative in the previous betting round. donkey a weak player, also known as fish or donk door card In a stud game, a player's first face-up card In Texas hold 'em, the door card is the first visible card of the flop. In draw poker, the sometimes visible card at the bottom of a player's hand. Players will sometimes deliberately expose this card. double-ace flush Under unconventional rules, a flush with one or more wild cards in which they play as aces, even if an ace is already present double barrel See barreling double belly buster straight draw a combination of hole cards and exposed cards in hold 'em or stud games which does not include four connected cards, but where there are two different ranks of card that complete a straight double-board, double-flop Any of several community card game variants (usually Texas hold 'em) in which two separate boards of community cards are dealt simultaneously, with the pot split between the winning hands using each board. double-draw Any of several draw poker games in which the draw phase and subsequent betting round are repeated twice double raise The minimum raise in a no-limit or pot-limit game, raising by just the amount of the current bet. double suited An Omaha hold 'em starting hand where two pairs of suited cards are held double up, double through In a big bet game, to bet all of one's chips on one hand against a single opponent (who has an equal or larger stack) and win, thereby doubling the stack downbet Betting a smaller amount than the previous round of betting downcard A card that is dealt face-down downswing A period during which a player loses more than expected. See also: upswing. drag light To pull chips away from the pot to indicate that the player does not have enough money to cover a bet. If their hand wins, the amount is ignored. If not, they must cover the amount out of pocket. This is not allowed at any casino. draw, drawing hand, come hand See main article: draw A drawing hand is when a player has a chance to improve their hand to something considerably stronger, typically a straight or a flush, through drawing the required cards on the flop, on the turn or on the river. drawing dead Playing a drawing hand that will lose even if successful Playing a hand that can never improve beyond the opponent's hand drawing live Not drawing dead; that is, drawing to a hand that will win if successful drawing thin Not drawing completely dead, but chasing a draw in the face of poor odds drop To fold Money charged by the casino for providing its services, often dropped through a slot in the table into a strong box. See rake. To drop one's cards to the felt to indicate that one is in or out of a game dry ace In Omaha hold 'em or Texas hold 'em, an ace in one's hand without another card of the same suit. Used especially to denote the situation where the board presents a flush possibility, when the player does not in fact have a flush, but holding the ace presents some bluffing or semi-bluffing opportunity and a redraw in case the flush draw comes on the turn or the river. Compare with blocker. dry board See static board dry pot A side pot with no money created when a player goes all in and is called by more than one opponent, but not raised. If subsequent betting occurs, the money will go to the dry pot. duplicate To counterfeit, especially when the counterfeiting card matches one already present in one's hand dynamic board A board where many draws are available. Where hands can easily change value on future streets. Compare with static board. E early position See position. effective nuts A hand that is not the actual nut hand but strong enough to be played like it. effective stack The smallest stack size among two players, in a heads-up pot the effective stack determines the maximum amount either player can lose. eight or better A common qualifier in high-low split games that use ace-5 ranking. Only hands where the highest card is an eight or less can win the low portion of the pot. equity One's mathematical expected value from the current deal, calculated by multiplying the amount of money in the pot by one's probability of winning. If a split is possible, the equity also includes the probability of winning a split times the size of that split. expectation, expected value, EV See main article: expected value. Used in poker to mean profitability in the long run. exposed card A card whose face has been deliberately or accidentally revealed to players normally not entitled to that information during the play of the game. Various games have different rules about how to handle this irregularity. Compare with boxed card. F family pot A deal in which every (or almost every) seated player calls the first opening bet. fast Aggressive play. Compare with speeding. favorite A hand which, when matched against another in a showdown, has an advantage odds-wise over the other. A hand can be called a small or a big favorite depending on how much it is dominating the other. Contrast underdog where the situations are reversed. Favorites are usually used to compare how two hole cards do against two other hole cards pre-flop. feeder In a casino setting, a second or third table playing the same game as the main table, and from which players move to the main game as players are eliminated. Also called a must-move table. felt The cloth covering of a poker table, whatever the actual material. Metonymically, the table itself. Showing down a hand while all-in (so there is only felt left in front of the player); either betting all-in and getting called or calling all-in. field All players as a collective in a large tournament. fifth street The last card dealt to the board in community card games. Also see river. The fifth card dealt to each player in stud poker. fill, fill up To successfully draw to a hand that needs one card to complete it, by getting the last card of a straight, flush, or full house. final table The last table in a multi-table poker tournament. The final table is set when a sufficient number of people have been eliminated from the tournament leaving an exact number of players to occupy one table (typically no more than ten players). first position The playing position to the direct left of the blinds in Texas hold 'em and Omaha hold 'em, also known as under the gun. The player in first position must act first on the first round of betting. fish A weak player. See also donkey. To chase draws holding a weak hand. Especially when facing aggressive play by another player. five of a kind A hand possible only in games with wild cards, or a game with more than one deck, defeating all other hands, comprising five cards of equal rank. fixed limit, flat limit See main article: fixed limits. flash Any card which becomes briefly exposed by accident to at least one player must be shown to all the players by the dealer during dealing. The card is said to be flashed to all players before being discarded to the muck pile. See also exposed. Unintentionally showing the bottom of the deck if not using a cut card. To show one or more downcards from one's hand. flat call A call, in a situation where one might be expected to raise. Also smooth call. Compare with cold call, overcall. See slow play. float Calling a bet with the intention of bluffing on a later betting round. floorman, floorperson, floor A casino employee whose duties include adjudicating player disputes, keeping games filled and balanced, and managing dealers and other personnel. Players may shout "floor" to call for a floorperson to resolve a dispute, to ask for a table or seat change, or to ask for some other casino service. flop The dealing of the first three face-up cards to the board, refers also to those three cards themselves. Also see turn and river. flop game A community card game. flush A hand comprising five cards of the same suit. See List of poker hands. fold To discard one's hand and forfeit interest in the current pot. See main article: fold. fold equity The portion of the pot one expects to win, on average, by a bet that induces opponents to fold, rather than seeing the showdown. See also equity. forced bet See main article: forced bets. forced-move In a casino where more than one table is playing the same game with the same betting structure, one of the tables may be designated the main table, and will be kept full by requiring a player to move from one of the feeder tables to fill any vacancies. Players will generally be informed that their table is a forced-move table to be used in this way before they agree to play there. Also must-move. forward motion A house rule of some casinos states that if a player in turn picks up chips from their stack and moves their hand toward the pot (forward motion with chips in hand), this constitutes a commitment to bet (or call), and the player may not withdraw their hand to check or fold. Such a player still has the choice of whether to call or raise. Compare with string bet. fouled hand A hand that is ruled unplayable because of an irregularity, such as being found with too many or too few cards, having been mixed with cards of other players or the muck, having fallen off the table. Compare with dead hand. four-flush Four cards of the same suit. A non-standard poker hand in some games, an incomplete drawing hand in most. See main article: four flush. four of a kind A hand containing four cards of equal rank. Also quads. See list of poker hands. four-straight Four cards in rank sequence; either an open-ender or one-ender. A non-standard poker hand in some games, an incomplete drawing hand in most. Sometimes four to a straight. fourth street The fourth card dealt to the board in community card games. Also turn. The fourth card dealt to each player in stud. free card A card dealt to one's hand (or to the board of community cards) after a betting round in which no player opened. One is thereby being given a chance to improve one's hand without having to pay anything. freeroll See main article: freeroll. freezeout The most common form of tournament. There are no rebuys and play continues until one player has all the chips. full house, full boat, full hand, full A hand with three cards of one rank and two of a second rank. Also boat or tight. See list of poker hands. full bet rule In some casinos, the rule that a player must wager the full amount required in order for their action to constitute a raise. Compare with half bet rule. See public cardroom rules and all in betting. full ring A full ring game is a cash game with more than six players involved, typically nine to eleven. This term is normally used in the context of online poker. Compare with shorthanded. G game flow How players' strategies at a table change over time as they adjust to their perceived image. gap hand In Texas hold 'em, a gap hand is a starting hand with at least one rank separating the two cards. Usually referred to in context of one-gap and two-gap hands. get away To fold a strong hand against a supposedly superior hand. Compare with laydown. going north To sneak additional chips onto the table so as to have effectively bought in above the table limit going south To sneak a portion of chips from the table while the game is underway. Normally prohibited in public card rooms. Also ratholing. grinder A player who earns a living by making small profits over a long period of consistent, conservative play. Compare with rock. guts, guts to open A game with no opening hand requirement Any of several poker variants where pots accumulate over several hands until a single player wins. gut shot, gutshot, gutter See inside straight draw gypsy To enter the pot cheaply by just calling the blind rather than raising. Also limp. H half bet rule In some casinos, the rule that placing chips equal to or greater than half the normal bet amount beyond the amount required to call constitutes a commitment to raise the normal amount. Compare with full bet rule. See "all in" betting hand Main article: List of poker hands hand-for-hand In tournament play, the act of equalizing the number of hands played at two or more tables by waiting for slower tables to finish each hand before beginning the next hand on every table. This is usually done to ensure an accurate finishing order to distribute prize money. hand history The retelling or documentation of a hand played. hanger When the bottom card of the deck sticks out beyond the others, an unwanted tell that the dealer is dealing from the bottom of the deck. heads up Main article: Heads up poker Playing against a single opponent heater See rush hero In hand histories the player from whose perspective the hand is played, as opposed to villain. hero call Calling when a player has a relatively weak hand but suspects their opponent may be bluffing high hand, high The best hand using traditional poker hand values, as opposed to lowball. Used especially in high-low split games. high card A no pair hand, ranked according to its highest-ranking cards To defeat another player by virtue of high-ranking cards, especially kickers To randomly select a player for some purpose by having each draw one card, the highest of which is selected (for example, to decide who deals first). high-low, high-low split See main article: high-low split hijack seat The seat to the right of the cutoff seat, or second to the right of the button. Name derived from its positional strength, obtaining absolute position when the button and the cutoff folds. hit and run Cashing out of a ring game shortly after winning a large pot. Considered poor etiquette by most players barring extenuating circumstances. hole cards, hole Face-down cards. Also pocket cards A seat, often preceded by a number relative to the button. hole cam A camera that displays a player's face-down cards (hole cards) to television viewers. Also pocket cam or lipstick cam Hollywood To "Hollywood" (used as a verb) refers to acting or talking in an exaggerated way so as to encourage a specific reaction from an opponent during a hand. home game A game played at a private venue (usually the home of one of the players), as opposed to a casino or public cardroom. horse A player financially backed by someone else. Compare with bankroll and staking H.O.R.S.E. See main article: H.O.R.S.E. I ICM ICM stands for independent chip model, and is defined as the act of assigning a monetary value to a chip stack in tournaments or sit n gos. This value dictates the decision making process especially in push/fold situations. ignorant end, idiot end In flop games, a player drawing to, or even flopping, a straight with undercards to the flop has the idiot end of it. A player with 8–9 betting on a flop of A-10-J puts themself at great risk, because many of the cards that complete their straight give credible opponents higher ones. implied pot odds, implied odds See main article: implied pot odds improve To achieve a better hand than one currently holds by adding or exchanging cards as provided in the rules of the game being played. in position A player is said to be in position, if the player is last to act on the flop, turn and river betting rounds. Compare with out of position in the middle In a game with multiple blinds, an incoming player may sometimes be allowed to post the blinds in the middle (that is, out of their normal order) rather than having to wait for them to pass. in the money To finish high enough in a poker tournament to win prize money in turn A player is said to be in turn if that player is expected to act next under the rules. inside straight See inside straight draw. Also "belly buster", "gutshot". Compare to outside straight draw insurance A deal in which players agree to split or reduce a pot (roughly in proportion to the chances of each of them winning) with more cards to come rather than playing out the hand, or a deal where one player makes a side bet against themself with a third party to hedge against a large loss. irregular declaration An action taken by a player in turn that is not a straightforward declaration of intent, but that is reasonably interpreted as an action by other players, such as pointing a thumb up to signify a raise. House rules or dealer discretion may determine when such actions are meaningful and binding. irregularity Any of a number of abnormal conditions in play, such as unexpectedly exposed cards, that may call for corrective action. See public cardroom rules isolation See main article: isolation ITM "In the money," see above. J jackpot A game of jackpot poker or jackpots, which is a variant of five-card draw with an ante from each player, no blinds, and an opening requirement of a pair of jacks or better. A large pool of money collected by the house and awarded for some rare occurrence, typically a bad beat. joker A 53rd card used mostly in draw games. The joker may usually be used as an ace, or a card to complete a straight or flush, in high games, and as the lowest card not already present in a hand at low. See bug juice Money collected by the house. Also vig, vigorish. See rake junk A hand with little expected value K kicker See main article: kicker kill button In a kill game, a button that shows which player has the kill action. See main article: kill game kill game, kill pot See main article: kill game kill hand A hand with different betting rules in a kill game. See main article: kill game kitty A pool of money built by collecting small amounts from certain pots, often used to buy refreshments, cards, and so on. The home-game equivalent of a rake. L lag A loose aggressive style of play in which a player plays a lot of starting hands and makes many small raises in hopes of out-playing their opponents lammer a plastic, chip-shaped tokens with text written on them. Most commonly used is a dealer button with either the word "DEALER" or a "D" written on it; this item (also known as the buck) indicates who shall deal next. In a casino setting, lammers are also used to indicate which variant is being used, whose turn it is to pay the blind, etc., and lammers are also a name for "chips" awarded in satellite tournaments as buy-in chips to larger tournaments. last to act A player is last to act if all players between the player and the button have folded. laydown The choice to fold a strong hand in anticipation of superior opposition lead The player who makes the last bet or raise in a round of betting is said to have the lead at the start of the next round. Can also be used as a verb meaning to bet out into the pot, to lead into the pot. level Used in tournament play to refer to the size of the blinds that are periodically increased leg-up, leg-up button The button used to signify who has won the previous hand in a kill game light A hand that is not likely to be best. Usually used as an action descriptor; call light, three-bet light. See semi-bluff limit The minimum or maximum amount of a bet See fixed limit limp, limp in To enter a pot by simply calling a bet instead of raising limp-reraise A reraise from a player that previously limped in the same betting round. Also backraise live bet. A bet posted by a player under conditions that give them the option to raise even if no other player raises first; typically because it was posted as a blind or straddle. live cards In stud poker games, cards that will improve a hand that have not been seen among anyone's upcards, and are therefore presumably still available. In games such as Texas hold 'em, a player's hand is said to contain live cards if matching either of them on the board would give that player the lead over their opponents. Typically refers to a hand that is weak, but not dominated. live hand A hand still eligible to win the pot; one with the correct number of cards that has not been mucked or otherwise invalidated live game A game with a lot of action. See also live poker. live poker A retronym for poker played at a table with cards, as opposed to video poker or online poker lock up To lock up a seat in a cash game means to place a poker chip, player's card, or other personal effect on the table in front of the seat, to signify that the seat is occupied even though the player may not be present. loose To play more hands than the average for the game or for the player normally. See loose/tight play. Compare with tight, aggressive, passive. low The lowest card by rank The low half of the pot in a high-low split M M-ratio A measure of the health of a chip stack as a function of the cost to play each round. See main article: M-ratio. made hand A hand that does not need improvement to win. Compare with a drawing hand. maniac A very loose and aggressive player, who bets and raises frequently, and often in situations where it is not good strategy to do so. Opposite of rock. mark A person at a poker table that is the focus of attention, often due to their inexperience match the pot To bet an amount equal to all the chips in the pot micro-limit Internet poker games with stakes so small that real cardrooms could not profit from them, are said to be at the micro-limit level. middle pair In a community card game, making a pair with neither the highest nor lowest card of the community cards. See also second pair. middle position See position misdeal A deal which is ruined for some reason and must be redealt missed blind A required bet that is not posted when it is a player's turn to do so, perhaps occurring when a player absents themself from the table. Various rules require the missed bet to be made up upon the player's return. move in In a no-limit game, to move in or to go all in means to bet one's entire stake on the hand in play. See table stakes. multi-table tournament (MTT) See Poker tournament muck To fold To discard one's hand without revealing the cards. Often done after winning without a showdown or at a showdown when a better hand has already been revealed. The discard pile multi-way pot A pot where several players compete for it. Also known as a family pot, although family pot sometimes means a pot where all players participate. N negative freeroll See main article: negative freeroll. nit A player who is unwilling to take risks and plays only premium hands in the top range. no-limit Rules designating that players are allowed to wager any or all of their chips in a single bet. See no-limit nosebleed stakes also known as nosebleed, is the highest stakes offered in cash game poker, generally where the blinds are at least $200/$400 nothing When a player only has the possibility of a high card and no other hand that will win. nothing card In community card poker, a newly revealed community card that does not affect the value of any player's hand. nut hand (the nuts) The nut hand is the best possible hand in a given situation. Players sometimes evaluate hands by ranking them as being the pure nuts, the second nuts or the effective nuts. nut low The best possible low hand in high-low split games O offsuit Cards that are not of the same suit. on the button Being in the dealer position. As the position whose turn to bet comes last, it is the most advantageous and profitable position in poker. one-chip rule A call of a previous bet using a chip of a higher denomination than necessary is considered a call unless it is verbally announced as a raise. one-eyed royals See main article: one-eyed royals one-ended straight draw Four out of the five cards needed for a straight that can only be completed with one specific rank of card, in cases where the needed card rank is either higher or lower than the cards already held as part of the sequence; as opposed to an inside straight draw or an open-ended straight draw. While A-2-3-4 and A-K-Q-J are the only truly one-ended straight draw possibilities, an open-ended straight draw could be considered one-ended if one of the card ranks needed to complete it would also give an opponent a hand of higher rank than a straight. open To bet first. See main article: open open-ended straight draw, open-ended An outside straight draw. Also two-way straight draw or double-ended straight draw openers The cards held by a player in a game of jackpots entitling them to open the pot. Splitting openers refers to holding onto one of the openers after discarding it as proof of having the necessary cards to open. open limp Being the first person in the pot preflop by calling the big blind. option An optional bet or draw The right to raise possessed by the big blind if there have been no raises. orbit A full rotation of the blinds at a table, equal to the number of people at the table. outs See main article: out out of position A player is said to be out of position, if they are either first to act, or are not last to act in a betting round. outside straight draw See main article: outside straight draw. Also two-way straight draw or double-ended straight draw overbet To make a bet that is more than the size of the pot in a no limit game. overcall To call a bet after others have called. Compare with cold call, flat call, smooth call overcard A community card with a higher rank than a player's pocket pair. A higher card overpair In community card games such as Texas hold 'em and Omaha hold 'em, a pocket pair with a higher rank than the highest community card. overs An option to increase the stakes in limit games. Players may elect to play or not play overs. Those who choose to play display some sort of token. If, at the beginning of a betting round, only overs players remain in the hand, bets of a predetermined increased limit (or no limit) are allowed. Most often used in lower limit live games as a compromise between aggressive and passive play. P paint Any royal card. Used mostly in lowball games, where royal cards are rarely helpful. pair Two cards of the same rank. See main article: one pair passive A style of play characterized by checking and calling. Compare with aggressive, loose, tight pat Already complete. A hand is a pat hand when, for example, a flush comes on the first five cards dealt in draw poker. Also see made hand pay off To call a bet when the player is most likely drawing dead because the pot odds justify the call. penny ante Frivolous, low stakes, or for fun only; a game where no significant stake is likely to change hands. perfect The best possible cards, in a lowball hand, after those already named. pick-up When the house picks up cash from the dealer after a player buys chips play the board In games such as Texas hold 'em, where five community cards are dealt, if the player's best hand is on the board and the player goes to the showdown they are said to play the board. pocket aces Refers to a starting poker hand that contains two Aces. The most common context is a game of Texas hold 'em. Other names for Ace-Ace include American Airlines, bullets, and rockets. pocket cards See hole cards pocket pair In community card poker or stud poker, when two of a player's private cards make a pair. Also wired pair poker face A blank expression that does not reveal anything about the cards being held. poker table A typical poker game will have between two and ten players. A padded table top is preferred to facilitate picking up chips and cards. polarized when someone's range is split into either very strong hands or bluffs position See main article: position position bet A bet that is made more due to the strength of the bettor's position than the strength of the bettor's cards. post To make the required small or big blind bet in Texas hold 'em or other games played with blinds rather than antes. post dead To post a bet amount equal to the small and the big blind combined (the amount of the large blind playing as a live blind, and the amount of the small blind as dead money). In games played with blinds, a player who steps away from the table and misses their turn for the blinds must either post dead or wait for the big blind to re-enter the game. Compare with dead blind post oak bluff See main article: post oak bluff pot See main article: pot pot-committed More often in the context of a no limit game; the situation where one can no longer fold because the size of the pot is so large compared to the size of one's stack. pot-limit See main article: pot limit pot odds See main article: pot odds pot sweetener A small bet not meant to cause an opponent to fold but rather to build up the pot thereby sweetening it. pre-flop The time when players already have their pocket cards but no flop has been dealt yet. probe bet A bet after the flop by a player who did not take the lead in betting before the flop (and when the player that did take the lead in betting before the flop declined to act). Compare with continuation bet prop, proposition player A player who gets paid an hourly rate to start poker games or to help them stay active. Prop players play with their own money, which distinguishes them from shills, who play with the house's money. protected pot A pot that seems impossible to bluff to win because too many players are active in it and the chances of another player either calling to the end or raising beyond measure become an assurance. protection, protect See main article: protection purse The total prize pool in a poker tournament push To bet all in put the clock (on someone) See main article: call the clock put on To put someone on a hand is to deduce what hand or range of hands they have based on their actions and knowledge of their gameplay style. See also tells Q quads Four of a kind qualifier, qualifying low A qualifying low hand. High-low split games often require a minimum hand value, such as eight-high, in order to award the low half of the pot. In some home games, there are qualifiers for high hands as well. quartered To win a quarter of a pot, usually by tying the low or high hand of a high-low split game. Generally, this is an unwanted outcome, as a player is often putting in a third of the pot in the hope of winning a quarter of the pot back. R rabbit hunt After a hand is complete, to reveal cards that would have been dealt later in the hand had it continued. This is usually prohibited in casinos because it slows the game and may reveal information about concealed hands. Also fox hunt raccoon A poor player. See also fish To make calls based on the hopes of hitting runner-runner, inside, or backdoor draws rack A collection of 100 chips of the same denomination, usually arranged in five stacks in a plastic tray. A plastic tray used for storing a rack of chips race See coin flip rag A low-valued (and presumably worthless) card. Hence ragged – having a low value rail The rail is the sideline at a poker table—the (often imaginary) rail separates spectators from the field of play. Watching from the rail means watching a poker game as a spectator. Going to the rail usually means losing all one's money. railbird A non-participatory spectator of a poker game rainbow Three or four cards of different suits, especially said of a flop. Betting a rainbow: to make a bet of one chip of each colour currently in play. raise To raise is to increase the size of an existing bet in the same betting round. See main article: raise rake See main article: rake. Also juice, vig, vigorish rakeback Rebate or repayment to a player a portion of the rake paid by that player, normally from a non-cardroom, third-party source such as an affiliate. Rakeback is paid in many ways by online poker rooms, affiliates or brick and mortar rooms. Many use direct money payments for online poker play. Brick and mortar rooms usually use rate cards to track and pay their rakeback. See main article: rakeback rakeback pro A rakeback pro is a poker player who may not be a winning player but uses rakebacks to supplement their losses and turn them into winnings. range of hands The list of holdings that a player considers an opponent might have when trying to deduce their holding. See also put on rathole To remove a portion of one's chips from the table while the game is underway. Normally prohibited in public card rooms. Also going south rebuy An amount of chips purchased after the buy-in. In some tournaments, players are allowed to rebuy chips one or more times for a limited period after the start of the game, providing that their stack is at or under its initial level. Compare with add-on Redbird A $5 five dollar chip redeal To deal a hand again, possibly after a misdeal redraw To make one hand and have a draw for a better hand Second or later draws in a draw game with multiple draws represent To represent a hand is to play as if it were held (whether it is or not). reraise Raise after one has been raised. Also coming over the top ring game See main article: ring game river The river or river card is the final card dealt in a poker hand, to be followed by a final round of betting and, if necessary, a showdown. In Texas hold 'em and Omaha hold'em, the river is the fifth and last card to be dealt to the community card board, after the flop and turn. A player losing the pot due only to the river card is said to have been rivered. rock A very tight player (plays very few hands and only continues with strong hands). A bundle of chips held together with a rubber band, or other token signifying an obligatory live straddle. If the player under the gun has the rock, they must use it to post a live straddle. The winner of the pot collects the rock and is obligated to use it in turn. roll your own In seven-card stud, when the player has some ability to choose which cards are turned face up. rolled-up trips In seven-card stud, three of a kind dealt in the first three cards rounder An expert player who travels to seek out high-stakes games royal cards Royal card are also known as face cards and picture cards. These cards consist of the jack, queen, and king of every suit. royal flush A straight flush of the top five cards of any suit. This is generally the highest possible hand. run it twice, running it twice A gentleman's agreement (not allowed in some casinos) where the players (usually two or three) agree to draw each remaining card to come in two different occasions instead of just once after all parties have gone all-in (two flops, turns and river for example for a total of 10 community cards in two sets of five). The winner of one run gets half the pot while the winner of the second run gets the other half. Running it twice is done to minimize bad beats and reduce bankroll swings. Running it twice is a form of insurance. runner-runner A hand made by hitting two consecutive cards on the turn and river. Also backdoor. Compare with bad beat and suck out rush A prolonged winning streak. A player who has won several big pots recently is said to be on a rush. Also heater S sandbag See slow play (poker) satellite A tournament in which the prize is a free entrance to another (larger) tournament. scare card A card dealt face up (either to a player in a game such as stud or to the board in a community card game) that could create a strong hand for someone. scoop In high-low split games, to win both the high and the low halves of the pot. second barrel See barreling second pair In community card poker games, a pair of cards of the second-top rank on the board. Second pair is a middle pair, but not necessarily vice versa. Compare with bottom pair, top pair sell In spread limit poker, to sell a hand is to bet less than the maximum with a strong hand, in the hope that more opponents will call the bet. semi-bluff In a game with multiple betting rounds, a bet or raise made with a hand that has decent chance of improving, but with the intention of making a better hand fold on the current betting round. See: semi-bluff set Three of a kind, especially a situation where two of the cards are concealed in the player's hole cards. Compare with trips set-up A deck that has been ordered, usually king to ace by suit (spades, hearts, clubs and diamonds). In casinos, it is customary to use a set-up deck when introducing a new deck to the table. The set-up is spread face up for the players to demonstrate that all of the cards are present before the first shuffle. Also called spading the deck sevens rule A rule in many A-5 lowball games that requires a player with a seven-low or better after the draw to bet, rather than check or check-raise. In some venues, a violator loses any future interest in the pot; in others they forfeit their interest entirely. shark A professional player or someone proficient at the game . See also card sharp shill See main article: shill. Compare with proposition player shoe A slanted container used to hold the cards yet to be dealt, usually used by casinos and in professional poker tournaments. See main article: shoe (cards). shootout A poker tournament format where the last remaining player of a table goes on to play the remaining players of other tables. Each table plays independently of the others; that is, there is no balancing as players are eliminated. short buy In no-limit poker, to buy into a game for considerably less money than the stated maximum buy-in, or less than other players at the table have in play. short stack A stack of chips that is relatively small for the stakes being played. Compare with deep stack, big stack shorthanded A poker game that is played with six players or fewer, as opposed to a full ring game, which is usually nine or ten players. A tournament where all tables are shorthanded at all times is called a short table tournament. shove To bet all in showdown When, if more than one player remains after the last betting round, remaining players expose and compare their hands to determine the winner or winners. See main article: showdown showdown value A poker hand has showdown value, when compared to the opponent's range of hands, it has a realistic chance of winning at showdown. side game A ring game running concurrently with a tournament made up of players who have either been eliminated or opted not to play the tournament. side pot A separate pot created to deal with the situation of one player going "all in". See Betting in poker sit and go A poker tournament with no scheduled starting time that starts whenever the necessary players have put up their money. Single-table sit-and-gos, with nine or ten players, are the norm, but multi-table games are common as well. Also called sit 'n gos slow play See main article: slow play slow roll To delay or avoid showing the winning hand at showdown, it is widely regarded as poor etiquette. small blind See main article: blinds smooched When someone manages to catch a slightly better hand. smooth call See flat call snap call When a player makes a swift call without any forethought (usually against an all-in) because of the high strength of their hand. snow To play a worthless hand misleadingly in draw poker in order to bluff. The worthless hand in question soft-play To intentionally go easy on a player. Soft play is expressly prohibited in most card rooms, and may result in penalties ranging from forced sit-outs to forfeiture of stakes or winnings. soft break Exchanging a large bill or chip into both chips and cash, when a player buys in. The cash is returned to the player and thus not in play. splash the pot To throw one's chips in the pot in a disorderly fashion. Not typically allowed, because the dealer can not tell how much has been bet. split See main article: split and high-low split split two pair In community card poker, a two pair hand, with each pair made of one of a player's hole cards, and one community card. spread The range between a table's minimum and maximum bets spread-limit A form of limit poker where the bets and raises can be between a minimum and maximum value. The spread may change between rounds. squeeze play A bluff reraise in no limit hold'em with less-than-premium cards, after another player or players have already called the original raise. The goal is to bluff everyone out of the hand and steal the bets. stack The total chips and currency that a player has in play at a given moment To be paid off by an opponent for your full stack value, To "stack" an opponent. A collection of 20 poker chips of the same denomination, usually arranged in an orderly column stakes The amount one buys in for and can bet. staking Staking is the act of one person putting up cash for a poker player to play with in hopes that the player wins. Any profits are split on a predetermined percentage between the backer and the player. A backed player is often known as a horse. Compare with bankroll stand pat In draw poker, playing the original hand using no draws, either as a bluff or in the belief it is the best hand. starting hand See main article: starting hand static board A board where few draws are available. Where hands are not likely change value on future streets. Compare with dynamic board. steal See main article: steal steam A state of anger, mental confusion, or frustration in which a player adopts a less than optimal strategy, usually resulting in poor play. Compare with tilt stop and go When a player bets into another player who has previously raised or otherwise shown aggression. Another version of the stop and go is in tournament poker when a player raises pre-flop with the intention of going all in after the flop regardless of the cards that fall. straddle bet See main article: straddle bets straight Poker hand: see main article: straight When used with an amount, indicates that the speaker is referring to the total bet, versus the amount being raised. Also altogether or all day straight flush See main article: straight flush strategy card A wallet sized card that is commonly used to help with poker strategies in online and casino games. street A street is another term for a dealt card or betting round. string bet A call with one motion and a later raise with another, or a reach for more chips without stating the intended amount. String bets are prohibited in public cardroom rules. Compare with forward motion structured A structured betting system is one where the spread of the bets may change from round to round. stub The remainder of cards that have not been used during the active play of a particular game. stud A variant of poker. See main article: stud poker A card dealt face up in stud poker subscription poker Subscription poker is a form of online poker wherein users pay a monthly fee to become eligible to play in real-money tournaments. suck out A situation when a hand heavily favored to win loses to an inferior hand after all the cards are dealt. The winning hand is said to have sucked out. Compare with bad beat suited Having the same suit. See card suits suited connectors See main article: suited connectors super satellite A multi-table poker tournament in which the prize is a free entrance to a satellite tournament or a tournament in which all the top finishers gain entrance to a larger tournament. T table dynamics See game flow table stakes A rule that a player may bet no more money than they had on the table at the beginning of that hand. See main article: table stakes. tag A tight aggressive style of play in which a player plays a small number of strong starting hands, but when in pots plays aggressively. tainted outs Cards that improve a hand so that it is better than the other current hands, but simultaneously improve other hands even more. See also outs tank, in the tank To take an excessive amount of time to act. tell A tell in poker is a detectable change in a player's behavior or demeanor that gives clues to that player's assessment of their hand. See main article: tell texture How well coordinated the community cards are to one another. This is used to estimate relative hand strength. See also static board and dynamic board third man walking A player who gets up from their seat in a cash game, after two other players are already away from the table, is referred to as the third man walking. In a casino with a third man walking rule, this player may be required to return to their seat within 10 minutes, or one rotation of the deal around the table, or else their seat in the game will be forfeited if there is a waiting list for the game. three bet, three betting To be the first player to put in a third unit of betting. Similarly Four betting, Five betting, etc. three of a kind See main article: three of a kind. Also trips, set tight To play fewer hands than average for the game or for the player normally. See loose/tight play. Compare with loose, aggressive, passive tilt Emotional upset, mental confusion, or frustration in which a player adopts a less than optimal strategy, usually resulting in poor play. See main article: tilt. Compare with steam timer If playing a poker tournament, a timer is used to count down periods in which the blinds are at certain levels. When the timer reaches 0:00, the blinds go to a higher level. to go The amount that a player is required to call in order to stay in the hand. toke In a brick and mortar casino, a toke is a tip given to the dealer by the winner of the pot. top kicker In community card poker games, top kicker is the best possible kicker to some given hand. top pair In community card poker games, top pair is a pair comprising a pocket card and the highest-ranking card on the board. Compare with second pair, bottom pair top two A split two pair, matching the highest-ranking two flop cards. trap See slow play trey A three-spot card (i.e. a three of any suit). triple barrel See barreling trips Three of a kind, especially a situation where only one card is from the player's hole cards. Compare with set turbo A type of tournament where the blind levels increase much faster than in standard play. turn The turn, turn card or fourth street is the fourth of five cards dealt to a community card board, constituting one face-up community card that each of the players in the game can use to make up their final hand. See also flop and river U under the gun The playing position to the direct left of the blinds in Texas hold 'em or Omaha hold 'em. The player who is under the gun must act first on the first round of betting. underdog An underdog or dog is a player with a smaller chance to win than another specified player. Frequently used when the exact odds are expressed. underfull A full house made where the three of a kind has lower-ranking cards than the pair. Compare with big full up When used with a card rank to describe a poker hand, refers to two pair with the named card being the higher pair. upcard A card that is played face up. See main article: upcard upswing A period during which a player wins more (or loses less) than expected. See also: downswing up the ante Increase the stakes upstairs See raise V value bet A bet made by a player who wants it to be called (as opposed to a bluff or protection bet). See value variance The statistical measure of how far actual results differ from expectation. See main article: variance vigorish, vig The rake. See main article: vigorish villain In hand histories any opponent as seen from hero's perspective. VPIP Voluntary put money in pot. Represents the percentage of hands with which a player puts money into the pot pre-flop, without counting any blind postings. VPIP is an excellent measure of how tight or loose a player is. W wake up To "wake up with a hand" means to discover a strong starting hand, often when there has already been action in front of the player. walk A situation where all players fold to the big blind. wash To mix the deck by spreading the cards face down on the table and mixing them up. weak ace An ace with a low kicker. Also small ace, soft ace, ace-rag weak player A player who is easily bullied out of a hand post-flop by any sort of action. webcam poker A form of online poker which allows players to watch each other during play via a webcam. wet board See dynamic board whale A particularly weak player with a very large stack or bankroll that can be targeted with minimal risk. wheel A five-high straight (A-2-3-4-5), with the ace playing low. See list of poker hands and lowball (poker) In deuce-to-seven lowball, the nut low hand (2–3–4–5–7) wild card See main article: wild card. Compare with bug window card An upcard in stud poker. The first window card in stud is called the door card. In Texas hold'em and Omaha, the window card is the first card shown when the dealer puts out the three cards for the flop. wrap In Omaha hold 'em, a wrap is a straight draw with nine or more outs comprising two board cards and three or four cards from a player's hand. See also Games portal Betting in poker List of poker playing card nicknames References ^ a b "Poker Terms". PokerVIP. ^ "Poker Terms". Casinoencyclopedia. ^ a b c d e f g h Acevedo (2019), p. 17–21 ^ Brokos (2020), p. 128 ^ a b c PokerStrategy Glossary ^ Gus Hansen ^ Daniel Y. Kimberg (2002). Serious Poker. Conjelco. p. 192. ISBN 1886070164. ^ Allan Kronzek (2008). 52 Ways to Cheat at Poker: How to Spot Them, Foil Them, and Defend Yourself Against Them. Plume. p. 30. ISBN 978-0452289116. ^ a b Angelo (2007), p. 19–21 ^ Wellshuffled (2009). "Definition of a 'drawing hand'". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2009-11-01. ^ a b Brokos (2020), p. 47 ^ Dan Paymar; Donna Harris; Mason Malmuth (1998). The Professional Poker Dealer's Handbook. Two Plus Two Pub. ISBN 1880685183. ^ "Nosebleeds Dictionary Entry". Poker-King.com. Retrieved 2017-05-05. ^ Pempus, Brian (2011-08-07). "Online Nosebleed Cash-Game Scene Struggling". CardPlayer. Retrieved 2017-05-05. ^ Pot Sweetener at pokerstrategy.com. Retrieved 23 April 2021. ^ "Roll Your Own Poker – card game rules". ^ "Poker Terms | How To Play | Official World Series of Poker". www.wsop.com. Retrieved 2023-03-16. ^ "Wheel". Upswing Poker. Retrieved 2023-03-16. ^ CountingOuts.com ^ Gibson, Walter B. (2013-10-23). Hoyle's Modern Encyclopedia of Card Games: Rules of All the Basic Games and Popular Variations. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-48609-7. Additional references Acevado, Michael (2019). Modern Poker Theory. D&B Publishing. ISBN 978-190945789 8. Angelo, Tommy (2007). Elements of Poker. BookSurge Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4196-8089-2. Brokos, Andrew (2020). Play Optimal Poker 2. Independently Published. ISBN 979-8645500658. The Official Dictionary of Poker by Michael Wiesenberg Dan Kimberg's Poker Dictionary Gibson, Walter B. (2013-10-23). Hoyle's Modern Encyclopedia of Card Games: Rules of All the Basic Games and Popular Variations. Crown.ISBN 978-0-307-48609-7 vtePoker Index of poker articles Overview Betting Cheating Glossary History Poker boom List of poker playing card nicknames Tournaments PlayElements Chip Position Pot Playing card Hands Non-standard Tell Plays Aggression Bluff Check-raise Draw Isolation Protection Steal Variations Brag Draw poker Five-card draw Stud poker Five-card stud Seven-card stud Razz Community card poker Texas hold 'em Greek hold 'em Omaha hold 'em Six-plus hold 'em Casino games Caribbean stud Let It Ride Mississippi Stud Three Card Poker Four Card Poker Chinese poker Open-face Chinese poker Strategy Fundamental theorem of poker Morton's theorem Pot odds Slow play Computing Computer poker player Online poker Poker tools Category Commons Outline vteGlossaries of sports Sports terms named after people American football Archery Association football Athletics Australian rules football Baseball derived idioms Basketball Board games Bowling Bowls Canadian football Chess chess problems computer chess Climbing Contract bridge Cricket Cue sports Curling Cycling parts Darts Disc golf Equestrian Australian and New Zealand punting North American horse racing Fencing Italian terms Figure skating Gaelic games Golf Gymnastics Ice hockey Kabaddi Kho kho Motorsport Pickleball Poker Professional wrestling Rowing Rugby league Rugby union Shooting sport Skiing and snowboarding Skiing and snowboarding Sumo Surfing Table tennis Tennis Trampolining Underwater diving Volleyball Water polo Wing Chun Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poker category of words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Poker"},{"link_name":"Wiktionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary"},{"link_name":"poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker"},{"link_name":"glossary of card game terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_card_game_terms"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"See also","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#See_also"},{"link_name":"Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Notes"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"}],"text":"For a list of words relating to Poker, see the Poker category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.The following is a glossary of poker terms used in the card game of poker. It supplements the glossary of card game terms. Besides the terms listed here, there are thousands of common and uncommon poker slang terms. This is not intended to be a formal dictionary; precise usage details and multiple closely related senses are omitted here in favor of concise treatment of the basics.Contents\n \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ \n \n\nSee also\nNotes\nReferences","title":"Glossary of poker terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hole cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hole"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PokerVIP-1"},{"link_name":"lowball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowball_(poker)"},{"link_name":"in turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#in_turn"},{"link_name":"angle shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#AngleShooting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PokerVIP-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casinoencyclopedia-2"},{"link_name":"kill button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kill_button"},{"link_name":"seven-card stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-card_stud"},{"link_name":"scoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#scoop"},{"link_name":"bring-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Open"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"full bet rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#full_bet_rule"},{"link_name":"half bet rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#half_bet_rule"},{"link_name":"hand histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hand_history"},{"link_name":"hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hero"},{"link_name":"villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#villain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acevedo-3"},{"link_name":"side pots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#side_pot"},{"link_name":"all-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#all-in"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"rebuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rebuy"},{"link_name":"aggression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression_(poker)"},{"link_name":"loose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#loose"},{"link_name":"tight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tight"},{"link_name":"passive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#passive"},{"link_name":"lowball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowball_(poker)"},{"link_name":"all-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_in_poker#%22All-in%22"},{"link_name":"acting out of turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Acting"},{"link_name":"ante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Ante"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"blind off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blind_off"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"}],"text":"ace in the hole\nOne of the hole cards is an ace[1]\n ace-to-five, ace-to-six\nMethods of evaluating low hands. See lowball.\n act\nTo make a play (check, bet, call, raise, or fold) at the required time, compare to in turn.\nacting out of turn\nA player in poker that either announces their actions or physically plays before their turn (checks, folds etc.). Sometimes players act out of turn intentionally to get a read out of other players. When done intentionally, this is often referred to as \"angle shooting.\" See angle shooting.[1]\n action\nA player's turn to act; a willingness to gamble; or a bet, along with all the calls of that bet.[2]\n action button\nA marker similar to a kill button, on which a player places an extra forced bet. In a seven-card stud high-low game, the action button is awarded to the winner of a scoop pot above a certain size, signifying that in the next pot, that player will be required to post an amount representing a completion of the bring-in to a full bet.\n\n\n action card\nIn Texas hold 'em, and other community card poker games, a card appearing on the board that causes significant betting action because it helps two or more players.\n action only\nIn many cardrooms, with respect to an all-in bet, only a full (or half) bet can be reraised. Anything less than a full (or half) bet is considered to be action only, that is, other players can call the bet but not raise it. Compare with full bet rule and half bet rule.\n active players\nAny players still involved in the pot. In hand histories often referred to as hero and villain.[3] In side pots, an all-in player may be active in some pots, but not in others.\n add-on\nIn a live game, to buy more chips before busting. In tournament play, a single rebuy for which all players are eligible regardless of their stack size. This is usually allowed only once, at the end of the rebuy period. The add-on often offers more chips per dollar invested than the buy-in and rebuys. Compare with rebuy.\n advertising\nTo make an obvious play or expose cards in such a way as to deliberately convey an impression to opponents about the advertising player's style of play.\n aggressive, aggression\nThe tendency for a player to open betting or raise rather than call or check. See main article: aggression. Compare with loose, tight, passive.\n aggression factor (AF)\nA measure of a player's aggression, either in a particular betting round or over all betting rounds\n air\nA hand that has a very low value against an opponent's such as \"9 high.\" In lowball, giving air is when a player lets an opponent who might otherwise fold know that they intend to draw one or more cards, to induce them to call a dead hand.\n all-in\nWhen a player bets all of their chips in the current hand. See main article: all-in.\n angle\nA permitted, but borderline unethical, play\nangle shooting\nIntentionally using an angle to exploit an opponent such as obscuring the size of their chip stack or acting out of turn. See acting out of turn.\n ante\nA forced bet required, in some types of poker, of all players before the hand begins. See main article: ante.\n ante off\nIn tournament play, to force an absent player to continue paying antes, blinds, bring-ins, and other forced bets so that the contest remains fair to the other players. Also blind off.\n any two cards\nAn expression used in Texas hold 'em to say that a player's cards do not matter in a decision","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Open"},{"link_name":"jackpots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-card_draw"},{"link_name":"reraise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#reraise"},{"link_name":"called","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#call"},{"link_name":"bad beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_beat"},{"link_name":"continuation bets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#continuation_bet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Open"},{"link_name":"fixed limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Fixed_limit"},{"link_name":"betting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)"},{"link_name":"big bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_bet"},{"link_name":"no limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#No_limit"},{"link_name":"pot limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Pot_limit"},{"link_name":"blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_(poker)"},{"link_name":"underfull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#underfull"},{"link_name":"deep stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stack"},{"link_name":"short stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#short_stack"},{"link_name":"community card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card"},{"link_name":"rag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rag"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#brick"},{"link_name":"non-standard poker hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard_poker_hand"},{"link_name":"face cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_card"},{"link_name":"flush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flush_(poker)"},{"link_name":"tilting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tilt"},{"link_name":"blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_(poker)"},{"link_name":"dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dark"},{"link_name":"call or raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Betting_in_poker"},{"link_name":"big blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#big_blind"},{"link_name":"aggressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression_(poker)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps_glossary-5"},{"link_name":"raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_in_poker"},{"link_name":"blinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_(poker)"},{"link_name":"antes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ante"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps_glossary-5"},{"link_name":"stud poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_poker"},{"link_name":"ante off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ante_off"},{"link_name":"community card poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"outs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_(poker)"},{"link_name":"dry ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dry_ace"},{"link_name":"bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(poker)"},{"link_name":"community cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card"},{"link_name":"community card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_poker"},{"link_name":"full house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_house_(poker)"},{"link_name":"split pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-low_split"},{"link_name":"bottom dealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_dealing"},{"link_name":"straights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_(poker)"},{"link_name":"community card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"idiot end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#idiot_end"},{"link_name":"community card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"second pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#second_pair"},{"link_name":"top pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top_pair"},{"link_name":"bounty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_(poker)"},{"link_name":"draw poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_poker"},{"link_name":"made hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_hand"},{"link_name":"blank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blank"},{"link_name":"rags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rag"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"online casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_casino"},{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Open"},{"link_name":"Doyle Brunson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_Brunson"},{"link_name":"poker tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"odds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_odds"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps_glossary-5"},{"link_name":"expected value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"},{"link_name":"button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_(poker)"},{"link_name":"bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(poker)"},{"link_name":"wild card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_card_(poker)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"burn card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_card"},{"link_name":"button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_(poker)"},{"link_name":"blinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_(poker)"},{"link_name":"button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_(poker)"},{"link_name":"live blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#live"},{"link_name":"dead money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_money_(poker)"},{"link_name":"public cardroom rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_cardroom_rules_(poker)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"baby\nA prefix for (one of) the lowest-ranking possible of any particular made hand on a particular board. For example, the lowest-ranking full house possible for a paired board in hold 'em (i.e. one that would be beaten by any other possible full house) is the baby full house.\n backdoor\nA draw requiring two or more rounds to fill; a hand made other than the hand the player intended to make\n back in\nTo enter a pot by checking and then calling someone else's open on the first betting round. Usually used in games like jackpots, meaning to enter without openers.\n back into\nTo win a pot with a hand that would have folded to any bet\n backraise\nA reraise from a player who previously called in the same betting round\n bad beat\nTo lose a hand where one hand is considerably ahead of the eventual winning hand. See main article: bad beat.\n balance\nPlaying very different hands in the same way, with the aim of making it more difficult for an opponent to gain useful information about the cards a player has.\n bank\nAlso called the house, the person responsible for distributing chips, keeping track of the buy-ins, and paying winners at the end of the game.\n bankroll\nThe amount of money that a player has to wager for the duration of their poker career; to fund someone's participation in a game. Compare with staking.\n bankroll management\nChoosing the correct stakes and game type to avoid exhausting a bankroll during downswings\n barreling\nWhen the preflop raiser continuation bets the flop, then bets again on the turn. Sometimes called firing a second barrel or a double barrel. Betting the flop, turn and river is referred to as triple barreling.[4]\n behind\nNot (currently) having the best hand; money on the table but not currently in the pot, which can be bet later in the hand; money in play but not visible as chips in front of a player\n bet\nAny money wagered during the play of a hand\nThe opening bet of a betting round\nIn a fixed limit game, the standard betting amount\n betting structure\nThe complete set of rules regarding forced bets, limits, raise caps, and such for a particular game. See main article: betting.\n big bet\nThe larger of two bet amounts in a fixed limit game. See main article: big bet.\n big bet game\nA game played with no limit or a pot limit betting structure\n big blind\nThe larger of two forced bets in certain types of poker. See main article: blind.\n big blind special\nA hand won by the big blind playing very weak pocket cards because there was no raise pre-flop\n big full\nThe best possible full house in community card games. A stronger hand than the underfull.\n big stack\nA stack of chips that is relatively large for the stakes being played. Also called deep stack. Also the biggest stack at the table. Compare with short stack.\n blank\nA card, frequently a community card, of no apparent value. Compare with rag, brick, bomb.\n blaze\nA non-standard poker hand of five face cards that outranks a flush\n bleed\nTo consistently lose chips through bad play, possibly resulting from tilting\n blind\nA type of forced bet. See main article: blind.\nIn the dark\n blind defense\nTo call or raise an opponent's raise when in the big blind, rather than folding an otherwise weak hand, in order to exploit overly aggressive players.[5]\n blind steal\nA raise from a late position with a weak hand when all other players have folded, with the intention of winning the blinds and antes.[5]\n blind stud\nA stud poker game in which all cards are dealt face down. Was popular in California before legal rulings made traditional stud legal there.\n blind off, blinded\nTo ante off\nWhen a player's stack is reduced by paying ever increasing blinds in tournaments\n blocker\nIn community card poker, holding one of the opponent's outs, typically when the board threatens a straight or straight draw. A blocker is also having a combination of cards that turn an opponent's outs into one's own. Compare with dry ace.\n blocking bet\nAn abnormally small bet made by a player out of position intended to discourage a larger bet by an opponent\n bluff\nA bet made with a hand that is mathematically unlikely to be the best hand, either to make money or to disguise play patterns. See main article: bluff.\n bluff catcher\nA hand that can only beat a bluff.\n bluff induce\nTo make an action with a strong hand that represents a weak hand with the intention of encouraging an opponent to try to bluff off of the hand with a big bet.\n board\nThe set of community cards in a community card game\nThe set of face-up cards of a particular player in a stud game\nThe set of all face-up cards in a stud game\n boat\nAnother name for a full house\n bomb pot\nA hand where each player agrees to place a predetermined bet amount into the pot before the hand is dealt.\nA hand, usually in a game with a blind structure, which is instead played with antes and which goes straight to the second round of betting.\n both ways\nBoth halves of a split pot, often declared by a player who thinks they will win both low and high\n bottom dealing\nTrick or cheating deal where a card or cards are dealt from the bottom of the deck rather than the top. See main article: bottom dealing.\n bottom end\nThe lowest of several possible straights, especially in a community card game. Also idiot end.\n bottom pair, bottom set\nIn a community card game, a pair (or set) made by matching the lowest-ranking board card with one (or two) in one's private hand. Compare second pair, top pair.\n bounty\nAn aspect of some poker tournaments that rewards players for eliminating other players with a cash prize for each player they eliminate, separate from the tournament payout structure. See main article: bounty.\n box\nThe chip tray in front of a house dealer, and by extension, the house dealer's position at the table\n boxed card\nA card encountered face-up in the assembled deck during the deal, as opposed to one overturned in the act of dealing. Most house rules treat a boxed card as if it does not exist; that is, it is placed aside and not used. Different rules cover cards exposed during the deal.\n break\nIn a draw poker game, to discard cards that make a made hand in the hope of making a better one. In a jacks-or-better draw game, a player breaking a high pair must keep the discarded card aside, to prove they had openers.\nTo end a session of play\n brick\nA blank, though more often used in the derogatory sense of a card that is undesirable rather than merely inconsequential,. Also known as a bomb. Compare with rags.\n brick and mortar\nA brick and mortar casino is a real casino based in a building, as opposed to an online casino. This refers to many real world locations as opposed to their Internet counterparts.\n bridge order\nPoker is neutral about suits, but in determining the dealer at the start of a game, or in determining the bring in bettor in a stud game, bridge rank rules are used: spades beat hearts beat diamonds beat clubs.\n bring in\nTo open a betting round\nA forced bet in stud games. In the first betting round, the holder of the worst (lowest or highest, depending) upcard must post a bring-in bet. The bring-in bet is typically a quarter to a third of a small bet. The bring-in bettor may look at their cards, and place a full bet if they choose.\n broadway\nA 10 through ace straight. Can also include any group of cards from 10 to ace.\n brush\nA casino employee whose job it is to greet players entering the poker room, maintain the list of persons waiting to play, announce open seats, and various other duties (including brushing off tables to prepare them for new games, hence the name).\nTo recruit players into a game\n Brunson\nIn Texas Hold'em, when the hole cards are a 10 and a 2 of any suit. Named after Doyle Brunson, who in 1976 and 1977, won the no limit hold 'em event at the World Series of Poker with a ten and a two, in both cases completing a full house.\n bubble\nThe last finishing position in a poker tournament before entering the payout structure\n bubble factor\nThe factor by which the odds in chips differ from the odds in dollars.[5] See also main article: expected value.\n buck\nMarker to indicate which player is dealer (or last to act). See button.\n bug\nA limited wild card. See main article: bug. Compare with wild card.\n bully\nA player who raises frequently to force out more cautious players, especially one with a large stack for the size of the game[6]\n burn card, burn\nA card that is removed from the deal to prevent cheating. See main article: burn card.\n busted\nAn uncompleted hand\nTo lose all of one's chips\n button\nMost commonly a marker that indicates the dealer position at the table, but other specialized buttons exist. See main article: button. Also buck or hat.\n buy-in\nThe minimum required amount of chips that must be bought to become involved in a game or tournament\n buy short\nTo buy into a game for an amount smaller than the normal buy-in\n buy the button\nA rule originating in northern California casinos in games played with blinds, in which a new player sitting down with the button to their right (who would normally be required to sit out a hand as the button passed, then post to come in) may choose to pay the amount of both blinds for this one hand (the amount of the large blind playing as a live blind, and the amount of the small blind as dead money), play this hand, and then receive the button on the next hand as if they had been playing all along. See public cardroom rules.\nA tactic most often used by late-position players: a raise to encourage the later and button players to fold, thus giving the raiser last position in subsequent betting rounds\n buy the pot\nMaking a bet when no one else is betting so as to force the other players to fold, thus winning the pot uncontested. A specialized version of this is buying the blinds by making a large raise in the first round forcing all other players out of the hand.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Call"},{"link_name":"calling station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_station"},{"link_name":"raises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Raise"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_(poker)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"playing cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_card"},{"link_name":"shuffling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuffling"},{"link_name":"cards speak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cards_speak_(poker)"},{"link_name":"ring game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_game"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"runner-runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#runner-runner"},{"link_name":"table stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_stakes"},{"link_name":"drawing hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"pot odds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_odds"},{"link_name":"drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"sunk cost fallacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunk_cost_fallacy"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Check"},{"link_name":"check-raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check-raise"},{"link_name":"casino token","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_token"},{"link_name":"bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_(poker)"},{"link_name":"collusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collusion"},{"link_name":"chip race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_race"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"chopping the blinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopping_the_blinds"},{"link_name":"closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_(poker)"},{"link_name":"flat call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flat_call"},{"link_name":"overcall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#overcall"},{"link_name":"cheating in poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_in_poker"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"community card poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"made hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_hand"},{"link_name":"table stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_stakes"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"Omaha hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"probe bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#probe_bet"},{"link_name":"counterfeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_(poker)"},{"link_name":"duplicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#duplicate"},{"link_name":"community card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_(cards)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_(poker)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angelo19-21-9"}],"text":"call\nTo match a bet or raise. See main article: call.\n call the clock\nA method of discouraging players from taking an excessively long time to act. When someone calls the clock, the player has a set amount of time in which to make up their mind; if they fail to do so, their hand is immediately declared dead. In tournament play, any player can call a clock.\n calling station\nA player who frequently calls bets, but rarely raises them. A calling station is usually a loose passive player. See main article: calling station.\n cap\nA limit on the number of raises allowed in a betting round. Typically three or four (in addition to the opening bet). In most casinos, the cap is removed if there are only two players remaining either at the beginning of the betting round, or at the time that what would have otherwise been the last raise is made.\nAlso, term for the chip, token, or object placed atop one's cards to show continued involvement with a hand\n cap game\nSimilar to cap above, but refers to a no-limit or pot limit game with a cap on the amount that a player can bet during the course of a hand. Once the cap is reached, all players remaining in the hand are considered all-in.\n card protector\nIn games where all of a player's cards are facedown, some players use items like specialty chips or glass figures to place on top of their cards to protect them from being accidentally discarded.[7]\n cards\nStandard playing cards are used. In home games it is common to have two decks with distinct backs, and to shuffle the unused deck while each hand is in progress. Casinos typically use plastic decks that can handle the added wear and tear, as casino players often read their \"hole\" cards by peeking at the corner rather than lifting the card. Due to cost, home games tend to use paper cards. It is not unusual for paper cards to become bent quickly. Card quality can be preserved for longer if players agree not to bend cards, and proper shuffling techniques are used.\n cards speak\nSee main article: cards speak\n case card\nThe last available card of a certain description\n cash game\nA game where each hand is played for real money as opposed to tournament play. See main article: ring game.\n cash plays\nAn announcement, usually by a dealer, that a player who has requested to buy chips and can bet the cash they have on the table in lieu of chips until receiving their chips. In many card rooms, it also refers to the policy that $100 bills may remain on the table and are considered to be in play in cash form, rather than converted to chips.\n cashing\nWinning a share of the prize money in a tournament\n cashing out\nExchanging chips for cash when leaving a game. Removing money from an online poker site.\n catch\nTo receive needed cards on a draw. Often used with an adjective to further specify, catch perfect, catch inside, catch smooth.\n catch up\nTo successfully complete a draw, thus defeating a player who previously had a better hand\n catch perfect\nTo catch the only two possible cards that will complete a hand and win the pot, often those leading to a straight flush. Usually used in Texas hold 'em. Compare with runner-runner.\n center pot\nThe main pot in a table stakes game where one or more players are all in\n chase\nTo call a bet to see the next card when holding a drawing hand when the pot odds do not merit it\nTo continue to play a drawing hand over multiple betting rounds, especially one unlikely to succeed\nTo continue playing with a hand that is not likely the best because one has already invested money in the pot. See sunk cost fallacy.\n check\nTo bet nothing. See main article: check.\nA casino chip\n check out\nTo fold, in turn, even though there is no bet facing the player. In some games this is considered a breach of the rules equivalent to folding out of turn.\n check-raise\nDeceptive play whereby a player initially checks with the intention of raising should another player bet. See main article: check-raise.\n chip\nA small disk or tablet used in place of money. See casino token. Currency is difficult to stack or handle, so most poker games are played with chips, or coin-shaped tokens of uniform size and weight, usually 39mm wide and anywhere from 5 to 16 grams in weight, whose money value is determined by their color. Historically, poker chips were made of bone; however, modern casino chips are often made of clay or a clay composite and are considered the most upscale variety of poker chip; other high-end chips are made of ceramic. Plastic chips are also available, at a wide variety of quality levels.\n chip declare\nA method of declaring intent to play high or low in a split-pot game with declaration. See declaration.\n chip dumping\nA strategy whereby one player deliberately loses chips to another player. Where players have agreed to take such action together, this is a form of collusion.\n chip leader\nThe player currently holding the most chips in a tournament (or occasionally a live no limit game)\n chip race\nAn event in tournament poker where chips of a value lower than the minimum required are removed from play. See main article: chip race.\n chip up\nTo exchange lower-denomination chips for higher-denomination chips. In tournament play, the term means to remove all the small chips from play by rounding up any odd small chips to the nearest large denomination, rather than using a chip race.\nTo steadily accumulate chips in tournament play, typically by winning small pots with minimal risk-taking.\n chop\nTo split a pot because of a tie, split-pot game, or player agreement\nTo play a game for a short time and cash out. Also hit and run.\nA request made by a player for the dealer to make change\nAn agreement by all players remaining in a tournament to distribute the remaining money in the prize pool according to an agreed-upon formula instead of playing the tournament to completion. Usually occurs at the final table of a large tournament.\n chopping the blinds\nEnding a hand when all players have folded to the blinds with the blinds being returned to those who paid them. See main article: chopping the blinds.\n click raise\nMaking the minimum raise. Refers to online poker where players click the raise button without specifying the amount of raise.\n closed\nSee main article: closed\n coffee housing\nTalking in an attempt to mislead other players about the strength of a hand. This is also called speech play.\n coin flip\nA situation where two players have invested all their money in the pot and have a roughly even chance of winning. Also race.\n cold call\nTo call an amount that represents a sum of bets or raises by more than one player without previously calling or making a bet in the same round. Compare with flat call, overcall.\n cold deck\nA \"stacked\" deck (a deck arranged in a preset order, to effect a specific outcome once dealt) which is deceptively switched with the original deck of cards in play, to benefit a player or the dealer. So named because when the deck is put into the game, it has not had a chance to warm up from handling by the players and dealer.\n collusion\nA form of cheating involving cooperation among two or more players. See cheating in poker.\n color change, color up\nTo exchange small-denomination chips for larger ones\n combo, combination game\nA casino table at which multiple forms of poker are played in rotation\n combo draw, combination draw\nA hand containing both a flush draw and a straight draw. See draw.\n come bet, on the come\nA bet or raise made with a drawing hand, building the pot in anticipation of filling the draw\n community card\nSee main article: community card poker\n complete hand\nSee made hand\n completion\nTo raise a small bet up to the amount of what would be a normal-sized bet. See table stakes.\n connectors\nTwo or more cards of consecutive or close to consecutive rank\n continuation bet\nA bet made after the flop by the player who took the lead in betting before the flop (Texas hold 'em and Omaha hold 'em). Also called a c-bet. Compare with probe bet.\n cooler\nA situation in which a player holds the second best hand, so strong considering the circumstances, that they are apt to lose the maximum with it no matter how they play it\n countdown\nThe act of counting the cards that remain in the stub after all cards have been dealt, done by a dealer to ensure that a complete deck is being used\n counterfeit\nSee main article: counterfeit. Also duplicate.\n cow\nA player with whom one is sharing a buy-in, with the intent to split the result after play. To go cow is to make such an arrangement.\n cripple\nIn some community card games, to cripple the deck means to have a hand that is virtually impossible for anyone else to catch up to.\n crying call\nCalling when a player thinks they do not have the best hand\n cut\nSee main article: cut\n cut card\nA distinctive card, usually stiff solid-colored plastic, held against the bottom of the deck during the deal to prevent observation of the bottom card. While rarely used in home games, the cut card is universal in casino play.[8]\n cutoff\nThe seat immediately to the right of the button. Name derived from its positional strength, obtaining absolute position when the button folds.[9]","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_(poker)"},{"link_name":"dead button rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#When_a_player_in_the_blinds_leaves_the_game"},{"link_name":"dead man's hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand"},{"link_name":"ante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_in_poker#Ante"},{"link_name":"pot odds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_odds"},{"link_name":"rules of thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thumb"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"cash game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cash_game"},{"link_name":"button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#button"},{"link_name":"buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#buck"},{"link_name":"dealer's choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealer%27s_choice"},{"link_name":"declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_(poker)"},{"link_name":"big stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#big_stack"},{"link_name":"short stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#short_stack"},{"link_name":"deuce-to-seven low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuce-to-seven_low"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domination_(poker)"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fish"},{"link_name":"stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_poker"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"flop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flop"},{"link_name":"draw poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_poker"},{"link_name":"unconventional rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard_poker_hand"},{"link_name":"wild cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_card_(poker)"},{"link_name":"barreling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barreling"},{"link_name":"community card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"draw poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_poker"},{"link_name":"no-limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#No_limit"},{"link_name":"pot-limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Pot_limit"},{"link_name":"Omaha hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"suited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#suited"},{"link_name":"upswing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#upswing"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"chasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chase"},{"link_name":"rake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rake"},{"link_name":"Omaha hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#board"},{"link_name":"bluffing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(poker)"},{"link_name":"semi-bluffing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(poker)#Semi-bluff"},{"link_name":"redraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#redraw"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"blocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blocker"},{"link_name":"static board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#static_board"},{"link_name":"counterfeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit_(poker)"},{"link_name":"board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#board"},{"link_name":"draws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"},{"link_name":"streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#street"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brokos-pop2-11"},{"link_name":"static board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#static_board"}],"text":"dark\nAn action taken before receiving information to which the player would normally be entitled. Compare with blind.\n dead blind\nA blind that is not live, in that the player posting it does not have the option to raise if other players just call. Usually involves a small blind posted by a player entering, or returning to, a game (in a position other than the big blind) that is posted in addition to a live blind equal to the big blind.\n dead button\nSee dead button rule\n dead hand\nA player's hand that is not entitled to participate in the deal for some reason, such as having been fouled by touching another player's cards, being found to contain the wrong number of cards, being dealt to a player who did not make the appropriate forced bets, etc.\n dead man's hand\nSee main article: dead man's hand\n dead money\nThe amount of money in the pot other than the equal amounts bet by active remaining players in that pot. Examples of dead money include money contributed to the pot by players who have folded, a dead blind posted by a player returning to a game after missing blinds, or an odd chip left in the pot from a previous deal. For example, eight players each ante $1, one player opens for $2, and gets two callers, making the pot total $14. Three players are now in the pot having contributed $3 each, for $9 \"live\" money; the remaining $5 (representing the antes of the players who folded) is dead money. The amount of dead money in a pot affects the pot odds of plays or rules of thumb that are based on the number of players. The term \"dead money\" is also used in a derogatory sense to refer to money put in the pot by players who are still legally eligible to win it, but who are unlikely to do so because they are unskilled, increasing the expected return of other players. This can also be applied to the player himself: \"Let's invite John every week; he's dead money\". The term \"dead money\" also applies in tournaments, when many casual players enter events with virtually no chance of winning.\n deal\nTo distribute cards to players in accordance with the rules of the game being played\nA single instance of a game of poker, begun by shuffling the cards and ending with the award of a pot. Also called a hand (though both terms are ambiguous).\nAn agreement to split tournament prize money differently from the announced payouts\n deal twice\nIn a cash game, when two players are involved in a large pot and one is all-in, they might agree to deal the remaining cards twice. If one player wins both times they win the whole pot, but if both players win one hand they split the pot. Also, play twice, run it twice.\n dealer\nThe person dealing the cards\nThe person who assumes that role for the purposes of betting order in a game, even though someone else might be physically dealing. Also button. Compare with buck.\n dealer's choice\nA version of poker in which the deal passes each game and each dealer can choose, or invent, a new poker game each hand or orbit. See main article: dealer's choice.\n declare\nTo verbally indicate an action or intention. See declaration.\n deep stack\nA stack of chips that is relatively large for the stakes being played. Also called a big stack. Compare with short stack.\n defense\nMaking a play that defends the player against a bluff by forcing the suspected bluffer to fold or invest further\n deuce\nA two-spot card (i.e. a two of any suit). Also called a duck, quack, or swan.\nAny of various related uses of the number two, such as a $2 limit game, a $2 chip, etc.\n deuce-to-seven\nA method of evaluating low hands. See main article: deuce-to-seven low.\n dirty stack\nA stack of chips apparently of a single denomination, but with one or more chips of another. Usually the result of inattention while stacking a pot, but may also be an intentional deception.\n discard\nTo take a previously dealt card out of play. The set of all discards for a deal is called the muck or the deadwood.\n dog\nShort for underdog, usually refers to the player with the hand that has the lowest chance of winning at that time.\n dominated hand\nA hand that is extremely unlikely to win against another specific hand, even though it may not be a poor hand in its own right. Most commonly used in Texas hold 'em. See also domination.\n donk bet\nA bet made in early position by a player who did not take the initiative in the previous betting round.\n donkey\na weak player, also known as fish or donk\n door card\nIn a stud game, a player's first face-up card\nIn Texas hold 'em, the door card is the first visible card of the flop.\nIn draw poker, the sometimes visible card at the bottom of a player's hand. Players will sometimes deliberately expose this card.\n double-ace flush\nUnder unconventional rules, a flush with one or more wild cards in which they play as aces, even if an ace is already present\n double barrel\nSee barreling\n double belly buster straight draw\na combination of hole cards and exposed cards in hold 'em or stud games which does not include four connected cards, but where there are two different ranks of card that complete a straight\n double-board, double-flop\nAny of several community card game variants (usually Texas hold 'em) in which two separate boards of community cards are dealt simultaneously, with the pot split between the winning hands using each board.\n double-draw\nAny of several draw poker games in which the draw phase and subsequent betting round are repeated twice\n double raise\nThe minimum raise in a no-limit or pot-limit game, raising by just the amount of the current bet.\n double suited\nAn Omaha hold 'em starting hand where two pairs of suited cards are held\n double up, double through\nIn a big bet game, to bet all of one's chips on one hand against a single opponent (who has an equal or larger stack) and win, thereby doubling the stack\n downbet\nBetting a smaller amount than the previous round of betting\n downcard\nA card that is dealt face-down\n downswing\nA period during which a player loses more than expected. See also: upswing.\n drag light\nTo pull chips away from the pot to indicate that the player does not have enough money to cover a bet. If their hand wins, the amount is ignored. If not, they must cover the amount out of pocket. This is not allowed at any casino.\n draw, drawing hand, come hand\nSee main article: draw\nA drawing hand is when a player has a chance to improve their hand to something considerably stronger, typically a straight or a flush, through drawing the required cards on the flop, on the turn or on the river.[10]\n drawing dead\nPlaying a drawing hand that will lose even if successful\nPlaying a hand that can never improve beyond the opponent's hand\n drawing live\nNot drawing dead; that is, drawing to a hand that will win if successful\n drawing thin\nNot drawing completely dead, but chasing a draw in the face of poor odds\n drop\nTo fold\nMoney charged by the casino for providing its services, often dropped through a slot in the table into a strong box. See rake.\nTo drop one's cards to the felt to indicate that one is in or out of a game\n dry ace\nIn Omaha hold 'em or Texas hold 'em, an ace in one's hand without another card of the same suit. Used especially to denote the situation where the board presents a flush possibility, when the player does not in fact have a flush, but holding the ace presents some bluffing or semi-bluffing opportunity and a redraw in case the flush draw comes on the turn or the river. Compare with blocker.\n dry board\nSee static board\n dry pot\nA side pot with no money created when a player goes all in and is called by more than one opponent, but not raised. If subsequent betting occurs, the money will go to the dry pot.\n duplicate\nTo counterfeit, especially when the counterfeiting card matches one already present in one's hand\n dynamic board\nA board where many draws are available. Where hands can easily change value on future streets.[11] Compare with static board.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(poker)"},{"link_name":"nut hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#nut_hand_(the_nuts)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acevedo-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acevedo-3"},{"link_name":"high-low split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-low_split"},{"link_name":"expected value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"},{"link_name":"split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_(poker)"},{"link_name":"expected value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"},{"link_name":"boxed card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boxed_card"}],"text":"early position\nSee position.\n effective nuts\nA hand that is not the actual nut hand but strong enough to be played like it.[3]\n effective stack\nThe smallest stack size among two players, in a heads-up pot the effective stack determines the maximum amount either player can lose.[3]\n eight or better\nA common qualifier in high-low split games that use ace-5 ranking. Only hands where the highest card is an eight or less can win the low portion of the pot.\n equity\nOne's mathematical expected value from the current deal, calculated by multiplying the amount of money in the pot by one's probability of winning. If a split is possible, the equity also includes the probability of winning a split times the size of that split.\n expectation, expected value, EV\nSee main article: expected value. Used in poker to mean profitability in the long run.\n exposed card\nA card whose face has been deliberately or accidentally revealed to players normally not entitled to that information during the play of the game. Various games have different rules about how to handle this irregularity. Compare with boxed card.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Open"},{"link_name":"Aggressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression_(poker)"},{"link_name":"underdog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#underdog"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#river"},{"link_name":"straight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_(poker)"},{"link_name":"flush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flush_(poker)"},{"link_name":"full house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_house_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"Omaha hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"under the gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#under_the_gun"},{"link_name":"donkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#donkey"},{"link_name":"wild cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_card_(poker)"},{"link_name":"fixed limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Fixed_limit"},{"link_name":"exposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#exposed_card"},{"link_name":"cut card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cut_card"},{"link_name":"call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Call"},{"link_name":"raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Raise"},{"link_name":"cold call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cold_call"},{"link_name":"overcall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#overcall"},{"link_name":"slow play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_play_(poker)"},{"link_name":"turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#turn"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#river"},{"link_name":"community card game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"List of poker hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poker_hands#Flush"},{"link_name":"fold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Fold"},{"link_name":"equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#equity"},{"link_name":"forced bets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Forced_bets"},{"link_name":"string bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#string_bet"},{"link_name":"dead hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dead_hand"},{"link_name":"non-standard poker hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard_poker_hand"},{"link_name":"drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"four flush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_flush"},{"link_name":"list of poker hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poker_hands#Four_of_a_kind"},{"link_name":"non-standard poker hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard_poker_hand"},{"link_name":"community cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card"},{"link_name":"opened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Open"},{"link_name":"freeroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeroll_(poker)"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"rebuys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rebuy"},{"link_name":"list of poker hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poker_hands#Full_house"},{"link_name":"half bet rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#half_bet_rule"},{"link_name":"public cardroom rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_cardroom_rules_(poker)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"all in betting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#%22All_in%22"},{"link_name":"shorthanded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#shorthanded"}],"text":"family pot\nA deal in which every (or almost every) seated player calls the first opening bet.\n fast\nAggressive play. Compare with speeding.\n favorite\nA hand which, when matched against another in a showdown, has an advantage odds-wise over the other. A hand can be called a small or a big favorite depending on how much it is dominating the other. Contrast underdog where the situations are reversed. Favorites are usually used to compare how two hole cards do against two other hole cards pre-flop.\n feeder\nIn a casino setting, a second or third table playing the same game as the main table, and from which players move to the main game as players are eliminated. Also called a must-move table.\n felt\nThe cloth covering of a poker table, whatever the actual material. Metonymically, the table itself.\nShowing down a hand while all-in (so there is only felt left in front of the player); either betting all-in and getting called or calling all-in.\n field\nAll players as a collective in a large tournament.\n fifth street\nThe last card dealt to the board in community card games. Also see river.\nThe fifth card dealt to each player in stud poker.\n fill, fill up\nTo successfully draw to a hand that needs one card to complete it, by getting the last card of a straight, flush, or full house.\n final table\nThe last table in a multi-table poker tournament. The final table is set when a sufficient number of people have been eliminated from the tournament leaving an exact number of players to occupy one table (typically no more than ten players).\n first position\nThe playing position to the direct left of the blinds in Texas hold 'em and Omaha hold 'em, also known as under the gun. The player in first position must act first on the first round of betting.\n fish\nA weak player. See also donkey.\nTo chase draws holding a weak hand. Especially when facing aggressive play by another player.\n five of a kind\nA hand possible only in games with wild cards, or a game with more than one deck, defeating all other hands, comprising five cards of equal rank.\n fixed limit, flat limit\nSee main article: fixed limits.\n flash\nAny card which becomes briefly exposed by accident to at least one player must be shown to all the players by the dealer during dealing. The card is said to be flashed to all players before being discarded to the muck pile. See also exposed.\nUnintentionally showing the bottom of the deck if not using a cut card.\nTo show one or more downcards from one's hand.\n flat call\nA call, in a situation where one might be expected to raise. Also smooth call. Compare with cold call, overcall. See slow play.\n float\nCalling a bet with the intention of bluffing on a later betting round.\n floorman, floorperson, floor\nA casino employee whose duties include adjudicating player disputes, keeping games filled and balanced, and managing dealers and other personnel. Players may shout \"floor\" to call for a floorperson to resolve a dispute, to ask for a table or seat change, or to ask for some other casino service.\n flop\nThe dealing of the first three face-up cards to the board, refers also to those three cards themselves. Also see turn and river.\n flop game\nA community card game.\n flush\nA hand comprising five cards of the same suit. See List of poker hands.\n fold\nTo discard one's hand and forfeit interest in the current pot. See main article: fold.\n fold equity\nThe portion of the pot one expects to win, on average, by a bet that induces opponents to fold, rather than seeing the showdown. See also equity.\n forced bet\nSee main article: forced bets.\n forced-move\nIn a casino where more than one table is playing the same game with the same betting structure, one of the tables may be designated the main table, and will be kept full by requiring a player to move from one of the feeder tables to fill any vacancies. Players will generally be informed that their table is a forced-move table to be used in this way before they agree to play there. Also must-move.\n forward motion\nA house rule of some casinos states that if a player in turn picks up chips from their stack and moves their hand toward the pot (forward motion with chips in hand), this constitutes a commitment to bet (or call), and the player may not withdraw their hand to check or fold. Such a player still has the choice of whether to call or raise. Compare with string bet.\n fouled hand\nA hand that is ruled unplayable because of an irregularity, such as being found with too many or too few cards, having been mixed with cards of other players or the muck, having fallen off the table. Compare with dead hand.\n four-flush\nFour cards of the same suit. A non-standard poker hand in some games, an incomplete drawing hand in most. See main article: four flush.\n four of a kind\nA hand containing four cards of equal rank. Also quads. See list of poker hands.\n four-straight\nFour cards in rank sequence; either an open-ender or one-ender. A non-standard poker hand in some games, an incomplete drawing hand in most. Sometimes four to a straight.\n fourth street\nThe fourth card dealt to the board in community card games. Also turn.\nThe fourth card dealt to each player in stud.\n free card\nA card dealt to one's hand (or to the board of community cards) after a betting round in which no player opened. One is thereby being given a chance to improve one's hand without having to pay anything.\n freeroll\nSee main article: freeroll.\n freezeout\nThe most common form of tournament. There are no rebuys and play continues until one player has all the chips.\n full house, full boat, full hand, full\nA hand with three cards of one rank and two of a second rank. Also boat or tight. See list of poker hands.\n full bet rule\nIn some casinos, the rule that a player must wager the full amount required in order for their action to constitute a raise. Compare with half bet rule. See public cardroom rules and all in betting.\n full ring\nA full ring game is a cash game with more than six players involved, typically nine to eleven. This term is normally used in the context of online poker. Compare with shorthanded.","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"starting hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hole"},{"link_name":"laydown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#laydown"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rock"},{"link_name":"inside straight draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)#Inside_straight_draw"},{"link_name":"limp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#limp"}],"text":"game flow\nHow players' strategies at a table change over time as they adjust to their perceived image.\n gap hand\nIn Texas hold 'em, a gap hand is a starting hand with at least one rank separating the two cards. Usually referred to in context of one-gap and two-gap hands.\n get away\nTo fold a strong hand against a supposedly superior hand. Compare with laydown.\n going north\nTo sneak additional chips onto the table so as to have effectively bought in above the table limit\n going south\nTo sneak a portion of chips from the table while the game is underway. Normally prohibited in public card rooms. Also ratholing.\n grinder\nA player who earns a living by making small profits over a long period of consistent, conservative play. Compare with rock.\n guts, guts to open\nA game with no opening hand requirement\nAny of several poker variants where pots accumulate over several hands until a single player wins.\n gut shot, gutshot, gutter\nSee inside straight draw\n gypsy\nTo enter the pot cheaply by just calling the blind rather than raising. Also limp.","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rush"},{"link_name":"hand histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hand_history"},{"link_name":"villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#villain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acevedo-3"},{"link_name":"poker hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_hand"},{"link_name":"lowball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowball_(poker)"},{"link_name":"no pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_pair"},{"link_name":"kickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker_(poker)"},{"link_name":"high-low split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-low_split"},{"link_name":"cutoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cutoff"},{"link_name":"button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_(poker)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angelo19-21-9"},{"link_name":"ring game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_game"},{"link_name":"H.O.R.S.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.O.R.S.E."}],"text":"Playing against a single opponent\n heater\nSee rush\n hero\nIn hand histories the player from whose perspective the hand is played, as opposed to villain.[3]\n hero call\nCalling when a player has a relatively weak hand but suspects their opponent may be bluffing\n high hand, high\nThe best hand using traditional poker hand values, as opposed to lowball. Used especially in high-low split games.\n high card\nA no pair hand, ranked according to its highest-ranking cards\nTo defeat another player by virtue of high-ranking cards, especially kickers\nTo randomly select a player for some purpose by having each draw one card, the highest of which is selected (for example, to decide who deals first).\n high-low, high-low split\nSee main article: high-low split\n hijack seat\nThe seat to the right of the cutoff seat, or second to the right of the button. Name derived from its positional strength, obtaining absolute position when the button and the cutoff folds.[9]\n hit and run\nCashing out of a ring game shortly after winning a large pot. Considered poor etiquette by most players barring extenuating circumstances.\n hole cards, hole\nFace-down cards. Also pocket cards\nA seat, often preceded by a number relative to the button.\n hole cam\nA camera that displays a player's face-down cards (hole cards) to television viewers. Also pocket cam or lipstick cam\n Hollywood\nTo \"Hollywood\" (used as a verb) refers to acting or talking in an exaggerated way so as to encourage a specific reaction from an opponent during a hand.\n home game\nA game played at a private venue (usually the home of one of the players), as opposed to a casino or public cardroom.\n horse\nA player financially backed by someone else. Compare with bankroll and staking\n H.O.R.S.E.\nSee main article: H.O.R.S.E.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"implied pot odds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_odds#Implied_pot_odds"},{"link_name":"blinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_(poker)"},{"link_name":"poker tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"inside straight draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)#Inside_straight_draw"},{"link_name":"outside straight draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)#Outside_straight_draw"},{"link_name":"House rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_cardroom_rules_(poker)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"public cardroom rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_cardroom_rules_(poker)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(poker)"}],"text":"ICM\nICM stands for independent chip model, and is defined as the act of assigning a monetary value to a chip stack in tournaments or sit n gos. This value dictates the decision making process especially in push/fold situations.\n ignorant end, idiot end\nIn flop games, a player drawing to, or even flopping, a straight with undercards to the flop has the idiot end of it. A player with 8–9 betting on a flop of A-10-J puts themself at great risk, because many of the cards that complete their straight give credible opponents higher ones.\n implied pot odds, implied odds\nSee main article: implied pot odds\n improve\nTo achieve a better hand than one currently holds by adding or exchanging cards as provided in the rules of the game being played.\n in position\nA player is said to be in position, if the player is last to act on the flop, turn and river betting rounds. Compare with out of position\n in the middle\nIn a game with multiple blinds, an incoming player may sometimes be allowed to post the blinds in the middle (that is, out of their normal order) rather than having to wait for them to pass.\n in the money\nTo finish high enough in a poker tournament to win prize money\n in turn\nA player is said to be in turn if that player is expected to act next under the rules.\n inside straight\nSee inside straight draw. Also \"belly buster\", \"gutshot\". Compare to outside straight draw\n insurance\nA deal in which players agree to split or reduce a pot (roughly in proportion to the chances of each of them winning) with more cards to come rather than playing out the hand, or a deal where one player makes a side bet against themself with a third party to hedge against a large loss.\n irregular declaration\nAn action taken by a player in turn that is not a straightforward declaration of intent, but that is reasonably interpreted as an action by other players, such as pointing a thumb up to signify a raise. House rules or dealer discretion may determine when such actions are meaningful and binding.\n irregularity\nAny of a number of abnormal conditions in play, such as unexpectedly exposed cards, that may call for corrective action. See public cardroom rules\n isolation\nSee main article: isolation\n ITM\n\"In the money,\" see above.","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"five-card draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-card_draw"},{"link_name":"ante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Ante"},{"link_name":"blinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_(poker)"},{"link_name":"opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_(poker)"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_poker"},{"link_name":"bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(poker)"},{"link_name":"vig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vigorish"},{"link_name":"rake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rake_(poker)"},{"link_name":"expected value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"}],"text":"jackpot\nA game of jackpot poker or jackpots, which is a variant of five-card draw with an ante from each player, no blinds, and an opening requirement of a pair of jacks or better.\nA large pool of money collected by the house and awarded for some rare occurrence, typically a bad beat.\n joker\nA 53rd card used mostly in draw games. The joker may usually be used as an ace, or a card to complete a straight or flush, in high games, and as the lowest card not already present in a hand at low. See bug\n juice\nMoney collected by the house. Also vig, vigorish. See rake\n junk\nA hand with little expected value","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker_(poker)"},{"link_name":"kill game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Kill_game"},{"link_name":"kill game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Kill_game"},{"link_name":"kill game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Kill_game"}],"text":"kicker\nSee main article: kicker\n kill button\nIn a kill game, a button that shows which player has the kill action. See main article: kill game\n kill game, kill pot\nSee main article: kill game\n kill hand\nA hand with different betting rules in a kill game. See main article: kill game\n kitty\nA pool of money built by collecting small amounts from certain pots, often used to buy refreshments, cards, and so on. The home-game equivalent of a rake.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lammers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_(poker)#Other_buttons"},{"link_name":"blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_(poker)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"semi-bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(poker)#Semi-bluff"},{"link_name":"fixed limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Fixed_limit"},{"link_name":"reraise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#reraise"},{"link_name":"limped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#limp"},{"link_name":"backraise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#backraise"},{"link_name":"blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blind"},{"link_name":"straddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#straddle_bet"},{"link_name":"stud poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_poker"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"dominated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dominated_hand"},{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#action"},{"link_name":"video poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_poker"},{"link_name":"online poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_poker"},{"link_name":"cash game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cash_game"},{"link_name":"loose/tight play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_strategy#Loose/tight_play"},{"link_name":"tight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tight"},{"link_name":"aggressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aggressive"},{"link_name":"passive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#passive"},{"link_name":"high-low split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-low_split"}],"text":"lag\nA loose aggressive style of play in which a player plays a lot of starting hands and makes many small raises in hopes of out-playing their opponents\n lammer\na plastic, chip-shaped tokens with text written on them. Most commonly used is a dealer button with either the word \"DEALER\" or a \"D\" written on it; this item (also known as the buck) indicates who shall deal next. In a casino setting, lammers are also used to indicate which variant is being used, whose turn it is to pay the blind, etc., and lammers are also a name for \"chips\" awarded in satellite tournaments as buy-in chips to larger tournaments.[12]\n last to act\nA player is last to act if all players between the player and the button have folded.\n laydown\nThe choice to fold a strong hand in anticipation of superior opposition\n lead\nThe player who makes the last bet or raise in a round of betting is said to have the lead at the start of the next round. Can also be used as a verb meaning to bet out into the pot, to lead into the pot.\n level\nUsed in tournament play to refer to the size of the blinds that are periodically increased\n leg-up, leg-up button\nThe button used to signify who has won the previous hand in a kill game\n light\nA hand that is not likely to be best. Usually used as an action descriptor; call light, three-bet light. See semi-bluff\n limit\nThe minimum or maximum amount of a bet\nSee fixed limit\n limp, limp in\nTo enter a pot by simply calling a bet instead of raising\n limp-reraise\nA reraise from a player that previously limped in the same betting round. Also backraise\n live bet.\nA bet posted by a player under conditions that give them the option to raise even if no other player raises first; typically because it was posted as a blind or straddle.\n live cards\nIn stud poker games, cards that will improve a hand that have not been seen among anyone's upcards, and are therefore presumably still available. In games such as Texas hold 'em, a player's hand is said to contain live cards if matching either of them on the board would give that player the lead over their opponents. Typically refers to a hand that is weak, but not dominated.\n live hand\nA hand still eligible to win the pot; one with the correct number of cards that has not been mucked or otherwise invalidated\n live game\nA game with a lot of action. See also live poker.\n live poker\nA retronym for poker played at a table with cards, as opposed to video poker or online poker\n lock up\nTo lock up a seat in a cash game means to place a poker chip, player's card, or other personal effect on the table in front of the seat, to signify that the seat is occupied even though the player may not be present.\n loose\nTo play more hands than the average for the game or for the player normally. See loose/tight play. Compare with tight, aggressive, passive.\n low\nThe lowest card by rank\nThe low half of the pot in a high-low split","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M-ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-ratio"},{"link_name":"drawing hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_hand"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#rock"},{"link_name":"position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(poker)"},{"link_name":"table stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_stakes"},{"link_name":"Poker tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showdown_(poker)"}],"text":"M-ratio\nA measure of the health of a chip stack as a function of the cost to play each round. See main article: M-ratio.\n made hand\nA hand that does not need improvement to win. Compare with a drawing hand.\n maniac\nA very loose and aggressive player, who bets and raises frequently, and often in situations where it is not good strategy to do so. Opposite of rock.\n mark\nA person at a poker table that is the focus of attention, often due to their inexperience\n match the pot\nTo bet an amount equal to all the chips in the pot\n micro-limit\nInternet poker games with stakes so small that real cardrooms could not profit from them, are said to be at the micro-limit level.\n middle pair\nIn a community card game, making a pair with neither the highest nor lowest card of the community cards. See also second pair.\n middle position\nSee position\n misdeal\nA deal which is ruined for some reason and must be redealt\n missed blind\nA required bet that is not posted when it is a player's turn to do so, perhaps occurring when a player absents themself from the table. Various rules require the missed bet to be made up upon the player's return.\n move in\nIn a no-limit game, to move in or to go all in means to bet one's entire stake on the hand in play. See table stakes.\n multi-table tournament (MTT)\nSee Poker tournament\n muck\nTo fold\nTo discard one's hand without revealing the cards. Often done after winning without a showdown or at a showdown when a better hand has already been revealed.\nThe discard pile\n multi-way pot\nA pot where several players compete for it. Also known as a family pot, although family pot sometimes means a pot where all players participate.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"negative freeroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_freeroll"},{"link_name":"no-limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#No_limit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poke_Nose-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-card_Onli-14"},{"link_name":"community card poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acevedo-3"},{"link_name":"effective nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#effective_nuts"},{"link_name":"high-low split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-low_split"}],"text":"negative freeroll\nSee main article: negative freeroll.\n nit\nA player who is unwilling to take risks and plays only premium hands in the top range.\n no-limit\nRules designating that players are allowed to wager any or all of their chips in a single bet. See no-limit\n nosebleed stakes\nalso known as nosebleed, is the highest stakes offered in cash game poker, generally where the blinds are at least $200/$400[13][14]\n nothing\nWhen a player only has the possibility of a high card and no other hand that will win.\n nothing card\nIn community card poker, a newly revealed community card that does not affect the value of any player's hand.\n nut hand (the nuts)\nThe nut hand is the best possible hand in a given situation.[3] Players sometimes evaluate hands by ranking them as being the pure nuts, the second nuts or the effective nuts.\n nut low\nThe best possible low hand in high-low split games","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(poker)"},{"link_name":"one-eyed royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-eyed_royals"},{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Open"},{"link_name":"outside straight draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)#Outside_straight_draw"},{"link_name":"big blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_(poker)"},{"link_name":"out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_(poker)"},{"link_name":"outside straight draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)#Outside_straight_draw"},{"link_name":"cold call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cold_call"},{"link_name":"flat call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flat_call"},{"link_name":"smooth call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#smooth_call"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"Omaha hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_hold_%27em"}],"text":"offsuit\nCards that are not of the same suit.\n on the button\nBeing in the dealer position. As the position whose turn to bet comes last, it is the most advantageous and profitable position in poker.\n one-chip rule\nA call of a previous bet using a chip of a higher denomination than necessary is considered a call unless it is verbally announced as a raise.\n one-eyed royals\nSee main article: one-eyed royals\n one-ended straight draw\nFour out of the five cards needed for a straight that can only be completed with one specific rank of card, in cases where the needed card rank is either higher or lower than the cards already held as part of the sequence; as opposed to an inside straight draw or an open-ended straight draw.\nWhile A-2-3-4 and A-K-Q-J are the only truly one-ended straight draw possibilities, an open-ended straight draw could be considered one-ended if one of the card ranks needed to complete it would also give an opponent a hand of higher rank than a straight.\n open\nTo bet first. See main article: open\n open-ended straight draw, open-ended\nAn outside straight draw. Also two-way straight draw or double-ended straight draw\n openers\nThe cards held by a player in a game of jackpots entitling them to open the pot. Splitting openers refers to holding onto one of the openers after discarding it as proof of having the necessary cards to open.\n open limp\nBeing the first person in the pot preflop by calling the big blind.\n option\nAn optional bet or draw\nThe right to raise possessed by the big blind if there have been no raises.\n orbit\nA full rotation of the blinds at a table, equal to the number of people at the table.\n outs\nSee main article: out\n out of position\nA player is said to be out of position, if they are either first to act, or are not last to act in a betting round.\n outside straight draw\nSee main article: outside straight draw. Also two-way straight draw or double-ended straight draw\n overbet\nTo make a bet that is more than the size of the pot in a no limit game.\n overcall\nTo call a bet after others have called. Compare with cold call, flat call, smooth call\n overcard\nA community card with a higher rank than a player's pocket pair.\nA higher card\n overpair\nIn community card games such as Texas hold 'em and Omaha hold 'em, a pocket pair with a higher rank than the highest community card.\novers\nAn option to increase the stakes in limit games. Players may elect to play or not play overs. Those who choose to play display some sort of token. If, at the beginning of a betting round, only overs players remain in the hand, bets of a predetermined increased limit (or no limit) are allowed. Most often used in lower limit live games as a compromise between aggressive and passive play.","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"royal card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#royal_cards"},{"link_name":"lowball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowball_(poker)"},{"link_name":"one pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_pair"},{"link_name":"aggressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aggressive"},{"link_name":"loose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#loose"},{"link_name":"tight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tight"},{"link_name":"flush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flush_(poker)"},{"link_name":"draw poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_poker"},{"link_name":"made hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_hand"},{"link_name":"drawing dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drawing_dead"},{"link_name":"pot odds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pot_odds"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#board"},{"link_name":"showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#showdown"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"hole cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hole"},{"link_name":"community card poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"stud poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_poker"},{"link_name":"blank expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_expression"},{"link_name":"position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(poker)"},{"link_name":"position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(poker)"},{"link_name":"blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"post oak bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_oak_bluff"},{"link_name":"pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_(poker)"},{"link_name":"no limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#No_limit"},{"link_name":"pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#pot"},{"link_name":"stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stack"},{"link_name":"pot limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Pot_limit"},{"link_name":"pot odds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_odds"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_(poker)"},{"link_name":"all in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#all-in"},{"link_name":"call the clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#call_the_clock"},{"link_name":"tells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tell"}],"text":"paint\nAny royal card. Used mostly in lowball games, where royal cards are rarely helpful.\n pair\nTwo cards of the same rank. See main article: one pair\n passive\nA style of play characterized by checking and calling. Compare with aggressive, loose, tight\n pat\nAlready complete. A hand is a pat hand when, for example, a flush comes on the first five cards dealt in draw poker. Also see made hand\n pay off\nTo call a bet when the player is most likely drawing dead because the pot odds justify the call.\n penny ante\nFrivolous, low stakes, or for fun only; a game where no significant stake is likely to change hands.\n perfect\nThe best possible cards, in a lowball hand, after those already named.\n pick-up\nWhen the house picks up cash from the dealer after a player buys chips\n play the board\nIn games such as Texas hold 'em, where five community cards are dealt, if the player's best hand is on the board and the player goes to the showdown they are said to play the board.\npocket aces\nRefers to a starting poker hand that contains two Aces. The most common context is a game of Texas hold 'em. Other names for Ace-Ace include American Airlines, bullets, and rockets.\n pocket cards\nSee hole cards\n pocket pair\nIn community card poker or stud poker, when two of a player's private cards make a pair. Also wired pair\n poker face\nA blank expression that does not reveal anything about the cards being held.\n poker table\nA typical poker game will have between two and ten players. A padded table top is preferred to facilitate picking up chips and cards.\n polarized\nwhen someone's range is split into either very strong hands or bluffs\n position\nSee main article: position\n position bet\nA bet that is made more due to the strength of the bettor's position than the strength of the bettor's cards.\n post\nTo make the required small or big blind bet in Texas hold 'em or other games played with blinds rather than antes.\n post dead\nTo post a bet amount equal to the small and the big blind combined (the amount of the large blind playing as a live blind, and the amount of the small blind as dead money). In games played with blinds, a player who steps away from the table and misses their turn for the blinds must either post dead or wait for the big blind to re-enter the game. Compare with dead blind\n post oak bluff\nSee main article: post oak bluff\n pot\nSee main article: pot\n pot-committed\nMore often in the context of a no limit game; the situation where one can no longer fold because the size of the pot is so large compared to the size of one's stack.\n pot-limit\nSee main article: pot limit\n pot odds\nSee main article: pot odds\n pot sweetener\nA small bet not meant to cause an opponent to fold but rather to build up the pot thereby sweetening it.[15]\n pre-flop\nThe time when players already have their pocket cards but no flop has been dealt yet.\n probe bet\nA bet after the flop by a player who did not take the lead in betting before the flop (and when the player that did take the lead in betting before the flop declined to act). Compare with continuation bet\n prop, proposition player\nA player who gets paid an hourly rate to start poker games or to help them stay active. Prop players play with their own money, which distinguishes them from shills, who play with the house's money.\n protected pot\nA pot that seems impossible to bluff to win because too many players are active in it and the chances of another player either calling to the end or raising beyond measure become an assurance.\n protection, protect\nSee main article: protection\n purse\nThe total prize pool in a poker tournament\n push\nTo bet all in\n put the clock (on someone)\nSee main article: call the clock\n put on\nTo put someone on a hand is to deduce what hand or range of hands they have based on their actions and knowledge of their gameplay style. See also tells","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Four of a kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#four_of_a_kind"},{"link_name":"low hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowball_(poker)"},{"link_name":"High-low split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-low_split"},{"link_name":"pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_(poker)"},{"link_name":"high-low split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-low_split"}],"text":"quads\nFour of a kind\n qualifier, qualifying low\nA qualifying low hand. High-low split games often require a minimum hand value, such as eight-high, in order to award the low half of the pot. In some home games, there are qualifiers for high hands as well.\n quartered\nTo win a quarter of a pot, usually by tying the low or high hand of a high-low split game. Generally, this is an unwanted outcome, as a player is often putting in a third of the pot in the hope of winning a quarter of the pot back.","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fish"},{"link_name":"coin flip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#coin_flip"},{"link_name":"flop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flop"},{"link_name":"raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_(poker)#Raise"},{"link_name":"rake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rake_(poker)"},{"link_name":"vigorish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#vigorish"},{"link_name":"rake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rake_(poker)"},{"link_name":"affiliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate_marketing"},{"link_name":"rakeback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rake_(poker)#Rakeback"},{"link_name":"add-on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#add-on"},{"link_name":"ring game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_game"},{"link_name":"showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showdown_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"Omaha hold'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_hold%27em"},{"link_name":"flop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flop"},{"link_name":"turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#turn"},{"link_name":"tight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tight"},{"link_name":"live straddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straddle_(poker)"},{"link_name":"under the gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#under_the_gun"},{"link_name":"seven-card stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-card_stud"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"seven-card stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-card_stud"},{"link_name":"straight flush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_flush"},{"link_name":"insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#insurance"},{"link_name":"turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#turn"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#river"},{"link_name":"backdoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#backdoor"},{"link_name":"bad beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bad_beat"},{"link_name":"suck out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#suck_out"}],"text":"rabbit hunt\nAfter a hand is complete, to reveal cards that would have been dealt later in the hand had it continued. This is usually prohibited in casinos because it slows the game and may reveal information about concealed hands. Also fox hunt\n raccoon\nA poor player. See also fish\nTo make calls based on the hopes of hitting runner-runner, inside, or backdoor draws\n rack\nA collection of 100 chips of the same denomination, usually arranged in five stacks in a plastic tray.\nA plastic tray used for storing a rack of chips\n race\nSee coin flip\n rag\nA low-valued (and presumably worthless) card. Hence ragged – having a low value\n rail\nThe rail is the sideline at a poker table—the (often imaginary) rail separates spectators from the field of play. Watching from the rail means watching a poker game as a spectator. Going to the rail usually means losing all one's money.\n railbird\nA non-participatory spectator of a poker game\n rainbow\nThree or four cards of different suits, especially said of a flop.\nBetting a rainbow: to make a bet of one chip of each colour currently in play.\n raise\nTo raise is to increase the size of an existing bet in the same betting round. See main article: raise\n rake\nSee main article: rake. Also juice, vig, vigorish\n rakeback\nRebate or repayment to a player a portion of the rake paid by that player, normally from a non-cardroom, third-party source such as an affiliate. Rakeback is paid in many ways by online poker rooms, affiliates or brick and mortar rooms. Many use direct money payments for online poker play. Brick and mortar rooms usually use rate cards to track and pay their rakeback. See main article: rakeback\n rakeback pro\nA rakeback pro is a poker player who may not be a winning player but uses rakebacks to supplement their losses and turn them into winnings.\n range of hands\nThe list of holdings that a player considers an opponent might have when trying to deduce their holding. See also put on\n rathole\nTo remove a portion of one's chips from the table while the game is underway. Normally prohibited in public card rooms. Also going south\n rebuy\nAn amount of chips purchased after the buy-in. In some tournaments, players are allowed to rebuy chips one or more times for a limited period after the start of the game, providing that their stack is at or under its initial level. Compare with add-on\n Redbird\nA $5 five dollar chip\n redeal\nTo deal a hand again, possibly after a misdeal\n redraw\nTo make one hand and have a draw for a better hand\nSecond or later draws in a draw game with multiple draws\n represent\nTo represent a hand is to play as if it were held (whether it is or not).\n reraise\nRaise after one has been raised. Also coming over the top\n ring game\nSee main article: ring game\n river\nThe river or river card is the final card dealt in a poker hand, to be followed by a final round of betting and, if necessary, a showdown. In Texas hold 'em and Omaha hold'em, the river is the fifth and last card to be dealt to the community card board, after the flop and turn. A player losing the pot due only to the river card is said to have been rivered.\n rock\nA very tight player (plays very few hands and only continues with strong hands).\nA bundle of chips held together with a rubber band, or other token signifying an obligatory live straddle. If the player under the gun has the rock, they must use it to post a live straddle. The winner of the pot collects the rock and is obligated to use it in turn.\n roll your own\nIn seven-card stud, when the player has some ability to choose which cards are turned face up.[16]\n rolled-up trips\nIn seven-card stud, three of a kind dealt in the first three cards\n rounder\nAn expert player who travels to seek out high-stakes games\n royal cards\nRoyal card are also known as face cards and picture cards. These cards consist of the jack, queen, and king of every suit.\n royal flush\nA straight flush of the top five cards of any suit. This is generally the highest possible hand.\n run it twice, running it twice\nA gentleman's agreement (not allowed in some casinos) where the players (usually two or three) agree to draw each remaining card to come in two different occasions instead of just once after all parties have gone all-in (two flops, turns and river for example for a total of 10 community cards in two sets of five). The winner of one run gets half the pot while the winner of the second run gets the other half. Running it twice is done to minimize bad beats and reduce bankroll swings. Running it twice is a form of insurance.\n runner-runner\nA hand made by hitting two consecutive cards on the turn and river. Also backdoor. Compare with bad beat and suck out\n rush\nA prolonged winning streak. A player who has won several big pots recently is said to be on a rush. Also heater","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"slow play (poker)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_play_(poker)"},{"link_name":"barreling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barreling"},{"link_name":"community card poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#board"},{"link_name":"middle pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#middle_pair"},{"link_name":"bottom pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bottom_pair"},{"link_name":"top pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top_pair"},{"link_name":"spread limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_in_poker#Spread_limit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acevedo-3"},{"link_name":"semi-bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(poker)#Semi-bluff"},{"link_name":"Three of a kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-of-a-kind"},{"link_name":"hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hole"},{"link_name":"trips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trips"},{"link_name":"lowball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowball_(poker)"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_in_poker"},{"link_name":"check-raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check-raise"},{"link_name":"card sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_sharp"},{"link_name":"shill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shill#Gambling"},{"link_name":"shoe (cards)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe_(cards)"},{"link_name":"poker tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"no-limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_in_poker#No_limit"},{"link_name":"chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_token"},{"link_name":"deep stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#stack"},{"link_name":"big stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#big_stack"},{"link_name":"all in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#all-in"},{"link_name":"showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showdown_(poker)"},{"link_name":"showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showdown_(poker)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acevedo-3"},{"link_name":"ring game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_game"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"Betting in poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_in_poker#Side_pots"},{"link_name":"poker tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"slow play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_play_(poker)"},{"link_name":"blinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_in_poker#Blinds"},{"link_name":"flat call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flat_call"},{"link_name":"draw poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_poker"},{"link_name":"bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(poker)"},{"link_name":"split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_(poker)"},{"link_name":"high-low split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-low_split"},{"link_name":"community card poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"two pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_pair"},{"link_name":"hole cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hole_cards"},{"link_name":"limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#limit"},{"link_name":"spread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spread"},{"link_name":"no limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_limit_(poker)"},{"link_name":"hold'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold%27em"},{"link_name":"poker chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_chip"},{"link_name":"draw poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_poker"},{"link_name":"starting hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_hand"},{"link_name":"board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#board"},{"link_name":"draws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draw"},{"link_name":"streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#street"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brokos-pop2-11"},{"link_name":"dynamic board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dynamic_board"},{"link_name":"steal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steal_(poker)"},{"link_name":"tilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#tilt"},{"link_name":"aggression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression_(poker)"},{"link_name":"straddle bets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_in_poker#Straddle_and_sleeper_bets"},{"link_name":"straight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_(poker)"},{"link_name":"straight flush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_flush"},{"link_name":"public cardroom rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_cardroom_rules_(poker)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"forward motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forward_motion"},{"link_name":"spread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#spread"},{"link_name":"stud poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_poker"},{"link_name":"bad beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_beat"},{"link_name":"card suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suit_(cards)"},{"link_name":"suited connectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suited_connectors"},{"link_name":"poker tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"}],"text":"sandbag\nSee slow play (poker)\n satellite\nA tournament in which the prize is a free entrance to another (larger) tournament.\n scare card\nA card dealt face up (either to a player in a game such as stud or to the board in a community card game) that could create a strong hand for someone.\n scoop\nIn high-low split games, to win both the high and the low halves of the pot.\n second barrel\nSee barreling\n second pair\nIn community card poker games, a pair of cards of the second-top rank on the board. Second pair is a middle pair, but not necessarily vice versa. Compare with bottom pair, top pair\n sell\nIn spread limit poker, to sell a hand is to bet less than the maximum with a strong hand, in the hope that more opponents will call the bet.\n semi-bluff\nIn a game with multiple betting rounds, a bet or raise made with a hand that has decent chance of improving, but with the intention of making a better hand fold on the current betting round.[3]See: semi-bluffset\nThree of a kind, especially a situation where two of the cards are concealed in the player's hole cards. Compare with trips\n set-up\nA deck that has been ordered, usually king to ace by suit (spades, hearts, clubs and diamonds). In casinos, it is customary to use a set-up deck when introducing a new deck to the table. The set-up is spread face up for the players to demonstrate that all of the cards are present before the first shuffle. Also called spading the deck\n sevens rule\nA rule in many A-5 lowball games that requires a player with a seven-low or better after the draw to bet, rather than check or check-raise. In some venues, a violator loses any future interest in the pot; in others they forfeit their interest entirely.\n shark\nA professional player or someone proficient at the game . See also card sharp\n shill\nSee main article: shill. Compare with proposition player\n shoe\nA slanted container used to hold the cards yet to be dealt, usually used by casinos and in professional poker tournaments. See main article: shoe (cards).\n shootout\nA poker tournament format where the last remaining player of a table goes on to play the remaining players of other tables. Each table plays independently of the others; that is, there is no balancing as players are eliminated.\n short buy\nIn no-limit poker, to buy into a game for considerably less money than the stated maximum buy-in, or less than other players at the table have in play.\n short stack\nA stack of chips that is relatively small for the stakes being played. Compare with deep stack, big stack\n shorthanded\nA poker game that is played with six players or fewer, as opposed to a full ring game, which is usually nine or ten players. A tournament where all tables are shorthanded at all times is called a short table tournament.\n shove\nTo bet all in\n showdown\nWhen, if more than one player remains after the last betting round, remaining players expose and compare their hands to determine the winner or winners. See main article: showdown\n showdown value\nA poker hand has showdown value, when compared to the opponent's range of hands, it has a realistic chance of winning at showdown.[3]\n side game\nA ring game running concurrently with a tournament made up of players who have either been eliminated or opted not to play the tournament.\n side pot\nA separate pot created to deal with the situation of one player going \"all in\". See Betting in poker\n sit and go\nA poker tournament with no scheduled starting time that starts whenever the necessary players have put up their money. Single-table sit-and-gos, with nine or ten players, are the norm, but multi-table games are common as well. Also called sit 'n gos\nslow play\nSee main article: slow play\n slow roll\nTo delay or avoid showing the winning hand at showdown, it is widely regarded as poor etiquette.\n small blind\nSee main article: blinds\n smooched\nWhen someone manages to catch a slightly better hand.\n smooth call\nSee flat call\n snap call\nWhen a player makes a swift call without any forethought (usually against an all-in) because of the high strength of their hand.\n snow\nTo play a worthless hand misleadingly in draw poker in order to bluff.\nThe worthless hand in question\n soft-play\nTo intentionally go easy on a player. Soft play is expressly prohibited in most card rooms, and may result in penalties ranging from forced sit-outs to forfeiture of stakes or winnings.\n soft break\nExchanging a large bill or chip into both chips and cash, when a player buys in. The cash is returned to the player and thus not in play.\n splash the pot\nTo throw one's chips in the pot in a disorderly fashion. Not typically allowed, because the dealer can not tell how much has been bet.\n split\nSee main article: split and high-low split\n split two pair\nIn community card poker, a two pair hand, with each pair made of one of a player's hole cards, and one community card.\n spread\nThe range between a table's minimum and maximum bets\n spread-limit\nA form of limit poker where the bets and raises can be between a minimum and maximum value. The spread may change between rounds.\n squeeze play\nA bluff reraise in no limit hold'em with less-than-premium cards, after another player or players have already called the original raise. The goal is to bluff everyone out of the hand and steal the bets.\n stack\nThe total chips and currency that a player has in play at a given moment\nTo be paid off by an opponent for your full stack value, To \"stack\" an opponent.\nA collection of 20 poker chips of the same denomination, usually arranged in an orderly column\n stakes\nThe amount one buys in for and can bet.\n staking\nStaking is the act of one person putting up cash for a poker player to play with in hopes that the player wins. Any profits are split on a predetermined percentage between the backer and the player. A backed player is often known as a horse. Compare with bankroll\n stand pat\nIn draw poker, playing the original hand using no draws, either as a bluff or in the belief it is the best hand.\n starting hand\nSee main article: starting hand\n static board\nA board where few draws are available. Where hands are not likely change value on future streets.[11] Compare with dynamic board.\n steal\nSee main article: steal\n steam\nA state of anger, mental confusion, or frustration in which a player adopts a less than optimal strategy, usually resulting in poor play. Compare with tilt\n stop and go\nWhen a player bets into another player who has previously raised or otherwise shown aggression.\nAnother version of the stop and go is in tournament poker when a player raises pre-flop with the intention of going all in after the flop regardless of the cards that fall.\n straddle bet\nSee main article: straddle bets\n straight\nPoker hand: see main article: straight\nWhen used with an amount, indicates that the speaker is referring to the total bet, versus the amount being raised. Also altogether or all day\n straight flush\nSee main article: straight flush\n strategy card\nA wallet sized card that is commonly used to help with poker strategies in online and casino games.\n street\nA street is another term for a dealt card or betting round.\n string bet\nA call with one motion and a later raise with another, or a reach for more chips without stating the intended amount. String bets are prohibited in public cardroom rules. Compare with forward motion\n structured\nA structured betting system is one where the spread of the bets may change from round to round.\n stub\nThe remainder of cards that have not been used during the active play of a particular game.\n stud\nA variant of poker. See main article: stud poker\nA card dealt face up in stud poker\n subscription poker\nSubscription poker is a form of online poker wherein users pay a monthly fee to become eligible to play in real-money tournaments.\n suck out\nA situation when a hand heavily favored to win loses to an inferior hand after all the cards are dealt. The winning hand is said to have sucked out. Compare with bad beat\n suited\nHaving the same suit. See card suits\n suited connectors\nSee main article: suited connectors\n super satellite\nA multi-table poker tournament in which the prize is a free entrance to a satellite tournament or a tournament in which all the top finishers gain entrance to a larger tournament.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#game_flow"},{"link_name":"table stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_stakes"},{"link_name":"outs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#outs"},{"link_name":"tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_(poker)"},{"link_name":"static board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#static_board"},{"link_name":"dynamic board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dynamic_board"},{"link_name":"cash game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cash_game"},{"link_name":"three of a kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-of-a-kind"},{"link_name":"trips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#trips"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#set"},{"link_name":"loose/tight play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_strategy#Loose/tight_play"},{"link_name":"loose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#loose"},{"link_name":"aggressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aggressive"},{"link_name":"passive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#passive"},{"link_name":"tilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_(poker)"},{"link_name":"steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#steam"},{"link_name":"poker tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"timer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timer"},{"link_name":"brick and mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#brick_&_mortar"},{"link_name":"community card poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"kicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicker_(poker)"},{"link_name":"community card poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poker_hands#One_pair"},{"link_name":"board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#board"},{"link_name":"second pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#second_pair"},{"link_name":"bottom pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bottom_pair"},{"link_name":"split two pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#split_two_pair"},{"link_name":"slow play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_play_(poker)"},{"link_name":"barreling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barreling"},{"link_name":"Three of a kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-of-a-kind"},{"link_name":"hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hole"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#set"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"flop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flop"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#river"}],"text":"table dynamics\nSee game flow\n table stakes\nA rule that a player may bet no more money than they had on the table at the beginning of that hand. See main article: table stakes.\n tag\nA tight aggressive style of play in which a player plays a small number of strong starting hands, but when in pots plays aggressively.\n tainted outs\nCards that improve a hand so that it is better than the other current hands, but simultaneously improve other hands even more. See also outs\n tank, in the tank\nTo take an excessive amount of time to act.\n tell\nA tell in poker is a detectable change in a player's behavior or demeanor that gives clues to that player's assessment of their hand. See main article: tell\n texture\nHow well coordinated the community cards are to one another. This is used to estimate relative hand strength. See also static board and dynamic board\n third man walking\nA player who gets up from their seat in a cash game, after two other players are already away from the table, is referred to as the third man walking. In a casino with a third man walking rule, this player may be required to return to their seat within 10 minutes, or one rotation of the deal around the table, or else their seat in the game will be forfeited if there is a waiting list for the game.\n three bet, three betting\nTo be the first player to put in a third unit of betting. Similarly Four betting, Five betting, etc.\n three of a kind\nSee main article: three of a kind. Also trips, set\n tight\nTo play fewer hands than average for the game or for the player normally. See loose/tight play. Compare with loose, aggressive, passive\n tilt\nEmotional upset, mental confusion, or frustration in which a player adopts a less than optimal strategy, usually resulting in poor play. See main article: tilt. Compare with steam\n timer\nIf playing a poker tournament, a timer is used to count down periods in which the blinds are at certain levels. When the timer reaches 0:00, the blinds go to a higher level.\n to go\nThe amount that a player is required to call in order to stay in the hand.\n toke\nIn a brick and mortar casino, a toke is a tip given to the dealer by the winner of the pot.\n top kicker\nIn community card poker games, top kicker is the best possible kicker to some given hand.\n top pair\nIn community card poker games, top pair is a pair comprising a pocket card and the highest-ranking card on the board. Compare with second pair, bottom pair\n top two\nA split two pair, matching the highest-ranking two flop cards.\ntrap\nSee slow play\n trey\nA three-spot card (i.e. a three of any suit).\n triple barrel\nSee barreling\n trips\nThree of a kind, especially a situation where only one card is from the player's hole cards. Compare with set[17]\n turbo\nA type of tournament where the blind levels increase much faster than in standard play.\n turn\nThe turn, turn card or fourth street is the fourth of five cards dealt to a community card board, constituting one face-up community card that each of the players in the game can use to make up their final hand. See also flop and river","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"Omaha hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"big full","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#big_full"},{"link_name":"two pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_pair"},{"link_name":"upcard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upcard"},{"link_name":"downswing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#downswing"},{"link_name":"raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#raise"}],"text":"under the gun\nThe playing position to the direct left of the blinds in Texas hold 'em or Omaha hold 'em. The player who is under the gun must act first on the first round of betting.\n underdog\nAn underdog or dog is a player with a smaller chance to win than another specified player. Frequently used when the exact odds are expressed.\n underfull\nA full house made where the three of a kind has lower-ranking cards than the pair. Compare with big full\n up\nWhen used with a card rank to describe a poker hand, refers to two pair with the named card being the higher pair.\n upcard\nA card that is played face up. See main article: upcard\n upswing\nA period during which a player wins more (or loses less) than expected. See also: downswing\n up the ante\nIncrease the stakes\n upstairs\nSee raise","title":"U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(poker)"},{"link_name":"variance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance"},{"link_name":"rake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rake_(poker)"},{"link_name":"vigorish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigorish"},{"link_name":"hand histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hand_history"},{"link_name":"hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hero"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acevedo-3"}],"text":"value bet\nA bet made by a player who wants it to be called (as opposed to a bluff or protection bet). See value\n variance\nThe statistical measure of how far actual results differ from expectation. See main article: variance\n vigorish, vig\nThe rake. See main article: vigorish\n villain\nIn hand histories any opponent as seen from hero's perspective.[3]\n VPIP\nVoluntary put money in pot. Represents the percentage of hands with which a player puts money into the pot pre-flop, without counting any blind postings. VPIP is an excellent measure of how tight or loose a player is.","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dynamic_board"},{"link_name":"list of poker hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poker_hands#Straight"},{"link_name":"lowball (poker)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowball_(poker)#Wheel"},{"link_name":"deuce-to-seven lowball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuce-to-seven"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"wild card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_card_(poker)"},{"link_name":"bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(poker)"},{"link_name":"stud poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_poker"},{"link_name":"Omaha hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"wake up\nTo \"wake up with a hand\" means to discover a strong starting hand, often when there has already been action in front of the player.\n walk\nA situation where all players fold to the big blind.\n wash\nTo mix the deck by spreading the cards face down on the table and mixing them up.\n weak ace\nAn ace with a low kicker. Also small ace, soft ace, ace-rag\n weak player\nA player who is easily bullied out of a hand post-flop by any sort of action.\n webcam poker\nA form of online poker which allows players to watch each other during play via a webcam.\n wet board\nSee dynamic board\n whale\nA particularly weak player with a very large stack or bankroll that can be targeted with minimal risk.\n wheel\nA five-high straight (A-2-3-4-5), with the ace playing low. See list of poker hands and lowball (poker)\nIn deuce-to-seven lowball, the nut low hand (2–3–4–5–7)[18]\n wild card\nSee main article: wild card. Compare with bug\n window card\nAn upcard in stud poker. The first window card in stud is called the door card. In Texas hold'em and Omaha, the window card is the first card shown when the dealer puts out the three cards for the flop.\n wrap\nIn Omaha hold 'em, a wrap is a straight draw with nine or more outs[19] comprising two board cards and three or four cards from a player's hand.\n[20]","title":"W"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-190945789 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-190945789_8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4196-8089-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4196-8089-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"979-8645500658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8645500658"},{"link_name":"The Official Dictionary of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.poker1.com/archives/category/all-library/poker/poker-dictionary"},{"link_name":"Michael Wiesenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wiesenberg"},{"link_name":"Dan Kimberg's Poker Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.seriouspoker.com/dictionary.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-307-48609-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-48609-7"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Poker"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Poker"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poker"},{"link_name":"Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker"},{"link_name":"Index of poker articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_poker_articles"},{"link_name":"Betting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_in_poker"},{"link_name":"Cheating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_in_poker"},{"link_name":"Glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_poker"},{"link_name":"Poker boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_boom"},{"link_name":"List of poker playing card nicknames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poker_playing_card_nicknames"},{"link_name":"Tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tournament"},{"link_name":"Chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_token"},{"link_name":"Position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Playing card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_card"},{"link_name":"Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poker_hands"},{"link_name":"Non-standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard_poker_hand"},{"link_name":"Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Aggression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggression_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Check-raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check-raise"},{"link_name":"Draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Steal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steal_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poker_variants"},{"link_name":"Brag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brag_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Draw poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_poker"},{"link_name":"Five-card draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-card_draw"},{"link_name":"Stud poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud_poker"},{"link_name":"Five-card stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-card_stud"},{"link_name":"Seven-card stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-card_stud"},{"link_name":"Razz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razz_(poker)"},{"link_name":"Community card poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_card_poker"},{"link_name":"Texas hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"Greek hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"Omaha hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"Six-plus hold 'em","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-plus_hold_%27em"},{"link_name":"Casino games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_game#Table_games"},{"link_name":"Caribbean stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_stud_poker"},{"link_name":"Let It Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Ride_(card_game)"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Stud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Stud"},{"link_name":"Three Card Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Card_Poker"},{"link_name":"Four Card Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Card_Poker"},{"link_name":"Chinese poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_poker"},{"link_name":"Open-face Chinese poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-face_Chinese_poker"},{"link_name":"Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_strategy"},{"link_name":"Fundamental theorem of poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_poker"},{"link_name":"Morton's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton%27s_theorem"},{"link_name":"Pot odds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_odds"},{"link_name":"Slow play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_play"},{"link_name":"Computer poker player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_poker_player"},{"link_name":"Online poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_poker"},{"link_name":"Poker tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_tools"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Poker"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poker"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_poker"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_sports"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Glossaries_of_sports"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glossaries_of_sports"},{"link_name":"Sports terms named after people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_terms_named_after_people"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_American_football_terms"},{"link_name":"Archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archery_terms"},{"link_name":"Association 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sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms"},{"link_name":"Curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_curling"},{"link_name":"Cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling"},{"link_name":"parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bicycle_parts"},{"link_name":"Darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_darts"},{"link_name":"Disc golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_disc_golf_terms"},{"link_name":"Equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms"},{"link_name":"Australian and New Zealand punting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Australian_and_New_Zealand_punting"},{"link_name":"North American horse racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_North_American_horse_racing"},{"link_name":"Fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_fencing"},{"link_name":"Italian terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Italian_fencing_terms"},{"link_name":"Figure skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_figure_skating_terms"},{"link_name":"Gaelic games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Gaelic_games_terms"},{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_golf"},{"link_name":"Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_gymnastics_terms"},{"link_name":"Ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_ice_hockey_terms"},{"link_name":"Kabaddi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_kabaddi_terms"},{"link_name":"Kho kho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_kho_kho_terms"},{"link_name":"Motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_motorsport_terms"},{"link_name":"Pickleball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_pickleball_terms"},{"link_name":"Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms"},{"link_name":"Rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_rowing_terms"},{"link_name":"Rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_rugby_league_terms"},{"link_name":"Rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_rugby_union_terms"},{"link_name":"Shooting sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_firearms_terms"},{"link_name":"Skiing and snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_skiing_and_snowboarding_terms"},{"link_name":"Skiing and snowboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_skiing_and_snowboarding_terms"},{"link_name":"Sumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms"},{"link_name":"Surfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_surfing"},{"link_name":"Table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_table_tennis"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms"},{"link_name":"Trampolining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trampolining_terms"},{"link_name":"Underwater diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology"},{"link_name":"Volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball_jargon"},{"link_name":"Water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_water_polo"},{"link_name":"Wing Chun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Wing_Chun_terms"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Glossaries_of_sports"}],"text":"Acevado, Michael (2019). Modern Poker Theory. D&B Publishing. ISBN 978-190945789 8.\nAngelo, Tommy (2007). Elements of Poker. BookSurge Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4196-8089-2.\nBrokos, Andrew (2020). Play Optimal Poker 2. Independently Published. ISBN 979-8645500658.\nThe Official Dictionary of Poker by Michael Wiesenberg\nDan Kimberg's Poker Dictionary\nGibson, Walter B. (2013-10-23). Hoyle's Modern Encyclopedia of Card Games: Rules of All the Basic Games and Popular Variations. Crown.ISBN 978-0-307-48609-7vtePoker\nIndex of poker articles\nOverview\nBetting\nCheating\nGlossary\nHistory\nPoker boom\nList of poker playing card nicknames\nTournaments\nPlayElements\nChip\nPosition\nPot\nPlaying card\nHands\nNon-standard\nTell\nPlays\nAggression\nBluff\nCheck-raise\nDraw\nIsolation\nProtection\nSteal\nVariations\nBrag\nDraw poker\nFive-card draw\nStud poker\nFive-card stud\nSeven-card stud\nRazz\nCommunity card poker\nTexas hold 'em\nGreek hold 'em\nOmaha hold 'em\nSix-plus hold 'em\nCasino games\nCaribbean stud\nLet It Ride\nMississippi Stud\nThree Card Poker\nFour Card Poker\nChinese poker\nOpen-face Chinese poker\nStrategy\nFundamental theorem of poker\nMorton's theorem\nPot odds\nSlow play\nComputing\nComputer poker player\nOnline poker\nPoker tools\n\n Category\n Commons\n OutlinevteGlossaries of sports\nSports terms named after people\n\nAmerican football\nArchery\nAssociation football\nAthletics\nAustralian rules football\nBaseball\nderived idioms\nBasketball\nBoard games\nBowling\nBowls\nCanadian football\nChess\nchess problems\ncomputer chess\nClimbing\nContract bridge\nCricket\nCue sports\nCurling\nCycling\nparts\nDarts\nDisc golf\nEquestrian\nAustralian and New Zealand punting\nNorth American horse racing\nFencing\nItalian terms\nFigure skating\nGaelic games\nGolf\nGymnastics\nIce hockey\nKabaddi\nKho kho\nMotorsport\nPickleball\nPoker\nProfessional wrestling\nRowing\nRugby league\nRugby union\nShooting sport\nSkiing and snowboarding\nSkiing and snowboarding\nSumo\nSurfing\nTable tennis\nTennis\nTrampolining\nUnderwater diving\nVolleyball\nWater polo\nWing Chun\n\nCategory","title":"Additional references"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Mountains
Stone Mountains
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 50°40′00″N 16°18′00″E / 50.66667°N 16.3°E / 50.66667; 16.3Mount Waligóra The Stone Mountains (Polish: Góry Kamienne, Czech: Kamenné/Kamenité hory) are a mountain range in the Central Sudetes on the border of the Czech Republic and Poland. References ^ Staffa, Marek, ed. (1996). Góry Kamienne. Wydawnictwo I-BiS. ISBN 8385773207. 50°40′00″N 16°18′00″E / 50.66667°N 16.3°E / 50.66667; 16.3 Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic This Lower Silesian Voivodeship location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_RAM
Real RAM
["1 Model","2 Implementation","3 Comparison to other computational models","4 References","5 External links"]
Mathematical model of computer In computing, especially computational geometry, a real RAM (random-access machine) is a mathematical model of a computer that can compute with exact real numbers instead of the binary fixed point or floating point numbers used by most actual computers. The real RAM was formulated by Michael Ian Shamos in his 1978 Ph.D. dissertation. Model The "RAM" part of the real RAM model name stands for "random-access machine". This is a model of computing that resembles a simplified version of a standard computer architecture. It consists of a stored program, a computer memory unit consisting of an array of cells, and a central processing unit with a bounded number of registers. Each memory cell or register can store a real number. Under the control of the program, the real RAM can transfer real numbers between memory and registers, and perform arithmetic operations on the values stored in the registers. The allowed operations typically include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as comparisons, but not modulus or rounding to integers. The reason for avoiding integer rounding and modulus operations is that allowing these operations could give the real RAM unreasonable amounts of computational power, enabling it to solve PSPACE-complete problems in polynomial time. When analyzing algorithms for the real RAM, each allowed operation is typically assumed to take constant time. Implementation Software libraries such as LEDA have been developed which allow programmers to write computer programs that work as if they were running on a real RAM. These libraries represent real values using data structures which allow them to perform arithmetic and comparisons with the same results as a real RAM would produce. For example, In LEDA, real numbers are represented using the leda_real datatype, which supports k-th roots for any natural number k, rational operators, and comparison operators. The time analysis of the underlying real RAM algorithm using these real datatypes can be interpreted as counting the number of library calls needed by a given algorithm. Comparison to other computational models In the Turing machine model, the basic unit of computation involves one bit. Therefore, the time and space complexity of numeric algorithms depends on the number of bits needed to represent the numbers. In contrast, in the Real RAM model, the basic unit of computation involves a real number, regardless of how many bits are required to represent it. This difference is important when analyzing algorithms such as Gaussian elimination: this algorithm requires a polynomial number of arithmetic operations on real numbers, so it is polynomial in the Real RAM model; however, the numbers used in the intermediate computations may (if implemented naively) grow exponentially large, so its run-time in the Turing Machine model is exponential.: Sec.1.4  The real RAM closely resembles the later Blum–Shub–Smale machine. However, the real RAM is typically used for the analysis of concrete algorithms in computational geometry, while the Blum–Shub–Smale machine instead forms the basis for extensions of the theory of NP-completeness to real-number computation. An alternative to the real RAM is the word RAM, in which both the inputs to a problem and the values stored in memory and registers are assumed to be integers with a fixed number of bits. The word RAM model can perform some operations more quickly than the real RAM; for instance, it allows fast integer sorting algorithms, while sorting on the real RAM must be done with slower comparison sorting algorithms. However, some computational geometry problems have inputs or outputs that cannot be represented exactly using integer coordinates; see for instance the Perles configuration, an arrangement of points and line segments that has no integer-coordinate representation. References ^ Shamos, Michael Ian (1978), Computational Geometry, Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University. ^ Schönhage, Arnold (1979), "On the power of random access machines", Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP '79), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 71, Springer, pp. 520–529, doi:10.1007/3-540-09510-1_42, ISBN 978-3-540-09510-1, MR 0573259. ^ Melhorn, Kurt; Näher, Stefan (1999). The LEDA Platform of Combinatorial and Geometric Computing. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 12 November 2019. ^ Mehlhorn, Kurt; Schirra, Stefan (2001), "Exact computation with leda_real—theory and geometric applications" (PDF), Symbolic Algebraic Methods and Verification Methods (Dagstuhl, 1999), Springer, pp. 163–172, doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6280-4_16, ISBN 978-3-211-83593-7, MR 1832422. ^ Grötschel, M.; Lovász, L.; Schrijver, A. (1981-06-01). "The ellipsoid method and its consequences in combinatorial optimization". Combinatorica. 1 (2): 169–197. doi:10.1007/BF02579273. ISSN 1439-6912. S2CID 43787103. ^ Blum, Lenore; Shub, Mike; Smale, Steve (1989), "On a theory of computation and complexity over the real numbers: NP-completeness, recursive functions and universal machines", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 21 (1): 1–46, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1989-15750-9, Zbl 0681.03020. External links Feasible Real Random Access Machines References Geometric Computing The Science of Making Geometric Algorithms Work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computational geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_geometry"},{"link_name":"random-access machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_machine"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"fixed point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"floating point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"Michael Ian Shamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ian_Shamos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In computing, especially computational geometry, a real RAM (random-access machine) is a mathematical model of a computer that can compute with exact real numbers instead of the binary fixed point or floating point numbers used by most actual computers. The real RAM was formulated by Michael Ian Shamos in his 1978 Ph.D. dissertation.[1]","title":"Real RAM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"random-access machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_machine"},{"link_name":"stored program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored_program"},{"link_name":"computer memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory"},{"link_name":"central processing unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"registers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register"},{"link_name":"PSPACE-complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSPACE-complete"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"constant time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_time"}],"text":"The \"RAM\" part of the real RAM model name stands for \"random-access machine\". This is a model of computing that resembles a simplified version of a standard computer architecture. It consists of a stored program, a computer memory unit consisting of an array of cells, and a central processing unit with a bounded number of registers. Each memory cell or register can store a real number. Under the control of the program, the real RAM can transfer real numbers between memory and registers, and perform arithmetic operations on the values stored in the registers.The allowed operations typically include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as comparisons, but not modulus or rounding to integers. The reason for avoiding integer rounding and modulus operations is that allowing these operations could give the real RAM unreasonable amounts of computational power, enabling it to solve PSPACE-complete problems in polynomial time.[2]When analyzing algorithms for the real RAM, each allowed operation is typically assumed to take constant time.","title":"Model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Software libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library"},{"link_name":"LEDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Efficient_Data_types_and_Algorithms"},{"link_name":"data structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Software libraries such as LEDA have been developed which allow programmers to write computer programs that work as if they were running on a real RAM.\nThese libraries represent real values using data structures which allow them to perform arithmetic and comparisons with the same results as a real RAM would produce. For example, In LEDA, real numbers are represented using the leda_real datatype, which supports k-th roots for any natural number k, rational operators, and comparison operators.[3] The time analysis of the underlying real RAM algorithm using these real datatypes\ncan be interpreted as counting the number of library calls needed by a given algorithm.[4]","title":"Implementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turing machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine"},{"link_name":"Gaussian elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_elimination"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Blum–Shub–Smale machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blum%E2%80%93Shub%E2%80%93Smale_machine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"computational geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_geometry"},{"link_name":"NP-completeness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-completeness"},{"link_name":"word RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_RAM"},{"link_name":"integer sorting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_sorting"},{"link_name":"comparison sorting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_sort"},{"link_name":"Perles configuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perles_configuration"}],"text":"In the Turing machine model, the basic unit of computation involves one bit. Therefore, the time and space complexity of numeric algorithms depends on the number of bits needed to represent the numbers. In contrast, in the Real RAM model, the basic unit of computation involves a real number, regardless of how many bits are required to represent it. This difference is important when analyzing algorithms such as Gaussian elimination: this algorithm requires a polynomial number of arithmetic operations on real numbers, so it is polynomial in the Real RAM model; however, the numbers used in the intermediate computations may (if implemented naively) grow exponentially large, so its run-time in the Turing Machine model is exponential.[5]: Sec.1.4 \nThe real RAM closely resembles the later Blum–Shub–Smale machine.[6] However, the real RAM is typically used for the analysis of concrete algorithms in computational geometry, while the Blum–Shub–Smale machine instead forms the basis for extensions of the theory of NP-completeness to real-number computation.\nAn alternative to the real RAM is the word RAM, in which both the inputs to a problem and the values stored in memory and registers are assumed to be integers with a fixed number of bits. The word RAM model can perform some operations more quickly than the real RAM; for instance, it allows fast integer sorting algorithms, while sorting on the real RAM must be done with slower comparison sorting algorithms. However, some computational geometry problems have inputs or outputs that cannot be represented exactly using integer coordinates; see for instance the Perles configuration, an arrangement of points and line segments that has no integer-coordinate representation.","title":"Comparison to other computational models"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Shamos, Michael Ian (1978), Computational Geometry, Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ian_Shamos","url_text":"Shamos, Michael Ian"}]},{"reference":"Schönhage, Arnold (1979), \"On the power of random access machines\", Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP '79), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 71, Springer, pp. 520–529, doi:10.1007/3-540-09510-1_42, ISBN 978-3-540-09510-1, MR 0573259","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nhage","url_text":"Schönhage, Arnold"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Colloquium_on_Automata,_Languages_and_Programming","url_text":"Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP '79)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science","url_text":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-09510-1_42","url_text":"10.1007/3-540-09510-1_42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-09510-1","url_text":"978-3-540-09510-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0573259","url_text":"0573259"}]},{"reference":"Melhorn, Kurt; Näher, Stefan (1999). The LEDA Platform of Combinatorial and Geometric Computing. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 12 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.mpi-inf.mpg.de/~mehlhorn/LEDAbook.html","url_text":"The LEDA Platform of Combinatorial and Geometric Computing"}]},{"reference":"Mehlhorn, Kurt; Schirra, Stefan (2001), \"Exact computation with leda_real—theory and geometric applications\" (PDF), Symbolic Algebraic Methods and Verification Methods (Dagstuhl, 1999), Springer, pp. 163–172, doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6280-4_16, ISBN 978-3-211-83593-7, MR 1832422","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Mehlhorn","url_text":"Mehlhorn, Kurt"},{"url":"http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/~mehlhorn/ftp/leda_real_TGA.pdf","url_text":"\"Exact computation with leda_real—theory and geometric applications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-7091-6280-4_16","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-7091-6280-4_16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-83593-7","url_text":"978-3-211-83593-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1832422","url_text":"1832422"}]},{"reference":"Grötschel, M.; Lovász, L.; Schrijver, A. (1981-06-01). \"The ellipsoid method and its consequences in combinatorial optimization\". Combinatorica. 1 (2): 169–197. doi:10.1007/BF02579273. ISSN 1439-6912. S2CID 43787103.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02579273","url_text":"\"The ellipsoid method and its consequences in combinatorial optimization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02579273","url_text":"10.1007/BF02579273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1439-6912","url_text":"1439-6912"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43787103","url_text":"43787103"}]},{"reference":"Blum, Lenore; Shub, Mike; Smale, Steve (1989), \"On a theory of computation and complexity over the real numbers: NP-completeness, recursive functions and universal machines\", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 21 (1): 1–46, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-1989-15750-9, Zbl 0681.03020","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenore_Blum","url_text":"Blum, Lenore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shub","url_text":"Shub, Mike"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Smale","url_text":"Smale, Steve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0273-0979-1989-15750-9","url_text":"10.1090/S0273-0979-1989-15750-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0681.03020","url_text":"0681.03020"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Sat%C5%8D_(director)
Makoto Satō (director)
["1 Early life","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
Japanese documentary film director Makoto Satō佐藤 真Born(1957-09-12)September 12, 1957Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture, JapanDiedSeptember 4, 2007(2007-09-04) (aged 49)OccupationFilm director This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Makoto Satō" director – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Makoto Satō (佐藤 真 Satō Makoto, September 12, 1957 - September 4, 2007) was a Japanese documentary film director. Among his best-known films were Living On the River Agano, which describes people around the Agano River where incidents of Niigata Minamata disease were discovered, and Self and Others. His final film, Out of Place: Memories of Edward Said (2005), was named Best Documentary at the 2006 Mainichi Film Awards. Early life Satō was born in Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture, and raised in Tokyo. Filmography Living on the River Agano (1992, 阿賀に生きる) Artists in Wonderland (1998, まひるのほし) Self and Others (2000, SELF AND OTHERS) Hanako (2001, 花子) Memories of Agano (2004, 阿賀の記憶) Out of Place: Memories of Edward Said (2005, エドワード・サイード OUT OF PLACE) References ^ "Konkūru no rekishi: 2006". Mainichi Eiga Konkūru. Retrieved 19 October 2012. External links An English-language interview with Sato Box set of the Complete Works of Makoto Sato Towards a Cinema of Absence - Satō Makoto in the Japanese and international context Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Japan Korea People Trove
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Konkūru no rekishi: 2006\". Mainichi Eiga Konkūru. Retrieved 19 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mainichi.jp/enta/cinema/mfa/etc/history/61.html","url_text":"\"Konkūru no rekishi: 2006\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverin
Inverin
["1 People","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°14′00″N 9°26′00″W / 53.2333°N 9.4333°W / 53.2333; -9.4333Village in Connemara, Ireland Village in Connacht, IrelandInverin IndreabhánVillageInverin Airport in 2013InverinLocation in IrelandCoordinates: 53°14′00″N 9°26′00″W / 53.2333°N 9.4333°W / 53.2333; -9.4333CountryIrelandProvinceConnachtCountyCounty GalwayIrish Grid ReferenceM043212 Inverin (Irish: Indreabhán, meaning "mouth of the river") is a Gaeltacht village between Baile na hAbhann and Minna in County Galway, Ireland. There are Irish-language summer colleges in the area, most notably Coláiste Lurgan and Coláiste Uí Chadhain. The village is on the R336 road and is served by the 424 Bus Éireann route from Galway. Cumann Forbartha Chois Fharraige is a local development association founded in 1966. The Gaelic Athletic Association club, Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Mhícheál Breathnach, holds a Gaelic football tournament every year on Saint Stephen's Day. An Irish language book club in the village, Club Leabhar Chois Fharraige, meets monthly. The airline Aer Arann Islands is headquartered at Connemara Airport near the village. People See also: Category:People from Inverin Calum Maclean, folklorist employed by the Irish Folklore Commission Aoife Ní Thuairisg, presenter Seán Ó Coisdealbha, poet and dramatist Micheál Ó Conghaile (b.1962), important figure to Modern literature in Irish and found of the influential Cló Iar-Chonnacht publishing house Fiontán Ó Curraoin, Gaelic footballer Pádraig Ó Finneadha, Irish scholar and doctor Dónall Ó Héalai, actor Pádraic Ó Neachtain, presenter and director See also List of populated places in the Republic of Ireland Cló Iar-Chonnacht References ^ Indreabhán. Irish Placenames database. Retrieved: 2011-01-04. ^ A. D. Mills, 2003, A Dictionary of British Place-Names, Oxford University Press ^ Bus Route 424 Bus Éireann. ^ Mar Gheall ar Chumann Forbartha Chois Fharraige. Retrieved on 21 April 2018. ^ Club Leabhar Chois Fharraige. Retrieved on 08 November 2021. ^ "Contact." Aer Arann Islands. Retrieved on 15 May 2016. "Address: Aer Arann Islands, An Caislená, Indreabhán, Co. Galway, Ireland." External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inverin. Coláiste Lurgan vteGaeltachtGaeltachtaíUlsterGaeltacht Thír Conaill (Donegal) Na Rosa Gaoth Dobhair Cloch Cheann Fhaola Gaeltacht an Láir ConnachtGaeltacht na Gaillimhe (Galway) Gaeltacht Chathair na Gaillimhe Cois Fharraige Conamara Theas Dúiche Sheoigheach Oileáin Árann Ceantar na nOileán Gaeltacht Chontae Mhaigh Eo (Mayo) Gaeltacht Iorrais agus Acaill MunsterGaeltacht Chontae Chiarraí (Kerry) Gaeltacht Corca Dhuibhne Gaeltacht Uíbh Ráthach Gaeltacht Chontae Chorcaí (Cork) Múscraí Oileán Chléire Gaeltacht na nDéise (Waterford) Rinn Ó gCuanach An tSean Phobal LeinsterGaeltacht Chontae na Mí (Meath) Ráth Chairn Baile Ghib See alsoNua-Ghaeltachtaí Irish language network Neo-Gaeltacht An Cheathrú Ghaeltachta (Antrim) Permanent North American Gaeltacht Organisations Údarás na Gaeltachta Gaeltarra Éireann Coimisiún na Gaeltachta Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media Saor Raidió Chonamara RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta TG4 Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe Gluaiseacht Chearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta Muintir na Gaeltachta See also An Coimisinéir Teanga Connemara Conradh na Gaeilge Bean an tí Gaelic revival Gaels Gaeltacht Act 2012 Gaeltacht service town Gàidhealtachd Minister for Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media Minister of State at the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media Official Languages Act 2003 Sean-nós singing vtePlaces in County GalwayCounty town: GalwayTowns Athenry Ballinasloe Clifden Dunmore Gort Glenamaddy Headford Loughrea Mountbellew Oranmore Portumna Tuam Villages Abbeyknockmoy Ahascragh Annaghdown Ardrahan Aughrim Ballynahown Ballinderreen Ballindooley Ballygar Ballyconneely Ballymacward Ballymoe Ballynahinch Barna Barnaderg Bealadangan Belclare Boyounagh Bullaun Camus Caltra Carnmore Carraroe Castleblakeney Castlegar Claregalway Clarinbridge Cleggan Clonbur Clonfert Cloonboo Cloonfush Cornamona Corofin Corrandulla Costelloe Craughwell Creggs Cregmore Derrybrien Duniry Eyrecourt Furbo Garrafrauns Goulane Glinsk Hollygrove Inverin Kilcolgan Kilconnell Kilkerrin Kilkieran Killimor Killimordaly Kilronan Kiltormer Kinvara Laurencetown Leenaun Letterfrack Lettermore Lettermullen Maum Menlough Milltown Monivea Moycullen Moylough New Inn Newbridge Oughterard Recess Rosmuc Rossaveal Rosscahill Roundstone Skehana Spiddal Turloughmore Williamstown Woodford Townlands / places Attymon Ballynahown Ballybrit Cappataggle Coalpits Creagh Derrymullan Hollygrove Kilclooney Kilrickle Kiltivna Killagoola Kinvara Knockferry Lissagurraun Maam Cross Meelick Muckanaghederdauhaulia Oldthort Rossadillisk Tiaquin Demesne Baronies Aran Athenry Ballymoe Ballynahinch Clare Clonmacnowen Dunkellin Dunmore Galway Kilconnell Killian Kiltartan Leitrim Longford Loughrea Moycullen Ross Tiaquin Islands Ardoileán Dinish Eddy Gorumna Illauneeragh Illauneeragh West Inchaghaun Inchamakinna Inishbarra Inisheer Inisheltia Inishmaan Inishark Inishmore Inishbofin Inishnee Inishturk South Mason Mutton Omey Turbot White Goat List of townlands in County Galway Category:Mountains and hills of County Galway Category:Rivers of County Galway Category:Geography of County Galway
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gaeltacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeltacht"},{"link_name":"Baile na hAbhann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baile_na_hAbhann"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Coláiste Lurgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%A1iste_Lurgan"},{"link_name":"R336 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R336_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Gaelic football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_football"},{"link_name":"Saint Stephen's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Irish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"book club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_discussion_club"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Aer Arann Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer_Arann_Islands"},{"link_name":"Connemara Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connemara_Airport"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Village in Connemara, IrelandVillage in Connacht, IrelandInverin (Irish: Indreabhán, meaning \"mouth of the river\")[1][2] is a Gaeltacht village between Baile na hAbhann and Minna in County Galway, Ireland. There are Irish-language summer colleges in the area, most notably Coláiste Lurgan and Coláiste Uí Chadhain.The village is on the R336 road and is served by the 424 Bus Éireann route from Galway.[3]Cumann Forbartha Chois Fharraige is a local development association founded in 1966.[4] The Gaelic Athletic Association club, Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Mhícheál Breathnach, holds a Gaelic football tournament every year on Saint Stephen's Day. An Irish language book club in the village, Club Leabhar Chois Fharraige, meets monthly.[5]The airline Aer Arann Islands is headquartered at Connemara Airport near the village.[6]","title":"Inverin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Inverin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Inverin"},{"link_name":"Calum Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calum_Maclean_(folklorist)"},{"link_name":"folklorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklorist"},{"link_name":"Irish Folklore Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Folklore_Commission"},{"link_name":"Aoife Ní Thuairisg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoife_N%C3%AD_Thuairisg"},{"link_name":"Seán Ó Coisdealbha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Coisdealbha"},{"link_name":"Micheál Ó Conghaile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Conghaile_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Modern literature in Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish"},{"link_name":"Cló Iar-Chonnacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3_Iar-Chonnacht"},{"link_name":"publishing house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing_house"},{"link_name":"Fiontán Ó Curraoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiont%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Curraoin"},{"link_name":"Pádraig Ó Finneadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_%C3%93_Finneadha"},{"link_name":"Dónall Ó Héalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3nall_%C3%93_H%C3%A9alai"},{"link_name":"Pádraic Ó Neachtain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draic_%C3%93_Neachtain"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from InverinCalum Maclean, folklorist employed by the Irish Folklore Commission\nAoife Ní Thuairisg, presenter\nSeán Ó Coisdealbha, poet and dramatist\nMicheál Ó Conghaile (b.1962), important figure to Modern literature in Irish and found of the influential Cló Iar-Chonnacht publishing house\nFiontán Ó Curraoin, Gaelic footballer\nPádraig Ó Finneadha, Irish scholar and doctor\nDónall Ó Héalai, actor\nPádraic Ó Neachtain, presenter and director","title":"People"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Society
Fabian Society
["1 Organisational history","1.1 Establishment","1.2 Organisational growth","1.3 Early Fabian views","1.4 Second generation","2 20th century","2.1 Influence on Labour government","3 Contemporary Fabianism","3.1 Fabianism outside the United Kingdom","4 Structure","4.1 Executive committee","4.2 Secretariat","4.3 Fabian Review","4.4 Young Fabians","4.5 Fabian Women's Network","4.6 Local Fabians","5 Influence on the political right","6 Critiques of the Fabians","7 Funding","8 See also","9 Footnotes","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
British socialist organisation founded in 1884 For other organisations known by the same name, see § Fabianism outside the United Kingdom. The Fabian SocietyAbbreviationFSFormation4 January 1884; 140 years ago (1884-01-04)Legal statusUnincorporated membership associationPurpose"To promote greater equality of power, wealth and opportunity; the value of collective action and public service; an accountable, tolerant and active democracy; citizenship, liberty and human rights; sustainable development; and multilateral international cooperation"HeadquartersLondon, EnglandLocation61 Petty France, London, SW1H 9EUMembership 8,000Official language EnglishGeneral SecretaryAndrew HarropChairMartin EdoborVice-ChairsWes Streeting, Catriona MunroHon. TreasurerBaron Kennedy of SouthwarkMain organExecutive CommitteeSubsidiariesYoung Fabians, Fabian Women's Network, Scottish Fabians, around 60 local Fabian SocietiesAffiliationsLabour Party, Foundation for European Progressive StudiesWebsitefabians.org.uk Part of a series onSocialism inthe United Kingdom Ideologies Agrarian socialism Bennism Black radical tradition Chartism Christian socialism Corbynism Democratic socialism Eco-socialism Ethical socialism Guild socialism Marxism (Centrist · Humanist · Marxism–Leninism · Trotskyism) Owenism Republicanism Revolutionary socialism Ricardian socialism Utopian socialism Principles Anti-capitalism Anti-imperialism Anti-racism Environmental justice Equality Equality of opportunity Fairness Freedom Justice Peace Progress Radical democracy Redistribution Sustainability State intervention Social justice Solidarity Intellectuals More Winstanley Hall Owen Hodgskin Barmby Morris Mainwaring Carpenter Marx Wells Tawney Cole Dobb Orwell Hobsbawm Thompson Hill Ward Russell Miliband Sivanandan Berger Williams Harvey Eagleton Hall Anderson Ali Gibson Rowbotham Jessop Bhaskar Cockshott Gilroy Monbiot Hatherley Miéville Fisher Jones Seymour Thorn Blakeley Works The Communist Manifesto News from Nowhere The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius The Future of Socialism The Making of the English Working Class The Country and the City Ways of Seeing Towards a New Socialism Capitalist Realism The Establishment: And How They Get Away with It History British left History of the Labour Party (UK) Political figures Harney Hyndman Hardie Webb (Sidney) Webb (Beatrice) Lansbury Maclean Pankhurst Attlee Inkpin Pollitt Bevan Foot Jones Wilson Meltzer Benn Skinner Scargill Taaffe Livingstone Corbyn McDonnell Tatchell Abbott Galloway Crow Fisher Long-Bailey Burgon Schneider Sultana Parties(Current UK parties - Defunct UK parties) Social democracy Co-operative Party Labour Party (UK) Socialism Breakthrough Party Left Unity (UK) Socialist Labour Party (UK) Socialist Party GB Socialist Workers Party (UK) Transform TUSC Communism Communist Party of Britain Communist Party Britain-ML Communist Party GB-ML Communist Party GB-PCC New Communist Party of Britain RCG Revolutionary Communist Party RCPB-ML Northern Ireland People Before Profit Sinn Féin Scotland Scottish Labour Scottish National Party Scottish Socialist Party Wales Plaid Cymru Welsh Labour OrganisationsUK Trade unions ICTU STUC TUC (Wales TUC) RMT Unite the Union Other IPPR Left Book Club Momentum The World Transformed Media New Left Review New Statesman Novara Media Race & Class Socialist Worker Tribune Related topics Communism in the United Kingdom Hard left Soft left Politics in the United Kingdom New Left Miliband–Poulantzas debate Socialism portal Organised labour portal United Kingdom portalvte The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of social democracy and democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow. The Fabian Society was also historically related to radicalism, a left-wing liberal tradition. As one of the founding organisations of the Labour Representation Committee in 1900, and as an important influence upon the Labour Party which grew from it, the Fabian Society has had a powerful influence on British politics. Members of the Fabian Society have included political leaders from other countries, such as Jawaharlal Nehru, who adopted Fabian principles as part of their own political ideologies. The Fabian Society founded the London School of Economics in 1895. Today, the society functions primarily as a think tank and is one of twenty socialist societies affiliated with the Labour Party. Similar societies exist in Australia, in Canada, in New Zealand, and in Sicily. Organisational history Establishment Blue plaque at 17 Osnaburgh St, where the Society was founded in 1884 The Fabian Society was named after "Fabius the Delayer" at the suggestion of Frank Podmore (above). Wolf in Sheep's Clothing, the original coat of arms The Fabian Society was founded on 4 January 1884 in London as an offshoot of a society founded a year earlier, called The Fellowship of the New Life, which had been a forebear of the British Ethical and humanist movements. Early Fellowship members included the visionary Victorian elite, among them poets Edward Carpenter and John Davidson, sexologist Havelock Ellis, and early socialist Edward R. Pease. They wanted to transform society by setting an example of clean simplified living for others to follow. Some members also wanted to become politically involved to aid society's transformation; they set up a separate society, the Fabian Society. All members were free to attend both societies. The Fabian Society additionally advocated renewal of Western European Renaissance ideas and their promulgation throughout the world. The Fellowship of the New Life was dissolved in 1899, but the Fabian Society grew to become a leading academic society in the United Kingdom in the Edwardian era. It was typified by the members of its vanguard Coefficients club. Public meetings of the Society were for many years held at Essex Hall, a popular location just off the Strand in central London. The Fabian Society was named—at the suggestion of Frank Podmore—in honour of the Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (nicknamed Cunctator, meaning the "Delayer"). His Fabian strategy sought gradual victory against the superior Carthaginian army under the renowned general Hannibal through persistence, harassment, and wearing the enemy down by attrition rather than pitched, climactic battles. An explanatory note appearing on the title page of the group's first pamphlet declared:For the right moment you must wait, as Fabius did most patiently when warring against Hannibal, though many censured his delays; but when the time comes you must strike hard, as Fabius did, or your waiting will be in vain, and fruitless. According to author Jon Perdue, "The logo of the Fabian Society, a tortoise, represented the group's predilection for a slow, imperceptible transition to socialism, while its coat of arms, a 'wolf in sheep's clothing', represented its preferred methodology for achieving its goal." The wolf in sheep's clothing symbolism was later abandoned, due to its obvious negative connotations. Its nine founding members were Frank Podmore, Edward R. Pease, William Clarke, Hubert Bland, Percival Chubb, Frederick Keddell, H. H. Champion, Edith Nesbit, and Rosamund Dale Owen. Havelock Ellis is sometimes also mentioned as a tenth founding member, though there is some question about this. Organisational growth Immediately upon its inception, the Fabian Society began attracting many prominent contemporary figures drawn to its socialist cause, including George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Charles Marson, Sydney Olivier, Oliver Lodge, Ramsay MacDonald and Emmeline Pankhurst. Bertrand Russell briefly became a member, but resigned after he expressed his belief that the Society's principle of entente (in this case, between countries allying themselves against Germany) could lead to war. At the core of the Fabian Society were Sidney and Beatrice Webb. Together, they wrote numerous studies of industrial Britain, including alternative co-operative economics that applied to ownership of capital as well as land. Many Fabians participated in the formation of the Labour Representation Committee in 1900 and the group's constitution, written by Sidney Webb, borrowed heavily from the founding documents of the Fabian Society. At the meeting that founded the Labour Representation Committee in 1900, the Fabian Society claimed 861 members and sent one delegate. The years 1903 to 1908 saw a growth in popular interest in the socialist idea in Great Britain, and the Fabian Society grew accordingly, tripling its membership to nearly 2500 by the end of the period, half of whom were located in London. In 1912, a student section was organised called the University Socialist Federation (USF) and by the outbreak of World War I in 1914 this contingent counted its own membership of more than 500. Early Fabian views The first Fabian Society pamphlets advocating tenets of social justice coincided with the zeitgeist of Liberal reforms during the early 1900s, including eugenics. The Fabian proposals however were considerably more progressive than those that were enacted in the Liberal reform legislation. The Fabians lobbied for the introduction of a minimum wage in 1906, for the creation of a universal health care system in 1911 and for the abolition of hereditary peerages in 1917. Agnes Harben and Henry Devenish Harben were among Fabians advocating women's emancipation and supporting suffrage movements in Britain, and internationally. Fabian socialists were in favour of reforming the foreign policy of the British Empire as a conduit for internationalist reform and were in favour of a capitalist welfare state modelled on the Bismarckian German model; they criticised Gladstonian liberalism both for its individualism at home and its internationalism abroad. They favoured a national minimum wage in order to stop British industries compensating for their inefficiency by lowering wages instead of investing in capital equipment; slum clearances and a health service in order for "the breeding of even a moderately Imperial race" which would be more productive and better militarily than the "stunted, anaemic, demoralised denizens ... of our great cities"; and a national education system because "it is in the classrooms ... that the future battles of the Empire for commercial prosperity are already being lost". In 1900 the Society produced Fabianism and the Empire, the first statement of its views on foreign affairs, drafted by Bernard Shaw and incorporating the suggestions of 150 Fabian members. It was directed against the liberal individualism of those such as John Morley and Sir William Harcourt. It claimed that the classical liberal political economy was outdated, and that imperialism was the new stage of the international polity. The question was whether Britain would be the centre of a world empire or whether it would lose its colonies and end up as just two islands in the North Atlantic. It expressed support for Britain in the Boer War because small nations, such as the Boers, were anachronisms in the age of empires. In order to hold onto the Empire, the British needed to fully exploit the trade opportunities secured by war; maintain the British armed forces in a high state of readiness to defend the Empire; the creation of a citizen army to replace the professional army; the Factory Acts would be amended to extend to 21 the age for half-time employment, so that the thirty hours gained would be used in "a combination of physical exercises, technical education, education in civil citizenship ... and field training in the use of modern weapons". The Fabians also favoured the nationalisation of land rent, believing that rents collected by landowners in respect of their land's value were unearned, an idea which drew heavily from the work of American economist Henry George. Second generation In the period between the two World Wars, the "Second Generation" Fabians, including the writers R. H. Tawney, G. D. H. Cole and Harold Laski, continued to be a major influence on socialist thought. But the general idea is that each man should have power according to his knowledge and capacity. And the keynote is that of my fairy State: From every man according to his capacity; to every man according to his needs. A democratic Socialism, controlled by majority votes, guided by numbers, can never succeed; a truly aristocratic Socialism, controlled by duty, guided by wisdom, is the next step upwards in civilisation.— Annie Besant, a Fabian Society member and later president of Indian National Congress It was at this time that many of the future leaders of the Third World were exposed to Fabian thought, most notably India's Jawaharlal Nehru, who subsequently framed economic policy for India on Fabian socialism lines. After independence from Britain, Nehru's Fabian ideas committed India to an economy in which the state owned, operated and controlled means of production, in particular key heavy industrial sectors such as steel, telecommunications, transportation, electricity generation, mining and real estate development. Private activity, property rights and entrepreneurship were discouraged or regulated through permits, nationalisation of economic activity and high taxes were encouraged, rationing, control of individual choices and Mahalanobis model considered by Nehru as a means to implement the Fabian Society version of socialism. In addition to Nehru, several pre-independence leaders in colonial India such as Annie Besant—Nehru's mentor and later a president of Indian National Congress – were members of the Fabian Society. Obafemi Awolowo, who later became the premier of Nigeria's now defunct Western Region, was also a Fabian member in the late 1940s. It was the Fabian ideology that Awolowo used to run the Western Region during his premiership with great success, although he was prevented from using it in a similar fashion on the national level in Nigeria. It is less known that the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was an avid member of the Fabian Society in the early 1930s. Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore, stated in his memoirs that his initial political philosophy was strongly influenced by the Fabian Society. However, he later altered his views, considering the Fabian ideal of socialism as impractical. In 1993, Lee said: They were going to create a just society for the British workers—the beginning of a welfare state, cheap council housing, free medicine and dental treatment, free spectacles, generous unemployment benefits. Of course, for students from the colonies, like Singapore and Malaya, it was a great attraction as the alternative to communism. We did not see until the 1970s that that was the beginning of big problems contributing to the inevitable decline of the British economy. In the Middle East, the theories of Fabian Society intellectual movement of early 20th-century Britain inspired the Ba'athist vision. The Middle East adaptation of Fabian socialism led the state to control big industry, transport, banks, internal and external trade. The state would direct the course of economic development, with the ultimate aim to provide a guaranteed minimum standard of living for all. Michel Aflaq, widely considered as the founder of the Ba'athist movement, was a Fabian socialist. Aflaq's ideas, with those of Salah al-Din al-Bitar and Zaki al-Arsuzi, came to fruition in the Arab world in the form of dictatorial regimes in Iraq and Syria. Salāmah Mūsā of Egypt, another prominent champion of Arab Socialism, was a keen adherent of Fabian Society, and a member since 1909. In October 1940, the Fabian Society established the Fabian Colonial Bureau to facilitate research and debate British colonial policy. The Fabian Colonial Bureau strongly influenced the colonial policies of the Attlee government (1945–51). Rita Hinden founded the colonial bureau and was its secretary. Fabian academics of the late 20th century included the political scientist Sir Bernard Crick, the economists Thomas Balogh and Nicholas Kaldor, and the sociologist Peter Townsend. 20th century During the 20th century the group was always influential in Labour Party circles, with members including Ramsay MacDonald, Clement Attlee, Anthony Crosland, Roy Jenkins, Hugh Dalton, Richard Crossman, Ian Mikardo, Tony Benn, Harold Wilson and more recently Shirley Williams, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, Gordon Marsden and Ed Balls. 229 members of the Society were elected to Parliament at the 1945 general election. Ben Pimlott served as its chairman in the 1990s. (A Pimlott Prize for Political Writing was organised in his memory by the Fabian Society and The Guardian in 2005 and continues annually.) The Society is affiliated to the Party as a socialist society. In recent years the Young Fabian group, founded in 1960, has become an important networking and discussion organisation for younger (under 31) Labour Party activists and played a role in the 1994 election of Tony Blair as Labour Leader. Today there is also an active Fabian Women's Network and Scottish and Welsh Fabian groups. Influence on Labour government After the election of a Labour Party government in 1997, the Fabian Society was a forum for New Labour ideas and for critical approaches from across the party. The most significant Fabian contribution to Labour's policy agenda in government was Ed Balls's 1992 discussion paper, advocating Bank of England independence. Balls had been a Financial Times journalist when he wrote this Fabian pamphlet, before going to work for Gordon Brown. Former BBC Business Editor Robert Peston, in his book Brown's Britain, calls this an "essential tract" and concludes that Balls "deserves as much credit – probably more – than anyone else for the creation of the modern Bank of England"; William Keegan offered a similar analysis of Balls's Fabian pamphlet in his book on Labour's economic policy, which traces in detail the path leading up to this dramatic policy change after Labour's first week in office. Contemporary Fabianism On 21 April 2009, the Society's website stated that it had 6,286 members: "Fabian national membership now stands at a 35 year high: it is over 20% higher than when the Labour Party came to office in May 1997. It is now double what it was when Clement Attlee left office in 1951." The latest edition of the Dictionary of National Biography (a reference work listing details of famous or significant Britons throughout history) includes 174 Fabians. Four Fabians, Beatrice and Sidney Webb, Graham Wallas, and George Bernard Shaw, founded the London School of Economics with the money left to the Fabian Society by Henry Hutchinson. Supposedly the decision was made at a breakfast party on 4 August 1894. The founders are depicted in the Fabian Window designed by George Bernard Shaw. The window was stolen in 1978 and reappeared at Sotheby's in 2005. It was restored to display in the Shaw Library at the London School of Economics in 2006 at a ceremony over which Tony Blair presided. As of 2016, the Fabian Society had about 7,000 members. In June 2019 it had 7,136 individual members. The Fabian Society Tax Commission of 2000 was widely credited with influencing the Labour government's policy and political strategy for its one significant public tax increase: the National Insurance rise to raise £8 billion for National Health Service spending. (The Fabian Commission had in fact called for a directly hypothecated "NHS tax" to cover the full cost of NHS spending, arguing that linking taxation more directly to spending was essential to make tax rise publicly acceptable. The 2001 National Insurance rise was not formally hypothecated, but the government committed itself to using the additional funds for health spending.) Several other recommendations, including a new top rate of income tax, were to the left of government policy and not accepted, though this comprehensive review of UK taxation was influential in economic policy and political circles, and a new top rate of income tax of 50% was introduced in 2010. In early 2017, Fabian general secretary Andrew Harrop produced a report arguing the only feasible route for Labour to return to government would be to work with the Liberal Democrats and Scottish National Party. The report predicted Labour would win fewer than 150 seats in the 2017 United Kingdom general election, the lowest number since 1935, due to Brexit, lack of support in Scotland, and Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn's unpopularity, although in the event the party won 262. Fabianism outside the United Kingdom The major influence on the Labour Party and on the English-speaking socialist movement worldwide, has meant that Fabianism became one of the main inspirations of international social democracy. In February 1895, an American Fabian Society was established in Boston by W. D. P. Bliss, a prominent Christian socialist. The group published a periodical, The American Fabian, and issued a small series of pamphlets. Around the same time a parallel organisation emerged on the Pacific coast, centred in California, under the influence of socialist activist Laurence Gronlund. American Fabianism lasted for less than a decade. Similar non-UK societies include the Australian Fabian Society, the Douglas–Coldwell Foundation and the now-disbanded League for Social Reconstruction in Canada, and the NZ Fabian Society in New Zealand. Direct or indirect Fabian influence may also be seen in the liberal socialism of Carlo Rosselli (founder, with his brother Nello, of the anti-fascist group Giustizia e Libertà) and all its derivatives such as the Action Party in Italy. The Community Movement, created by the socialist entrepreneur Adriano Olivetti, was then the only Italian party which referred explicitly to Fabianism, among his main inspirations along with federalism, social liberalism, fighting partitocracy and social democracy. In 2000, the Sicilian Fabian Society was founded in Messina. Structure This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fabian Society" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) It is written into the rules of the society that it has no policies. All the publications carry a disclaimer saying that they do not represent the collective views of the society but only the views of the authors. "No resolution of a political character expressing an opinion or calling for action, other than in relation to the running of the Society itself, shall be put forward in the name of the Society." Executive committee The Fabian Society is governed by an elected executive committee. The committee consists of 10 ordinary members elected from a national list, three members nationally elected from a list nominated by local groups, representatives from the Young Fabians, Fabians Women's Network and Scottish and Welsh Fabians. There is also one staff representative and a directly elected honorary treasurer from the membership. Elections are held every other year, with the exception of the Young Fabians and staff representation which are elected annually. The committee meets quarterly and elect a chair and at least one vice-chair annually to conduct its business. The current chair of the Fabian Society is Martin Edobor. Secretariat The Fabian Society have a number of employees based in their headquarters in London. The secretariat is led by a general secretary, who is the organisation's CEO. The staff are arranged into departments including Research, Editorial, Events and Operations. Fabian Review The Fabian Society publishes the Fabian Review, a quarterly magazine. Young Fabians Main article: Young Fabians Since 1960, members aged under 31 years of age are also members of the Young Fabians. This group has its own elected Chair, executive committee and sub-groups. The Young Fabians are a voluntary organisation that serves as an incubator for member-led activities such as policy and social events, pamphlets and delegations. Within the group are five special interest communities called Networks that are run by voluntary steering groups and elect their own Chair and officers. The current Networks are Economy & Finance, Health, International Affairs, Education, Communications (Industry), Environment, Tech, Devolution & Local Government, Law, and Arts & Culture. It also publishes the quarterly magazine Anticipations. In 2023, the Fabian Society suspended all Young Fabians face-to-face activities following its non-public review of culture and practice. In 2024, Young Fabians was relaunched with under-18s barred from membership, and the upper age limit reduced from 30 to 27. Young Fabians will also be led by two co-chairs, at least one being a women, with member complaints directly handled by the Fabian Society. Fabian Women's Network All female members of the Fabian Society are also members of the Fabian Women's Network. This group has its own elected Chair and Executive Committee which organises conferences and events and works with the wider political movement to secure increased representation for women in politics and public life. It has a flagship mentoring programme that recruits on an annual basis, and its president is Seema Malhotra, a Labour Party and Co-operative MP. The Network also publishes the quarterly magazine, Fabiana, runs a range of public speaking events, works closely in partnership with a range of women's campaigning organisations and regularly hosts a fringe at the Labour Party conference. Local Fabians There are 45 local Fabian societies across the UK, bringing Fabian debates to communities around the country. Some, such as Bournemouth and Oxford, have long histories, dating from the 1890s, though most have waxed and waned over the years. The Fabian local societies were given a major boost during the Second World War when re-founded by G. D. H. Cole and Margaret Cole, who noted renewed interest in socialism and that wartime evacuation created chances for Fabians to strengthen influence outside London. Many local societies are affiliated to their local constituency Labour Party and have their own executive bodies. These local branches are affiliated to the national Fabians and local members have the same voting rights as their national counterparts. Influence on the political right When founded in 1884 as a parliamentarian organisation, there was no leftist party with which the Fabians could connect. As such, they initially attempted to 'permeate' the Liberals, with some success. The foundation of the Labour Party in 1900 signalled a change in tactics, although Fabian-Liberal links on specific topics such as welfare reform lasted well into the interwar period. More recent studies have examined their impact on the Conservatives, such as the foundation of Ashridge College, explicitly designed in the 1930s to create Conservative Fabians. Critiques of the Fabians As one of the world's oldest and most prominent think tanks, the Fabians have sometimes fallen under attack, more often from the left than the right. Most older critiques focused on the Fabians' political organisation efforts and claims to have been influential. Although H. G. Wells was a member of the Fabian Society from 1903 to 1908, he was a critic of its operations, particularly in his 1905 paper "The Faults of the Fabian", in which he claimed the Society was a middle-class talking shop. He later parodied the society in his 1910 novel The New Machiavelli. During the First World War, Vladimir Lenin wrote that the Fabians were "social-chauvinists", "undoubtedly the most consummate expression of opportunism and of Liberal-Labour policy". Drawing from Friedrich Engels, Lenin declared the Fabians were "a gang of bourgeois rogues who would demoralise the workers, influence them in a counter-revolutionary spirit". In the 1920s, Leon Trotsky critiqued the Fabian Society as provincial, boring and unnecessary, particularly to the working class. He wrote that their published works "serve merely to explain to the Fabians themselves why Fabianism exists in the world". The post-war Communist Party Historians Group was critical of the Fabians, and indeed the post-war consensus, with its strong social-democratic influence. The Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm wrote his PhD thesis attacking claims from the early Fabians to have been originators of the Labour Party and the post-war consensus. Instead, he argued that the credit should be given to the more autonomous, working-class Independent Labour Party. In more recent years, critiques of the early Fabians have focused on other areas. In an article published in The Guardian on 14 February 2008 (following the apology offered by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd to the "stolen generations"), Geoffrey Robertson criticised Fabian socialists for providing the intellectual justification for the eugenics policy that led to the stolen generations scandal. Similar claims have been repeated in The Spectator. In 2009, making a speech in the United States, the British MP George Galloway (then MP for Bethnal Green and Bow, now MP for Rochdale) denounced the Fabian Society for its failure to support the uprising of Easter 1916 in Dublin during which an Irish Republic was proclaimed. Funding The Fabian Society has been rated as "broadly transparent" in its funding by Transparify. In November 2022, the funding transparency website Who Funds You? gave the Fabian Society an A grade, the highest transparency rating (rating goes from A to E). See also Politics portalUnited Kingdom portalSocialism portal Ethical movement Keir Hardie Labour Research Department List of Fabian Tracts to 1915 List of think tanks in the United Kingdom New Statesman The New Age Footnotes ^ Thomson, George (1 March 1976). "The Tindemans Report and the European Future" (PDF). ^ Cole, Margaret (1961). The Story of Fabian Socialism. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804700917. ^ a b Perdue, Jon B. (2012). The War of All the People: The Nexus of Latin American Radicalism and Middle Eastern Terrorism (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-1597977043. ^ a b Matthews, Race (1993). Australia's First Fabians: Middle-class Radicals, Labour Activists and the Early Labour Movement. Cambridge University Press. ^ a b Dunham, William Huse (1975). "From Radicalism to Socialism: Men and Ideas in the Formation of Fabian Socialist Doctrines, 1881–1889". History: Reviews of New Books. 3 (10): 263. doi:10.1080/03612759.1975.9945148. ^ Edward R. Pease, A History of the Fabian Society. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1916. ^ Pease, 1916 ^ "The History of Essex Hall by Mortimer Rowe, Lindsey Press, 1959, chapter 5". Unitarian.org.uk. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012. ^ "Fabian Society". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 August 2017. ^ Quoted in McBriar, A.M., Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966; p. 9. ^ a b McBriar, Alan M. (1962). Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884–1918. Cambridge University Press. ^ a b c Cole, Margaret (1961). The Story of Fabian Socialism. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1163700105. ^ Pease, Edward R. (1916). The History of the Fabian Society. ^ See The Webbs on the Web bibliography ^ a b Kevin Morgan, Labour Legends and Russian Gold: Bolshevism and the British Left, Part 1. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2006; p. 63. ^ A full list of Fabian pamphlets is available at the Fabian Society Online Archive Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Freedland, Jonathan (17 February 2012). "Eugenics: the skeleton that rattles loudest in the left's closet | Jonathan Freedland". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 June 2020. ^ "Fabian Society". Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (1999). The women's suffrage movement : a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: UCL Press. pp. 269–271, 694. ISBN 1-84142-031-X. ^ Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social-Imperial Thought 1895–1914 (New York: Anchor, 1968), p. 63. ^ a b Semmel, p. 61. ^ Semmel, p. 62. ^ Annie Besant. "The Future Socialism". Bibby's Annual (reprinted by Adyar Pamphlet). OCLC 038686071. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ Padma Desai and Jagdish Bhagwati (April 1975). "Socialism and Indian economic policy". World Development. 3 (4): 213–21. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(75)90063-7. ^ B.K. Nehru (Spring 1990). "Socialism at crossroads". India International Centre Quarterly. 17 (1): 1–12. JSTOR 23002177. ^ Virmani, Arvind (October 2005). "Policy Regimes, Growth and Poverty in India: Lessons of Government Failure and Entrepreneurial Success" (PDF). Working Paper No. 170. Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi. ^ a b Michael Barr (March 2000). "Lee Kuan Yew's Fabian Phase". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 46 (1): 110–26. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00088. ^ Amatzia Baram (Spring 2003). "Broken Promises". Wilson Quarterly. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. ^ L. M. Kenny (Winter 1963–1964). "The Goal of Arab Unification". International Journal. 19 (1): 50–61. doi:10.2307/40198692. JSTOR 40198692. ^ Kamel S. Abu Jaber (Spring 1966). "Salāmah Mūsā: Precursor of Arab Socialism". Middle East Journal. 20 (2): 196–206. JSTOR 4323988. ^ "Collection: Papers of the Fabian Colonial Bureau | Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts". archives.bodleian.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 March 2022. ^ a b Kahler, Miles (1984). Decolonization in Britain and France: The Domestic Consequences of International Relations. Princeton University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-4008-5558-2. ^ "Our History". Fabians. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018. ^ "The Fabian Society: a brief history". The Guardian. 13 August 2001. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 August 2017. ^ Mark Wickham-Jones (2005). "Party Officials, Experts and Policy-making: The Case of British Labour" (PDF). r/ French Political Science Association. ^ Sunder Katwala (14 September 2003). "Observer review: The Prudence of Mr Gordon Brown by William Keegan | By genre | guardian.co.uk Books". London: Politics.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2 January 2012. ^ Press release, A piece of Fabian history unveiled at LSE Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, London School of Economics & Political Science Archives, Last accessed 23 February 2007 ^ Andrew Walker, Wit, wisdom and windows, BBC News, Last accessed 23 February 2007 ^ Annual Report 2016 (PDF) (Report). Fabian Society. 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2017. ^ Annual Report 2019 (PDF) (Report). Fabian Society. 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2020. ^ Andrew Rawnsley, columnist of the year (22 December 2001). "Honesty turns out to be the best policy". The Observer. London. Retrieved 2 January 2012. ^ "Think tank calls for NHS tax". BBC News. 27 November 2000. Retrieved 2 January 2012. ^ "In defence of earmarked taxes – FT 07/12/00". Samuelbrittan.co.uk. 15 December 1994. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012. ^ Harrop, Andrew (3 January 2017). Stuck – How Labour is too weak to win and too strong to die (PDF) (Report). Fabian Society. Retrieved 26 June 2017. ^ Walker, Peter (2 January 2017). "Labour could slump to below 150 MPs, Fabian Society warns". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2017. ^ MacLellan, Kylie (3 January 2017). "UK's opposition Labour 'too weak' to win an election: think tank". Reuters. Retrieved 26 June 2017. ^ a b c William D.P. Bliss (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Social Reforms. Third Edition. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1897; pg. 578. ^ Jenkin, Thomas P. (June 1948). "The American Fabian Movement". Western Political Quarterly. 1 (2): 113–123. doi:10.1177/106591294800100202. ISSN 0043-4078. S2CID 153833198. ^ Leo Valiani, Socialismo liberale. Carlo Rosselli, tra Critica Sociale e Fabian Society ^ "Olivetti: comunitarismo e sovranità industriale nell'Italia postbellica". millennivm.org. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014. ^ "Rules of the Fabian Society November 2017" (PDF). Fabian Society. Retrieved 17 June 2018. ^ "POLITICO London Influence December 17 2020". politico. 17 December 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2020. ^ "Fabian Review". Fabian Society. 19 September 2017. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023. ^ "Networks". Young Fabians. ^ Belger, Tom; Jones, Morgan (23 October 2023). "Young Fabians suspend members, review culture and halt events over complaint". LabourList. Retrieved 6 April 2024. ^ Green, Daniel (31 March 2024). "Young Fabians relaunch with under-18s banned after complaints and review". LabourList. Retrieved 6 April 2024. ^ Hatts, Leigh, Fabians in Bournemouth (1984) ^ Weatherburn, Michael, et al, "The First Century of Oxford Fabianism, 1895-1995", Oxfordshire Local History (2020) ^ Fabian Quarterly, 1944. ^ Cole, Margaret. The life of G.D.H. Cole. Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1971. ^ Clarke, Peter, and P. F. Clarke. Liberals and social democrats. Cambridge University Press, 1981. ^ Clarke, Peter, and P. F. Clarke. Liberals and Social Democrats. Cambridge University Press, 1981. ^ Briggs, Asa. A Study of the Work of Seebohm Rowntree, 1871-1954.(Social Thought and Social Action). Longmans, 1961. ^ Berthezène, Clarisse. "Creating Conservative Fabians: the Conservative party, political education and the founding of Ashridge College." Past & Present 182 (2004): 211-240. ^ Berthezène, Clarisse. "Archives: Ashridge College, 1929–54: A Glimpse at the Archive of a Conservative Intellectual Project." Contemporary British History 19.1 (2005): 79-93. ^ Berthezène, Clarisse. Training Minds for the war of ideas: Ashridge College, the Conservative Party and the cultural politics of Britain, 1929-54. 2015. ^ Taunton, Matthew. "H G Wells's politics". The British Library. Retrieved 5 October 2016. ^ H. G. Wells, The New Machiavelli, Dunfield & co., New York (1910) ^ V.I. Lenin, British Pacifism and the British Dislike of Theory. Written in June 1915. First published on July 27, 1924, in Pravda. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1915/jun/x02.htm ^ Leon Trotsky, The Fabian 'Theory' of Socialism (1925). https://fabians.org.uk/permeating-politics/ ^ Hobsbawm, Eric J. Labouring men: Studies in the history of labour. Basic Books, 1965. ^ Evans, Richard J. Eric Hobsbawm: a life in history. Hachette UK, 2019. ^ Geoffrey Robertson (13 February 2008). "We should say sorry, too". The Guardian. London. ^ L.J. Ray (1983). "Eugenics, Mental Deficiency and Fabian Socialism between the Wars". Oxford Review of Education. 9 (3): 213–22. doi:10.1080/0305498830090305. ^ "How eugenics poisoned the welfare state | The Spectator". The Spectator. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2016. ^ pas1888 (29 December 2009). "George Galloway Easter Rising 1916" – via YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Round-Up of Transparify 2018 Ratings". Transparify. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019. ^ "Who Funds You? The Fabian Society". Further reading Howell, David (1983). British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888–1906. Manchester: Manchester University Press. McBriar, A.M. (1962). Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McKernan, James A., "The origins of critical theory in education: Fabian socialism as social reconstructionism in nineteenth-century Britain". British Journal of Educational Studies 61.4 (2013): 417–433. Pease, Edward R. (1916). A History of the Fabian Society. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. The History of the Fabian Society public domain audiobook at LibriVox Radice, Lisanne (1984). Beatrice and Sidney Webb: Fabian Socialists. London: Macmillan. Shaw, George Bernard, ed. (1906) . The Fabian Society: Its Early History. London: Fabian Society. Shaw, George Bernard, ed. (1931). Fabian Essays in Socialism. London: Fabian Society. Wolfe, Willard (1975). From Radicalism to Socialism: Men and Ideas in the Formation of Fabian Socialist Doctrines, 1881–1889. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300013030. MacKenzie, Norman & Jeanne (1977). The First Fabians. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 9780297770909. External links Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about "Fabian Society". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fabian Society. Official website Finding Aid for the Fabian Society archives, British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics Fabian Society and Young Fabian Collection, British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of Economics Annual Reports 1894–1918 Fabian Tracts 1893–1990 vteGuild socialismConcepts Direct democracy Economic democracy Guilds Workers' control Workers' self-management Workplace democracy People G. D. H. Cole S. G. Hobson Arthur Penty Karl Polanyi Lionel Robbins Bertrand Russell R. H. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"§ Fabianism outside the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Fabianism_outside_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"British socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"social democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"democratic socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism"},{"link_name":"gradualist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualist"},{"link_name":"reformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformist"},{"link_name":"democracies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracies"},{"link_name":"revolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gt76-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"radicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radical1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radical2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radical3-5"},{"link_name":"Labour Representation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900)"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"British politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_politics"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"think tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"socialist societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_societies"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"}],"text":"For other organisations known by the same name, see § Fabianism outside the United Kingdom.The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of social democracy and democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow.[1][2] The Fabian Society was also historically related to radicalism, a left-wing liberal tradition.[3][4][5]As one of the founding organisations of the Labour Representation Committee in 1900, and as an important influence upon the Labour Party which grew from it, the Fabian Society has had a powerful influence on British politics. Members of the Fabian Society have included political leaders from other countries, such as Jawaharlal Nehru, who adopted Fabian principles as part of their own political ideologies. The Fabian Society founded the London School of Economics in 1895.Today, the society functions primarily as a think tank and is one of twenty socialist societies affiliated with the Labour Party. Similar societies exist in Australia, in Canada, in New Zealand, and in Sicily.","title":"Fabian Society"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organisational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fabian_Society_(5026519016).jpg"},{"link_name":"Blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Podmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fabius the Delayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus"},{"link_name":"Frank Podmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Podmore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fabian_Society_coat_of_arms.svg"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"The Fellowship of the New Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_New_Life"},{"link_name":"Ethical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_movement"},{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pease_1916-6"},{"link_name":"Edward Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"John Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davidson_(poet)"},{"link_name":"sexologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexologist"},{"link_name":"Havelock Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelock_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Edward R. Pease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Pease"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Edwardian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_era"},{"link_name":"Coefficients club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficients_(dining_club)"},{"link_name":"Essex Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Hall"},{"link_name":"the Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Frank Podmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Podmore"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fabian strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_strategy"},{"link_name":"Carthaginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage"},{"link_name":"Hannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jon Perdue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jon_B._Perdue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radical1-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Frank Podmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Podmore"},{"link_name":"Edward R. Pease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Pease"},{"link_name":"William Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clarke_(Fabian)"},{"link_name":"Hubert Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Bland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBriar-11"},{"link_name":"Percival Chubb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Chubb"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-12"},{"link_name":"H. H. Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Champion"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pease-13"},{"link_name":"Edith Nesbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Nesbit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radical2-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McBriar-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story-12"}],"sub_title":"Establishment","text":"Blue plaque at 17 Osnaburgh St, where the Society was founded in 1884The Fabian Society was named after \"Fabius the Delayer\" at the suggestion of Frank Podmore (above).Wolf in Sheep's Clothing, the original coat of armsThe Fabian Society was founded on 4 January 1884 in London as an offshoot of a society founded a year earlier, called The Fellowship of the New Life, which had been a forebear of the British Ethical and humanist movements.[6] Early Fellowship members included the visionary Victorian elite, among them poets Edward Carpenter and John Davidson, sexologist Havelock Ellis, and early socialist Edward R. Pease. They wanted to transform society by setting an example of clean simplified living for others to follow. Some members also wanted to become politically involved to aid society's transformation; they set up a separate society, the Fabian Society. All members were free to attend both societies. The Fabian Society additionally advocated renewal of Western European Renaissance ideas and their promulgation throughout the world.The Fellowship of the New Life was dissolved in 1899,[7] but the Fabian Society grew to become a leading academic society in the United Kingdom in the Edwardian era. It was typified by the members of its vanguard Coefficients club. Public meetings of the Society were for many years held at Essex Hall, a popular location just off the Strand in central London.[8]The Fabian Society was named—at the suggestion of Frank Podmore—in honour of the Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (nicknamed Cunctator, meaning the \"Delayer\").[9] His Fabian strategy sought gradual victory against the superior Carthaginian army under the renowned general Hannibal through persistence, harassment, and wearing the enemy down by attrition rather than pitched, climactic battles.[citation needed]An explanatory note appearing on the title page of the group's first pamphlet declared:For the right moment you must wait, as Fabius did most patiently when warring against Hannibal, though many censured his delays; but when the time comes you must strike hard, as Fabius did, or your waiting will be in vain, and fruitless.[10]According to author Jon Perdue, \"The logo of the Fabian Society, a tortoise, represented the group's predilection for a slow, imperceptible transition to socialism, while its coat of arms, a 'wolf in sheep's clothing', represented its preferred methodology for achieving its goal.\"[3] The wolf in sheep's clothing symbolism was later abandoned, due to its obvious negative connotations.[citation needed]Its nine founding members were Frank Podmore, Edward R. Pease, William Clarke, Hubert Bland,[11] Percival Chubb, Frederick Keddell,[12] H. H. Champion,[13] Edith Nesbit,[4] and Rosamund Dale Owen.[12][11] Havelock Ellis is sometimes also mentioned as a tenth founding member, though there is some question about this.[12]","title":"Organisational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"Annie Besant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant"},{"link_name":"Graham Wallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Wallas"},{"link_name":"Charles Marson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Marson"},{"link_name":"Sydney Olivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Olivier"},{"link_name":"Oliver Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Lodge"},{"link_name":"Ramsay MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Emmeline Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"entente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/entente"},{"link_name":"Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Webb"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Webb"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"co-operative economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-operative_economics"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Labour Representation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan63-15"},{"link_name":"University Socialist Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Socialist_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan63-15"}],"sub_title":"Organisational growth","text":"Immediately upon its inception, the Fabian Society began attracting many prominent contemporary figures drawn to its socialist cause, including George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Charles Marson, Sydney Olivier, Oliver Lodge, Ramsay MacDonald and Emmeline Pankhurst. Bertrand Russell briefly became a member, but resigned after he expressed his belief that the Society's principle of entente (in this case, between countries allying themselves against Germany) could lead to war.At the core of the Fabian Society were Sidney and Beatrice Webb. Together, they wrote numerous studies[14] of industrial Britain, including alternative co-operative economics that applied to ownership of capital as well as land.[citation needed]Many Fabians participated in the formation of the Labour Representation Committee in 1900 and the group's constitution, written by Sidney Webb, borrowed heavily from the founding documents of the Fabian Society. At the meeting that founded the Labour Representation Committee in 1900, the Fabian Society claimed 861 members and sent one delegate.[citation needed]The years 1903 to 1908 saw a growth in popular interest in the socialist idea in Great Britain, and the Fabian Society grew accordingly, tripling its membership to nearly 2500 by the end of the period, half of whom were located in London.[15] In 1912, a student section was organised called the University Socialist Federation (USF) and by the outbreak of World War I in 1914 this contingent counted its own membership of more than 500.[15]","title":"Organisational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"zeitgeist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitgeist"},{"link_name":"Liberal reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_reforms"},{"link_name":"eugenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"minimum wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage"},{"link_name":"universal health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care"},{"link_name":"hereditary peerages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peers"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Agnes Harben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Harben"},{"link_name":"Henry Devenish Harben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Devenish_Harben"},{"link_name":"suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"internationalist reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_internationalism"},{"link_name":"capitalist welfare state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_capitalism"},{"link_name":"Bismarckian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck#Bismarck's_social_legislation"},{"link_name":"Gladstonian liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism"},{"link_name":"minimum wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"John Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morley"},{"link_name":"William Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vernon_Harcourt_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Semmel,_p._61-21"},{"link_name":"Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Boers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boers"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Semmel,_p._61-21"},{"link_name":"Factory Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_Acts"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Henry George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Early Fabian views","text":"The first Fabian Society pamphlets[16] advocating tenets of social justice coincided with the zeitgeist of Liberal reforms during the early 1900s, including eugenics.[17] The Fabian proposals however were considerably more progressive than those that were enacted in the Liberal reform legislation. The Fabians lobbied for the introduction of a minimum wage in 1906, for the creation of a universal health care system in 1911 and for the abolition of hereditary peerages in 1917.[18] Agnes Harben and Henry Devenish Harben were among Fabians advocating women's emancipation and supporting suffrage movements in Britain, and internationally.[19]Fabian socialists were in favour of reforming the foreign policy of the British Empire as a conduit for internationalist reform and were in favour of a capitalist welfare state modelled on the Bismarckian German model; they criticised Gladstonian liberalism both for its individualism at home and its internationalism abroad. They favoured a national minimum wage in order to stop British industries compensating for their inefficiency by lowering wages instead of investing in capital equipment; slum clearances and a health service in order for \"the breeding of even a moderately Imperial race\" which would be more productive and better militarily than the \"stunted, anaemic, demoralised denizens ... of our great cities\"; and a national education system because \"it is in the classrooms ... that the future battles of the Empire for commercial prosperity are already being lost\".[20]In 1900 the Society produced Fabianism and the Empire, the first statement of its views on foreign affairs, drafted by Bernard Shaw and incorporating the suggestions of 150 Fabian members. It was directed against the liberal individualism of those such as John Morley and Sir William Harcourt.[21] It claimed that the classical liberal political economy was outdated, and that imperialism was the new stage of the international polity. The question was whether Britain would be the centre of a world empire or whether it would lose its colonies and end up as just two islands in the North Atlantic. It expressed support for Britain in the Boer War because small nations, such as the Boers, were anachronisms in the age of empires.[21]In order to hold onto the Empire, the British needed to fully exploit the trade opportunities secured by war; maintain the British armed forces in a high state of readiness to defend the Empire; the creation of a citizen army to replace the professional army; the Factory Acts would be amended to extend to 21 the age for half-time employment, so that the thirty hours gained would be used in \"a combination of physical exercises, technical education, education in civil citizenship ... and field training in the use of modern weapons\".[22]The Fabians also favoured the nationalisation of land rent, believing that rents collected by landowners in respect of their land's value were unearned, an idea which drew heavily from the work of American economist Henry George.[citation needed]","title":"Organisational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R. H. Tawney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._H._Tawney"},{"link_name":"G. D. H. Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._D._H._Cole"},{"link_name":"Harold Laski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Third World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"Mahalanobis model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalanobis_model"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Annie Besant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radical3-5"},{"link_name":"Obafemi Awolowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo"},{"link_name":"premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Western Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_State_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lee Kuan Yew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb1-27"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Malaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mb1-27"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Ba'athist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Michel Aflaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Aflaq"},{"link_name":"Salah al-Din al-Bitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar"},{"link_name":"Zaki al-Arsuzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-led_faction)"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-led_faction)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Salāmah Mūsā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salama_Moussa"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Attlee government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attlee_government"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"},{"link_name":"Rita Hinden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Hinden"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-32"},{"link_name":"Bernard Crick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Crick"},{"link_name":"Thomas Balogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Balogh"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Kaldor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Kaldor"},{"link_name":"Peter Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Townsend_(sociologist)"}],"sub_title":"Second generation","text":"In the period between the two World Wars, the \"Second Generation\" Fabians, including the writers R. H. Tawney, G. D. H. Cole and Harold Laski, continued to be a major influence on socialist thought.But the general idea is that each man should have power according to his knowledge and capacity. [...] And the keynote is that of my fairy State: From every man according to his capacity; to every man according to his needs. A democratic Socialism, controlled by majority votes, guided by numbers, can never succeed; a truly aristocratic Socialism, controlled by duty, guided by wisdom, is the next step upwards in civilisation.[23]— Annie Besant, a Fabian Society member and later president of Indian National CongressIt was at this time that many of the future leaders of the Third World were exposed to Fabian thought, most notably India's Jawaharlal Nehru, who subsequently framed economic policy for India on Fabian socialism lines. After independence from Britain, Nehru's Fabian ideas committed India to an economy in which the state owned, operated and controlled means of production, in particular key heavy industrial sectors such as steel, telecommunications, transportation, electricity generation, mining and real estate development. Private activity, property rights and entrepreneurship were discouraged or regulated through permits, nationalisation of economic activity and high taxes were encouraged, rationing, control of individual choices and Mahalanobis model considered by Nehru as a means to implement the Fabian Society version of socialism.[24][25][26] In addition to Nehru, several pre-independence leaders in colonial India such as Annie Besant—Nehru's mentor and later a president of Indian National Congress – were members of the Fabian Society.[5]Obafemi Awolowo, who later became the premier of Nigeria's now defunct Western Region, was also a Fabian member in the late 1940s. It was the Fabian ideology that Awolowo used to run the Western Region during his premiership with great success, although he was prevented from using it in a similar fashion on the national level in Nigeria. It is less known that the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah[citation needed], was an avid member of the Fabian Society in the early 1930s. Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore, stated in his memoirs that his initial political philosophy was strongly influenced by the Fabian Society. However, he later altered his views, considering the Fabian ideal of socialism as impractical.[27] In 1993, Lee said:They [Fabian Socialists] were going to create a just society for the British workers—the beginning of a welfare state, cheap council housing, free medicine and dental treatment, free spectacles, generous unemployment benefits. Of course, for students from the colonies, like Singapore and Malaya, it was a great attraction as the alternative to communism. We did not see until the 1970s that that was the beginning of big problems contributing to the inevitable decline of the British economy.[27]In the Middle East, the theories of Fabian Society intellectual movement of early 20th-century Britain inspired the Ba'athist vision. The Middle East adaptation of Fabian socialism led the state to control big industry, transport, banks, internal and external trade. The state would direct the course of economic development, with the ultimate aim to provide a guaranteed minimum standard of living for all.[28] Michel Aflaq, widely considered as the founder of the Ba'athist movement, was a Fabian socialist. Aflaq's ideas, with those of Salah al-Din al-Bitar and Zaki al-Arsuzi, came to fruition in the Arab world in the form of dictatorial regimes in Iraq and Syria.[29] Salāmah Mūsā of Egypt, another prominent champion of Arab Socialism, was a keen adherent of Fabian Society, and a member since 1909.[30]In October 1940, the Fabian Society established the Fabian Colonial Bureau to facilitate research and debate British colonial policy.[31] The Fabian Colonial Bureau strongly influenced the colonial policies of the Attlee government (1945–51).[32] Rita Hinden founded the colonial bureau and was its secretary.[32]Fabian academics of the late 20th century included the political scientist Sir Bernard Crick, the economists Thomas Balogh and Nicholas Kaldor, and the sociologist Peter Townsend.","title":"Organisational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramsay MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Clement Attlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee"},{"link_name":"Anthony Crosland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Crosland"},{"link_name":"Roy Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Hugh Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Dalton"},{"link_name":"Richard Crossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Crossman"},{"link_name":"Ian Mikardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Mikardo"},{"link_name":"Tony Benn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Benn"},{"link_name":"Harold Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Shirley Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Williams"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown"},{"link_name":"Gordon Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Marsden"},{"link_name":"Ed Balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Balls"},{"link_name":"1945 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ben Pimlott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Pimlott"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"socialist society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_society_(Labour_Party)"},{"link_name":"Young Fabian group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Fabians"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"}],"text":"During the 20th century the group was always influential in Labour Party circles, with members including Ramsay MacDonald, Clement Attlee, Anthony Crosland, Roy Jenkins, Hugh Dalton, Richard Crossman, Ian Mikardo, Tony Benn, Harold Wilson and more recently Shirley Williams, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, Gordon Marsden and Ed Balls. 229 members of the Society were elected to Parliament at the 1945 general election.[33] Ben Pimlott served as its chairman in the 1990s. (A Pimlott Prize for Political Writing was organised in his memory by the Fabian Society and The Guardian in 2005 and continues annually.) The Society is affiliated to the Party as a socialist society. In recent years the Young Fabian group, founded in 1960, has become an important networking and discussion organisation for younger (under 31) Labour Party activists and played a role in the 1994 election of Tony Blair as Labour Leader. Today there is also an active Fabian Women's Network and Scottish and Welsh Fabian groups.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government in 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"New Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Labour"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Ed Balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Balls"},{"link_name":"Bank of England independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Financial Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times"},{"link_name":"Robert Peston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peston"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"William Keegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Keegan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Influence on Labour government","text":"After the election of a Labour Party government in 1997, the Fabian Society was a forum for New Labour ideas and for critical approaches from across the party.[34] The most significant Fabian contribution to Labour's policy agenda in government was Ed Balls's 1992 discussion paper, advocating Bank of England independence. Balls had been a Financial Times journalist when he wrote this Fabian pamphlet, before going to work for Gordon Brown. Former BBC Business Editor Robert Peston, in his book Brown's Britain, calls this an \"essential tract\" and concludes that Balls \"deserves as much credit – probably more – than anyone else for the creation of the modern Bank of England\";[35] William Keegan offered a similar analysis of Balls's Fabian pamphlet in his book on Labour's economic policy,[36] which traces in detail the path leading up to this dramatic policy change after Labour's first week in office.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britons"},{"link_name":"Beatrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Webb"},{"link_name":"Sidney Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Webb"},{"link_name":"Graham Wallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Wallas"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Fabian Window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Window"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Sotheby's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotheby%27s"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annualrep-2016-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annualrep-2019-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"National Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurance"},{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"hypothecated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothecation_(taxation)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"UK taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_taxation"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fabian-20170103-44"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"2017 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"support in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Corbyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-20170102-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-20170103-46"}],"text":"On 21 April 2009, the Society's website stated that it had 6,286 members: \"Fabian national membership now stands at a 35 year high: it is over 20% higher than when the Labour Party came to office in May 1997. It is now double what it was when Clement Attlee left office in 1951.\"[citation needed]The latest edition of the Dictionary of National Biography (a reference work listing details of famous or significant Britons throughout history) includes 174 Fabians. Four Fabians, Beatrice and Sidney Webb, Graham Wallas, and George Bernard Shaw, founded the London School of Economics with the money left to the Fabian Society by Henry Hutchinson. Supposedly the decision was made at a breakfast party on 4 August 1894. The founders are depicted in the Fabian Window[37] designed by George Bernard Shaw. The window was stolen in 1978 and reappeared at Sotheby's in 2005. It was restored to display in the Shaw Library at the London School of Economics in 2006 at a ceremony over which Tony Blair presided.[38]As of 2016, the Fabian Society had about 7,000 members.[39] In June 2019 it had 7,136 individual members.[40]The Fabian Society Tax Commission of 2000 was widely credited[41] with influencing the Labour government's policy and political strategy for its one significant public tax increase: the National Insurance rise to raise £8 billion for National Health Service spending. (The Fabian Commission had in fact called for a directly hypothecated \"NHS tax\"[42] to cover the full cost of NHS spending, arguing that linking taxation more directly to spending was essential to make tax rise publicly acceptable. The 2001 National Insurance rise was not formally hypothecated, but the government committed itself to using the additional funds for health spending.) Several other recommendations, including a new top rate of income tax, were to the left of government policy and not accepted, though this comprehensive review of UK taxation was influential in economic policy and political circles, and a new top rate of income tax of 50% was introduced in 2010.[43]In early 2017, Fabian general secretary Andrew Harrop produced a report[44] arguing the only feasible route for Labour to return to government would be to work with the Liberal Democrats and Scottish National Party. The report predicted Labour would win fewer than 150 seats in the 2017 United Kingdom general election, the lowest number since 1935, due to Brexit, lack of support in Scotland, and Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn's unpopularity, although in the event the party won 262.[45][46]","title":"Contemporary Fabianism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"W. D. P. Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._P._Bliss"},{"link_name":"Christian socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_socialist"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bliss-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bliss-47"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Laurence Gronlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Gronlund"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bliss-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Australian Fabian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Fabian_Society"},{"link_name":"Douglas–Coldwell Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%E2%80%93Coldwell_Foundation"},{"link_name":"League for Social Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_for_Social_Reconstruction"},{"link_name":"NZ Fabian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fabians.org.nz/"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"liberal socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_socialism"},{"link_name":"Carlo Rosselli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli"},{"link_name":"Nello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nello_Rosselli"},{"link_name":"Giustizia e Libertà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Community Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Movement"},{"link_name":"Adriano Olivetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Olivetti"},{"link_name":"partitocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitocracy"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Fabian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fabiana.it"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina"}],"sub_title":"Fabianism outside the United Kingdom","text":"The major influence on the Labour Party and on the English-speaking socialist movement worldwide, has meant that Fabianism became one of the main inspirations of international social democracy.In February 1895, an American Fabian Society was established in Boston by W. D. P. Bliss, a prominent Christian socialist.[47] The group published a periodical, The American Fabian, and issued a small series of pamphlets.[47] Around the same time a parallel organisation emerged on the Pacific coast, centred in California, under the influence of socialist activist Laurence Gronlund.[47] American Fabianism lasted for less than a decade.[48]Similar non-UK societies include the Australian Fabian Society, the Douglas–Coldwell Foundation and the now-disbanded League for Social Reconstruction in Canada, and the NZ Fabian Society in New Zealand.Direct or indirect Fabian influence may also be seen in the liberal socialism of Carlo Rosselli (founder, with his brother Nello, of the anti-fascist group Giustizia e Libertà) and all its derivatives such as the Action Party in Italy.[49]\nThe Community Movement, created by the socialist entrepreneur Adriano Olivetti, was then the only Italian party which referred explicitly to Fabianism, among his main inspirations along with federalism, social liberalism, fighting partitocracy and social democracy.[50]In 2000, the Sicilian Fabian Society was founded in Messina.","title":"Contemporary Fabianism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"It is written into the rules of the society that it has no policies. All the publications carry a disclaimer saying that they do not represent the collective views of the society but only the views of the authors. \"No resolution of a political character expressing an opinion or calling for action, other than in relation to the running of the Society itself, shall be put forward in the name of the Society.\"[51]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Executive committee","text":"The Fabian Society is governed by an elected executive committee. The committee consists of 10 ordinary members elected from a national list, three members nationally elected from a list nominated by local groups, representatives from the Young Fabians, Fabians Women's Network and Scottish and Welsh Fabians. There is also one staff representative and a directly elected honorary treasurer from the membership. Elections are held every other year, with the exception of the Young Fabians and staff representation which are elected annually. The committee meets quarterly and elect a chair and at least one vice-chair annually to conduct its business. The current chair of the Fabian Society is Martin Edobor.[52]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Secretariat","text":"The Fabian Society have a number of employees based in their headquarters in London. The secretariat is led by a general secretary, who is the organisation's CEO. The staff are arranged into departments including Research, Editorial, Events and Operations.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Fabian Review","text":"The Fabian Society publishes the Fabian Review, a quarterly magazine.[53]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-labourlist-20231023-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-labourlist-20240331-56"}],"sub_title":"Young Fabians","text":"Since 1960, members aged under 31 years of age are also members of the Young Fabians. This group has its own elected Chair, executive committee and sub-groups. The Young Fabians are a voluntary organisation that serves as an incubator for member-led activities such as policy and social events, pamphlets and delegations. Within the group are five special interest communities called Networks that are run by voluntary steering groups and elect their own Chair and officers. The current Networks are Economy & Finance, Health, International Affairs, Education, Communications (Industry), Environment, Tech, Devolution & Local Government, Law, and Arts & Culture.[54] It also publishes the quarterly magazine Anticipations.In 2023, the Fabian Society suspended all Young Fabians face-to-face activities following its non-public review of culture and practice.[55] In 2024, Young Fabians was relaunched with under-18s barred from membership, and the upper age limit reduced from 30 to 27. Young Fabians will also be led by two co-chairs, at least one being a women, with member complaints directly handled by the Fabian Society.[56]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fabian Women's Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabian_Women%27s_Network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Seema Malhotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seema_Malhotra"}],"sub_title":"Fabian Women's Network","text":"All female members of the Fabian Society are also members of the Fabian Women's Network. This group has its own elected Chair and Executive Committee which organises conferences and events and works with the wider political movement to secure increased representation for women in politics and public life. It has a flagship mentoring programme that recruits on an annual basis, and its president is Seema Malhotra, a Labour Party and Co-operative MP. The Network also publishes the quarterly magazine, Fabiana, runs a range of public speaking events, works closely in partnership with a range of women's campaigning organisations and regularly hosts a fringe at the Labour Party conference.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local Fabian societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Fabian_societies"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Margaret Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cole"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Local Fabians","text":"There are 45 local Fabian societies across the UK, bringing Fabian debates to communities around the country. Some, such as Bournemouth and Oxford, have long histories, dating from the 1890s,[57][58] though most have waxed and waned over the years. The Fabian local societies were given a major boost during the Second World War when re-founded by G. D. H. Cole and Margaret Cole,[59] who noted renewed interest in socialism and that wartime evacuation created chances for Fabians to strengthen influence outside London.[60] Many local societies are affiliated to their local constituency Labour Party and have their own executive bodies. These local branches are affiliated to the national Fabians and local members have the same voting rights as their national counterparts.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parliamentarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament"},{"link_name":"Liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Ashridge College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashridge_College"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"When founded in 1884 as a parliamentarian organisation, there was no leftist party with which the Fabians could connect. As such, they initially attempted to 'permeate' the Liberals, with some success. The foundation of the Labour Party in 1900 signalled a change in tactics,[61] although Fabian-Liberal links on specific topics such as welfare reform lasted well into the interwar period.[62][63]More recent studies have examined their impact on the Conservatives, such as the foundation of Ashridge College, explicitly designed in the 1930s to create Conservative Fabians.[64][65][66]","title":"Influence on the political right"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"The New Machiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Engels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Communist Party Historians Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_Historians_Group"},{"link_name":"post-war consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war_consensus"},{"link_name":"Eric Hobsbawm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Independent Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Kevin Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd"},{"link_name":"stolen generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_generations"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"British MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_MP"},{"link_name":"George Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Bethnal Green and Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green_and_Bow_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Rochdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"uprising of Easter 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Easter_rising"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Irish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republic"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"As one of the world's oldest and most prominent think tanks, the Fabians have sometimes fallen under attack, more often from the left than the right.Most older critiques focused on the Fabians' political organisation efforts and claims to have been influential.Although H. G. Wells was a member of the Fabian Society from 1903 to 1908, he was a critic of its operations, particularly in his 1905 paper \"The Faults of the Fabian\", in which he claimed the Society was a middle-class talking shop.[67] He later parodied the society in his 1910 novel The New Machiavelli.[68]During the First World War, Vladimir Lenin wrote that the Fabians were \"social-chauvinists\", \"undoubtedly the most consummate expression of opportunism and of Liberal-Labour policy\". Drawing from Friedrich Engels, Lenin declared the Fabians were \"a gang of bourgeois rogues who would demoralise the workers, influence them in a counter-revolutionary spirit\".[69]In the 1920s, Leon Trotsky critiqued the Fabian Society as provincial, boring and unnecessary, particularly to the working class. He wrote that their published works \"serve merely to explain to the Fabians themselves why Fabianism exists in the world\".[70]The post-war Communist Party Historians Group was critical of the Fabians, and indeed the post-war consensus, with its strong social-democratic influence. The Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm wrote his PhD thesis attacking claims from the early Fabians to have been originators of the Labour Party and the post-war consensus. Instead, he argued that the credit should be given to the more autonomous, working-class Independent Labour Party.[71][72]In more recent years, critiques of the early Fabians have focused on other areas.In an article published in The Guardian on 14 February 2008 (following the apology offered by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd to the \"stolen generations\"), Geoffrey Robertson criticised Fabian socialists for providing the intellectual justification for the eugenics policy that led to the stolen generations scandal.[73][74] Similar claims have been repeated in The Spectator.[75]In 2009, making a speech in the United States, the British MP George Galloway (then MP for Bethnal Green and Bow, now MP for Rochdale) denounced the Fabian Society for its failure to support the uprising of Easter 1916 in Dublin during which an Irish Republic was proclaimed.[76]","title":"Critiques of the Fabians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transparify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparify"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Who Funds You?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Funds_You%3F"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"text":"The Fabian Society has been rated as \"broadly transparent\" in its funding by Transparify.[77] In November 2022, the funding transparency website Who Funds You? gave the Fabian Society an A grade, the highest transparency rating (rating goes from A to E).[78]","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gt76_1-0"},{"link_name":"Thomson, George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thomson,_Baron_Thomson_of_Monifieth"},{"link_name":"\"The Tindemans Report and the European Future\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aei.pitt.edu/10796/1/10796.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Cole, Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cole"},{"link_name":"The Story of Fabian Socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/storyoffabiansoc0000cole"},{"link_name":"Stanford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0804700917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804700917"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-radical1_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-radical1_3-1"},{"link_name":"Potomac Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1597977043","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597977043"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-radical2_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-radical2_4-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-radical3_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-radical3_5-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/03612759.1975.9945148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F03612759.1975.9945148"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pease_1916_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"The History of Essex Hall by Mortimer Rowe, 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web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"\"Round-Up of Transparify 2018 Ratings\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.transparify.org/blog/2018/12/17/yu6z844z5sf3vnhvqkegzeefuzv12o"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"\"Who Funds You? The Fabian Society\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.opendemocracy.net/en/who-funds-you/fabian-society/"}],"text":"^ Thomson, George (1 March 1976). \"The Tindemans Report and the European Future\" (PDF).\n\n^ Cole, Margaret (1961). The Story of Fabian Socialism. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804700917.\n\n^ a b Perdue, Jon B. (2012). The War of All the People: The Nexus of Latin American Radicalism and Middle Eastern Terrorism (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-1597977043.\n\n^ a b Matthews, Race (1993). Australia's First Fabians: Middle-class Radicals, Labour Activists and the Early Labour Movement. Cambridge University Press.\n\n^ a b Dunham, William Huse (1975). \"From Radicalism to Socialism: Men and Ideas in the Formation of Fabian Socialist Doctrines, 1881–1889\". History: Reviews of New Books. 3 (10): 263. doi:10.1080/03612759.1975.9945148.\n\n^ Edward R. Pease, A History of the Fabian Society. New York: E.P. 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London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2006; p. 63.\n\n^ A full list of Fabian pamphlets is available at the Fabian Society Online Archive Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Freedland, Jonathan (17 February 2012). \"Eugenics: the skeleton that rattles loudest in the left's closet | Jonathan Freedland\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 June 2020.\n\n^ \"Fabian Society\". Archived from the original on 7 December 2006.\n\n^ Crawford, Elizabeth (1999). The women's suffrage movement : a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: UCL Press. pp. 269–271, 694. ISBN 1-84142-031-X.\n\n^ Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social-Imperial Thought 1895–1914 (New York: Anchor, 1968), p. 63.\n\n^ a b Semmel, p. 61.\n\n^ Semmel, p. 62.\n\n^ Annie Besant. \"The Future Socialism\". Bibby's Annual (reprinted by Adyar Pamphlet). OCLC 038686071. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. 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London: Politics.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2 January 2012.\n\n^ Press release, A piece of Fabian history unveiled at LSE Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, London School of Economics & Political Science Archives, Last accessed 23 February 2007\n\n^ Andrew Walker, Wit, wisdom and windows, BBC News, Last accessed 23 February 2007\n\n^ Annual Report 2016 (PDF) (Report). Fabian Society. 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2017.\n\n^ Annual Report 2019 (PDF) (Report). Fabian Society. 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2020.\n\n^ Andrew Rawnsley, columnist of the year (22 December 2001). \"Honesty turns out to be the best policy\". The Observer. London. Retrieved 2 January 2012.\n\n^ \"Think tank calls for NHS tax\". BBC News. 27 November 2000. Retrieved 2 January 2012.\n\n^ \"In defence of earmarked taxes – FT 07/12/00\". Samuelbrittan.co.uk. 15 December 1994. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.\n\n^ Harrop, Andrew (3 January 2017). 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Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1971.\n\n^ Clarke, Peter, and P. F. Clarke. Liberals and social democrats. Cambridge University Press, 1981.\n\n^ Clarke, Peter, and P. F. Clarke. Liberals and Social Democrats. Cambridge University Press, 1981.\n\n^ Briggs, Asa. A Study of the Work of Seebohm Rowntree, 1871-1954.(Social Thought and Social Action). Longmans, 1961.\n\n^ Berthezène, Clarisse. \"Creating Conservative Fabians: the Conservative party, political education and the founding of Ashridge College.\" Past & Present 182 (2004): 211-240.\n\n^ Berthezène, Clarisse. \"Archives: Ashridge College, 1929–54: A Glimpse at the Archive of a Conservative Intellectual Project.\" Contemporary British History 19.1 (2005): 79-93.\n\n^ Berthezène, Clarisse. Training Minds for the war of ideas: Ashridge College, the Conservative Party and the cultural politics of Britain, 1929-54. 2015.\n\n^ Taunton, Matthew. \"H G Wells's politics\". The British Library. Retrieved 5 October 2016.\n\n^ H. G. Wells, The New Machiavelli, Dunfield & co., New York (1910)\n\n^ V.I. Lenin, British Pacifism and the British Dislike of Theory. Written in June 1915. First published on July 27, 1924, in Pravda. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1915/jun/x02.htm\n\n^ Leon Trotsky, The Fabian 'Theory' of Socialism (1925). https://fabians.org.uk/permeating-politics/\n\n^ Hobsbawm, Eric J. Labouring men: Studies in the history of labour. Basic Books, 1965.\n\n^ Evans, Richard J. Eric Hobsbawm: a life in history. Hachette UK, 2019.\n\n^ Geoffrey Robertson (13 February 2008). \"We should say sorry, too\". The Guardian. London.\n\n^ L.J. Ray (1983). \"Eugenics, Mental Deficiency and Fabian Socialism between the Wars\". Oxford Review of Education. 9 (3): 213–22. doi:10.1080/0305498830090305.\n\n^ \"How eugenics poisoned the welfare state | The Spectator\". The Spectator. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2016.\n\n^ pas1888 (29 December 2009). \"George Galloway Easter Rising 1916\" – via YouTube.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \"Round-Up of Transparify 2018 Ratings\". Transparify. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2019.\n\n^ \"Who Funds You? The Fabian Society\".","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Pease, Edward R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Pease"},{"link_name":"A History of the Fabian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/thehistoryofthef13715gut"},{"link_name":"The History of the Fabian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//librivox.org/search?title=The+History+of+the+Fabian+Society&author=Pease&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"},{"link_name":"LibriVox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibriVox"},{"link_name":"Shaw, George Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"The Fabian Society: Its Early History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/TheFabianSocietyItsEarlyHistory"},{"link_name":"From Radicalism to Socialism: Men and Ideas in the Formation of Fabian Socialist Doctrines, 1881–1889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fromradicalismto0000wolf"},{"link_name":"Yale University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780300013030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300013030"},{"link_name":"The First Fabians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/firstfabians0000mack"},{"link_name":"Weidenfeld & Nicolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780297770909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297770909"}],"text":"Howell, David (1983). British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888–1906. Manchester: Manchester University Press.\nMcBriar, A.M. (1962). Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nMcKernan, James A., \"The origins of critical theory in education: Fabian socialism as social reconstructionism in nineteenth-century Britain\". British Journal of Educational Studies 61.4 (2013): 417–433.\nPease, Edward R. (1916). A History of the Fabian Society. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. The History of the Fabian Society public domain audiobook at LibriVox\nRadice, Lisanne (1984). Beatrice and Sidney Webb: Fabian Socialists. London: Macmillan.\nShaw, George Bernard, ed. (1906) [1892]. The Fabian Society: Its Early History. London: Fabian Society.\nShaw, George Bernard, ed. (1931). Fabian Essays in Socialism. London: Fabian Society.\nWolfe, Willard (1975). From Radicalism to Socialism: Men and Ideas in the Formation of Fabian Socialist Doctrines, 1881–1889. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300013030.\nMacKenzie, Norman & Jeanne (1977). The First Fabians. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 9780297770909.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Blue plaque at 17 Osnaburgh St, where the Society was founded in 1884","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Fabian_Society_%285026519016%29.jpg/220px-Fabian_Society_%285026519016%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Fabian Society was named after \"Fabius the Delayer\" at the suggestion of Frank Podmore (above).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Frank_Podmore.jpg/170px-Frank_Podmore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wolf in Sheep's Clothing, the original coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fabian_Society_coat_of_arms.svg/150px-Fabian_Society_coat_of_arms.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Thomson, George (1 March 1976). \"The Tindemans Report and the European Future\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thomson,_Baron_Thomson_of_Monifieth","url_text":"Thomson, George"},{"url":"http://aei.pitt.edu/10796/1/10796.pdf","url_text":"\"The Tindemans Report and the European Future\""}]},{"reference":"Cole, Margaret (1961). The Story of Fabian Socialism. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804700917.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cole","url_text":"Cole, Margaret"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/storyoffabiansoc0000cole","url_text":"The Story of Fabian Socialism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press","url_text":"Stanford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804700917","url_text":"978-0804700917"}]},{"reference":"Perdue, Jon B. (2012). The War of All the People: The Nexus of Latin American Radicalism and Middle Eastern Terrorism (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-1597977043.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_Books","url_text":"Potomac Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597977043","url_text":"978-1597977043"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, Race (1993). Australia's First Fabians: Middle-class Radicals, Labour Activists and the Early Labour Movement. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dunham, William Huse (1975). \"From Radicalism to Socialism: Men and Ideas in the Formation of Fabian Socialist Doctrines, 1881–1889\". History: Reviews of New Books. 3 (10): 263. doi:10.1080/03612759.1975.9945148.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03612759.1975.9945148","url_text":"10.1080/03612759.1975.9945148"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Essex Hall by Mortimer Rowe, Lindsey Press, 1959, chapter 5\". Unitarian.org.uk. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120116153833/http://www.unitarian.org.uk/support/doc-EssexHall0.shtml","url_text":"\"The History of Essex Hall by Mortimer Rowe, Lindsey Press, 1959, chapter 5\""},{"url":"http://www.unitarian.org.uk/support/doc-EssexHall0.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fabian Society\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fabian-Society","url_text":"\"Fabian Society\""}]},{"reference":"McBriar, Alan M. (1962). 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ISBN 1-84142-031-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84142-031-X","url_text":"1-84142-031-X"}]},{"reference":"Annie Besant. \"The Future Socialism\". Bibby's Annual (reprinted by Adyar Pamphlet). OCLC 038686071. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160116134659/http://kingsgarden.org/English/Organizations/TS.GB/Besant/FutureSocialism/FutureSocialism.htm","url_text":"\"The Future Socialism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/038686071","url_text":"038686071"},{"url":"http://kingsgarden.org/English/Organizations/TS.GB/Besant/FutureSocialism/FutureSocialism.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Padma Desai and Jagdish Bhagwati (April 1975). \"Socialism and Indian economic policy\". 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Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi.","urls":[{"url":"http://icrier.org/pdf/WP170GrPov11.pdf","url_text":"\"Policy Regimes, Growth and Poverty in India: Lessons of Government Failure and Entrepreneurial Success\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Barr (March 2000). \"Lee Kuan Yew's Fabian Phase\". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 46 (1): 110–26. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00088.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8497.00088","url_text":"10.1111/1467-8497.00088"}]},{"reference":"Amatzia Baram (Spring 2003). \"Broken Promises\". Wilson Quarterly. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mafhoum.com/press7/188C33.htm","url_text":"\"Broken Promises\""}]},{"reference":"L. M. Kenny (Winter 1963–1964). \"The Goal of Arab Unification\". International Journal. 19 (1): 50–61. doi:10.2307/40198692. 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Retrieved 16 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/repositories/2/resources/1290","url_text":"\"Collection: Papers of the Fabian Colonial Bureau | Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts\""}]},{"reference":"Kahler, Miles (1984). Decolonization in Britain and France: The Domestic Consequences of International Relations. Princeton University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-4008-5558-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/33697","url_text":"Decolonization in Britain and France: The Domestic Consequences of International Relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5558-2","url_text":"978-1-4008-5558-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Fabians. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://fabians.org.uk/about-us/our-history/","url_text":"\"Our History\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fabian Society: a brief history\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_triangle
Kepler triangle
["1 History","2 Definitions","3 Properties","4 See also","5 References"]
Right triangle related to the golden ratio A Kepler triangle is a right triangle formed by three squares with areas in geometric progression according to the golden ratio. A Kepler triangle is a special right triangle with edge lengths in geometric progression. The ratio of the progression is φ {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\varphi }}} where φ = ( 1 + 5 ) / 2 {\displaystyle \varphi =(1+{\sqrt {5}})/2} is the golden ratio, and the progression can be written: 1 : φ : φ {\displaystyle 1:{\sqrt {\varphi }}:\varphi } , or approximately 1 : 1.272 : 1.618 {\displaystyle 1:1.272:1.618} . Squares on the edges of this triangle have areas in another geometric progression, 1 : φ : φ 2 {\displaystyle 1:\varphi :\varphi ^{2}} . Alternative definitions of the same triangle characterize it in terms of the three Pythagorean means of two numbers, or via the inradius of isosceles triangles. This triangle is named after Johannes Kepler, but can be found in earlier sources. Although some sources claim that ancient Egyptian pyramids had proportions based on a Kepler triangle, most scholars believe that the golden ratio was not known to Egyptian mathematics and architecture. History The Kepler triangle is named after the German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), who wrote about this shape in a 1597 letter. Two concepts that can be used to analyze this triangle, the Pythagorean theorem and the golden ratio, were both of interest to Kepler, as he wrote elsewhere: Geometry has two great treasures: one is the theorem of Pythagoras, the other the division of a line into extreme and mean ratio. The first we may compare to a mass of gold, the second we may call a precious jewel. However, Kepler was not the first to describe this triangle. Kepler himself credited it to "a music professor named Magirus". The same triangle appears earlier in a book of Arabic mathematics, the Liber mensurationum of Abû Bekr, known from a 12th-century translation by Gerard of Cremona into Latin, and in the Practica geometriae  of Fibonacci (published in 1220–1221), who defined it in a similar way to Kepler. A little earlier than Kepler, Pedro Nunes wrote about it in 1567, and it is "likely to have been widespread in late medieval and Renaissance manuscript traditions". It has also been independently rediscovered several times, later than Kepler. A right triangle formed by an edge midpoint, base center point, and apex of a square pyramid. Some pyramidologists have theorized that the triangle formed in this way for the Great Pyramid of Giza was intended as a Kepler triangle. According to some authors, a "golden pyramid" with a doubled Kepler triangle as its cross-section accurately describes the design of Egyptian pyramids such as the Great Pyramid of Giza; one source of this theory is a 19th-century misreading of Herodotus by pyramidologist John Taylor. Many other theories of proportion have been proposed for the same pyramid, unrelated to the Kepler triangle. Because these different theories are very similar in the numeric values they obtain, and because of inaccuracies in measurement, in part caused by the destruction of the outer surface of the pyramid, such theories are difficult to resolve based purely on physical evidence. The match in proportions to the Kepler triangle may well be a numerical coincidence: according to scholars who have investigated this relationship, the ancient Egyptians most likely did not know about or use the golden ratio in their mathematics or architecture. Instead, the proportions of the pyramid can be adequately explained using integer ratios, based on a right triangle with sides 11 and 14. The name "Kepler triangle" for this shape was used by Roger Herz-Fischler, based on Kepler's 1597 letter, as early as 1979. Another name for the same triangle, used by Matila Ghyka in his 1946 book on the golden ratio, The Geometry of Art and Life, is the "triangle of Price", after pyramidologist W. A. Price. Definitions When an isosceles triangle is formed from two Kepler triangles, reflected across their long sides, it has the maximum possible inradius among all isosceles triangles having legs of a given size. The Kepler triangle is uniquely defined by the properties of being a right triangle and of having its side lengths in geometric progression, or equivalently having the squares on its sides in geometric progression. The ratio of the progression of side lengths is φ {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\varphi }}} , where φ = ( 1 + 5 ) / 2 {\displaystyle \varphi =(1+{\sqrt {5}})/2} is the golden ratio, and the progression can be written: 1 : φ : φ {\displaystyle 1:{\sqrt {\varphi }}:\varphi } , or approximately 1 : 1.272 : 1.618. Squares on the edges of this triangle have areas in another geometric progression, 1 : φ : φ 2 {\displaystyle 1:\varphi :\varphi ^{2}} . The fact that the triangle with these proportions is a right triangle follows from the fact that, for squared edge lengths with these proportions, the defining polynomial of the golden ratio is the same as the formula given by the Pythagorean theorem for the squared edge lengths of a right triangle: φ 2 = φ + 1. {\displaystyle \varphi ^{2}=\varphi +1.} Because this equation is true for the golden ratio, these three lengths obey the Pythagorean theorem, and form a right triangle. Conversely, in any right triangle whose squared edge lengths are in geometric progression with any ratio ρ {\displaystyle \rho } , the Pythagorean theorem implies that this ratio obeys the identity ρ 2 = ρ + 1 {\displaystyle \rho ^{2}=\rho +1} . Therefore, the ratio must be the unique positive solution to this equation, the golden ratio, and the triangle must be a Kepler triangle. The three edge lengths 1 {\displaystyle 1} , φ {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\varphi }}} and φ {\displaystyle \varphi } are the harmonic mean, geometric mean, and arithmetic mean, respectively, of the two numbers φ ± 1 {\displaystyle \varphi \pm 1} . These three ways of combining two numbers were all studied in ancient Greek mathematics, and are called the Pythagorean means. Conversely, this can be taken as an alternative definition of the Kepler triangle: it is a right triangle whose edge lengths are the three Pythagorean means of some two numbers. The only triangles for which this is true are the Kepler triangles. A third, equivalent way of defining this triangle comes from a problem of maximizing the inradius of isosceles triangles. Among all isosceles triangles with a fixed choice of the length of the two equal sides but with a variable base length, the one with the largest inradius is formed from two copies of the Kepler triangle, reflected across their longer sides from each other. Therefore, the Kepler triangle can be defined as the right triangle that, among all right triangles with the same hypotenuse, forms with its reflection the isosceles triangle of maximum inradius. The same reflection also forms an isosceles triangle that, for a given perimeter, contains the largest possible semicircle. Properties In Coxeter's loxodromic sequence of tangent circles, the centers of each three consecutive circles form an angle from the Kepler triangle.If the short side of a Kepler triangle has length s {\displaystyle s} , the other sides will have lengths s φ {\displaystyle s{\sqrt {\varphi }}} and s φ {\displaystyle s\varphi } . The area can be calculated by the standard formula for the area of right triangles (half the product of the two short sides) as s 2 2 φ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {s^{2}}{2}}{\sqrt {\varphi }}} . The cosine of the larger of the two non-right angles is the ratio of the adjacent side (the shorter of the two sides) to the hypotenuse, φ {\displaystyle \varphi } , from which it follows that the two non-right angles are θ = sin − 1 ⁡ 1 φ ≈ 38.1727 ∘ {\displaystyle \theta =\sin ^{-1}{\frac {1}{\varphi }}\approx 38.1727^{\circ }} and θ = cos − 1 ⁡ 1 φ ≈ 51.8273 ∘ . {\displaystyle \theta =\cos ^{-1}{\frac {1}{\varphi }}\approx 51.8273^{\circ }.} Jerzy Kocik has observed that the larger of these two angles is also the angle formed by the centers of triples of consecutive circles in Coxeter's loxodromic sequence of tangent circles. See also Automedian triangle, a triangle whose squared side lengths form an arithmetic progression, including the right triangle with side lengths 1 : 2 : 3 {\displaystyle 1:{\sqrt {2}}:{\sqrt {3}}} Golden triangle, an isosceles triangle whose ratio of base to side length is the golden ratio. References ^ a b c d e f g h Herz-Fischler, Roger (2000). The Shape of the Great Pyramid. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-88920-324-5. MR 1788996. The entire book surveys many alternative theories for this pyramid's shape. See Chapter 11, "Kepler triangle theory", pp. 80–91, for material specific to the Kepler triangle, and p. 166 for the conclusion that the Kepler triangle theory can be eliminated by the principle that "A theory must correspond to a level of mathematics consistent with what was known to the ancient Egyptians." See note 3, p. 229, for the history of Kepler's work with this triangle. ^ Fink, Karl (1903). A Brief History of Mathematics: An Authorized Translation of Dr. Karl Fink's Geschichte der Elementar-Mathematik. Translated by Beman, Wooster Woodruff; Smith, David Eugene (2nd ed.). Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company. p. 223. ^ a b c d Høyrup, Jens (2002). "Review of The shape of the Great Pyramid by Roger Herz-Fischler" (PDF). Mathematical Reviews. MR 1788996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-02-23. ^ Busard, Hubert L. L. (April–June 1968). "L'algèbre au Moyen Âge : le "Liber mensurationum" d'Abû Bekr". Journal des Savants (in French and Latin). 1968 (2): 65–124. doi:10.3406/jds.1968.1175. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-01-12. See problem 51, reproduced on p. 98 ^ Hughes, Barnabas, ed. (2008). Fibonacci's De Practica Geometrie. Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. New York: Springer. pp. 130–131. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72931-2. ISBN 978-0-387-72930-5. MR 2364574. ^ a b c d Bartlett, Christopher (May 2014). "The Design of The Great Pyramid of Khufu". Nexus Network Journal. 16 (2): 299–311. doi:10.1007/s00004-014-0193-9. S2CID 122021107. ^ a b Fischler, R. (1979). "What did Herodotus really say? or how to build (a theory of) the Great Pyramid". Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 6 (1): 89–93. doi:10.1068/b060089. S2CID 62210630. ^ a b Rossi, Corinna (2004). Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-0-521-82954-0. there is no direct evidence in any ancient Egyptian written mathematical source of any arithmetic calculation or geometrical construction which could be classified as the Golden Section ... convergence to φ {\displaystyle \varphi } , and φ {\displaystyle \varphi } itself as a number, do not fit with the extant Middle Kingdom mathematical sources; see also extensive discussion of multiple alternative theories for the shape of the pyramid and other Egyptian architecture, pp. 7–56 ^ Anglin, W. S. (1994). "Great pyramid nonsense". Mathematics: a concise history and philosophy. Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 4. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0875-4. ISBN 0-387-94280-7. MR 1301327. ^ Rossi, Corinna; Tout, Christopher A. (2002). "Were the Fibonacci series and the Golden Section known in ancient Egypt?". Historia Mathematica. 29 (2): 101–113. doi:10.1006/hmat.2001.2334. hdl:11311/997099. MR 1896969. ^ Markowsky, George (January 1992). "Misconceptions about the Golden Ratio" (PDF). The College Mathematics Journal. 23 (1). Mathematical Association of America: 2–19. doi:10.2307/2686193. JSTOR 2686193. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-12-11. Retrieved 2012-06-29. It does not appear that the Egyptians even knew of the existence of φ {\displaystyle \varphi } much less incorporated it in their buildings ^ Ghyka, Matila Costiescu (1946). The Geometry of Art and Life. New York: Sheed and Ward. p. 22. ^ a b Bruce, Ian (1994). "Another instance of the golden right triangle" (PDF). Fibonacci Quarterly. 32 (3): 232–233. MR 1285752. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2022-01-29. ^ a b Di Domenico, Angelo (July 2005). "89.41 The golden ratio—the right triangle—and the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means". The Mathematical Gazette. 89 (515): 261. doi:10.1017/s0025557200177769. JSTOR 3621234. S2CID 123738769. ^ Huffman, Carl (2005). "Archytas and the history of means". Archytas of Tarentum: Pythagorean, Philosopher and Mathematician King. Cambridge University Press. pp. 170–177. ISBN 978-1-139-44407-1. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. Retrieved 2022-01-22. ^ Halleck, Ezra (March 2012). "Teaching tip: Consider a circular cow". The College Mathematics Journal. 43 (2): 133. doi:10.4169/college.math.j.43.2.133. JSTOR 10.4169/college.math.j.43.2.133. S2CID 123891402. ^ DeTemple, Duane W. (1992). "The triangle of smallest perimeter which circumscribes a semicircle" (PDF). Fibonacci Quarterly. 30 (3): 274. MR 1175315. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-01-29. ^ Kocik, Jerzy (January 2019). "A note on unbounded Apollonian disk packings". arXiv:1910.05924 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kepler triangle. vtePolygons (List)Triangles Acute Equilateral Ideal Isosceles Kepler Obtuse Right Quadrilaterals Antiparallelogram Bicentric Crossed Cyclic Equidiagonal Ex-tangential Harmonic Isosceles trapezoid Kite Orthodiagonal Parallelogram Rectangle Right kite Right trapezoid Rhombus Square Tangential Tangential trapezoid Trapezoid By number of sides1–10 sides Monogon (1) Digon (2) Triangle (3) Quadrilateral (4) Pentagon (5) Hexagon (6) Heptagon (7) Octagon (8) Nonagon/Enneagon (9) Decagon (10) 11–20 sides Hendecagon (11) Dodecagon (12) Tridecagon (13) Tetradecagon (14) Pentadecagon (15) Hexadecagon (16) Heptadecagon (17) Octadecagon (18) Icosagon (20) >20 sides Icositrigon (23) Icositetragon (24) Triacontagon (30) 257-gon Chiliagon (1000) Myriagon (10,000) 65537-gon Megagon (1,000,000) Apeirogon (∞) Star polygons Pentagram Hexagram Heptagram Octagram Enneagram Decagram Hendecagram Dodecagram Classes Concave Convex Cyclic Equiangular Equilateral Infinite skew Isogonal Isotoxal Magic Pseudotriangle Rectilinear Regular Reinhardt Simple Skew Star-shaped Tangential Weakly simple vteMetallic means Pisot number Gold Angle Base Fibonacci sequence Kepler triangle Rectangle Rhombus Section search Spiral Triangle Supergolden ratio Silver Pell number Supersilver ratio Bronze Copper Nickel etc... vteJohannes KeplerScientific career Kepler conjecture Kepler's laws of planetary motion Kepler orbit Kepler triangle Kepler's equation Kepler polyhedra Kepler's Supernova Keplerian telescope Works Mysterium Cosmographicum (1596) De Stella Nova (1606) Astronomia nova (1609) Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae (1618, 1620-21) Harmonices Mundi (1619) Rudolphine Tables (1627) Somnium (1634) Related Die Harmonie der Welt (opera) Katharina Kepler (mother) Jakob Bartsch (son-in-law) Kepler (opera) Kepler space telescope Johannes Kepler ATV Astronomers Monument List of namesakes
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kepler_triangle.svg"},{"link_name":"golden ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio"},{"link_name":"special right triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_right_triangle"},{"link_name":"geometric progression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_progression"},{"link_name":"golden ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_means"},{"link_name":"inradius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inradius"},{"link_name":"isosceles triangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosceles_triangle"},{"link_name":"Johannes Kepler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler"}],"text":"Right triangle related to the golden ratioA Kepler triangle is a right triangle formed by three squares with areas in geometric progression according to the golden ratio.A Kepler triangle is a special right triangle with edge lengths in geometric progression. The ratio of the progression is \n \n \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\varphi }}}\n \n where \n \n \n \n φ\n =\n (\n 1\n +\n \n \n 5\n \n \n )\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi =(1+{\\sqrt {5}})/2}\n \n is the golden ratio, and the progression can be written: \n \n \n \n 1\n :\n \n \n φ\n \n \n :\n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1:{\\sqrt {\\varphi }}:\\varphi }\n \n, or approximately \n \n \n \n 1\n :\n 1.272\n :\n 1.618\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1:1.272:1.618}\n \n. Squares on the edges of this triangle have areas in another geometric progression, \n \n \n \n 1\n :\n φ\n :\n \n φ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1:\\varphi :\\varphi ^{2}}\n \n. Alternative definitions of the same triangle characterize it in terms of the three Pythagorean means of two numbers, or via the inradius of isosceles triangles.This triangle is named after Johannes Kepler, but can be found in earlier sources. Although some sources claim that ancient Egyptian pyramids had proportions based on a Kepler triangle, most scholars believe that the golden ratio was not known to Egyptian mathematics and architecture.","title":"Kepler triangle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"astronomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"Johannes Kepler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herz-1"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fink-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoyrup-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herz-1"},{"link_name":"Arabic mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Gerard of Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoyrup-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-busard-4"},{"link_name":"Practica geometriae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Practica_geometriae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practica_geometriae"},{"link_name":"Fibonacci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoyrup-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fibonacci-5"},{"link_name":"Pedro Nunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Nunes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoyrup-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herz-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mathematical_Pyramid.svg"},{"link_name":"square pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_pyramid"},{"link_name":"pyramidologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidology"},{"link_name":"Great Pyramid of Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza"},{"link_name":"Great Pyramid of Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"pyramidologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartlett-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fischler-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herz-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartlett-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rossi-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartlett-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anglin-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herz-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rossi-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tout-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-markowsky-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herz-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartlett-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fischler-7"},{"link_name":"Matila Ghyka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matila_Ghyka"},{"link_name":"pyramidologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidologist"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghyka-12"}],"text":"The Kepler triangle is named after the German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), who wrote about this shape in a 1597 letter.[1] Two concepts that can be used to analyze this triangle, the Pythagorean theorem and the golden ratio, were both of interest to Kepler, as he wrote elsewhere:Geometry has two great treasures: one is the theorem of Pythagoras, the other the division of a line into extreme and mean ratio. The first we may compare to a mass of gold, the second we may call a precious jewel.[2]However, Kepler was not the first to describe this triangle.[3] Kepler himself credited it to \"a music professor named Magirus\".[1] The same triangle appears earlier in a book of Arabic mathematics, the Liber mensurationum of Abû Bekr, known from a 12th-century translation by Gerard of Cremona into Latin,[3][4] and in the Practica geometriae [it] of Fibonacci (published in 1220–1221), who defined it in a similar way to Kepler.[3][5] A little earlier than Kepler, Pedro Nunes wrote about it in 1567, and it is \"likely to have been widespread in late medieval and Renaissance manuscript traditions\".[3] It has also been independently rediscovered several times, later than Kepler.[1]A right triangle formed by an edge midpoint, base center point, and apex of a square pyramid. Some pyramidologists have theorized that the triangle formed in this way for the Great Pyramid of Giza was intended as a Kepler triangle.According to some authors, a \"golden pyramid\" with a doubled Kepler triangle as its cross-section accurately describes the design of Egyptian pyramids such as the Great Pyramid of Giza; one source of this theory is a 19th-century misreading of Herodotus by pyramidologist John Taylor.[6][7] Many other theories of proportion have been proposed for the same pyramid, unrelated to the Kepler triangle.[1][6][8] Because these different theories are very similar in the numeric values they obtain, and because of inaccuracies in measurement, in part caused by the destruction of the outer surface of the pyramid, such theories are difficult to resolve based purely on physical evidence.[6][9] The match in proportions to the Kepler triangle may well be a numerical coincidence: according to scholars who have investigated this relationship, the ancient Egyptians most likely did not know about or use the golden ratio in their mathematics or architecture.[1][8][10][11] Instead, the proportions of the pyramid can be adequately explained using integer ratios, based on a right triangle with sides 11 and 14.[1][6]The name \"Kepler triangle\" for this shape was used by Roger Herz-Fischler, based on Kepler's 1597 letter, as early as 1979.[7] Another name for the same triangle, used by Matila Ghyka in his 1946 book on the golden ratio, The Geometry of Art and Life, is the \"triangle of Price\", after pyramidologist W. A. Price.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kepler_and_the_Deathly_Hallows.svg"},{"link_name":"isosceles triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosceles_triangle"},{"link_name":"inradius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inradius"},{"link_name":"golden ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio"},{"link_name":"polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herz-1"},{"link_name":"harmonic mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_mean"},{"link_name":"geometric mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_mean"},{"link_name":"arithmetic mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-didom-14"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_means"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffman-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-didom-14"},{"link_name":"inradius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inradius"},{"link_name":"isosceles triangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosceles_triangle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cow-16"},{"link_name":"semicircle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicircle"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-detemple-17"}],"text":"When an isosceles triangle is formed from two Kepler triangles, reflected across their long sides, it has the maximum possible inradius among all isosceles triangles having legs of a given size.The Kepler triangle is uniquely defined by the properties of being a right triangle and of having its side lengths in geometric progression,\nor equivalently having the squares on its sides in geometric progression. The ratio of the progression of side lengths is \n \n \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\varphi }}}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n φ\n =\n (\n 1\n +\n \n \n 5\n \n \n )\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi =(1+{\\sqrt {5}})/2}\n \n is the golden ratio, and the progression can be written: \n \n \n \n 1\n :\n \n \n φ\n \n \n :\n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1:{\\sqrt {\\varphi }}:\\varphi }\n \n, or approximately 1 : 1.272 : 1.618. Squares on the edges of this triangle have areas in another geometric progression, \n \n \n \n 1\n :\n φ\n :\n \n φ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1:\\varphi :\\varphi ^{2}}\n \n.\nThe fact that the triangle with these proportions is a right triangle follows from the fact that, for squared edge lengths with these proportions,\nthe defining polynomial of the golden ratio is the same as the formula given by the Pythagorean theorem for the squared edge lengths of a right triangle:φ\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n φ\n +\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi ^{2}=\\varphi +1.}ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }ρ\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ρ\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho ^{2}=\\rho +1}[1]The three edge lengths \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {\\varphi }}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n are the harmonic mean, geometric mean, and arithmetic mean, respectively, of the two numbers \n \n \n \n φ\n ±\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi \\pm 1}\n \n.[13][14] These three ways of combining two numbers were all studied in ancient Greek mathematics, and are called the Pythagorean means.[15] Conversely, this can be taken as an alternative definition of the Kepler triangle: it is a right triangle whose edge lengths are the three Pythagorean means of some two numbers. The only triangles for which this is true are the Kepler triangles.[13][14]A third, equivalent way of defining this triangle comes from a problem of maximizing the inradius of isosceles triangles.\nAmong all isosceles triangles with a fixed choice of the length of the two equal sides but with a variable base length, the one with the largest inradius is formed from two copies of the Kepler triangle, reflected across their longer sides from each other. Therefore, the Kepler triangle can be defined as the right triangle that, among all right triangles with the same hypotenuse, forms with its reflection the isosceles triangle of maximum inradius.[16] The same reflection also forms an isosceles triangle that, for a given perimeter, contains the largest possible semicircle.[17]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coxeter_circles.png"},{"link_name":"Coxeter's loxodromic sequence of tangent circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter%27s_loxodromic_sequence_of_tangent_circles"},{"link_name":"cosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herz-1"},{"link_name":"Coxeter's loxodromic sequence of tangent circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter%27s_loxodromic_sequence_of_tangent_circles"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kocik-18"}],"text":"In Coxeter's loxodromic sequence of tangent circles, the centers of each three consecutive circles form an angle from the Kepler triangle.If the short side of a Kepler triangle has length \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s}\n \n, the other sides will have lengths \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n φ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s{\\sqrt {\\varphi }}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n s\n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s\\varphi }\n \n. The area can be calculated by the standard formula for the area of right triangles (half the product of the two short sides) as \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {s^{2}}{2}}{\\sqrt {\\varphi }}}\n \n. The cosine of the larger of the two non-right angles is the ratio of the adjacent side (the shorter of the two sides) to the hypotenuse, \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n, from which it follows that the two non-right angles are[1]θ\n =\n \n sin\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ⁡\n \n \n 1\n φ\n \n \n ≈\n \n 38.1727\n \n ∘\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta =\\sin ^{-1}{\\frac {1}{\\varphi }}\\approx 38.1727^{\\circ }}θ\n =\n \n cos\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ⁡\n \n \n 1\n φ\n \n \n ≈\n \n 51.8273\n \n ∘\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta =\\cos ^{-1}{\\frac {1}{\\varphi }}\\approx 51.8273^{\\circ }.}Jerzy Kocik has observed that the larger of these two angles is also the angle formed by the centers of triples of consecutive circles in Coxeter's loxodromic sequence of tangent circles.[18]","title":"Properties"}]
[{"image_text":"A Kepler triangle is a right triangle formed by three squares with areas in geometric progression according to the golden ratio.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kepler_triangle.svg/220px-Kepler_triangle.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A right triangle formed by an edge midpoint, base center point, and apex of a square pyramid. Some pyramidologists have theorized that the triangle formed in this way for the Great Pyramid of Giza was intended as a Kepler triangle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mathematical_Pyramid.svg/220px-Mathematical_Pyramid.svg.png"},{"image_text":"When an isosceles triangle is formed from two Kepler triangles, reflected across their long sides, it has the maximum possible inradius among all isosceles triangles having legs of a given size.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kepler_and_the_Deathly_Hallows.svg/260px-Kepler_and_the_Deathly_Hallows.svg.png"},{"image_text":"In Coxeter's loxodromic sequence of tangent circles, the centers of each three consecutive circles form an angle from the Kepler triangle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coxeter_circles.png/180px-Coxeter_circles.png"}]
[{"title":"Automedian triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automedian_triangle"},{"title":"Golden triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_triangle_(mathematics)"}]
[{"reference":"Herz-Fischler, Roger (2000). The Shape of the Great Pyramid. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-88920-324-5. MR 1788996.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University_Press","url_text":"Wilfrid Laurier University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88920-324-5","url_text":"0-88920-324-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1788996","url_text":"1788996"}]},{"reference":"Fink, Karl (1903). A Brief History of Mathematics: An Authorized Translation of Dr. Karl Fink's Geschichte der Elementar-Mathematik. Translated by Beman, Wooster Woodruff; Smith, David Eugene (2nd ed.). Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company. p. 223.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3hkPAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"A Brief History of Mathematics: An Authorized Translation of Dr. Karl Fink's Geschichte der Elementar-Mathematik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Open Court Publishing Company"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3hkPAAAAIAAJ/page/n238","url_text":"223"}]},{"reference":"Høyrup, Jens (2002). \"Review of The shape of the Great Pyramid by Roger Herz-Fischler\" (PDF). Mathematical Reviews. MR 1788996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-23. Retrieved 2022-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_H%C3%B8yrup","url_text":"Høyrup, Jens"},{"url":"http://webhotel4.ruc.dk/~jensh/Publications/2001%7BR%7D08_Herz-Fischler_Pyramid.pdf","url_text":"\"Review of The shape of the Great Pyramid by Roger Herz-Fischler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Reviews","url_text":"Mathematical Reviews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1788996","url_text":"1788996"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220223221959/http://webhotel4.ruc.dk/~jensh/Publications/2001%7BR%7D08_Herz-Fischler_Pyramid.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Busard, Hubert L. L. (April–June 1968). \"L'algèbre au Moyen Âge : le \"Liber mensurationum\" d'Abû Bekr\". Journal des Savants (in French and Latin). 1968 (2): 65–124. doi:10.3406/jds.1968.1175. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2022-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/jds_0021-8103_1968_num_2_1_1175","url_text":"\"L'algèbre au Moyen Âge : le \"Liber mensurationum\" d'Abû Bekr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_des_Savants","url_text":"Journal des Savants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjds.1968.1175","url_text":"10.3406/jds.1968.1175"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220112185619/https://www.persee.fr/doc/jds_0021-8103_1968_num_2_1_1175","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Barnabas, ed. (2008). Fibonacci's De Practica Geometrie. Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. New York: Springer. pp. 130–131. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72931-2. ISBN 978-0-387-72930-5. MR 2364574.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-72931-2","url_text":"10.1007/978-0-387-72931-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-72930-5","url_text":"978-0-387-72930-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2364574","url_text":"2364574"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Christopher (May 2014). \"The Design of The Great Pyramid of Khufu\". Nexus Network Journal. 16 (2): 299–311. doi:10.1007/s00004-014-0193-9. S2CID 122021107.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00004-014-0193-9","url_text":"\"The Design of The Great Pyramid of Khufu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00004-014-0193-9","url_text":"10.1007/s00004-014-0193-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122021107","url_text":"122021107"}]},{"reference":"Fischler, R. (1979). \"What did Herodotus really say? or how to build (a theory of) the Great Pyramid\". Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 6 (1): 89–93. doi:10.1068/b060089. S2CID 62210630.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fb060089","url_text":"10.1068/b060089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62210630","url_text":"62210630"}]},{"reference":"Rossi, Corinna (2004). Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-0-521-82954-0. there is no direct evidence in any ancient Egyptian written mathematical source of any arithmetic calculation or geometrical construction which could be classified as the Golden Section ... convergence to \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n, and \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n itself as a number, do not fit with the extant Middle Kingdom mathematical sources","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinna_Rossi","url_text":"Rossi, Corinna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82954-0","url_text":"978-0-521-82954-0"}]},{"reference":"Anglin, W. S. (1994). \"Great pyramid nonsense\". Mathematics: a concise history and philosophy. Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 4. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0875-4. ISBN 0-387-94280-7. MR 1301327.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag","url_text":"Springer-Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-0875-4","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4612-0875-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-94280-7","url_text":"0-387-94280-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1301327","url_text":"1301327"}]},{"reference":"Rossi, Corinna; Tout, Christopher A. (2002). \"Were the Fibonacci series and the Golden Section known in ancient Egypt?\". Historia Mathematica. 29 (2): 101–113. doi:10.1006/hmat.2001.2334. hdl:11311/997099. MR 1896969.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinna_Rossi","url_text":"Rossi, Corinna"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fhmat.2001.2334","url_text":"\"Were the Fibonacci series and the Golden Section known in ancient Egypt?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Mathematica","url_text":"Historia Mathematica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fhmat.2001.2334","url_text":"10.1006/hmat.2001.2334"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311%2F997099","url_text":"11311/997099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1896969","url_text":"1896969"}]},{"reference":"Markowsky, George (January 1992). \"Misconceptions about the Golden Ratio\" (PDF). The College Mathematics Journal. 23 (1). Mathematical Association of America: 2–19. doi:10.2307/2686193. JSTOR 2686193. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-12-11. Retrieved 2012-06-29. It does not appear that the Egyptians even knew of the existence of \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n much less incorporated it in their buildings","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umcs.maine.edu/~markov/GoldenRatio.pdf","url_text":"\"Misconceptions about the Golden Ratio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_Mathematics_Journal","url_text":"The College Mathematics Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America","url_text":"Mathematical Association of America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2686193","url_text":"10.2307/2686193"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2686193","url_text":"2686193"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201211062911/http://aturing.umcs.maine.edu/~markov/GoldenRatio.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ghyka, Matila Costiescu (1946). The Geometry of Art and Life. New York: Sheed and Ward. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matila_Ghyka","url_text":"Ghyka, Matila Costiescu"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.29111/page/21","url_text":"The Geometry of Art and Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheed_and_Ward","url_text":"Sheed and Ward"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, Ian (1994). \"Another instance of the golden right triangle\" (PDF). Fibonacci Quarterly. 32 (3): 232–233. MR 1285752. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2022-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mathstat.dal.ca/FQ/Scanned/32-3/bruce.pdf","url_text":"\"Another instance of the golden right triangle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_Quarterly","url_text":"Fibonacci Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1285752","url_text":"1285752"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220129000822/https://www.mathstat.dal.ca/FQ/Scanned/32-3/bruce.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Di Domenico, Angelo (July 2005). \"89.41 The golden ratio—the right triangle—and the arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means\". The Mathematical Gazette. 89 (515): 261. doi:10.1017/s0025557200177769. JSTOR 3621234. S2CID 123738769.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mathematical_Gazette","url_text":"The Mathematical Gazette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025557200177769","url_text":"10.1017/s0025557200177769"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3621234","url_text":"3621234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123738769","url_text":"123738769"}]},{"reference":"Huffman, Carl (2005). \"Archytas and the history of means\". Archytas of Tarentum: Pythagorean, Philosopher and Mathematician King. Cambridge University Press. pp. 170–177. ISBN 978-1-139-44407-1. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. Retrieved 2022-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2ietQ7tX8TEC&pg=PA170","url_text":"\"Archytas and the history of means\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44407-1","url_text":"978-1-139-44407-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220122210135/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ietQ7tX8TEC&pg=PA170","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Halleck, Ezra (March 2012). \"Teaching tip: Consider a circular cow\". The College Mathematics Journal. 43 (2): 133. doi:10.4169/college.math.j.43.2.133. JSTOR 10.4169/college.math.j.43.2.133. S2CID 123891402.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_Mathematics_Journal","url_text":"The College Mathematics Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4169%2Fcollege.math.j.43.2.133","url_text":"10.4169/college.math.j.43.2.133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.4169/college.math.j.43.2.133","url_text":"10.4169/college.math.j.43.2.133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123891402","url_text":"123891402"}]},{"reference":"DeTemple, Duane W. (1992). \"The triangle of smallest perimeter which circumscribes a semicircle\" (PDF). Fibonacci Quarterly. 30 (3): 274. MR 1175315. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fq.math.ca/Scanned/30-3/detemple.pdf","url_text":"\"The triangle of smallest perimeter which circumscribes a semicircle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_Quarterly","url_text":"Fibonacci Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1175315","url_text":"1175315"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220120182623/https://www.fq.math.ca/Scanned/30-3/detemple.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kocik, Jerzy (January 2019). \"A note on unbounded Apollonian disk packings\". arXiv:1910.05924 [math.MG].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.05924","url_text":"1910.05924"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.MG","url_text":"math.MG"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerii_Denisovich_Goppa
Valery Goppa
["1 Selected publications","2 References"]
Soviet and Russian mathematician Valery Denisovich Goppa (Russian: Вале́рий Дени́сович Го́ппа; born 1939) is a Soviet and Russian mathematician. He discovered a relation between algebraic geometry and codes, utilizing the Riemann-Roch theorem. Today these codes are called algebraic geometry codes. In 1981 he presented his discovery at the algebra seminar of the Moscow State University. He also constructed other classes of codes in his career, and in 1972 he won the best paper award of the IEEE Information Theory Society for his paper "A new class of linear correcting codes". It is this class of codes that bear the name of “Goppa code”. Selected publications V. D. Goppa (1988). Geometry and Codes (Mathematics and its Applications). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 90-277-2776-7. E. N. Gozodnichev; V. D. Goppa (1995). Algebraic Information Theory (Series on Soviet and East European Mathematics, Vol 11). World Scientific Pub Co Inc. ISBN 981-02-0943-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) VD Goppa (1970). "A New Class of Linear Error Correcting Codes". Problemy Peredachi Informatsii. VD Goppa (1971). "Rational Representation of Codes and (L,g)-Codes". Problemy Peredachi Informatsii. VD Goppa (1972). "Codes Constructed on the Base of $(L,g)$-Codes". Probl. Peredachi Inf. 8 (2): 107–109. VD Goppa (1974). "Binary Symmetric Channel Capacity Is Attained with Irreducible Codes". Probl. Peredachi Inf. 10 (1): 111–112. VD Goppa (1974). "Correction of Arbitrary Noise by Irreducible Codes". Probl. Peredachi Inf. 10 (3): 118–119. VD Goppa (1977). "Codes Associated with Divisors". Probl. Peredachi Inf. 13 (1): 33–39. VD Goppa (1983). "Algebraico-Geometric Codes". Math. USSR Izv. 21 (1): 75–91. Bibcode:1983IzMat..21...75G. doi:10.1070/IM1983v021n01ABEH001641. VD Goppa (1984). "Codes and information". Russ. Math. Surv. 39 (1): 87–141. Bibcode:1984RuMaS..39...87G. doi:10.1070/RM1984v039n01ABEH003062. S2CID 250898540. VD Goppa (1995). "Group representations and algebraic information theory". Izv. Math. 59 (6): 1123–1147. Bibcode:1995IzMat..59.1123G. doi:10.1070/IM1995v059n06ABEH000051. S2CID 250882696. References ^ Stepan G. Korneev, Soviet scientists - honorary members of foreign scientific societies.(in Russian) Nauka, Moscow, 1981; p. 41 ^ Huffman, William Cary; Pless, Vera S. (2003). Fundamentals of Error-Correcting Codes. Cambridge University Press. p. 521. ISBN 978-0-521-78280-7. 0-521-78280-5. Retrieved 2016-02-02. ^ "Information Theory Society Paper Award". IEEE Information Theory Society. Retrieved March 6, 2013. David Joyner (23 August 2002). "A brief guide to Goppa codes". This article about a Russian mathematician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteAuthority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Netherlands Academics zbMATH Other IdRef
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Today these codes are called algebraic geometry codes.[2] In 1981 he presented his discovery at the algebra seminar of the Moscow State University.He also constructed other classes of codes in his career, and in 1972 he won the best paper award of the IEEE Information Theory Society for his paper \"A new class of linear correcting codes\".[3] It is this class of codes that bear the name of “Goppa code”.","title":"Valery Goppa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-277-2776-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-2776-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"981-02-0943-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-02-0943-6"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1983IzMat..21...75G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983IzMat..21...75G"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1070/IM1983v021n01ABEH001641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1070%2FIM1983v021n01ABEH001641"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1984RuMaS..39...87G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984RuMaS..39...87G"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1070/RM1984v039n01ABEH003062","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1070%2FRM1984v039n01ABEH003062"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"250898540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250898540"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1995IzMat..59.1123G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995IzMat..59.1123G"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1070/IM1995v059n06ABEH000051","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1070%2FIM1995v059n06ABEH000051"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"250882696","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250882696"}],"text":"V. D. Goppa (1988). Geometry and Codes (Mathematics and its Applications). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 90-277-2776-7.\nE. N. Gozodnichev; V. D. Goppa (1995). Algebraic Information Theory (Series on Soviet and East European Mathematics, Vol 11). World Scientific Pub Co Inc. ISBN 981-02-0943-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nVD Goppa (1970). \"A New Class of Linear Error Correcting Codes\". Problemy Peredachi Informatsii.\nVD Goppa (1971). \"Rational Representation of Codes and (L,g)-Codes\". Problemy Peredachi Informatsii.\nVD Goppa (1972). \"Codes Constructed on the Base of $(L,g)$-Codes\". Probl. Peredachi Inf. 8 (2): 107–109.\nVD Goppa (1974). \"Binary Symmetric Channel Capacity Is Attained with Irreducible Codes\". Probl. Peredachi Inf. 10 (1): 111–112.\nVD Goppa (1974). \"Correction of Arbitrary Noise by Irreducible Codes\". Probl. Peredachi Inf. 10 (3): 118–119.\nVD Goppa (1977). \"Codes Associated with Divisors\". Probl. Peredachi Inf. 13 (1): 33–39.\nVD Goppa (1983). \"Algebraico-Geometric Codes\". Math. USSR Izv. 21 (1): 75–91. Bibcode:1983IzMat..21...75G. doi:10.1070/IM1983v021n01ABEH001641.\nVD Goppa (1984). \"Codes and information\". Russ. Math. Surv. 39 (1): 87–141. Bibcode:1984RuMaS..39...87G. doi:10.1070/RM1984v039n01ABEH003062. S2CID 250898540.\nVD Goppa (1995). \"Group representations and algebraic information theory\". Izv. Math. 59 (6): 1123–1147. Bibcode:1995IzMat..59.1123G. doi:10.1070/IM1995v059n06ABEH000051. S2CID 250882696.","title":"Selected publications"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_70
U.S. Route 70
["1 Route description","1.1 Arizona","1.2 New Mexico","1.3 Texas","1.4 Oklahoma","1.5 Arkansas","1.6 Tennessee","1.7 North Carolina","2 History","2.1 Historic alignments","3 Future","4 Major intersections","5 Special routes","5.1 Branch routes","5.2 Alternate routes","5.3 Business routes","5.4 Bypass routes","6 See also","6.1 Related routes","7 References","8 External links"]
Highway in the United States U.S. Route 70US 70 highlighted in redRoute informationLength2,381 mi (3,832 km)Existed11 November 1926–presentHistoryRe-routed several times west of New Mexico between 1926 and 1969.Major junctionsWest end US 60 / SR 77 at Globe, AZMajor intersections I-10 at Lordsburg, NM I-25 / US 85 at Las Cruces, NM I-35 at Ardmore, OK I-30 at Little Rock, AR I-40 / I-55 at Memphis, TN I-40 / I-65 at Nashville, TN I-75 at Lenoir City, TN I-40 at Knoxville, TN I-85 (Numerous times in NC) I-95 at Selma, NC East endSeashore Drive / School Drive in Atlantic, NC LocationCountryUnited StatesStatesArizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided ← US 69→ US 71 U.S. Route 70 or U.S. Highway 70 (US 70) is an east–west United States highway that runs for 2,381 miles (3,832 km) from eastern North Carolina to east-central Arizona. It is a major east–west highway of the Southeastern, Southern and Southwestern United States. Established as one of the original highways of 1926, it originally ran only to Holbrook, Arizona, then was extended in 1934 as a coast to coast route, with the current eastern terminus near the Atlantic Ocean in Atlantic, North Carolina, and the former western terminus near the Pacific Ocean in Los Angeles, California. The current western terminus was then truncated to US 60 / SR 77 in Globe, Arizona. Before the completion of the Interstate system, U.S. Highway 70 was sometimes referred to as the "Broadway of America", due to its status as one of the main east–west thoroughfares in the nation. It was also promoted as the "Treasure Trail" by the U.S. Highway 70 Association as of 1951. In the early years, US 70 had a different route between Clovis, New Mexico and eastern Arizona, taking the route of current US 60 and US 180 to an endpoint in Holbrook. US 70 was later re-routed to El Paso, Texas, when US 60 was extended to California. US 70 was later re-routed again west of Alamogordo, New Mexico along its current route to Globe, as well as being concurrent with US 60 to a common terminus in Los Angeles, California. Route description Lengths   mi km AZ 122 196 NM 448 721 TX 255 410 OK 290 467 AR 291 468 TN 480 773 NC 495 797 Total 2,381 3,382 Arizona Main article: U.S. Route 70 in Arizona U.S. 70 begins in Globe at a junction with U.S. Route 60, concurrent with State Route 77. SR 77 splits off east of town. U.S. 70 then enters the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation and runs southeast for 17 miles (27 km) to Peridot, where it crosses Indian Route 9. It has no other highway junctions until Safford, where it begins a ten-mile (16 km) overlap with U.S. 191. U.S. 70 then runs an additional 37 mi (60 km). (59 km) before crossing into New Mexico east of Franklin. New Mexico Main article: U.S. Route 70 in New Mexico After entering the state of New Mexico, U.S. 70 heads southeast. Five miles (8 km) after crossing the state line, it serves as the southern terminus for New Mexico State Road 92. U.S. 70 does not have another highway junction for 21 mi (34 km), where it meets State Roads 464 and 90 three miles (5 km) north of Lordsburg. At Lordsburg, U.S. 70 joins with Interstate 10 eastbound, splitting off in Las Cruces, and becoming Picacho Avenue in Las Cruces. When Picacho Avenue meets Main Street, US 70 follows Main Street northbound. U.S. 70 then crosses Interstate 25, and has been upgraded at this point to a controlled access highway until entering the foothills of the Organ Mountains. As a divided highway, U.S. 70 then crosses the Organ Mountains via San Augustin Pass, descends to the valley floor of the Tularosa Basin, and next crosses the White Sands Missile Range. Overhead missile tests can close the highway for a few hours; this generally happens once or twice a week, and typically only for an hour at a time. The road then passes the entrance to White Sands National Park, and shortly after that passes the southern end of Holloman Air Force Base. It then turns northbound, and picks up a concurrency with U.S. 54 upon entering Alamogordo. On the north end of Alamogordo, US54/US70 intersects the beginning of U.S. Route 82 near La Luz. The concurrency with US 54 lasts until Tularosa, and the highway remains divided until US 70 and US 54 diverge. After splitting off to the northeast, U.S. 70 begins an ascent into the Sacramento Mountains and enters the Lincoln National Forest. The road then runs across the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation and near the resort town of Ruidoso. In Hondo, it begins another concurrency, this time with U.S. 380. U.S. 70 then bypasses Roswell to the northwest, together with U.S. 285. U.S. 70 then heads off to the northeast, running through Portales and Clovis before entering Texas at Texico. From mile 170.6 to mile 197.25 on US 70 the speed limit is posted at 75 mph (120 km/h) across White Sands Missile Range. (26.6-mile stretch) just slightly longer than a standard marathon. US 70 is one of only two non-interstate roadways in New Mexico to receive a speed limit of 75 miles per hour (U.S. 285 between Roswell and Vaughn is also posted at 75 miles per hour). Texas Main article: U.S. Route 70 in Texas U.S. 70 enters Texas joins with U.S. 60 and U.S. 84. U.S. 60 splits off to the northeast in Farwell, just over the state line. U.S. 70/84 then angle southeast to Muleshoe, where the two routes split. U.S. 70 heads due east, meeting U.S. 385 at Springlake, and having an interchange with Interstate 27 in Plainview. U.S. 70 then arcs toward the south to begin a concurrency with US 62 in Floydada. The two routes head east to Paducah, where US 62 splits off to the north to join with U.S. 83. U.S. 70 then proceeds to Vernon, where it overlaps U.S. 287 and U.S. 183 (and has a junction with U.S. 283). Near Oklaunion, U.S. 70/183 split off to the north to cross the Red River into Oklahoma. The route through Texas was cosigned with Texas State Highway 28 before 1939. SH 28 was designated in 1919 as a route from Muleshoe to Olney with a spur, SH 28A, from SH 28 at Crowell east to the Oklahoma border. In 1922, the route split in Benjamin, going south to Sagerton and east to Olney. In 1926, The portion from Crowell to Sagerton became SH 51, while the portion from Benjamin to Olney became SH 24. SH 28 was instead rerouted over SH 28A to end at the Oklahoma border. By 1939, the route was cancelled due to US 70. Oklahoma Main article: U.S. Route 70 in Oklahoma U.S. 183 splits away from U.S. 70 three miles (4.8 km) north of the state line, in the town of Davidson. It then has an interchange (Exit 5) with I-44, serving as the southern terminus of the H.E. Bailey Turnpike, one mile (1.6 km) west of the town of Randlett. U.S. 70 then passes south of Waurika. U.S. 70 then becomes a four-lane divided highway near Wilson and runs through Lone Grove before entering the city of Ardmore, where it briefly heads south on Interstate 35, bypassing the central business district. US-70 serves as the southern terminus of U.S. 177 in Madill. U.S. 70 then heads to Durant, where it has an interchange with the U.S. 69/75 freeway. East of Soper, U.S.70 joins with U.S.271. The two routes then approach Hugo, where they serve as the southern terminus of the Indian Nation Turnpike. U.S. 271 also splits off at this interchange, continuing the freeway southbound from the turnpike. U.S. 70 then heads through downtown Hugo. It then bypasses Idabel to the north (with Bypass U.S. 70 providing a western and southern bypass). It then meets U.S. 259 and State Highway 3 northeast of town and overlaps them into Broken Bow, forming a wrong-way concurrency with SH-3. U.S. 70 then splits off to the east in Broken Bow before leaving the state. Arkansas Main article: U.S. Route 70 in Arkansas US 70 near Sheffield Nelson Dagmar Wildlife Management Area, Monroe County, Arkansas U.S. 70 enters Arkansas eight miles (13 km) west of De Queen, and crosses through the north part of the town where it meets the combined U.S. 71/U.S. 59 and overlaps with it for 8 mi (13 km). It then heads northeast to Dierks, where it begins a concurrency with U.S. 278. U.S. 70 then heads east-northeast to Hot Springs, which it bypasses to the south on a freeway alignment shared with U.S. 270. U.S. 70 then heads east to join with Interstate 30 at Exit 111 south of Benton. The two highways run concurrently to the state capital, Little Rock, where U.S. 70 splits off from I-30 at Interstate 430 at Exit 129. U.S. 70 follows Interstate Highway 430 for 1 mile to Exit 1 (Stagecoach Road), where it overlaps Arkansas Highway 5 heading northeast into Little Rock, becoming Colonel Glenn Rd at the intersection with Arkansas Highway 300. Continuing northeast through Little Rock, U.S. 70 turns east again at Roosevelt Road, before turning north through downtown Little Rock as Broadway Street, with during which it crosses Interstate 630 before crossing the Arkansas River into North Little Rock. It then crosses Interstate Highway 30, and serves as the northern terminus of U.S. Route 165. U.S. 70 then crosses Interstate 440 and leaves the Little Rock area, paralleled by I-40. U.S. 70 continues its alignment near I-40 throughout eastern Arkansas, generally about two or three miles (5 km) apart. I-40 bypasses Forrest City to the north, while U.S. 70 serves the city center. The two routes remain close through West Memphis, Arkansas, where U.S. 70 runs along Broadway Blvd. Finally, U.S. 70 joins with I-55 to cross the Mississippi River into Tennessee. Tennessee US64/US70/US79 overlap on Summer Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee. (2008) Main articles: U.S. Route 70 in Tennessee, U.S. Route 70N, and U.S. Route 70S US 70 enters Tennessee, as well as the city of Memphis, concurrent with Interstate 55, US 61, US 64, and US 79. At exit 12, the northernmost exit on I-55 in the state, I-55 turns south; however, the four US routes continue east onto the at-grade Crump Boulevard. US 61 splits from the concurrency soon afterward, heading south along 3rd Street to exit the city for Walls, Mississippi and points south. US 64, 70 and 79, however, remain overlapped through downtown Memphis, following Danny Thomas Boulevard north to Union Avenue, Union east to East Parkway (briefly overlapping with U.S. Route 51 along the western portion of Union), then East Parkway north to Summer Avenue, where the triple concurrency turns east. Near the city line, US 64/70/79 interchanges with Interstate 40 at exit 12A. Past the Memphis city limits in the suburb of Bartlett, U.S. 64 separates from U.S. 70/79, taking a more southerly routing through the state. U.S. 70 and US 79, meanwhile, head to the northeast, paralleling I-40 to Brownsville. East of the city, U.S. 79 breaks from U.S. 70, following U.S. 70 Alternate out of the city to the northeast. U.S. 70, now concurrent with only its unsigned designation of State Route 1, heads east, interchanging with I-40 at exit 66 before entering Jackson. The route continues northeastward from the city, meeting I-40 once more at exit 87 just outside the city limits. At Huntingdon, U.S. 70 Alternate rejoins US 70 as the main route turns to the east toward New Johnsonville, where it crosses the Tennessee River. From the river, U.S. 70 continues eastward through Waverly and Dickson to the Nashville area. Southwest of the city near Pegram, U.S. Route 70S splits off from U.S. 70; however, U.S. 70 now continues to be signed as U.S. 70 instead of U.S. 70N, as it was formerly. U.S. 70 follows I-40 into Nashville, meeting the concurrent I-40/I-65 immediately west of the city center. The route turns south, acting as collector/distributor roads for I-40/I-65 for two blocks before joining U.S. 431 and U.S. 70S on a brief overlap. At an intersection with the concurrent U.S. 31/U.S. 41, U.S. 431 and U.S. 70S split from U.S. 70. U.S. 70 progresses eastward, roughly paralleling the Cumberland River to an interchange with State Route 155 east of downtown. U.S. 70, now paired with State Route 24, heads east out of Nashville to Lebanon, where U.S. Route 70N breaks from the main US 70. US 70 heads southeast, passing through Smithville before rejoining U.S. 70S in Sparta and U.S. 70N to the east in Crossville. From Crossville eastward to the North Carolina state line, U.S. 70 closely parallels I-40, passing through the Roane County cities of Rockwood and Kingston. At Dixie Lee Junction in eastern Loudon County U.S. 70 intersects U.S. 11 (also known as the Lee Highway) in Dixie Lee Junction and the two highways are concurrent from the junction intersection eastward through Farragut and into Knoxville. In Farragut and west of downtown Knoxville U.S. 70 carries the name Kingston Pike. On the east side of Knoxville it becomes concurrent with U.S. 25W and U.S. 11E and carries the name Asheville Highway from Knoxville to the community of Trentville in eastern Knox County. At Trentville, US 11E separates from the concurrency. U.S. 25W remains overlapped with U.S. 70 to Newport, where U.S. 70 is joined by U.S. 25E, which becomes US 25. U.S. 25 and U.S. 70 remain concurrent into North Carolina. North Carolina Main article: U.S. Route 70 in North Carolina US 70 enters North Carolina as a two-lane road in concurrency with US 25. Going southeast, it widens to four-lane near Marshall, merging farther down with I-26/US 19/US 23 going into Asheville. In the downtown area, it breaks from the U.S. 19/23 freeway onto city streets and through Beaucatcher Tunnel as it goes east; paralleling north of I-40, going through the cities Marion, Morganton, Hickory, Conover and Statesville. From there, it goes southeast to Salisbury, where it starts to parallel I-85 north through Lexington, Thomasville, High Point and Greensboro, in concurrency with I-85 Bus/US 29. US 70 passes through Greensboro in concurrency with Interstate 40, Interstate 85 Business, then US Routes 29 and 220 briefly, then heads east through the Wendover Avenue expressway, which takes the route out of town towards Burlington. It downgrades to a two lane rural road heading out of Greensboro, and again parallels north of I-40/I-85. Entering Alamance County, it expands to a four-lane expressway through the city of Burlington, then returns to 2 lanes through Mebane, Efland and Hillsborough. It joins I-85 briefly in Eno, then veers southeast through the downtown areas of both Durham and Raleigh. After a brief overlap with I-40 near Garner, it continues in a southeasterly direction, as it goes through or bypasses the cities of Clayton, Smithfield, Selma, Goldsboro and Kinston. Near and through New Bern, US 70 briefly becomes a freeway but returns to expressway grade as it goes through Havelock. After passing through Morehead City and Beaufort, it drops back to a two-lane rural road as it travels close along the Core Sound. After passing the southern terminus of NC 12 (which connects to the Outer Banks), near Sealevel, US 70 ends its seven state tour in the community of Atlantic. History See also: U.S. Route 60 Most or all of the present route designated as U.S. Route 70 (or U.S. Highway 70 depending on the state) was earlier known as Lee Highway. During the earliest days of the automobile, and earlier, American highways were disorganized affairs of widely varying quality. Highways were known by a bewildering variety of names which typically changed at each town. And they were only named, not numbered. During the 1910s the first national highway was conceived: the Lincoln Highway, named in honor of Abraham Lincoln, stretching across the northern United States from coast to coast. A companion effort was launched to create a transcontinental highway stretching across the southern half of the country, this one named in honor of Confederate States of America general Robert E. Lee. The two highways were a revolution of sorts, in that a driver could follow a single road from coast to coast bearing the same designation. Much of today's U.S. 70 was formerly the Lee Highway, although that was later removed. Shield for US 70 in California. When originally commissioned on 11 November 1926, U.S. Route 70 ran between Beaufort, North Carolina and U.S. Route 66 in Holbrook, Arizona. This older route ran from present day US 70 in Clovis, New Mexico through Vaughn, Willard (where former child route U.S. Route 470 branched off to Albuquerque) and Springerville, Arizona before finally reaching US 66 in Holbrook. In 1932, US 70 was rerouted to El Paso, Texas from Clovis along what is today U.S. Route 54. The re-routing temporarily removed US 70 entirely from Arizona. The old route to Holbrook was replaced by U.S. Route 60 and U.S. Route 260. That same year, the eastern terminus of US 70 was extended to Atlantic, North Carolina, where it remains to this day (albeit in a slightly different location). In 1934, the routing was changed yet again and US 70 was rerouted to California through Las Cruces, New Mexico, Deming, Globe, Arizona and Phoenix to a junction with U.S. Route 99 around Mecca. Between Globe and its new western end in California, US 70 was paired with US 60. A year later, US 70 was extended along Valley Boulevard and reached downtown Los Angeles at U.S. Route 101 running concurrent with US 99 and/or US 60 throughout its course west of Globe. Beginning in 1964 it was decommissioned in favor of Interstate 10 or US 60. After being removed from California, US 70 ended at the California/Arizona state line in Ehrenberg until 1969, when it was further truncated to its current endpoint in Globe. US 70, unlike many other decommissioned US Highways in California, doesn't have a state route that was numbered after it and taking over its path (unlike US 60, which had State Route 60 to replace it), due to the fact that it was replaced in its entirety by I-10. Therefore, the current State Route 70 bears no relation to this highway. Robert Mitchum and Don Raye's song, "The Ballad of Thunder Road" immortalized in the 1958 film of the same name, follows a family of anarchistic moonshiners who engage in run-ins with the police. The Mitchum film is based on a real life incident in which a moonshiner perishes on the road on the Kingston Pike stretch of Highway 70 in Knoxville while on the run from the police, although the actual filming did not take place on Highway 70. Historic alignments Old and bypassed sections of US 70 exist, and at least one such road section has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located in Lonoke County, Arkansas, between Young Road and point east of the present US 70's junction with Arkansas Highway 15. About 4 miles (6.4 km) long, it runs mostly parallel to, and just north of, the present alignment, jogging a bit farther around the AR 15 junction. It was built about 1913, and some of its original bituminous pavement survives. It was replaced by the present alignment in 1930–31. Between Florence, Arizona and Wickenburg, Arizona, US 70 ran concurrently with both US 60 and US 89. Future Currently, a portion of US 70 in Greensboro runs concurrently with US 29/ US 220, I-40, and soon-to-be-removed I-85 Business. On 5 October 2019, NCDOT submitted an application to AASHTO, and was granted approval, for the relocation of US 70 in Greensboro, High Point, and Thomasville. The state plan calls for the US Highway to remain on Wendover Avenue and NC Highway 68 in the cities of Greensboro and High Point, respectively, towards Thomasville. According to NCDOT, this will give the US Highway a more direct, continuous route through the cities of Greensboro and High Point, and improve safety and regional connectivity. Major intersections Arizona US 60 in Globe US 191 in Safford. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of San Jose. New Mexico I-10 in Lordsburg. The highways travel concurrently to Las Cruces. US 180 in Deming. The highways travel concurrently to Las Cruces. I-25 / US 85 in Las Cruces US 54 in Alamogordo. The highways travel concurrently to Tularosa. US 82 in Alamogordo US 380 in Hondo. The highways travel concurrently to Roswell. US 285 / US 380 in Roswell. US 70/US 285 travels concurrently to north of Roswell. US 60 / US 84 in Clovis. US 60/US 70 travels concurrently to Texico. US 70/US 84 travels concurrently to Muleshoe, Texas. Texas US 385 in Springlake I-27 / US 87 in Plainview US 62 in Floydada. The highways travel concurrently to Paducah. US 62 / US 83 in Paducah US 287 in Vernon. The highways travel concurrently to Oklaunion. US 183 / US 283 in Vernon. US 70/US 183 travels concurrently to Davidson, Oklahoma. Oklahoma I-44 / US 277 / US 281 west-southwest of Randlett. US 70/US 277/US 281 travels concurrently to Randlett. US 81 in Waurika I-35 in Ardmore. The highways travel concurrently through Ardmore. US 77 in Ardmore US 377 in Madill. The highways travel concurrently through Madill. US 69 / US 75 in Durant US 271 east-northeast of Soper. The highways travel concurrently to south of Hugo. US 259 in Idabel. The highways travel concurrently to Broken Bow. Arkansas US 59 / US 71 / US 371 in De Queen. The highways travel concurrently to north-northwest of Lockesburg. US 278 in Dierks. The highways travel concurrently to north-northeast of Dierks. US 270 in Hot Springs. The highways travel concurrently through Hot Springs. I-30 northwest of Haskell. The highways travel concurrently to Little Rock. US 67 southwest of Benton. The highways travel concurrently to Little Rock. I-430 in Little Rock I-630 in Little Rock I-30 / US 65 / US 67 / US 167 in Little Rock US 165 in North Little Rock I-440 in North Little Rock US 63 in Hazen. The highways travel concurrently through Hazen. US 49 in Brinkley. The highways travel concurrently through Brinkley. US 79 south of Jennette I-55 / US 61 / US 64 / US 79 in West Memphis. I-55/US 61/US 70 travels concurrently to Memphis, Tennessee. US 64/US 70 travels concurrently to the Memphis–Bartlett, Tennessee city line. US 70/US 79 travels concurrently to Brownsville, Tennessee. Tennessee US 78 in Memphis US 51 in Memphis. The highways travel concurrently through Memphis. I-240 in Memphis US 72 in Memphis I-40 in Memphis I-269 in Arlington I-40 east of Brownsville US 45 in Jackson US 412 northeast of Jackson. The highways travel concurrently for approximately 0.5 miles (0.80 km). I-40 / US 412 northeast of Jackson US 641 south of Camden US 70S in Nashville I-40 in Nashville I-40 / I-65 in Nashville. The highways travel concurrently, but on different lanes, through Nashville. US 70S / US 431 in Nashville. The highways travel concurrently through Nashville. US 231 in Lebanon US 70N in Lebanon I-40 in Lebanon US 70N in Crossville US 127 in Crossville US 27 south-southwest of Rockwood. The highways travel concurrently to Rockwood. US 321 in Lenoir City US 11 southwest of Farragut. The highways travel concurrently to Knoxville. I-140 in Knoxville. I-40 / I-75 in Knoxville US 129 in Knoxville US 441 in Knoxville. The highways travel concurrently through Knoxville. I-40 / I-275 in Knoxville US 11 / US 11E / US 11W in Knoxville. US 11E/US 70 travels concurrently to south-southeast of Mascot. I-40 / US 25W in Knoxville. US 25W/US 70 travels concurrently to Newport. I-40 west of Dandridge US 411 in Newport. The highways travel concurrently through Newport I-40 / US 411 in Newport US 25 / US 25E / US 25W in Newport. US 25/US 70 travels concurrently to Woodfin, North Carolina. US 321 in Newport. The highways travel concurrently through Newport. North Carolina Future I-26 / US 19 / US 23. The highways travel concurrently to Asheville. US 25 in Asheville Future I-26 / I-240 / US 19 / US 23 in Asheville. I-240/US 70 travels concurrently through Asheville. I-240 in Asheville I-40 in Black Mountain. The highways travel concurrently to southwest of Old Fort. US 221 in Marion US 64 in Morganton. The highways travel concurrently through Morganton. US 321 in Hickory US 64 in Statesville US 21 in Statesville I-77 in Statesville US 601 in Salisbury. The highways travel concurrently through Salisbury. US 29 / US 601 in Salisbury. US 29/US 70 travels concurrently to Greensboro. I-85 / US 52 northeast of Spencer. I-85/US 70 travels concurrently to southwest of Lexington. US 52/US 70 travels concurrently to west of Lexington. I-85 / I-285 southwest of Lexington. I-285/US 70 travel concurrently to west of Lexington. US 64 in Lexington. The highways travel concurrently through Lexington. I-74 in High Point I-85 southwest of Greensboro. The highways travel concurrently through Greensboro. I-73 / I-85 / US 421 in Greensboro US 220 in Greensboro I-40 / US 220 in Greensboro. The highways travel concurrently through Greensboro. I-840 in Greensboro I-85 in Eno. The highways travel concurrently to Durham. US 15 / US 501 in Durham. The highways travel concurrently through Durham. I-540 in Raleigh I-440 / US 1 in Raleigh US 401 in Raleigh. The highways travel concurrently through Raleigh. I-40 / US 64 in Raleigh I-40 in Garner. The highways travel concurrently to west-southwest of Clayton. US 301 in Selma I-95 in Selma I-795 in Goldsboro US 13 / US 117 in Goldsboro. The highways travel concurrently through Goldsboro. US 258 in Kinston. The highways travel concurrently through Kinston. US 17 west of New Bern. The highways travel concurrently to the New Bern–James City city line. Seashore Drive/School Drive in Atlantic Special routes Main article: Special routes of U.S. Route 70 Branch routes In Tennessee, US-70 has two additional branches: US-70N and US-70S. This split is unique, in that it is the only existing instance of a N/S split of a U.S. Route. Furthermore, US-70 does not "disappear" at these splits; thus, these two highways co-exist with the main route and both serve as additional branches. US-70N begins in Lebanon, just east of Nashville, and ends in Crossville; US-70S begins in the Bellevue neighborhood of southwest Nashville, and ends in Sparta (a few miles west of Crossville). Historically, both split routes began in Pegram and ended in Crossville. The original designation for US-70 between Lebanon and Sparta was state route 26. Alternate routes There are currently two active alternate routes, all signed and marked on maps as US 70A. Brownville-Huntingdon, Tennessee Pine Level, North Carolina Business routes Pomona, California Decommissioned Alamogordo, New Mexico Ruidoso, New Mexico Portales, New Mexico Hugo, Oklahoma De Queen, Arkansas Glenwood, Arkansas Hot Springs, Arkansas Little Rock, Arkansas Huntingdon, Tennessee Camden, Tennessee Dickson, Tennessee Lebanon, Tennessee Marshall, North Carolina Morganton, North Carolina Lexington, North Carolina Hillsborough, North Carolina Durham, North Carolina Clayton, North Carolina Smithfield, North Carolina Goldsboro, North Carolina Kinston, North Carolina Newport, North Carolina New Bern, North Carolina Bypass routes Durant, Oklahoma Bypass construction begin 2008 Idabel, Oklahoma Selma, North Carolina Clayton, North Carolina Goldsboro, North Carolina See also U.S. Roads portal Interstate 40 National Register of Historic Places listings in Lonoke County, Arkansas Related routes U.S. Route 170 U.S. Route 270 U.S. Route 370 U.S. Route 470 References ^ a b "U.S. Route Number Database" (December 2009 ed.). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2019. ^ a b Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials (11 November 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved 7 November 2013 – via Wikimedia Commons. ^ "End of U.S. Highway 70". Retrieved 27 March 2009. ^ "New Life Given U.S. Highway 70; 'Treasure Trail'". Palo Verde Valley Times. Blythe, California. 15 August 1951. ^ a b c The Road Atlas '07 (Map). Rand McNally. 2007. p. 8–9. ^ a b c The Road Atlas '07 (Map). Rand McNally. 2007. p. 68. ^ Crossley, John. "White Sands National Monument, Alamogordo, New Mexico". The American Southwest. Retrieved 29 September 2007. ^ Signage indicating closings ^ a b c The 2014 Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 2014. p. 98–99. ^ Official State Map (Map) (2005-2006 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Transportation. ^ a b The 2014 Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 2014. p. 82–83. ^ Arkansas State Highway Map (Map) (2007 ed.). Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department. ^ a b The 2014 Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 2014. p. 10–11. ^ @IDriveArkansas (6 July 2021). "@interstate_411 @myARDOT Hwy 70 follows the Hwy 5 route back towards the east/north and connects at University/Ashe…" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ @myARDOT (15 December 2017). "@interstate_411 Broadway to Roosevelt to Asher to University and then runs concurrent with I-30 until the Hot Springs Exit" (Tweet). Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Twitter. ^ a b c The 2014 Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 2014. p. 94–95. ^ Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 1926. p. 24–25. ^ Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 1926. p. 68–69. ^ "Map of US highway 60 and family, and US 412". Dale Sanderson. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ "End of US highway 260". Dale Sanderson. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ Road Map of California (Map). California Department of Transportation. 1950. ^ "End of US highway 70". Dale Sanderson. pp. Map of US highway 70 and family, and US 412, US Highway endpoints in El Paso, TX, US Highway endpoints in Los Angeles, CA, US Highway endpoints in Holbrook, AZ. Retrieved 24 March 2015. ^ California State Assembly. "An act to add Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) to Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, and to repeal Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) of Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, the..." 1963 Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 385 p. 1177.: "Route 70 is from Route 99 near Catlett Road to Route 395 near Hallelujah Junction via Quincy and Beckwourth Pass." ^ "NRHP nomination for US 70, Union Valley Segment" (PDF). Arkansas Preservation. Retrieved 29 January 2016. ^ "Photograph of signs for United States Highway 60/70/89 in Maricopa County (Ariz.). Image is double exposed". ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (6 October 2019). "2019 Annual Meeting Report to the Council on Highways and Streets" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020. "Ballot" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2019. ^ Rand McNally (2014). The Road Atlas (Walmart ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 8–11, 68, 74–75, 82–83, 94–95, 98, 100. ISBN 978-0-528-00771-2. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 70KML is not from Wikidata Endpoints of U.S. Highway 70 NC DOT State Travel Map Browse numbered routes ← SR 68CA→ SR 70 ← SR 69AZ→ SR 71 ← SH 69TX→ SH 70 ← US 69OK→ SH-71 ← AR 69AR→ US 71 ← SR 69TN→ SR 70 ← NC 69NC→ NC 71 vte United States Numbered Highway System 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 87 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 163 400 412 425 Mainline highways Divided routes Special routes Routes in italics are no longer a part of the system. Highlighted routes are considered main routes of the system. vteU.S. Routes related to US 70 US 70N US 70S US 170 (former) US 270 (former proposal) US 270 (former) US 270 US 370 (former) US 470 (former) Special Authority control databases VIAF WorldCat
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_highway"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Southeastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Holbrook, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbrook,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Atlantic, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60"},{"link_name":"SR 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_77"},{"link_name":"Globe, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Interstate system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Clovis, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"El Paso, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Alamogordo, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"}],"text":"U.S. Route 70 or U.S. Highway 70 (US 70) is an east–west United States highway that runs for 2,381 miles (3,832 km) from eastern North Carolina to east-central Arizona. It is a major east–west highway of the Southeastern, Southern and Southwestern United States. Established as one of the original highways of 1926, it originally ran only to Holbrook, Arizona, then was extended in 1934 as a coast to coast route, with the current eastern terminus near the Atlantic Ocean in Atlantic, North Carolina, and the former western terminus near the Pacific Ocean in Los Angeles, California. The current western terminus was then truncated to US 60 / SR 77 in Globe, Arizona. Before the completion of the Interstate system, U.S. Highway 70 was sometimes referred to as the \"Broadway of America\", due to its status as one of the main east–west thoroughfares in the nation. It was also promoted as the \"Treasure Trail\" by the U.S. Highway 70 Association as of 1951.[4]In the early years, US 70 had a different route between Clovis, New Mexico and eastern Arizona, taking the route of current US 60 and US 180 to an endpoint in Holbrook. US 70 was later re-routed to El Paso, Texas, when US 60 was extended to California. US 70 was later re-routed again west of Alamogordo, New Mexico along its current route to Globe, as well as being concurrent with US 60 to a common terminus in Los Angeles, California.","title":"U.S. Route 70"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"State Route 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_77"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-07-az-5"},{"link_name":"Peridot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridot,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Indian Route 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_170_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"Safford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safford,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-07-az-5"},{"link_name":"U.S. 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-07-az-5"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Arizona"}],"sub_title":"Arizona","text":"U.S. 70 begins in Globe at a junction with U.S. Route 60, concurrent with State Route 77. SR 77 splits off east of town. U.S. 70 then enters the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation and runs southeast for 17 miles[5] (27 km) to Peridot, where it crosses Indian Route 9. It has no other highway junctions until Safford, where it begins a ten-mile[5] (16 km) overlap with U.S. 191. U.S. 70 then runs an additional 37 mi (60 km).[5] (59 km) before crossing into New Mexico east of Franklin.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-07-nm-6"},{"link_name":"New Mexico State Road 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_92"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-07-nm-6"},{"link_name":"State Roads 464","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_464"},{"link_name":"90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_90"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-07-nm-6"},{"link_name":"Lordsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordsburg,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10"},{"link_name":"Las Cruces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Interstate 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25"},{"link_name":"controlled access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_access"},{"link_name":"Organ Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Tularosa Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularosa_Basin"},{"link_name":"White Sands Missile Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"White Sands National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sands_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Holloman Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloman_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"U.S. 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._54"},{"link_name":"Alamogordo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82"},{"link_name":"La Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Luz,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Tularosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularosa,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Mountains_(New_Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Lincoln National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mescalero Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalero_Apache"},{"link_name":"Ruidoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruidoso,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"U.S. 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._380"},{"link_name":"Roswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"U.S. 285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._285"},{"link_name":"Portales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portales,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Clovis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Texico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texico,_New_Mexico"}],"sub_title":"New Mexico","text":"After entering the state of New Mexico, U.S. 70 heads southeast. Five miles[6] (8 km) after crossing the state line, it serves as the southern terminus for New Mexico State Road 92. U.S. 70 does not have another highway junction for 21 mi (34 km),[6] where it meets State Roads 464 and 90 three miles[6] (5 km) north of Lordsburg. At Lordsburg, U.S. 70 joins with Interstate 10 eastbound, splitting off in Las Cruces, and becoming Picacho Avenue in Las Cruces. When Picacho Avenue meets Main Street, US 70 follows Main Street northbound. U.S. 70 then crosses Interstate 25, and has been upgraded at this point to a controlled access highway until entering the foothills of the Organ Mountains.As a divided highway, U.S. 70 then crosses the Organ Mountains via San Augustin Pass, descends to the valley floor of the Tularosa Basin, and next crosses the White Sands Missile Range. Overhead missile tests can close the highway for a few hours; this generally happens once or twice a week, and typically only for an hour at a time.[7][8] The road then passes the entrance to White Sands National Park, and shortly after that passes the southern end of Holloman Air Force Base. It then turns northbound, and picks up a concurrency with U.S. 54 upon entering Alamogordo. On the north end of Alamogordo, US54/US70 intersects the beginning of U.S. Route 82 near La Luz. The concurrency with US 54 lasts until Tularosa, and the highway remains divided until US 70 and US 54 diverge. After splitting off to the northeast, U.S. 70 begins an ascent into the Sacramento Mountains and enters the Lincoln National Forest. The road then runs across the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation and near the resort town of Ruidoso. In Hondo, it begins another concurrency, this time with U.S. 380. U.S. 70 then bypasses Roswell to the northwest, together with U.S. 285. U.S. 70 then heads off to the northeast, running through Portales and Clovis before entering Texas at Texico.\nFrom mile 170.6 to mile 197.25 on US 70 the speed limit is posted at 75 mph (120 km/h) across White Sands Missile Range. (26.6-mile stretch) just slightly longer than a standard marathon. US 70 is one of only two non-interstate roadways in New Mexico to receive a speed limit of 75 miles per hour (U.S. 285 between Roswell and Vaughn is also posted at 75 miles per hour).","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_60_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_84_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Muleshoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muleshoe,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-2014-tx-9"},{"link_name":"U.S. 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_385_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Springlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springlake,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Interstate 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_27_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Plainview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-2014-tx-9"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_62_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Floydada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floydada,_Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_83_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-2014-tx-9"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_287_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_183_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"U.S. 283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_283_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Muleshoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muleshoe,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Olney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olney,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Crowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowell,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sagerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagerton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_51"},{"link_name":"SH 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_24"}],"sub_title":"Texas","text":"U.S. 70 enters Texas joins with U.S. 60 and U.S. 84. U.S. 60 splits off to the northeast in Farwell, just over the state line. U.S. 70/84 then angle southeast to Muleshoe, where the two routes split.[9] U.S. 70 heads due east, meeting U.S. 385 at Springlake, and having an interchange with Interstate 27 in Plainview.[9] U.S. 70 then arcs toward the south to begin a concurrency with US 62 in Floydada. The two routes head east to Paducah, where US 62 splits off to the north to join with U.S. 83.[9] U.S. 70 then proceeds to Vernon, where it overlaps U.S. 287 and U.S. 183 (and has a junction with U.S. 283). Near Oklaunion, U.S. 70/183 split off to the north to cross the Red River into Oklahoma. The route through Texas was cosigned with Texas State Highway 28 before 1939. SH 28 was designated in 1919 as a route from Muleshoe to Olney with a spur, SH 28A, from SH 28 at Crowell east to the Oklahoma border. In 1922, the route split in Benjamin, going south to Sagerton and east to Olney. In 1926, The portion from Crowell to Sagerton became SH 51, while the portion from Benjamin to Olney became SH 24. SH 28 was instead rerouted over SH 28A to end at the Oklahoma border. By 1939, the route was cancelled due to US 70.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odot-map-2005-10"},{"link_name":"Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"I-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_44_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"H.E. Bailey Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.E._Bailey_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Randlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randlett,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Waurika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waurika,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-2014-ok-11"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Lone Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Grove,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Ardmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardmore,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Interstate 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"U.S. 177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_177_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"Madill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madill,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durant,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"U.S. 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_69_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_75_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-2014-ok-11"},{"link_name":"Soper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soper,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"U.S.271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_271_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Indian Nation Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Nation_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Idabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idabel,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"U.S. 259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_259_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"State Highway 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_3"},{"link_name":"Broken Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Bow,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"wrong-way concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrong-way_concurrency"}],"sub_title":"Oklahoma","text":"U.S. 183 splits away from U.S. 70 three miles (4.8 km)[10] north of the state line, in the town of Davidson. It then has an interchange (Exit 5) with I-44, serving as the southern terminus of the H.E. Bailey Turnpike, one mile (1.6 km) west of the town of Randlett. U.S. 70 then passes south of Waurika.[11] U.S. 70 then becomes a four-lane divided highway near Wilson and runs through Lone Grove before entering the city of Ardmore, where it briefly heads south on Interstate 35, bypassing the central business district. US-70 serves as the southern terminus of U.S. 177 in Madill. U.S. 70 then heads to Durant, where it has an interchange with the U.S. 69/75 freeway.[11]East of Soper, U.S.70 joins with U.S.271. The two routes then approach Hugo, where they serve as the southern terminus of the Indian Nation Turnpike. U.S. 271 also splits off at this interchange, continuing the freeway southbound from the turnpike. U.S. 70 then heads through downtown Hugo. It then bypasses Idabel to the north (with Bypass U.S. 70 providing a western and southern bypass). It then meets U.S. 259 and State Highway 3 northeast of town and overlaps them into Broken Bow, forming a wrong-way concurrency with SH-3. U.S. 70 then splits off to the east in Broken Bow before leaving the state.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_70_near_Dagmar_WMA,_Arkansas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Nelson Dagmar Wildlife Management Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_Wildlife_Management_Areas"},{"link_name":"Monroe County, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ar-07-map-12"},{"link_name":"De Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Queen,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_71"},{"link_name":"U.S. 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59"},{"link_name":"Dierks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierks,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. 278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_278"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. 270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_270"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-2014-ar-13"},{"link_name":"Interstate 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_30"},{"link_name":"Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock"},{"link_name":"Interstate 430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_430"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Interstate 630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_630"},{"link_name":"Arkansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"},{"link_name":"North Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_165"},{"link_name":"Interstate 440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_440_(Arkansas)"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-2014-ar-13"},{"link_name":"Forrest City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_City,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"West Memphis, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Memphis,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"I-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55_in_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-2014-tn-16"}],"sub_title":"Arkansas","text":"US 70 near Sheffield Nelson Dagmar Wildlife Management Area, Monroe County, ArkansasU.S. 70 enters Arkansas eight miles[12] (13 km) west of De Queen, and crosses through the north part of the town where it meets the combined U.S. 71/U.S. 59 and overlaps with it for 8 mi (13 km). It then heads northeast to Dierks, where it begins a concurrency with U.S. 278. U.S. 70 then heads east-northeast to Hot Springs, which it bypasses to the south on a freeway alignment shared with U.S. 270.[13] U.S. 70 then heads east to join with Interstate 30 at Exit 111 south of Benton. The two highways run concurrently to the state capital, Little Rock, where U.S. 70 splits off from I-30 at Interstate 430 at Exit 129.[14] U.S. 70 follows Interstate Highway 430 for 1 mile to Exit 1 (Stagecoach Road), where it overlaps Arkansas Highway 5 heading northeast into Little Rock, becoming Colonel Glenn Rd at the intersection with Arkansas Highway 300. Continuing northeast through Little Rock, U.S. 70 turns east again at Roosevelt Road, before turning north through downtown Little Rock as Broadway Street, with during which it crosses Interstate 630 before crossing the Arkansas River into North Little Rock.[15] It then crosses Interstate Highway 30, and serves as the northern terminus of U.S. Route 165. U.S. 70 then crosses Interstate 440 and leaves the Little Rock area, paralleled by I-40.[13]U.S. 70 continues its alignment near I-40 throughout eastern Arkansas, generally about two or three miles (5 km) apart. I-40 bypasses Forrest City to the north, while U.S. 70 serves the city center. The two routes remain close through West Memphis, Arkansas, where U.S. 70 runs along Broadway Blvd. Finally, U.S. 70 joins with I-55 to cross the Mississippi River into Tennessee.[16]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US64_US70_US79_Memphis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Interstate 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55"},{"link_name":"US 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_61"},{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79"},{"link_name":"Walls, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_51_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Interstate 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-2014-tn-16"},{"link_name":"Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"State Route 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Huntingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdon,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"New Johnsonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Johnsonville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_River"},{"link_name":"Waverly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverly,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Dickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickson,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Pegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegram,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 70S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70S"},{"link_name":"I-65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_65"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rmcn-2014-tn-16"},{"link_name":"collector/distributor roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local-express_lanes"},{"link_name":"U.S. 431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_431"},{"link_name":"U.S. 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_31_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"U.S. 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Cumberland River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_River"},{"link_name":"State Route 155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_155"},{"link_name":"State Route 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 70N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70N"},{"link_name":"Smithville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Crossville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Roane County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roane_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Rockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwood,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Dixie Lee Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Lee_Junction,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Loudon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudon_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"U.S. 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11"},{"link_name":"Lee Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Highway"},{"link_name":"Dixie Lee Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Lee_Junction,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Farragut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farragut,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Kingston Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Pike"},{"link_name":"U.S. 25W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25W"},{"link_name":"U.S. 11E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11E"},{"link_name":"Trentville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trentville,_Tennessee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Knox County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"U.S. 25E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25E"},{"link_name":"US 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"Tennessee","text":"US64/US70/US79 overlap on Summer Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee. (2008)US 70 enters Tennessee, as well as the city of Memphis, concurrent with Interstate 55, US 61, US 64, and US 79. At exit 12, the northernmost exit on I-55 in the state, I-55 turns south; however, the four US routes continue east onto the at-grade Crump Boulevard. US 61 splits from the concurrency soon afterward, heading south along 3rd Street to exit the city for Walls, Mississippi and points south. US 64, 70 and 79, however, remain overlapped through downtown Memphis, following Danny Thomas Boulevard north to Union Avenue, Union east to East Parkway (briefly overlapping with U.S. Route 51 along the western portion of Union), then East Parkway north to Summer Avenue, where the triple concurrency turns east. Near the city line, US 64/70/79 interchanges with Interstate 40 at exit 12A.[16]Past the Memphis city limits in the suburb of Bartlett, U.S. 64 separates from U.S. 70/79, taking a more southerly routing through the state. U.S. 70 and US 79, meanwhile, head to the northeast, paralleling I-40 to Brownsville. East of the city, U.S. 79 breaks from U.S. 70, following U.S. 70 Alternate out of the city to the northeast. U.S. 70, now concurrent with only its unsigned designation of State Route 1, heads east, interchanging with I-40 at exit 66 before entering Jackson. The route continues northeastward from the city, meeting I-40 once more at exit 87 just outside the city limits. At Huntingdon, U.S. 70 Alternate rejoins US 70 as the main route turns to the east toward New Johnsonville, where it crosses the Tennessee River.From the river, U.S. 70 continues eastward through Waverly and Dickson to the Nashville area. Southwest of the city near Pegram, U.S. Route 70S splits off from U.S. 70; however, U.S. 70 now continues to be signed as U.S. 70 instead of U.S. 70N, as it was formerly. U.S. 70 follows I-40 into Nashville, meeting the concurrent I-40/I-65 immediately west of the city center.[16] The route turns south, acting as collector/distributor roads for I-40/I-65 for two blocks before joining U.S. 431 and U.S. 70S on a brief overlap. At an intersection with the concurrent U.S. 31/U.S. 41, U.S. 431 and U.S. 70S split from U.S. 70. U.S. 70 progresses eastward, roughly paralleling the Cumberland River to an interchange with State Route 155 east of downtown. U.S. 70, now paired with State Route 24, heads east out of Nashville to Lebanon, where U.S. Route 70N breaks from the main US 70. US 70 heads southeast, passing through Smithville before rejoining U.S. 70S in Sparta and U.S. 70N to the east in Crossville.From Crossville eastward to the North Carolina state line, U.S. 70 closely parallels I-40, passing through the Roane County cities of Rockwood and Kingston. At Dixie Lee Junction in eastern Loudon County U.S. 70 intersects U.S. 11 (also known as the Lee Highway) in Dixie Lee Junction and the two highways are concurrent from the junction intersection eastward through Farragut and into Knoxville. In Farragut and west of downtown Knoxville U.S. 70 carries the name Kingston Pike. On the east side of Knoxville it becomes concurrent with U.S. 25W and U.S. 11E and carries the name Asheville Highway from Knoxville to the community of Trentville in eastern Knox County. At Trentville, US 11E separates from the concurrency. U.S. 25W remains overlapped with U.S. 70 to Newport, where U.S. 70 is joined by U.S. 25E, which becomes US 25. U.S. 25 and U.S. 70 remain concurrent into North Carolina.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_26_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Asheville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Beaucatcher Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaucatcher_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Morganton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hickory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Conover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conover,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Statesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Thomasville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomasville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"High Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Point,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Greensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-85 Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85_Business_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"US 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Greensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-access_road"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Mebane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebane,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garner,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Smithfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Selma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Goldsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Kinston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinston,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"New Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway"},{"link_name":"expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-access_road"},{"link_name":"Havelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelock,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Morehead City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehead_City,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Core Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Sound"},{"link_name":"NC 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_12"},{"link_name":"Outer Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Banks"},{"link_name":"Sealevel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealevel,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic,_North_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"North Carolina","text":"US 70 enters North Carolina as a two-lane road in concurrency with US 25. Going southeast, it widens to four-lane near Marshall, merging farther down with I-26/US 19/US 23 going into Asheville. In the downtown area, it breaks from the U.S. 19/23 freeway onto city streets and through Beaucatcher Tunnel as it goes east; paralleling north of I-40, going through the cities Marion, Morganton, Hickory, Conover and Statesville. From there, it goes southeast to Salisbury, where it starts to parallel I-85 north through Lexington, Thomasville, High Point and Greensboro, in concurrency with I-85 Bus/US 29.US 70 passes through Greensboro in concurrency with Interstate 40, Interstate 85 Business, then US Routes 29 and 220 briefly, then heads east through the Wendover Avenue expressway, which takes the route out of town towards Burlington. It downgrades to a two lane rural road heading out of Greensboro, and again parallels north of I-40/I-85. Entering Alamance County, it expands to a four-lane expressway through the city of Burlington, then returns to 2 lanes through Mebane, Efland and Hillsborough. It joins I-85 briefly in Eno, then veers southeast through the downtown areas of both Durham and Raleigh.After a brief overlap with I-40 near Garner, it continues in a southeasterly direction, as it goes through or bypasses the cities of Clayton, Smithfield, Selma, Goldsboro and Kinston. Near and through New Bern, US 70 briefly becomes a freeway but returns to expressway grade as it goes through Havelock. After passing through Morehead City and Beaufort, it drops back to a two-lane rural road as it travels close along the Core Sound. After passing the southern terminus of NC 12 (which connects to the Outer Banks), near Sealevel, US 70 ends its seven state tour in the community of Atlantic.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60"},{"link_name":"Lee Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Highway"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Highway"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Confederate States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_70_(1961_cutout).svg"},{"link_name":"Beaufort, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66"},{"link_name":"Holbrook, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbrook,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1926_Map-2"},{"link_name":"Clovis, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughn,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_470"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Springerville, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springerville,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"El Paso, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_54"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_260"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USEnds2-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USEnds3-20"},{"link_name":"Atlantic, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Las Cruces, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Deming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deming,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Globe, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_99"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca,_California"},{"link_name":"Valley Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1950-California-21"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10"},{"link_name":"Ehrenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenberg,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USEnds-22"},{"link_name":"State Route 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_60"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_California"},{"link_name":"State Route 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_70"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law-renumbering-23"},{"link_name":"Robert Mitchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mitchum"},{"link_name":"Don Raye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Raye"},{"link_name":"The Ballad of Thunder Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Thunder_Road"},{"link_name":"1958 film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Road_(1958_film)"}],"text":"See also: U.S. Route 60Most or all of the present route designated as U.S. Route 70 (or U.S. Highway 70 depending on the state) was earlier known as Lee Highway. During the earliest days of the automobile, and earlier, American highways were disorganized affairs of widely varying quality. Highways were known by a bewildering variety of names which typically changed at each town. And they were only named, not numbered.During the 1910s the first national highway was conceived: the Lincoln Highway, named in honor of Abraham Lincoln, stretching across the northern United States from coast to coast. A companion effort was launched to create a transcontinental highway stretching across the southern half of the country, this one named in honor of Confederate States of America general Robert E. Lee. The two highways were a revolution of sorts, in that a driver could follow a single road from coast to coast bearing the same designation. Much of today's U.S. 70 was formerly the Lee Highway, although that was later removed.Shield for US 70 in California.When originally commissioned on 11 November 1926, U.S. Route 70 ran between Beaufort, North Carolina[17] and U.S. Route 66 in Holbrook, Arizona.[18][2] This older route ran from present day US 70 in Clovis, New Mexico through Vaughn, Willard (where former child route U.S. Route 470 branched off to Albuquerque) and Springerville, Arizona before finally reaching US 66 in Holbrook. In 1932, US 70 was rerouted to El Paso, Texas from Clovis along what is today U.S. Route 54. The re-routing temporarily removed US 70 entirely from Arizona. The old route to Holbrook was replaced by U.S. Route 60 and U.S. Route 260.[19][20] That same year, the eastern terminus of US 70 was extended to Atlantic, North Carolina, where it remains to this day (albeit in a slightly different location). In 1934, the routing was changed yet again and US 70 was rerouted to California through Las Cruces, New Mexico, Deming, Globe, Arizona and Phoenix to a junction with U.S. Route 99 around Mecca. Between Globe and its new western end in California, US 70 was paired with US 60. A year later, US 70 was extended along Valley Boulevard and reached downtown Los Angeles at U.S. Route 101 running concurrent with US 99 and/or US 60 throughout its course west of Globe.[21] Beginning in 1964 it was decommissioned in favor of Interstate 10 or US 60. After being removed from California, US 70 ended at the California/Arizona state line in Ehrenberg until 1969, when it was further truncated to its current endpoint in Globe.[22] US 70, unlike many other decommissioned US Highways in California, doesn't have a state route that was numbered after it and taking over its path (unlike US 60, which had State Route 60 to replace it), due to the fact that it was replaced in its entirety by I-10. Therefore, the current State Route 70 bears no relation to this highway.[23]Robert Mitchum and Don Raye's song, \"The Ballad of Thunder Road\" immortalized in the 1958 film of the same name, follows a family of anarchistic moonshiners who engage in run-ins with the police. The Mitchum film is based on a real life incident in which a moonshiner perishes on the road on the Kingston Pike stretch of Highway 70 in Knoxville while on the run from the police, although the actual filming did not take place on Highway 70.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Lonoke County, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonoke_County,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Highway 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Highway_15"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP_LONOKE-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Historic alignments","text":"Old and bypassed sections of US 70 exist, and at least one such road section has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located in Lonoke County, Arkansas, between Young Road and point east of the present US 70's junction with Arkansas Highway 15. About 4 miles (6.4 km) long, it runs mostly parallel to, and just north of, the present alignment, jogging a bit farther around the AR 15 junction. It was built about 1913, and some of its original bituminous pavement survives. It was replaced by the present alignment in 1930–31.[24] Between Florence, Arizona and Wickenburg, Arizona, US 70 ran concurrently with both US 60 and US 89. [25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Currently, a portion of US 70 in Greensboro runs concurrently with US 29/ US 220, I-40, and soon-to-be-removed I-85 Business. On 5 October 2019, NCDOT submitted an application to AASHTO, and was granted approval, for the relocation of US 70 in Greensboro, High Point, and Thomasville. The state plan calls for the US Highway to remain on Wendover Avenue and NC Highway 68 in the cities of Greensboro and High Point, respectively, towards Thomasville. According to NCDOT, this will give the US Highway a more direct, continuous route through the cities of Greensboro and High Point, and improve safety and regional connectivity.[26]","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60"},{"link_name":"Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"US 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191"},{"link_name":"Safford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safford,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_Graham_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10"},{"link_name":"Lordsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordsburg,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Las Cruces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"US 180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_180"},{"link_name":"Deming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deming,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"I-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25"},{"link_name":"US 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85"},{"link_name":"US 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_54"},{"link_name":"Alamogordo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Tularosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularosa,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82"},{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380"},{"link_name":"Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondo,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Roswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"US 285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_285"},{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"Clovis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Texico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texico,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Muleshoe, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muleshoe,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385"},{"link_name":"Springlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springlake,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_27"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87"},{"link_name":"Plainview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62"},{"link_name":"Floydada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floydada,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Paducah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paducah,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83"},{"link_name":"US 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_287"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Oklaunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklaunion,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183"},{"link_name":"US 283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_283"},{"link_name":"Davidson, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"I-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_44"},{"link_name":"US 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281"},{"link_name":"Randlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randlett,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81"},{"link_name":"Waurika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waurika,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"I-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35"},{"link_name":"Ardmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardmore,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77"},{"link_name":"US 377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_377"},{"link_name":"Madill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madill,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69"},{"link_name":"US 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75"},{"link_name":"Durant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durant,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US 271","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_271"},{"link_name":"Soper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soper,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US 259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_259"},{"link_name":"Idabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idabel,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Broken Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Bow,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59"},{"link_name":"US 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_71"},{"link_name":"US 371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_371"},{"link_name":"De Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Queen,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Lockesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockesburg,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"US 278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_278"},{"link_name":"Dierks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierks,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"US 270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_270"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"I-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_30"},{"link_name":"Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67"},{"link_name":"Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"I-430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_430"},{"link_name":"I-630","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_630"},{"link_name":"I-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_30"},{"link_name":"US 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_65"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67"},{"link_name":"US 167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_167"},{"link_name":"US 165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_165"},{"link_name":"I-440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_440_(Arkansas)"},{"link_name":"US 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_63"},{"link_name":"Hazen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"US 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_49"},{"link_name":"Brinkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinkley,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79"},{"link_name":"Jennette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennette,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"I-55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55"},{"link_name":"US 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_61"},{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79"},{"link_name":"West Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Memphis,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Bartlett, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Brownsville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"US 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78"},{"link_name":"US 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_51"},{"link_name":"I-240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_240_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"US 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_72"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"I-269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_269"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"US 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_45"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"US 412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_412"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"US 412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_412"},{"link_name":"US 641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_641"},{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"US 70S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70S"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"I-65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_65"},{"link_name":"US 70S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70S"},{"link_name":"US 431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_431"},{"link_name":"US 231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_231"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"US 70N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70N"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"US 70N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70N"},{"link_name":"Crossville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"US 127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_127"},{"link_name":"US 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27"},{"link_name":"Rockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwood,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"US 321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_321"},{"link_name":"Lenoir City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenoir_City,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"US 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11"},{"link_name":"Farragut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farragut,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"I-140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_140_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"I-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75"},{"link_name":"US 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129"},{"link_name":"US 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_441"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"I-275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_275_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"US 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11"},{"link_name":"US 11E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11E"},{"link_name":"US 11W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11W"},{"link_name":"Mascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascot,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"US 25W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25W"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"Dandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandridge,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"US 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_411"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"US 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_411"},{"link_name":"US 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25"},{"link_name":"US 25E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25E"},{"link_name":"US 25W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25W"},{"link_name":"Woodfin, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodfin,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_321"},{"link_name":"Future I-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_26_Future"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23"},{"link_name":"Asheville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25"},{"link_name":"Future I-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_26_Future"},{"link_name":"I-240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_240_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23"},{"link_name":"I-240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_240_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"Black Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountain,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Old Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Fort,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_221"},{"link_name":"Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"Morganton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_321"},{"link_name":"Hickory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"Statesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_21"},{"link_name":"I-77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_77"},{"link_name":"US 601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_601"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29"},{"link_name":"US 601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_601"},{"link_name":"Greensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85"},{"link_name":"US 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_52"},{"link_name":"Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85"},{"link_name":"I-285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_285_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"I-74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_74"},{"link_name":"High Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Point,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85"},{"link_name":"I-73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_73"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85"},{"link_name":"US 421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_421"},{"link_name":"US 220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_220"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"US 220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_220"},{"link_name":"I-840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_840_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85"},{"link_name":"Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eno,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_15"},{"link_name":"US 501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_501"},{"link_name":"I-540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_540_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_440_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"US 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1"},{"link_name":"US 401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_401"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garner,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301"},{"link_name":"Selma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95"},{"link_name":"I-795","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_795_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Goldsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13"},{"link_name":"US 117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_117"},{"link_name":"US 258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_258"},{"link_name":"Kinston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinston,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17"},{"link_name":"New Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"James City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_City,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randmcnally-27"}],"text":"Arizona\n US 60 in Globe\n US 191 in Safford. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of San Jose.\nNew Mexico\n I-10 in Lordsburg. The highways travel concurrently to Las Cruces.\n US 180 in Deming. The highways travel concurrently to Las Cruces.\n I-25 / US 85 in Las Cruces\n US 54 in Alamogordo. The highways travel concurrently to Tularosa.\n US 82 in Alamogordo\n US 380 in Hondo. The highways travel concurrently to Roswell.\n US 285 / US 380 in Roswell. US 70/US 285 travels concurrently to north of Roswell.\n US 60 / US 84 in Clovis. US 60/US 70 travels concurrently to Texico. US 70/US 84 travels concurrently to Muleshoe, Texas.\nTexas\n US 385 in Springlake\n I-27 / US 87 in Plainview\n US 62 in Floydada. The highways travel concurrently to Paducah.\n US 62 / US 83 in Paducah\n US 287 in Vernon. The highways travel concurrently to Oklaunion.\n US 183 / US 283 in Vernon. US 70/US 183 travels concurrently to Davidson, Oklahoma.\nOklahoma\n I-44 / US 277 / US 281 west-southwest of Randlett. US 70/US 277/US 281 travels concurrently to Randlett.\n US 81 in Waurika\n I-35 in Ardmore. The highways travel concurrently through Ardmore.\n US 77 in Ardmore\n US 377 in Madill. The highways travel concurrently through Madill.\n US 69 / US 75 in Durant\n US 271 east-northeast of Soper. The highways travel concurrently to south of Hugo.\n US 259 in Idabel. The highways travel concurrently to Broken Bow.\nArkansas\n US 59 / US 71 / US 371 in De Queen. The highways travel concurrently to north-northwest of Lockesburg.\n US 278 in Dierks. The highways travel concurrently to north-northeast of Dierks.\n US 270 in Hot Springs. The highways travel concurrently through Hot Springs.\n I-30 northwest of Haskell. The highways travel concurrently to Little Rock.\n US 67 southwest of Benton. The highways travel concurrently to Little Rock.\n I-430 in Little Rock\n I-630 in Little Rock\n I-30 / US 65 / US 67 / US 167 in Little Rock\n US 165 in North Little Rock\n I-440 in North Little Rock\n US 63 in Hazen. The highways travel concurrently through Hazen.\n US 49 in Brinkley. The highways travel concurrently through Brinkley.\n US 79 south of Jennette\n I-55 / US 61 / US 64 / US 79 in West Memphis. I-55/US 61/US 70 travels concurrently to Memphis, Tennessee. US 64/US 70 travels concurrently to the Memphis–Bartlett, Tennessee city line. US 70/US 79 travels concurrently to Brownsville, Tennessee.\nTennessee\n US 78 in Memphis\n US 51 in Memphis. The highways travel concurrently through Memphis.\n I-240 in Memphis\n US 72 in Memphis\n I-40 in Memphis\n I-269 in Arlington\n I-40 east of Brownsville\n US 45 in Jackson\n US 412 northeast of Jackson. The highways travel concurrently for approximately 0.5 miles (0.80 km).\n I-40 / US 412 northeast of Jackson\n US 641 south of Camden\n US 70S in Nashville\n I-40 in Nashville\n I-40 / I-65 in Nashville. The highways travel concurrently, but on different lanes, through Nashville.\n US 70S / US 431 in Nashville. The highways travel concurrently through Nashville.\n US 231 in Lebanon\n US 70N in Lebanon\n I-40 in Lebanon\n US 70N in Crossville\n US 127 in Crossville\n US 27 south-southwest of Rockwood. The highways travel concurrently to Rockwood.\n US 321 in Lenoir City\n US 11 southwest of Farragut. The highways travel concurrently to Knoxville.\n I-140 in Knoxville.\n I-40 / I-75 in Knoxville\n US 129 in Knoxville\n US 441 in Knoxville. The highways travel concurrently through Knoxville.\n I-40 / I-275 in Knoxville\n US 11 / US 11E / US 11W in Knoxville. US 11E/US 70 travels concurrently to south-southeast of Mascot.\n I-40 / US 25W in Knoxville. US 25W/US 70 travels concurrently to Newport.\n I-40 west of Dandridge\n US 411 in Newport. The highways travel concurrently through Newport\n I-40 / US 411 in Newport\n US 25 / US 25E / US 25W in Newport. US 25/US 70 travels concurrently to Woodfin, North Carolina.\n US 321 in Newport. The highways travel concurrently through Newport.\nNorth Carolina\n Future I-26 / US 19 / US 23. The highways travel concurrently to Asheville.\n US 25 in Asheville\n Future I-26 / I-240 / US 19 / US 23 in Asheville. I-240/US 70 travels concurrently through Asheville.\n I-240 in Asheville\n I-40 in Black Mountain. The highways travel concurrently to southwest of Old Fort.\n US 221 in Marion\n US 64 in Morganton. The highways travel concurrently through Morganton.\n US 321 in Hickory\n US 64 in Statesville\n US 21 in Statesville\n I-77 in Statesville\n US 601 in Salisbury. The highways travel concurrently through Salisbury.\n US 29 / US 601 in Salisbury. US 29/US 70 travels concurrently to Greensboro.\n I-85 / US 52 northeast of Spencer. I-85/US 70 travels concurrently to southwest of Lexington. US 52/US 70 travels concurrently to west of Lexington.\n I-85 / I-285 southwest of Lexington. I-285/US 70 travel concurrently to west of Lexington.\n US 64 in Lexington. The highways travel concurrently through Lexington.\n I-74 in High Point\n I-85 southwest of Greensboro. The highways travel concurrently through Greensboro.\n I-73 / I-85 / US 421 in Greensboro\n US 220 in Greensboro\n I-40 / US 220 in Greensboro. The highways travel concurrently through Greensboro.\n I-840 in Greensboro\n I-85 in Eno. The highways travel concurrently to Durham.\n US 15 / US 501 in Durham. The highways travel concurrently through Durham.\n I-540 in Raleigh\n I-440 / US 1 in Raleigh\n US 401 in Raleigh. The highways travel concurrently through Raleigh.\n I-40 / US 64 in Raleigh\n I-40 in Garner. The highways travel concurrently to west-southwest of Clayton.\n US 301 in Selma\n I-95 in Selma\n I-795 in Goldsboro\n US 13 / US 117 in Goldsboro. The highways travel concurrently through Goldsboro.\n US 258 in Kinston. The highways travel concurrently through Kinston.\n US 17 west of New Bern. The highways travel concurrently to the New Bern–James City city line.\nSeashore Drive/School Drive in Atlantic[27]","title":"Major intersections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Special routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US-70N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70N"},{"link_name":"US-70S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70S"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Crossville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Bellevue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta,_Tennessee"}],"sub_title":"Branch routes","text":"In Tennessee, US-70 has two additional branches: US-70N and US-70S. This split is unique, in that it is the only existing instance of a N/S split of a U.S. Route. Furthermore, US-70 does not \"disappear\" at these splits; thus, these two highways co-exist with the main route and both serve as additional branches. US-70N begins in Lebanon, just east of Nashville, and ends in Crossville; US-70S begins in the Bellevue neighborhood of southwest Nashville, and ends in Sparta (a few miles west of Crossville). Historically, both split routes began in Pegram and ended in Crossville. The original designation for US-70 between Lebanon and Sparta was state route 26.","title":"Special routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brownville-Huntingdon, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70A_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Pine Level, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70A_in_Pine_Level,_North_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"Alternate routes","text":"There are currently two active alternate routes, all signed and marked on maps as US 70A.Brownville-Huntingdon, Tennessee\nPine Level, North Carolina","title":"Special routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pomona, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona,_California"},{"link_name":"Alamogordo, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Ruidoso, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruidoso,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Portales, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portales,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Hugo, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"De Queen, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Queen,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Glenwood, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenwood,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Little Rock, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Huntingdon, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdon,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Camden, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Dickson, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickson,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Lebanon, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Marshall, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Morganton, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lexington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Durham, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Clayton, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Smithfield, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithfield,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Goldsboro, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Kinston, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinston,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Newport, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"New Bern, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"Business routes","text":"Pomona, California Decommissioned\nAlamogordo, New Mexico\nRuidoso, New Mexico\nPortales, New Mexico\nHugo, Oklahoma\nDe Queen, Arkansas\nGlenwood, Arkansas\nHot Springs, Arkansas\nLittle Rock, Arkansas\nHuntingdon, Tennessee\nCamden, Tennessee\nDickson, Tennessee\nLebanon, Tennessee\nMarshall, North Carolina\nMorganton, North Carolina\nLexington, North Carolina\nHillsborough, North Carolina\nDurham, North Carolina\nClayton, North Carolina\nSmithfield, North Carolina\nGoldsboro, North Carolina\nKinston, North Carolina\nNewport, North Carolina\nNew Bern, North Carolina","title":"Special routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durant, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durant,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Idabel, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idabel,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Selma, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Clayton, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Goldsboro, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsboro,_North_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"Bypass routes","text":"Durant, Oklahoma Bypass construction begin 2008\nIdabel, Oklahoma\nSelma, North Carolina\nClayton, North Carolina\nGoldsboro, North Carolina","title":"Special routes"}]
[{"image_text":"US 70 near Sheffield Nelson Dagmar Wildlife Management Area, Monroe County, Arkansas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/US_70_near_Dagmar_WMA%2C_Arkansas.jpg/220px-US_70_near_Dagmar_WMA%2C_Arkansas.jpg"},{"image_text":"US64/US70/US79 overlap on Summer Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee. (2008)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/US64_US70_US79_Memphis.jpg/250px-US64_US70_US79_Memphis.jpg"}]
[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"},{"title":"Interstate 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Lonoke County, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lonoke_County,_Arkansas"}]
[{"reference":"\"U.S. Route Number Database\" (December 2009 ed.). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714162753/http://nchrp20-7-228.com/USRoute.aspx","url_text":"\"U.S. Route Number Database\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials","url_text":"American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials"},{"url":"http://nchrp20-7-228.com/USRoute.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials (11 November 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved 7 November 2013 – via Wikimedia Commons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Roads","url_text":"Bureau of Public Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials","url_text":"American Association of State Highway Officials"},{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_System_of_Highways_Adopted_for_Uniform_Marking_by_the_American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials.jpg","url_text":"United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey","url_text":"U.S. Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32889555","url_text":"32889555"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons","url_text":"Wikimedia Commons"}]},{"reference":"\"End of U.S. Highway 70\". Retrieved 27 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://usends.com/70.html","url_text":"\"End of U.S. Highway 70\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Life Given U.S. Highway 70; 'Treasure Trail'\". Palo Verde Valley Times. Blythe, California. 15 August 1951.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe,_California","url_text":"Blythe, California"}]},{"reference":"The Road Atlas '07 (Map). Rand McNally. 2007. p. 8–9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Road Atlas '07 (Map). Rand McNally. 2007. p. 68.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Crossley, John. \"White Sands National Monument, Alamogordo, New Mexico\". The American Southwest. Retrieved 29 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americansouthwest.net/new_mexico/white_sands/national_monument.html","url_text":"\"White Sands National Monument, Alamogordo, New Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"The 2014 Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 2014. p. 98–99.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Official State Map (Map) (2005-2006 ed.). Oklahoma Department of Transportation.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The 2014 Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 2014. p. 82–83.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Arkansas State Highway Map (Map) (2007 ed.). Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Department","url_text":"Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department"}]},{"reference":"The 2014 Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 2014. p. 10–11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"@IDriveArkansas (6 July 2021). \"@interstate_411 @myARDOT Hwy 70 follows the Hwy 5 route back towards the east/north and connects at University/Ashe…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/IDriveArkansas/status/1412400358714904583","url_text":"\"@interstate_411 @myARDOT Hwy 70 follows the Hwy 5 route back towards the east/north and connects at University/Ashe…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"@myARDOT (15 December 2017). \"@interstate_411 Broadway to Roosevelt to Asher to University and then runs concurrent with I-30 until the Hot Springs Exit\" (Tweet). Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/myARDOT/status/941769029232070656","url_text":"\"@interstate_411 Broadway to Roosevelt to Asher to University and then runs concurrent with I-30 until the Hot Springs Exit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"The 2014 Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 2014. p. 94–95.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 1926. p. 24–25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas (Map). Rand McNally. 1926. p. 68–69.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Map of US highway 60 and family, and US 412\". Dale Sanderson. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://usends.com/60.html","url_text":"\"Map of US highway 60 and family, and US 412\""}]},{"reference":"\"End of US highway 260\". Dale Sanderson. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://usends.com/260.html","url_text":"\"End of US highway 260\""}]},{"reference":"Road Map of California (Map). California Department of Transportation. 1950.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"End of US highway 70\". Dale Sanderson. pp. Map of US highway 70 and family, and US 412, US Highway endpoints in El Paso, TX, US Highway endpoints in Los Angeles, CA, US Highway endpoints in Holbrook, AZ. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://usends.com/70.html","url_text":"\"End of US highway 70\""}]},{"reference":"California State Assembly. \"An act to add Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) to Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, and to repeal Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) of Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, the...\" 1963 Session of the Legislature. Statutes of California. State of California. Ch. 385 p. 1177.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.assembly.ca.gov/content/statutes-and-amendments-codes-1963?archive_type=statutes","url_text":"\"An act to add Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) to Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, and to repeal Section 253 and Article 3 (commencing with Section 300) of Chapter 2 of Division 1 of, the...\""}]},{"reference":"\"NRHP nomination for US 70, Union Valley Segment\" (PDF). Arkansas Preservation. Retrieved 29 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arkansaspreservation.com/National-Register-Listings/PDF/LN0154.nr.pdf","url_text":"\"NRHP nomination for US 70, Union Valley Segment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photograph of signs for United States Highway 60/70/89 in Maricopa County (Ariz.). Image is double exposed\".","urls":[{"url":"https://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/digital/collection/histphotos/id/21523/","url_text":"\"Photograph of signs for United States Highway 60/70/89 in Maricopa County (Ariz.). Image is double exposed\""}]},{"reference":"Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (6 October 2019). \"2019 Annual Meeting Report to the Council on Highways and Streets\" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191023214924/https://route.transportation.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/10/Final_Report-to-CHS_USRN-Application-Results-Annual-2019.pdf","url_text":"\"2019 Annual Meeting Report to the Council on Highways and Streets\""},{"url":"https://route.transportation.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/10/Final_Report-to-CHS_USRN-Application-Results-Annual-2019.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ballot\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191023215424/https://route.transportation.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/10/000_USRN-Agenda-and-List-of-Applications_-AM-St-Louis-MO-2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Ballot\""},{"url":"https://route.transportation.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/10/000_USRN-Agenda-and-List-of-Applications_-AM-St-Louis-MO-2019.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rand McNally (2014). The Road Atlas (Walmart ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 8–11, 68, 74–75, 82–83, 94–95, 98, 100. ISBN 978-0-528-00771-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-528-00771-2","url_text":"978-0-528-00771-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croesnewydd_Hall
Croesnewydd Hall
["1 Description and history","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 53°02′54″N 3°00′51″W / 53.0484°N 3.01417°W / 53.0484; -3.01417Country house in Wrexham, Wales For the nearby former railway shed and junction, see Croes Newydd. Croesnewydd HallNeuadd Croesnewydd (Welsh)Pathway to the hallGeneral informationTypeCountry houseOfficesLocationWrexham Technology Park, Offa, Wrexham, WalesCoordinates53°02′54″N 3°00′51″W / 53.0484°N 3.01417°W / 53.0484; -3.01417Current tenantsThe Atrium CafeOfficesOpened1696Renovatedc. 1985Technical detailsFloor count2Design and constructionArchitect(s)Peter Ellice (possibly)Other informationNumber of restaurants1 Listed Building – Grade II*Official nameCroesnewydd HallDesignated9 June 1952; Amended 31 January 1994Reference no.1806 Croesnewydd Hall is a Grade II* listed building in Wrexham Technology Park, in the west of Wrexham, North Wales. It was built in 1696 as a small mansion, with a farmhouse, possibly to the designs of Peter Ellice. It was purchased and renovated in the 1980s by Clwyd County Council into offices as part of the technology park to develop hi-tech services to assist the neighbouring medical institutions, such as Wrexham Maelor Hospital. The brick building also houses a cafe in the adjoining glazed atrium. Description and history Croesnewydd Hall is located in Wrexham Technology Park, within Offa, Wrexham. It serves as the centre-piece of the technology park. It is located next to Wrexham Maelor Hospital and other medical institutions such as a nerve centre. It was built in 1696 as a small mansion and a farmhouse, replacing an earlier building. It was possibly designed by Peter Ellice, and was the second building built on the site. In c. 1985, it was extensively restored and extended. It was converted into offices, although also described as a "medical technology and business development centre" by Clwyd County Council, who had purchased the building, to develop a hi-tech sector assisting the neighbouring medical institutions. In 2016, a private medical practice located in the building and run by Grosvenor Medical, introduced 3D/4D pregnancy scanning. The School of Medical and Health Sciences of Bangor University is also connected to the building. The Servery is attached to the hall, and has catering facilities, such as a kitchen. It is situated within a fully glazed atrium, which links the main parts of the hall with the NHS Medical Institute. In 2019, a cafe known as "The Atrium Cafe" was established in this part of the building. 1796 watercolour painting of the building, by John Ingleby. The building's exterior is made of brick, and the building is two-storeys high. It has a hipped slate roof, and internally has attics and a cellar (its attic could be classed as a third storey). The hall is arranged in a shallow U-plan, with its entrance facing the west, while its wings enclose a small courtyard to its east. It has side entrances. The building is an early example of a brick building in "this part of North Wales". The building's entrance hall covers a central range, and either side there are principal rooms. The hall lends its name to the general area which may be also known as Croesnewydd, centred around Wrexham Maelor Hospital, as well as the former large steam locomotive, marshalling yard and railway junction within the area known by the derivative Croes Newydd. References ^ a b c d e f Cadw (9 June 1952). "Croesnewydd Hall (Grade II*) (1806)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 2 December 2023. ^ a b c d e f "Croesnewydd, Broughton, Wrexham (27085)". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 2 December 2023. ^ a b "Could You Snap Up This Prime Location? - Wrexham Council News". 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2023-12-02. ^ a b c d "Croesnewydd". Under a Welsh Sky. Retrieved 2024-02-29. ^ a b Davies, Christopher (2023). A-Z of Wrexham: Places-People-History. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781445699066. ^ UK Regional Development Programme 1986-90. University of Virginia: Commission of the European Communities - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1987. 1987. ISBN 9789282571965. ^ "New scanning service in Wrexham aims to reassure mums-to-be". The Leader. 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2023-12-02. ^ "Bangor University's Wrexham Campus". Bangor University. Retrieved 2023-12-02. ^ "The Atrium Cafe - About Us". www.atrium-cafe.com. Retrieved 2023-12-02. Further reading Cadw – For a full architectural description vteWrexham County BoroughWrexham County Borough CouncilPrincipal settlements Chirk Wrexham (Built-up area) Communities Abenbury Acton Bangor-on-Dee Bronington Broughton Brymbo Caia Park Cefn Ceiriog Ucha Chirk Coedpoeth Erbistock Esclusham Glyntraian Gresford Gwersyllt Hanmer Holt Isycoed Llangollen Rural Llansantffraid Glyn Ceiriog Llay Maelor South Marchwiel Minera Offa Overton Pen-y-cae Rhosddu Rhosllanerchrugog Rossett Ruabon Sesswick Willington Worthenbury Other villages and areas Aberoer Acrefair Arowry Bersham Bettisfield Borras Borras Park Bowling Bank Bradley Bryn Offa Brynteg Burton Bwlchgwyn Caego Cefn Mawr Ceiriog Valley Chapel Street Charles Street Chester Street Cross Lanes Fairy Road Froncysyllte Garden Village Grosvenor Road Grove Road Glyn Ceiriog Gwynfryn Halghton Hightown Horseman's Green Island Green Johnstown Knolton Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog Llan-y-pwll Llwyneinion Llwynmawr Maelor Maelor Saesneg Marford Moss Newbridge New Brighton New Broughton Pandy (Ceiriog) Pandy (Gwersyllt) Pant Penley Pentre Broughton Pentre Bychan Pentre Maelor Plas Coch Plas Madoc Ponciau Pontfadog Queen's Square Rhosnesni Rhosrobin Rhostyllen Rhosymedre Ridleywood Salisbury Park/Road Southsea Stansty Summerhill Sydallt Tanyfron Tregeiriog Trevor Tybroughton Wrexham Industrial Estate Wrexham City Centre Whitewell Universities and colleges Coleg Cambria (Yale College) Wrexham University School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University Buildings and structures 2 Grosvenor Road Abbotsfield All Saints' Church, Gresford Bangor-on-Dee Bridge Bangor-on-Dee racecourse Bersham Ironworks Bridge End Inn Brynkinalt Hall Butchers' Market Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows Cefn Viaduct Central Arcade Chirk Aqueduct Chirk Viaduct Chirk War Memorial County Buildings Croesnewydd Hall Eagles Meadow Elephant and Castle Erddig Feathers Hotel The Gelli Hightown Barracks HM Prison Berwyn Horse and Jockey Holt Bridge General Market Gresford Methodist Church Grosvenor Lodge Grove Park School Iscoyd Park Marchwiel Hall Nags Head (Wrexham) Offa's Dyke (part) Old Carnegie Library Old Wrexham Infirmary Overton Arcade Pant-yr-Ochain Pen-y-Lan Hall Pont Cysyllte Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Poyser Street drill hall Rossett Presbyterian Chapel Racecourse Ground Rossett Hall Saith Seren Soames Brewery Chimney St David's Welsh Church (Rhosllanerchrugog) St Giles' Church The Midland Talbot Hotel Trevalyn Hall Trinity Presbyterian Church Tudor Court Turf Hotel Tŷ Pawb Wat's Dyke (part) Waking the Dragon (proposed) War Memorial Hospital Waterworld Wrexham bus station Wrexham Cemetery Wrexham Lager Brewery Wrexham Library Wrexham Guildhall Wrexham Maelor Hospital Wrexham Police Station (1973–2020) Wynn Hall Wynnstay Wynnstay Arms (Ruabon) Wynnstay Arms (Wrexham) Xplore! Castles Chirk Castle Holt Castle The Rofft (former) Geography Berwyn range Ceiriog Valley Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB Clywedog Trail Craig Berwyn Esclusham Mountain Fenn's Moss Nant-y-Ffrith Ruabon Moors Rivers Alyn Cegidog Ceiriog Clywedog Dee Eitha Gwenfro Nant-y-Ffrith Wych Brook Reservoirs and lakes Acton Park Lake Cae Llwyd Reservoir Chirk Castle Lake Fenn's Bank Mere Gresford Flash Hanmer Mere Llyn Bedydd Monk's Pool Pant-yr-ochain Lake Penycae Top Reservoir Ty Mawr Reservoir Wynnstay Park Lake Transport Wrexham bus station A5 road A483 road A525 road A528 road A541 road B5101 road Chester and Wrexham Turnpike (former) Llangollen Canal Trevor Basin Wrexham & Shropshire (former) North Wales Metro (part) Railway lines Borderlands line Shrewsbury to Chester line Former lines Glyn Valley Tramway (re-opening proposed) Moss Valley Branch Wrexham and Ellesmere Railway Wrexham and Minera Railway Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway Croes Newydd (former) Former stations Railway stations Chirk railway station Gwersyllt railway station Ruabon railway station Wrexham Central railway station Wrexham General railway station Proposed stations Wrexham North railway station Wrexham South railway station Media and events Calon FM Capital North West and North Wales Heart North Wales Capital Cymru (some broadcasts) Smooth Wales (some broadcasts) MuxCo (radio operator) Wrexham-Rhos transmitting station Marcher Radio Group (former) BBC Cymru Wales (local studios) The Leader newspaper Wales Comic Con (2008–2019; 2022) Focus Wales Topics Parliamentary constituencies Schools City parks and open spaces Council elections electoral wards SSSIs Country houses Listed buildings Grade I Grade II* Grade II Scheduled monuments Listed parks and gardens History Former RAF Wrexham Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Mayor Museums Museum Archives National Football Museum Wrexham Library Wrexham Guildhall Public art Wrexham Art School Wrexham A.F.C. Women Wrexham RFC Geography Wales Preserved county of Clwyd Historic counties of Denbighshire and Flintshire
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croes Newydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croes_Newydd"},{"link_name":"Grade II* listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Clwyd County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Maelor Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Maelor_Hospital"},{"link_name":"glazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazing_(window)"},{"link_name":"atrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)"}],"text":"Country house in Wrexham, WalesFor the nearby former railway shed and junction, see Croes Newydd.Croesnewydd Hall is a Grade II* listed building in Wrexham Technology Park, in the west of Wrexham, North Wales.It was built in 1696 as a small mansion, with a farmhouse, possibly to the designs of Peter Ellice. It was purchased and renovated in the 1980s by Clwyd County Council into offices as part of the technology park to develop hi-tech services to assist the neighbouring medical institutions, such as Wrexham Maelor Hospital.The brick building also houses a cafe in the adjoining glazed atrium.","title":"Croesnewydd Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Offa, Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cadw_CNH-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coflein-2"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Maelor Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Maelor_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CouncilLoc-3"},{"link_name":"mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion"},{"link_name":"farmhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmhouse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cadw_CNH-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coflein-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UaWS-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UaWS-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-ZWxm-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cadw_CNH-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coflein-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UaWS-4"},{"link_name":"Clwyd County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bangor University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"glazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazing_(window)"},{"link_name":"atrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CouncilLoc-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Croesnewydd_near_Wrexham_S.E._view_property_of_Ellice_Esq._1796.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Ingleby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ingleby_(painter)"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"hipped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipped-roof"},{"link_name":"slate roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_roof"},{"link_name":"attics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attic"},{"link_name":"cellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coflein-2"},{"link_name":"wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"courtyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtyard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cadw_CNH-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coflein-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A-ZWxm-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cadw_CNH-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coflein-2"},{"link_name":"Croes Newydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croes_Newydd"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UaWS-4"}],"text":"Croesnewydd Hall is located in Wrexham Technology Park, within Offa, Wrexham. It serves as the centre-piece of the technology park.[1][2] It is located next to Wrexham Maelor Hospital and other medical institutions such as a nerve centre.[3]It was built in 1696 as a small mansion and a farmhouse,[1][2][4] replacing an earlier building. It was possibly designed by Peter Ellice, and was the second building built on the site.[4][5] In c. 1985, it was extensively restored and extended. It was converted into offices,[1][2][4] although also described as a \"medical technology and business development centre\" by Clwyd County Council, who had purchased the building, to develop a hi-tech sector assisting the neighbouring medical institutions.[6]In 2016, a private medical practice located in the building and run by Grosvenor Medical, introduced 3D/4D pregnancy scanning.[7] The School of Medical and Health Sciences of Bangor University is also connected to the building.[8]The Servery is attached to the hall, and has catering facilities, such as a kitchen. It is situated within a fully glazed atrium, which links the main parts of the hall with the NHS Medical Institute.[3] In 2019, a cafe known as \"The Atrium Cafe\" was established in this part of the building.[9]1796 watercolour painting of the building, by John Ingleby.The building's exterior is made of brick, and the building is two-storeys high. It has a hipped slate roof, and internally has attics and a cellar (its attic could be classed as a third storey[2]). The hall is arranged in a shallow U-plan, with its entrance facing the west, while its wings enclose a small courtyard to its east. It has side entrances.[1][2]The building is an early example of a brick building in \"this part of North Wales\".[5]The building's entrance hall covers a central range, and either side there are principal rooms.[1][2]The hall lends its name to the general area which may be also known as Croesnewydd, centred around Wrexham Maelor Hospital, as well as the former large steam locomotive, marshalling yard and railway junction within the area known by the derivative Croes Newydd.[4]","title":"Description and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cadw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=1806"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wrexham"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wrexham"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Wrexham County Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Wrexham County Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Chirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirk"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Built-up area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Built-up_area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wales_Wrexham_locator_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(Wales)"},{"link_name":"Abenbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenbury"},{"link_name":"Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Bangor-on-Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor-on-Dee"},{"link_name":"Bronington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronington"},{"link_name":"Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Brymbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brymbo"},{"link_name":"Caia Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caia_Park"},{"link_name":"Cefn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefn,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Ceiriog Ucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiriog_Ucha"},{"link_name":"Chirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirk"},{"link_name":"Coedpoeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coedpoeth"},{"link_name":"Erbistock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbistock"},{"link_name":"Esclusham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclusham"},{"link_name":"Glyntraian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyntraian"},{"link_name":"Gresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresford"},{"link_name":"Gwersyllt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwersyllt"},{"link_name":"Hanmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanmer,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Isycoed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isycoed"},{"link_name":"Llangollen Rural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llangollen_Rural"},{"link_name":"Llansantffraid Glyn Ceiriog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyn_Ceiriog"},{"link_name":"Llay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llay"},{"link_name":"Maelor South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelor_South"},{"link_name":"Marchwiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchwiel"},{"link_name":"Minera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minera"},{"link_name":"Offa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Overton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overton-on-Dee"},{"link_name":"Pen-y-cae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen-y-cae,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Rhosddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhosddu"},{"link_name":"Rhosllanerchrugog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhosllanerchrugog"},{"link_name":"Rossett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossett"},{"link_name":"Ruabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruabon"},{"link_name":"Sesswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesswick"},{"link_name":"Willington 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Offa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryn_Offa"},{"link_name":"Brynteg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynteg,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Bwlchgwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwlchgwyn"},{"link_name":"Caego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caego"},{"link_name":"Cefn Mawr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefn_Mawr"},{"link_name":"Ceiriog Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiriog_Valley"},{"link_name":"Chapel Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Park_Conservation_Area#Chapel_Street"},{"link_name":"Charles Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Street,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Chester Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Street,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Cross Lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Lanes,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Fairy Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Road,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Froncysyllte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froncysyllte"},{"link_name":"Garden Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Village,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Grosvenor Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_Road,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Grove Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Road,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Glyn Ceiriog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyn_Ceiriog"},{"link_name":"Gwynfryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynfryn,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Halghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halghton"},{"link_name":"Hightown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hightown,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Horseman's Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseman%27s_Green"},{"link_name":"Island Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Green"},{"link_name":"Johnstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Knolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knolton"},{"link_name":"Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanarmon_Dyffryn_Ceiriog"},{"link_name":"Llan-y-pwll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llan-y-pwll&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Llwyneinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llwyneinion"},{"link_name":"Llwynmawr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llwynmawr"},{"link_name":"Maelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelor"},{"link_name":"Maelor Saesneg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelor_Saesneg"},{"link_name":"Marford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marford"},{"link_name":"Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Valley,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Newbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbridge,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"New Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brighton,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"New Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Broughton,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Pandy (Ceiriog)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandy,_Ceiriog_Valley"},{"link_name":"Pandy (Gwersyllt)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandy,_Gwersyllt"},{"link_name":"Pant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pant,_Wrexham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Penley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penley"},{"link_name":"Pentre Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentre_Broughton"},{"link_name":"Pentre Bychan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentre_Bychan"},{"link_name":"Pentre Maelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentre_Maelor"},{"link_name":"Plas Coch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plas_Coch"},{"link_name":"Plas Madoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plas_Madoc"},{"link_name":"Ponciau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponciau"},{"link_name":"Pontfadog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontfadog"},{"link_name":"Queen's Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Square,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Rhosnesni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhosnesni"},{"link_name":"Rhosrobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhosrobin"},{"link_name":"Rhostyllen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhostyllen"},{"link_name":"Rhosymedre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhosymedre"},{"link_name":"Ridleywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridleywood"},{"link_name":"Salisbury Park/Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Park_Conservation_Area"},{"link_name":"Southsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southsea,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Stansty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stansty"},{"link_name":"Summerhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerhill,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Sydallt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydallt"},{"link_name":"Tanyfron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanyfron"},{"link_name":"Tregeiriog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tregeiriog"},{"link_name":"Trevor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Tybroughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tybroughton"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Industrial Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Industrial_Estate"},{"link_name":"Wrexham City Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_city_centre"},{"link_name":"Whitewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewell,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Coleg Cambria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleg_Cambria"},{"link_name":"Yale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_College,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Wrexham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_University"},{"link_name":"School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_University#Campus_and_buildings"},{"link_name":"2 Grosvenor Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Grosvenor_Road,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Abbotsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotsfield,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"All Saints' Church, Gresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Gresford"},{"link_name":"Bangor-on-Dee Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Bangor-on-Dee racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor-on-Dee_racecourse"},{"link_name":"Bersham Ironworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bersham_Ironworks"},{"link_name":"Bridge End Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_End_Inn"},{"link_name":"Brynkinalt Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynkinalt"},{"link_name":"Butchers' Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butchers%27_Market,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Cefn Viaduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefn_Viaduct,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Central Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Arcade,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Chirk Aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirk_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"Chirk Viaduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirk_Viaduct"},{"link_name":"Chirk War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirk_War_Memorial"},{"link_name":"County Buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Buildings,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Croesnewydd Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Eagles Meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_Meadow"},{"link_name":"Elephant and Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_and_Castle,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Erddig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erddig"},{"link_name":"Feathers Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathers_Hotel,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"The Gelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gelli"},{"link_name":"Hightown Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hightown_Barracks"},{"link_name":"HM Prison Berwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Berwyn"},{"link_name":"Horse and Jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_and_Jockey,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Holt Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farndon_Bridge"},{"link_name":"General Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Market,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Gresford Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresford_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"Grosvenor Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_Lodge,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Grove Park School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Park_School,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Iscoyd Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscoyd_Park"},{"link_name":"Marchwiel Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchwiel_Hall"},{"link_name":"Nags Head (Wrexham)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nags_Head,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Offa's Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke"},{"link_name":"Old Carnegie Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Library,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Old Wrexham Infirmary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Creative_Arts,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Overton Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overton_Arcade"},{"link_name":"Pant-yr-Ochain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pant-yr-Ochain"},{"link_name":"Pen-y-Lan Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen-y-Lan_Hall"},{"link_name":"Pont Cysyllte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Cysyllte"},{"link_name":"Pontcysyllte Aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"Poyser Street drill hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poyser_Street_drill_hall,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Rossett Presbyterian Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Chapel,_Rossett"},{"link_name":"Racecourse Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racecourse_Ground"},{"link_name":"Rossett Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossett_Hall"},{"link_name":"Saith Seren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saith_Seren"},{"link_name":"Soames Brewery Chimney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soames_Brewery_Chimney"},{"link_name":"St David's Welsh Church (Rhosllanerchrugog)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_David%27s_Welsh_Church,_Rhosllanerchrugog"},{"link_name":"St Giles' Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"The Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Midland,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Talbot Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Talbot,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Trevalyn Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevalyn_Hall"},{"link_name":"Trinity Presbyterian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Presbyterian_Church,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Tudor Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Court,_Penley"},{"link_name":"Turf Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turf_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Tŷ Pawb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B7_Pawb"},{"link_name":"Wat's Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat%27s_Dyke"},{"link_name":"Waking the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waking_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"War Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_and_East_Denbighshire_War_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Waterworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterworld,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Wrexham bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_bus_station"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Lager Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Lager"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Library"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Guildhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Maelor Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Maelor_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Police Station (1973–2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Police_Station_(1973%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Wynn Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynn_Hall"},{"link_name":"Wynnstay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnstay"},{"link_name":"Wynnstay Arms (Ruabon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnstay_Arms_Hotel,_Ruabon"},{"link_name":"Wynnstay Arms (Wrexham)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnstay_Arms_Hotel,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Xplore!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xplore!"},{"link_name":"Chirk Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirk_Castle"},{"link_name":"Holt Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_Castle"},{"link_name":"The Rofft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rofft"},{"link_name":"Berwyn range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwyn_range"},{"link_name":"Ceiriog Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiriog_Valley"},{"link_name":"Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwydian_Range_and_Dee_Valley"},{"link_name":"Clywedog Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clywedog_Trail"},{"link_name":"Craig Berwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Berwyn"},{"link_name":"Esclusham Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclusham_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Fenn's Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenn%27s_Moss"},{"link_name":"Nant-y-Ffrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nant-y-Ffrith"},{"link_name":"Ruabon Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruabon_Moors"},{"link_name":"Alyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Alyn"},{"link_name":"Cegidog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cegidog"},{"link_name":"Ceiriog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ceiriog"},{"link_name":"Clywedog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clywedog"},{"link_name":"Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales"},{"link_name":"Eitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Eitha"},{"link_name":"Gwenfro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Gwenfro"},{"link_name":"Nant-y-Ffrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nant-y-Ffrith"},{"link_name":"Wych Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wych_Brook"},{"link_name":"Acton Park Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Park,_Wales"},{"link_name":"Cae Llwyd Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cae_Llwyd_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Chirk Castle Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirk_Castle"},{"link_name":"Fenn's Bank Mere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenn%27s_Bank_Mere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gresford Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(lake)"},{"link_name":"Hanmer Mere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanmer_Mere"},{"link_name":"Llyn Bedydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyn_Bedydd"},{"link_name":"Monk's Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monk%27s_Pool&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pant-yr-ochain Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pant-yr-ochain_Lake"},{"link_name":"Penycae Top Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penycae_Top_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ty Mawr Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Mawr_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Wynnstay Park Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnstay"},{"link_name":"Wrexham bus station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_bus_station"},{"link_name":"A5 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"A483 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A483_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"A525 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A525_road"},{"link_name":"A528 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A528_road"},{"link_name":"A541 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A541_road"},{"link_name":"B5101 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B5101_road"},{"link_name":"Chester and Wrexham Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_and_Wrexham_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"Llangollen Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llangollen_Canal"},{"link_name":"Trevor Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Basin"},{"link_name":"Wrexham & Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_%26_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"North Wales Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales_Metro"},{"link_name":"Borderlands line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderlands_line"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury to Chester line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_to_Chester_line"},{"link_name":"Glyn Valley Tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyn_Valley_Tramway"},{"link_name":"Moss Valley Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Valley_Branch"},{"link_name":"Wrexham and Ellesmere Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_and_Ellesmere_Railway"},{"link_name":"Wrexham and Minera Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_and_Minera_Railway"},{"link_name":"Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham,_Mold_and_Connah%27s_Quay_Railway"},{"link_name":"Croes Newydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croes_Newydd"},{"link_name":"Former stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Disused_railway_stations_in_Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Chirk railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirk_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gwersyllt railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwersyllt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ruabon railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruabon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Central railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wrexham General railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_General_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wrexham North railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_North_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wrexham South railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_South_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Calon FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calon_FM"},{"link_name":"Capital North West and North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_North_West_and_North_Wales"},{"link_name":"Heart North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_North_Wales"},{"link_name":"Capital Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Cymru"},{"link_name":"Smooth Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_Wales"},{"link_name":"MuxCo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuxCo"},{"link_name":"Wrexham-Rhos transmitting station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham-Rhos_transmitting_station"},{"link_name":"Marcher Radio Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcher_Radio_Group"},{"link_name":"BBC Cymru Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Cymru_Wales"},{"link_name":"The Leader newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leader_(Welsh_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Wales Comic Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Comic_Con"},{"link_name":"Focus Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_Wales"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Clwyd"},{"link_name":"Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"City parks and open spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough_Council_elections"},{"link_name":"electoral wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electoral_wards_in_Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"SSSIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Country houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Grade I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Grade II*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Grade II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed_buildings_in_Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Scheduled monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Listed parks and gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_historic_parks_and_gardens_in_Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Former RAF Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Clwyd"},{"link_name":"High Sheriffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Clwyd"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough_Museum"},{"link_name":"Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Archives_and_Local_Studies"},{"link_name":"National Football Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Museum_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_Library"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Guildhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Public art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Wrexham_County_Borough"},{"link_name":"Wrexham Art School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Creative_Arts,_Wrexham"},{"link_name":"Wrexham A.F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C._Women"},{"link_name":"Wrexham RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_RFC"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wales"},{"link_name":"Preserved county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preserved_counties_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Clwyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd"},{"link_name":"Historic counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Denbighshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denbighshire_(historic)"},{"link_name":"Flintshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flintshire_(historic)"}],"text":"Cadw – For a full architectural descriptionvteWrexham County BoroughWrexham County Borough CouncilPrincipal settlements\nChirk\nWrexham (Built-up area)\nCommunities\nAbenbury\nActon\nBangor-on-Dee\nBronington\nBroughton\nBrymbo\nCaia Park\nCefn\nCeiriog Ucha\nChirk\nCoedpoeth\nErbistock\nEsclusham\nGlyntraian\nGresford\nGwersyllt\nHanmer\nHolt\nIsycoed\nLlangollen Rural\nLlansantffraid Glyn Ceiriog\nLlay\nMaelor South\nMarchwiel\nMinera\nOffa\nOverton\nPen-y-cae\nRhosddu\nRhosllanerchrugog\nRossett\nRuabon\nSesswick\nWillington Worthenbury\nOther villages and areas\nAberoer\nAcrefair\nArowry\nBersham\nBettisfield\nBorras\nBorras Park\nBowling Bank\nBradley\nBryn Offa\nBrynteg\nBurton\nBwlchgwyn\nCaego\nCefn Mawr\nCeiriog Valley\nChapel Street\nCharles Street\nChester Street\nCross Lanes\nFairy Road\nFroncysyllte\nGarden Village\nGrosvenor Road\nGrove Road\nGlyn Ceiriog\nGwynfryn\nHalghton\nHightown\nHorseman's Green\nIsland Green\nJohnstown\nKnolton\nLlanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog\nLlan-y-pwll\nLlwyneinion\nLlwynmawr\nMaelor\nMaelor Saesneg\nMarford\nMoss\nNewbridge\nNew Brighton\nNew Broughton\nPandy (Ceiriog)\nPandy (Gwersyllt)\nPant\nPenley\nPentre Broughton\nPentre Bychan\nPentre Maelor\nPlas Coch\nPlas Madoc\nPonciau\nPontfadog\nQueen's Square\nRhosnesni\nRhosrobin\nRhostyllen\nRhosymedre\nRidleywood\nSalisbury Park/Road\nSouthsea\nStansty\nSummerhill\nSydallt\nTanyfron\nTregeiriog\nTrevor\nTybroughton\nWrexham Industrial Estate\nWrexham City Centre\nWhitewell\nUniversities and colleges\nColeg Cambria (Yale College)\nWrexham University\nSchool of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University\nBuildings and structures\n2 Grosvenor Road\nAbbotsfield\nAll Saints' Church, Gresford\nBangor-on-Dee Bridge\nBangor-on-Dee racecourse\nBersham Ironworks\nBridge End Inn\nBrynkinalt Hall\nButchers' Market\nCathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows\nCefn Viaduct\nCentral Arcade\nChirk Aqueduct\nChirk Viaduct\nChirk War Memorial\nCounty Buildings\nCroesnewydd Hall\nEagles Meadow\nElephant and Castle\nErddig\nFeathers Hotel\nThe Gelli\nHightown Barracks\nHM Prison Berwyn\nHorse and Jockey\nHolt Bridge\nGeneral Market\nGresford Methodist Church\nGrosvenor Lodge\nGrove Park School\nIscoyd Park\nMarchwiel Hall\nNags Head (Wrexham)\nOffa's Dyke (part)\nOld Carnegie Library\nOld Wrexham Infirmary\nOverton Arcade\nPant-yr-Ochain\nPen-y-Lan Hall\nPont Cysyllte\nPontcysyllte Aqueduct\nPoyser Street drill hall\nRossett Presbyterian Chapel\nRacecourse Ground\nRossett Hall\nSaith Seren\nSoames Brewery Chimney\nSt David's Welsh Church (Rhosllanerchrugog)\nSt Giles' Church\nThe Midland\nTalbot Hotel\nTrevalyn Hall\nTrinity Presbyterian Church\nTudor Court\nTurf Hotel\nTŷ Pawb\nWat's Dyke (part)\nWaking the Dragon (proposed)\nWar Memorial Hospital\nWaterworld\nWrexham bus station\nWrexham Cemetery\nWrexham Lager Brewery\nWrexham Library\nWrexham Guildhall\nWrexham Maelor Hospital\nWrexham Police Station (1973–2020)\nWynn Hall\nWynnstay\nWynnstay Arms (Ruabon)\nWynnstay Arms (Wrexham)\nXplore!\nCastles\nChirk Castle\nHolt Castle\nThe Rofft (former)\n\nGeography\nBerwyn range\nCeiriog Valley\nClwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB\nClywedog Trail\nCraig Berwyn\nEsclusham Mountain\nFenn's Moss\nNant-y-Ffrith\nRuabon Moors\nRivers\nAlyn\nCegidog\nCeiriog\nClywedog\nDee\nEitha\nGwenfro\nNant-y-Ffrith\nWych Brook\nReservoirs and lakes\nActon Park Lake\nCae Llwyd Reservoir\nChirk Castle Lake\nFenn's Bank Mere\nGresford Flash\nHanmer Mere\nLlyn Bedydd\nMonk's Pool\nPant-yr-ochain Lake\nPenycae Top Reservoir\nTy Mawr Reservoir\nWynnstay Park Lake\n\nTransport\nWrexham bus station\nA5 road\nA483 road\nA525 road\nA528 road\nA541 road\nB5101 road\nChester and Wrexham Turnpike (former)\nLlangollen Canal\nTrevor Basin\nWrexham & Shropshire (former)\nNorth Wales Metro (part)\nRailway lines\nBorderlands line\nShrewsbury to Chester line\nFormer lines\nGlyn Valley Tramway (re-opening proposed)\nMoss Valley Branch\nWrexham and Ellesmere Railway\nWrexham and Minera Railway\nWrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway\nCroes Newydd (former)\nFormer stations\nRailway stations\nChirk railway station\nGwersyllt railway station\nRuabon railway station\nWrexham Central railway station\nWrexham General railway station\nProposed stations\nWrexham North railway station\nWrexham South railway station\n\nMedia and events\nCalon FM\nCapital North West and North Wales\nHeart North Wales\nCapital Cymru (some broadcasts)\nSmooth Wales (some broadcasts)\nMuxCo (radio operator)\nWrexham-Rhos transmitting station\nMarcher Radio Group (former)\nBBC Cymru Wales (local studios)\nThe Leader newspaper\nWales Comic Con (2008–2019; 2022)\nFocus Wales\nTopics\nParliamentary constituencies\nSchools\nCity parks and open spaces\nCouncil elections\nelectoral wards\nSSSIs\nCountry houses\nListed buildings\nGrade I\nGrade II*\nGrade II\nScheduled monuments\nListed parks and gardens\nHistory\nFormer RAF Wrexham\nLord Lieutenants\nHigh Sheriffs\nMayor\nMuseums\nMuseum\nArchives\nNational Football Museum\nWrexham Library\nWrexham Guildhall\nPublic art\nWrexham Art School\nWrexham A.F.C.\nWomen\nWrexham RFC\n\n Geography\n Wales\nPreserved county of Clwyd\nHistoric counties of Denbighshire and Flintshire","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"1796 watercolour painting of the building, by John Ingleby.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Croesnewydd_near_Wrexham_S.E._view_property_of_Ellice_Esq._1796.jpg/220px-Croesnewydd_near_Wrexham_S.E._view_property_of_Ellice_Esq._1796.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Cadw (9 June 1952). \"Croesnewydd Hall (Grade II*) (1806)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 2 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw","url_text":"Cadw"},{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=1806","url_text":"\"Croesnewydd Hall (Grade II*) (1806)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Assets_of_Wales","url_text":"National Historic Assets of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Croesnewydd, Broughton, Wrexham (27085)\". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 2 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/27085/","url_text":"\"Croesnewydd, Broughton, Wrexham (27085)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales","url_text":"RCAHMW"}]},{"reference":"\"Could You Snap Up This Prime Location? - Wrexham Council News\". 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2023-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.wrexham.gov.uk/could-you-snap-up-this-prime-location/","url_text":"\"Could You Snap Up This Prime Location? - Wrexham Council News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Croesnewydd\". Under a Welsh Sky. Retrieved 2024-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://johnmills.wales/croesnewydd/","url_text":"\"Croesnewydd\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Christopher (2023). A-Z of Wrexham: Places-People-History. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781445699066.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Z_of_Wrexham/Hx_bEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Croesnewydd+Hall&pg=PT28&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"A-Z of Wrexham: Places-People-History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445699066","url_text":"9781445699066"}]},{"reference":"UK Regional Development Programme 1986-90. University of Virginia: Commission of the European Communities - Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1987. 1987. ISBN 9789282571965.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/UK_Regional_Development_Programme_1986_9/908wAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Croesnewydd+Hall%22&dq=%22Croesnewydd+Hall%22&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"UK Regional Development Programme 1986-90"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_of_the_European_Communities","url_text":"Commission of the European Communities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789282571965","url_text":"9789282571965"}]},{"reference":"\"New scanning service in Wrexham aims to reassure mums-to-be\". The Leader. 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2023-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/15955094.new-scanning-service-in-wrexham-aims-to-reassure-mums-to-be/","url_text":"\"New scanning service in Wrexham aims to reassure mums-to-be\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangor University's Wrexham Campus\". Bangor University. Retrieved 2023-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangor.ac.uk/medical-health-sciences/wrexham","url_text":"\"Bangor University's Wrexham Campus\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Atrium Cafe - About Us\". www.atrium-cafe.com. Retrieved 2023-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atrium-cafe.com/about-us","url_text":"\"The Atrium Cafe - About Us\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Kautz
Albert Kautz
["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"]
Albert KautzBorn(1839-01-29)January 29, 1839Georgetown, Ohio, USDiedFebruary 6, 1907(1907-02-06) (aged 68)Florence, ItalyBuriedArlington National CemeteryAllegiance United States of AmericaService/branch United States NavyYears of service1854–1901RankRear admiralCommands heldPacific SquadronBattles/warsAmerican Civil WarFirst Samoan Civil WarSecond Samoan Civil WarRelationsAugust Kautz (brother)Signature Rear Admiral Albert Kautz (January 29, 1839 – February 6, 1907) was an officer of the United States Navy who served during and after the American Civil War. Biography Kautz was born in Georgetown, Ohio, one of seven children of Johann George and Dorothy Kautz. When a child, his family moved to Levanna, where they farmed, growing grapes and tobacco. Kautz entered the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, on September 28, 1854, and graduated with the rank of midshipman on June 11, 1858. He was promoted to passed midshipman on January 28, 1861, to master on February 28, then to lieutenant on April 21, 1861, soon after the start of the Civil War. Kautz served aboard the steamer Flag, on blockade off Savannah, Georgia. On June 20, 1861, Flag captured the Confederate blockade runner Hannah Balch, and Kautz was given command of the prize, and ordered to take her to Philadelphia. However, his ship was recaptured by the Confederate privateer Coffee on June 25, and Kautz and his crew were taken prisoner. He gave his parole, and used his relative freedom to negotiate an exchange of prisoners. Finally, in November 1861, Kautz, John L. Worden, and another officer, plus 368 enlisted men were swapped for a similar number of Confederate prisoners. Eventually this process was formalised in the Dix–Hill Cartel of July 1862. Kautz then was assigned to David Farragut's flagship Hartford in the Gulf of Mexico, and took part in the campaign to capture New Orleans, forcing a passage up the Mississippi past Forts Jackson and St. Philip and arriving at the city on April 25, 1862. Farragut sent Captain Theodorus Bailey and Lieutenant George Perkins to meet John T. Monroe, the mayor of New Orleans, and demand the surrender of the city, the lowering of the state flag on the City Hall, and the raising of the flag of the United States over the Post Office, Custom House, and Mint. Monroe refused, claiming that only Major General Mansfield Lovell, the military commander in the city, had that authority. Lovell, however, having withdrawn his troops, passed the responsibility back to the civil authorities. Having failed in their mission Bailey and Perkins then had to leave City Hall by a back door, as an angry crowd attempted to kick down the front doors of City Hall, while calling for the two officers to be lynched. The next day, April 26, Kautz and Midshipman John H. Read were sent to the City Hall with a formal written demand for the city's surrender. They were forced to leave their 20-strong Marine escort behind on the waterfront, and were led through a hostile crowd by a police officer to a meeting with Mayor Monroe, who once again declined to surrender. At the same time men from Pensacola had raised the Stars & Stripes over the Mint, which was promptly taken down by a group of citizens led by William B. Mumford, who ripped up the flag and flung it through the window of City Hall. For their own safety Kautz and Read left City Hall by a back door to a carriage, accompanied by Marion Baker, the mayor's secretary, and returned to their ship. Monroe continued to temporize, despite Farragut's threats to bombard the city, until news of the surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip arrived on April 29. That day Kautz and Captain Henry H. Bell landed with a detachment of sailors, a battalion of marines, and two boat howitzers, and raised the flag over the Custom House and City Hall. New Orleans was finally officially captured. He subsequently served aboard the steam sloop Juniata in the Gulf, and the steam gunboat Winooski. By early 1865, he was serving as executive officer of the sloop Cyane in the Pacific. Kautz was promoted to lieutenant commander on May 31, 1865, then to commander on September 3, 1872, and to captain on June 2, 1885. Promoted to commodore on 6 April 1897, he served as President of the Naval Examining and Retiring Boards until October 1897, then as commander of Naval Station Newport until October 1898. On October 24, 1898, Kautz was promoted to rear admiral, and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Squadron. In March 1899, Kautz, flying his flag on Philadelphia, landed troops at Apia during the Second Samoan Civil War, and remained there until May. In February 1900 he transferred his flag to Iowa. Kautz retired in January 1901, and he and his wife moved to Florence, Italy. He died there on February 6, 1907, and his ashes were returned to the United States aboard Baltimore for interment at Arlington National Cemetery. Personal life He married Esther Hemphill (1844–1922), the sister of Rear Admiral Joseph N. Hemphill, and had one son, Albert Hemphill Kautz (1871–1933). References ^ a b c d e Lodwick, Ned (2013). "Rear Admiral Albert Kautz, USN". Brown County's Civil War. Archived from the original on August 16, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013. ^ a b c d "U.S. Navy Officers: 1775–1900 (K)". Naval Historical Center. 2006. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013. ^ a b c Fortier, Alcée (1903). A History Of Louisiana. Vol. IV. Paris: Goupil & Co. pp. 13–19. Retrieved August 16, 2013. ^ "New Orleans Not Quite Surrendered to the Union". Civil War Daily Gazette. 2013. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2013. ^ Kautz, Albert (2013) . "Incidents of the occupation of New Orleans". In Johnson, Robert Underwood; Buell, Clarence Clough (eds.). Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. 2. Retrieved August 16, 2013. ^ "The City is Yours by the Power of Brutal Force: Still No Surrender at New Orleans". Civil War Daily Gazette. 2013. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2013. ^ Register of the Commissioned, Warrant, and Volunteer Officers of the Navy of the United States, Including Officers of the Marine Corps and Others, to January 1, 1865. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1865. Archived from the original on July 3, 1998. ^ a b Svonavec, Stephen (2013). "Flag Assignments 1890–1900". fleetorganization.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2013. ^ "USS Philadelphia". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. December 28, 2001. ^ "Burial detail: Kautz, Albert". Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved July 28, 2022. External links Biography portalAmerican Civil War portal "Photograph of Lieutenant Commander Albert Kautz, 1870". University of Washington Libraries Portraits Database. Archived from the original on August 16, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2018. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"Rear Admiral Albert Kautz (January 29, 1839 – February 6, 1907) was an officer of the United States Navy who served during and after the American Civil War.","title":"Albert Kautz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgetown, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-browncountytourism-1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"passed midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passed_midshipman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-callahan-2"},{"link_name":"Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Flag"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole"},{"link_name":"exchange of prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_exchange"},{"link_name":"John L. Worden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Worden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-browncountytourism-1"},{"link_name":"Dix–Hill Cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dix%E2%80%93Hill_Cartel"},{"link_name":"David Farragut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Farragut"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hartford_(1858)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-browncountytourism-1"},{"link_name":"past Forts Jackson and St. Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fortier-3"},{"link_name":"Theodorus Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorus_Bailey_(officer)"},{"link_name":"John T. Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Monroe"},{"link_name":"City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallier_Hall"},{"link_name":"Custom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Custom_House_(New_Orleans)"},{"link_name":"Mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Mint"},{"link_name":"Mansfield Lovell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_Lovell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fortier-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pensacola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pensacola_(1859)"},{"link_name":"Stars & Stripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William B. Mumford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bruce_Mumford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Henry H. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Bell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fortier-3"},{"link_name":"Juniata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Juniata_(1862)"},{"link_name":"Winooski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Winooski_(1863)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-browncountytourism-1"},{"link_name":"Cyane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cyane_(1837)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-callahan-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-callahan-2"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Newport"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fleetorganization-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-callahan-2"},{"link_name":"Pacific Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fleetorganization-8"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(C-4)"},{"link_name":"Apia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apia"},{"link_name":"Second Samoan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-4)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Baltimore_(C-3)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-browncountytourism-1"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Kautz was born in Georgetown, Ohio, one of seven children of Johann George and Dorothy Kautz. When a child, his family moved to Levanna, where they farmed, growing grapes and tobacco.[1]Kautz entered the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, on September 28, 1854, and graduated with the rank of midshipman on June 11, 1858. He was promoted to passed midshipman on January 28, 1861, to master on February 28, then to lieutenant on April 21, 1861, soon after the start of the Civil War.[2]Kautz served aboard the steamer Flag, on blockade off Savannah, Georgia. On June 20, 1861, Flag captured the Confederate blockade runner Hannah Balch, and Kautz was given command of the prize, and ordered to take her to Philadelphia. However, his ship was recaptured by the Confederate privateer Coffee on June 25, and Kautz and his crew were taken prisoner. He gave his parole, and used his relative freedom to negotiate an exchange of prisoners. Finally, in November 1861, Kautz, John L. Worden, and another officer, plus 368 enlisted men were swapped for a similar number of Confederate prisoners.[1] Eventually this process was formalised in the Dix–Hill Cartel of July 1862.Kautz then was assigned to David Farragut's flagship Hartford in the Gulf of Mexico,[1] and took part in the campaign to capture New Orleans, forcing a passage up the Mississippi past Forts Jackson and St. Philip and arriving at the city on April 25, 1862.[3]Farragut sent Captain Theodorus Bailey and Lieutenant George Perkins to meet John T. Monroe, the mayor of New Orleans, and demand the surrender of the city, the lowering of the state flag on the City Hall, and the raising of the flag of the United States over the Post Office, Custom House, and Mint. Monroe refused, claiming that only Major General Mansfield Lovell, the military commander in the city, had that authority. Lovell, however, having withdrawn his troops, passed the responsibility back to the civil authorities.[3] Having failed in their mission Bailey and Perkins then had to leave City Hall by a back door, as an angry crowd attempted to kick down the front doors of City Hall, while calling for the two officers to be lynched.[4]The next day, April 26, Kautz and Midshipman John H. Read were sent to the City Hall with a formal written demand for the city's surrender. They were forced to leave their 20-strong Marine escort behind on the waterfront, and were led through a hostile crowd by a police officer to a meeting with Mayor Monroe, who once again declined to surrender. At the same time men from Pensacola had raised the Stars & Stripes over the Mint, which was promptly taken down by a group of citizens led by William B. Mumford, who ripped up the flag and flung it through the window of City Hall.[5] For their own safety Kautz and Read left City Hall by a back door to a carriage, accompanied by Marion Baker, the mayor's secretary, and returned to their ship.[6]Monroe continued to temporize, despite Farragut's threats to bombard the city, until news of the surrender of Forts Jackson and St. Philip arrived on April 29. That day Kautz and Captain Henry H. Bell landed with a detachment of sailors, a battalion of marines, and two boat howitzers, and raised the flag over the Custom House and City Hall. New Orleans was finally officially captured.[3]He subsequently served aboard the steam sloop Juniata in the Gulf, and the steam gunboat Winooski.[1] By early 1865, he was serving as executive officer of the sloop Cyane in the Pacific.[7]Kautz was promoted to lieutenant commander on May 31, 1865, then to commander on September 3, 1872, and to captain on June 2, 1885.[2] Promoted to commodore on 6 April 1897,[2] he served as President of the Naval Examining and Retiring Boards until October 1897, then as commander of Naval Station Newport until October 1898.[8] On October 24, 1898, Kautz was promoted to rear admiral,[2] and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Squadron.[8] In March 1899, Kautz, flying his flag on Philadelphia, landed troops at Apia during the Second Samoan Civil War, and remained there until May. In February 1900 he transferred his flag to Iowa.[9]Kautz retired in January 1901, and he and his wife moved to Florence, Italy. He died there on February 6, 1907, and his ashes were returned to the United States aboard Baltimore[1] for interment at Arlington National Cemetery.[10]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He married Esther Hemphill (1844–1922), the sister of Rear Admiral Joseph N. Hemphill, and had one son, Albert Hemphill Kautz (1871–1933).","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
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A History Of Louisiana. Vol. IV. Paris: Goupil & Co. pp. 13–19. Retrieved August 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A9e_Fortier","url_text":"Fortier, Alcée"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyoflouisia04fortuoft","url_text":"A History Of Louisiana"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyoflouisia04fortuoft/page/13","url_text":"13"}]},{"reference":"\"New Orleans Not Quite Surrendered to the Union\". Civil War Daily Gazette. 2013. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150227081900/http://civilwardailygazette.com/2012/04/25/new-orleans-not-quite-surrendered-to-the-union/","url_text":"\"New Orleans Not Quite Surrendered to the Union\""},{"url":"http://civilwardailygazette.com/2012/04/25/new-orleans-not-quite-surrendered-to-the-union/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kautz, Albert (2013) [1884]. \"Incidents of the occupation of New Orleans\". In Johnson, Robert Underwood; Buell, Clarence Clough (eds.). Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. 2. Retrieved August 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2001.05.0044%3Achapter%3D2.9","url_text":"\"Incidents of the occupation of New Orleans\""}]},{"reference":"\"The City is Yours by the Power of Brutal Force: Still No Surrender at New Orleans\". Civil War Daily Gazette. 2013. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150226202425/http://civilwardailygazette.com/2012/04/26/the-city-is-yours-by-the-power-of-brutal-force-still-no-surrender-at-new-orleans/","url_text":"\"The City is Yours by the Power of Brutal Force: Still No Surrender at New Orleans\""},{"url":"http://civilwardailygazette.com/2012/04/26/the-city-is-yours-by-the-power-of-brutal-force-still-no-surrender-at-new-orleans/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Register of the Commissioned, Warrant, and Volunteer Officers of the Navy of the United States, Including Officers of the Marine Corps and Others, to January 1, 1865. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1865. Archived from the original on July 3, 1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19980703174058/http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/cw/pacific.htm","url_text":"Register of the Commissioned, Warrant, and Volunteer Officers of the Navy of the United States, Including Officers of the Marine Corps and Others, to January 1, 1865"},{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/cw/pacific.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Svonavec, Stephen (2013). \"Flag Assignments 1890–1900\". fleetorganization.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105190721/http://www.fleetorganization.com/1890sflagassignments.html","url_text":"\"Flag Assignments 1890–1900\""},{"url":"http://www.fleetorganization.com/1890sflagassignments.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USS Philadelphia\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic
Holomorphic function
["1 Definition","2 Terminology","3 Properties","4 Examples","5 Several variables","6 Extension to functional analysis","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
Complex-differentiable (mathematical) function For Zariski's theory of holomorphic functions on an algebraic variety, see formal holomorphic function. "Holomorphism" redirects here. Not to be confused with Homomorphism. A rectangular grid (top) and its image under a conformal map f (bottom). Mathematical analysis → Complex analysisComplex analysis Complex numbers Real number Imaginary number Complex plane Complex conjugate Unit complex number Complex functions Complex-valued function Analytic function Holomorphic function Cauchy–Riemann equations Formal power series Basic theory Zeros and poles Cauchy's integral theorem Local primitive Cauchy's integral formula Winding number Laurent series Isolated singularity Residue theorem Conformal map Schwarz lemma Harmonic function Laplace's equation Geometric function theory People Augustin-Louis Cauchy Leonhard Euler Carl Friedrich Gauss Jacques Hadamard Kiyoshi Oka Bernhard Riemann Karl Weierstrass Mathematics portalvte In mathematics, a holomorphic function is a complex-valued function of one or more complex variables that is complex differentiable in a neighbourhood of each point in a domain in complex coordinate space Cn. The existence of a complex derivative in a neighbourhood is a very strong condition: it implies that a holomorphic function is infinitely differentiable and locally equal to its own Taylor series (is analytic). Holomorphic functions are the central objects of study in complex analysis. Though the term analytic function is often used interchangeably with "holomorphic function", the word "analytic" is defined in a broader sense to denote any function (real, complex, or of more general type) that can be written as a convergent power series in a neighbourhood of each point in its domain. That all holomorphic functions are complex analytic functions, and vice versa, is a major theorem in complex analysis. Holomorphic functions are also sometimes referred to as regular functions. A holomorphic function whose domain is the whole complex plane is called an entire function. The phrase "holomorphic at a point z0" means not just differentiable at z0, but differentiable everywhere within some neighbourhood of z0 in the complex plane. Definition The function f(z) = z̅ is not complex differentiable at zero, because as shown above, the value of (f(z) − f(0)) / (z − 0) varies depending on the direction from which zero is approached. Along the real axis, f equals the function g(z) = z and the limit is 1, while along the imaginary axis, f equals h(z) = −z and the limit is −1. Other directions yield yet other limits. Given a complex-valued function f of a single complex variable, the derivative of f at a point z0 in its domain is defined as the limit f ′ ( z 0 ) = lim z → z 0 f ( z ) − f ( z 0 ) z − z 0 . {\displaystyle f'(z_{0})=\lim _{z\to z_{0}}{f(z)-f(z_{0}) \over z-z_{0}}.} This is the same definition as for the derivative of a real function, except that all quantities are complex. In particular, the limit is taken as the complex number z tends to z0, and this means that the same value is obtained for any sequence of complex values for z that tends to z0. If the limit exists, f is said to be complex differentiable at z0. This concept of complex differentiability shares several properties with real differentiability: it is linear and obeys the product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule. A function is holomorphic on an open set U if it is complex differentiable at every point of U. A function f is holomorphic at a point z0 if it is holomorphic on some neighbourhood of z0. A function is holomorphic on some non-open set A if it is holomorphic at every point of A. A function may be complex differentiable at a point but not holomorphic at this point. For example, the function f ( z ) = | z | 2 = z z ¯ {\displaystyle f(z)=|z|^{2}=z{\overline {z}}} is complex differentiable at 0, but not complex differentiable elsewhere (see the Cauchy–Riemann equations, below). So, it is not holomorphic at 0. The relationship between real differentiability and complex differentiability is the following: If a complex function f(x + i y) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) is holomorphic, then u and v have first partial derivatives with respect to x and y, and satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations: ∂ u ∂ x = ∂ v ∂ y and ∂ u ∂ y = − ∂ v ∂ x {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial x}}={\frac {\partial v}{\partial y}}\qquad {\mbox{and}}\qquad {\frac {\partial u}{\partial y}}=-{\frac {\partial v}{\partial x}}\,} or, equivalently, the Wirtinger derivative of f with respect to z ¯ , {\displaystyle {\bar {z}},} the complex conjugate of z , {\displaystyle z,} is zero: ∂ f ∂ z ¯ = 0 , {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\overline {z}}}}=0,} which is to say that, roughly, f is functionally independent from z ¯ , {\displaystyle {\bar {z}},} the complex conjugate of z. If continuity is not given, the converse is not necessarily true. A simple converse is that if u and v have continuous first partial derivatives and satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations, then f is holomorphic. A more satisfying converse, which is much harder to prove, is the Looman–Menchoff theorem: if f is continuous, u and v have first partial derivatives (but not necessarily continuous), and they satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations, then f is holomorphic. Terminology The term holomorphic was introduced in 1875 by Charles Briot and Jean-Claude Bouquet, two of Augustin-Louis Cauchy's students, and derives from the Greek ὅλος (hólos) meaning "whole", and μορφή (morphḗ) meaning "form" or "appearance" or "type", in contrast to the term meromorphic derived from μέρος (méros) meaning "part". A holomorphic function resembles an entire function ("whole") in a domain of the complex plane while a meromorphic function (defined to mean holomorphic except at certain isolated poles), resembles a rational fraction ("part") of entire functions in a domain of the complex plane. Cauchy had instead used the term synectic. Today, the term "holomorphic function" is sometimes preferred to "analytic function". An important result in complex analysis is that every holomorphic function is complex analytic, a fact that does not follow obviously from the definitions. The term "analytic" is however also in wide use. Properties Because complex differentiation is linear and obeys the product, quotient, and chain rules, the sums, products and compositions of holomorphic functions are holomorphic, and the quotient of two holomorphic functions is holomorphic wherever the denominator is not zero. That is, if functions f and g are holomorphic in a domain U, then so are f + g, f − g, f g, and f ∘ g. Furthermore, f / g is holomorphic if g has no zeros in U, or is meromorphic otherwise. If one identifies C with the real plane R2, then the holomorphic functions coincide with those functions of two real variables with continuous first derivatives which solve the Cauchy–Riemann equations, a set of two partial differential equations. Every holomorphic function can be separated into its real and imaginary parts f(x + i y) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y), and each of these is a harmonic function on R2 (each satisfies Laplace's equation ∇2 u = ∇2 v = 0), with v the harmonic conjugate of u. Conversely, every harmonic function u(x, y) on a simply connected domain Ω ⊂ R2 is the real part of a holomorphic function: If v is the harmonic conjugate of u, unique up to a constant, then f(x + i y) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) is holomorphic. Cauchy's integral theorem implies that the contour integral of every holomorphic function along a loop vanishes: ∮ γ f ( z ) d z = 0. {\displaystyle \oint _{\gamma }f(z)\,dz=0.} Here γ is a rectifiable path in a simply connected complex domain U ⊂ C whose start point is equal to its end point, and f : U → C is a holomorphic function. Cauchy's integral formula states that every function holomorphic inside a disk is completely determined by its values on the disk's boundary. Furthermore: Suppose U ⊂ C is a complex domain, f : U → C is a holomorphic function and the closed disk D = {z : |z − z0| ≤ r} is completely contained in U. Let γ be the circle forming the boundary of D. Then for every a in the interior of D: f ( a ) = 1 2 π i ∮ γ f ( z ) z − a d z {\displaystyle f(a)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\oint _{\gamma }{\frac {f(z)}{z-a}}\,dz} where the contour integral is taken counter-clockwise. The derivative f′(a) can be written as a contour integral using Cauchy's differentiation formula: f ′ ( a ) = 1 2 π i ∮ γ f ( z ) ( z − a ) 2 d z , {\displaystyle f'(a)={1 \over 2\pi i}\oint _{\gamma }{f(z) \over (z-a)^{2}}\,dz,} for any simple loop positively winding once around a, and f ′ ( a ) = lim γ → a i 2 A ( γ ) ∮ γ f ( z ) d z ¯ , {\displaystyle f'(a)=\lim \limits _{\gamma \to a}{\frac {i}{2{\mathcal {A}}(\gamma )}}\oint _{\gamma }f(z)\,d{\bar {z}},} for infinitesimal positive loops γ around a. In regions where the first derivative is not zero, holomorphic functions are conformal: they preserve angles and the shape (but not size) of small figures. Every holomorphic function is analytic. That is, a holomorphic function f has derivatives of every order at each point a in its domain, and it coincides with its own Taylor series at a in a neighbourhood of a. In fact, f coincides with its Taylor series at a in any disk centred at that point and lying within the domain of the function. From an algebraic point of view, the set of holomorphic functions on an open set is a commutative ring and a complex vector space. Additionally, the set of holomorphic functions in an open set U is an integral domain if and only if the open set U is connected. In fact, it is a locally convex topological vector space, with the seminorms being the suprema on compact subsets. From a geometric perspective, a function f is holomorphic at z0 if and only if its exterior derivative df in a neighbourhood U of z0 is equal to f′(z) dz for some continuous function f′. It follows from 0 = d 2 f = d ( f ′ d z ) = d f ′ ∧ d z {\displaystyle \textstyle 0=d^{2}f=d(f^{\prime }dz)=df^{\prime }\wedge dz} that df′ is also proportional to dz, implying that the derivative f′ is itself holomorphic and thus that f is infinitely differentiable. Similarly, d(f dz) = f′ dz ∧ dz = 0 implies that any function f that is holomorphic on the simply connected region U is also integrable on U. (For a path γ from z0 to z lying entirely in U, define F γ ( z ) = F 0 + ∫ γ f d z ; {\textstyle F_{\gamma }(z)=F_{0}+\int _{\gamma }f\,dz;} in light of the Jordan curve theorem and the generalized Stokes' theorem, Fγ(z) is independent of the particular choice of path γ, and thus F(z) is a well-defined function on U having F(z0) = F0 and dF = f dz.) Examples All polynomial functions in z with complex coefficients are entire functions (holomorphic in the whole complex plane C), and so are the exponential function exp z and the trigonometric functions cos ⁡ z = 1 2 ( exp ⁡ ( i z ) + exp ⁡ ( − i z ) ) {\textstyle \cos {z}={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}\exp(iz)+\exp(-iz){\bigr )}} and sin ⁡ z = − 1 2 i ( exp ⁡ ( i z ) − exp ⁡ ( − i z ) ) {\textstyle \sin {z}=-{\tfrac {1}{2}}i{\bigl (}\exp(iz)-\exp(-iz){\bigr )}} (cf. Euler's formula). The principal branch of the complex logarithm function log z is holomorphic on the domain C ∖ {z ∈ R : z ≤ 0}. The square root function can be defined as z = exp ⁡ ( 1 2 log ⁡ z ) {\textstyle {\sqrt {z}}=\exp {\bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{2}}\log z{\bigr )}} and is therefore holomorphic wherever the logarithm log z is. The reciprocal function 1 / z is holomorphic on C ∖ {0}. (The reciprocal function, and any other rational function, is meromorphic on C.) As a consequence of the Cauchy–Riemann equations, any real-valued holomorphic function must be constant. Therefore, the absolute value |z |, the argument arg (z), the real part Re (z) and the imaginary part Im (z) are not holomorphic. Another typical example of a continuous function which is not holomorphic is the complex conjugate z ¯ . {\displaystyle {\bar {z}}.} (The complex conjugate is antiholomorphic.) Several variables The definition of a holomorphic function generalizes to several complex variables in a straightforward way. A function f : ( z 1 , z 2 , … , z n ) ↦ f ( z 1 , z 2 , … , z n ) {\displaystyle f:(z_{1},z_{2},\ldots ,z_{n})\mapsto f(z_{1},z_{2},\ldots ,z_{n})} in n complex variables is analytic at a point p if there exists a neighbourhood of p in which f is equal to a convergent power series in n complex variables; the function f is holomorphic in an open subset U of Cn if it is analytic at each point in U. Osgood's lemma shows (using the multivariate Cauchy integral formula) that, for a continuous function f, this is equivalent to f being holomorphic in each variable separately (meaning that if any n − 1 coordinates are fixed, then the restriction of f is a holomorphic function of the remaining coordinate). The much deeper Hartogs' theorem proves that the continuity assumption is unnecessary: f is holomorphic if and only if it is holomorphic in each variable separately. More generally, a function of several complex variables that is square integrable over every compact subset of its domain is analytic if and only if it satisfies the Cauchy–Riemann equations in the sense of distributions. Functions of several complex variables are in some basic ways more complicated than functions of a single complex variable. For example, the region of convergence of a power series is not necessarily an open ball; these regions are logarithmically-convex Reinhardt domains, the simplest example of which is a polydisk. However, they also come with some fundamental restrictions. Unlike functions of a single complex variable, the possible domains on which there are holomorphic functions that cannot be extended to larger domains are highly limited. Such a set is called a domain of holomorphy. A complex differential (p, 0)-form α is holomorphic if and only if its antiholomorphic Dolbeault derivative is zero: ∂α = 0. Extension to functional analysis Main article: infinite-dimensional holomorphy The concept of a holomorphic function can be extended to the infinite-dimensional spaces of functional analysis. For instance, the Fréchet or Gateaux derivative can be used to define a notion of a holomorphic function on a Banach space over the field of complex numbers. See also Antiderivative (complex analysis) Antiholomorphic function Biholomorphy Holomorphic separability Meromorphic function Quadrature domains Harmonic maps Harmonic morphisms Wirtinger derivatives References ^ Analytic functions of one complex variable, Encyclopedia of Mathematics. (European Mathematical Society ft. Springer, 2015) ^ "Analytic function", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 , retrieved February 26, 2021 ^ Ahlfors, L., Complex Analysis, 3 ed. (McGraw-Hill, 1979). ^ Henrici, P., Applied and Computational Complex Analysis (Wiley). ^ Peter Ebenfelt, Norbert Hungerbühler, Joseph J. Kohn, Ngaiming Mok, Emil J. Straube (2011) Complex Analysis Springer Science & Business Media ^ a b Markushevich, A.I.,Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable (Prentice-Hall, 1965). ^ a b Gunning, Robert C.; Rossi, Hugo (1965). Analytic Functions of Several Complex Variables. Prentice-Hall series in Modern Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. xiv+317. ISBN 9780821869536. MR 0180696. Zbl 0141.08601. ^ Gray, J. D.; Morris, S. A. (1978), "When is a Function that Satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann Equations Analytic?", The American Mathematical Monthly, 85 (4) (published April 1978): 246–256, doi:10.2307/2321164, JSTOR 2321164. ^ The original French terms were holomorphe and méromorphe. Briot, Charles Auguste; Bouquet, Jean-Claude (1875). "§15 fonctions holomorphes". Théorie des fonctions elliptiques (2nd ed.). Gauthier-Villars. pp. 14–15. Lorsqu'une fonction est continue, monotrope, et a une dérivée, quand la variable se meut dans une certaine partie du plan, nous dirons qu'elle est holomorphe dans cette partie du plan. Nous indiquons par cette dénomination qu'elle est semblable aux fonctions entières qui jouissent de ces propriétés dans toute l'étendue du plan. ¶ Une fraction rationnelle admet comme pôles les racines du dénominateur; c'est une fonction holomorphe dans toute partie du plan qui ne contient aucun de ses pôles. ¶ Lorsqu'une fonction est holomorphe dans une partie du plan, excepté en certains pôles, nous dirons qu'elle est méromorphe dans cette partie du plan, c'est-à-dire semblable aux fractions rationnelles. ¶ A rational fraction admits as poles the roots of the denominator; it is a holomorphic function in all that part of the plane which does not contain any poles. ¶ When a function is holomorphic in part of the plane, except at certain poles, we say that it is meromorphic in that part of the plane, that is to say it resembles rational fractions.] Harkness, James; Morley, Frank (1893). "5. Integration". A Treatise on the Theory of Functions. Macmillan. p. 161. ^ Briot & Bouquet had previously also adopted Cauchy’s term synectic (synectique in French), in the 1859 first edition of their book. Briot, Charles Auguste; Bouquet, Jean-Claude (1859). "§10". Théorie des fonctions doublement périodiques. Mallet-Bachelier. p. 11. ^ Henrici, Peter (1993) , Applied and Computational Complex Analysis Volume 3, Wiley Classics Library (Reprint ed.), New York - Chichester - Brisbane - Toronto - Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, pp. X+637, ISBN 0-471-58986-1, MR 0822470, Zbl 1107.30300. ^ Evans, Lawrence C. (1998), Partial Differential Equations, American Mathematical Society. ^ a b c Lang, Serge (2003), Complex Analysis, Springer Verlag GTM, Springer Verlag ^ Rudin, Walter (1987), Real and complex analysis (3rd ed.), New York: McGraw–Hill Book Co., ISBN 978-0-07-054234-1, MR 0924157 ^ Gunning and Rossi, Analytic Functions of Several Complex Variables, p. 2. Further reading Blakey, Joseph (1958). University Mathematics (2nd ed.). London: Blackie and Sons. OCLC 2370110. External links "Analytic function", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic
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Not to be confused with Homomorphism.A rectangular grid (top) and its image under a conformal map f (bottom).In mathematics, a holomorphic function is a complex-valued function of one or more complex variables that is complex differentiable in a neighbourhood of each point in a domain in complex coordinate space Cn. The existence of a complex derivative in a neighbourhood is a very strong condition: it implies that a holomorphic function is infinitely differentiable and locally equal to its own Taylor series (is analytic). Holomorphic functions are the central objects of study in complex analysis.Though the term analytic function is often used interchangeably with \"holomorphic function\", the word \"analytic\" is defined in a broader sense to denote any function (real, complex, or of more general type) that can be written as a convergent power series in a neighbourhood of each point in its domain. That all holomorphic functions are complex analytic functions, and vice versa, is a major theorem in complex analysis.[1]Holomorphic functions are also sometimes referred to as regular functions.[2] A holomorphic function whose domain is the whole complex plane is called an entire function. The phrase \"holomorphic at a point z0\" means not just differentiable at z0, but differentiable everywhere within some neighbourhood of z0 in the complex plane.","title":"Holomorphic function"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Non-holomorphic_complex_conjugate.svg"},{"link_name":"limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative"},{"link_name":"real function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_function"},{"link_name":"real differentiability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_transformation"},{"link_name":"product rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_rule"},{"link_name":"quotient rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_rule"},{"link_name":"chain rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_rule"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"open set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_set"},{"link_name":"neighbourhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cauchy–Riemann equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Riemann_equations"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mark-6"},{"link_name":"Wirtinger derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtinger_derivative"},{"link_name":"complex conjugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunning-7"},{"link_name":"Looman–Menchoff theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looman%E2%80%93Menchoff_theorem"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The function f(z) = z̅ is not complex differentiable at zero, because as shown above, the value of (f(z) − f(0)) / (z − 0) varies depending on the direction from which zero is approached. Along the real axis, f equals the function g(z) = z and the limit is 1, while along the imaginary axis, f equals h(z) = −z and the limit is −1. Other directions yield yet other limits.Given a complex-valued function f of a single complex variable, the derivative of f at a point z0 in its domain is defined as the limit[3]f\n ′\n \n (\n \n z\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n =\n \n lim\n \n z\n →\n \n z\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n (\n z\n )\n −\n f\n (\n \n z\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n \n \n z\n −\n \n z\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(z_{0})=\\lim _{z\\to z_{0}}{f(z)-f(z_{0}) \\over z-z_{0}}.}This is the same definition as for the derivative of a real function, except that all quantities are complex. In particular, the limit is taken as the complex number z tends to z0, and this means that the same value is obtained for any sequence of complex values for z that tends to z0. If the limit exists, f is said to be complex differentiable at z0. This concept of complex differentiability shares several properties with real differentiability: it is linear and obeys the product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule.[4]A function is holomorphic on an open set U if it is complex differentiable at every point of U. A function f is holomorphic at a point z0 if it is holomorphic on some neighbourhood of z0.[5] A function is holomorphic on some non-open set A if it is holomorphic at every point of A.A function may be complex differentiable at a point but not holomorphic at this point. For example, the function \n \n \n \n f\n (\n z\n )\n =\n \n |\n \n z\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n z\n \n \n z\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(z)=|z|^{2}=z{\\overline {z}}}\n \n is complex differentiable at 0, but not complex differentiable elsewhere (see the Cauchy–Riemann equations, below). So, it is not holomorphic at 0.The relationship between real differentiability and complex differentiability is the following: If a complex function f(x + i y) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) is holomorphic, then u and v have first partial derivatives with respect to x and y, and satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations:[6]∂\n u\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ∂\n v\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n \n \n \n and\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n u\n \n \n ∂\n y\n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n \n ∂\n v\n \n \n ∂\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial u}{\\partial x}}={\\frac {\\partial v}{\\partial y}}\\qquad {\\mbox{and}}\\qquad {\\frac {\\partial u}{\\partial y}}=-{\\frac {\\partial v}{\\partial x}}\\,}or, equivalently, the Wirtinger derivative of f with respect to \n \n \n \n \n \n \n z\n ¯\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {z}},}\n \n the complex conjugate of \n \n \n \n z\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z,}\n \n is zero:[7]∂\n f\n \n \n ∂\n \n \n z\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial f}{\\partial {\\overline {z}}}}=0,}which is to say that, roughly, f is functionally independent from \n \n \n \n \n \n \n z\n ¯\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {z}},}\n \n the complex conjugate of z.If continuity is not given, the converse is not necessarily true. A simple converse is that if u and v have continuous first partial derivatives and satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations, then f is holomorphic. A more satisfying converse, which is much harder to prove, is the Looman–Menchoff theorem: if f is continuous, u and v have first partial derivatives (but not necessarily continuous), and they satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations, then f is holomorphic.[8]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Briot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Auguste_Briot"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Bouquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Bouquet"},{"link_name":"Augustin-Louis Cauchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy"},{"link_name":"ὅλος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"μορφή","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%AE"},{"link_name":"meromorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meromorphic_function"},{"link_name":"μέρος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82"},{"link_name":"entire function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entire_function"},{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_(mathematical_analysis)"},{"link_name":"poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeros_and_poles"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The term holomorphic was introduced in 1875 by Charles Briot and Jean-Claude Bouquet, two of Augustin-Louis Cauchy's students, and derives from the Greek ὅλος (hólos) meaning \"whole\", and μορφή (morphḗ) meaning \"form\" or \"appearance\" or \"type\", in contrast to the term meromorphic derived from μέρος (méros) meaning \"part\". A holomorphic function resembles an entire function (\"whole\") in a domain of the complex plane while a meromorphic function (defined to mean holomorphic except at certain isolated poles), resembles a rational fraction (\"part\") of entire functions in a domain of the complex plane.[9] Cauchy had instead used the term synectic.[10]Today, the term \"holomorphic function\" is sometimes preferred to \"analytic function\". An important result in complex analysis is that every holomorphic function is complex analytic, a fact that does not follow obviously from the definitions. The term \"analytic\" is however also in wide use.","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"meromorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meromorphic"},{"link_name":"plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Cauchy–Riemann equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Riemann_equations"},{"link_name":"partial differential equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mark-6"},{"link_name":"harmonic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_function"},{"link_name":"Laplace's equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_equation"},{"link_name":"harmonic conjugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_conjugate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"simply connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_connected_space"},{"link_name":"Cauchy's integral theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s_integral_theorem"},{"link_name":"contour integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contour_integral"},{"link_name":"loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(topology)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang-13"},{"link_name":"rectifiable path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifiable_path"},{"link_name":"complex domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_(mathematical_analysis)"},{"link_name":"Cauchy's integral formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s_integral_formula"},{"link_name":"disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang-13"},{"link_name":"completely contained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_(mathematics)#Neighbourhood_of_a_set"},{"link_name":"boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_(topology)"},{"link_name":"interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_(topology)"},{"link_name":"counter-clockwise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve_orientation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lang-13"},{"link_name":"Cauchy's differentiation formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s_differentiation_formula"},{"link_name":"conformal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_map"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"holomorphic function is analytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_functions_are_analytic"},{"link_name":"Taylor series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_series"},{"link_name":"commutative ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring"},{"link_name":"complex vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_vector_space"},{"link_name":"integral domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_domain"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunning-7"},{"link_name":"locally convex topological vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_convex_topological_vector_space"},{"link_name":"seminorms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"suprema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprema"},{"link_name":"compact subsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_subset"},{"link_name":"exterior derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_derivative"},{"link_name":"Jordan curve theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_curve_theorem"},{"link_name":"generalized Stokes' theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%27_theorem"}],"text":"Because complex differentiation is linear and obeys the product, quotient, and chain rules, the sums, products and compositions of holomorphic functions are holomorphic, and the quotient of two holomorphic functions is holomorphic wherever the denominator is not zero.[11] That is, if functions f and g are holomorphic in a domain U, then so are f + g, f − g, f g, and f ∘ g. Furthermore, f / g is holomorphic if g has no zeros in U, or is meromorphic otherwise.If one identifies C with the real plane R2, then the holomorphic functions coincide with those functions of two real variables with continuous first derivatives which solve the Cauchy–Riemann equations, a set of two partial differential equations.[6]Every holomorphic function can be separated into its real and imaginary parts f(x + i y) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y), and each of these is a harmonic function on R2 (each satisfies Laplace's equation ∇2 u = ∇2 v = 0), with v the harmonic conjugate of u.[12] Conversely, every harmonic function u(x, y) on a simply connected domain Ω ⊂ R2 is the real part of a holomorphic function: If v is the harmonic conjugate of u, unique up to a constant, then f(x + i y) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y) is holomorphic.Cauchy's integral theorem implies that the contour integral of every holomorphic function along a loop vanishes:[13]∮\n \n γ\n \n \n f\n (\n z\n )\n \n d\n z\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\oint _{\\gamma }f(z)\\,dz=0.}Here γ is a rectifiable path in a simply connected complex domain U ⊂ C whose start point is equal to its end point, and f : U → C is a holomorphic function.Cauchy's integral formula states that every function holomorphic inside a disk is completely determined by its values on the disk's boundary.[13] Furthermore: Suppose U ⊂ C is a complex domain, f : U → C is a holomorphic function and the closed disk D = {z : |z − z0| ≤ r} is completely contained in U. Let γ be the circle forming the boundary of D. Then for every a in the interior of D:f\n (\n a\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n π\n i\n \n \n \n \n ∮\n \n γ\n \n \n \n \n \n f\n (\n z\n )\n \n \n z\n −\n a\n \n \n \n \n d\n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(a)={\\frac {1}{2\\pi i}}\\oint _{\\gamma }{\\frac {f(z)}{z-a}}\\,dz}where the contour integral is taken counter-clockwise.The derivative f′(a) can be written as a contour integral[13] using Cauchy's differentiation formula:f\n ′\n \n (\n a\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n π\n i\n \n \n \n \n ∮\n \n γ\n \n \n \n \n \n f\n (\n z\n )\n \n \n (\n z\n −\n a\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n z\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(a)={1 \\over 2\\pi i}\\oint _{\\gamma }{f(z) \\over (z-a)^{2}}\\,dz,}for any simple loop positively winding once around a, andf\n ′\n \n (\n a\n )\n =\n \n lim\n \n γ\n →\n a\n \n \n \n \n i\n \n 2\n \n \n A\n \n \n (\n γ\n )\n \n \n \n \n ∮\n \n γ\n \n \n f\n (\n z\n )\n \n d\n \n \n \n z\n ¯\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(a)=\\lim \\limits _{\\gamma \\to a}{\\frac {i}{2{\\mathcal {A}}(\\gamma )}}\\oint _{\\gamma }f(z)\\,d{\\bar {z}},}for infinitesimal positive loops γ around a.In regions where the first derivative is not zero, holomorphic functions are conformal: they preserve angles and the shape (but not size) of small figures.[14]Every holomorphic function is analytic. That is, a holomorphic function f has derivatives of every order at each point a in its domain, and it coincides with its own Taylor series at a in a neighbourhood of a. In fact, f coincides with its Taylor series at a in any disk centred at that point and lying within the domain of the function.From an algebraic point of view, the set of holomorphic functions on an open set is a commutative ring and a complex vector space. Additionally, the set of holomorphic functions in an open set U is an integral domain if and only if the open set U is connected. [7] In fact, it is a locally convex topological vector space, with the seminorms being the suprema on compact subsets.From a geometric perspective, a function f is holomorphic at z0 if and only if its exterior derivative df in a neighbourhood U of z0 is equal to f′(z) dz for some continuous function f′. It follows from0\n =\n \n d\n \n 2\n \n \n f\n =\n d\n (\n \n f\n \n ′\n \n \n d\n z\n )\n =\n d\n \n f\n \n ′\n \n \n ∧\n d\n z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\textstyle 0=d^{2}f=d(f^{\\prime }dz)=df^{\\prime }\\wedge dz}that df′ is also proportional to dz, implying that the derivative f′ is itself holomorphic and thus that f is infinitely differentiable. Similarly, d(f dz) = f′ dz ∧ dz = 0 implies that any function f that is holomorphic on the simply connected region U is also integrable on U.(For a path γ from z0 to z lying entirely in U, define \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n γ\n \n \n (\n z\n )\n =\n \n F\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n \n ∫\n \n γ\n \n \n f\n \n d\n z\n ;\n \n \n {\\textstyle F_{\\gamma }(z)=F_{0}+\\int _{\\gamma }f\\,dz;}\n \n in light of the Jordan curve theorem and the generalized Stokes' theorem, Fγ(z) is independent of the particular choice of path γ, and thus F(z) is a well-defined function on U having F(z0) = F0 and dF = f dz.)","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial"},{"link_name":"coefficients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient"},{"link_name":"entire functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entire_functions"},{"link_name":"exponential function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function#Complex_plane"},{"link_name":"trigonometric functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions"},{"link_name":"Euler's formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_formula"},{"link_name":"principal branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_branch"},{"link_name":"complex logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_logarithm"},{"link_name":"∖","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_(set_theory)#Relative_complement"},{"link_name":"square root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root#Principal_square_root_of_a_complex_number"},{"link_name":"reciprocal function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse#Complex_numbers"},{"link_name":"rational function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_function"},{"link_name":"meromorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meromorphic_function"},{"link_name":"Cauchy–Riemann equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Riemann_equations"},{"link_name":"constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_function"},{"link_name":"absolute value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value#Complex_numbers"},{"link_name":"argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_(complex_analysis)"},{"link_name":"real part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number#Notation"},{"link_name":"imaginary part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number#Notation"},{"link_name":"complex conjugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugate"},{"link_name":"antiholomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiholomorphic_function"}],"text":"All polynomial functions in z with complex coefficients are entire functions (holomorphic in the whole complex plane C), and so are the exponential function exp z and the trigonometric functions \n \n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n z\n \n =\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n exp\n ⁡\n (\n i\n z\n )\n +\n exp\n ⁡\n (\n −\n i\n z\n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\cos {z}={\\tfrac {1}{2}}{\\bigl (}\\exp(iz)+\\exp(-iz){\\bigr )}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n sin\n ⁡\n \n z\n \n =\n −\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n \n exp\n ⁡\n (\n i\n z\n )\n −\n exp\n ⁡\n (\n −\n i\n z\n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle \\sin {z}=-{\\tfrac {1}{2}}i{\\bigl (}\\exp(iz)-\\exp(-iz){\\bigr )}}\n \n (cf. Euler's formula). The principal branch of the complex logarithm function log z is holomorphic on the domain C ∖ {z ∈ R : z ≤ 0}. The square root function can be defined as \n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n =\n exp\n ⁡\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n log\n ⁡\n z\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\sqrt {z}}=\\exp {\\bigl (}{\\tfrac {1}{2}}\\log z{\\bigr )}}\n \n and is therefore holomorphic wherever the logarithm log z is. The reciprocal function 1 / z is holomorphic on C ∖ {0}. (The reciprocal function, and any other rational function, is meromorphic on C.)As a consequence of the Cauchy–Riemann equations, any real-valued holomorphic function must be constant. Therefore, the absolute value |z |, the argument arg (z), the real part Re (z) and the imaginary part Im (z) are not holomorphic. Another typical example of a continuous function which is not holomorphic is the complex conjugate \n \n \n \n \n \n \n z\n ¯\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {z}}.}\n \n (The complex conjugate is antiholomorphic.)","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Osgood's lemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osgood%27s_lemma"},{"link_name":"Hartogs' theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartogs%27_theorem"},{"link_name":"square integrable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_integrable"},{"link_name":"compact subset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_set"},{"link_name":"Reinhardt domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhardt_domain"},{"link_name":"polydisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydisk"},{"link_name":"domain of holomorphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_of_holomorphy"},{"link_name":"complex differential (p, 0)-form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_differential_form#Holomorphic_forms"},{"link_name":"Dolbeault derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_differential_form#The_Dolbeault_operators"}],"text":"The definition of a holomorphic function generalizes to several complex variables in a straightforward way. A function \n \n \n \n f\n :\n (\n \n z\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n z\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ↦\n f\n (\n \n z\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n z\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:(z_{1},z_{2},\\ldots ,z_{n})\\mapsto f(z_{1},z_{2},\\ldots ,z_{n})}\n \n in n complex variables is analytic at a point p if there exists a neighbourhood of p in which f is equal to a convergent power series in n complex variables;[15] the function f is holomorphic in an open subset U of Cn if it is analytic at each point in U. Osgood's lemma shows (using the multivariate Cauchy integral formula) that, for a continuous function f, this is equivalent to f being holomorphic in each variable separately (meaning that if any n − 1 coordinates are fixed, then the restriction of f is a holomorphic function of the remaining coordinate). The much deeper Hartogs' theorem proves that the continuity assumption is unnecessary: f is holomorphic if and only if it is holomorphic in each variable separately.More generally, a function of several complex variables that is square integrable over every compact subset of its domain is analytic if and only if it satisfies the Cauchy–Riemann equations in the sense of distributions.Functions of several complex variables are in some basic ways more complicated than functions of a single complex variable. For example, the region of convergence of a power series is not necessarily an open ball; these regions are logarithmically-convex Reinhardt domains, the simplest example of which is a polydisk. However, they also come with some fundamental restrictions. Unlike functions of a single complex variable, the possible domains on which there are holomorphic functions that cannot be extended to larger domains are highly limited. Such a set is called a domain of holomorphy.A complex differential (p, 0)-form α is holomorphic if and only if its antiholomorphic Dolbeault derivative is zero: ∂α = 0.","title":"Several variables"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"functional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysis"},{"link_name":"Fréchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet_derivative"},{"link_name":"Gateaux derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateaux_derivative"},{"link_name":"Banach space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_space"}],"text":"The concept of a holomorphic function can be extended to the infinite-dimensional spaces of functional analysis. For instance, the Fréchet or Gateaux derivative can be used to define a notion of a holomorphic function on a Banach space over the field of complex numbers.","title":"Extension to functional analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2370110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2370110"}],"text":"Blakey, Joseph (1958). University Mathematics (2nd ed.). London: Blackie and Sons. OCLC 2370110.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A rectangular grid (top) and its image under a conformal map f (bottom).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Conformal_map.svg/220px-Conformal_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The function f(z) = z̅ is not complex differentiable at zero, because as shown above, the value of (f(z) − f(0)) / (z − 0) varies depending on the direction from which zero is approached. Along the real axis, f equals the function g(z) = z and the limit is 1, while along the imaginary axis, f equals h(z) = −z and the limit is −1. Other directions yield yet other limits.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Non-holomorphic_complex_conjugate.svg/220px-Non-holomorphic_complex_conjugate.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Antiderivative (complex analysis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiderivative_(complex_analysis)"},{"title":"Antiholomorphic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiholomorphic_function"},{"title":"Biholomorphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biholomorphy"},{"title":"Holomorphic separability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic_separability"},{"title":"Meromorphic function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meromorphic_function"},{"title":"Quadrature domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_domains"},{"title":"Harmonic maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_map"},{"title":"Harmonic morphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_morphism"},{"title":"Wirtinger derivatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtinger_derivatives"}]
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Zbl 0141.08601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gunning_(mathematician)","url_text":"Gunning, Robert C."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L0zJmamx5AAC","url_text":"Analytic Functions of Several Complex Variables"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice-Hall","url_text":"Prentice-Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821869536","url_text":"9780821869536"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0180696","url_text":"0180696"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0141.08601","url_text":"0141.08601"}]},{"reference":"Gray, J. D.; Morris, S. A. (1978), \"When is a Function that Satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann Equations Analytic?\", The American Mathematical Monthly, 85 (4) (published April 1978): 246–256, doi:10.2307/2321164, JSTOR 2321164","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Mathematical_Monthly","url_text":"The American Mathematical Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2321164","url_text":"10.2307/2321164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2321164","url_text":"2321164"}]},{"reference":"Briot, Charles Auguste; Bouquet, Jean-Claude (1875). \"§15 fonctions holomorphes\". Théorie des fonctions elliptiques (2nd ed.). Gauthier-Villars. pp. 14–15. Lorsqu'une fonction est continue, monotrope, et a une dérivée, quand la variable se meut dans une certaine partie du plan, nous dirons qu'elle est holomorphe dans cette partie du plan. Nous indiquons par cette dénomination qu'elle est semblable aux fonctions entières qui jouissent de ces propriétés dans toute l'étendue du plan. [...] ¶ Une fraction rationnelle admet comme pôles les racines du dénominateur; c'est une fonction holomorphe dans toute partie du plan qui ne contient aucun de ses pôles. ¶ Lorsqu'une fonction est holomorphe dans une partie du plan, excepté en certains pôles, nous dirons qu'elle est méromorphe dans cette partie du plan, c'est-à-dire semblable aux fractions rationnelles. [When a function is continuous, monotropic, and has a derivative, when the variable moves in a certain part of the plane, we say that it is holomorphic in that part of the plane. We mean by this name that it resembles entire functions which enjoy these properties in the full extent of the plane. [...] ¶ A rational fraction admits as poles the roots of the denominator; it is a holomorphic function in all that part of the plane which does not contain any poles. ¶ When a function is holomorphic in part of the plane, except at certain poles, we say that it is meromorphic in that part of the plane, that is to say it resembles rational fractions.]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Auguste_Briot","url_text":"Briot, Charles Auguste"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Bouquet","url_text":"Bouquet, Jean-Claude"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thoriedesfonct00briouoft/page/14/","url_text":"\"§15 fonctions holomorphes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monodromy","url_text":"monotropic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entire_function","url_text":"entire functions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeros_and_poles","url_text":"poles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeros_and_poles","url_text":"roots"}]},{"reference":"Harkness, James; Morley, Frank (1893). \"5. Integration\". A Treatise on the Theory of Functions. Macmillan. p. 161.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harkness_(mathematician)","url_text":"Harkness, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Morley","url_text":"Morley, Frank"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/treatiseontheory00harkrich/page/n176/","url_text":"\"5. Integration\""}]},{"reference":"Briot, Charles Auguste; Bouquet, Jean-Claude (1859). \"§10\". Théorie des fonctions doublement périodiques. Mallet-Bachelier. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Auguste_Briot","url_text":"Briot, Charles Auguste"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Bouquet","url_text":"Bouquet, Jean-Claude"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fonctsdoublement00briorich/page/n37/","url_text":"\"§10\""}]},{"reference":"Henrici, Peter (1993) [1986], Applied and Computational Complex Analysis Volume 3, Wiley Classics Library (Reprint ed.), New York - Chichester - Brisbane - Toronto - Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, pp. X+637, ISBN 0-471-58986-1, MR 0822470, Zbl 1107.30300","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Henrici_(mathematician)","url_text":"Henrici, Peter"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vKZPsjaXuF4C","url_text":"Applied and Computational Complex Analysis Volume 3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-58986-1","url_text":"0-471-58986-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0822470","url_text":"0822470"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1107.30300","url_text":"1107.30300"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Lawrence C. (1998), Partial Differential Equations, American Mathematical Society","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_C._Evans","url_text":"Evans, Lawrence C."}]},{"reference":"Lang, Serge (2003), Complex Analysis, Springer Verlag GTM, Springer Verlag","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Lang","url_text":"Lang, Serge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Verlag","url_text":"Springer Verlag"}]},{"reference":"Rudin, Walter (1987), Real and complex analysis (3rd ed.), New York: McGraw–Hill Book Co., ISBN 978-0-07-054234-1, MR 0924157","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rudin","url_text":"Rudin, Walter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-054234-1","url_text":"978-0-07-054234-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0924157","url_text":"0924157"}]},{"reference":"Blakey, Joseph (1958). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiodus_(crater)
Hesiodus (crater)
["1 Satellite craters","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 29°24′S 16°18′W / 29.4°S 16.3°W / -29.4; -16.3Crater on the Moon Feature on the moonHesiodusLunar Orbiter 4 image, with Hesiodus A at lower leftCoordinates29°24′S 16°18′W / 29.4°S 16.3°W / -29.4; -16.3Diameter43 kmDepth1.4 kmColongitude16° at sunriseEponymHesiod LRO image of Hesiodus A Hesiodus is a lunar impact crater located on the southern fringes of Mare Nubium, to the northwest of the crater Pitatus. It was named after the ancient Greek poet Hesiod. Starting near the northwest rim of Hesiodus is the wide cleft named Rima Hesiodus. This rille runs 300 km east-southeastward to the Palus Epidemiarum The low rim of Hesiodus is heavily worn, with the southwest rim being slightly intruded upon by Hesodius A. The latter is an unusual circular crater with a concentric inner wall. To the southeast, a cleft in the wall of Hesiodus joins the crater to Pitatus. Inside Hesiodus, the floor is flooded and relatively flat. It lacks a central peak, and, instead, a small impact crater Hesiodus D lies at the middle. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Hesiodus. Hesiodus Latitude Longitude Diameter A 30.1° S 17.0° W 15 km B 27.1° S 17.5° W 10 km D 29.3° S 16.4° W 5 km E 27.8° S 15.3° W 3 km X 27.3° S 16.2° W 24 km Y 28.3° S 17.2° W 17 km Z 28.7° S 19.4° W 4 km See also Hesiod (crater) - on Mercury References ^ "Hesiodus (crater)". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097. Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4. Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1. McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24. Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855. Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6. Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3. Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4. Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3. Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6. Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hesiodus (crater). Hesiodus at the-moon.wikispaces.com Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (27 March 2010). "Hesiodus Sunrise Ray". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hesiodus_A_(LROC-WAC).png"},{"link_name":"LRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter"},{"link_name":"lunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_craters"},{"link_name":"impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"Mare Nubium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nubium"},{"link_name":"Pitatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitatus_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Hesiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"rille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rille"},{"link_name":"Palus Epidemiarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palus_Epidemiarum"}],"text":"Crater on the MoonFeature on the moonLRO image of Hesiodus AHesiodus is a lunar impact crater located on the southern fringes of Mare Nubium, to the northwest of the crater Pitatus. It was named after the ancient Greek poet Hesiod.[1] Starting near the northwest rim of Hesiodus is the wide cleft named Rima Hesiodus. This rille runs 300 km east-southeastward to the Palus EpidemiarumThe low rim of Hesiodus is heavily worn, with the southwest rim being slightly intruded upon by Hesodius A. The latter is an unusual circular crater with a concentric inner wall. To the southeast, a cleft in the wall of Hesiodus joins the crater to Pitatus.Inside Hesiodus, the floor is flooded and relatively flat. It lacks a central peak, and, instead, a small impact crater Hesiodus D lies at the middle.","title":"Hesiodus (crater)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Hesiodus.","title":"Satellite craters"}]
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[{"title":"Hesiod (crater)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod_(crater)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Salinger
Pierre Salinger
["1 Early life","2 Kennedy years","3 Senate run","4 Batman appearance","5 Robert Kennedy assassination","6 Radio","7 Journalism for ABC","8 Claims about TWA Flight 800","9 Later life","10 Bibliography","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"]
American Senator and journalist Pierre SalingerSalinger in 1961United States Senatorfrom CaliforniaIn officeAugust 4, 1964 – December 31, 1964Appointed byPat BrownPreceded byClair EngleSucceeded byGeorge Murphy9th White House Press SecretaryIn officeJanuary 20, 1961 – March 19, 1964PresidentJohn F. KennedyLyndon B. JohnsonPreceded byJames HagertySucceeded byGeorge Reedy Personal detailsBornPierre Emil George Salinger(1925-06-14)June 14, 1925San Francisco, California, USDiedOctober 16, 2004(2004-10-16) (aged 79)Cavaillon, FranceResting placeArlington National CemeteryPolitical partyDemocraticSpouses Renée Labouré ​ ​(m. 1947; div. 1957)​ Nancy Joy ​ ​(m. 1957; div. 1965)​ Nicole Gillman ​ ​(m. 1965; div. 1989)​ Nicole de Menthon ​(m. 1989)​ EducationSan Francisco State UniversityUniversity of San Francisco (BS)Military serviceAllegiance United StatesBranch/service United States NavyBattles/warsWorld War II Pierre Emil George Salinger (June 14, 1925 – October 16, 2004) was an American journalist, author and politician. He served as the ninth press secretary for United States Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Salinger served as a United States Senator in 1964 and as campaign manager for the 1968 Robert F. Kennedy presidential campaign. After leaving politics, Salinger became known for his work as an ABC News correspondent, particularly for his coverage of the 1979-81 Iran Hostage Crisis; the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland; and his claims of a missile being the cause of the explosion of TWA Flight 800 in 1996. Early life Salinger was born in San Francisco, California. His father, Herbert Salinger, was a New York City-born mining engineer, and his mother, Jehanne (née Biétry), was a French-born journalist. Salinger's mother was Catholic and his father was Jewish. His maternal grandfather was Pierre Biétry, a member of the French National Assembly, who became known for his "vigorous" defense of Capt. Alfred Dreyfus, who was wrongly convicted of treason in 1894. Bietry died in Indochina at the age of 39. Salinger was considered a child prodigy in music who played on a grand piano even before he learned to read. After his family moved to Canada, his parents discovered his innate talent at the piano and he was enrolled into the Toronto Conservatory of Music, where he was groomed to become a concert pianist. He recalled, "Each weekday, a tutor came to the house for three hours of academic instruction, and when she left, I was 'free' to practice the piano for four or five hours." He gave his first public concert when he was six and was considered a concert pianist. He continued studying piano after they returned to San Francisco and was able play scores by Bach, Debussy, Beethoven and George Gershwin, whom he once met. When he was 12, Salinger's mother told him his full-time piano studies were isolating him from society. She suggested he spend a year away from piano to engage in other social activities, including sports. He did, but never returned to his original goal of becoming a pianist and instead wanted to become a writer or journalist. His talent and love of music carried over into his career as press secretary when, at the behest of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, he would invite musicians such as Pablo Casals and Igor Stravinsky to the White House. President Lyndon B. Johnson once had Salinger perform on the piano for 600 of his guests.: 161  "If Jackie Kennedy was the one who thought maybe America was ready for a higher culture, her ally in it or her agent was Pierre", said Richard Reeves, author of President Kennedy: Profile of Power (1993). Salinger attended public magnet Lowell High School in San Francisco. He attended San Francisco State University (then College) from 1941 to 1943, during which time he became managing editor and columnist for the student newspaper. Salinger left SF State to enlist in the United States Navy in July 1943 and became skipper of a submarine chaser off Okinawa during World War II. He distinguished himself during Typhoon Louise by making a daring rescue of some men stranded on a reef. For this act, he received the Navy and Marine Corps medal. After serving with the United States Navy to the rank of Lieutenant, junior grade during World War II, he finished his studies at the University of San Francisco, earning a BS in 1947. He began his journalism career as "Lucky Pierre", a horse racing columnist and later reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle and as a contributing editor to Collier's in the 1940s and 1950s. He was a guest lecturer in journalism at Mills College from 1950 to 1955. Kennedy years After Salinger researched and wrote a number of articles in 1956 about labor union leader Jimmy Hoffa, Robert F. Kennedy hired him to be legal counsel for the Senate Select Committee investigating organized crime. Later, Kennedy wanted him to be press secretary to his brother, John F. Kennedy, who was then a member of the Senate. Salinger worked on John Kennedy's presidential campaign in 1960 and became one of its leading figures. He was at times described as being part of Kennedy's Kitchen Cabinet of unofficial advisers. After Kennedy was elected in 1961, he hired Salinger as his press secretary. When Kennedy became the first president to allow live television broadcasts of his news conferences, Salinger was said to have managed the press corps with "wit, enthusiasm and considerable disdain for detail", which made him a "celebrity in his own right". He accompanied Kennedy to conferences with other world leaders, including the 1961 meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna. When an aide to Khrushchev invited Salinger to Moscow, Kennedy assented to his going. Kennedy, however, had to explain to the press corps why he was sending a young and inexperienced Salinger to the Soviet Union. In May 1962, Salinger went to Moscow alone to meet with the press. Upon his arrival, he was unexpectedly invited to spend time with Khrushchev at his dacha outside the city. They shared meals and took long hikes along country roads as they discussed politics and world events, such as the Berlin crisis. Salinger spent 16 hours over two days with Khrushchev. After their first day together, Khrushchev said, "I have had such a good time today, I think I will do it again tomorrow.": 149  In October 1962, Salinger briefed the press about what had been learned about Soviet missiles being stationed in Cuba. He later said that Kennedy's actions during that crisis were among the most incredible things a president had ever done in the 20th century and noted how close the countries had come to nuclear war. Salinger continued as press secretary for United States President Lyndon B. Johnson after the assassination of President Kennedy. At the time of President Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, Salinger was on a plane to Tokyo with six Cabinet members, including Secretary of State Dean Rusk. Salinger was to attend an economic conference and start working on a February 1964 visit by Kennedy as the first United States president to visit Japan since the end of World War II. Salinger was retained by President Lyndon B. Johnson as press secretary. Johnson said, "I don't have to tell you that Mr. Salinger was John F. Kennedy's press secretary ... and I don't know what I would have done without him, night and day, over this past month.": 161  At one point in his career, Salinger briefly considered running for president, as he described in an interview about his Memoir in 1995. Salinger published a biography of the president, With Kennedy, in 1966. Senate run Following his service in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, Salinger returned to California and ran for the Senate. He defeated California State Controller Alan Cranston in a contentious Democratic primary. California Governor Pat Brown, who had supported Cranston, appointed Salinger a Democratic senator to fill the vacancy resulting from the July 30, 1964, death of retiring Senator Clair Engle; he took office on August 4, 1964. In his bid for a full six-year term in the 1964 election, Salinger was defeated by former actor and vaudeville song and dance man George Murphy following a campaign in which Salinger's recent return to his native state became an issue and his legal residency was being challenged in court. He was also hurt by his adamant support, despite advice from his political managers, of legislation banning racial housing discrimination. Salinger's loss made California the sole Democratic-held seat to go Republican in what was otherwise a Democratic landslide. Salinger resigned from the Senate on December 31, 1964, three days before his term was to expire. Murphy, who was to take office on January 3, 1965, was appointed to fill the remaining two days of Salinger's term, giving Murphy a slight advantage in seniority in the Senate over other members elected in 1964 when seniority was more vital in Senate affairs than now. Salinger went on to work in the private sector, which included a stint as a vice president of Continental Airlines. Batman appearance Salinger appeared in the January 4, 1968, episode of the ABC Television series Batman portraying "Lucky Pierre", a lawyer who defends Catwoman and the Joker in a trial. Robert Kennedy assassination Salinger was one of the managers of United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign and was standing 10 to 12 feet away when Kennedy was fatally shot in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California on June 5 (he died the next day). Salinger claimed that Jim McManus, who was also working on the campaign, said to him, "I've got to get the message to Los Angeles, under no circumstances should Bobby go through that kitchen ... there's usually grease on the floor. He's going to fall or something." Salinger, devastated by the assassination, moved to France and was a correspondent for the weekly news magazine L'Express. Later in 1968, he became director of Great America Management and Research Company (GRAMCO), a mutual investment fund in US real estate aimed at foreigners. Radio In 1978, Salinger took over Radio Caraïbes International with his friend, the French advertising pioneer Jacques Dauphin. Journalism for ABC In 1976, ABC Sports employed Salinger as a features commentator for the network's coverage of the Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck, Austria, and the Summer Games in Montreal, Quebec. In 1978, he was hired by ABC News as its Paris bureau chief. He became the network's chief European correspondent based in London in 1983 when Peter Jennings moved to New York to become sole anchor of ABC World News Tonight after the death of Frank Reynolds. In 1981, Salinger was bestowed with a George Polk award for his scoop that the US government was secretly negotiating to free Americans held hostage by Iran. Salinger provided commentary on the 1989 Tour de France for ABC Sports. In the 1980s, he was well known as a member of Amiic (World Real Estate Investment Organization, Geneva), with François Spoerry, Paul-Loup Sulitzer and Jean-Pierre Thiollet. The organization was dissolved in 1997. In a November 1989 report for ABC's Prime Time Live, Salinger claimed that Iran had paid Syria and Ahmed Jibril, the head of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC), to carry out the Pan Am 103 bombing. After the August 1990 Iraq invasion of Kuwait, ABC started work on a special program about the invasion. The network sent Salinger to the Middle East, where he obtained a transcript in Arabic of a conversation between Saddam Hussein and the US Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie. The ambassador told Saddam, "We have no opinion on your Arab-Arab conflicts", which was interpreted by some as giving Saddam the green light to invade Kuwait, which he did only days later. Claims about TWA Flight 800 Three months after the explosion of TWA Flight 800, Salinger claimed to have received a document verifying conspiracy theories about the flight that it had been shot down by friendly fire, and that this had been covered up by the United States government. He claimed that an intelligence agent had sent him the document. What Salinger was touting was, in fact, a hoax document that had been circulating the internet for weeks prior, and which had been emailed to him by a former airline pilot. By lending his distinction and credibility to these conspiracy theories, Salinger helped to bolster them. The term Pierre Salinger syndrome was coined in the years after this. This is a pejorative term describing someone possessing the belief that everything on the internet is factual. Later life After leaving ABC in 1993, Salinger moved back to Washington and became an executive with Burson-Marsteller, a public relations firm. In November 2000, he became exasperated when he was denied permission to give exonerating evidence as part of his testimony before the Scottish Court in the Netherlands trying two Libyans for the December 21, 1988, bombing of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. Salinger stated that he knew who the real bombers were, but was told by trial judge Ranald Sutherland, Lord Sutherland, "If you wish to make a point you may do so elsewhere, but I'm afraid you may not do so in this court." During the 2000 United States presidential election, Salinger said that he would permanently move to France if George W. Bush won, and fulfilled this promise after Bush's victory. He died from heart failure at the age of 79 on October 16, 2004, at a hospital in Cavaillon, near his home, La Bastide Rose, in Le Thor. He is interred in Arlington National Cemetery. Bibliography A Tribute to John F. Kennedy (editor, with Sander Vanocur), 1964 With Kennedy (1966) An Honorable Profession: A Tribute to Robert F. Kennedy (editor with Edwin Guthman, Frank Mankiewicz, and John Seigenthaler), 1968 On Instructions of My Government, 1971 Je Suis un Américain (I am an American), 1975 La France et Le nouveau Monde, 1976 Venezuelan Notebooks, 1979 America Held Hostage: The Secret Negotiations, 1981 Reporting U.S.-European Relations (with Michael Rice, Jonathan Carr, Henri Pierre, and Jan Reifenberg), 1982 The Dossier (with Leonard Gross), 1984 Above Paris: A New Collection of Aerial Photographs of Paris, France (author of text), 1984 Mortal Games (co-author with Leonard Gross), 1988 Secret Dossier: The Hidden Agenda Behind the Gulf War (co-author with Éric Laurent), 1991 Tempete du Desert: Les Secrets de la Maison Blanche, 1991 P.S., A Memoir, 1995 John F. Kennedy, Commander in Chief: A Profile in Leadership, 1997 Escape to Hell and Other Stories (foreword, collection authored by Muammar Gaddafi), 1998 Notes ^ Jacqueline Kennedy, unlike husband John F. Kennedy, loved music-related culture, as she had studied piano and ballet in her early years and as a student at Vassar. But her husband did not appreciate or enjoy most kinds of music, which he said hurt his ears. She said that symphonies put him to sleep. After he became president, she relied on Salinger to suggest and invite artists to appear at the While House. Toward the end of his life, Kennedy's opinion had changed somewhat, and he "came to feel that progress in the arts was intimately related to all that he wanted America to be," which led to his supporting the creation of what became the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j Salinger, Pierre (2001). P. S.: A Memoir. St. Martins Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-312-30020-4. ^ Yollin, Patricia (October 17, 2004). "Pierre Salinger – press secretary to presidents". The San Francisco Chronicle. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Purdum, Todd S. (October 18, 2004). "Pierre Salinger, Press Secretary to Kennedy, Dies at 79". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010. ^ a b c d e Pierre Salinger discusses his Memoir, C-Span ^ a b c Spann, Edward C. Presidential Praise: Our Presidents and Their Hymns, Mercer Univ. Press (2008) p. 241 ^ Whitcomb, John. Real Life at the White House: Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence, Psychology Press (2000) p. 352 ^ a b "Watch". Booknotes. November 12, 1995. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013. ^ Historical resources, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum (2004). "Pierre Salinger Biography". Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved November 11, 2008. ^ Historical resources, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum (2004). "Pierre Salinger Biography". Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved November 11, 2008. ^ Taylor Branch, Parting the Water: America in the King Years 1954–63 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988) p. 362 ^ President John F. Kennedy answers question regarding Pierre Salinger's upcoming trip to the Soviet Union ^ video: Pierre Salinger briefs the press about Soviet missiles in Cuba ^ Pierre Salinger: A Participant In and An Observer of History, from JFK to Castro (1996) ^ Rusk, Dean (1990). Rusk, Richard; Papp, Daniel S. (eds.). As I Saw It. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 296. ISBN 0-393-02650-7. ^ a b c Korengold, Robert J. (March 10, 1969) "Salinger finds niche in business". The Washington Post. ^ Bradley, Don. "Managing Democratic Campaigns, 1943–1966" (Oral History, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1977–79) ^ "'Lucky Pierre' Gets To Be On 'Batman'", St. Petersburg Times, December 16, 1967. ^ https://www.rci.fm/martinique/la-radio# RCI. ^ "Americas | JFK's press secretary dies at 79". BBC News. October 17, 2004. Retrieved January 14, 2016. ^ "Amiic SA | SHAB-Publikationen & HR-Meldungen". ^ Root, John Frick (December 19, 1989). "A Year After Lockerbie, Murder Still Pays". Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ^ "Obituary: Pierre Salinger | Media". The Guardian. October 17, 2004. Retrieved January 14, 2016. ^ a b Reid, Jeffery (July 17, 2006). "CNN.com - 'Pierre Salinger Syndrome' and the TWA 800 conspiracies - Jul 14, 2006". www.cnn.com. Retrieved July 9, 2021. ^ a b Kaplan, Don (July 7, 2013). "Theory that a missile downed Flight 800 in July of 1996 refuses to die". nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. Retrieved July 9, 2021. ^ "What is Pierre Salinger Syndrome? - Definition from Techopedia". Techopedia.com. August 18, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2021. ^ "World | Lockerbie trial adjourns". BBC News. November 21, 2000. Retrieved January 14, 2016. ^ "Star Trek". Snopes.com. March 13, 2002. Retrieved January 14, 2016. ^ "Former Kennedy aide Pierre Salinger dies". Usatoday.Com. October 18, 2004. Retrieved January 14, 2016. External links United States Congress. "Pierre Salinger (id: S000016)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pierre Salinger. Poppy And Pierre Salinger Foundation Appearances on C-SPAN Pierre Salinger Museum The Story of Pierre Salinger, Le SUPERMAN de la communication, Illustrated by Alex Di Gregorio. Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Oral history interview on California politics Political offices Preceded byJames Hagerty White House Press Secretary 1961–1964 Succeeded byGeorge Reedy U.S. Senate Preceded byClair Engle United States Senator (Class 1) from California 1964 Served alongside: Thomas Kuchel Succeeded byGeorge Murphy Party political offices Preceded byClair Engle Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from California(Class 1) 1964 Succeeded byJohn V. Tunney vteWhite House Press Secretaries Akerson Joslin Early Daniels Ross Early (acting) Short Tubby Hagerty Salinger Reedy Moyers Christian Ziegler terHorst Nessen Powell Brady Speakes (acting) Fitzwater Stephanopoulos (de facto) Myers McCurry Lockhart Siewert Fleischer McClellan Snow Perino Gibbs Carney Earnest Spicer Huckabee Sanders Grisham McEnany Psaki Jean-Pierre vteUnited States senators from CaliforniaClass 1 Frémont Weller Broderick Haun Latham Conness Casserly Hager Booth Miller Hearst Williams Hearst Felton White Bard Flint Works Johnson Knowland Engle Salinger Murphy Tunney Hayakawa Wilson Seymour Feinstein Butler Class 3 Gwin McDougall Cole Sargent Farley Stanford Perkins Phelan Shortridge McAdoo Storke Downey Nixon Kuchel Cranston Boxer Harris Padilla Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie US Congress Other NARA SNAC IdRef
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Kennedy presidential campaign.After leaving politics, Salinger became known for his work as an ABC News correspondent, particularly for his coverage of the 1979-81 Iran Hostage Crisis; the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland; and his claims of a missile being the cause of the explosion of TWA Flight 800 in 1996.","title":"Pierre Salinger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mining engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_engineer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookref1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purdum-3"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookref1-1"},{"link_name":"Pierre Biétry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bi%C3%A9try"},{"link_name":"French National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France"},{"link_name":"Alfred Dreyfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus"},{"link_name":"wrongly convicted of treason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_affair"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookref1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookref1-1"},{"link_name":"grand piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_piano"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purdum-3"},{"link_name":"Toronto Conservatory of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Conservatory_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purdum-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookref1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview2-4"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookref1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview2-4"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spann-5"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pablo Casals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Casals"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purdum-3"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. 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His father, Herbert Salinger, was a New York City-born mining engineer, and his mother, Jehanne (née Biétry), was a French-born journalist.[1][2][3] Salinger's mother was Catholic and his father was Jewish.[1]His maternal grandfather was Pierre Biétry, a member of the French National Assembly, who became known for his \"vigorous\" defense of Capt. Alfred Dreyfus, who was wrongly convicted of treason in 1894.[1] Bietry died in Indochina at the age of 39.[1]Salinger was considered a child prodigy in music who played on a grand piano even before he learned to read.[3] After his family moved to Canada, his parents discovered his innate talent at the piano and he was enrolled into the Toronto Conservatory of Music, where he was groomed to become a concert pianist.[3] He recalled, \"Each weekday, a tutor came to the house for three hours of academic instruction, and when she left, I was 'free' to practice the piano for four or five hours.\"[1]He gave his first public concert when he was six and was considered a concert pianist.[4] He continued studying piano after they returned to San Francisco and was able play scores by Bach, Debussy, Beethoven and George Gershwin, whom he once met.[1]When he was 12, Salinger's mother told him his full-time piano studies were isolating him from society. She suggested he spend a year away from piano to engage in other social activities, including sports. He did, but never returned to his original goal of becoming a pianist and instead wanted to become a writer or journalist.[4]His talent and love of music carried over into his career as press secretary when, at the behest of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy,[5][a] he would invite musicians such as Pablo Casals and Igor Stravinsky to the White House.[3] President Lyndon B. Johnson once had Salinger perform on the piano for 600 of his guests.[1]: 161  \"If Jackie Kennedy was the one who thought maybe America was ready for a higher culture, her ally in it or her agent was Pierre\", said Richard Reeves, author of President Kennedy: Profile of Power (1993).[3]Salinger attended public magnet Lowell High School in San Francisco.[7] He attended San Francisco State University (then College) from 1941 to 1943, during which time he became managing editor and columnist for the student newspaper.[1]Salinger left SF State to enlist in the United States Navy in July 1943 and became skipper of a submarine chaser off Okinawa during World War II.[3] He distinguished himself during Typhoon Louise by making a daring rescue of some men stranded on a reef. For this act, he received the Navy and Marine Corps medal.[3]After serving with the United States Navy to the rank of Lieutenant, junior grade during World War II, he finished his studies at the University of San Francisco, earning a BS in 1947.[8]He began his journalism career as \"Lucky Pierre\", a horse racing columnist and later reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle and as a contributing editor to Collier's in the 1940s and 1950s.[3] He was a guest lecturer in journalism at Mills College from 1950 to 1955.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Hoffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hoffa"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purdum-3"},{"link_name":"Kitchen Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"press secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_secretary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purdum-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purdum-3"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purdum-3"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purdum-3"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"dacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview2-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookref1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview2-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oval_Office_LBJ_in_Jan._1964.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"President Kennedy's assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Dean Rusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Rusk"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookref1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview2-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP19690310-16"}],"text":"After Salinger researched and wrote a number of articles in 1956 about labor union leader Jimmy Hoffa, Robert F. Kennedy hired him to be legal counsel for the Senate Select Committee investigating organized crime. Later, Kennedy wanted him to be press secretary to his brother, John F. Kennedy, who was then a member of the Senate.[3]Salinger worked on John Kennedy's presidential campaign in 1960 and became one of its leading figures. He was at times described as being part of Kennedy's Kitchen Cabinet of unofficial advisers.[10] After Kennedy was elected in 1961, he hired Salinger as his press secretary. When Kennedy became the first president to allow live television broadcasts of his news conferences, Salinger was said to have managed the press corps with \"wit, enthusiasm and considerable disdain for detail\",[3] which made him a \"celebrity in his own right\".[3]He accompanied Kennedy to conferences with other world leaders, including the 1961 meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna.[3] When an aide to Khrushchev invited Salinger to Moscow, Kennedy assented to his going.[3] Kennedy, however, had to explain to the press corps why he was sending a young and inexperienced Salinger to the Soviet Union.[11]In May 1962, Salinger went to Moscow alone to meet with the press. Upon his arrival, he was unexpectedly invited to spend time with Khrushchev at his dacha outside the city.[4] They shared meals and took long hikes along country roads as they discussed politics and world events, such as the Berlin crisis. Salinger spent 16 hours over two days with Khrushchev. After their first day together, Khrushchev said, \"I have had such a good time today, I think I will do it again tomorrow.\"[1]: 149 [4]In October 1962, Salinger briefed the press about what had been learned about Soviet missiles being stationed in Cuba.[12] He later said that Kennedy's actions during that crisis were among the most incredible things a president had ever done in the 20th century and noted how close the countries had come to nuclear war.[13]Salinger continued as press secretary for United States President Lyndon B. Johnson after the assassination of President Kennedy.At the time of President Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, Salinger was on a plane to Tokyo with six Cabinet members, including Secretary of State Dean Rusk.[14] Salinger was to attend an economic conference and start working on a February 1964 visit by Kennedy as the first United States president to visit Japan since the end of World War II.Salinger was retained by President Lyndon B. Johnson as press secretary. Johnson said, \"I don't have to tell you that Mr. Salinger was John F. Kennedy's press secretary ... and I don't know what I would have done without him, night and day, over this past month.\"[1]: 161  At one point in his career, Salinger briefly considered running for president, as he described in an interview about his Memoir in 1995.[4]Salinger published a biography of the president, With Kennedy, in 1966.[15]","title":"Kennedy years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State Controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Controller"},{"link_name":"Alan Cranston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cranston"},{"link_name":"California Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_California"},{"link_name":"Pat Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Brown"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Clair Engle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clair_Engle"},{"link_name":"George Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Murphy"},{"link_name":"housing discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Democratic landslide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1964"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"private sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP19690310-16"}],"text":"Following his service in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, Salinger returned to California and ran for the Senate. He defeated California State Controller Alan Cranston in a contentious Democratic primary. California Governor Pat Brown, who had supported Cranston, appointed Salinger a Democratic senator to fill the vacancy resulting from the July 30, 1964, death of retiring Senator Clair Engle; he took office on August 4, 1964. In his bid for a full six-year term in the 1964 election, Salinger was defeated by former actor and vaudeville song and dance man George Murphy following a campaign in which Salinger's recent return to his native state became an issue and his legal residency was being challenged in court. He was also hurt by his adamant support, despite advice from his political managers, of legislation banning racial housing discrimination.[16] Salinger's loss made California the sole Democratic-held seat to go Republican in what was otherwise a Democratic landslide.Salinger resigned from the Senate on December 31, 1964, three days before his term was to expire. Murphy, who was to take office on January 3, 1965, was appointed to fill the remaining two days of Salinger's term, giving Murphy a slight advantage in seniority in the Senate over other members elected in 1964 when seniority was more vital in Senate affairs than now.[citation needed]Salinger went on to work in the private sector, which included a stint as a vice president of Continental Airlines.[15]","title":"Senate run"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_(1960s_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Catwoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catwoman"},{"link_name":"Joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Salinger appeared in the January 4, 1968, episode of the ABC Television series Batman portraying \"Lucky Pierre\", a lawyer who defends Catwoman and the Joker in a trial.[17]","title":"Batman appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"1968 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"was fatally shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Ambassador Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"L'Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Express_(France)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booknotes-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP19690310-16"}],"text":"Salinger was one of the managers of United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign and was standing 10 to 12 feet away when Kennedy was fatally shot in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California on June 5 (he died the next day). Salinger claimed that Jim McManus, who was also working on the campaign, said to him, \"I've got to get the message to Los Angeles, under no circumstances should Bobby go through that kitchen ... there's usually grease on the floor. He's going to fall or something.\"Salinger, devastated by the assassination, moved to France and was a correspondent for the weekly news magazine L'Express.[7]Later in 1968, he became director of Great America Management and Research Company (GRAMCO), a mutual investment fund in US real estate aimed at foreigners.[15]","title":"Robert Kennedy assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Dauphin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 1978, Salinger took over Radio Caraïbes International with his friend, the French advertising pioneer Jacques Dauphin.[18]","title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Sports"},{"link_name":"Olympic Winter Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Summer Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purdum-3"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"Peter Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jennings"},{"link_name":"ABC World News Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_World_News_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Frank Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purdum-3"},{"link_name":"George Polk award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Polk_award"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purdum-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"1989 Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"François Spoerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Spoerry"},{"link_name":"Paul-Loup Sulitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Loup_Sulitzer"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Thiollet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Thiollet"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Prime Time Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Time_Live"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Jibril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Jibril"},{"link_name":"Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine-General_Command"},{"link_name":"Pan Am 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_103"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Iraq invasion of Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_invasion_of_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"April Glaspie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Glaspie"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In 1976, ABC Sports employed Salinger as a features commentator for the network's coverage of the Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck, Austria, and the Summer Games in Montreal, Quebec.[3] In 1978, he was hired by ABC News as its Paris bureau chief. He became the network's chief European correspondent based in London in 1983 when Peter Jennings moved to New York to become sole anchor of ABC World News Tonight after the death of Frank Reynolds.[3]In 1981, Salinger was bestowed with a George Polk award for his scoop that the US government was secretly negotiating to free Americans held hostage by Iran.[3][19]Salinger provided commentary on the 1989 Tour de France for ABC Sports.In the 1980s, he was well known as a member of Amiic (World Real Estate Investment Organization, Geneva), with François Spoerry, Paul-Loup Sulitzer and Jean-Pierre Thiollet. The organization was dissolved in 1997.[20]In a November 1989 report for ABC's Prime Time Live, Salinger claimed that Iran had paid Syria and Ahmed Jibril, the head of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC), to carry out the Pan Am 103 bombing.[21]After the August 1990 Iraq invasion of Kuwait, ABC started work on a special program about the invasion. The network sent Salinger to the Middle East, where he obtained a transcript in Arabic of a conversation between Saddam Hussein and the US Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie. The ambassador told Saddam, \"We have no opinion on your Arab-Arab conflicts\", which was interpreted by some as giving Saddam the green light to invade Kuwait, which he did only days later.[22]","title":"Journalism for ABC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TWA Flight 800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_800"},{"link_name":"conspiracy theories about the flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reid2006-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaplan1-25"},{"link_name":"pejorative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reid2006-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kaplan1-25"}],"text":"Three months after the explosion of TWA Flight 800, Salinger claimed to have received a document verifying conspiracy theories about the flight that it had been shot down by friendly fire, and that this had been covered up by the United States government. He claimed that an intelligence agent had sent him the document. What Salinger was touting was, in fact, a hoax document that had been circulating the internet for weeks prior, and which had been emailed to him by a former airline pilot. By lending his distinction and credibility to these conspiracy theories, Salinger helped to bolster them.[23][24]The term Pierre Salinger syndrome was coined in the years after this. This is a pejorative term describing someone possessing the belief that everything on the internet is factual.[23][25][24]","title":"Claims about TWA Flight 800"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burson-Marsteller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burson-Marsteller"},{"link_name":"Scottish Court in the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Court_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Lockerbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockerbie"},{"link_name":"Ranald Sutherland, Lord Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranald_Sutherland,_Lord_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2000 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Cavaillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaillon"},{"link_name":"Le Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Thor"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Arlington National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery"}],"text":"After leaving ABC in 1993, Salinger moved back to Washington and became an executive with Burson-Marsteller, a public relations firm.In November 2000, he became exasperated when he was denied permission to give exonerating evidence as part of his testimony before the Scottish Court in the Netherlands trying two Libyans for the December 21, 1988, bombing of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. Salinger stated that he knew who the real bombers were, but was told by trial judge Ranald Sutherland, Lord Sutherland, \"If you wish to make a point you may do so elsewhere, but I'm afraid you may not do so in this court.\"[26]During the 2000 United States presidential election, Salinger said that he would permanently move to France if George W. Bush won, and fulfilled this promise after Bush's victory.[27] He died from heart failure at the age of 79 on October 16, 2004, at a hospital in Cavaillon, near his home, La Bastide Rose, in Le Thor.[28] He is interred in Arlington National Cemetery.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sander Vanocur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sander_Vanocur"},{"link_name":"Edwin Guthman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Guthman"},{"link_name":"Frank Mankiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Mankiewicz"},{"link_name":"John Seigenthaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Seigenthaler"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Carr_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Leonard Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Gross"},{"link_name":"Éric Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Laurent_(French_journalist)"},{"link_name":"Escape to Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_to_Hell"},{"link_name":"Muammar Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi"}],"text":"A Tribute to John F. Kennedy (editor, with Sander Vanocur), 1964\nWith Kennedy (1966)\nAn Honorable Profession: A Tribute to Robert F. Kennedy (editor with Edwin Guthman, Frank Mankiewicz, and John Seigenthaler), 1968\nOn Instructions of My Government, 1971\nJe Suis un Américain (I am an American), 1975\nLa France et Le nouveau Monde, 1976\nVenezuelan Notebooks, 1979\nAmerica Held Hostage: The Secret Negotiations, 1981\nReporting U.S.-European Relations (with Michael Rice, Jonathan Carr, Henri Pierre, and Jan Reifenberg), 1982\nThe Dossier (with Leonard Gross), 1984\nAbove Paris: A New Collection of Aerial Photographs of Paris, France (author of text), 1984\nMortal Games (co-author with Leonard Gross), 1988\nSecret Dossier: The Hidden Agenda Behind the Gulf War (co-author with Éric Laurent), 1991\nTempete du Desert: Les Secrets de la Maison Blanche, 1991\nP.S., A Memoir, 1995\nJohn F. Kennedy, Commander in Chief: A Profile in Leadership, 1997\nEscape to Hell and Other Stories (foreword, collection authored by Muammar Gaddafi), 1998","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spann-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spann-5"}],"text":"^ Jacqueline Kennedy, unlike husband John F. Kennedy, loved music-related culture, as she had studied piano and ballet in her early years and as a student at Vassar. But her husband did not appreciate or enjoy most kinds of music, which he said hurt his ears.[5] She said that symphonies put him to sleep.[6] After he became president, she relied on Salinger to suggest and invite artists to appear at the While House. Toward the end of his life, Kennedy's opinion had changed somewhat, and he \"came to feel that progress in the arts was intimately related to all that he wanted America to be,\" which led to his supporting the creation of what became the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C.[5]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Salinger continued as press secretary for United States President Lyndon B. Johnson after the assassination of President Kennedy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oval_Office_LBJ_in_Jan._1964.jpg/220px-Oval_Office_LBJ_in_Jan._1964.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Salinger, Pierre (2001). P. S.: A Memoir. St. Martins Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-312-30020-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/psamemoir.htm","url_text":"P. S.: A Memoir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30020-4","url_text":"0-312-30020-4"}]},{"reference":"Yollin, Patricia (October 17, 2004). \"Pierre Salinger – press secretary to presidents\". The San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/10/17/BAGPG9BDVD1.DTL","url_text":"\"Pierre Salinger – press secretary to presidents\""}]},{"reference":"Purdum, Todd S. (October 18, 2004). \"Pierre Salinger, Press Secretary to Kennedy, Dies at 79\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Purdum","url_text":"Purdum, Todd S."},{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E0D7153AF93BA25753C1A9629C8B63&pagewanted=print","url_text":"\"Pierre Salinger, Press Secretary to Kennedy, Dies at 79\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch\". Booknotes. November 12, 1995. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011720/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/67372-1/Pierre+Salinger.aspx","url_text":"\"Watch\""},{"url":"http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/67372-1/Pierre+Salinger.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Historical resources, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum (2004). \"Pierre Salinger Biography\". Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved November 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum","url_text":"Historical resources, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090215194051/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Biographies+and+Profiles/Profiles/Pierre+Salinger.htm","url_text":"\"Pierre Salinger Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Biographies+and+Profiles/Profiles/Pierre+Salinger.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Historical resources, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum (2004). \"Pierre Salinger Biography\". Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved November 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum","url_text":"Historical resources, John F. 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ISSN 0099-9660.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Pierre Salinger | Media\". The Guardian. October 17, 2004. Retrieved January 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/usa/story/0,12271,1329907,00.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: Pierre Salinger | Media\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Reid, Jeffery (July 17, 2006). \"CNN.com - 'Pierre Salinger Syndrome' and the TWA 800 conspiracies - Jul 14, 2006\". www.cnn.com. Retrieved July 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/07/12/twa.conspiracy/","url_text":"\"CNN.com - 'Pierre Salinger Syndrome' and the TWA 800 conspiracies - Jul 14, 2006\""}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Don (July 7, 2013). \"Theory that a missile downed Flight 800 in July of 1996 refuses to die\". nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Palmer
Cole Palmer
["1 Early and personal life","2 Club career","2.1 Early career","2.2 Manchester City","2.3 Chelsea","3 International career","4 Style of play","5 Career statistics","5.1 Club","5.2 International","6 Honours","7 References","8 External links"]
English footballer (born 2002) Cole Palmer Palmer playing for Manchester City in 2023Personal informationFull name Cole Jermaine PalmerDate of birth (2002-05-06) 6 May 2002 (age 22)Place of birth Manchester, EnglandHeight 6 ft 2 in (1.89 m)Position(s) Attacking midfielder, wingerTeam informationCurrent team ChelseaNumber 20Youth career2010–2020 Manchester CitySenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2020–2023 Manchester City 19 (0)2023– Chelsea 33 (22)International career‡2017 England U16 2 (0)2019 England U17 3 (0)2019 England U18 9 (2)2021– England U21 15 (5)2023– England 4 (1) Medal record Men's football Representing  England UEFA European Under-21 Championship Winner 2023 *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 18:40, 19 May 2024 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 23:30, 7 June 2024 (UTC) Cole Jermaine Palmer (born 6 May 2002) is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Premier League club Chelsea and the England national team. He is considered one of the best young players in Europe. An academy graduate of Manchester City, Palmer made his senior debut for the club in 2020, and was later part of their squad that won a continental treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League in 2023. He signed for Chelsea in 2023 for a fee of £40 million, and was named the club's Player of the Season as well as Premier League Young Player of the Season in the 2023–24 season. Palmer has represented England across various youth levels, including winning the 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, before making his senior debut in the same year. Early and personal life Cole Jermaine Palmer was born on 6 May 2002 in Wythenshawe, Manchester. He grew up in Wythenshawe with one sister, raised by a dental engineer father and a dyslexia assessor mother. Palmer's father played Sunday league football for nearly two decades, and Palmer regularly watched him. Palmer was privately educated at St Bede's College. Palmer is of Afro-Kittitian descent on his father's side of the family. His grandfather emigrated in 1960, while his great-grandparents were part of the Windrush generation, migrating five years earlier. Palmer emblazoned his boots with the flag of England and the flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Club career Early career Despite being a Manchester United fan, Palmer joined Manchester City at under-eight level and progressed through the Academy age groups before captaining the under-18s during the 2019–20 season. He had faced concerns from the age of 14 that his physique was too slight for professional football, and academy coaches wanted to release him at 16, but academy director Jason Wilcox rejected their decision. Manchester City On 30 September 2020, Palmer made his first-team debut for City in a 3–0 away win over Burnley in the fourth round of the EFL Cup. He scored his first goal on 21 September 2021 in a 6–1 home win over League One team Wycombe Wanderers in the EFL Cup. On 16 October, Palmer made an appearance in the Premier League against Burnley, and found himself playing and scoring a hat-trick for City's under-23 side that same night. On 19 October, Palmer scored his first UEFA Champions League goal in a 5–1 away win over Club Brugge. On 7 January 2022, Palmer scored on his FA Cup debut in a 4–1 away win over League Two team Swindon Town. On 6 August 2023, Palmer scored the first goal in the 2023 FA Community Shield against Arsenal, after coming on for Erling Haaland as a second-half substitute. However, Arsenal scored in stoppage time and eventually won the match in a penalty shoot-out. Ten days later, Palmer scored his final goal for Manchester City, which was an equaliser in the 2023 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla, which Manchester City won 5–4 in a penalty shoot-out after the match finished 1–1. Chelsea On 1 September, Palmer signed for Premier League club Chelsea on a seven-year contract, with the option of a further year. The transfer fee was reported to be an initial £40 million, potentially rising by £2.5 million in add-ons. He made his debut the following day as a 62nd-minute substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Nottingham Forest. On 7 October, Palmer scored his first goal for Chelsea, from a penalty kick, while also providing the assist for Nicolas Jackson's goal in a 4–1 away victory over Burnley. On 6 November, Palmer registered a goal and an assist in a 4–1 away win at London rivals Tottenham Hotspur. Six days later, Palmer scored a stoppage-time penalty against former club Manchester City, as the two teams played out a 4–4 draw at Stamford Bridge. In Chelsea's final match of 2023, away to Luton Town, Palmer scored twice for the first time professionally, while also assisting Noni Madueke's goal, as Chelsea won 3–2. As a result of his performances during December, which included four goals and two assists, Palmer was nominated for the Premier League Player of the Month award, and his second goal against Luton Town was nominated for Premier League Goal of the Month. On 23 January 2024, Palmer scored another brace, this time in the EFL Cup semi-finals, as Chelsea defeated Middlesbrough 6–1 (6–2 on aggregate) to advance to the final at Wembley Stadium. He scored his tenth league goal of the season on 4 February, making him the first Chelsea player aged 21 or under to score 10 Premier League goals in a season, however, this ended in a 4–2 home defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers. On 29 February, Palmer was named the Men's Young Player of the Year at the 2024 London Football Awards. By assisting Axel Disasi's goal against Brentford on 2 March, Palmer became the Chelsea player with the most goal contributions in a season aged 21 or younger, overtaking Arjen Robben's tally of 16 contributions in 2004–05. On 4 April, Palmer was nominated for the Premier League Player of the Month award a second time after more impressive displays throughout March that saw him score three goals and provide two assists. Later that day, he scored his first career hat-trick, which included two goals scored deep into added time in a 4–3 home victory against Manchester United. By doing so, Palmer became the 200th different player in Premier League history to score a hat-trick, as well as the third youngest to do so in a match against Manchester United. On 15 April, Palmer scored his second career hat-trick against Everton in a 6–0 home win, finishing the match with 4 goals and thus became the 31st Premier League player to score 4 or more goals in a league game, and the first Chelsea player to score two Premier League hat-tricks for the club in a season. Furthermore, he became the third player in the club's history to score at least 20 goals in his debut season, following Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink in 2000–01 and Diego Costa in 2014–15. On 5 May, Palmer scored during a 5–0 home victory against West Ham United, becoming only the third player in Premier League history aged 21 or younger to contribute to 30 or more goals in a single season. Palmer was then named Chelsea Players' Player of the Season as well as Chelsea Player of the Season, voted for by supporters, as well as being awarded the Premier League Player of the Month award for April 2024 and the Premier League Goal of the Month award for his first goal against Everton, becoming the first player in Chelsea history and the fifth player overall to win the Player of the Month and Goal of the Month awards in the same month. On 11 May, Palmer made his 50th overall Premier League appearance, marking the occasion with an assist in a 3–2 away win at Nottingham Forest. By doing so, Palmer became the 13th player in Premier League history to score 20 or more goals and provide 10 or more assists in the same season. Palmer finished the season with a total of 27 goals and 15 assists; he had the most goal involvements (33: 22 goals, 11 assists) of any other player in the 2023–24 Premier League season. He won the Premier League Young Player of the Season and PFA Fans' Player of the Year awards for his outstanding first season at Chelsea while also being nominated for the Premier League Player of the Season and the FWA Footballer of the Year awards. Additionally, his Goal of the Month winning strike against Everton in April was nominated for Premier League Goal of the Season. International career Palmer represented the England national under-17 team at the 2019 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. On 27 August 2021, Palmer received his first call up for the England under-21s. He scored a goal on his debut in a 2–0 win over Kosovo in 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification. He was later included in the England squad for the 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, starting in the final as the Young Lions went on to win the tournament. On 13 November 2023, Palmer received his first call-up to the senior England national team ahead of their UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying matches against Malta and North Macedonia. He made his debut on 17 November, coming on as a 61st-minute substitute in England's 2–0 victory against Malta at Wembley Stadium. In May 2024, he was selected in the 33-man preliminary squad for the UEFA Euro 2024. Palmer made his first England start and scored his first senior international goal in a pre-tournament friendly against Bosnia and Herzegovina on 3 June. Three days later, he was named in coach Gareth Southgate's final 26-man squad for the tournament. Style of play A playmaker, Palmer is known for his record and mentality at penalties, passing, and dribbling, while also creating and scoring goals. He also often attempts long range shots and cuts inside the opposition line. Palmer is left footed, although he can also play well with his right foot. Former Bristol City and Sunderland manager Lee Johnson described Palmer as a "matador showing his shoulder" and praised his technical ability. Palmer's calmness on the pitch was also lauded, earning him the nickname "Cold Palmer". He is also known for his arms-crossed with hands rubbing his shoulders celebration. Career statistics Club As of match played 19 May 2024 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League FA Cup EFL Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Manchester City U21 2019–20 — — — — 2 0 2 0 2021–22 — — — — 1 1 1 1 Total — — — — 3 1 3 1 Manchester City 2020–21 Premier League 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 — 2 0 2021–22 Premier League 4 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 0 11 3 2022–23 Premier League 14 0 4 1 3 0 4 0 0 0 25 1 2023–24 Premier League 1 0 — — — 2 2 3 2 Total 19 0 5 2 6 1 8 1 3 2 41 6 Chelsea 2023–24 Premier League 33 22 6 1 6 2 — — 45 25 Career total 52 22 11 3 12 3 8 1 6 3 89 32 ^ a b Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy ^ a b c Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League ^ Appearance in FA Community Shield ^ One appearance and one goal in FA Community Shield, one appearance and one goal in UEFA Super Cup International As of match played 7 June 2024 Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals England 2023 2 0 2024 2 1 Total 4 1 List of international goals scored by Cole Palmer No. Date Venue Cap Opponent Score Result Competition 1 3 June 2024 St. James' Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, England 3  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1–0 3–0 Friendly Honours Manchester City Premier League: 2022–23 FA Cup: 2022–23 UEFA Champions League: 2022–23 UEFA Super Cup: 2023 Chelsea EFL Cup runner-up: 2023–24 England U21 UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2023 Individual London Football Awards Men's Young Player of the Year: 2024 Chelsea Player of the Season: 2023–24 Chelsea Player's Player of the Season: 2023–24 Premier League Player of the Month: April 2024 Premier League Goal of the Month: April 2024 Premier League Young Player of the Season: 2023–24 PFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2023–24 Premier League Game Changer of the Season: 2023–24 References ^ a b "Cole Palmer". Chelsea F.C. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023. ^ "Palmer 'one of the best young players in Europe'". BBC Sport. BBC. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2024. ^ Horn, Kieran (15 April 2024). "Gary Lineker issues glowing two-word Cole Palmer verdict after Chelsea hat-trick vs Everton". Football.London. Retrieved 18 May 2024. ^ "Premier League clubs publish 2019/20 retained lists". Premier League. 26 June 2020. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2020. ^ "Cole Palmer". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2021. ^ "Cole Palmer – Everything you need to know". Manchester City F.C. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020. ^ a b c d e f Ducker, James (19 April 2024). "How Wythenshawe – the home of Tyson Fury and Shameless – formed Cole Palmer". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 May 2024. ^ "Manchester City Academy". St Bede's College. 4 April 2022. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023. ^ "Dead Mad". The Players' Tribune. Minute Media. 14 July 2022. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023. ^ "Cole Palmer – Everything you need to know". Manchester City F.C. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020. ^ Clayton, David (30 September 2020). "Palmer handed debut as City make four changes". Manchester City F.C. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020. ^ "Manchester City 6–1 Wycombe: Holders come from behind to reach last 16". BBC Sport. 21 September 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ "Manchester City's Cole Palmer hit a hat-trick for U23 side hours after appearing for first team". Eurosport. 17 October 2021. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2021. ^ Rose, Gary (19 October 2021). "Club Bruges 1–5 Manchester City: Cole Palmer scores as Pep Guardiola's side claim dominant win". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2021. ^ Aloia, Andrew (7 January 2022). "FA Cup: Covid-hit Manchester City beat Swindon 4–1 to reach fourth round". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022. ^ "Man City fans ooze over Cole Palmer goal after replacing Erling Haaland against Arsenal". talkSPORT. 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023. ^ "Arsenal 1–1 Manchester City". BBC Sport. 6 August 2023. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023. ^ "Man City-Sevilla | UEFA Super Cup 2023 Final". UEFA. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023. ^ "Cole Palmer signs for Chelsea". Chelsea F.C. 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2023. ^ a b "Chelsea sign Cole Palmer from Manchester City in £42.5m deal". BBC Sport. 1 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2023. ^ a b c "Games played by Cole Palmer in 2023/2024". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 19 May 2024. ^ "Burnley 1–4 Chelsea: Raheem Sterling stars as Blues hit back to defeat Clarets". BBC Sport. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023. ^ "Tottenham Hotspur 1–4 Chelsea: Nicolas Jackson scores hat-trick against nine-man Spurs". BBC Sport. 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023. ^ "Chelsea 4–4 Manchester City: Cole Palmer hits late penalty to deny former club victory". BBC Sport. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023. ^ "Luton Town 2–3 Chelsea: Cole Palmer double earns Chelsea win". BBC Sport. 30 December 2023. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 31 December 2023. ^ "Pick your EA SPORTS Player of the Month". Premier League. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Select your Budweiser Goal of the Month". Premier League. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Chelsea 6–1 Middlesbrough (Agg: 6–2): Blues blow away Boro to reach Carabao Cup final". BBC Sport. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024. ^ "Chelsea 2–4 Wolverhampton Wanderers: Matheus Cunha hat-trick as Wolves stun Blues". BBC Sport. 4 February 2024. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. ^ a b "London Football Awards – 2023/24 Winners". London Football Awards. 29 February 2024. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2024. ^ "Palmer scoops London award". BBC Sport. 1 March 2024. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024. ^ "Nico Jackson and Cole Palmer set admirable feats in eventful Brentford clash". Tribuna. 3 March 2024. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024. ^ "Why Cole Palmer is so special for Chelsea and England". soccersat.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024. ^ "Pick your EA SPORTS Player of the Month". Premier League. 4 April 2024. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024. ^ Jones, Matt (4 April 2024). "Chelsea 4–3 Manchester United – Cole Palmer scores twice in added time as Chelsea stun Man Utd in chaotic affair". Eurosport. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024. ^ Tyers, Alan (15 April 2024). "Cole Palmer scores four as Chelsea stun abject Everton". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024. ^ "Can you name every player to score four or more goals in a single PL match?". Planet Football. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024. ^ Orme, Daniel (15 April 2024). "Jamie Carragher makes bold Cole Palmer claim as Chelsea star breaks more records". Daily Mirror. London. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024. ^ Rindl, Joe (15 April 2024). "Cole Palmer & Premier League golden boot race: The 'amazing' rise of Chelsea's top scorer". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024. ^ "Five-goal Chelsea ease past West Ham to boost hopes of Europe". Premier League. Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ a b c "End of Season Award winners revealed!". Chelsea F.C. Retrieved 8 May 2024. ^ "Palmer voted EA SPORTS Player of the Month". Premier League. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ "Palmer wins awards DOUBLE with Budweiser Goal of the Month". Premier League. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ "Nottingham Forest 2–3 Chelsea: Nicolas Jackson hits winner for Chelsea". BBC Sport. 11 May 2024. ^ "Premier League's Young Player of the Season confirmed". 90min.com. 17 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024. ^ "Palmer voted 2023/24 Hublot Young Player of the Season". Premier League. Retrieved 17 May 2024. ^ a b "Cole Palmer vote PFA Premier League Fans' Player of the Year". BBC Sport. 22 May 2024. ^ "EA SPORTS 2023/24 Player of the Season nominees". Premier League. 9 May 2024. ^ "Phil Foden named FWA Footballer of the Year: Man City's standout player took a step forward, writes Adam Bate". Sky Sports. 3 May 2024. ^ "Vote for your Budweiser Goal of the Season". Premier League. 22 May 2024. ^ "England held by France in European Under-17 Championship opener". BBC Sport. 3 May 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2020. ^ "Carsley names first MU21s squad". 27 August 2021. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021. ^ "England U21 2–0 Kosovo U21". BBC Sport. 7 September 2021. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021. ^ "England MU21s squad named for EURO Finals". The Football Association. 14 June 2023. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023. ^ "England win U21 EURO title after 1–0 win over Spain". The Football Association. 9 July 2023. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023. ^ Walker, Andy (13 November 2023). "England men's squad updates: Lewis, Palmer and Konsa called up". The Football Association. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023. ^ "Cole Palmer, Ezri Konsa and Rico Lewis are called up to England squad for Euro 2024 qualifiers". BBC Sport. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023. ^ Emons, Michael (17 November 2023). "England 2–0 Malta". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023. ^ Veevers, Nicholas (21 May 2024). "England squad named for EURO 2024 training camp and games". English Football Association. Retrieved 21 May 2024. ^ Howell, Alex; Cryer, Andy (3 June 2024). "Southgate's 'secret weapon'? – Palmer's rise to England hopeful". BBC Sport. Retrieved 4 June 2024. ^ "Eze & Wharton named in England squad for Euro 2024". BBC Sport. 6 June 2024. Retrieved 6 June 2024. ^ "Cole Palmer: position and style of play". The Coaches' Voice. Retrieved 16 April 2024. ^ "On the feel and functionality of Cole Palmer". Football Paradise. 5 December 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2024. ^ Twomey, Liam (19 April 2024). "Is Cole Palmer the real deal? Experts break down his brilliance". The Athletic. Retrieved 27 May 2024. ^ "Games played by Cole Palmer in 2019/2020". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 30 August 2023. ^ a b "Games played by Cole Palmer in 2021/2022". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 30 August 2023. ^ "Games played by Cole Palmer in 2020/2021". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 30 August 2023. ^ "Games played by Cole Palmer in 2022/2023". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 30 August 2023. ^ "Cole Palmer: Internationals". worldfootball.net. HEIM:SPIEL. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ a b c "Cole Palmer: Overview". Premier League. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2024. ^ McNulty, Phil (3 June 2023). "Manchester City 2–1 Manchester United". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023. ^ McNulty, Phil (10 June 2023). "Manchester City 1–0 Inter Milan". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023. ^ McNulty, Phil (16 August 2023). "Manchester City 1–1 Sevilla". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023. ^ McNulty, Phil (25 February 2024). "Chelsea 0–1 Liverpool". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024. ^ Howell, Alex (8 July 2023). "England U21 1–0 Spain U21". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023. ^ "Palmer wins awards DOUBLE with Budweiser Goal of the Month". Premier League. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024. ^ "Palmer claims Castrol Game Changer of the Season award". Premier League. 26 May 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cole Palmer. Profile at the Chelsea F.C. website Cole Palmer – UEFA competition record (archive)  vteChelsea F.C. – current squad 1 Sánchez 2 Disasi 3 Cucurella 5 Badiashile 7 Sterling 8 Fernández 10 Mudryk 11 Madueke 13 Bettinelli 14 Chalobah 15 Jackson 16 Ugochukwu 17 Chukwuemeka 18 Nkunku 20 Palmer 21 Chilwell 23 Gallagher 24 James (c) 25 Caicedo 26 Colwill 27 Gusto 28 Petrović 31 Casadei 33 Fofana 36 Deivid 42 Gilchrist 43 Moreira 45 Lavia 49 Tauriainen 54 Castledine 63 Acheampong Sarr Manager: Maresca vteEngland squad – UEFA Euro 2024 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Shaw 4 Rice 5 Stones 6 Guéhi 7 Saka 8 Alexander-Arnold 9 Kane (c) 10 Bellingham 11 Foden 12 Trippier 13 Ramsdale 14 Konsa 15 Dunk 16 Gallagher 17 Toney 18 Gordon 19 Watkins 20 Bowen 21 Eze 22 Gomez 23 Henderson 24 Palmer 25 Wharton 26 Mainoo Coach: Southgate Awards vteChelsea F.C. – Player of the Year 1967: Bonetti 1968: Cooke 1969: Webb 1970: Hollins 1971: Hollins 1972: Webb 1973: Osgood 1974: Locke 1975: Cooke 1976: Wilkins 1977: Wilkins 1978: Droy 1979: Langley 1980: Walker 1981: Borota 1982: Fillery 1983: Jones 1984: Nevin 1985: Speedie 1986: Niedzwiecki 1987: Nevin 1988: Dorigo 1989: Roberts 1990: Monkou 1991: Townsend 1992: Elliott 1993: Sinclair 1994: Clarke 1995: Johnsen 1996: Gullit 1997: Hughes 1998: Wise 1999: Zola 2000: Wise 2001: Terry 2002: Cudicini 2003: Zola 2004: Lampard 2005: Lampard 2006: Terry 2007: Essien 2008: J. Cole 2009: Lampard 2010: Drogba 2011: Čech 2012: Mata 2013: Mata 2014: Hazard 2015: Hazard 2016: Willian 2017: Hazard 2018: Kanté 2019: Hazard 2020: Kovačić 2021: Mount 2022: Mount 2023: Silva 2024: Palmer vtePFA Fans' Player of the Year 2001: Gerrard 2002: Van Nistelrooy 2003: Henry 2004: Henry 2005: Lampard 2006: Rooney 2007: Ronaldo 2008: Ronaldo 2009: Gerrard 2010: Rooney 2011: Meireles 2012: Van Persie 2014: Suárez 2015: Sánchez 2016: Mahrez 2017: Kane 2018: Salah 2019: Hazard 2020: Mané 2021: Salah 2022: Salah 2023: Rashford 2024: Palmer vtePremier League Young Player of the Season 2020: Alexander-Arnold 2021: Foden 2022: Foden 2023: Haaland 2024: Palmer
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"attacking midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winger_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"England national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"academy graduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C._EDS_and_Academy"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"continental treble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_treble"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"the club's Player of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C._Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Premier League Young Player of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Young_Player_of_the_Season"},{"link_name":"2023–24 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Chelsea_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"various youth levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_youth_football_team"},{"link_name":"2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"}],"text":"English footballer (born 2002)Cole Jermaine Palmer (born 6 May 2002) is an English professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Premier League club Chelsea and the England national team. He is considered one of the best young players in Europe.[2][3]An academy graduate of Manchester City, Palmer made his senior debut for the club in 2020, and was later part of their squad that won a continental treble of the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League in 2023. He signed for Chelsea in 2023 for a fee of £40 million, and was named the club's Player of the Season as well as Premier League Young Player of the Season in the 2023–24 season.Palmer has represented England across various youth levels, including winning the 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, before making his senior debut in the same year.","title":"Cole Palmer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wythenshawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wythenshawe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wythenshawe-7"},{"link_name":"Sunday league football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_league_football_in_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wythenshawe-7"},{"link_name":"St Bede's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bede%27s_College,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Afro-Kittitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Kittitians_and_Nevisians"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Windrush generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windrush_generation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wythenshawe-7"},{"link_name":"flag of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_England"},{"link_name":"flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wythenshawe-7"}],"text":"Cole Jermaine Palmer[4] was born on 6 May 2002[5] in Wythenshawe, Manchester.[6] He grew up in Wythenshawe with one sister, raised by a dental engineer father and a dyslexia assessor mother.[7] Palmer's father played Sunday league football for nearly two decades, and Palmer regularly watched him.[7] Palmer was privately educated at St Bede's College.[8]Palmer is of Afro-Kittitian descent on his father's side of the family.[9] His grandfather emigrated in 1960, while his great-grandparents were part of the Windrush generation, migrating five years earlier.[7] Palmer emblazoned his boots with the flag of England and the flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.[7]","title":"Early and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wythenshawe-7"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"captaining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"2019–20 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Manchester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jason Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wythenshawe-7"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Despite being a Manchester United fan,[7] Palmer joined Manchester City at under-eight level and progressed through the Academy age groups before captaining the under-18s during the 2019–20 season.[10] He had faced concerns from the age of 14 that his physique was too slight for professional football, and academy coaches wanted to release him at 16, but academy director Jason Wilcox rejected their decision.[7]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_team_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."},{"link_name":"EFL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"Wycombe Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycombe_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Club Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Brugge_KV"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Swindon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2023 FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Erling Haaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling_Haaland"},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"stoppage time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoppage_time"},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2023 UEFA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sevilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla_FC"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Manchester City","text":"On 30 September 2020, Palmer made his first-team debut for City in a 3–0 away win over Burnley in the fourth round of the EFL Cup.[11] He scored his first goal on 21 September 2021 in a 6–1 home win over League One team Wycombe Wanderers in the EFL Cup.[12] On 16 October, Palmer made an appearance in the Premier League against Burnley, and found himself playing and scoring a hat-trick for City's under-23 side that same night.[13] On 19 October, Palmer scored his first UEFA Champions League goal in a 5–1 away win over Club Brugge.[14] On 7 January 2022, Palmer scored on his FA Cup debut in a 4–1 away win over League Two team Swindon Town.[15]On 6 August 2023, Palmer scored the first goal in the 2023 FA Community Shield against Arsenal, after coming on for Erling Haaland as a second-half substitute.[16] However, Arsenal scored in stoppage time and eventually won the match in a penalty shoot-out.[17] Ten days later, Palmer scored his final goal for Manchester City, which was an equaliser in the 2023 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla, which Manchester City won 5–4 in a penalty shoot-out after the match finished 1–1.[18]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"transfer fee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_fee"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb2324-21"},{"link_name":"penalty kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"London rivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C.%E2%80%93Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C._rivalry"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Stamford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Luton Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"scored twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brace_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Noni Madueke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noni_Madueke"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Premier League Player of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Player_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"Premier League Goal of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Goal_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"EFL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023-24_EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"semi-finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023-24_EFL_Cup#Semi-finals"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C."},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_EFL_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Axel Disasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Arjen Robben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Robben"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Chelsea_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick"},{"link_name":"200th different player in Premier League history to score a hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Premier_League_hat-tricks"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Floyd_Hasselbaink"},{"link_name":"Diego Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Costa"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Players' Player of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C._Player_of_the_Year#Player's_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Player of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C._Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-award2024-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"2023–24 Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Premier League Young Player of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Young_Player_of_the_Season"},{"link_name":"PFA Fans' Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Fans%27_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Premier League Player of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Player_of_the_Season"},{"link_name":"FWA Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FWA_Footballer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Premier League Goal of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Goal_of_the_Season"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Chelsea","text":"On 1 September, Palmer signed for Premier League club Chelsea on a seven-year contract, with the option of a further year.[19][20] The transfer fee was reported to be an initial £40 million, potentially rising by £2.5 million in add-ons.[20] He made his debut the following day as a 62nd-minute substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Nottingham Forest.[21] On 7 October, Palmer scored his first goal for Chelsea, from a penalty kick, while also providing the assist for Nicolas Jackson's goal in a 4–1 away victory over Burnley.[22] On 6 November, Palmer registered a goal and an assist in a 4–1 away win at London rivals Tottenham Hotspur.[23] Six days later, Palmer scored a stoppage-time penalty against former club Manchester City, as the two teams played out a 4–4 draw at Stamford Bridge.[24]In Chelsea's final match of 2023, away to Luton Town, Palmer scored twice for the first time professionally, while also assisting Noni Madueke's goal, as Chelsea won 3–2.[25] As a result of his performances during December, which included four goals and two assists, Palmer was nominated for the Premier League Player of the Month award, and his second goal against Luton Town was nominated for Premier League Goal of the Month.[26][27] On 23 January 2024, Palmer scored another brace, this time in the EFL Cup semi-finals, as Chelsea defeated Middlesbrough 6–1 (6–2 on aggregate) to advance to the final at Wembley Stadium.[28] He scored his tenth league goal of the season on 4 February, making him the first Chelsea player aged 21 or under to score 10 Premier League goals in a season, however, this ended in a 4–2 home defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers.[29] On 29 February, Palmer was named the Men's Young Player of the Year at the 2024 London Football Awards.[30][31] By assisting Axel Disasi's goal against Brentford on 2 March, Palmer became the Chelsea player with the most goal contributions in a season aged 21 or younger, overtaking Arjen Robben's tally of 16 contributions in 2004–05.[32][33]On 4 April, Palmer was nominated for the Premier League Player of the Month award a second time after more impressive displays throughout March that saw him score three goals and provide two assists.[34] Later that day, he scored his first career hat-trick, which included two goals scored deep into added time in a 4–3 home victory against Manchester United. By doing so, Palmer became the 200th different player in Premier League history to score a hat-trick, as well as the third youngest to do so in a match against Manchester United.[35] On 15 April, Palmer scored his second career hat-trick against Everton in a 6–0 home win, finishing the match with 4 goals and thus became the 31st Premier League player to score 4 or more goals in a league game,[36][37] and the first Chelsea player to score two Premier League hat-tricks for the club in a season.[38][better source needed] Furthermore, he became the third player in the club's history to score at least 20 goals in his debut season, following Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink in 2000–01 and Diego Costa in 2014–15.[39]On 5 May, Palmer scored during a 5–0 home victory against West Ham United, becoming only the third player in Premier League history aged 21 or younger to contribute to 30 or more goals in a single season.[40] Palmer was then named Chelsea Players' Player of the Season as well as Chelsea Player of the Season, voted for by supporters,[41] as well as being awarded the Premier League Player of the Month award for April 2024 and the Premier League Goal of the Month award for his first goal against Everton, becoming the first player in Chelsea history and the fifth player overall to win the Player of the Month and Goal of the Month awards in the same month.[42][43] On 11 May, Palmer made his 50th overall Premier League appearance, marking the occasion with an assist in a 3–2 away win at Nottingham Forest. By doing so, Palmer became the 13th player in Premier League history to score 20 or more goals and provide 10 or more assists in the same season.[44]Palmer finished the season with a total of 27 goals and 15 assists; he had the most goal involvements (33: 22 goals, 11 assists) of any other player in the 2023–24 Premier League season. He won the Premier League Young Player of the Season and PFA Fans' Player of the Year awards for his outstanding first season at Chelsea while also being nominated for the Premier League Player of the Season and the FWA Footballer of the Year awards.[45][46][47][48][49] Additionally, his Goal of the Month winning strike against Everton in April was nominated for Premier League Goal of the Season.[50]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England national under-17 team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"2019 UEFA European Under-17 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_UEFA_European_Under-17_Championship"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"England under-21s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"the final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship_final"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"England national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2024_qualifying"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2024"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Gareth Southgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Southgate"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Palmer represented the England national under-17 team at the 2019 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.[51]On 27 August 2021, Palmer received his first call up for the England under-21s.[52] He scored a goal on his debut in a 2–0 win over Kosovo in 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification.[53] He was later included in the England squad for the 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, starting in the final as the Young Lions went on to win the tournament.[54][55]On 13 November 2023, Palmer received his first call-up to the senior England national team ahead of their UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying matches against Malta and North Macedonia.[56][57] He made his debut on 17 November, coming on as a 61st-minute substitute in England's 2–0 victory against Malta at Wembley Stadium.[58]In May 2024, he was selected in the 33-man preliminary squad for the UEFA Euro 2024.[59] Palmer made his first England start and scored his first senior international goal in a pre-tournament friendly against Bosnia and Herzegovina on 3 June.[60] Three days later, he was named in coach Gareth Southgate's final 26-man squad for the tournament.[61]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"playmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playmaker"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Bristol City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Lee Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Johnson_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"A playmaker, Palmer is known for his record and mentality at penalties, passing, and dribbling, while also creating and scoring goals. He also often attempts long range shots and cuts inside the opposition line. Palmer is left footed, although he can also play well with his right foot.[62][63] Former Bristol City and Sunderland manager Lee Johnson described Palmer as a \"matador showing his shoulder\" and praised his technical ability. Palmer's calmness on the pitch was also lauded, earning him the nickname \"Cold Palmer\". He is also known for his arms-crossed with hands rubbing his shoulders celebration.[64]","title":"Style of play"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFLT_66-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EFLT_66-1"},{"link_name":"EFL Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Trophy"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_69-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_69-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_69-2"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FACS_70-0"},{"link_name":"FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"UEFA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played 19 May 2024^ a b Appearance(s) in EFL Trophy\n\n^ a b c Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League\n\n^ Appearance in FA Community Shield\n\n^ One appearance and one goal in FA Community Shield, one appearance and one goal in UEFA Super Cup","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"As of match played 7 June 2024[69]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PremProfile-74"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"UEFA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"EFL Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"UEFA European Under-21 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-30"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Player of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C._Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Chelsea_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-award2024-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-award2024-41"},{"link_name":"Premier League Player of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Player_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"April 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Premier_League#Monthly_awards"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PremProfile-74"},{"link_name":"Premier League Goal of the Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Goal_of_the_Month"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Premier League Young Player of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Young_Player_of_the_Season"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Premier_League#Annual_awards"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PremProfile-74"},{"link_name":"PFA Fans' Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Fans%27_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Fans%27_Player_of_the_Year#2024"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFA-47"},{"link_name":"Premier League Game Changer of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Game_Changer_of_the_Season"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Premier_League#Annual_awards"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"Manchester CityPremier League: 2022–23[70]\nFA Cup: 2022–23[71]\nUEFA Champions League: 2022–23[72]\nUEFA Super Cup: 2023[73]ChelseaEFL Cup runner-up: 2023–24[74]England U21UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2023[75]IndividualLondon Football Awards Men's Young Player of the Year: 2024[30]\nChelsea Player of the Season: 2023–24[41]\nChelsea Player's Player of the Season: 2023–24[41]\nPremier League Player of the Month: April 2024[70]\nPremier League Goal of the Month: April 2024[76]\nPremier League Young Player of the Season: 2023–24[70]\nPFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2023–24[47]\nPremier League Game Changer of the Season: 2023–24[77]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Cole Palmer\". Chelsea F.C. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/cole-palmer","url_text":"\"Cole Palmer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230916171354/https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/cole-palmer","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Palmer 'one of the best young players in Europe'\". BBC Sport. BBC. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/c03y9r5q66no","url_text":"\"Palmer 'one of the best young players in Europe'\""}]},{"reference":"Horn, Kieran (15 April 2024). \"Gary Lineker issues glowing two-word Cole Palmer verdict after Chelsea hat-trick vs Everton\". Football.London. Retrieved 18 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.football.london/chelsea-fc/news/gary-lineker-issues-glowing-two-29002798","url_text":"\"Gary Lineker issues glowing two-word Cole Palmer verdict after Chelsea hat-trick vs Everton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premier League clubs publish 2019/20 retained lists\". Premier League. 26 June 2020. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/1697050","url_text":"\"Premier League clubs publish 2019/20 retained lists\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210619150724/https://www.premierleague.com/news/1697050","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cole Palmer\". 11v11.com. AFS Enterprises. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/players/cole-palmer-265554/","url_text":"\"Cole Palmer\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220131221128/https://www.11v11.com/players/cole-palmer-265554/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cole Palmer – Everything you need to know\". Manchester City F.C. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/who-is-cole-palmer-63728706","url_text":"\"Cole Palmer – Everything you need to know\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101141534/https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/who-is-cole-palmer-63728706","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ducker, James (19 April 2024). \"How Wythenshawe – the home of Tyson Fury and Shameless – formed Cole Palmer\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2024/04/19/cole-palmer-making-of-wythenshawe-fury-shameless-chelsea/","url_text":"\"How Wythenshawe – the home of Tyson Fury and Shameless – formed Cole Palmer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester City Academy\". St Bede's College. 4 April 2022. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sbcm.co.uk/academic/manchester-city-football-academy/","url_text":"\"Manchester City Academy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231106210729/https://sbcm.co.uk/academic/manchester-city-football-academy/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dead Mad\". The Players' Tribune. Minute Media. 14 July 2022. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theplayerstribune.com/posts/cole-palmer-manchester-city-soccer-premier-league","url_text":"\"Dead Mad\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231122081210/https://www.theplayerstribune.com/posts/cole-palmer-manchester-city-soccer-premier-league","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cole Palmer – Everything you need to know\". Manchester City F.C. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/who-is-cole-palmer-63728706","url_text":"\"Cole Palmer – Everything you need to know\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101141534/https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/who-is-cole-palmer-63728706","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Clayton, David (30 September 2020). \"Palmer handed debut as City make four changes\". Manchester City F.C. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/burnley-v-manchester-city-carabao-cup-team-news-and-tactics-63737078","url_text":"\"Palmer handed debut as City make four changes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201005212020/https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/burnley-v-manchester-city-carabao-cup-team-news-and-tactics-63737078","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester City 6–1 Wycombe: Holders come from behind to reach last 16\". BBC Sport. 21 September 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/58553818","url_text":"\"Manchester City 6–1 Wycombe: Holders come from behind to reach last 16\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220311054245/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/58553818","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Manchester City's Cole Palmer hit a hat-trick for U23 side hours after appearing for first team\". Eurosport. 17 October 2021. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.com/football/premier-league/2021-2022/manchester-city-s-cole-palmer-hit-a-hat-trick-for-u23-side-hours-after-appearing-for-first-team_sto8588744/story.shtml","url_text":"\"Manchester City's Cole Palmer hit a hat-trick for U23 side hours after appearing for first team\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231220200544/https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Gary (19 October 2021). \"Club Bruges 1–5 Manchester City: Cole Palmer scores as Pep Guardiola's side claim dominant win\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. 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Experts break down his brilliance\". The Athletic. Retrieved 27 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5423338/2024/04/19/palmer-chelsea-shearer-johnson-analysis/","url_text":"\"Is Cole Palmer the real deal? Experts break down his brilliance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Cole Palmer in 2019/2020\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 30 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=125454&season_id=152","url_text":"\"Games played by Cole Palmer in 2019/2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Cole Palmer in 2021/2022\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 30 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=125454&season_id=154","url_text":"\"Games played by Cole Palmer in 2021/2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Cole Palmer in 2020/2021\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. 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Retrieved 26 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/players/49293/Cole-Palmer/overview","url_text":"\"Cole Palmer: Overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201118073612/https://www.premierleague.com/players/49293/Cole-Palmer/overview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McNulty, Phil (3 June 2023). \"Manchester City 2–1 Manchester United\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65785637","url_text":"\"Manchester City 2–1 Manchester United\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602230358/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/65785637","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McNulty, Phil (10 June 2023). \"Manchester City 1–0 Inter Milan\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Morocco
Cabinet of Morocco
["1 Cabinet of Aziz Akhannouch, 2021–present","2 Historical Cabinets","2.1 Cabinet of Saad-Eddine El Othmani, 2017–2021","2.2 Cabinet of Abdelilah Benkirane II, October 2013–2016","2.3 Cabinet of Abdelilah Benkirane I, 2012–October 2013","2.4 Abbas el-Fassi, 2007–2012","2.5 Driss Jettou, 2002–2007","2.6 Abderrahmane el-Youssoufi II, 2000–2002","2.7 Abderrahmane el-Youssoufi I, 1998–2000","2.8 Abdellatif Filali III, 1997–1998","2.9 Abdellatif Filali II, 1995–1997","2.10 Abdellatif Filali I, 1994–1995","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Governmental bodyPolitics of Morocco Constitution Human rights Monarchy King (list) Mohammed VI Makhzen Dahir Government Prime Minister (list) Aziz Akhannouch Cabinet Parliament House of Councillors House of Representatives Judiciary Administrative divisions Regions Prefectures and provinces Municipalities and communes Elections Recent elections Parliamentary: 201120162021 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Nasser Bourita Diplomatic missions of / in Morocco Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Western Sahara conflict Morocco portal Other countries vte The Cabinet of Morocco is the chief executive body of the Kingdom of Morocco. The Cabinet is usually composed of some 25 ministers and 5 to 10 "Secretaries of State" and "Minister Delegates". It is headed by the Head of the Government since August 2011), who is appointed by the King of Morocco from the party that achieved a plurality in the parliamentary elections. The Cabinet's ministers are chosen by the PM, after consultation with other parties forming the Government coalition, then validated and appointed by the King. As of September 10, 2021, the current government is headed by Aziz Akhannouch, who was appointed by King Mohamed VI to form a new government after leading the results of the 2021 general election. On 7 October 2021, the new cabinet of 24 ministers, which included 7 women, was sworn in. Cabinet of Aziz Akhannouch, 2021–present Cabinet of Aziz Akhannouch11th Cabinet of MoroccoDate formed7 October 2021 (2021-10-07)People and organisationsHead of stateMohammed VIHead of governmentAziz AkhannouchMember partiesNational Rally of Independents (RNI)Authenticity and Modernity Party (PAM)Istiqlal Party (PI)HistoryElection2021 Moroccan general electionPredecessorCabinet of Saad-Eddine El Othmani The formation of the current government resulted in changes to certain ministries, with some functions being renamed, split or merged with others. Previous portfolio(s) Current portfolio(s) Ministry of Health Ministry of Health & Social Protection Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Logistics & Water Ministry of Equipment & Water Ministry of Transport & Logistics Ministry of National Education, Vocational Training, Higher Education & Scientific Research Ministry of National Education, Preschool and Sports Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation Ministry of Employment & Professional Insertion Ministry of Economic Inclusion, Small Business, Employment and Skills Ministry of Industry, Trade, Investment & Digital Economy Ministry of Industry and Trade Ministry of Tourism, Air Transport, Craft & Social Economy Ministry of Tourism, Handicrafts and Social and Solidarity Economy Ministry of Energy, Mines and Environment Ministry of Energy Transition and Sustainable Development Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports Ministry of Youth, Culture and Communication Ministry of Solidarity, Equality, Family & Social Development Ministry of Solidarity, Social Integration and the Family Ministry Incumbent Portrait Ministry of Interior Abdelouafi Laftit Minister of Foreign Affairs, African Cooperation and Moroccan Expatriates Nasser Bourita Ministry of Justice Abdellatif Ouahbi Ministry of Habous & Islamic Affairs Ahmed Toufiq General Secretary of Government Mohamed El Hajoui Ministry of Economy and Finance Nadia Fettah Alaoui Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries, Rural Development and Water and Forests Mohamed Sadiki Ministry of National Territory Planning, Land Planning, Housing and City Policy Fatima Ezzahra El Mansouri Ministry of National Education, Preschool and Sports Chakib Benmoussa Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation Abdellatif Miraoui Ministry of Industry and Trade Ryad Mezzour Ministry of Transport & Logistics Mohamed Abdeljalil Ministry of Equipment & Water Nizar Baraka Ministry of Health & Social Protection Khalid Aït Taleb Ministry of Energy Transition and Sustainable Development Leila Benali Ministry of Tourism, Handicrafts and Social and Solidarity Economy Fatim-Zahra Ammor Ministry of Youth, Culture and Communication Mohamed Mehdi Bensaid Ministry of Solidarity, Social Integration and the Family Aawatif Hayar Ministry of Economic Inclusion, Small Business, Employment and Skills Younes Sekkouri Ministry of Defense Abdellatif Loudiyi Delegate-Ministry to the Head of Government in charge of the administration of National Defense Abdellatif Loudiyi Delegate-Ministry to the Head of Government in charge of Investment, Convergence and the Evaluation of Public Policies Mohcine Jazouli Delegate-Ministry to the Minister of Economy and Finance, in charge of the Budget Faouzi Lekjaa Delegate-Ministry to the Head of Government in charge of Relations with Parliament, Government Spokesman Mustapha Baitas Delegate-Ministry to the Head of Government in charge of Digital Transition and Administration Reform Ghita Mezzour Source: Historical Cabinets Cabinet of Saad-Eddine El Othmani, 2017–2021 Cabinet of Saad-Eddine El Othmani10th Cabinet of MoroccoDate formed25 March 2017 (2017-03-25)Date dissolved7 October 2021 (2021-10-07)People and organisationsHead of stateMohammed VIHead of governmentSaad-Eddine El OthmaniMember partiesJustice and Development Party (PJD)National Rally of Independents (RNI)Popular Movement (MP)Constitutional Union (UC)Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS)Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP).Status in legislaturePJD-led coalition governmentOpposition partiesIstiqlal Party (PI)Authenticity and Modernity Party (PAM)Federation of the Democratic LeftDemocratic and Social MovementUnion and Democracy PartyGreen Left PartyHistoryElectionMoroccan general election, 2016PredecessorCabinet of Abdelilah Benkirane II Ministry Incumbent Ministry of State in charge of Human Rights Mustafa Ramid Ministry of Interior Abdelouafi Laftit Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Nasser Bourita Ministry of Justice Mohamed Aujjar Ministry of Habous & Islamic Affairs Ahmed Toufiq General Secretary of Government Mohamed El Hajoui Ministry of Economy and Finance Mohamed Boussaid Ministry of Agriculture, Sea Fishery, Rural Development, Water Bodies & Forests Aziz Akhannouch Ministry of National Territory Planning, Land Planning, Housing and City Policy Nouzha Bouchareb Ministry of National Education, Vocational Training, Higher Education & Scientific Research Saaid Amzazi Ministry of Industry, Trade, Investment & Digital Economy Moulay Hafid Elalamy Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Logistics & Water Abdelkader Amara Ministry of Health Khalid Aït Taleb Ministry of Energy, Mines and Environment Aziz Rebbah Ministry of Tourism, Air Transport, Craft & Social Economy Mohamed Sajid Ministry of Youth & Sports Hassan Abyaba Ministry of Culture & Communication Hassan Abyaba Ministry of Solidarity, Equality, Family & Social Development Bassima El Hakkaoui Ministry of Employment & Professional Insertion Mohamed Yatim Source: Cabinet of Abdelilah Benkirane II, October 2013–2016 9th Cabinet of MoroccoDate formed1 October 2013 (2013-10-01)People and organisationsHead of stateMohammed VIHead of governmentAbdelilah BenkiraneMember partiesJustice and Development Party (PJD)National Rally of Independents (RNI)Popular Movement (MP)Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS)Status in legislaturePJD-led coalition governmentOpposition partiesIstiqlal Party (PI)Authenticity and Modernity Party (PAM)Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP)Constitutional Union (UC)Labour Party (PT)HistoryElectionMoroccan general election, 2011PredecessorCabinet of Abdelilah Benkirane I Ministry Incumbent Ministry of State Abdellah Baha Ministry of Foreign Affairs Salaheddine Mezouar Ministry of Urbanism & National Land Settlement Mohand Laenser Ministry of Justice & Liberties Mustafa Ramid Ministry of Habous & Islamic Affairs Ahmed Toufiq Ministry of Interior Mohamed Hassad General Secretary of Government Driss Dahak Ministry of Economy and Finance Mohamed Boussaid Ministry of Housing & Policy of the City Mohamed Nabil Benabdallah Ministry of Agriculture & Fishery Aziz Akhannouch Ministry of National Education & Vocational Training Rachid Belmokhtar Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research Lahcen Daoudi Ministry of Youth & Sports Mohammed Ouzzine Ministry of Equipment, Transport & Logistics Aziz Rebbah Ministry of Health El Hossein El Ouardi Ministry of Communication Mustapha El Khalfi Ministry of Energy, Mining, Water & Environment Abdelkader Amara Ministry of Industry, Trade, Investment & Digital Economy Moulay Hafid Elalamy Ministry of Tourism Lahcen Haddad Ministry of Solidarity, Women, Family & Social Development Bassima Hakkaoui Ministry of Culture Mohamed Amine Sbihi Ministry for Moroccans Residing Abroad & Emigration Anis Birou Ministry of Craft & Social Economy Fatema Marouane Ministry of Employment & Social Affairs Abdeslam Seddiki Ministry of Relations with Parliament & Civil Society El Habib Choubani Cabinet of Abdelilah Benkirane I, 2012–October 2013 Office Incumbent Party Website Term Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane (b. 1954) PJD 29 November 2011 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of State Abdellah Baha (b. 1954) PJD - 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Interior Mohand Laenser (b. 1942) MP - 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation Saad-Eddine El Othmani (b. 1956) PJD 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Justice and Liberties Mustafa Ramid (b. 1959) PJD 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs Ahmed Toufiq (b. 1943) Independent 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Economy and Finance Nizar Baraka (b. 1964) Istiqlal 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Housing, Urbanism and Policy of the City Nabil Benabdallah (b. 1959) PPS 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery Aziz Akhannouch (b. 1961) Independent 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Education Mohamed El Ouafa (b. 1948) Istiqlal 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Lahcen Daoudi (b. 1947) PJD 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Sports and Youth Mohamed Ouzzine (b. 1969) MP 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Equipment and Transport Aziz Rabbah (b. 1962) PJD 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Health El Hossein El Ouardi (b. 1954) PPS 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Communication and Spokesperson of the Government Mustapha El Khalfi (b. 1973) PJD 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Energy, Mining, Water and Environment Fouad Douiri (b. 1960) Istiqlal 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Employment and Vocational Training Abdelouahed Souhail (b. 1946) PPS 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Industry, Trade and New Technologies Abdelkader Aamara (b. 1962) PJD 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Tourism Lahcen Haddad (b. 1960) MP 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Solidarity, Women, Family and Social Development Bassima Hakkaoui (b. 1960) PJD 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Culture Mohamed Amine Sbihi (b. 1954) PPS 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Craft Abdessamad Qaiouh (b. 1966) Istiqlal 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Ministry of Relations with the Parliament and Civil Society Lahbib Choubani (b. 1963) PJD 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 General Secretary of the Government Driss Dahak (b. 1939) Independent 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Delegate-Ministry for the Administration of National Defense Abdellatif Loudiyi Independent - 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Delegate-Ministry for the Moroccans Residing Abroad Abdellatif Maazouz (b. 1954) Istiqlal 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Delegate-Ministry to the Minister of Interior Charki Draiss (b. 1955) Independent - 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Delegate-Ministry for Foreign Affairs Youssef Amrani (b. 1953) Istiqlal - 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Delegate-Ministry for General Affairs and Governance Mohamed Najib Boulif (b. 1964) PJD 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Delegate-Ministry for Public Service and the Modernization of the Administration Abdeladim El Guerrouj (b. 1972) MP 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Delegate-Ministry for the Budget Idriss Azami Al Idrissi (b. 1966) PJD - 03 January 2012 - 10 October 2013 Key Justice and Development Party (PJD) Istiqlal Popular Movement (MP) Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS) Independent Source: Abbas el-Fassi, 2007–2012 Cabinet of Abbas El Fassi 2007-2012 Portfolio Incumbent Party Term Prime Minister Abbas El Fassi (b. 1940) Istiqlal 19 September 2007 - 29 November 2011 Ministry of State Mohamed El Yazghi (b. 1935) USFP 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Justice Abdelwahed Radi (b. 1935) USFP 8 October 2007 - 04 January 2010 Ministry of Interior Chakib Benmoussa (b. 1958) Independent 8 October 2007 - 04 January 2010 Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation Taieb Fassi Fihri (b. 1958) Independent 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs Ahmed Toufiq (b. 1943) Independent 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Relations with the Parliament Mohamed Saad Alami (b. 1948) Istiqlal 8 October 2007 - 04 January 2010 Ministry of Economy and Finance Salaheddine Mezouar (b. 1953) RNI 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Equipment and Transport Karim Ghellab (b. 1966) Istiqlal 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Housing and Urbanism Ahmed Toufiq Hejira (b. 1959) Istiqlal 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Tourism and Crafts Mohamed Bousaid (b. 1961) RNI 8 October 2007 - 04 January 2010 Ministry of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment Amina Benkhadra (b. 1954) RNI 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Health Yasmina Baddou (b. 1962) Istiqlal 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Sports and Youth Nawal El Moutawakil (b. 1962) RNI 8 October 2007 - 29 July 2009 Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery Aziz Akhannouch (b. 1961) RNI 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Education Ahmed Akhchichine (b. 1954) PAMIndependent 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Communication and Spokesperson of the Government Khalid Naciri (b. 1946) PPS 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Employment and Vocational Training Jamal Aghmani (b. 1958) USFP 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Industry, Trade and New Technologies Ahmed Chami (b. 1961) USFP 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of External Trade Abdellatif Maazouz (b. 1954) Istiqlal 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Social Development, Family and Solidarity Nouzha Skalli (b. 1950) PPS 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Culture Touriya Jabrane (b. 1952) Independent 8 October 2007 - 29 July 2009 Secretary General of the Government Abdessadek Rabiaa† (b. 1945) Independent 8 October 2007 - 12 August 2008 Delegate-Ministry for the Administration of National Defense Abderrahmane Sbai† (b. 1940) Independent 8 October 2007 - 22 October 2010 Delegate-Ministry for Economic and General Affairs Nizar Baraka (b. 1964) Istiqlal 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Delegate-Ministry for Public Service and the Modernisation of the Administration Mohamed Abbou (b. 1959) RNI 8 October 2007 - 04 January 2010 Delegate-Ministry for the Moroccans Living Abroad Mohammed Ameur (b. 1959) USFP 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Secretary of State for Water and Environment Abdelkebir Zahoud (b. 1961) Istiqlal 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Secretary of State for Crafts Anis Birou (b. 1962) RNI 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Secretary of State for the Interior Saad Hassar (b. 1953) Independent 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Secretary of State for Education Latifa Labida (b. 1953) Independent 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Ahmed Lakhrif (b. 1953) Istiqlal 8 October 2007 - 22 December 2008 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Latifa Akherbach (b. 1959) Independent 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Secretary of State for Territorial Development Abdeslam Al Mesbahi (b. 1954) Istiqlal 8 October 2007 - 03 January 2012 Secretary General of the Government Driss Dahak (b. 1939) Independent 20 August 2008 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of State Mohand Laenser (b. 1942) Popular Movement 29 July 2009 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Sports and Youth Moncef Belkheyat (b. 1970) RNI 29 July 2009 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Culture Bensalem Himmich (b. 1948) USFP 29 July 2009 - 03 January 2012 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Mohamed Ouzzine (b. 1969) Popular Movement 29 July 2009 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Justice Mohamed Naciri (b. 1939) Independent 04 January 2010 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Interior Taieb Cherkaoui (b. 1949) Independent 04 January 2010 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Relations with the Parliament Driss Lachgar (b. 1954) USFP 04 January 2010 - 03 January 2012 Ministry of Tourism and Crafts Yassir Znagui (b. 1970) RNI 04 January 2010 - 03 January 2012 Delegate-Ministry for Public Service and the Modernisation of the Administration Mohamed Saad Alami (b. 1948) Istiqlal 04 January 2010 - 03 January 2012 Delegate-Ministry for the Administration of National Defense Abdellatif Loudiyi Independent 02 December 2010 - 03 January 2012 Key Istiqlal Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP) National Rally of Independents (RNI) Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS) Popular Movement (MP) Independent Source: Driss Jettou, 2002–2007 Cabinet of Driss Jettou 2002-2007 Portfolio Incumbent Party Term Prime Minister Driss Jettou (b. 1945) Independent 09 October 2002 - 19 September 2007 Ministry of State Abbas El Fassi (b. 1940) Istiqlal 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Foreign Affairs an Cooperation Mohamed Benaissa (b. 1937) Independent 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Interior Mostapha Sahel (b. 1946) Independent 07 November 2002 - 15 February 2006 Ministry of Justice Mohamed Bouzoubaa (b. 1939) USFP 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs Ahmed Toufiq (b. 1943) Independent 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Territory Planning, Water and Environment Mohamed El Yazghi (b. 1935) USFP 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Finance and Privatization Fathallah Oualalou (b. 1942) USFP 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Mohand Laenser (b. 1942) MP 07 November 2002 - 08 June 2004 Ministry of Employment, Social Affairs and Solidarity Mustapha Mansouri (b. 1953) RNI 07 November 2002 - 08 June 2004 Ministry of Education Habib El Malki (b. 1946) USFP 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Khalid Alioua (b. 1949) USFP 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of the Modernization of the Public Sector Najib Zerouali Ouariti (b. 1950) RNI 07 November 2002 - 08 June 2004 Ministry of Culture Mohamed Achaari (b. 1951) USFP 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Human Rights Mohamed Aujjar (b. 1959) RNI 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Crafts and Social Economy Mhamed El Khalifa (b. 1939) Istiqlal 07 November 2002 - 08 June 2004 Ministry of Transport and Equipment Karim Ghellab (b. 1966) Istiqlal 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Trade, Industry and Telecommunication Rachid Talbi Alami (b. 1958) RNI 07 November 2002 - 08 June 2004 Ministry of Tourism, Crafts and Social Economy Adil Douiri (b. 1963) Istiqlal 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Health Mohamed Cheikh Biadillah (b. 1949) Independent 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Fishery Taib Ghafess (b. 1940) RNI 07 November 2002 - 08 June 2004 Ministry of Relations with the Parliament and Civil Society Mohammed Saad El Alami (b. 1948) Istiqlal 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Energy and Mining Mohammed Boutaleb (b. 1951) MP 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Communication and Spokesperson of the Government Nabil Benabdellah (b. 1959) PPS 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of External Trade Mustapha Mechahouri (b. 1947) MP 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Secretary General of the Government Abdessadek Rabiaa (b. 1945) Independent 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Delegate-Ministry for the Administration of National Defense Abderrahmane Sbai (b. 1940) Independent 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Delegate-Ministry of Foreign Affairs and cooperation Taieb El Fassi Fihri (b. 1958) Independent 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Delegate-Ministry for the Moroccans Living Abroad Nezha Chekrouni (b. 1955) USFP 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Delegate-Ministry of the Interior Fouad Ali Himma (b. 1962) Independent 07 November 2002 - 07 August 2007 Delegate-Ministry for Scientific Research Omar Fassi Fihri (b. 1939) PPS 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Delegate-Ministry of General Affairs and the Restructuring of Economy Abderazzak El Mossadeq (b. 1948) Independent 07 November 2002 - 08 June 2004 Delegate-Ministry of Housing and Urbanism Ahmed Toufiq Hejira (b. 1959) Istiqlal 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Secretary of State for Water Abdelkebir Zahoud (b. 1961) Istiqlal 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Secretary of State for the Environment M’Hammed El Morabit MP 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Secretary of State for Family, Solidarity and Social Action Yasmina Baddou (b. 1962) Istiqlal 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Secretary of State for Vocational Training Said Oulbacha (b. 1959) MP 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Secretary of State for Literacy and non-formal Education Najima Rhozali (b. 1960) RNI 07 November 2002 - 08 June 2004 Secretary of State for the Youth Mohamed Gahs (b. 1963) USFP 07 November 2002 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Interior Chakib Benmoussa (b. 1958) Independent 15 February 2006 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery Mohand Laenser (b. 1942) MP 08 June 2004 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Employment and Vocational Training Mustapha Mansouri (b. 1953) RNI 08 June 2004 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of the Modernization of the Public Sector Mohamed Bousaid (b. 1961) RNI 08 June 2004 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Trade, Industry and Restructuring of the Economy Salaheddine Mezouar (b. 1953) RNI 08 June 2004 - 8 October 2007 Ministry of Social Development, Family and Solidarity Abderrahim Harouchi (b. 1944) Independent 08 June 2004 - 8 October 2007 Delegate-Ministry of General and Economic Affairs Rachid Talbi Alami (b. 1958) RNI 08 June 2004 - 8 October 2007 Secretary of State of Literacy and non-formal Education Anis Birou (b. 1962) RNI 08 June 2004 - 8 October 2007 Secretary of State for Rural Development Mohamed Mohattane MP 08 June 2004 - 8 October 2007 Key Istiqlal Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP) National Rally of Independents (RNI) Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS) Popular Movement (MP) Independent Source: Abderrahmane el-Youssoufi II, 2000–2002 Cabinet of Abderrahmane Youssoufi II 2000-2002 Portfolio Incumbent Party Term Prime Minister Abderrahmane Youssoufi (b. 1924) USFP 06 September 2000 - 09 October 2002 Ministry of Foreign Affairs an Cooperation Mohamed Benaissa (b. 1937) Independent 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Interior Ahmed Midaoui (b. 1948) Independent 06 September 2000 - 19 September 2001 Ministry of Justice Omar Azziman (b. 1947) Independent 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs Abdelkbir Alaoui M’Daghri (b. 1942) Independent 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Employment and Professional Training Abbas El Fassi (b. 1940) Istiqlal 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Urbanism, Territory Planning, Housing and Environment Mohamed El Yazghi (b. 1935) USFP 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Finance, Economy, Privatization and Tourism Fathallah Oualaalou (b. 1942) USFP 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Crafts, Social Economy, General Affairs and small Business Ahmed Lahlimi Alami (b. 1939) USFP 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development, Water and Forest Ismail Alaoui (b. 1940) PPS 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Minister of Trade, Industry, Energy and Mines Mustapha Mansouri (b. 1953) RNI 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Fishing Said Chbaatou (b. 1951) USFP 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Equipment Bouamour Taghouane (b. 1957) Istiqlal 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Transport and Merchant Navy Abdeslam Znined (b. 1934) RNI 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Najib Zerouali Ouariti (b. 1950) RNI 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Education Abdallah Saaf (b. 1949) USFP 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Health Thami El Khyari (b. 1943) FFD 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Culture and Communication Mohamed Achaari (b. 1951) USFP 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Relations with the Parliament Mohamed Bouzoubaa (b. 1939) USFP 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Human Rights Mohamed Aujjar (b. 1959) RNI 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Sports and Youth Ahmed Moussaoui MP 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Economic Prevision and Planning Abdelhamid Aouad Istiqlal 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Public Services and Modernization of the Administration M’hammed El Khalifa (b. 1939) Istiqlal 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Secretary General of the Government Abdessadeq Rabiaa (b. 1945) Independent 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Delegate-Ministry for the Administration of National Defense Abderrahmane Sbai (b. 1940) Independent 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Delegate-Ministry for Water & Forests Hassan Maaouni (b. 1946) MP 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Delegate-Ministry for Women Conditions, Family and Children Protection Nazha Chekrouni (b. 1955) USFP 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Taieb Fassi Fihri (b. 1958) Independent 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Secretary of State for the Interior Fouad Ali El Himma (b. 1962) Independent 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Secretary of State for Housing Mohamed M’Barki USFP 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Secretary of State for Scientific Research Omar Fassi Fihri (b. 1939) PPS 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Secretary of State for the Technologies of Information and Telecommunication Nasr Hajji (b. 1953) USFP 06 September 2000 - 7 November 2002 Secretary of State for Small Business and Crafts Abdelkrim Benatik (b. 1959) USFP 06 September 2000 - 23 July 2001 Secretary of State for External Trade Abdelkrim Benatik (b. 1959) USFP 23 July 2001 - 7 November 2002 Ministry of Interior Driss Jettou (b. 1945) Independent 19 September 2001 - 7 November 2002 Key Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP) Istiqlal National Rally of Independents (RNI) Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS) Popular Movement (MP) Front of Democratic Forces (FFD) Independent Source: Abderrahmane el-Youssoufi I, 1998–2000 Cabinet of Abderrahmane Youssoufi I 1998-2000 Portfolio Incumbent Party Term Prime Minister Abderrahmane Youssoufi (b. 1924) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Foreign Affairs an Cooperation Abdellatif Filali (b. 1929) Independent 14 March 1998 - 08 April 1999 Ministry of Interior Driss Basri (b. 1938) Independent 14 March 1998 - 09 November 1999 Ministry of Justice Omar Azziman (b. 1947) Independent 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs Abdelkbir Alaoui M’Daghri (b. 1942) Independent 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Urbanism, Territory Planning, Housing and Environment Mohamed El Yazghi (b. 1935) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Finance and Economy Fathallah Oualaalou (b. 1942) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fishery Habib El Malki (b. 1946) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Industry, Trade and Crafts Alami Tazi (b. 1930) RNI 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Social Development, Solidarity, Employment, Professional Training and spokesperson of the Government Khalid Alioua (b. 1949) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Tourism Hassan Sebbar (b. 1943) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Equipment Bouamour Taghouane (b. 1957) Istiqlal 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Transport and Merchant Navy Mustapha Mansouri (b. 1953) RNI 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Energy and Mines Youssef Tahiri (b. 1949) Istiqlal 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Najib Zerouali Ouariti (b. 1950) RNI 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Education Ismail Alaoui (b. 1940) PPS 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Health Abdelouahed El Fassi (b. 1949) Istiqlal 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Culture Mohamed Achaari (b. 1951) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Relations with the Parliament Mohamed Bouzoubaa (b. 1939) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Human Rights Mohamed Aujjar (b. 1959) RNI 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Sports and Youth Ahmed Moussaoui MP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Communication Mohamed Larbi Messari (b. 1936) Istiqlal 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Public Services and Reform of the Administration Aziz Hussein (b. 1943) RNI 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of State-Owned Business and Privatization Rachid Filali (b. 1960) Istiqlal 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Secretary General of the Government Abdessadeq Rabiaa (b. 1945) Independent 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Delegate-Ministry for the Administration of National Defense Abderrahmane Sbai (b. 1940) Independent 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Delegate-Ministry for General Affairs Ahmed Lahlimi Alami (b. 1939) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Delegate-Ministry For Economic Prevision and Planning Abdelhamid Aouad (b. 1940) Istiqlal 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Delegate-Ministry For the Affairs of the Maghreb, Islamic and Arab World Abdeslam Znined (b. 1934) RNI 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Delegate-Ministry For Fishery Thami El Khyari (b. 1943) FFD 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Delegate-Ministry for Water & Forests Said Chbaatou (b. 1951) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Delegate-Ministry for Secondary and Technical Education Abdellah Saaf (b. 1949) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Delegate-Ministry for New Information Technology Larbi Ajjoul (b. 1944) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Secretary of State for Cooperation Aicha Belarbi (b. 1946) USFP 14 March 1998 - 19 July 2000 Secretary of State for the Environment Ahmed Iraki (b. 1948) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Secretary of State for Housing Mohamed M’barki USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Secretary of State for Crafts Hassan Maaouni (b. 1946) MP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Secretary of State for Scientific Research Omar Fassi Fihri (b. 1939) PPS 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Secretary of State for Social Protection, Family and Children Mohamed Said Saadi (b. 1947) PPS 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Secretary of State for Solidarity and Humanitarian Action Hammou ouhali (b. 1953) FFD 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Secretary of State for the Handicapped Nezha Chekrouni (b. 1955) USFP 14 March 1998 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Foreign Affairs an Cooperation Mohamed Benaissa (b. 1937) Independent 08 April 1999 - 06 September 2000 Ministry of Interior Ahmed Midaoui (b. 1948) Independent 09 November 1999 - 06 September 2000 Secretary of State for the Interior Fouad Ali Himma (b. 1962) Independent 09 November 1999 - 06 September 2000 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Taieb Fassi Fihri (b. 1958) Independent 25 November 1999 - 06 September 2000 Key Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP) Istiqlal National Rally of Independents (RNI) Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS) Popular Movement (MP) Front of Democratic Forces (FFD) Independent Source: Abdellatif Filali III, 1997–1998 Cabinet of Abdellatif Filali III 1997-1998 Portfolio Incumbent Party Term Prime Minister Abdellatif Filali (b. 1929) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Abdellatif Filali (b. 1929) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of State Moulay Ahmed Alaoui (b. 1919) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Interior Driss Basri (b. 1938) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Justice Omar Azziman (b. 1947) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Finance, Trade, Industry and Crafts Driss Jettou (b. 1945) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Agriculture, Equipment and Environment Abdelaziz Meziane Belfkih Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs Abdelkbir Alaoui M’Daghri (b. 1942) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Housing, Employment and Vocational Training Mourad Cherif 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Fishery, Administrative Affairs and Relations with the Parliament Mostapha Sahel (b. 1946) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Communication and Spokesperson of the Government Driss Alaoui M’Daghri (b. 1944) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Youth & Sports and National Cooperation Abdellatif Guerraoui Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Telecommunications Abdeslam Ahizoune Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Culture Driss Khalil 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Education Rachid Belmokhtar (b. 1942) 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Ministry of Transport, Merchant Navy, Tourism, Energy and Mines Driss Benhima (b. 1954) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Secretary General of the Government Abdessadeq Rabiaa (b. 1945) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Delegate-Ministry for the Administration of National Defense Abderrahmane Sbai (b. 1940) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Delegate-Ministry for the Establishment of the State Abderrahmane Saidi Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Taieb Fassi Fihri (b. 1958) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Secretary of State for Culture Aziza Bennani 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Secretary of State for Finance Abdelfettah Benmansour 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Secretary of State for Trade, Industry and Crafts Abderazzak El Mossadeq (b. 1948) Independent 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Secretary of State for the Promotion of Agriculture Abdeladim El Hafi 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Secretary of State for the Environment Houssein Tijani 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Secretary of State for the Development of the Mining Sector Amina Benkhadra (b. 1954) RNI 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Secretary of State for Health Fouad Hammadi 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Secretary of State for National Cooperation Zoulikha Nasri 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Secretary of State for Youth and Sports Nawal El Moutawakil (b. 1962) RNI 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Secretary of State for Human Rights Mohamed Ziane UC 13 August 1997 - 14 March 1998 Key Independent National Rally of Independents (RNI) Constitutional Union (UC) Source: Abdellatif Filali II, 1995–1997 Cabinet of Abdellatif Filali II 1995-1997 Portfolio Incumbent Party Term Prime Minister Abdellatif Filali (b. 1929) Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Abdellatif Filali (b. 1929) Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of State Moulay Ahmed Alaoui (b. 1919) Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Interior Driss Basri (b. 1938) Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Justice Abderrahmane Amalou UC 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Finance and External Investments Mohamed Kabbaj UC 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Agriculture and the Promotion of Agricultural Value Hassan Abouyoub (b. 1952) Popular Movement 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Fishery and Merchant Navy Mostapha Sahel (b. 1946) Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Public Works Abdelaziz Meziane Belfkih Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs Abdelkbir Alaoui M’Daghri (b. 1942) Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Communication and Spokesperson of the Government Driss Alaoui M’Daghri (b. 1944) Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Trade, Industry and Crafts Driss Jettou (b. 1945) Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Energy and Mines Abdellatif Guerraoui Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Cultural Affairs Abdellah Azmani UC 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of relations with the Parliament Abdeslam Baraka UC 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Public Health Ahmed Alami PND 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Culture Driss Khalil 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Education Rachid Belmokhtar (b. 1942) 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Transport Said Ameskane Popular Movement 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Mail & Telecommunication Hamza Kettani UC 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Youth & Sports and National Cooperation Ahmed Meziane 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Employment and Social Affairs Amine Demnati PND 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Housing Said Fassi 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Tourism Mohamed Alaoui M’Hammedi UC 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of Vocational Training Abdessalam Beroual Popular Movement 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of the Environment Noureddine Benomar Alami (b. 1948) UC 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Ministry of External Trade Mohamed Alami Popular Movement 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Secretary General of the Government Abdessadeq Rabiaa (b. 1945) Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Delegate-Ministry attached to the Prime Minister Abderrahmane Sbai (b. 1940) Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Delegate-Ministry for the Establishment of the State Abderrahmane Saidi Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Delegate-Ministry for Administrative Affairs Messaoud Mansouri Popular Movement 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Delegate-Ministry for the Promotion of the Economy Mohamed Hama Popular Movement 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Delegate-Ministry for Human Rights Mohamed Ziane UC 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Delegate-Ministry for Housing Lamine Benomar PND 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Taieb Fassi Fihri (b. 1958) Independent 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Under-Secretary of State for the Moroccans Living Abroad Lahcen Gaboune PND 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Under-Secretary of State for the Union of the Arab Maghreb Abdelaziz Messioui UC 27 February 1995 - 13 August 1997 Key Constitutional Union (UC) Popular Movement (MP) National Democratic Party (PND) Independent Source: Abdellatif Filali I, 1994–1995 Cabinet of Abdellatif Filali I 1994-1995 Portfolio Incumbent Party Term Prime Minister Abdellatif Filali (b. 1929) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Abdellatif Filali (b. 1929) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of State Moulay Ahmed Alaoui (b. 1919) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Interior Driss Basri (b. 1938) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Justice Mohamed Idrissi Alami Machichi (b. ?) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Public Health Abderrahim Harouchi (b. 1944) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Finance and Investments Mohamed Saghou Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Education Mohamed Knidri Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Fishery and Merchant Navy Mostapha Sahel (b. 1946) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Public Works and Professional Training. Mohamed Hassad (b. 1952) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Transport Rachidi Ghezouani Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Mail and Communication Abdeslam Ahizoune Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Agriculture and the Promotion of Agriculture Value Abdelaziz Meziane Belfkih Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Youth & Sports Driss Alaoui M’daghri Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Trade and Industry Driss Jettou (b. 1945) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs Abdelkbir Alaoui M’Daghri (b. 1942) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Employment and Social Affairs Rafiq Haddaoui Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Energy and Mines Abellatif Guerraoui Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Cultural Affairs Mohammed Allal Sinaceur (b. 1941) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Housing Driss toulali Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of Tourism Serge Berdugo Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Ministry of External Trade, External Investments and Crafts Mourad Cherif Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 General Secretary of the Government Abdessadek Rabiaa (b. 1945) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Delegate-Ministry for Administrative Affairs Aziz Hasbi Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Delegate-Ministry to the Prime Minister Abderrahmane Sbai (b. 1940) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Delegate-Ministry for the Moroccans Living Abroad Ahmed Ouardi Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Delegate-Ministry for Relations with the Parliament Mohamed Mouatassim Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Delegate-Ministry for the Leveling of the Economy Omar Kabbaj Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Delegate-Ministry for Human Rights Omar Azziman (b. 1947) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Delegate-Ministry for the Establishment of the State Abderrahmane Saidi Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Taieb Fassi Fihri (b. 1958) Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Under-Secretary of State for the Environment Chaouki Sarghini Independent 07 June 1994 - 31 January 1995 Source: See also Politics of Morocco References ^ Goff, Shaquile (19 September 2021). "Aziz Akhannouch: Morocco's New Billionaire Prime Minister". Morocco World News. Retrieved 18 September 2021. ^ "Moroccan King appoints Aziz Akhannouch as new Prime Minister". ANI. 10 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021. ^ "Le Roi Mohammed VI nomme Aziz Akhannouch chef du gouvernement". Medias24 (in French). 10 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021. ^ "Moroccan king names new government headed by Aziz Akhannouch". Anadolu Agency. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021. ^ "Voici la liste officielle des ministres du gouvernement Akhannouch". Telquel.ma (in French). Retrieved 2022-06-02. ^ "List of Government". Maroc.ma. 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2021-11-11. ^ http://www.maroc.ma/fr/content/la-liste-du-gouvernement Maroc.ma La liste du gouvernement ^ a b c d e f g h "Historique des governement". Maroc.ma. Retrieved 11 June 2012. ^ "Morocco - Central Intelligence Agency". CIA. Retrieved 12 June 2012. External links Official Portal of the Government History of Morocco governments vteMorocco articlesHistoryAncient Prehistory Kingdom of Mauretania Mauretania Tingitana Early Islamic Berber Revolt Idrisid dynasty Barghawata Confederacy Kingdom of Nekor Empire Idrisids Almoravids Almohads Marinids Wattasids Saadis 'Alawis European protectorate Treaty of Fez French Protectorate Spanish Protectorate Operation Torch Modern Mohammed V Hassan II 1970s 1980s 1990s Mohammed VI 2000s 2011–12 protests Geography Cities Earthquakes Prefectures and provinces Regions Western Sahara World Heritage Sites Politics Cabinet Foreign relations Monarchy (see also List of rulers) Sûreté Nationale Military Human rights LGBT rights Parliament President of the Government List Western Sahara status Economy Bank Al-Maghrib Companies Energy Health Investment Casablanca Tangier Western Sahara Tourism Telecommunications Trade Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Coat of arms Flag Literature Media Music Religion Sport Jewellery of the Berber cultures Demographics Languages Arabic Moroccan Arabic Hassaniya Arabic Berber French Moroccan people diaspora Western Sahara OutlineIndex Category Portal vteNational cabinets of AfricaSovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"King of Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"plurality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_(voting)"},{"link_name":"parliamentary elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Aziz Akhannouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Akhannouch"},{"link_name":"King Mohamed VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"2021 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Moroccan_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Cabinet of Morocco is the chief executive body of the Kingdom of Morocco.The Cabinet is usually composed of some 25 ministers and 5 to 10 \"Secretaries of State\" and \"Minister Delegates\". It is headed by the Head of the Government since August 2011), who is appointed by the King of Morocco from the party that achieved a plurality in the parliamentary elections. The Cabinet's ministers are chosen by the PM, after consultation with other parties forming the Government coalition, then validated and appointed by the King. As of September 10, 2021, the current government is headed by Aziz Akhannouch, who was appointed by King Mohamed VI to form a new government after leading the results of the 2021 general election.[1][2][3] On 7 October 2021, the new cabinet of 24 ministers, which included 7 women, was sworn in.[4]","title":"Cabinet of Morocco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The formation of the current government resulted in changes to certain ministries, with some functions being renamed, split or merged with others.[5]Source:[6]","title":"Cabinet of Aziz Akhannouch, 2021–present"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical Cabinets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Cabinet of Saad-Eddine El Othmani, 2017–2021","text":"Source:[7]","title":"Historical Cabinets"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cabinet of Abdelilah Benkirane II, October 2013–2016","title":"Historical Cabinets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Cabinet of Abdelilah Benkirane I, 2012–October 2013","text":"Source: [8]\n[9]","title":"Historical Cabinets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma-8"}],"sub_title":"Abbas el-Fassi, 2007–2012","text":"Source: [8]","title":"Historical Cabinets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma-8"}],"sub_title":"Driss Jettou, 2002–2007","text":"Source: [8]","title":"Historical Cabinets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma-8"}],"sub_title":"Abderrahmane el-Youssoufi II, 2000–2002","text":"Source: [8]","title":"Historical Cabinets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma-8"}],"sub_title":"Abderrahmane el-Youssoufi I, 1998–2000","text":"Source: [8]","title":"Historical Cabinets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma-8"}],"sub_title":"Abdellatif Filali III, 1997–1998","text":"Source: [8]","title":"Historical Cabinets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma-8"}],"sub_title":"Abdellatif Filali II, 1995–1997","text":"Source: [8]","title":"Historical Cabinets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma-8"}],"sub_title":"Abdellatif Filali I, 1994–1995","text":"Source: [8]","title":"Historical Cabinets"}]
[]
[{"title":"Politics of Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Morocco"}]
[{"reference":"Goff, Shaquile (19 September 2021). \"Aziz Akhannouch: Morocco's New Billionaire Prime Minister\". Morocco World News. Retrieved 18 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/09/344390/aziz-akhannouch-moroccos-new-billionaire-prime-minister","url_text":"\"Aziz Akhannouch: Morocco's New Billionaire Prime Minister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moroccan King appoints Aziz Akhannouch as new Prime Minister\". ANI. 10 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aninews.in/news/world/others/moroccan-king-appoints-aziz-akhannouch-as-new-prime-minister20210911031431/","url_text":"\"Moroccan King appoints Aziz Akhannouch as new Prime Minister\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le Roi Mohammed VI nomme Aziz Akhannouch chef du gouvernement\". Medias24 (in French). 10 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://medias24.com/2021/09/10/le-roi-mohammed-vi-nomme-aziz-akhannouch-chef-du-gouvernement/","url_text":"\"Le Roi Mohammed VI nomme Aziz Akhannouch chef du gouvernement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moroccan king names new government headed by Aziz Akhannouch\". Anadolu Agency. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/moroccan-king-names-new-government-headed-by-aziz-akhannouch/2386059","url_text":"\"Moroccan king names new government headed by Aziz Akhannouch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voici la liste officielle des ministres du gouvernement Akhannouch\". Telquel.ma (in French). Retrieved 2022-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://telquel.ma/2021/10/07/voici-la-liste-officielle-des-ministres-du-gouvernement-akhannouch_1739427?fbrefresh=5","url_text":"\"Voici la liste officielle des ministres du gouvernement Akhannouch\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Government\". Maroc.ma. 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2021-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maroc.ma/en/content/list_of_government","url_text":"\"List of Government\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historique des governement\". Maroc.ma. Retrieved 11 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maroc.ma/PortailInst/a/MenuGauche/Institutions/Gouvernement/Historique+des+gouvernements/","url_text":"\"Historique des governement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morocco - Central Intelligence Agency\". CIA. Retrieved 12 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-m/morocco.html","url_text":"\"Morocco - Central Intelligence Agency\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia
Artaxerxes I
["1 Succession to the throne","2 Egyptian revolt","3 Relations with Greece","4 Portrayal in the Book of Ezra and Nehemiah","5 Interpretations of actions","6 Medical analysis","7 Children","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 465 to 424 BC Artaxerxes I𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂 King of Kings Great King King of Persia King of Babylon Pharaoh of Egypt King of Countries Relief of Artaxerxes I, from his tomb in Naqsh-e RustamKing of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire,Pharaoh of EgyptReign465–424 BCPredecessorXerxes ISuccessorXerxes IIBornUnknownDied424 BC, SusaBurialNaqsh-e Rustam, PersepolisSpouseDamaspiaAlogyne of BabylonCosmartidene of BabylonAndia of BabylonIssue Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Arsites Parysatis DynastyAchaemenidFatherXerxes IMotherAmestrisReligionZoroastrianism nomen or birth name Artaxerxesin hieroglyphs Era: Late Period(664–332 BC) Artaxerxes I (/ˌɑːrtəˈzɜːrksiːz/, Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 Artaxšaçāʰ; Greek: Ἀρταξέρξης) was the fifth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, from 465 to December 424 BC. He was the third son of Xerxes I. In Greek sources he is also surnamed "Long-handed" (Ancient Greek: μακρόχειρ Makrókheir; Latin: Longimanus), allegedly because his right hand was longer than his left. Succession to the throne Artaxerxes was probably born in the reign of his grandfather Darius I, to the emperor's son and heir, Xerxes I. In 465 BC, Xerxes I was murdered by Hazarapat ("commander of thousand") Artabanus, the commander of the royal bodyguard and the most powerful official in the Persian court, with the help of a eunuch, Aspamitres. Greek historians give contradicting accounts of events. According to Ctesias (in Persica 20), Artabanus then accused Crown Prince Darius, Xerxes's eldest son, of the murder, and persuaded Artaxerxes to avenge the patricide by killing Darius. But according to Aristotle (in Politics 5.1311b), Artabanus killed Darius first and then killed Xerxes. After Artaxerxes discovered the murder, he killed Artabanus and his sons. Egyptian revolt Closeup of the Zvenigorodsky seal, believed at least by one scholar to depict Artaxerxes seizing Inaros. The ancient Egyptian god Amun-Min in front of Artaxerxes' cartouche. Artaxerxes had to face a revolt in Egypt in 460–454 BC led by Inaros II, who was the son of a Libyan prince named Psamtik, presumably descended from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. In 460 BC, Inaros II revolted against the Persians with the help of his Athenian allies, and defeated the Persian army commanded by satrap Akheimenes. The Persians retreated to Memphis, and the Athenians were finally defeated in 454 BC, by the Persian army led by Megabyzus, after a two-year siege. Inaros was captured and carried away to Susa. Relations with Greece Themistocles stands silently before Artaxerxes After the Achaemenid Empire had been defeated at the Battle of the Eurymedon (c. 469 BC), military action between Greece and Persia was at a standstill. When Artaxerxes I took power, he introduced a new Persian strategy of weakening the Athenians by funding their enemies in Greece. This indirectly caused the Athenians to move the treasury of the Delian League from the island of Delos to the Athenian acropolis. This funding practice inevitably prompted renewed fighting in 450 BC, where the Greeks attacked at the Battle of Cyprus. After Cimon's failure to attain much in this expedition, hostilities ceased. Later sources argue that the purported Peace of Callias was agreed among Athens, Argos and Persia in 449 BC; however, the existence of a formal treaty between the Greek States and Persia is disputed. Artaxerxes I offered asylum to Themistocles, who was probably his father Xerxes's greatest enemy for his victory at the Battle of Salamis, after Themistocles was ostracized from Athens. Also, Artaxerxes I gave him Magnesia, Myus, and Lampsacus to maintain him in bread, meat, and wine. In addition, Artaxerxes I gave him Skepsis to provide him with clothes, and he also gave him Percote with bedding for his house. Themistocles would go on to learn and adopt Persian customs, Persian language, and traditions. Portrayal in the Book of Ezra and Nehemiah A King Artaxerxes (Hebrew: אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא, אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא, pronounced , or אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא pronounced ) is described in the Bible (Ezra 7) as having commissioned Ezra, a kohen and scribe, by means of a letter of decree to take charge of the ecclesiastical and civil affairs of the Jewish nation. Ezra thereby left Babylon in the first month of the seventh year of Artaxerxes' reign, at the head of a company of Jews that included priests and Levites. They arrived in Jerusalem on the first day of the fifth month of the seventh year according to the Hebrew calendar. The text does not specify whether the king in the passage refers to Artaxerxes I (465–424 BC) or to Artaxerxes II (404–359 BC). Most scholars hold that Ezra lived during the rule of Artaxerxes I, though some have difficulties with this assumption: Nehemiah and Ezra "seem to have no knowledge of each other; their missions do not overlap", however, in Nehemiah 12, both are leading processions on the wall as part of the wall dedication ceremony. So, they clearly were contemporaries working together in Jerusalem at the time the wall and the city of Jerusalem was rebuilt in contrast to the previously stated viewpoint. These difficulties have led many scholars to assume that Ezra arrived in the seventh year of the rule of Artaxerxes II, i.e. some 50 years after Nehemiah. This assumption would imply that the biblical account is not chronological. The last group of scholars regard "the seventh year" as a scribal error and hold that the two men were contemporaries. However, Ezra appears for the first time in Nehemiah 8, having probably been at the court for twelve years. The rebuilding of the Jewish community in Jerusalem had begun under Cyrus the Great, who had permitted Jews held captive in Babylon to return to Jerusalem and rebuild Solomon's Temple. Consequently, a number of Jews returned to Jerusalem in 538 BC, and the foundation of this "Second Temple" was laid in 536 BC, in the second year of their return (Ezra 3:8). After a period of strife, the temple was finally completed in the sixth year of Darius, 516 BC (Ezra 6:15). In Artaxerxes' twentieth year, Nehemiah, the king's cup-bearer, apparently was also a friend of the king as in that year Artaxerxes inquired after Nehemiah's sadness. Nehemiah related to him the plight of the Jewish people and that the city of Jerusalem was undefended. The king sent Nehemiah to Jerusalem with letters of safe passage to the governors in Trans-Euphrates, and to Asaph, keeper of the royal forests, to make beams for the citadel by the Temple and to rebuild the city walls. Interpretations of actions Tomb of Artaxerxes I at Naqsh-e Rostam. Ethnicities of the Empire on the tomb of Artaxerxes I at Naqsh-e Rostam. Roger Williams, a 17th-century Christian minister and founder of Rhode Island, interpreted several passages in the Old and New Testament to support limiting government interference in religious matters. Williams published The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience, arguing for a separation of church and state based on biblical reasoning. Williams believed that Israel was a unique covenant kingdom and not an appropriate model for New Testament Christians who believed that the Old Testament covenant had been fulfilled. Therefore, the more informative Old Testament examples of civil government were "good" non-covenant kings such as Artaxerxes, who tolerated the Jews and did not insist that they follow his state religion. Medical analysis According to a paper published in 2011, the discrepancy in Artaxerxes’ limb lengths may have arisen as a result of the inherited disease neurofibromatosis. Children Quadrilingual inscription of Artaxerxes on an Egyptian alabaster vase (Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian and Egyptian). By queen Damaspia Xerxes II By Alogyne of Babylon Sogdianus By Cosmartidene of Babylon Darius II Arsites By Andia of Babylon Bogapaeus Parysatis, wife of Darius II Ochus By another(?) unknown wife An unnamed daughter, wife of Hieramenes, mother of Autoboesaces and Mitraeus By various wives Eleven other children See also Artoxares List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources References ^ Henri Gauthier, Le Livre des rois d'Égypte, IV, Cairo 1916 (=MIFAO 20), p. 152. ^ Ghias Abadi, R. M. (2004). Achaemenid Inscriptions (کتیبه‌های هخامنشی)‎ (in Persian) (2nd ed.). Tehran: Shiraz Navid Publications. p. 129. ISBN 964-358-015-6. ^ "Artaxerxes" at Encyclopædia Iranica ^ The Greek form of the name is influenced by Xerxes, "Artaxerxes" at Encyclopædia Iranica ^ James D. G. Dunn; John William Rogerson (19 November 2003). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0. ^ Matthew W. Stolper. The Death of Artaxerxes I in Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran N.F. 16 (1983). Dietrich Reimer Verlag Berlin. p. 231. ^ Plutarch, Artaxerxes, l. 1. c. 1. 11:129 - cited by Ussher, Annals, para. 1179 ^ Pirnia, Iran-e-Bastan book 1, p 873 ^ Dandamayev ^ Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, pp 289–290 ^ Martin, Richard Arthur (1940). Ancient seals of the Near East. Chicago: Field Museum Press. p. Plaque 17. ^ Plutarch. "Themistocles, Part II". Archived from the original on 2015-10-01. ^ Thucydides I, 137 ^ Plutarch, Themistocles, 29 ^ The Book of Daniel. Montex Publish Company, By Jim McGuiggan 1978, p. 147. ^ Porter, J.R. (2000). The Illustrated Guide to the Bible. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 115–16. ISBN 978-0-7607-2278-7. ^ Toynbee, Arnold (1961). A Study of History. Vol. 12. Oxford University Press. p. 485. Ever since the beginning of the Babilonish Captivity, the diaspora has been Jewry's citadel and the Artaxerxes in question is Artaxerxes I (imperabat 465-424 B.C.) or Artaxerxes II (imperabat 404-359 B.C.) So we do not know whether the date of Ezra's mission was 458 B.C. or 397 B.C., or whether the date of Nehemia's mission was 445 B.C. or 384 B.C. (see G.F. Moore: Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era, vol. i, p. 5). Nehemiah may have preceded Ezra ^ a b "Ezra". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. ^ Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) . "Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period". In Michael David Coogan (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World (Google Books). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2. LCCN 98016042. OCLC 44650958. Retrieved 13 December 2007. ^ John Boederman, The Cambridge Ancient History, 2002, p. 272 ^ "Nehemiah 8 Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers". ^ Nehemiah 2:1–9 ^ James P. Byrd, The challenges of Roger Williams: Religious Liberty, Violent Persecution, and the Bible (Mercer University Press, 2002) (accessed on Google Books on July 20, 2009) ^ Ashrafian, Hutan. (2011). "Limb gigantism, neurofibromatosis and royal heredity in the Ancient World 2500 years ago: Achaemenids and Parthians". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 64 (4): 557. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2010.08.025. PMID 20832372. ^ Revue archéologique (in French). Leleux. 1844. p. 444-450. ^ The vase is now in the Reza Abbasi Museum in Teheran (inv. 53). image inscription ^ Xenophon, Hellenica, Book II, Chapter 1 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Artaxerxes I. Encyclopedia Iranica ARTAXERXES Encyclopedia Iranica ARTAXERXES I a son of Xerxes I and Amestris Artaxerxes I Achaemenid dynasty Died: 424 BC Preceded byXerxes I King of Kings of Persia 464–424 BC Succeeded byXerxes II Pharaoh of Egypt XXVII Dynasty465–424 BC vteMedian and Achaemenid kingsFamily treeMedian (728–550 BC) Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages Achaemenid (550–330 BC) Achaemenes Ariaramnes Arsames Teispes Cyrus I Cambyses I Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) Cambyses II Smerdis Gaumata Darius the Great (Darius I) Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I) Artaxerxes I Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Nothus Artaxerxes II Mnemon Artaxerxes III Ochus Artaxerxes IV Arses Darius III Codomannus Artaxerxes V Bessus Italics indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary. vteRulers in the Achaemenid EmpireFamily tree - Achaemenid KingdomKings of Kingsof the Achaemenid Empire Achaemenes Ariaramnes Arsames Teispes Cyrus I Cambyses I Cyrus the Great Cambyses II Bardiya Darius the Great Xerxes I Artaxerxes I Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Artaxerxes II Mnemon Artaxerxes III Ochus Artaxerxes IV Arses Darius III Codomannus Artaxerxes V Bessus Satraps of Lydia Tabalus Mazares Harpagus Oroetus Bagaeus Otanes Artaphernes I Artaphernes II Pissuthnes Tissaphernes Cyrus the Younger Tissaphernes Tithraustes Tiribazus Struthas Autophradates Spithridates Satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia Mitrobates Megabazus Megabates Oebares II Artabazus I Pharnabazus I Pharnaces II Pharnabazus II Ariobarzanes Artabazus II Pharnabazus III Arsites Satraps of Cappadocia Datames Ariamnes I Mithrobuzanes Ariarathes I Greek Governors of Asia Minor cities Miltiades Demaratus Gongylos Eurysthenes Prokles Histiaeus Aristagoras Themistocles Archeptolis Aridolis Amyntas II Philiscus Dynasts of Lycia Kheziga Kybernis Kuprlli Harpagus Teththiweibi Kheriga Kherei Arbinas Artembares Artumpara Mithrapata Perikle Dynasts of Caria Lygdamis I Artemisia Pisindelis Lygdamis II Adusius (satrap) Hecatomnus Mausolus Artemisia II Idrieus Ada Pixodarus Orontobates Kings of Macedonia Amyntas I of Macedon Alexander I of Macedon Kings of Tyre Mattan IV Boulomenus Abdemon Evagoras Azemilcus Kings of Sidon Eshmunazar I Tabnit Queen Amoashtart (regent) Eshmunazar II Bodashtart Yatonmilk Anysos Tetramnestos Baalshillem I Baana Baalshillem II Abdashtart I Tennes Evagoras II Abdashtart II Abdashtart III Satraps of Armenia Artasyrus Orontes I Darius III Orontes II Satraps of Egypt Aryandes Pherendates Achaemenes Arsames Pherendates II Sabaces Mazaces Satraps of Bactria Hystaspes Dadarsi Masistes Bessus Satraps of Media Hydarnes Hydarnes the Younger Atropates Satraps of Cilicia Syennesis Camisares Mazaeus Arsames Other known satraps Megabyzus, Abrocomas, Belesys (Syria) Ochus (Hyrcania) Satibarzanes (Aria) Atizyes (Greater Phrygia) Phrataphernes (Parthia) Ariobarzanes (Persis) Abulites (Susiana) Mazaeus (Babylon) In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by Hellenistic satraps and Hellenistic rulers from around 330 BC vtePersepolisPalace Tachara Gate of All Nations Apadana Other sections Tomb of Artaxerxes III Builders Darius the Great Xerxes I Artaxerxes I Researchers Heidemarie Koch Erich Schmidt Alireza Shapour Shahbazi Related Tangeh Bolaghi 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire Sivand Dam Persepolis Administrative Archives Waterskin Achaemenid architecture Category:Persepolis vtePharaohsProtodynastic to First Intermediate Period  (<3150–2040 BC)PeriodDynasty Pharaohs male female♀ uncertain Protodynastic(pre-3150 BC)Lower Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh A Double Falcon Wash Upper A Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Stork Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Early Dynastic(3150–2686 BC)I Narmer / Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird II Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Old Kingdom(2686–2181 BC)III Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni IV Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis V Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas VI Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka Nefer 1st Intermediate(2181–2040 BC)VII/VIII Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu IX Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep X Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period  (2040–1550 BC)PeriodDynasty Pharaohs male female♀ uncertain Middle Kingdom(2040–1802 BC)XI Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Nubia Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre XII Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 2nd Intermediate(1802–1550 BC)XIII Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi XIV Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har XV Sharek Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi XVI Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III Abydos Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib XVII Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period  (1550–664 BC)PeriodDynastyPharaohs  (malefemale♀)uncertainNew Kingdom(1550–1070 BC)XVIII Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb XIX Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret♀ XX Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI 3rd Intermediate(1069–664 BC)XXI Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II High Priests of Amun Herihor Piankh Pinedjem I Masaharta Djedkhonsuefankh Menkheperre Smendes II Pinedjem II Psusennes III XXII Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Tutkheperre Shoshenq Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV XXIII Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini XXIV Tefnakht Bakenranef XXV Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun Late Period and Hellenistic Period  (664–30 BC)PeriodDynasty Pharaohs male female♀ uncertain Late(664–332 BC)XXVI Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III XXVII Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Psammetichus IV Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II XXVIII Amyrtaeus XXIX Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis XXX Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II XXXI Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III Hellenistic(332–30 BC)Argead Alexander the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV Ptolemaic Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetes♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Cleopatra II♀ Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Cleopatra III♀ Ptolemy IX Soter Cleopatra IV♀ Ptolemy X Alexander I Berenice III♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Cleopatra V♀ Berenice IV Epiphaneia♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀ Cleopatra VII Philopator♀ Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator Arsinoe IV♀ Ptolemy XIV Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion Roman Period  (30 BC–313 AD)PeriodDynasty Pharaohs male female♀ uncertain Roman(30 BC–313 AD)XXXIV Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Lucius Verus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Pertinax Pescennius Niger Septimius Severus Geta Caracalla Macrinus Diadumenian Elagabalus Severus Alexander Maximinus Thrax Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip Decius Trebonianus Gallus Aemilianus Valerian Macrianus Minor Quietus Lucius Mussius Aemilianus Gallienus Claudius Gothicus Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Diocletian Maximian Galerius Maximinus Daza Dynastic genealogies 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 11th 12th 18th 19th 20th 21st to 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 30th 31st Argead Ptolemaic List of pharaohs vteKings of Babylon List of kings of Babylon Royal titles PeriodDynastyKings  (foreign rulervassal kingfemale♀)Old Babylonian Empire(1894–1595 BC)I Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-Muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-Eshuh Ammi-Ditana Ammi-Saduqa Samsu-Ditana II Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Unknown king (?) Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar mDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil Kassite period(1729–1157 BC)III Gandash Agum I Kashtiliash I Unknown king Abi-Rattash Kashtiliash II Urzigurumash Agum II Harba-Shipak Shipta'ulzi Unknown king Burnaburiash I Ulamburiash Kashtiliash III Agum III Kadashman-Sah Karaindash Kadashman-Harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burna-Buriash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliash IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi Middle Babylonian period(1157–732 BC)IV Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur V Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi VI Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna VII Mar-biti-apla-usur VIII Nabû-mukin-apli Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-suma-ukin II Neo-Assyrian period(732–626 BC)IX Nabu-mukin-zeri Tiglath-Pileser III Shalmaneser V Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon II Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Aššur-nādin-šumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Sennacherib Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Šamaš-šuma-ukin Ashurbanipal Kandalanu Sîn-šumu-līšir Sinsharishkun Neo-Babylonian Empire(626–539 BC)X Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)Persian period(539–331 BC)XI Cyrus II Cambyses II Bardiya Nebuchadnezzar III Darius I Nebuchadnezzar IV Xerxes I Shamash-eriba Bel-shimanni Artaxerxes I Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Nidin-Bel (?) Darius III Hellenistic period(331–141 BC)XII Alexander III Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV Antigonus I Monophthalmus XIII Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Seleucus Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III Megas Antiochus Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Timarchus Demetrius I Soter Alexander Balas Demetrius II Nicator Parthian period(141 BC – AD 224)XIV Mithridates I Phraates II Rinnu♀ Antiochus VII Sidetes Phraates II Ubulna♀ Hyspaosines Artabanus I Mithridates II Gotarzes I Asi'abatar♀ Orodes I Ispubarza♀ Sinatruces Phraates III Piriustana♀ Teleuniqe♀ Orodes II Phraates IV Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Vonones II Vologases I Pacorus II Artabanus III Osroes I Vologases III Parthamaspates Vologases IV Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 WorldCat National Spain Germany Israel United States Latvia Australia Netherlands Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˌɑːrtəˈzɜːrksiːz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Old Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian_language"},{"link_name":"𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%AB%F0%90%8E%A7%F0%90%8F%81%F0%90%8F%82%F0%90%8E%A0"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Ἀρταξέρξης","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%88%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DunnRogerson2003-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stolper1983-6"},{"link_name":"Xerxes I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Artaxerxes I (/ˌɑːrtəˈzɜːrksiːz/, Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠 Artaxšaçāʰ;[2][3] Greek: Ἀρταξέρξης)[4] was the fifth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, from 465 to December 424 BC.[5][6] He was the third son of Xerxes I.In Greek sources he is also surnamed \"Long-handed\" (Ancient Greek: μακρόχειρ Makrókheir; Latin: Longimanus), allegedly because his right hand was longer than his left.[7]","title":"Artaxerxes I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_I"},{"link_name":"Xerxes I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I"},{"link_name":"Artabanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artabanus_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"eunuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuch"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ctesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesias"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince Darius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_(son_of_Xerxes_I)"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Artaxerxes was probably born in the reign of his grandfather Darius I, to the emperor's son and heir, Xerxes I. In 465 BC, Xerxes I was murdered by Hazarapat (\"commander of thousand\") Artabanus, the commander of the royal bodyguard and the most powerful official in the Persian court, with the help of a eunuch, Aspamitres.[8] Greek historians give contradicting accounts of events. According to Ctesias (in Persica 20), Artabanus then accused Crown Prince Darius, Xerxes's eldest son, of the murder, and persuaded Artaxerxes to avenge the patricide by killing Darius. But according to Aristotle (in Politics 5.1311b), Artabanus killed Darius first and then killed Xerxes. After Artaxerxes discovered the murder, he killed Artabanus and his sons.[9][10]","title":"Succession to the throne"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inarus,_killed_by_Artaxerxes_I.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zvenigorodsky seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvenigorodsky_seal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ancient_Seals_of_the_Near_East-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cartouche_Artaxerxes_I_Lepsius.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amun-Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun-Min"},{"link_name":"cartouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Inaros II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaros_II"},{"link_name":"Libyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Athenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Athens"},{"link_name":"defeated the Persian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Persian_Egypt"},{"link_name":"satrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrap"},{"link_name":"Akheimenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenes_(satrap)"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Megabyzus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyzus"},{"link_name":"Susa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa"}],"text":"Closeup of the Zvenigorodsky seal, believed at least by one scholar to depict Artaxerxes seizing Inaros.[11]The ancient Egyptian god Amun-Min in front of Artaxerxes' cartouche.Artaxerxes had to face a revolt in Egypt in 460–454 BC led by Inaros II, who was the son of a Libyan prince named Psamtik, presumably descended from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. In 460 BC, Inaros II revolted against the Persians with the help of his Athenian allies, and defeated the Persian army commanded by satrap Akheimenes. The Persians retreated to Memphis, and the Athenians were finally defeated in 454 BC, by the Persian army led by Megabyzus, after a two-year siege. Inaros was captured and carried away to Susa.","title":"Egyptian revolt"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:He_stoods_silent_before_King.jpg"},{"link_name":"Themistocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themistocles"},{"link_name":"Achaemenid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Eurymedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eurymedon"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Delian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delian_League"},{"link_name":"Delos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delos"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League#Battles_of_Salamis-in-Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Cimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimon"},{"link_name":"Peace of Callias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Callias"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Argos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_asylum"},{"link_name":"Themistocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themistocles"},{"link_name":"Battle of Salamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis"},{"link_name":"ostracized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracized"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Magnesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesia_on_the_Maeander"},{"link_name":"Myus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myus"},{"link_name":"Lampsacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampsacus"},{"link_name":"Skepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepsis"},{"link_name":"Percote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percote"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TI137-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PT29-14"}],"text":"Themistocles stands silently before ArtaxerxesAfter the Achaemenid Empire had been defeated at the Battle of the Eurymedon (c. 469 BC), military action between Greece and Persia was at a standstill. When Artaxerxes I took power, he introduced a new Persian strategy of weakening the Athenians by funding their enemies in Greece. This indirectly caused the Athenians to move the treasury of the Delian League from the island of Delos to the Athenian acropolis. This funding practice inevitably prompted renewed fighting in 450 BC, where the Greeks attacked at the Battle of Cyprus. After Cimon's failure to attain much in this expedition, hostilities ceased. Later sources argue that the purported Peace of Callias was agreed among Athens, Argos and Persia in 449 BC; however, the existence of a formal treaty between the Greek States and Persia is disputed.Artaxerxes I offered asylum to Themistocles, who was probably his father Xerxes's greatest enemy for his victory at the Battle of Salamis, after Themistocles was ostracized from Athens. Also, Artaxerxes I gave him Magnesia, Myus, and Lampsacus to maintain him in bread, meat, and wine. In addition, Artaxerxes I gave him Skepsis to provide him with clothes, and he also gave him Percote with bedding for his house.[12] Themistocles would go on to learn and adopt Persian customs, Persian language, and traditions.[13][14]","title":"Relations with Greece"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[artaχʃast(ǝ)]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"[artaχʃasta]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"kohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohen"},{"link_name":"scribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofer"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Levites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levites"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Hebrew calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_calendar"},{"link_name":"Artaxerxes II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igb-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toynbee1961-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-18"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaryJ2-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Cyrus the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Solomon's Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple"},{"link_name":"Second Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"cup-bearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup-bearer"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Nehemiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaph_(biblical_figure)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"A King Artaxerxes (Hebrew: אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא, אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא, pronounced [artaχʃast(ǝ)], or אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא pronounced [artaχʃasta]) is described in the Bible (Ezra 7) as having commissioned Ezra, a kohen and scribe, by means of a letter of decree to take charge of the ecclesiastical and civil affairs of the Jewish nation.Ezra thereby left Babylon in the first month of the seventh year[15] of Artaxerxes' reign, at the head of a company of Jews that included priests and Levites. They arrived in Jerusalem on the first day of the fifth month of the seventh year according to the Hebrew calendar. The text does not specify whether the king in the passage refers to Artaxerxes I (465–424 BC) or to Artaxerxes II (404–359 BC).[16][17] Most scholars hold that Ezra lived during the rule of Artaxerxes I, though some have difficulties with this assumption:[18] Nehemiah and Ezra \"seem to have no knowledge of each other; their missions do not overlap\", however, in Nehemiah 12, both are leading processions on the wall as part of the wall dedication ceremony. So, they clearly were contemporaries working together in Jerusalem at the time the wall and the city of Jerusalem was rebuilt in contrast to the previously stated viewpoint.[19] These difficulties have led many scholars to assume that Ezra arrived in the seventh year of the rule of Artaxerxes II, i.e. some 50 years after Nehemiah. This assumption would imply that the biblical account is not chronological. The last group of scholars regard \"the seventh year\" as a scribal error and hold that the two men were contemporaries.[18][20] However, Ezra appears for the first time in Nehemiah 8, having probably been at the court for twelve years.[21]The rebuilding of the Jewish community in Jerusalem had begun under Cyrus the Great, who had permitted Jews held captive in Babylon to return to Jerusalem and rebuild Solomon's Temple. Consequently, a number of Jews returned to Jerusalem in 538 BC, and the foundation of this \"Second Temple\" was laid in 536 BC, in the second year of their return (Ezra 3:8). After a period of strife, the temple was finally completed in the sixth year of Darius, 516 BC (Ezra 6:15).In Artaxerxes' twentieth year, Nehemiah, the king's cup-bearer, apparently was also a friend of the king as in that year Artaxerxes inquired after Nehemiah's sadness. Nehemiah related to him the plight of the Jewish people and that the city of Jerusalem was undefended. The king sent Nehemiah to Jerusalem with letters of safe passage to the governors in Trans-Euphrates, and to Asaph, keeper of the royal forests, to make beams for the citadel by the Temple and to rebuild the city walls.[22]","title":"Portrayal in the Book of Ezra and Nehemiah"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naghsh-e_rostam,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-24,_DD_18.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naqsh-e Rostam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_I_ethnicities_with_labels.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naqsh-e Rostam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam"},{"link_name":"Roger Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Williams"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bloudy_Tenent_of_Persecution_for_Cause_of_Conscience"},{"link_name":"separation of church and state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Tomb of Artaxerxes I at Naqsh-e Rostam.Ethnicities of the Empire on the tomb of Artaxerxes I at Naqsh-e Rostam.Roger Williams, a 17th-century Christian minister and founder of Rhode Island, interpreted several passages in the Old and New Testament to support limiting government interference in religious matters. Williams published The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience, arguing for a separation of church and state based on biblical reasoning. Williams believed that Israel was a unique covenant kingdom and not an appropriate model for New Testament Christians who believed that the Old Testament covenant had been fulfilled. Therefore, the more informative Old Testament examples of civil government were \"good\" non-covenant kings such as Artaxerxes, who tolerated the Jews and did not insist that they follow his state religion.[23]","title":"Interpretations of actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"neurofibromatosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromatosis"}],"text":"According to a paper published in 2011,[24] the discrepancy in Artaxerxes’ limb lengths may have arisen as a result of the inherited disease neurofibromatosis.","title":"Medical analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quadrilingual_inscription_of_Artaxerxes_on_an_Egyptian_alabaster_vase.jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Damaspia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaspia"},{"link_name":"Xerxes II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_II"},{"link_name":"Alogyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alogyne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Sogdianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdianus"},{"link_name":"Cosmartidene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmartidene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Darius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_II_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Arsites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsites_(son_of_Artaxerxes_I)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Andia of Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andia_of_Babylon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bogapaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bogapaeus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parysatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parysatis"},{"link_name":"Darius II Ochus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_II_Ochus"},{"link_name":"Hieramenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hieramenes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Autoboesaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autoboesaces&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mitraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitraeus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Quadrilingual inscription of Artaxerxes on an Egyptian alabaster vase (Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian and Egyptian).[25][26]By queen DamaspiaXerxes IIBy Alogyne of BabylonSogdianusBy Cosmartidene of BabylonDarius II\nArsitesBy Andia of BabylonBogapaeus\nParysatis, wife of Darius II OchusBy another(?) unknown wifeAn unnamed daughter, wife of Hieramenes, mother of Autoboesaces and Mitraeus[27]By various wivesEleven other children","title":"Children"}]
[{"image_text":"Closeup of the Zvenigorodsky seal, believed at least by one scholar to depict Artaxerxes seizing Inaros.[11]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Inarus%2C_killed_by_Artaxerxes_I.jpg/170px-Inarus%2C_killed_by_Artaxerxes_I.jpg"},{"image_text":"The ancient Egyptian god Amun-Min in front of Artaxerxes' cartouche.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cartouche_Artaxerxes_I_Lepsius.jpg/170px-Cartouche_Artaxerxes_I_Lepsius.jpg"},{"image_text":"Themistocles stands silently before Artaxerxes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/He_stoods_silent_before_King.jpg/220px-He_stoods_silent_before_King.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tomb of Artaxerxes I at Naqsh-e Rostam.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_18.jpg/220px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_18.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ethnicities of the Empire on the tomb of Artaxerxes I at Naqsh-e Rostam.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_I_ethnicities_with_labels.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_I_ethnicities_with_labels.jpg"},{"image_text":"Quadrilingual inscription of Artaxerxes on an Egyptian alabaster vase (Old Persian, Elamite, Babylonian and Egyptian).[25][26]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Quadrilingual_inscription_of_Artaxerxes_on_an_Egyptian_alabaster_vase.jpg/220px-Quadrilingual_inscription_of_Artaxerxes_on_an_Egyptian_alabaster_vase.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/120px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Artoxares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artoxares"},{"title":"List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources"}]
[{"reference":"Ghias Abadi, R. M. (2004). Achaemenid Inscriptions (کتیبه‌های هخامنشی)‎ (in Persian) (2nd ed.). Tehran: Shiraz Navid Publications. p. 129. ISBN 964-358-015-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/964-358-015-6","url_text":"964-358-015-6"}]},{"reference":"James D. G. Dunn; John William Rogerson (19 November 2003). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA321","url_text":"Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3711-0","url_text":"978-0-8028-3711-0"}]},{"reference":"Matthew W. Stolper. The Death of Artaxerxes I in Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran N.F. 16 (1983). Dietrich Reimer Verlag Berlin. p. 231.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Martin, Richard Arthur (1940). Ancient seals of the Near East. Chicago: Field Museum Press. p. Plaque 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ancientsealsofne34marti/page/n45/mode/2up","url_text":"Ancient seals of the Near East"}]},{"reference":"Plutarch. \"Themistocles, Part II\". Archived from the original on 2015-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch","url_text":"Plutarch"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151001032753/http://plutarch.classicauthors.net/PlutarchsLives/PlutarchsLives3.html","url_text":"\"Themistocles, Part II\""},{"url":"http://plutarch.classicauthors.net/PlutarchsLives/PlutarchsLives3.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, J.R. (2000). The Illustrated Guide to the Bible. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 115–16. ISBN 978-0-7607-2278-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-2278-7","url_text":"978-0-7607-2278-7"}]},{"reference":"Toynbee, Arnold (1961). A Study of History. Vol. 12. Oxford University Press. p. 485. Ever since the beginning of the Babilonish Captivity, the diaspora has been Jewry's citadel and the Artaxerxes in question is Artaxerxes I (imperabat 465-424 B.C.) or Artaxerxes II (imperabat 404-359 B.C.) So we do not know whether the date of Ezra's mission was 458 B.C. or 397 B.C., or whether the date of Nehemia's mission was 445 B.C. or 384 B.C. (see G.F. Moore: Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era, vol. i, p. 5). Nehemiah may have preceded Ezra","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dglXAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"A Study of History"}]},{"reference":"Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) [1998]. \"Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period\". In Michael David Coogan (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World (Google Books). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2. LCCN 98016042. OCLC 44650958. Retrieved 13 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&q=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World","url_text":"\"Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&q=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World","url_text":"The Oxford History of the Biblical World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford","url_text":"Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513937-2","url_text":"978-0-19-513937-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/98016042","url_text":"98016042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44650958","url_text":"44650958"}]},{"reference":"\"Nehemiah 8 Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://biblehub.com/commentaries/ellicott/nehemiah/8.htm","url_text":"\"Nehemiah 8 Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers\""}]},{"reference":"Ashrafian, Hutan. (2011). \"Limb gigantism, neurofibromatosis and royal heredity in the Ancient World 2500 years ago: Achaemenids and Parthians\". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 64 (4): 557. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2010.08.025. PMID 20832372.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jprasurg.com/article/S1748-6815(10)00521-8/pdf","url_text":"\"Limb gigantism, neurofibromatosis and royal heredity in the Ancient World 2500 years ago: Achaemenids and Parthians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bjps.2010.08.025","url_text":"10.1016/j.bjps.2010.08.025"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20832372","url_text":"20832372"}]},{"reference":"Revue archéologique (in French). Leleux. 1844. p. 444-450.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_CYGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA444","url_text":"Revue archéologique"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marston%27s_(department_store)
Marston's (department store)
["1 Accolades","2 History","2.1 Tearoom","2.2 Legacy","3 External links","4 References"]
Defunct department store Marston's 1912 building, now demolished, from an ad Marston's department store (1881-1896) at 509 Fifth Avenue Marston's ad in the San Diego Union and Daily Bee, January 2, 1912 Marston's was a department store based in San Diego, California, and founded by city leader George Marston. It had a downtown main store on Sixth Street and opened two suburban branches before being sold to The Broadway in 1961. Accolades The San Diego Downtown News characterized the store as San Diego's "finest" department store and as "elegant". The Golden Era magazine carried an ad that proclaimed Marston's as the "leading dry goods house of San Diego." History Marston started his merchandising career in 1870 at age 20 as an assistant bookkeeper in Aaron Pauly's store and wharf office. He worked there for two years. He then clerked for one year for Mr. Joseph Nash, who advertised his grocery, dry goods and clothing storestore as "the cheapest ... in the city". In 1873, Marston and his best friend and fellow clerk at Pauly's, Charles Hamilton, bought Nash's business and operated it together. In 1878, Marston went at it alone and opened his own clothing and dry goods store along Fifth Avenue between G and H (now Market) streets. In 1881, the store expanded to 509 Fifth Avenue in a new two-story building. In 1896, Marston's moved to 427 C Street (southwest corner of Fifth and C), with the construction of a large neo-Renaissance building costing $60,000 (~$1.89 million in 2023), built for him by his uncle, Stephen W. Marston. This four-story building featured wide aisles, an open court from the ground floor to the roof, and a novelty–an elevator. The property is now an office building still known as the Marston Building. In 1907, Marston's made $15,000 (~$358,213 in 2023) in improvements to its store, turning the third floor stockroom into 5,000 square feet (460 m2) of additional selling space, which was used for ladies' underwear and hosiery, and for dressing rooms. Money was also spent on new fixtures and interior decoration. In 1912, Marston's moved to its final location across Fifth Avenue. In 1954, Marston's expanded into a new, six-story addition on Fifth Avenue, thus occupying the entire block on the north side of C Street between Fifth and Sixth avenues (demolished in the 1960s). In 1960, Marston's added a home furnishings annex in the former Parmelee-Dohrmann building (Seventh and C). Tearoom The 190-seat tearoom, the first sit-down serviced food offering at Marston's, opened April 27, 1955. It was designed by San Diego architect Sam Hamill. It had several 200- to 400-year-old Japanese screens. Pigskin covered the columns, and there was gray-green wall-to-wall carpet on the dining room floor and in the foyer. The menu included coconut cream pie, peanut butter and jelly sandwiches cut in wedges sans crust, a Pacific Paragon salad sandwich, tomatoes stuffed with cottage cheese, and a frozen fruit salad with whipped cream dressing served with minced turkey finger sandwiches. Sandwiches cost from 0.95 to 1.50 dollars, included open-faced Swiss cheese and turkey with thousand island dressing, corned beef on pumpernickel, and a club sandwich served with fruit aspic. At daily fashion shows, models walked among the tables presenting the latest fashion. Legacy Marston's sold its stores to The Broadway in 1961. In 1962, the 200,680 square feet (18,644 m2) Chula Vista Center branch was opened, still under the Marston's name. This branch was particularly noted for its murals, in the Orange Tree Restaurant murals depicting missions, orange groves, and mountains; in the women's "Fashion Circle" area, buildings in the South Bay and Coronado areas, including the Hotel del Coronado; in the men's area the Spanish heritage of the area and early 19th century shipping activity, and rancheros on the way to a fiesta, and the old harbor; in the boy's area the Montgomery glider flight of 1833 and the Spirit of St. Louis. The downtown flagship store was demolished in 1969 when Broadway opened a large new store at the new Fashion Valley Mall; and a Ross Dress for Less occupies the location. The Grossmont Center and Chula Vista Center branches became Broadway stores, and are now Macy's stores. Save Our Heritage Organisation (SOHO) maintains a collection of Marston's memorabilia at the Marston House, which is managed as a museum. External links "Marston's", The Department Store Museum (blog) Marston House Museum & Gardens, Save Our Heritage San Diego References ^ a b "'Shop 'til you drop' 1880s style". 1 December 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019. ^ a b c "Honoring a local legend". 8 September 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019. ^ "427 C St, San Diego, CA, 92101 - Property For Lease on LoopNet.com". LoopNet. Retrieved 15 April 2019. ^ "Improve Store at $15,000 Cost: George W. Marston to Refit Third Floor of Dry Goods House for New Dep't". San Diego Union and Daily Bee. November 2, 1907. ^ "The Marston Co., San Diego, California". Retrieved 15 April 2019. ^ Showley, Roger (October 20, 2004). "Steeped in history: Memorable Marston's Tea Room was a slice of '50s San Diego life". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 15 April 2019. ^ Smith, Gordon (February 7, 1980). "The Marstons of San Diego". www.sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved 15 April 2019. ^ "Latest Fashions Shown Amidst Old Spanish Decor; Area's History Shown In Marston's Murals", Chula Vista Star-News, November 11, 1962, page 6-X. ^ "New plan to fix C Street's 'broken dreams'". San Diego Union-Tribune. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2019. ^ Bauder, Don (July 27, 2016). "Never mind Bullock's — Target is the future of dying malls". www.sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved 15 April 2019. vteHistory of retail in Southern CaliforniaDepartment storeswith origins inCentralLos Angeles Barker Bros. Blackstone's Brooks Clothing Bon Marché The Broadway‎ Bullock's‎ Bullocks Wilshire Central City of Paris Coulter's Dearden's Desmond's B. H. Dyas Eastern-Columbia Fallas Paredes Famous (Cal Hirsch & Sons) Fifth Street Store The Globe (51st & S. Broadway) Haggarty's ("New York Store") The Hub J. M. Hale Co. Hamburger's ("People's Store") Harris & Frank Jacoby Bros. May Co. (buildings: May Co. Downtown LA – May Co. Wilshire – May Co. Mission Valley) Milliron's (Milliron's/Broadway Westchester) Mullen & Bluett Myer Siegel Phelps-Terkel J. W. Robinson's Robinsons-May Sears-Pico Silverwoods Swelldom Ville de Paris Walker's (L.A.) L.A. neighborhoods Iver's (Highland Pk) Nahas (N Hwd) Quigley's (Hwd) Rathbun's (N Hwd) Robertson Co. (Hwd) Sears Pico–Rimpau Long Beach Buffums The Emporium Marti's Robert's Walker's LB Wise Company Pasadena Boadway Bros. Meyer's Nash's Rest of L.A. Co. Boston Stores (Inglewood) Butler Bros. (Vernon) Chaney's (Hawthorne) I. H. Hawkins (Redondo Bch) Henshey's (Santa Monica) Hinshaw's (Arcadia/Whittier) Kitson (W Hwd) Myers (Whittier) Webb's (Glendale) Wineman's (Oxnard/Huntington Pk) Bakersfield Brock's Inland Empire Willets (Colton) Harris Company (San B'do) Orange Co. Rankin's (Santa Ana) The S.Q.R. Store (Anaheim) San Diego–Tijuana Barnett-Stine Dorian's Holzwasser's Marston's Walker Scott Elsewhere J. C. Penney Montgomery Ward Ohrbach's Sears Clothing and shoes Bond's Brooks Clothing C. H. Baker shoes C&R Clothiers Hartfield's Judy's Leed's shoes Mandel's (shoes) Miller's Outpost/Anchor Blue Victor Clothing Weatherby-Kayser shoes Zachary All Discount andmembership stores The Akron Curacao Fedco Fedmart Gemco Pic 'N' Save Unimart White Front Zody's Drugstores Disco Drug and Discount Centers Sav-on Schwab's Pharmacy Thrifty Furniture andhome furnishings Barker Bros. Dearden's Parmelee-Dohrmann Grocery stores Alpha Beta Boys Markets Chaffee Food Giant Giant Haas, Baruch & Co./Hellman, Haas & Co. Hughes Markets Market Basket Pantry Food Stores Pavilions Ralphs Shopping Bag Stater Bros. Smart & Final Thriftimart Tianguis Vons Home enter-tainment, appliances Adray's Cal Stereo Federated Group Golden Bear Home and Sport Centers Ken Crane's Leo's Stereo Pacific Stereo Rogersound Labs University Stereo Home improvement Builders Emporium National Lumber Ole's Home Centers Music Licorice Pizza Music Plus Peaches Records and Tapes The Wherehouse Wallichs Music City On-street shopping Los Angeles: Plaza 1880s-90s CBD Broadway (CBD) Broadway & 87th, South L.A.* Seventh St. Flower St. Hollywood Blvd. Lankershim, North Hollywood Miracle Mile, Wilshire Blvd. Westwood Village (near UCLA) Other cities: Beverly Hills: Rodeo Drive Burbank: Golden Mall Huntington Park: Pacific Blvd. Long Beach: Pine St. Palm Springs: La Plaza/Palm Canyon Dr. - See also History of retail in Palm Springs Pasadena: Lake Ave. Pasadena: Old Pasadena Santa Ana: 4th St. Santa Monica: Main St. - 3rd St. Promenade L.A.shopping center"firsts" Oldest origins of a major L.A. chain: Harris & Frank (1876) - 1st dept. store on Broadway: A. Fusenot Co./Ville de Paris - 1st dept. store on 7th off Broadway: J. W. Robinson's (1915) - 1st planned shopping district: Westwood Village (1929) - 1st suburban dept. store branch: B. H. Dyas/Broadway Hollywood (1927) - 1st center with multiple supermarkets: Broadway & 87th Street shopping center (1936) - 1st center with department store anchor: Broadway-Crenshaw Center (1947) - 1st enclosed mall: Lakewood Center (1951) - 1st mall in Orange County: Anaheim Plaza (1955) - 1st center with 4 dept. stores: Panorama City Shopping Center (1964) Shopping centersLos AngelesL.A. Central Area ARCO Plaza* Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza Beverly Center Beverly Connection The Bloc Los Angeles Broadway & 87th Street* Crossroads of the World Eagle Rock Plaza El Mercado de Los Angeles Farmers Market FIGat7th Grove at Farmers Market Japanese Village Plaza Los Angeles Mall Midtown Crossing & Sears-Pico Ovation Hollywood Town & Country Market* Weller Court West Hollywood Gateway Westside Airport Marina Hotel* Brentwood Country Mart Edgemar Malibu Country Mart Palisades Village Platform, Culver City Promenade at Howard Hughes Center Santa Monica Place Third Street Promenade Westfield Century City Westfield Culver City San Fernando Valley Americana at Brand Burbank Town Center Commons at Calabasas Fallbrook Center Glendale Fashion Center Glendale Galleria NoHo West Northridge Fashion Center Panorama Mall Promenade (Woodland Hills)* Sherman Oaks Galleria* Universal CityWalk Valley Plaza* Westfield Fashion Square Westfield Topanga San Gabriel Valley Eastland Center El Monte Shopping Center* El Rancho Santa Anita Indian Hill Mall* Paseo Colorado Plaza West Covina Pomona Mall* Puente Hills Mall Shops at Santa Anita South Bay Del Amo Fashion Center Fisherman's Village Hawthorne Plaza Shopping Center Old Towne Mall* Peninsula Center Promenade on the Peninsula South Bay Galleria SouthBay Pavilion Southeast L.A. Co. Los Cerritos Center Cerritos Towne Center Citadel Outlets Lakewood Center La Mirada Mall* Plaza México Promenade at Downey Quad at Whittier Santa Fe Springs Mall* Santa Fe Springs Shopping Center* Shops at Montebello Stonewood Center Uptown Whittier Whittier Downs* Whittwood Town Center* Long Beach Long Beach Plaza Long Beach Towne Center Los Altos Center Marina Pacifica Mall Northern L.A. Co. Antelope Valley Mall Valencia Town Center Orange Anaheim GardenWalk Anaheim Plaza Anaheim Town Square Anaheim Towne Center Asian Garden Mall Bella Terra Brea Mall Buena Park Downtown Downtown Disney Fashion Island Honer Plaza* Irvine Spectrum La Habra Fashion Square* Laguna Hills Mall MainPlace Mall The Market Place Orange County Plaza* Orangefair Mall* Outlets at Orange Shops at Mission Viejo South Coast Plaza Village at Orange Westminster Mall Riverside Desert Fashion Plaza Galleria at Tyler Hemet Valley Mall Indio Fashion Mall* Main St. pedestrian mall, Riverside Moreno Valley Mall La Plaza (Palm Springs) Promenade In Temecula Riverside Plaza Shops at Palm Desert San Bernardino Barstow Mall Carousel Mall Citrus Plaza Citrus Village Inland Center Mall of Victor Valley Montclair Plaza Ontario Mills Redlands Mall Victoria Gardens San Diego Chula Vista Center College Grove Escondido Village* Fashion Valley Grossmont Center Horton Plaza La Jolla Village Square Las Americas Premium Outlets Linda Vista Shopping Center (demolished) Mission Valley North County Mall One Paseo Otay Ranch Town Center Parkway Plaza Seaport Village Shoppes at Carlsbad South Bay Plaza Westfield Plaza Bonita Westfield UTC Santa Barbara La Cumbre Plaza Paseo Nuevo Santa Maria Town Center Ventura Collection at RiverPark Esplanade The Oaks Pacific View Mall Simi Valley Town Center Elsewhere Imperial Valley Mall, El Centro Valley Plaza Mall, Bakersfield See also: History of retail in Southern California –  History of retail in Palm Springs — Note: starred (*) listings indicate former regional mall now site of strip-style community center with new name
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MarstonsSanDiego1912.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marston_Building,_San_Diego.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marston%27s_ad_in_the_San_Diego_Union,_January_2,_1912.png"},{"link_name":"San Diego Union and Daily Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune"},{"link_name":"George Marston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marston_(California_politician)"},{"link_name":"The Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broadway"}],"text":"Marston's 1912 building, now demolished, from an adMarston's department store (1881-1896) at 509 Fifth AvenueMarston's ad in the San Diego Union and Daily Bee, January 2, 1912Marston's was a department store based in San Diego, California, and founded by city leader George Marston. It had a downtown main store on Sixth Street and opened two suburban branches before being sold to The Broadway in 1961.","title":"Marston's (department store)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtn-1"}],"text":"The San Diego Downtown News characterized the store as San Diego's \"finest\" department store and as \"elegant\". The Golden Era magazine carried an ad that proclaimed Marston's as the \"leading dry goods house of San Diego.\"[1]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdun-2"},{"link_name":"neo-Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdun-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtn-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Marston started his merchandising career in 1870 at age 20 as an assistant bookkeeper in Aaron Pauly's store and wharf office. He worked there for two years. He then clerked for one year for Mr. Joseph Nash, who advertised his grocery, dry goods and clothing storestore as \"the cheapest ... in the city\". In 1873, Marston and his best friend and fellow clerk at Pauly's, Charles Hamilton, bought Nash's business and operated it together.[2]In 1878, Marston went at it alone and opened his own clothing and dry goods store along Fifth Avenue between G and H (now Market) streets. In 1881, the store expanded to 509 Fifth Avenue in a new two-story building.In 1896, Marston's moved to 427 C Street (southwest corner of Fifth and C), with the construction of a large neo-Renaissance building costing $60,000 (~$1.89 million in 2023), built for him by his uncle, Stephen W. Marston. This four-story building featured wide aisles, an open court from the ground floor to the roof, and a novelty–an elevator. The property is now an office building still known as the Marston Building.[3]In 1907, Marston's made $15,000 (~$358,213 in 2023) in improvements to its store, turning the third floor stockroom into 5,000 square feet (460 m2) of additional selling space, which was used for ladies' underwear and hosiery, and for dressing rooms. Money was also spent on new fixtures and interior decoration.[4]In 1912, Marston's moved to its final location across Fifth Avenue.[2][1] In 1954, Marston's expanded into a new, six-story addition on Fifth Avenue, thus occupying the entire block on the north side of C Street between Fifth and Sixth avenues (demolished in the 1960s). In 1960, Marston's added a home furnishings annex in the former Parmelee-Dohrmann building (Seventh and C).[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese screens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_screens"},{"link_name":"wall-to-wall carpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall-to-wall_carpet"},{"link_name":"dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._dollar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Tearoom","text":"The 190-seat tearoom, the first sit-down serviced food offering at Marston's, opened April 27, 1955. It was designed by San Diego architect Sam Hamill. It had several 200- to 400-year-old Japanese screens. Pigskin covered the columns, and there was gray-green wall-to-wall carpet on the dining room floor and in the foyer. The menu included coconut cream pie, peanut butter and jelly sandwiches cut in wedges sans crust, a Pacific Paragon salad sandwich, tomatoes stuffed with cottage cheese, and a frozen fruit salad with whipped cream dressing served with minced turkey finger sandwiches. Sandwiches cost from 0.95 to 1.50 dollars, included open-faced Swiss cheese and turkey with thousand island dressing, corned beef on pumpernickel, and a club sandwich served with fruit aspic. At daily fashion shows, models walked among the tables presenting the latest fashion. [6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broadway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chula Vista Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chula_Vista_Center"},{"link_name":"South Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bay,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronado,_California"},{"link_name":"Hotel del Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_del_Coronado"},{"link_name":"Montgomery glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_glider"},{"link_name":"Spirit of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fashion Valley Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Valley_Mall"},{"link_name":"Ross Dress for Less","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Dress_for_Less"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Grossmont Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossmont_Center"},{"link_name":"Chula Vista Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chula_Vista_Center"},{"link_name":"Macy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdun-2"}],"sub_title":"Legacy","text":"Marston's sold its stores to The Broadway in 1961.[7]In 1962, the 200,680 square feet (18,644 m2) Chula Vista Center branch was opened, still under the Marston's name. This branch was particularly noted for its murals, in the Orange Tree Restaurant murals depicting missions, orange groves, and mountains; in the women's \"Fashion Circle\" area, buildings in the South Bay and Coronado areas, including the Hotel del Coronado; in the men's area the Spanish heritage of the area and early 19th century shipping activity, and rancheros on the way to a fiesta, and the old harbor; in the boy's area the Montgomery glider flight of 1833 and the Spirit of St. Louis.[8]The downtown flagship store was demolished in 1969 when Broadway opened a large new store at the new Fashion Valley Mall; and a Ross Dress for Less occupies the location.[9]The Grossmont Center and Chula Vista Center branches became Broadway stores, and are now Macy's stores.[10]Save Our Heritage Organisation (SOHO) maintains a collection of Marston's memorabilia at the Marston House, which is managed as a museum.[2]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"Marston's 1912 building, now demolished, from an ad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/MarstonsSanDiego1912.jpg/220px-MarstonsSanDiego1912.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marston's department store (1881-1896) at 509 Fifth Avenue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Marston_Building%2C_San_Diego.jpg/220px-Marston_Building%2C_San_Diego.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marston's ad in the San Diego Union and Daily Bee, January 2, 1912","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Marston%27s_ad_in_the_San_Diego_Union%2C_January_2%2C_1912.png/220px-Marston%27s_ad_in_the_San_Diego_Union%2C_January_2%2C_1912.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"'Shop 'til you drop' 1880s style\". 1 December 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sandiegodowntownnews.com/shop-til-you-drop-1880s-style/","url_text":"\"'Shop 'til you drop' 1880s style\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honoring a local legend\". 8 September 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sduptownnews.com/honoring-local-legend/","url_text":"\"Honoring a local legend\""}]},{"reference":"\"427 C St, San Diego, CA, 92101 - Property For Lease on LoopNet.com\". LoopNet. Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loopnet.com/Listing/427-C-St-San-Diego-CA/6336494/","url_text":"\"427 C St, San Diego, CA, 92101 - Property For Lease on LoopNet.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Improve Store at $15,000 Cost: George W. Marston to Refit Third Floor of Dry Goods House for New Dep't\". San Diego Union and Daily Bee. November 2, 1907.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDDU19071102.2.100&srpos=6&e=-------en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22Marston+Company%22-------1","url_text":"\"Improve Store at $15,000 Cost: George W. Marston to Refit Third Floor of Dry Goods House for New Dep't\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marston Co., San Diego, California\". Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedepartmentstoremuseum.org/2010/11/marston-co-san-diego-california.html","url_text":"\"The Marston Co., San Diego, California\""}]},{"reference":"Showley, Roger (October 20, 2004). \"Steeped in history: Memorable Marston's Tea Room was a slice of '50s San Diego life\". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20041020/news_lz1f20marston.html","url_text":"\"Steeped in history: Memorable Marston's Tea Room was a slice of '50s San Diego life\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Gordon (February 7, 1980). \"The Marstons of San Diego\". www.sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1980/feb/07/cover-the-marstons-of-san-diego-weve-always-look/","url_text":"\"The Marstons of San Diego\""}]},{"reference":"\"New plan to fix C Street's 'broken dreams'\". San Diego Union-Tribune. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/growth-development/sdut-c-street-california-theater-fix-2014aug31-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"New plan to fix C Street's 'broken dreams'\""}]},{"reference":"Bauder, Don (July 27, 2016). \"Never mind Bullock's — Target is the future of dying malls\". www.sandiegoreader.com. Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2016/jul/27/citylights-target-instead-bullocks-macys-broadway/","url_text":"\"Never mind Bullock's — Target is the future of dying malls\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.thedepartmentstoremuseum.org/2010/11/marston-co-san-diego-california.html","external_links_name":"\"Marston's\", The Department Store Museum (blog)"},{"Link":"http://www.sohosandiego.org/main/marston2.htm","external_links_name":"Marston House Museum & Gardens, Save Our Heritage San Diego"},{"Link":"https://sandiegodowntownnews.com/shop-til-you-drop-1880s-style/","external_links_name":"\"'Shop 'til you drop' 1880s style\""},{"Link":"https://sduptownnews.com/honoring-local-legend/","external_links_name":"\"Honoring a local legend\""},{"Link":"https://www.loopnet.com/Listing/427-C-St-San-Diego-CA/6336494/","external_links_name":"\"427 C St, San Diego, CA, 92101 - Property For Lease on LoopNet.com\""},{"Link":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDDU19071102.2.100&srpos=6&e=-------en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22Marston+Company%22-------1","external_links_name":"\"Improve Store at $15,000 Cost: George W. Marston to Refit Third Floor of Dry Goods House for New Dep't\""},{"Link":"http://www.thedepartmentstoremuseum.org/2010/11/marston-co-san-diego-california.html","external_links_name":"\"The Marston Co., San Diego, California\""},{"Link":"http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20041020/news_lz1f20marston.html","external_links_name":"\"Steeped in history: Memorable Marston's Tea Room was a slice of '50s San Diego life\""},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/1980/feb/07/cover-the-marstons-of-san-diego-weve-always-look/","external_links_name":"\"The Marstons of San Diego\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50754876/chula-vista-star-news/","external_links_name":"\"Latest Fashions Shown Amidst Old Spanish Decor; Area's History Shown In Marston's Murals\""},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/growth-development/sdut-c-street-california-theater-fix-2014aug31-htmlstory.html","external_links_name":"\"New plan to fix C Street's 'broken dreams'\""},{"Link":"https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2016/jul/27/citylights-target-instead-bullocks-macys-broadway/","external_links_name":"\"Never mind Bullock's — Target is the future of dying malls\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeffa_bills
Oeffa bills
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
1932 German government promissory notes Öffa bills ("ö" is a Germanic umlaut that can be transcribed "oe") or job-creation bills were promissory notes created in 1932 by the German government. They were aimed at additional fund-raising for public building initiatives and later for job creation schemes. The Öffa bills were the blueprint for the Mefo bills which followed the same scheme. History In 1932, Öffa bills were created by the second cabinet under chancellor Heinrich Brüning after consultation with the then President of the Reichsbank, Hans Luther. The bills were issued by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für öffentliche Arbeiten AG (English: German Society for Public Works plc), founded 1 August 1930, and rediscounted by the Reichsbank. With the capital thus raised, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für öffentliche Arbeiten AG financed public building initiatives. It was a shell company without sufficient shareholders' equity. Nevertheless, the bills were discounted by the Reichsbank. This way, the Reichsbank financed public building projects. In the wake of the Great Depression, this hidden money creation stimulated the German economy. The German Deutsche Gesellschaft für öffentliche Arbeiten AG brought into circulation Öffa bills worth 1.26 billion Reichsmark. In general, the duration of a bill was three months but it could be prolonged to five years. Economically, this meant an expansion of the money supply. As this would tend towards increasing inflation, Hans Luther agreed to only a small volume. Kurt von Schleicher's second cabinet decided to expand the Öffa bill scheme. Öffa bills could now be issued by other (mostly public) financial institutions such as the Deutsche Verkehrskreditbank AG which had issued Öffa bills worth 1 billion Reichsmark. After becoming Chancellor in January 1933, Adolf Hitler wanted to extend the scheme to the German re-armament, Hans Luther disagreed, and he was replaced on 16 March 1933 by Hjalmar Schacht. Schacht instituted the Mefo bills, a similar system to the Öffa bills. See also Mefo bills References ^ André Bastisch (2007). Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen im dritten Reich von 1933-1936 (in German). p. 74. ISBN 978-3638686556. Retrieved 25 October 2012. ^ Meyer-Larsen, Werner (24 Apr 1995). "Der große Showdown". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 25 October 2012. ^ Andreas Wirsching, Andreas (2007). Herausforderungen der parlamentarischen Demokratie: die Weimarer Republik im europäischen Vergleich (in German). pp. 197–198. ISBN 978-3486583373. Retrieved 25 October 2012. Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germanic umlaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_umlaut"},{"link_name":"promissory notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promissory_note"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mefo bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefo_bills"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Öffa bills (\"ö\" is a Germanic umlaut that can be transcribed \"oe\") or job-creation bills were promissory notes created in 1932 by the German government. They were aimed at additional fund-raising for public building initiatives and later for job creation schemes.[1]The Öffa bills were the blueprint for the Mefo bills which followed the same scheme.[2]","title":"Oeffa bills"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Br%C3%BCning_cabinet"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Brüning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning"},{"link_name":"Reichsbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbank"},{"link_name":"Hans Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Luther"},{"link_name":"AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft"},{"link_name":"plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_limited_company"},{"link_name":"Reichsbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbank"},{"link_name":"discounted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounting"},{"link_name":"Reichsbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbank"},{"link_name":"Reichsbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbank"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"money creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_creation"},{"link_name":"AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Reichsmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmark"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"},{"link_name":"Hans Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Luther"},{"link_name":"Kurt von Schleicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher"},{"link_name":"Reichsmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmark"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"German re-armament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_re-armament"},{"link_name":"Hans Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Luther"},{"link_name":"Hjalmar Schacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht"},{"link_name":"Mefo bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefo_bills"}],"text":"In 1932, Öffa bills were created by the second cabinet under chancellor Heinrich Brüning after consultation with the then President of the Reichsbank, Hans Luther.\nThe bills were issued by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für öffentliche Arbeiten AG (English: German Society for Public Works plc), founded 1 August 1930, and rediscounted by the Reichsbank. With the capital thus raised, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für öffentliche Arbeiten AG financed public building initiatives. \nIt was a shell company without sufficient shareholders' equity. Nevertheless, the bills were discounted by the Reichsbank. This way, the Reichsbank financed public building projects.In the wake of the Great Depression, this hidden money creation stimulated the German economy. The German Deutsche Gesellschaft für öffentliche Arbeiten AG brought into circulation Öffa bills worth 1.26 billion Reichsmark. In general, the duration of a bill was three months but it could be prolonged to five years.[3]Economically, this meant an expansion of the money supply. As this would tend towards increasing inflation, Hans Luther agreed to only a small volume.Kurt von Schleicher's second cabinet decided to expand the Öffa bill scheme. Öffa bills could now be issued by other (mostly public) financial institutions such as the Deutsche Verkehrskreditbank AG which had issued Öffa bills worth 1 billion Reichsmark. After becoming Chancellor in January 1933, Adolf Hitler wanted to extend the scheme to the German re-armament, Hans Luther disagreed, and he was replaced on 16 March 1933 by Hjalmar Schacht. Schacht instituted the Mefo bills, a similar system to the Öffa bills.","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"Mefo bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefo_bills"}]
[{"reference":"André Bastisch (2007). Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen im dritten Reich von 1933-1936 (in German). p. 74. ISBN 978-3638686556. Retrieved 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UeIvciIvzxoC","url_text":"Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen im dritten Reich von 1933-1936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3638686556","url_text":"978-3638686556"}]},{"reference":"Meyer-Larsen, Werner (24 Apr 1995). \"Der große Showdown\". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-9181368.html","url_text":"\"Der große Showdown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"Andreas Wirsching, Andreas (2007). Herausforderungen der parlamentarischen Demokratie: die Weimarer Republik im europäischen Vergleich (in German). pp. 197–198. ISBN 978-3486583373. Retrieved 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KSUg_4xdEysC","url_text":"Herausforderungen der parlamentarischen Demokratie: die Weimarer Republik im europäischen Vergleich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3486583373","url_text":"978-3486583373"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Jinqing
Shi Jinqing
["1 Children","2 See also","3 Web references","4 Books"]
In this Chinese name, the family name is Shi. Shi Jinqing (Chinese: 施進卿; Xiao'erjing: شِ دٍ شٍ, died 1421) was a late 14th century chieftain in Palembang. He was a Muslim whose ancestors were Hui people from Hangzhou. The Ming imperial administration appointed him as chieftain xuanweishi (Chinese: 宣慰使) of the Palembang district for his contribution in helping Ming admiral Zheng He defeat the pirate leader Chen Zuyi. Shi Jinqing had already been appointed an official civil servant of the Majapahit kingdom of Java, sent to Palembang to serve as a minister after the Majapahit defeated Srivijaya in the year 1377. Children Shi Jinqing had a son Shi Jisun (Chinese: 施济孙) and a daughter Shi Daniang. The daughter was also known as Nyai Gede Pinatih or the Great Lady of Gresik. Both competed for power after their father died in 1421. Zheng He made Shi Jisun the new chieftain or xuanweishi, and the daughter went to Gresik in East Java to preach Islam. See also Liang Daoming Battle of Palembang (1407) Web references The 6th overseas Chinese state Nanyang Huaren Zheng He and pre-colonial coastal urban development in Southeast Asia. Wali Songo pilgrimage Sejarah Keturunan Tionghoa di Asia Tenggara yang Tak Dikenal Khalayak Ramai (Malay) Books Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia by Suryadinata Leo ISBN 981-230-329-4 This Chinese biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Liang Daoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Daoming"},{"title":"Battle of Palembang (1407)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Palembang_(1407)"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Matarazzo
John Matarazzo
["1 Career","2 Logical Drift","2.1 Discography","3 References"]
John MatarazzoNationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Musician, composer, producerNotable workLogical Drift John Matarazzo is an American musician, composer, producer and performer. He has worked with artists including Bill Laswell, Blood Sweat & Tears, Bob Dylan, Ike & Tina Turner, Sly & The Family Stone, Ravi Shankar, Herbie Hancock, Daniela Mercury and Buckethead. In 2010, he established the experimental electronic music project Logical Drift. Career Matarazzo began his career as an audio editing software representative for CBS Discos International. In the 1980s, he was the president and sales manager of Intercon Music Co., an independent distributor that worked with smaller classical music labels as well as CBS Special Products, Denon Records, RCA and Rhino Records. In 1987, Matarazzo was made chairman CEO of Jem Records. In 1990, Matarazzo received rights to all Celluloid Records master recordings. In 1991 he was indicted by a New Jersey grand jury on various counts including conspiracy and misconduct involving Celluloid, but was never convicted. Matarazzo then co-founded independent record label Subharmonic with Bill Laswell and Robert Soares in 1993. He worked on various albums released by Subharmonic and its sub-label Strata Records including Buckethead's Dreamatorium (released under the anagram name Death Cube K). During this time, he co-founded Sooj Records with Jeff Gordon and Path Soong. The independent label released works from artists who also created visual art along with their recordings. Subharmonic ended activity in the mid-nineties after Matarazzo left the label. In addition to his work as a music producer, Matarazzo has realized various live performances into video and digital format. He is credited in the production or realization of live performances from artists including Michael Jackson, The Supremes, Luther Vandross, Donna Summer, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Al Green, Anita Baker, Daddy Yankee, Héctor Lavoe, Whitney Houston, Gladys Knight, Marc Anthony, The Temptations, B.B. King, Black Sabbath, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Prince, Barry White, Rubén Blades, Hall & Oates, Ike & Tina Turner, Herbie Hancock, Ray Charles and Rod Stewart. Logical Drift In 2010, he partnered with producer and sound engineer Logan Strand to form the band Logical Drift. Drawing influence from ambient, electronic and world music, Logical Drift produces experimental tracks with psychological compositions and electronic music elements inspired by the works of Karlheinz Stockhausen and Pierre Boulez. In 2013, Logical Drift released the mobile app Zen Den. The app is promoted as a music player that helps the user concentrate while meditating or practicing yoga. Discography Main article: John Matarazzo discography Year Album 2014 The Americas, Book of Love - Vol. 1 2012 The Colors of Asia 2011 Rain Queen of the Negev 2011 Logical Drift References ^ a b "About Logical Drift". mtv.com. Viacom International Inc. Retrieved 1 July 2015. ^ a b "Logical Drift". last.fm. Last.fm Ltd. Retrieved 1 July 2015. ^ a b Papanicholas, Jason (4 January 2013). "Zenned-Out Yoga App Recalls 'Ancient Cultural Spiritual Systems'". evolver.fm. The Echo Nest. Retrieved 1 July 2015. ^ a b "Intercon Music Expands". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 23 March 1985. Retrieved 1 July 2015. ^ Horowitz, Is (8 December 1984). "Keeping Score". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 1 July 2015. ^ "Music: Matarazzo Is CEO In Shakeup Of Jem". Variety. 11 (331). Penske Media Corporation: 58. 6 July 1988. ^ "Celluloid Records". musicstack.com. MusicStack. Retrieved 1 July 2015. ^ Verna, Paul (13 March 1993). "Big Fish/Small Pond". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 1 July 2015. ^ "Death Cube K – Dreamatorium". discogs.com. Discogs. Retrieved 1 July 2015. ^ Lichtman, Irv (18 November 1995). "For Artists Of All Kinds, A New Label". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 1 July 2015. ^ "Subharmonic". silent-watcher.net. Silent Dave Initiative. Retrieved 1 July 2015. ^ "John T. Matarazzo". allmusic.com. All Media Network, LLC. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Laswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Laswell"},{"link_name":"Blood Sweat & Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Sweat_%26_Tears"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Ike & Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ike_%26_Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"Sly & The Family Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_%26_The_Family_Stone"},{"link_name":"Ravi Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Daniela Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Buckethead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckethead"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evolver-3"}],"text":"John Matarazzo is an American musician, composer, producer and performer. He has worked with artists including Bill Laswell, Blood Sweat & Tears, Bob Dylan, Ike & Tina Turner, Sly & The Family Stone, Ravi Shankar, Herbie Hancock, Daniela Mercury and Buckethead. In 2010, he established the experimental electronic music project Logical Drift.[1][2][3]","title":"John Matarazzo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"audio editing software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_editing_software"},{"link_name":"CBS Discos International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Latin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intercon-4"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Denon Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denon_Records"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA"},{"link_name":"Rhino Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intercon-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keepingscore-5"},{"link_name":"Jem Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jem_Records"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-6"},{"link_name":"Celluloid Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celluloid_Records"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-celluloid-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-8"},{"link_name":"Subharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subharmonic_(record_label)"},{"link_name":"Bill Laswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Laswell"},{"link_name":"Dreamatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamatorium"},{"link_name":"anagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagram"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dream-9"},{"link_name":"visual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sooj-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silent-11"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"The Supremes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Supremes"},{"link_name":"Luther Vandross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Vandross"},{"link_name":"Donna Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Summer"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd"},{"link_name":"Al Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Green"},{"link_name":"Anita Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Baker"},{"link_name":"Daddy Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy_Yankee"},{"link_name":"Héctor Lavoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Lavoe"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"Gladys Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Knight"},{"link_name":"Marc Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Anthony"},{"link_name":"The Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Barry White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_White"},{"link_name":"Rubén Blades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Blades"},{"link_name":"Hall & Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_%26_Oates"},{"link_name":"Ike & Tina Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ike_%26_Tina_Turner"},{"link_name":"Herbie Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-12"}],"text":"Matarazzo began his career as an audio editing software representative for CBS Discos International.[4] In the 1980s, he was the president and sales manager of Intercon Music Co., an independent distributor that worked with smaller classical music labels as well as CBS Special Products, Denon Records, RCA and Rhino Records.[4][5] In 1987, Matarazzo was made chairman CEO of Jem Records.[6]In 1990, Matarazzo received rights to all Celluloid Records master recordings.[7] In 1991 he was indicted by a New Jersey grand jury on various counts including conspiracy and misconduct involving Celluloid, but was never convicted.[8] Matarazzo then co-founded independent record label Subharmonic with Bill Laswell and Robert Soares in 1993. He worked on various albums released by Subharmonic and its sub-label Strata Records including Buckethead's Dreamatorium (released under the anagram name Death Cube K).[9] During this time, he co-founded Sooj Records with Jeff Gordon and Path Soong. The independent label released works from artists who also created visual art along with their recordings.[10] Subharmonic ended activity in the mid-nineties after Matarazzo left the label.[11]In addition to his work as a music producer, Matarazzo has realized various live performances into video and digital format. He is credited in the production or realization of live performances from artists including Michael Jackson, The Supremes, Luther Vandross, Donna Summer, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Al Green, Anita Baker, Daddy Yankee, Héctor Lavoe, Whitney Houston, Gladys Knight, Marc Anthony, The Temptations, B.B. King, Black Sabbath, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Prince, Barry White, Rubén Blades, Hall & Oates, Ike & Tina Turner, Herbie Hancock, Ray Charles and Rod Stewart.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music"},{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"world music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_music"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Pierre Boulez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last-2"},{"link_name":"mobile app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"meditating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation"},{"link_name":"yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evolver-3"}],"text":"In 2010, he partnered with producer and sound engineer Logan Strand to form the band Logical Drift. Drawing influence from ambient, electronic and world music, Logical Drift produces experimental tracks with psychological compositions and electronic music elements inspired by the works of Karlheinz Stockhausen and Pierre Boulez.[1][2] In 2013, Logical Drift released the mobile app Zen Den. The app is promoted as a music player that helps the user concentrate while meditating or practicing yoga.[3]","title":"Logical Drift"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Discography","title":"Logical Drift"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"About Logical Drift\". mtv.com. Viacom International Inc. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/artists/logical-drift/biography/","url_text":"\"About Logical Drift\""}]},{"reference":"\"Logical Drift\". last.fm. Last.fm Ltd. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.last.fm/music/Logical+Drift","url_text":"\"Logical Drift\""}]},{"reference":"Papanicholas, Jason (4 January 2013). \"Zenned-Out Yoga App Recalls 'Ancient Cultural Spiritual Systems'\". evolver.fm. The Echo Nest. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://evolver.fm/2013/01/04/zenned-out-yoga-app-recalls-ancient-cultural-spiritual-systems/","url_text":"\"Zenned-Out Yoga App Recalls 'Ancient Cultural Spiritual Systems'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intercon Music Expands\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 23 March 1985. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tSQEAAAAMBAJ&q=john+matarazzo+music&pg=PT75","url_text":"\"Intercon Music Expands\""}]},{"reference":"Horowitz, Is (8 December 1984). \"Keeping Score\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zSQEAAAAMBAJ&q=john+matarazzo+music&pg=RA1-PA55","url_text":"\"Keeping Score\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music: Matarazzo Is CEO In Shakeup Of Jem\". Variety. 11 (331). Penske Media Corporation: 58. 6 July 1988.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Celluloid Records\". musicstack.com. MusicStack. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicstack.com/label/celluloid/page3","url_text":"\"Celluloid Records\""}]},{"reference":"Verna, Paul (13 March 1993). \"Big Fish/Small Pond\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0w8EAAAAMBAJ&q=john+matarazzo+indicted+intitle%3ABillboard&pg=PA112","url_text":"\"Big Fish/Small Pond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Death Cube K – Dreamatorium\". discogs.com. Discogs. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Death-Cube-K-Dreamatorium/release/155399","url_text":"\"Death Cube K – Dreamatorium\""}]},{"reference":"Lichtman, Irv (18 November 1995). \"For Artists Of All Kinds, A New Label\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA0EAAAAMBAJ&q=john+matarazzo+music&pg=PA16","url_text":"\"For Artists Of All Kinds, A New Label\""}]},{"reference":"\"Subharmonic\". silent-watcher.net. Silent Dave Initiative. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.silent-watcher.net/billlaswell/discography/subharmonic.html","url_text":"\"Subharmonic\""}]},{"reference":"\"John T. Matarazzo\". allmusic.com. All Media Network, LLC. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/john-t-matarazzo-mn0000238455","url_text":"\"John T. Matarazzo\""}]}]
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